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Smithfield Foods
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Smithfield Foods, Inc.
Type
Subsidiary
Industry
Meat processing
Founded
Smithfield, Virginia, United States (1936 (1936))
Founder
Joseph W. Luter, Sr.
Joseph W. Luter, Jr.
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Kenneth M. Sullivan (CEO)
Products
Meat processing
pork products
Brands
Cook's, Eckrich, Gwaltney, John Morrell, Krakus, and Smithfield, among others.
Production output
As of 2006 raised 15 million pigs and produced six billion pounds of pork per year[1]
Revenue
US$14.4 billion (2015)[2]
Operating income
US$793.8 million (2015)[2]
Net income
US$452.3 million (2015)[2]
Total assets
US$9.9 billion (2015)[2]
Total equity
US$4.8 billion (2015)[2]
Number of employees
50,200 (2016)[2]
Parent
WH Group, Luohe, Henan province, China
Website
www.smithfieldfoods.com
Smithfield Foods, Inc., is a meat-processing company and wholly owned subsidiary of WH Group of China. Founded in 1936 as the Smithfield Packing Company in Smithfield, Virginia, by Joseph W. Luter and his son, the company is the largest pig and pork producer in the world.[3] In addition to the over 500 farms Smithfield owns in the United States, another 2,000 independent contract farms around the country grow Smithfield's pigs.[4] Outside the U.S., the company has facilities in Mexico, Poland, Romania, Germany and the UK.[5] Globally the company employed 50,200 in 2016 and reported an annual revenue of $14 billion.[2] Its 973,000-square-foot meat-processing plant in Tar Heel, North Carolina, was reported in 2000 to be the world's largest, processing 32,000 pigs a day.[6]
Then known as Shuanghui Group, WH Group purchased Smithfield Foods in 2013 for $4.72 billion, more than its market value.[7] It was the largest Chinese acquisition of an American company to date.[8] The acquisition of Smithfield's 146,000 acres of land made WH Group, headquartered in Luohe, Henan province, one of the largest overseas owners of American farmland.[9]
Smithfield Foods began its growth in 1981 with the purchase of Gwaltney of Smithfield, followed by the acquisition of nearly 40 companies between then and 2008, including Eckrich; Farmland Foods of Kansas; John Morrell; Murphy Family Farms of North Carolina; Circle Four Farms of Utah; and Premium Standard Farms.[10]:6 The company was able to grow as a result of its highly industrialized pig production, confining thousands of pigs in large barns known as concentrated animal feeding operations, and controlling the animals' development from conception to packing.[6]
As of 2006 Smithfield raised 15 million pigs a year and processed 27 million, producing over six billion pounds of pork[1] and, in 2012, 4.7 billion gallons of manure.[11] Killing 114,300 pigs a day, it was the top pig-slaughter operation in the United States in 2007; along with three other companies, it also slaughtered 56 percent of the cattle processed there until it sold its beef group in 2008.[12][a] The company sells its products under several brand names, including Cook's, Eckrich, Gwaltney, John Morrell, Krakus, and Smithfield.[13] Kenneth M. Sullivan became the president and chief executive officer in 2015.[14]
Contents
[hide]
1 Company profile
1.1 History
1.2 Mergers and acquisitions
1.3 Purchase by Shuanghui Group
1.4 Employees, brands
2 Pig production
2.1 Vertical integration, contract farms
2.2 Housing and lagoons
2.3 Pregnant sows
3 Environmental and animal-welfare record
3.1 Emissions
3.2 Operations in Mexico
3.3 Packaging reduction
3.4 Use of antibiotics
3.5 2006 CIWF investigation
3.6 2010 HSUS investigation
3.7 Lawsuits
4 Legal and labor issues
4.1 Working conditions
4.2 Union dispute
4.3 Justice Department penalty
5 Medical supplies
6 Philanthropy and sponsorship
6.1 Smithfield-Luter Foundation
6.2 Sports sponsorships
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Further reading
Company profile[edit]
History[edit]
Smithfield processing plant in Smithfield, Virginia
The company traces its history to 1936, when Joseph W. Luter Sr. and his son, Joseph W. Luter Jr., opened the Smithfield Packing Company in Smithfield, Virginia. The men were working for P. D. Gewaltney when they set up the company; Joseph W. Luter Sr. was a salesman and Joseph W. Luter Jr. the general manager. Financing for the new company came from Peter Pruden of Suffolk and John S. Martin of Richmond. In an interview in 2009, Joseph W. Luter III described how the Luters would buy 15 hog carcasses a day, cut them up, box them, and sell them to small stores in Newport News and Norfolk. They built the Smithfield Packing Company plant in 1946 on Highway 10.[15]
Joseph W. Luter Jr. served as Smithfield's chief executive officer (CEO) until his death in 1962.[16] He owned 42 percent of the company when he died.[15] His son, Joseph W. Luter III, was at Wake Forest University at the time and joined Smithfield that year. Working in sales, he borrowed enough to buy a further eight-and-a-half percent of the shares, and in 1966 he became chairman and CEO.[15][16] He told Virginia Living that when he took over Smithfield, the company was killing around 3,000 hogs a day, and when he left in January 1970, the figure was 5,000; the number of employees had risen from 800 to 1,400. In July 1969 he sold the company to Liberty Equities for $20 million; they had asked him to stay on, but in January 1970 they fired him. From then until 1975 he developed a ski resort, Bryce Mountain, in Virginia.[15]
At the recommendation of the banks, Smithfield hired Luter as CEO again in April 1975, when it found itself in financial difficulties. At the time, according to Luter, the company had a net worth of under $1 million, debt of $17 million, and losses of $2 million a year. He said it even lost money in December 1974, which, considering it was holiday-ham season, "was like Budweiser losing money in July".[15] Luter's restructuring of the company is credited with its improved performance.[16] His son, Joseph W. Luter IV, became an executive vice-president of Smithfield Foods in 2008 and president of the Smithfield Packing Company, by then the parent company's largest subsidiary.[17] Joseph W. Luter III remained as CEO until 2006 and was chairman until the company was sold to WH Group in 2013. Joseph W. Luter IV resigned in October 2013.[18] His stock was valued at $21.1 million and Joseph W. Luter III's at $30 million.[19]
Mergers and acquisitions[edit]
Joseph W. Luter III began his expansion of Smithfield in 1981 with the purchase of its main competitor, Gwaltney of Smithfield, for $42 million.[15] This was followed by the acquisition of almost 40 companies in the pork, beef, and livestock industries between 1981 and around 2008,[20] including Essay Meats/Schluderberg-Kurdle in Baltimore, Valley Dale in Roanoke,[15] and Patrick Cudahy in Milwaukee in 1984.[17] In 1992 Smithfield opened the world's largest processing plant, a 973,000-square-foot facility in Tar Heel, North Carolina, which by 2000 could process 32,000 pigs a day.[6]
Smithfield purchased John Morrell & Co in Sioux Falls, SD, in 1995 and Circle Four Farms in 1998. In 1999 it bought two of the largest pig producers in the United States: Carroll's Foods and Murphy Family Farms of North Carolina, at that point the largest producer. According to agricultural researchers Jill Hobbs and Linda Young, Smithfield's purchase of these companies constituted a "major structural change" in the hog industry in the United States, leaving Smithfield in control of 10–15 percent of the country's hog production.[21]
Farmland Foods of Kansas City was added in 2003, as were Sara Lee's European Meats, ConAgra Foods Refrigerated Meats, Butterball (the poultry producer), and Premium Standard Farms in 2007.[17][22] Smithfield sold its 49 percent share in Butterball in 2008 for an estimated $175 million.[23] The acquisitions caused concern among regulators in the United States regarding the company's control of the food supply. After Smithfield's purchase of Murphy Family Farms, the Agriculture Department described it as "absurdly big".[6] As of 2006 four companies—Smithfield, Tyson Foods, Swift & Company, and Cargill—were responsible for the production of 70 percent of pork in the United States.[20]
Purchase by Shuanghui Group[edit]
On May 29, 2013, WH Group Ltd., then known as Shuanghui Group or Shineway Group, the largest meat producer in China, announced the purchase of Smithfield Foods for $4.72 billion.[24] Shuanghui announced that it would list Smithfield on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange after completing the takeover.[25] On September 6, 2013, the U.S. government approved Shuanghui International Holding’s purchase of Smithfield Food, Inc. The deal was valued at approximately $7.1 billion, which included debt. It was the largest stock acquisition by a Chinese company of an American company. At the time of the deal, China was one of the U.S's largest pork importers, although it had 475 million pigs of its own, roughly 60 percent of the global total.[26][27] Smithfield's CEO, Ken Sullivan, said in 2017 that he sees the company's future as a "consumer-packaged goods business".[28]
For decades Smithfield had run its acquisitions as independent operating companies, but in 2015, after the purchase by WH Group, it set up the "One Smithfield" initiative to unify them. Circle Four Farms in Milford, Utah, for example, became Smithfield Hog Production-Rocky Mountain Region.[29][28] In 2016 Smithfield purchased the Californian pork processor Clougherty Packing PLC for $145 million, along with its Farmer John and Saag's Specialty Meats brands. Smithfield also acquired PFFJ (Pigs for Farmer John) LLC and three of its farms from Hormel Foods Corporation.[3][30][31] In September 2017 it announced that it would purchase two Romanian packaged-meat suppliers, Elit and Vericom.[32]
Employees, brands[edit]
In 2016 Smithfield had 50,200 employees in the United States, Mexico and Europe, and an annual revenue of $14 billion.[2] As of July 2017, the company's brands included Armour, Berlinki, Carando, Cook's, Curly's, Eckrich, Farmland, Gwaltney, Healthy Ones, John Morrell, Krakus, Kretschmar, Margherita, Morliny, Nathan's Famous, and Smithfield.[13] In 2012 it opened a restaurant, Taste of Smithfield, in Smithfield, Virginia, located in the same Main Street building as its retail store, The Genuine Smithfield Ham Shoppe.[33]
Pig production[edit]
Vertical integration, contract farms[edit]
In 1990 Smithfield began buying hog-farming operations, making it a vertically integrated company. As a result, it was able to expand by over 1,000 percent between 1990 and 2005.[1] Vertical integration allows Smithfield to control every stage of pig production, from conception and birth, to slaughter, processing and packing, a system known as "from squeal to meal" or "from birth to bacon".[6]
The company contracted farmers who had moved out of tobacco farming, and sent them piglets between eight and ten weeks old to be brought to market weights on diets controlled by Smithfield.[34] Smithfield retained ownership of the pigs. Only farmers able to handle thousands of pigs were contracted, which meant that smaller farms went out of business.[1] In North Carolina, Smithfield's expansion mirrored hog farmers' decline; there were 667,000 hog farms there in 1980 and 67,000 in 2005. When the U.S. government placed restrictions on the company, it moved into Eastern Europe. As a result, in Romania there were 477,030 hog farms in 2003 and 52,100 in 2007. There was a similar decline, by 56 percent between 1996 and 2008, in Poland.[35][36][37]
Joseph W. Luter III said that vertical integration produces "high quality, consistent products with consistent genetics".[6] The company obtained 2,000 pigs and the rights to their genetic lines from Britain's National Pig Development Company in 1990, and used them to create Smithfield Lean Generation Pork, which the American Heart Association certified for its low fat, salt, and cholesterol content.[34][16] According to Luter, it was vertical integration that enabled this.[16]
Housing and lagoons[edit]
Smithfield CAFO, Unionville, Missouri, 2013
The pigs are housed together in their thousands in identical barns with metal roofs, known as concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). The floors of the buildings are slatted, allowing waste to be flushed into 30-feet-deep "open-air pits the size of two football fields", according to the Washington Post. These are referred to within the industry as anaerobic lagoons.[38]:2 They dispose of effluent at a low cost, but they require large areas and release odors and methane, a major contributor to greenhouse gas.[39]
Smithfield Foods states that the lagoons contain an impervious liner made to withstand leakage.[38]:2 According to Jeff Tietz in Rolling Stone, the waste—a mixture of excrement, urine, blood, afterbirths, stillborn pigs, drugs and other chemicals—overflows when it rains, and the liners can be punctured by rocks.[1] Smithfield attributes the pink color of the waste to the health of the lagoons, and states that the color is "a sign of bacteria doing what it should be doing. It's indicative of lower odor and lower nutrient content."[40]
Pregnant sows[edit]
Sows used for breeding are confined in 7 ft x 2 ft gestation crates.[41] This image was taken inside a Smithfield facility in Virginia in 2010.
Smithfield said in 2007 that it would phase out its use of gestation crates by 2017.[42] Pregnant sows spend most of their lives in these stalls, which are too small to allow them to turn around.[43] Pregnancies last about 115 days;[44] the average life span of a sow in the United States is 4.2 litters.[45] When they give birth, they are moved to a farrowing crate for three weeks, then artificially inseminated again and moved back to a gestation crate.[46] The practice has been criticized by animal-welfare groups, supermarket chains and McDonald's.[43] Smithfield did not commit to requiring its contract farms to phase out the crates.[47][48] Almost half the company's sows in the United States live on its c. 2,000 contract farms.[4]
In 2009 Smithfield said it would not meet the deadline because of the recession,[49] but in 2011 it returned to its commitment,[50][51] and to doing the same in Europe and Mexico by 2022.[52] In January 2015 it said that 71.3 percent of pregnant sows on company-owned farms had been moved into a group-housing system.[48] In January 2017 the company announced that 87 percent of sows on company-owned farms were no longer in crates, and that it would require its contract farms to phase out crates by 2022.[53] As of January 2018, on company-owned farms in the United States, Smithfield confines pregnant sows in gestation crates for six weeks during the impregnation process. When pregnancy is confirmed, they are moved to pens within a group-housing system[4] for about 10 weeks, then to a farrowing crate, then back to a gestation crate to be impregnated again.[54] The company said it is recommending that its contract farms in the United States move to group housing by 2022.[55] It uses two forms of group housing: in one system, 30–40 sows are kept in a pen with access to the individual gestation crates; in the other system, five or six sows are housed together in a pen.[56] In July 2017 Direct Action Everywhere filmed the gestation crates at Smithfield's Circle Four Farms in Milford, Utah.[57] The FBI subsequently raided two animal sanctuaries searching for two piglets removed by the activists.[58] In January 2018 Smithfield released a video of the gestation and farrowing areas on one of its farms.[59]
Environmental and animal-welfare record[edit]
Emissions[edit]
Stewart Leeth, Smithfield's chief sustainability officer, October 2017
Smithfield has come under criticism for the millions of gallons of untreated fecal matter it produces and stores in the lagoons. In 2012 it produced at least 4.7 billion gallons of manure in the United States; during their lifetimes, every pig will produce 1,100–1,300 liters.[11] In a four-year period in North Carolina in the 1990s, 4.7 million gallons of hog fecal matter were released into the state's rivers. Workers and residents near Smithfield plants reported health problems and complained about the stench.[1] The company was fined $12.6 million in 1997 by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for 6,900 violations of the Clean Water Act after discharging illegal levels of slaughterhouse waste into the Pagan River in Virginia.[60] Its facilities in North Carolina came under scrutiny in 1999 when Hurricane Floyd flooded lagoons holding fecal matter; many of Smithfield's contract farms were accused of polluting the rivers. Smithfield reached a settlement in 2000 with the state of North Carolina, agreeing to pay the state $50 million over 25 years.[61][b]
According to Ralph Deptolla of Smithfield Foods, the company created new executive positions to monitor the environmental issues. In 2001 it created an environmental management system and the following year hired Dennis Treacy, director of the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality since 1998, as executive vice president and chief sustainability officer. Treacy had previously been involved in the enforcement efforts against Smithfield.[10]:9[62] In 2005 the company received ISO 14001 certification for its hog production and processing facilities in the U.S., with the exception of new acquisitions, and, in 2009, 14 plants in the U.S. and 21 in Romania received certification.[63] By 2011, 578 Smithfield facilities were ISO 14001-certified.[10]:9 In 2006 its subsidiary Murphy-Brown reached an agreement with the Waterkeeper Alliance, once one of Smithfield's biggest critics, to enhance environmental protection at the former's facilities in North Carolina.[64][65] In 2009 the company said it had reduced its emissions since 2007, including its greenhouse-gas emissions by four percent; it attributed this to the divestiture of the beef group.[66] In 2010 it released its ninth annual Corporate Social Responsibility report, and announced the creation of two sustainability committees.[67]
Operations in Mexico[edit]
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The earliest confirmed case of the H1N1 virus (swine flu) during the 2009 flu pandemic was in a five-year-old boy in La Gloria, Mexico, near several facilities operated by Granjas Carroll de Mexico, a Smithfield Foods subsidiary that processes 1.2 million pigs a year and employs 907 people.[38][68][69][70] This, together with tension between the company and local community over Smithfield's environmental record, prompted several newspapers to link the outbreak to Smithfield's farming practices. According to The Washington Post, over 600 other residents of La Gloria became ill from a respiratory disease in March that year (later thought to be seasonal flu). The Post writes that health officials found no link between the farms and the H1N1 outbreak.[38] Smithfield said that it had found no clinical signs of swine flu in its pigs or employees in Mexico, and had no reason to believe that the outbreak was connected to its Mexican facilities. The company said it routinely administers flu virus vaccine to its swine herds in Mexico and conducts monthly tests to detect the virus.[71]
Residents alleged that the company regularly violates local environmental regulations.[72][73] According to the Washington Post, local farmers had complained for years about headaches from the smell of the pig farms and said that wild dogs had been eating discarded pig carcasses. Smithfield was using biodigesters to convert dead pigs into renewable energy, but residents alleged that they regularly overflowed. Residents also feared that the waste stored in the lagoons would leak into the groundwater.[38]
Packaging reduction[edit]
In 2009 Armour-Eckrich introduced smaller crescent-style packaging for its smoked sausages, which reduced the plastic film and corrugated cardboard the company used by over 840,000 pounds per year. In 2010 the John Morrell plant in Sioux Falls, SD, reduced its use of plastic by 40,600 pounds a year, and Farmland Foods reduced the corrugated packaging entering waste streams by over five million pounds a year. Smithfield Packing used 17 percent less plastic for deli meat. The company also eliminated 20,000 pounds of corrugated material a year by using smaller boxes to transport chicken frankfurters to its largest customer.[66]
Use of antibiotics[edit]
Concerns have been raised about Smithfield's use of low doses of antibiotics to promote the pigs' growth, in addition to using antibiotics as part of a treatment regime. The concern was that the antibiotics were harmful to the animals and were contributing to the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.[10]:8 Smithfield said in 2005 that it would administer antibiotics only to animals who were sick themselves, or who were in close proximity to sick animals; however, in CAFOs all pigs are in close proximity to each other.[74] The company introduced an antibiotic-free Pure Farms brand in 2017; it promoted the brand as free of antibiotics, artificial ingredients, hormones, and steroids.[75]
2006 CIWF investigation[edit]
In Poland, Smithfield Foods purchased former state farms for what its CEO said were "small dollars" and turned them into CAFOs using grants from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.[76] Compassion in World Farming (CIWF) conducted an undercover investigation into Smithfield CAFOs there in 2006, and found sick and injured animals in the barns, and dead animals rotting. The CAFOs were run by Animex, a Smithfield subsidiary. In one barn, 26 pigs were reported to have died in a five-week period. The CIWF report said of a Smithfield lagoon in Boszkowo: "Everywhere is the detritus of industrial factory farming—plastic syringe casings, intravenous needles and white clinical gloves—floating in the rancid cesspit and discarded on adjacent farmland."[77]
2010 HSUS investigation[edit]
In December 2010 the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) released an undercover video taken by one of its investigators inside a Smithfield Foods facility.[43] The investigator had worked for a month at Murphy-Brown, a Smithfield subsidiary in Waverly, Virginia.[78] The Associated Press (AP) reported that the investigator videotaped 1,000 sows living in gestation crates. According to the AP, the material shows a pig being pulled by the snout, shot in the head with a stun gun, and thrown into a bin while trying to wriggle free. The investigator said he saw sows biting their crates and bleeding; staff jabbing them to make them move; staff tossing piglets into carts; and piglets born prematurely in gestation crates falling through the slats into the manure pits.[79][80] The video won a 2012 Webby Award in the "Public Service and Activism" category.[81]
In response, Smithfield told the AP that it has "zero tolerance for any behavior that does not conform to our established animal well-being procedures".[79] The company asked Temple Grandin, a professor of animal husbandry, to review the footage; she recommended an inspection by animal welfare expert Jennifer Woods.[82][83][84][85][86] Smithfield announced on December 21 that it had fired two workers and their supervisor.[82][87] At the company's invitation, the Virginia state veterinarian Richard Wilkes visited the facility on December 22. He told The Virginian-Pilot that Smithfield had been "very responsive and very responsible in how they've addressed the issues", and that he had not seen "any indication of abuse" of the pigs and was impressed by their demeanor. A Humane Society spokesman said that Smithfield had provided the vet "with a pre-announced, white glove tour".[88]
Lawsuits[edit]
In 2010 a jury in Jackson County, Missouri, awarded 13 plaintiffs $825,000 each against a Smithfield subsidiary, Premium Standard. Two other plaintiffs were awarded $250,000 and $75,000. The plaintiffs argued that they were unable to enjoy their property because of the smell coming from the Smithfield facilities.[89]
As of 2017 in Wake County, North Carolina, nearly 500 residents are suing a Smithfield subsidiary, Murphy-Brown, in 26 lawsuits, alleging nuisance and ill health caused by smells, open-air lagoons, and pig carcasses. Residents say their outdoor activities are limited as a consequence, and that they are unable to invite visitors to their homes. Smithfield has said the complaints are without merit.[90]
Legal and labor issues[edit]
Working conditions[edit]
Human Rights Watch (HRW) issued a 175-page report in 2005 documenting what it said were unsafe work conditions in the U.S. meat and poultry industry, citing working conditions at Smithfield Foods as an example.[91]:88ff In particular, the report said, workers make thousands of repetitive motions with knives during each shift, leading to lacerations and repetitive strain injuries. It also alleged that the workers' immigrant status may be exploited to prevent them from making complaints or forming unions.[92][91][10]:8 According to the report, the speed at which the pigs are killed and processed makes the job inherently dangerous for workers. A Smithfield manager testified in 1998, during an unfair labor practices trial, that at the Tar Heel plant in North Carolina it takes 5–10 minutes to slaughter and complete the process of "disassembly" of an animal, including draining, cleaning, and cleaving. One worker told HRW that the disassembly line moves so fast that there is no time to sharpen the knives, which means harder cuts have to be made, with the resultant injuries to workers.[91]:4[93] Similar criticism was made by other groups about Smithfield facilities in Poland and Romania.[10]:8
Union dispute[edit]
John Edwards meets Smithfield workers, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, June 2007.
The Smithfield Packing plant in Tar Heel, North Carolina, was the site of a 15-year dispute between the company and the United Food and Commercial Workers Union (UFCW), which had tried since the early 1990s to organize the plant's roughly 5,000 hourly workers.[94] Workers voted against the union in 1994 and 1997, but the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) alleged that unfair election conduct had occurred and ordered a new election. During the 1997 election the company is alleged to have fired workers who supported the union, stationed police at the plant gates, and threatened plant closures. In 2000, according to Human Rights Watch, Smithfield set up its own security force, with "special police agency" status under North Carolina law, and in 2003 arrested workers who supported the union.[91]:94[92]
Smithfield appealed the NLRB's ruling that the 1997 election was invalid, and, in 2006, the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals found in favor of the NLRB.[95] After demonstrations, lockouts, and a shareholder meeting that was disrupted by shareholders supporting the union, the union called for a boycott of Smithfield products. In 2007 Smithfield countered by filing a federal RICO Act lawsuit against the union.[94] The following year Smithfield and the union reached an agreement, under which the union agreed to suspend its boycott in return for the company dropping its RICO lawsuit and allowing another election. In December 2008, workers voted 2,041 to 1,879 in favor of joining the union.[96]
Justice Department penalty[edit]
In 2009 Smithfield was assessed a $900,000 penalty by the U.S. Justice Department to settle charges that the company had engaged in illegal merger activity during its takeover of Premium Standard Farms LLC in 2006.[97]
Medical supplies[edit]
Smithfield is a supplier of heparin, which is extracted from pigs' intestines and used as a blood thinner, to the pharmaceutical industry.[98] In 2017 the company opened a bioscience unit and joined a tissue engineering group funded by the United States Department of Defense to the tune of $80 million. According to Reuters, the group included Abbott Laboratories, Medtronic and United Therapeutics.[99]
Philanthropy and sponsorship[edit]
Smithfield-Luter Foundation[edit]
2017 Toyota/Save Mart 350
The Smithfield-Luter Foundation, established in 2002, is a non-profit organization that acts as the philanthropic wing of Smithfield Foods, dedicated primarily to providing scholarships to the children and grandchildren of Smithfield employees. The foundation gave $5 million to Christopher Newport University in Newport News, Virginia, to establish the Luter School of Business,[100] and in 2006 gave $5 million to the University of Virginia Cancer Center in Charlottesville, Virginia.[101] It has also supported its "learners to leaders" programs, begun in 2006, in Sioux Falls, South Dakota; Green Bay, Wisconsin; Denison, Iowa; and Norfolk, Virginia.[102]
Sports sponsorships[edit]
In 2012 Smithfield announced a 15-race sponsorship with Richard Petty Motorsports (RPM) and driver Aric Almirola driving the No. 43 Ford Fusion in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. The sponsorship was increased to 30 races beginning in 2014. Smithfield rotates its brands on the car, featuring Smithfield, Eckrich, Farmland, Gwaltney, and Nathan's Famous. It is also the official food of Richmond International Raceway in Henrico County, Virginia.[citation needed] Smithfield and RPM parted ways in September 2017, allowing Smithfield to sponsor Stewart-Haas Racing in 2018.[103]
See also[edit]
An American Trilogy (2009)
Fast Food Nation (2001)
Food, Inc. (2008)
Pig Business (2009)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The other companies were American Foods Group, Cargill Meat Solutions and XL Beef.
Jump up ^ The company agreed to donate $1.3 million to clean up; North Carolina State University would receive $15 million to research the treatment of pig waste; and the North Carolina Foundation for Soil and Water Conservation, Ducks Unlimited and the North Carolina Coastal Federation would receive grants.[61][10]:7
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b "Smithfield Foods to buy Farmer John from Hormel", Reuters, November 21, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Diamond, Max (January 18, 2018). "Animal activists are happy with Smithfield Foods' new housing for pregnant pigs". The News & Observer.
Jump up ^ Subsidiaries, Smithfield Foods, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Barboza, David (April 7, 2000). "Goliath of the Hog World; Fast Rise of Smithfield Foods Makes Regulators Wary", The New York Times.
Jump up ^ De la Merced, Michael J.; Barboza, David (May 29, 2013). "Needing Pork, China Is to Buy a U.S. Supplier", The New York Times.
Polansek, Tom; Zhu, Julie (June 8, 2017). "Exclusive: China's WH Group targets beef and poultry assets in U.S. and Europe", Reuters.
Jump up ^ Woodruff, Judy (September 12, 2014). "Who’s behind the Chinese takeover of world’s biggest pork producer?", PBC Newshour.
Jump up ^ Hettinger, Jonathan; Holly, Robert; and Meers, Jelter (July 15, 2017). "Foreign Investment in U.S. Farmland on the Rise", AgoPro.
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^ Jump up to: a b Maron, Dina Fine (July 12, 2013). "Defecation Nation: Pig Waste Likely to Rise in U.S. from Business Deal". Scientific American.
Jump up ^ Seward, Robert A. (2009). "Regulations on Meat Hygiene in the USA," in Fidel Toldrá (ed.), Safety of Meat and Processed Meat. Springer, 650.
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Jump up ^ "Kenneth Marc Sullivan", WH Group Ltd, Bloomberg.
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^ Jump up to: a b c "1965–1936"; "2000–1966"; "Present–2010"; "Corporate Officers", Smithfield Foods, undated.
Jump up ^ Walzer, Phil (October 13, 2013). "Great-grandson of Smithfield founder leaves company". The Virginian Pilot.
Jump up ^ Biesheuvel, Thomas; Casey, Simon (May 31, 2013). "Smithfield Foods execs to pocket more than $85M from Chinese sale". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Bloomberg News.
^ Jump up to: a b Calamuci, Daniel (Spring 2008). "Return to the Jungle: The Rise and Fall of Meatpacking Work", New Labor Forum, 17(1) (pp. 66–77), p. 73. JSTOR 40342745
Jump up ^ Hobbs, Jill E.; Young, Linda M. (June 2001). "Vertical Linkages in Agri-Food Supply Chains in Canada and the United States", Research and Analysis Directorate, Strategic Policy Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, p. 17.
Jump up ^ Company News: Smithfield in Stock Deal for Tyson's Hog Operations", The New York Times, September 30, 1999.
Jump up ^ Felberbaum, Michael. "Smithfield to sell its stake in Butterball", Associated Press, September 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Denny & Oran, Olivia (29 May 2013). "China's appetite for pork spurs $4.7 billion Smithfield deal". Reuters.
Jump up ^ Saeed Azhar & Stephen Aldred (16 July 2013). "Exclusive: Smithfield's China bidders plan Hong Kong IPO after deal – sources". Reuters.
Jump up ^ Doug Palmer (September 6, 2013). "U.S. approves Chinese company's purchase of Smithfield". Politico.com.
Jump up ^ Debbie Stabenow, "Protect American food innovation", Politico, September 4, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Andy Hanacek, "Smithfield Foods: Dawn of a golden age", The National Provisioner, February 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Circle Four changes name to Smithfield", USA Today, August 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Smithfield Foods completes acquisition of Clougherty Packing LLC", NationalHogFarmer, undated.
Jump up ^ "Smithfield Foods Completes Acquisition of Clougherty Packing LLC", Global Newswire, January 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Smithfield to buy three Romanian meat facilities", NationalHogFarmer, September 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Walzer, Philip. "Pork producer Smithfield Foods to open restaurant", The Virginian-Pilot, July 10, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Horowitz, Roger. Putting Meat on the American Table: Taste, Technology, Transformation. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, p. 134.
Jump up ^ Gisolfi, Monica R. The Takeover: Chicken Farming and the Roots of American Agribusiness. University of Georgia Press, 2017, p. 72.
Jump up ^ Carvajal, Doreen; Castle, Stephen. "A U.S. Hog Giant Transforms Eastern Europe", The New York Times, May 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Dunn, Elizabeth C. "Standards and Person-Making in East Central Europe", in Aihwa Ong and Stephen J. Collier (eds.), Global Assemblages: Technology, Politics, and Ethics as Anthropological Problems, Wiley-Blackwell, 2005, p. 178.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Fainaru, Steve. "Mexicans Blame Industrial Hog Farms", The Washington Post, May 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Massé, D. I.; Massé, L. (2000). "Characterization of wastewater from hog slaughterhouses in Eastern Canada and evaluation of their in-plant wastewater treatment systems" (PDF). Canadian Agricultural Engineering. 42 (3): 139–146.
Jump up ^ "Rolling Stone's 'Bosshog' Article: Fiction vs. Fact", Smithfield Foods, undated.
Jump up ^ Rollin, Bernard E. (1995). Farm Animal Welfare: Social, Bioethical, and Research Issues. Iowa State University Press, p. 76.
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Marc (January 26, 2007). "Largest Pork Processor to Phase Out Crates", The Washington Post.
^ Jump up to: a b c Strom, Stephanie (February 13, 2012). "McDonald's Set to Phase Out Suppliers’ Use of Sow Crates", The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Beynon, Neville (2014) [1990]. Pigs: A Guide to Management (2nd ed.). Ramsbury: Crowood. p. 124.
Jump up ^ Prunier, A.; Soede, N.; Quesnel, H.; Kemp, B. (2003). "Productivity and Longevity of Weaned Sows". In Pluske, J. R.; Le Dividich, Jean; Verstegen, M. W. A. Weaning the Pig: Concepts and Consequences. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers.
Jump up ^ Felberbaum, Michael (December 8, 2011). "Smithfield to stop using gestation crates for pigs", Associated Press.
Jump up ^ Walzer, Philip (January 4, 2013). "Smithfield continues shift away from 'gestation stalls'", The Virginian-Pilot.
^ Jump up to: a b Murphy, Ryan (January 7, 2015). "Smithfield Foods moves to end use of breeding crates on company farms", Daily Press.
Jump up ^ Niman, Bill; Hahn Niman, Nicollete (August 26, 2009). "Looking Out For All Animals", The Atlantic.
Jump up ^ Pope, C. Larry (December 17, 2011). "Sow Stall Conversion Process Update". Smithfield Foods. Archived from the original on April 8, 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Carmen, Tim (May 29, 2012). "Pork industry gives sows room to move", The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Shapiro, Michael Welles (January 4, 2013). "Smithfield progresses toward transition away from gestation crates", McClatchy-Tribune Information Services.
Jump up ^ "Smithfield Foods Nears 2017 Goal for Conversion to Group Housing Systems for Pregnant Sows". Smithfield Foods. Archived from the original on January 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Smithfield makes more progress on gestation-crate-free pledge". Humane Society of the United States. January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Bozick, Tara (January 24, 2018). "Smithfield Foods moves to group housing for pregnant pigs". Daily Press.
Jump up ^ Sauers, Elisha (January 23, 2018). "Smithfield Foods delivers on decade-old promise to eliminate pregnant sow stalls in US". The Virginian-Pilot.
Jump up ^ Strom, Stephanie (July 6, 2017). "Animal Welfare Groups Have a New Tool: Virtual Reality". The New York Times.
"Operation Dreadstar", Direct Action Everywhere, July 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Moyer, Justin Wm. (September 14, 2017). "FBI raids animal shelters, searching for piglets rescued from factory farm, activists say". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ "Smithfield Foods unveils new virtual reality video of its group housing systems". National Hog Farmer. January 8, 2018. (Smithfield Foods press release).
"Smithfield Sow Farm 360° Virtual Tour", Smithfield Foods, January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Smithfield Foods Fined $12.6 million, Largest Clean Water Act Fine Ever", Environmental Protection Agency, August 8, 1997.
^ Jump up to: a b "Smithfield Foods", lawyersandsettlements.com, March 13, 2007, attributed to ABC News.
Jump up ^ "Dennis H. Treacy", Bloomberg.
Jump up ^ "Smithfield Foods facilities obtain ISO 14001 certification", Reliable Plant, undated.
Jump up ^ "Testimony of Richard J. Dove, Waterkeeper Alliance", Senate Committee on Government Affairs, March 13, 2002.
Jump up ^ "Features: Waterkeeper Alliance and Smithfield Foods Reach Agreement on Environmental Pact", Waterkeeper Alliance, January 20, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b "Smithfield Foods CSR Report: Commits to Reduce Energy and Water Use, Solid Waste 10% by 2016", Environmental Leader, July 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Smithfield Foods Releases Annual Corporate Social Responsibility Report", Smithfield Foods, July 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Lacey, Marc (April 28, 2009). "From Édgar, 5, Coughs Heard Round the World", The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Foley, Stephen (April 29, 2009). "For La Gloria, the stench of blame is from pig factories", The Independent.
Jump up ^ Tuckman, Jo (April 23, 2010). "La Gloria, swine flu's ground zero, is left with legacy of anger", The Guardian.
Jump up ^ "Smithfield Foods Says It Found No Evidence of Swine Influenza at Its Mexican Joint Ventures", Smithfield Foods, 2009.
Jump up ^ Tuckman, Jo (April 29, 2009). "Attention turns to La Gloria in search to determine swine flu source", The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Lucas, Caroline (April 28, 2009). "Swine flu: is intensive pig farming to blame?", The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Riha, Carol Ann. "Food company aims to curb antibiotic use in pork", Associated Press, April 8, 2005.
Jump up ^ Freese, Betsy. "Smithfield Launches Antibiotic-Free Pork Line", Successful Farming, February 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Tracy Worcester, "Cheap meat comes at a high price", New Statesman, March 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ Anthony Barnett and Urmee Khan, "'Shocking' farms raise pigs for UK", The Observer, April 2, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Humane Society says Smithfield mistreated pigs", Richmond Times-Dispatch, December 16, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Humane Society Claims Pigs Abused at Va. Farm", Associated Press, December 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "HSUS Exposes Inhumane Treatment of Pigs at Smithfield", and "Undercover at Smithfield Foods" (video), Humane Society of the United States, December 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "16th Annual Webby Awards Nominees & Winners", webbyawards.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "Smithfield fires 3 workers for mistreating pigs", Associated Press, December 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Smith, Joe. "Smithfield fires three for welfare violations", Feedstuffs, December 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Responses, Smithfield Foods. Archived January 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Letter from Temple Grandin", Smithfield Foods, December 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Grandin/Woods Report", Smithfield Foods, December 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ Green, Kristen. "Smithfield Foods fires three workers after pig farm probe", Richmond Times-Dispatch, December 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Walzer, Philip. "State veterinarian approves Smithfield's pig handling", The Virginian-Pilot, January 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Jury awards plaintiffs $11M total in hog lawsuit", Missouri Farmer Today, March 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Murawski, John. "Do hog farms make their neighbors ill? Jurors may decide soon.", The News & Observer, 28 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Blood, Sweat and Fear: Workers' Rights in U.S. Meat and Poultry Plants, Human Rights Watch, January 25, 2005.
^ Jump up to: a b "Abuses Against Workers Taint U.S. Meat and Poultry", Human Rights Watch, January 25, 2005.
Jump up ^ For a Smithfield manager's description of the process, see "Appendix A: The Production Process in Meat and Poultry Plants", Blood, Sweat and Fear, Human Rights Watch, January 25, 2005.
^ Jump up to: a b Maher, Kris. "Firms Use RICO to Fight Union Tactics," Wall Street Journal, December 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Statement on NLRB decision", Smithfield Packing Company, June 15, 2006.
Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Steven. "After 15 Years, North Carolina Plant Unionizes", The New York Times, December 13, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Smithfield Foods and Premium Standard Farms Charged with Illegal Premerger Coordination", United States Department of Justice, January 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Toni Clarke, "Smithfield's China deal spurs heparin heart drug safety concerns", Reuters, July 25, 2013.
Jean-François Tremblay, "Making heparin safe", Chemical & Engineering News, 94(40), October 10, 2016, 30–34.
Jump up ^ Julie Steenhuysen and Michael Hirtzer, "Smithfield makes move on market for pig-human transplants", Reuters, April 11, 2017.
Sarah Zhang, "'Big Pork' Wants to Get In on Organ Transplants", The Atlantic, May 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Luter School of Business, Christopher Newport University.
Jump up ^ Smithfield News, Spring 2006.
Jump up ^ "Effort shapes learners, leaders", Feedstuffs Foodlink, Smithfield-Luter Foundation.
Jump up ^ "Danica Patrick done at Stewart-Haas after '17, future unsure", Associated Press, September 12, 2017.
Further reading[edit]
External links
Smithfield Foods
Humane Society of the United States. "Undercover at Smithfield Foods", YouTube, December 15, 2010.
Smithfield Foods. "Sow Farm: Taking the Mystery Out of Pork Production at Smithfield Foods", YouTube, February 24, 2011.
The New York Times. "Smithfield Foods Inc.".
Books
Eisnitz, Gail A. (2006) [1997]. Slaughterhouse. Prometheus Books.
Evans-Hylton, Patrick (2004). Smithfield: Ham Capital of the World. Arcadia Publishing.
Hahn Niman, Nicolette (2010). Righteous Porkchop: Finding a Life and Good Food Beyond Factory Farms. HarperCollins.
Horowitz, Roger (2005). Putting Meat on the American Table: Taste, Technology, Transformation. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Wise, Steven M. (2009). An American Trilogy. Da Capo Press.
Articles
Anon (June 2004). "Challenging Concentration of Control in the American Meat Industry", Harvard Law Review, 117(8), pp. 2643–2664. JSTOR 4093409
Coppin, Dawn (Autumn 2003). "Foucauldian Hog Futures: The Birth of Mega-Hog Farms", The Sociological Quarterly, 44(4), pp. 597–616. JSTOR 4120724
Hayenga, Marvin L. (Autumn–Winter 1998). "Cost Structures of Pork Slaughter and Processing Firms: Behavioral and Performance Implications"], Review of Agricultural Economics, 20(2), pp. 574–583. JSTOR 1350009
Herbert, Bob (June 15, 2006). "Where the Hogs Come First", The New York Times.
Herbert, Bob (June 19, 2006). "On the Killing Floor", The New York Times.
Ladd, Anthony E. and Edward, Bob (2002). "Corporate Swine and Capitalist Pigs: A Decade of Environmental Injustice and Protest in North Carolina", Social Justice, 29(3), pp. 26–46. JSTOR 29768134
LeDuff, Charlie (June 16, 2000). "At a Slaughterhouse, Some Things Never Die", The New York Times.
Reimer, Jeffrey J. (February 2006). "Vertical Integration in the Pork Industry", American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 88(1), pp. 234–248. JSTOR 3697978
Stith, Pat; Warrick, Joby; and Sill, Melanie (February 19, 1995). "Boss Hog: The power of pork", The News & Observer (Raleigh) (this and the following articles on the pig industry in North Carolina won the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service in 1996):
Stith, Pat and Warrick, Joby (February 19, 1995). "New studies show that lagoons are leaking", The News & Observer.
Stith, Pat and Warrick, Joby (February 21, 1995). "Corporate takeover", The News & Observer.
Stith, Pat and Warrick, Joby (February 22, 1995). "Murphy's Law", The News & Observer.
"Hog-Tied on ethics", The News & Observer, editorial, February 23, 1995.
Stith, Pat and Warrick, Joby (February 24, 1995). "Money Talks", The News & Observer.
"Putting the hush on hogs", The News & Observer, editorial, February 24, 1995.
Stith, Pat and Warrick, Joby (February 26, 1995). "Pork Barrels", The News & Observer.
"When hogs come first", The News & Observer, editorial, February 28, 1995.
Wing, Steve et al. (October 2008). "Air Pollution and Odor in Communities near Industrial Swine Operations", Environmental Health Perspectives, 116(10), pp. 1362–1368. JSTOR 25071189
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Mall of America
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Mall of the Americas.
Mall of America
The Mall of America logo
Alternative names
MoA
General information
Type
Shopping mall
Address
60 East Broadway, Bloomington, Minnesota, United States 55425
Coordinates
44°51′15″N 93°14′32″W / 44.85417°N 93.24222°W / 44.85417; -93.24222Coordinates: 44°51′15″N 93°14′32″W / 44.85417°N 93.24222°W / 44.85417; -93.24222
Opening
August 11, 1992; 25 years ago (1992-08-11)
Owner
Triple Five Group
Technical details
Floor count
4 on East and South Wings
3 on North and West Wings
Floor area
2,500,000 sq ft (230,000 m2) + 5,400,000 sq ft (500,000 m2)
Design and construction
Architecture firm
HGA, KKE Architects, Inc., Jerde Partnership[1]
Main contractor
Melvin Simon & Associates
Triple Five Group
Other information
Number of stores
500+
Number of anchors
3
Parking
12,287 spaces
(Two 7-story ramps, two overflow surface lots, and one lower level transit station)
Website
mallofamerica.com
Mall of America (commonly, locally known as "MOA" or "the mall") is a shopping mall located in Bloomington, Minnesota, United States (a suburb of the Twin Cities). Southeast of the junction of Interstate 494 and Minnesota State Highway 77, north of the Minnesota River and across the Interstate from the Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport. Opened in 1992, it is the second largest mall in the United States in terms of number of stores and total floor area.
The mall is managed by the Triple Five Group (which in turn is owned by Canada's Ghermezian family, along with the West Edmonton Mall). Eighty percent of visitors to the Mall of America are from Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, the Dakotas, Illinois, Ohio, and Canada.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Architecture
3 Tenants
4 Attractions
5 Nostalgic artifacts and memorials
6 Transit
7 Security
8 Criticism
9 Addition/expansion
10 Amusement park and other features
11 Usage in media
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
History[edit]
One escalator well
The mall's concept was designed by the Triple Five Group, owned by the Ghermezian brothers, who also own the largest shopping mall in North America, the West Edmonton Mall. Mall of America is located on the site of the former Metropolitan Stadium, where the Minnesota Vikings and Minnesota Twins played until the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome opened in 1982. A plaque in the amusement park commemorates the former location of home plate, and one seat from Met Stadium was placed in Mall of America at the exact location it occupied in the stadium, commemorating a 520-foot (160 m) home run hit by hall-of-famer Harmon Killebrew on June 3, 1967.
In 1986, the Bloomington Port Authority signed an agreement with the Ghermezian organization. Groundbreaking for the mall took place on June 14, 1989. Organizations involved include Melvin Simon and Associates, Teachers Insurance and Annuity (a.k.a. TIAA), the Triple Five Group, and the office of architect Jon Jerde.
Mall of America opened its doors to the public on August 11, 1992. Even before opening, the mall had earned several nicknames, including "The Megamall", "Sprawl of America", "Hugedale"—in reference to the four major "dale" shopping malls within the Twin Cities: Rosedale, Southdale, Ridgedale, and (defunct as of 2010[update]) Brookdale—and simply, "The Mall".
Mall of America became the largest shopping mall in total area and largest in total store vendors in the United States when it opened. The Mall of America's 42 million annual visitors equal roughly eight times the population of the state of Minnesota. The mall employs over 11,000 workers year-round and 13,000 during peak seasons.[3]
During its run as an all-encompassing entertainment and retail venue, certain aspects, particularly its bars, have come under scrutiny. In early-2000 a Mardi Gras-themed bar, Fat Tuesday, shut its doors due to indecent exposure and alcohol-related offenses.[4]
In 2003, after a protracted six-year legal battle between Simon Property Group, the managing general partner of the property, and the Ghermezian brothers/Triple Five Group, over majority ownership of the site, a federal appeals court ruled in favor of the Ghermezians, effectively transferring control and planning authority of the mall back to the creator of the concept.[5] The dispute stemmed from a 1999 purchase of Teacher's Insurance's 27.5% equity stake by Simon Properties, giving them majority ownership. The Ghermezians claimed they were never told of the deal and sued Simon, citing fiduciary responsibility.
On November 3, 2006, the Ghermezians gained full control of Mall of America by spending US$1 billion.[6]
On May 18, 2008, the Minnesota State Legislature passed a bill granting the City of Bloomington the right to use $34 million in tax-increment-financing to pay for public infrastructure to support the MoA expansion. In early 2011, construction began on an expansion of the south side of the mall near Killebrew Drive, where the 506-room Radisson Blu hotel opened in March 2013. The addition of this hotel was for the purposes of increasing accessibility to the park and making the Mall of America a destination location for anyone. The addition of the lightrail between the airport and the Mall of America also enabled people with layovers in Minneapolis to spend a convenient afternoon at the Mall of America.
On November 29, 2011, Google announced indoor maps for Mall of America along with several other places like airports, parks and public spaces.[7]
On March 24, 2012, the Triple Five Group announced the start of a $200 million expansion that would build into the north parking lot of the mall. Rather than the long planned Phase II expansion, this would be a step in building this expansion. The plans call for an additional hotel and an additional 200,000 square feet (19,000 m2) of retail space.[8] In March 2014, ground was broken on the mall's north side for the $104 million, 14-story JW Marriott hotel, owned and financed by the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community.[9]
In winter 2012–2013, Mall of America hosted a 40 feet (12 m) tall ice castle made of icicles formed from 4 million gallons of water and then fused together. The castle joined 50 large ice towers together to create a series of shimmering archways, tunnels, walls and caverns.[10]
In 2016, King of Prussia Mall in King of Prussia, PA finished building a 140,000+ square ft. expansion with all new shops and restaurants connecting its two buildings; the plaza, and the court. This expansion meant that Mall of America lost its spot of being the largest.
Architecture[edit]
Sign at a Mall of America entrance, removed in 2014 as part of the Phase II expansion
The Mall of America has three levels on its West side, pictured above.
The Mall of America has a gross area of 4,870,000 sq ft (452,000 m2) or 96.4 acres (390,000 m2), enough to fit seven Yankee Stadiums inside,[11] with 2,500,000 sq ft (230,000 m2) available as retail space.[3] The mall is nearly symmetric, with a roughly rectangular floor plan. More than 530 stores are arranged along three levels of pedestrian walkways on the sides of the rectangle, with a fourth level on the east side. Four anchor department stores are located at the corners. The mall is organized into four different zones, each of those zones had its own decorative style until a series of renovations from 2010 to 2015 led to a unified and more luxurious style, as well as to coincide with the mall's first major expansion.[12]
Despite Minnesota's cold winters, only the mall's entrances and some below ground areas are heated. Heat is allowed in through skylights above the central amusement park area. The majority of the heat is produced by lighting fixtures, other electric devices, and people in the mall.[13] In fact, even during the winter, air conditioning systems may still be in use during peak hours to ensure a comfortable shopping environment.[14] Although the common areas are unheated, the individual stores do have heating systems.[15]
Two nearly identical seven-story parking ramps on the east and west sides of the mall provide 12,287 parking spaces. Overflow parking north of the building provides an additional 1,200–1,500 spaces, and 1,407 spaces are provided by IKEA that is part of the Phase II expansion of the mall which is under construction.
Tenants[edit]
Level One is the location of Nickelodeon Universe amusement park (formerly Camp Snoopy), and first level of general retail which includes Sea Life Minnesota, Hard Rock Cafe, Lego Store, American Girl Place, Apple Store, Barnes & Noble, Fabletics, Sears, Macy's, and Microsoft Store, [16] Level Two features restaurants, shopping, MOA® Moments, and the first Verizon Wireless Destination Store. Level Three has two food courts with more than 20 fast food and full service restaurants, mini-golf, shopping, and Crayola Experience. Level Four is the entertainment level with Hooters, Cantina # 1, Rick Bronson's House of Comedy, Gameworks, Dick's Last Resort, Sky Deck Sports Grille and Lane, and the first U.S. location of SMAAASH, a virtual reality sports entertainment center.
The Theatres at Mall of America (Initially run by General Cinemas, then AMC Theatres, and eventually operated by mall management) occupied the south side of the fourth floor through December 2016, when it closed permanently. It will be replaced by Cinemex subsidiary CMX Cinemas in fall 2017.[17]
Attractions[edit]
Nickelodeon Universe indoor theme park
Amusement park view from third floor
Nickelodeon Universe is an indoor theme park in the center of the mall. The park features roller coasters, among numerous other rides and attractions, and is the largest indoor theme park in the United States. Unlike many indoor amusement parks, Nickelodeon Universe has a great deal of natural foliage in and about the park, and its floor has a wide variance in height – the highest ground level in the park is 15 feet (4.6 m) above the lowest. The rides include the roller coasters SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge and Avatar Airbender, and a thrill ride called BrainSurge. The latter attraction bills itself as a "rather peculiar" ride. It also has a miniature golfing section called Moose Mountain. This miniature golf course features eighteen holes and a relatively fast astroturf surface.[citation needed]
At the Sea Life Minnesota Aquarium, guests travel through a 300-foot-long (91 m) curved tunnel through 14 feet (4.3 m) of water to view over 4,500 sea creatures including sharks, turtles, stingrays, and many more.[18] Sea Life Minnesota Aquarium offers special events such as sleepovers, scuba diving, snorkeling, and birthday parties.[19][third-party source needed]
The Mall recently added Crayola Experience and FlyOver America to the list of family attractions.
Nostalgic artifacts and memorials[edit]
A stadium seat commemorating the longest home run at Metropolitan Stadium, hit by Minnesota Twins player Harmon Killebrew on June 3, 1967. The seat is painted red and bolted to a wall to mark the exact height and position at which the ball landed in the upper-deck seats.[20]
A plaque embedded in the floor of Nickelodeon Universe, marking the exact spot of home plate at Metropolitan Stadium.
The home plate plaque in Nickelodeon Universe
[20]
United Airlines Flight 93 memorial, for those who died aboard during the September 11, 2001 attacks—the bust of Tom Burnett (who was born and raised in Bloomington) is on the west side of the first floor, next to the fountain in front of Nordstrom.[21]
Transit[edit]
Main article: Mall of America (Metro Transit station)
In the lower level of the eastern parking ramp is the Mall of America Transit Station, the busiest transit hub in Minnesota with services to and from many destinations in the Minneapolis – St. Paul metropolitan area.
The Transit Station contains two stops on the Metro transit network: the southern terminus of the METRO Blue Line (light rail) to Downtown Minneapolis via MSP Airport and Hiawatha Avenue (operated by Metro Transit), and the northern terminus of the METRO Red Line (BRT) to Lakeville (operated by the Minnesota Valley Transit Authority). Both agencies also operate many local bus services to the Transit Station, and many area hotels along with the Mystic Lake Casino offer free shuttles to their establishments.
The mall is not a park and ride facility, and overnight parking is banned to prevent passengers taking the train to the airport. Commuters are required to use the nearby 28th Avenue Station's parking ramp.
The Mall of America Transit Station is undergoing a study to increase efficiency and capacities, and to provide a better experience for its users.[22] Estimates for the upgrade are approximately $20 million.
Security[edit]
The Mall of America's security program is unique and in many ways the first of its kind. Michael Rozin, who used to be employed as the mall's Special Operations Security Captain, developed and implemented a behavior detection unit specifically focused on mitigating the threat of terrorism and enhancing counter-terrorism capabilities.[23] Behavior Detection Officers (BDOs) are trained extensively in Israel, each one going through at least 240 hours of training that includes communication techniques, first aid, defensive tactics, crisis intervention, terrorism awareness, and rapid response.[24] As Doug Reynolds, the Security Director at the mall, noted in a congressional testimony in 2008, BDOs are taught to "look for intent, rather than means. The objective is to focus on suspicious indicators in three categories: People, vehicles and unattended items like backpacks, shopping bags, suitcases."[25] This methodology has prepared the mall for a variety of threats, both from terrorists and everyday criminals.
In 2011, NPR's All Things Considered and Morning Edition and PBS's Newshour both aired programs documenting security abuses by the mall's security personnel.[26][27]
In February 2015, the Al-Shabaab militant group also released a propaganda video calling for attacks on the Mall of America and other Western shopping centers.[28] Although the group had never launched attacks in North America,[29] security at the mall was tightened in response and Homeland Security issued a one-day alert to shoppers to remain vigilant.[28]
Criticism[edit]
During the first decade of MOA's existence, demonstrators protested animal cruelty and sweatshop conditions.[30] In 1994, protesters confronted actor Charlton Heston at a mall restaurant over his campaigning efforts on behalf of a Republican U.S. Senate candidate. In 1996, two people were arrested after they locked themselves to Macy’s doors in the spirit of the annual Fur-Free Friday demonstration. The Minnesota Supreme Court decided in 1999 that because the mall is private property, constitutional free speech protections do not apply.[30]
People inside the mall have been questioned or detained for operating video cameras, using notebooks, or other perceived suspicious behaviors. As of 2010[update], Michael Rozin, the former Special Operations Security Captain and founder of the mall's behavior detection unit instructed its members that "suspicious behavior" constitutes "photographing such things as air-conditioning ducts or signs that a shopper might have something to hide."[31] Commander Jim Ryan of the Bloomington Police Department commented that the mall's security methods may "infringe on some freedoms, unfortunately."[32]
On December 31, 2013, members from the First Nations protest movement Idle No More attempted to repeat a successful Native-American round dance held at the mall in 2012,[33] but failed after being stopped by mall security, who refused to allow Idle No More to hold their dance. Organizers of the dance, Patricia Shepard and Reyna Crow from Duluth were arrested on site for trespassing.[34]
On December 21, 2014, thousands of protesters attended an unauthorized demonstration organized by Black Lives Matter in the mall's rotunda. The demonstration was in response to the Michael Brown fatal shooting in Ferguson, Missouri, and the then recent jury decision not to prosecute the white officer in that case, as well as the death of Eric Garner of New York. In response to the demonstration, the Mall of America closed the areas of the mall around the rotunda.[35] Police arrested 25 demonstrators.[36] The Bloomington City Attorney, Sandra Johnson, is pursuing charges against the organizers, ranging "from disorderly conduct and trespassing to inciting a riot".[30] The city is seeking thousands of dollars in compensatory damages from some of the organizers for out-of-pocket costs the city incurred while paying overtime for additional security. In response to these charges, demonstrators have called for a boycott of the mall.[37]
Plans for another Black Lives Matter demonstration at the Mall of America on December 23, 2015 prompted Mall officials to file a restraining order against the movement's activists.[38] Eight individual activists were sued in Hennepin County District Court.[39] The mall's lawsuit would prohibit the defendants from demonstrating and require them to delete all of their posts to social media pertaining to the demonstration. The lawsuit additionally asked that the court jail Black Lives Matter activists unless they publicly announce that the demonstration is cancelled on their social media accounts. The American Civil Liberties Union of Minnesota called the mall's lawsuit an "improper prior restraint on speech" and an unconstitutional overreach.[40] Leaders of the demonstration indicated that the demonstration would go ahead as scheduled.[41]
Addition/expansion[edit]
Word of Mall of America's expansion has been stirring since the mid 1990s, however the first confirmation of an expansion occurred in 2005 when Triple 5 announces Mall of America Phase 2, a project that would expand the Mall of America to the north, crossing Lindau Lane and occupying the former site of Met Center.[42]
However, this expansion was delayed due to the tightening of the credit market. Eventually this was broken into four major projects: 1b, 1c, 2b, 2c.[43]
Status of Phase 2 completion:
Complete:
1B: Radisson Blu
South expansion complete 2013
1C: retail, restaurant, office and J.W. Marriott
North expansion complete 2016
Planned:
2B: 2-3 story retail expansion including connection over Lindau Lane, luxury hotel, addition parking ramp.
North Expansion on site of Met Center, Plan submitted to Bloomington Fall 2016, Construction 2017, Open 2018-2019
Concepts:
2C: 3 story retail plus additional hotel, entertainment venue located north of 2B with connections to Ikea and American Blvd
Shown on approved PDP from 2015 submission for 2B, but schedule dependent on 2B completion.
Amusement park and other features[edit]
The amusement park, during its "Camp Snoopy" days.
The Metropolitan Stadium home plate marker.
The Harmon Killebrew chair.
The carousel at the amusement park.
The band organ, formerly at the carousel entrance.
The Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. restaurant.
Another shot of the amusement park during the Camp Snoopy era.
Another shot of Camp Snoopy from a different angle. The Kite-Eating Tree ride is shown in this picture.
When Camp Snoopy became Nickelodeon Universe in 2008, the Kite-Eating Tree was restyled and renamed Swing-Along.
The three-story American flag, which was used on July 4, 2008.
The mall's information sign, which shows the use of "MOA".
The MPR store, emphasizing A Prairie Home Companion.
Al's Farm Toys, a farm-themed toy store which closed in 2016.
A few of the unique sports-themed stores throughout the mall. Team Choice and Lids Locker Room (formerly Locker Room) closed, but Goldy's and Rybicki Cheese remain and Goldy's has since become Goldy's Locker Room.
The legendary mural imitating Seurat; formerly near the food court.
The Lego "Imagination Center", the longest-standing Mall attraction.
The Lego Store after 2009 remodeling.
Usage in media[edit]
The Mall of America was used as a filming location for various movies and television shows,[44] including:
D2: The Mighty Ducks (1994)
Jingle All The Way (1996)
You're Invited to Mary-Kate & Ashley's Mall Party (1997)
Mall Masters (2001)
Mall Cops: Mall of America[45] (2010)
The End of the Tour (2015)
See also[edit]
Minnesota portal
List of the world's largest shopping malls
List of largest shopping malls in the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Mall of America". Translucency.com. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ Sandra Larriva and Gabe Weisert (April 25, 2007). "Most Visited Tourist Attractions". Forbes Traveler. Archived from the original on July 31, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Facts - Mall of America". Mall of America. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
Jump up ^ "STATE OF MINNESOTA OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE HEARINGS FOR THE BLOOMINGTON CITY COUNCIL" (PDF). July 14, 2000.
Jump up ^ "Brothers win back control of megamall; Simon Property will contest a ruling that transfers majority ownership". Star Tribune. September 12, 2003.
Jump up ^ Black, Sam (November 3, 2006). "Ghermezians take sole control of Mall of America in $1B deal". Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal.
Jump up ^ "A new frontier for Google Maps". Google. 2011.
Jump up ^ Webbtwebb, Tom. "Mall of America plans $200 million expansion". TwinCities.com. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ 'Ground' broken on $325 million Mall of America expansion. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mall of America | Pressroom". Press.mallofamerica.com. October 25, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ [1] Citation of fitting "seven Yankee Stadiums" inside the retail space of MOA, listed in the City of Bloomington, MN Web site. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mall of America' giant makeover ditches 90's in bid to stay hip.". Startribune.com. Star Tribune. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Elmasry, Faiza (October 10, 2006). "America's Largest Mall Offers More than Shopping". Voice of America.
Jump up ^ Schapiro, Rose (November 29, 2007). "Road Trip to the Mall of America". Chicago Weekly. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ WCCO – TV (January 25, 2008). "Heating Costs".
Jump up ^ "MALL OF AMERICA® DIRECTORY MAP". Retrieved December 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kumar, Kavita. "Shuttered Mall of America movie theaters will reopen with gourmet food, cocktails". Star Tribune. StarTribune. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "*Official* SEA LIFE Minnesota". Sharky.tv. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ "*Official* SEA LIFE Minnesota". Sharky.tv. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Baseball at the Mall". Dusty Lens. March 11, 2008.
Jump up ^ Merullo, Roland (May 13, 2006). "Who Financed 9/11?". Reader's Digest Australia.
Jump up ^ "Mall of America Transit Station" (PDF). Senate.MN. Minnesota Senate. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "RSC Team - Security Subject Matter Experts". Retrieved 2015-10-04.
Jump up ^ "Inside the Anti-Terror Task Force at the Mall of America". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2015-10-04.
Jump up ^ Committee on Homeland Security House of Representatives One Hundred Tenth Congress (July 9, 2008). "The Challenge of Protecting Mass Gatherings in a Post-9/11 World". US Government Printing Office. Committee on Homeland Security. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Under Suspicion at the Mall of America". NPR. September 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ PBS (September 2011). "Attention Mall Shoppers: Are You Engaging in Suspicious Activity?". PBS.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Be particularly careful' today, U.S. homeland security chief tells MOA visitors". Star Truibune. 22 February 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "No "imminent threat" to West Edmonton Mall visitors, RCMP says". Edmonton Journal. 22 February 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c LIBOR JANY (December 24, 2014). "Bloomington seeks charges against Mall of America protesters". Star Tribune. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ G.W. SCHULZ, DANIEL ZWERDLING and ANDREW BECKER (September 11, 2011). "They're watching at the Mall of America". Star Tribune. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The shadow of suspicion falls in the Mall of America". Salon. September 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Rupar, Aaron. "Idle No More flash dance brings more than 1,000 protesters to Mall of America". CityPages. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
Jump up ^ KBJR News. ""Idle No More" Round Dance attempt ends in arrests at Mall of America". Northland Newsletter. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
Jump up ^ The Associated Press. "Chanting ‘Black Lives Matter,’ Protesters Shut Down Part of Mall of America". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Ben Brumfield (December 21, 2014). "'Black Lives Matter' protesters storm mall". CNN. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Brandt Williams (March 10, 2015). "Mall of America demonstrators plead not guilty to charges". MPR News. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Moyer, Justin Wm. (December 22, 2015). "Mall of America sues to stop planned Dec. 23 protest by Black Lives Matter". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ "Black Lives Matter Minneapolis: 8 Activists Sued By MOA". CBS Minnesota. December 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Rietmulder, Michael (December 22, 2015). "Mall of America wants restraining order against Black Lives Matter protest". City Pages.
Jump up ^ Feshir, Riham; Collins, Jon; Cox, Peter (December 21, 2015). "Black Lives Matter vows MOA protest; judge weighs restraining order". MPR News.
Jump up ^ "New Plans for the $1 Billion Phase II Expansion at Mall of America Features High-End Retail and a World Class Casino".
Jump up ^ "MOA Phase 2 Renderings" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "MOA® Moments: Behind the Screens". Retrieved October 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Vomhof Jr., John (March 21, 2010). "Mall of America seeks more roles in reality shows after 'Mall Cops' success". Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mall of America.
Mall of America Official Site
Labelscar summary
Metro Transit: Mall of America Station
City Pages staff writer Matt Snyders spends one week in the Mall of America
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