text:
Declaration of war by the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the declaration of war against Japan on December 8, 1941
A declaration of war is a formal declaration issued by a national government indicating that a state of war exists between that nation and another. The document Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications gives an extensive listing and summary of statutes which are automatically engaged upon the US declaring war.
For the United States, Article One, Section Eight of the Constitution says "Congress shall have power to ... declare War". However, that passage provides no specific format for what form legislation must have in order to be considered a "declaration of war" nor does the Constitution itself use this term. In the courts, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, in Doe v. Bush, said: "[T]he text of the October Resolution itself spells out justifications for a war and frames itself as an 'authorization' of such a war."[1] in effect saying an authorization suffices for declaration and what some may view as a formal Congressional "Declaration of War" was not required by the Constitution.
This article will use the term "formal declaration of war" to mean Congressional legislation that uses the phrase "declaration of war" in the title. Elsewhere, this article will use the terms "authorized by Congress", "funded by Congress" or "undeclared war" to describe other such conflicts.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Declarations of war
2.1 Formal
3 Undeclared wars
3.1 Military engagements authorized by Congress
3.2 Military engagements authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by Congress
3.3 Other undeclared wars
4 The War Powers Resolution
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
History[edit]
The United States has formally declared war against foreign nations five separate times, each upon prior request by the President of the United States. Four of those five declarations came after hostilities had begun.[2] James Madison reported that in the Federal Convention of 1787, the phrase "make war" was changed to "declare war" in order to leave to the Executive the power to repel sudden attacks but not to commence war without the explicit approval of Congress.[3] Debate continues as to the legal extent of the President's authority in this regard. Public opposition to American involvement in foreign wars, particularly during the 1930s, was expressed as support for a Constitutional Amendment that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war.[4] Several Constitutional Amendments, such as the Ludlow Amendment, have been proposed that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war.
After Congress repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in January 1971 and President Richard Nixon continued to wage war in Vietnam, Congress passed the War Powers Resolution (Pub.L. 93–148) over the veto of Nixon in an attempt to rein in some of the president's claimed powers. The War Powers Resolution proscribes the only power of the president to wage war which is recognized by Congress.
Declarations of war[edit]
Formal[edit]
The table below lists the five wars in which the United States has formally declared war against eleven foreign nations.[5] The only country against which the United States has declared war more than once is Germany, against which the United States has declared war twice (though a case could be made for Hungary as a successor state to Austria-Hungary).
In World War II, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Germany and Italy, led respectively by Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, declared war on the United States, and the U.S. Congress responded in kind.[6][7]
War
Declaration
Opponent(s)
Date of declaration
Votes
President
Result
Senate
House
War of 1812 Declaration of War upon the U.K. United Kingdom June 18, 1812 19–13 79–49 James Madison Treaty of Ghent (December 24, 1814)
Mexican–American War "An Act providing for the Prosecution of the existing War between the United States and the Republic of Mexico."[8] Mexico
Mexico
May 13, 1846 40–2 173–14 James K. Polk Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (February 2, 1848)
Spanish–American War Declaration of War upon Spain Spain April 25, 1898 42–35 310–6 William McKinley Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898)
World War I Declaration of War upon Germany Germany April 6, 1917 82–6 373–50 Woodrow Wilson Treaty of Berlin (August 25, 1921)
Declaration of War upon Austria-Hungary[9][10] Austria-Hungary December 7, 1917 74–0 365–1 1921 U.S.–Austrian Peace Treaty (August 24, 1921), 1921 U.S.-Hungarian Peace Treaty (August 29, 1921)
World War II Declaration of War upon Japan Japan December 8, 1941 82–0 388–1 Franklin D. Roosevelt V-J Day, Japanese Instrument of Surrender (September 2, 1945), Treaty of San Francisco (September 8, 1951)
Declaration of War upon Germany Germany December 11, 1941 88–0 393–0 V-E Day, German Instrument of Surrender (May 8, 1945), Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany (September 12, 1990), Treaty of Vienna with Austria (May 15, 1955)
Declaration of War upon Italy Italy 90–0 399–0 Paris Peace Treaty (February 10, 1947)
Declaration of War upon Bulgaria Bulgaria June 5, 1942 73–0 357–0
Declaration of War upon Hungary[9] Hungary 360–0
Declaration of War upon Romania[9] Romania 361–0
Undeclared wars[edit]
Military engagements authorized by Congress[edit]
In other instances, the United States has engaged in extended military combat that was authorized by Congress.
War or conflict
Opponent(s)
Initial authorization
Votes
President
Result
Senate
House
Quasi-War France An Act further to protect the commerce of the United States
July 9, 1798 18–4 John Adams Treaty of Mortefontaine
First Barbary War Morocco
Tripolitania
February 6, 1802[11] Thomas Jefferson War ended 1805
Second Barbary War Algiers May 10, 1815[12] James Madison War ended 1816
Enforcing 1808 slave trade ban; naval squadron sent to African waters to apprehend illegal slave traders Slave traders and pirates "Act in addition to the acts prohibiting the Slave Trade" 1819 James Monroe 1822 first African-American settlement founded in Liberia, 1823 U.S. Navy stops anti-trafficking patrols
Redress for attack on U.S. Navy's USS Water Witch Paraguay 1858.[13] James Buchanan
Mexican Revolution
United States occupation of Veracruz
Mexico H.J.R. 251, 38 Stat. 770
April 22, 1914 337–37 Woodrow Wilson Force withdrawn after six months. However, the Joint Resolution was likely used to authorize the Pancho Villa Expedition. In the Senate, "when word reached the Senate that the invasion had gone forward before the use-of-force resolution had been approved, Republicans reacted angrily" saying it was a violation of the Constitution, but eventually after the action had already started, a resolution was passed after the action to "justify" it since Senators did not think it was a declaration of war.[14][15]
Russian Civil War
Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
Commune of Estonia
Far Eastern Republic
Latvia
Mongolian People's Party
Russia
Ukraine
1918[16] Woodrow Wilson
Lebanon crisis of 1958 Lebanese Opposition
Al-Mourabitoun
Lebanese Communist Party
Progressive Socialist Party
H.J. Res. 117, Public Law 85-7, Joint Resolution "To promote peace and stability in the Middle East", March 9, 1957[17] 72–19 355–61 Dwight D. Eisenhower U.S. forces withdrawn, October 25, 1958
Vietnam War
Laotian Civil War
Cambodian Civil War
China
National United Front of Kampuchea
Khmer Rouge
Khmer Rumdo
Khmer Việt Minh
North Korea
North Vietnam
Pathet Lao
South Vietnam
Việt Cộng
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, August 7, 1964 88–2 416–0 Lyndon B. Johnson U.S. forces withdrawn under terms of the Paris Peace Accords signed January 27, 1973
Multinational Force in Lebanon Shia and Druze militias; Syria S.J.Res. 159
Pub.L. 98–119
September 29, 1983 54–46 253–156 Ronald W. Reagan Forces withdrawn in 1984
Persian Gulf War Iraq H.J.Res. 77
January 12, 1991. 52–47 250–183 George H.W. Bush The United Nations Security Council drew up terms for the cease-fire, April 3, 1991
War in Afghanistan
Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan
Operation Freedom's Sentinel
al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
Yemeni Civil War
Somali Civil War
Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa
War in North-West Pakistan
Moro conflict
Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines
Iraqi Civil War
Operation Inherent Resolve
Syrian Civil War
Operation Inherent Resolve
Second Libyan Civil War
Afghanistan
Quetta Shura
Taliban
Haqqani network
Mullah Dadullah Front
al-Qaeda
055 Brigade
Al-Nusra Front
Khorasan group
al-Qaeda Emirate in Yemen
Aden-Abyan Islamic Army
Islamic Jihad of Yemen
al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
Ansar al-Sharia
al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent
Lashkar al-Zil
Harakat Ahrar al-Sham al-Islamiyya
Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin
Islamic Jihad Union
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
Jamaat-ul-Ahrar
Jundallah
Lashkar-e-Islam
Lashkar-e-Jhangvi
Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi
Turkistan Islamic Party
Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan
High Council of the Islamic Emirate
Fidai Mahaz
al-Itihaad al-Islamiya
Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia
Harakat al-Shabaab Mujahedeen
Hizbul Islam
Islamic Courts Union
Jabhatul Islamiya
Mu'askar Anole
Ras Kamboni Brigades
Abu Sayyaf
Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters
Islamic State
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
Maute group
Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao
S.J. Res. 23
September 14, 2001 98–0 420–1 George W. Bush
Iraq War[18] Iraq H.J. Res. 114,
March 3, 2003 77–23 296–132 George W. Bush Ba'athist Iraqi government deposed April 2003. U.S. combat operations ended August 31, 2010. War ended December 15, 2011. Destabilization of Iraq and emergence of ISIL in the region 2011–present.[19]
Military engagements authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by Congress[edit]
In many instances, the United States has engaged in extended military engagements that were authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by appropriations from Congress.
Military engagement
Opponent(s)
Initial authorization
President
Result
Korean War China
North Korea
Soviet Union
UNSCR 84, 1950 Harry S. Truman Korean Armistice Agreement,[20] 1953
Multinational Force in Lebanon Shia militias, Druze militias, Syria UNSCR 425, 1978
UNSCR 426, 1978
Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan U.S. forces withdrew in 1984
Persian Gulf War Iraq UNSCR 678, 1990 George H. W. Bush UNSCR 689, 1991
Bosnian War Republika Srpska UNSCR 770, 1992
UNSCR 776, 1992
UNSCR 836, 1993 Bill Clinton Reflagged as IFOR in 1995, Reflagged as SFOR in 1996, Completed in 2004
Second Liberian Civil War Peacekeeping UNSCR 1497, 2003 George W. Bush U.S. forces are withdrawn in 2003 after the UNMIL is established.
Haitian coup d'état UNSCR 1529, 2004
UNSCR 1542, 2004
2004
First Libyan Civil War
2011 military intervention in Libya
Operation Odyssey Dawn
Operation Unified Protector
Libya UNSCR 1973, 2011 Barack Obama Debellation of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, October 31, 2011
Other undeclared wars[edit]
Military engagement
Opponent(s)
President
Result
American Revolutionary War Great Britain
Quebec
Loyalists
German auxiliaries
Hesse-Kassel
Hesse-Hanau
Hanover
Waldeck
Brunswick
Ansbach
Anhalt-Zerbst
Native Americans[21]
Iroquois Confederacy
None Peace of Paris
On at least 125 occasions, the President has acted without prior express military authorization from Congress.[22] These include instances in which the United States fought in the Philippine–American War from 1898–1903, in Nicaragua in 1927, as well as the NATO bombing campaign of Yugoslavia in 1999, and the 2017 missile strikes on Syria.
The United States' longest war was fought between approximately 1840 and 1886 against the Apache Nation. During that entire 46-year period, there was never more than 90 days of peace.[citation needed]
The Indian Wars comprise at least 28 conflicts and engagements. These localized conflicts, with Native Americans, began with European colonists coming to North America, long before the establishment of the United States. For the purpose of this discussion, the Indian Wars are defined as conflicts with the United States of America. They begin as one front in the American Revolutionary War in 1775 and had concluded by 1918. The United States Army still maintains a campaign streamer for Pine Ridge 1890–1891 despite opposition from certain Native American groups.[23]
The American Civil War was not an international conflict under the laws of war, because the Confederate States of America was not a government that had been granted full diplomatic recognition as a sovereign nation by other sovereign states.[24][25] The CSA was recognized by the United States government as a belligerent power, a different status of recognition that authorized Confederate warships to visit non-U.S. ports. This recognition of the CSA's status as a belligerent power did not impose any duty upon the United States to recognize the sovereignty of the Confederacy, and the United States never did so.
The War Powers Resolution[edit]
Main article: War Powers Resolution
In 1973, following the withdrawal of most American troops from the Vietnam War, a debate emerged about the extent of presidential power in deploying troops without a declaration of war. A compromise in the debate was reached with the War Powers Resolution. This act clearly defined how many soldiers could be deployed by the President of the United States and for how long. It also required formal reports by the President to Congress regarding the status of such deployments, and limited the total amount of time that American forces could be deployed without a formal declaration of war.
Although the constitutionality of the act has never been tested, it is usually followed, most notably during the Grenada Conflict, the Panamanian Conflict, the Somalia Conflict, the Persian Gulf War, and the Iraq War[clarification needed]. The only exception was President Clinton's use of U.S. troops in the 78-day NATO air campaign against Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War.[citation needed] In all other cases, the President asserted the constitutional authority to commit troops without the necessity of Congressional approval, but in each case the President received Congressional authorization that satisfied the provisions of the War Powers Act.
On March 21, 2011, a number of lawmakers expressed concern that the decision of President Barack Obama to order the U.S. military to join in attacks of Libyan air defenses and government forces exceeded his constitutional authority because the decision to authorize the attack was made without Congressional permission.[26] Obama explained his rationale in a two-page letter, stating that as commander in chief, he had constitutional authority to authorize the strikes, which would be limited in scope and duration, and necessary to prevent a humanitarian disaster in Libya.
See also[edit]
United States portal
War portal
Cold War
Declaration of war by Canada
Declaration of war by the United Kingdom
Just War Theory
Police action
Timeline of United States military operations
War on Terror
War on Drugs
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Doe v. Bush, 03-1266, (March 13, 2003)". FindLaw. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Henderson, Phillip G. (2000). The presidency then and now. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-8476-9739-7.
Jump up ^ The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 reported by James Madison : August 17,The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, retrieved Feb 13, 2008
Jump up ^ "Petition for a Constitutional Amendment to Hold National Referendums on Declarations of War from Danville, Ohio". The National Archives of the United States. 1938. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Official Declarations of War by Congress
Jump up ^ BBC News, On This Day
Jump up ^ Whereas the Government of Germany has formally declared war against the government and the people of the United States of America... the state of war between the United States and the Government of Germany which has thus been thrust upon the United States is hereby formally declared. The War Resolution
Jump up ^ United States Congress (May 13, 1846). "An Act providing for the Prosecution of the existing War between the United States and the Republic of Mexico" (PDF). Government of the United States of America. Government of the United States of America. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 10, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications
Jump up ^ H.J.Res.169: Declaration of War with Austria-Hungary, WWI, United States Senate
Jump up ^ Key Events in the Presidency of Thomas Jefferson, Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia, (retrieved on August 10, 2010).
Jump up ^ Key Events in the Presidency of James Madison, Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia, (retrieved on August 10, 2010).
Jump up ^ Expenses - Paraguay Expedition, House of Representatives, 36th Congress, 1st Session, Mis. Doc. No. 86 (May 11, 1860), p. 142
Jump up ^ Cyrulik, John M., A Strategic Examination of the Punitive Expedition into Mexico, 1916-1917. Fort Leavenworth, KS, 2003. (Master's thesis)
Jump up ^ Wolfensberger, Don. Congress and Woodrow Wilson's Introductory Forays into Mexico, an Introductory Essay. Congress Project Seminar On Congress and U.S. Military Interventions Abroad. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Monday, May 17, 2004
Jump up ^ A History of Russia, 7th Edition, Nichlas V. Riasanovsky & Mark D. Steinberg, Oxford University Press, 2005.
Jump up ^ http://www.shafr.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/U.S.-Congress-Approval-of-the-Eisenhower-Doctrine-1957.pdf
Jump up ^ Obama's full speech: Operation Iraqi Freedom is Over, MSNBC
Jump up ^ Londoño, Ernesto (August 19, 2010). "Operation Iraqi Freedom ends as last combat soldiers leave Baghdad". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ s:Korean Armistice Agreement
Jump up ^ Onondaga, Mohawk, Cayuga, Seneca, Mi'kmaq (from 1779), Cherokee, Odawa, Muscogee, Susquehannock, Shawnee
Jump up ^ The President's Constitutional Authority To Conduct Military Operations Against Terrorists and Nations Supporting Them
Jump up ^ Army Continues to Parade Wounded Knee Battle Streamer, National Congress of American Indians.
Jump up ^ "Preventing Diplomatic Recognition of the Confederacy, 1861–1865". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on August 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ McPherson, James M. (2007). This Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War. Oxford University Press US. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-19-531366-6.
Jump up ^ Obama Attacked for No Congressional Consent on Libya, New York Times.
Further reading[edit]
Grotius, Hugo (2004). On The Law Of War And Peace. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4191-3875-1.
Edwin Meese; Matthew Spalding; David F. Forte (2005). The Heritage guide to the Constitution. Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59698-001-3.
Kenneth A. Schultz, Tying Hands and Washing Hands: The U.S. Congress and Multilateral Humanitarian Intervention, Ch. 4, pp 105–142, in Daniel Drezner, Ed. Locating the Proper Authorities: The Interaction of Domestic and International Institutions, University of Michigan Press, 2003.
External links[edit]
The House of Rep, Republican Study Committee of War and Military Authorized Conflicts. 2003.
Declarations of war and votes
Text of Declaration of War on Japan
Text of Declaration of War on Germany
Text of Declaration of War on Bulgaria
Authorization for Use of Military Force — signed September 18, 2001
House Joint Resolution Authorizing Use of Force Against Iraq — signed October 16, 2002
Instances of Use of United States Forces Abroad, 1798–1993
A partial list of U.S. military interventions from 1890 to 2006
U.S.-Africa Chronology
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_war_by_the_United_States&oldid=806132574"
Categories:
Wars involving the United States
United States military law
United States defense policymaking
Declarations of war by the United States
Article One of the United States Constitution
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from December 2011
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Português
Edit links
This page was last edited on 19 October 2017, at 22:30.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: href class

attrs: href title

attrs: class style

value: b

attrs: rel class href

values: Article One of the United States Constitution

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-93-148

values:
/wiki/Successor_state
mw-redirect
Successor state

values: United States declaration of war upon the United Kingdom (1812)

values: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

values: United States declaration of war upon Mexico

values: United States declaration of war upon Spain

values: United States declaration of war upon Germany (1917)

values:
/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1921)
mw-redirect
Treaty of Berlin (1921)

values: 1917 United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary

values: United States declaration of war upon Japan

values: United States declaration of war upon Germany (1941)

values:
/wiki/Treaty_of_Vienna_(1955)
mw-redirect
Treaty of Vienna (1955)

values: United States declaration of war upon Italy

values: United States declaration of war upon Bulgaria

values: Edit section: Military engagements authorized by Congress

values: Convention of 1800 (Treaty of Mortefontaine)

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Authorization for use of force against Mexico (page does not exist)

values: Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War

values: Commune of the Working People of Estonia

values: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

values:
/wiki/Lebanon_crisis_of_1958
mw-redirect
Lebanon crisis of 1958

values: H.J. Res. 117, Public Law 85-7, Joint Resolution "To promote peace and stability in the Middle East" (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China
mw-redirect
People's Republic of China

values: Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam

values:
/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_C%E1%BB%99ng
mw-redirect
Việt Cộng

values: Multinational Force in Lebanon Resolution (page does not exist)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-98-119

values: Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991

values: Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa

values: Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines

values:
/wiki/Second_Libyan_Civil_War
mw-redirect
Second Libyan Civil War

values:
/wiki/Ahrar_ash-Sham
mw-redirect
Ahrar ash-Sham

values: Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia

values:
/wiki/Harakat_al-Shabaab_Mujahedeen
mw-redirect
Harakat al-Shabaab Mujahedeen

values:
/wiki/Mu%27askar_Anole
mw-redirect
Mu'askar Anole

values: Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists

values: Edit section: Military engagements authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by Congress

values: United Nations Security Council Resolution 84

values: United Nations Security Council Resolution 425

values: United Nations Security Council Resolution 426

values: United Nations Security Council Resolution 678

values: United Nations Security Council Resolution 689

values: United Nations Security Council Resolution 770

values: United Nations Security Council Resolution 776

values: United Nations Security Council Resolution 836

values: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1497

values: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1529

values: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1542

values:
/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War
mw-redirect
First Libyan Civil War

values: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973

values:
/wiki/Electorate_of_Brunswick-Luneburg
mw-redirect
Electorate of Brunswick-Luneburg

values: Wappen Deutsches Reich - Fürstentum Waldeck und Pyrmont.png

values:
/wiki/Waldeck_(state)
mw-redirect
Waldeck (state)

values: Blason Principauté d'Anhalt-Zerbst (XVIIIe siècle).svg

values:
/wiki/Iroquois_Confederacy
mw-redirect
Iroquois Confederacy

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2010)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Indian_Wars
mw-redirect
Indian Wars

values:
/wiki/Campaign_streamers
mw-redirect
Campaign streamers

values:
/wiki/Operation_Just_Cause
mw-redirect
Operation Just Cause

values:
/wiki/Somalia_Conflict
mw-redirect
Somalia Conflict

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2008)

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: Declaration of war by the United Kingdom

values:
/wiki/Just_War_Theory
mw-redirect
Just War Theory

values: Timeline of United States military operations

values:
/wiki/War_on_Drugs
mw-redirect
War on Drugs

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.law.yale.edu

values:
nofollow
http://millercenter.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://millercenter.org

values: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars

values:
/wiki/Mohawk_nation
mw-redirect
Mohawk nation

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ncai.org

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.nytimes.com

values:
/wiki/Daniel_Drezner
mw-redirect
Daniel Drezner

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.law.ou.edu/hist/japwar.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.law.ou.edu/hist/germwar.html

values: Category:Wars involving the United States

values: Category:United States defense policymaking

values: Category:Declarations of war by the United States

values: Category:Article One of the United States Constitution

values: Category:Use mdy dates from December 2011

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Declaração de guerra pelos Estados Unidos – Portuguese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Declaration_of_war_by_the_United_States rootpage-Declaration_of_war_by_the_United_States skin-vector action-view


text:
The Normal Heart
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the film, see The Normal Heart (film).
The Normal Heart
Cover of the paperback edition released by Plume in October 1985
Written by
Larry Kramer
Date premiered
April 21, 1985
April 19, 2011 (revival)
Place premiered
The Public Theater
New York City, New York, United States
Original language
English
Subject
The rise of the HIV/AIDS crisis in New York City
Genre
Drama
Setting
New York City, New York, United States
The Normal Heart is a largely autobiographical play by Larry Kramer.
It focuses on the rise of the HIV/AIDS crisis in New York City between 1981 and 1984, as seen through the eyes of writer/activist Ned Weeks, the gay founder of a prominent HIV advocacy group. Ned prefers loud public confrontations to the calmer, more private strategies favored by his associates, friends, and closeted lover Felix Turner. Their differences of opinion lead to frequent arguments that threaten to undermine their mutual goal.
After a successful 1985 Off-Broadway production at The Public Theater, the play was revived in Los Angeles and London and again Off-Broadway in 2004. A Broadway debut opened in April 2011.
Contents
1 Characters[1]
2 Synopsis
3 Autobiographical parallels
4 Productions
4.1 Television adaptations
4.1.1 Polish adaptation
4.1.2 American adaptation
5 Critical reception and response
6 Awards and nominations
7 References
8 External links
Characters[1][edit]
Craig Donner
Mickey Marcus
Ned Weeks
Dr. Emma Brookner
Bruce Niles
Felix Turner
Ben Weeks
Tommy Boatwright
Hiram Keebler
Synopsis[edit]
During the early 1980s, Jewish-American writer and gay activist Ned Weeks struggles to pull together an organization focused on raising awareness about the fact that an unidentified disease is killing off an oddly specific group of people: gay men largely in New York City. Dr. Emma Brookner, a physician and survivor of polio, as a consequence of which she is using a wheelchair, is the most experienced with this strange new outbreak and bemoans the lack of medical knowledge on the illness, encouraging the abstinence of gay men for their own safety, since it is unknown yet even how the disease is spread. Ned, a patient and friend of Brookner, calls upon his lawyer brother, Ben, to help fund his crisis organization; however, Ben's attitude toward his brother is to give merely passive support, ultimately exposing his apparent homophobia. For the first time in his life, meanwhile, Ned falls in love, beginning a relationship with New York Times writer Felix Turner.
The increasing death toll raises the unknown illness, now believed to be caused by a virus, to the status of an epidemic, though the press remains largely silent on the issue. A sense of urgency guides Ned who realizes that Ben is more interested in buying a two-million-dollar house than in backing Ned's activism. Ned explosively breaks off ties to his brother until Ben can fully accept Ned and his homosexuality. Ned next looks to Mayor Ed Koch's administration for aid in financing research about the epidemic that is quickly killing off hundreds of gay men, including some of Ned's personal friends.
Ned's organization elects as its president Bruce Niles, who is described as the "good cop" of gay activism, in comparison to Ned; while Bruce is cautious, polite, deferential, and closeted, Ned is vociferous, confrontational, incendiary, and supportive only of direct action. Tensions between the two are clear, though they must work together toward the promotion of their organization. Felix, meanwhile, reveals to Ned his belief that he is infected with the mysterious virus.
Although he continues to try to strengthen interactions with the mayor, Ned ruins his chances when his relentless and fiery personality appalls a representative sent by the mayor. Dr. Brookner gradually takes the role of activist herself, noting the epidemic's appearance in other countries around the world and even among heterosexual couples. Although she desperately asks for government funding for further research, she is denied; the rejection releases in her a passionate tirade against those who allow the persistence of an epidemic that is taking the lives of the homosexual individuals already marginalized by the government. In the meantime, Ned's conflict with Bruce comes to a head, and their organization's board of directors ultimately expels Ned from the group, believing his unstable vehemence to be a threat to the group's attempts at more calm-mannered diplomacy.
As Felix's condition worsens, he visits Ben Weeks in order to make his will and with a hope of reconciling Ben with his brother. Felix soon dies and Ned blames himself for Felix's death, lamenting that he did not fight hard enough to have his voice heard. The mortality rate from HIV/AIDS is shown to continue increasing as the stage fades to black.
Autobiographical parallels[edit]
After most performances of the 2011 revival of The Normal Heart, Kramer personally passed out a dramaturgical flyer detailing some of the real stories behind the play's characters.[2] Kramer wrote that the character "Bruce" was based on Paul Popham, the president of the GMHC from 1981 until 1985; "Tommy" was based on Rodger McFarlane, who was executive director of GMHC and a founding member of ACT UP and Broadway Cares; and "Emma" was modeled after Dr. Linda Laubenstein,[3] who treated some of the first New York cases of what was later known as AIDS. Like "Ned," Kramer himself helped to found several AIDS-activism groups, including Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC) and AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP), and indeed experienced personal conflict with his lawyer brother, Arthur.
It has been suggested (though not by Kramer himself) that the model for 'Felix' was John Duka,[4] a New York Times style reporter who died of AIDS-related complications in 1989.
Productions[edit]
Produced by Joseph Papp and directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg, the play opened Off-Broadway at The Public Theater on April 21, 1985, and ran for 294 performances. The original cast included Brad Davis as Ned and D. W. Moffett as Felix, with David Allen Brooks as Bruce Niles and Concetta Tomei as Dr. Emma Brookner (based on Linda Laubenstein, M.D.). Joel Grey replaced Davis later in the run.
During the original 1985 production, the set was very simple with a small amount of furniture and the set walls consisted of white-washed plywood.[1] All along these walls and even the theatre walls, there were facts, newspaper headlines, figures and names that were involved in the HIV/AIDS Epidemic painted in black.[1] For example, one of the passages written on the set read, “During the first nineteen months of the epidemic, The New York Times wrote about it a total of seven times” and another passage read, “During the three months of the Tylenol scare in 1982, The New York Times wrote about it a total of 54 times”.[1] The text that was painted onto the set was updated and revised constantly. One fact stated the latest number of AIDS cases nationally (according to the Centers for Disease Control), and if the number increased, before the next performance the set designers would cross out the old number and, below it, paint the new figure.[1]
The play received its European premiere in 1986 at London's Royal Court Theatre where it was directed by David Hayman and produced by Bruce Hyman. In that production Ned Weeks was initially played by Martin Sheen who received an Olivier Award nomination as Best Actor. When it transferred to the Albery Theatre (now the Noël Coward Theatre) Ned Weeks was played by Tom Hulce and then John Shea. For that production Paul Jesson, who played Felix, won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role.
In a student production of the play directed by Sam Mendes at Cambridge University in 1988, the role of Felix was played by Nick Clegg.[5]
The play received its Australian premiere at the Sydney Theatre Company in 1989 directed by Wayne Harrison.[6]
In subsequent productions of the play, Ned Weeks was portrayed by Richard Dreyfuss in Los Angeles,[7] and Raul Esparza in a 2004 Off-Broadway revival directed by David Esbjornson at the Public.[8]
On April 18, 1993, Barbra Streisand organized and introduced a benefit reading for Broadway Cares at the Roundabout Theatre Company (she had been slated to be in the film).[9] It starred Kevin Bacon, John Turturro, Harry Hamlin, D.W. Moffett, Tony Roberts, David Drake, Kevin Geer, Eric Bogosian, Jonathan Hadary and Stockard Channing as Emma Brookner.[10]
Kramer wrote a sequel about Ned Weeks in 1992, The Destiny of Me.
The Broadway premiere of The Normal Heart began on April 19, 2011, for a limited 12-week engagement at the Golden Theatre. This production used elements employed in a staged reading, directed by Joel Grey, held in October 2010. The cast featured Joe Mantello as Ned, Ellen Barkin (making her Broadway debut) as Dr. Brookner, John Benjamin Hickey as Felix, Lee Pace as Bruce Niles, and Jim Parsons as Tommy Boatwright (both Pace and Parsons made their Broadway debuts). Joel Grey made his Broadway directing debut; George C. Wolfe was supervising director. The production supported several "nonprofit organizations, including The Actors Fund and Friends In Deed."[11]
In the 2011 Broadway revival, when the actors weren't in the scene they would stand along the walls of the set and watch from the shadows the scene being performed.[1] Towards the end of the play when Felix dies, he leaves Ned alone on center stage and steps back to where the other actors are, along the shadowy walls of the set.[1] This Broadway production also utilized the original idea to have the white-washed walls with the facts and figures painted in black. During the finale of this production, names of those affected by the AIDS Epidemic were gradually projected onto the walls until the set was completely covered in names marking the end of the play.[1]
A production at Washington, D.C.'s, Arena Stage was scheduled to run from June 8 to July 29, 2012.[12]
A production produced by Studio 180 Theatre at Buddies in Bad Times theatre in Toronto, Ontario, in 2011 and 2012 starred Jonathan Wilson as Ned Weeks and John Bourgeois as Ben.[13]
Television adaptations[edit]
Polish adaptation[edit]
The play received its Polish premiere in 1987 at Poznań's Polish Theatre where it was directed by Grzegorz Mrówczyński.[14] The Polish cast included Mariusz Puchalski as Ned Weeks and Mariusz Sabiniewicz as Tommy Boatwright, with Andrzej Szczytko as Bruce Niles and Irena Grzonka as Dr. Emma Brookner.[15]
The television adaptation débuted on the TVP channel on Thursday, May 4, 1989, exactly one month before first free election in the country since 1928.[16][17]
American adaptation[edit]
Main article: The Normal Heart (film)
Ryan Murphy said in an August 2011 interview with Deadline that he had optioned The Normal Heart and intended to produce the film version, starring Mark Ruffalo "and maybe Julia Roberts".[18] The Hollywood Reporter confirmed the film news in January 2012, adding Alec Baldwin, Matt Bomer, and Jim Parsons to the previously announced cast.[19] In March 2013, Taylor Kitsch joined the cast.[20] In April 2013, the casting of actors Jonathan Groff and Joe Mantello was announced.[21] In May 2013, it was announced that Alfred Molina would be replacing Alec Baldwin.[22] The film adaptation débuted on the HBO premium pay cable channel on Sunday, May 25, 2014, at 9 p.m. ET.
Critical reception and response[edit]
In his review in The New York Times, Frank Rich observed, "In this fiercely polemical drama ... the playwright starts off angry, soon gets furious and then skyrockets into sheer rage. Although Mr. Kramer's theatrical talents are not always as highly developed as his conscience, there can be little doubt that The Normal Heart is the most outspoken play around – or that it speaks up about a subject that justifies its author's unflagging, at times even hysterical, sense of urgency. ... Mr. Kramer has few good words to say about Mayor Koch, various prominent medical organizations, The New York Times or, for that matter, most of the leadership of an unnamed organization apparently patterned after the Gay Men's Health Crisis. Some of the author's specific accusations are questionable, and, needless to say, we often hear only one side of inflammatory debates. But there are also occasions when the stage seethes with the conflict of impassioned, literally life-and-death argument. ... The writing's pamphleteering tone is accentuated by Mr. Kramer's insistence on repetition - nearly every scene seems to end twice - and on regurgitating facts and figures in lengthy tirades. Some of the supporting players ... are too flatly written to emerge as more than thematic or narrative pawns. The characters often speak in the same bland journalistic voice - so much so that lines could be reassigned from one to another without the audience detecting the difference. If these drawbacks ... blunt the play's effectiveness, there are still many powerful vignettes sprinkled throughout."[23]
Jack Kroll of Newsweek called it "extraordinary" and added, "It is bracing and exciting to hear so much passion and intelligence. Kramer produces a cross fire of life-and-death energies that create a fierce and moving human drama." [24] In the New York Daily News, Liz Smith said, "An astounding drama . . . a damning indictment of a nation in the middle of an epidemic with its head in the sand. It will make your hair stand on end even as the tears spurt from your eyes."[24] Rex Reed stated, "No one who cares about the future of the human race can afford to miss The Normal Heart,"[24] while director Harold Prince commented, "I haven't been this involved – upset – in too damn long. Kramer honors us with this stormy, articulate theatrical work."[24]
On the day The Normal Heart opened, a spokesman for The New York Times addressed statements in the play about the newspaper's failure to give the disease adequate coverage. He said that as soon as The Times became aware of AIDS, it assigned a member of the science staff to cover the story, and his article appeared on July 3, 1981, making The Times "one of the first – if not the first – national news media to alert the public to the scientific recognition and spread of the disease." He also cited a later full-length report in The New York Times Magazine about recent discoveries made by researchers.[23] When asked about his negative portrayal in The Normal Heart, former New York City Mayor Ed Koch said through a spokesman, "I haven't seen the play. But I hope it's as good as As Is, which is superb."[23]
In 2000, the Royal National Theatre named The Normal Heart one of the 100 greatest plays of the 20th century.[24] In his 2004 book, How to Do the History of Homosexuality, David Halperin criticized the character of Ned Weeks for surrendering to "gay chauvinism" and "homosexual essentialism" through "various strategies of elitism and exclusion" when he lists renowned homosexuals he considers part of his culture.[25]
Of the 2011 Broadway revival of the play, Ben Brantley wrote in The New York Times:
"What this interpretation makes clear, though, is that Mr. Kramer is truly a playwright as well as a pamphleteer (and, some might add, a self-promoter). Seen some 25 years on, The Normal Heart turns out to be about much more than the one-man stand of Ned Weeks, the writer who takes it upon himself to warn gay men about AIDS (before it was even identified as such) and alienates virtually everyone he comes across. Ned Weeks — need I say? — is Larry Kramer, with a thoroughness that few onstage alter-egos can claim."[26]
After the 2011 Broadway production, Patrick Healy from The New York Times interviewed young, gay men that had attended the show to see their reaction to the subject matter.[27] Most of the young men that Healy interviewed talked about how the HIV/AIDS Epidemic is almost never brought up in textbooks or discussed in class by teachers.[27] The Broadway revival became a “heart-tugging lesson”,[27] according to Healy’s interviews, for those who weren’t alive during the events that unfolded in the gay community in the 1980s.
On June 12, 2011, Ellen Barkin and John Benjamin Hickey won the Tony Awards for Best Performance by a Featured Actress and Actor, respectively, for its Broadway debut, while the production won Best Revival of a Play.
Awards and nominations[edit]
Awards
Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play in 2011
Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play – John Benjamin Hickey
Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play – Ellen Barkin
Nominations
Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play – Joe Mantello
Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play – Joel Grey and George C. Wolfe
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Kramer, Larry (1985). The Normal Heart. New York, NY: Samuel French, Inc. ISBN 978-0-573-61993-9.
Jump up ^ Kramer, Larry (2011). "Please Know". The Normal Heart on Broadway. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Lambert, Bruce (August 17, 1992). "Linda Laubenstein, 45, Physician and Leader in Detection of AIDS". The New York Times. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ La Ferla, Ruth. "John Duka, a Fashion Wit, Returns in Larry Kramer's Film". The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ David Hare (2010-04-28), Nick Clegg wows the public in his role of Spanner in the Works, retrieved 2014-06-03
Jump up ^ AusStage, "Sydney Theatre Company"; Retrieved 6 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Larry Kramer at the Act Up archives
Jump up ^ 2004 revival at the Lortel Archives Archived January 11, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Cerasaro, Pat (May 14, 2011). "2011 Tony Award Interview with John Benjamin Hickey". BroadwayWorld. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ [1]. Rate Your Music.
Jump up ^ Andrew Gans (April 19, 2011). "The Normal Heart Begins Beating on Broadway April 19". Playbill. Archived from the original on April 1, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on June 23, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2012. . Arena Stage.
Jump up ^ "Theatre Review: The Normal Heart at Buddies in Bad Times" Archived June 20, 2013, at Archive.is. National Post. October 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "AIDS - kronika zarazy". www.e-teatr.pl. Retrieved 2018-03-11.
Jump up ^ "Teatr w Polsce - polski wortal teatralny". www.e-teatr.pl. Retrieved 2018-03-11.
Jump up ^ "FilmPolski.pl". FilmPolski (in Polish). Retrieved 2018-03-11.
Jump up ^ "Człowiek, który rzucił wyzwanie AIDS". www.e-teatr.pl. Retrieved 2018-08-05.
Jump up ^ Finke, Nikki (August 5, 2011). "Emmys Q&A: Ryan Murphy About 'Glee'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (January 20, 2012). "Julia Roberts, Alec Baldwin, Matt Bomer and Jim Parsons to Star in Ryan Murphy's Next Film (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 1, 2013). "Jim Parsons, Taylor Kitsch Join HBO's Ryan Murphy-Directed Movie 'The Normal Heart'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (April 26, 2013). "Jonathan Groff to play Taylor Kitsch's lover in Ryan Murphy film". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ferri, Josh (May 9, 2013). "Larry Kramer Says Ryan Murphy's 'Obsessed' with The Normal Heart; Alfred Molina & Joel Grey Join HBO Film". Broadway.com. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rich, Frank (April 22, 1985). "Theater: 'The Normal Heart'". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Amazon.com
Jump up ^ Halperin, David M. (2004). How to Do the History of Homosexuality. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-31448-0. p. 16.
Jump up ^ Brantley, Ben (April 27, 2011). "Raw Anguish of the Plague Years". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b c Healy, Patrick (23 June 2011). "Young Gays on Broadway's 'Normal Heart' Revival". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
External links[edit]
The Normal Heart Broadway revival (link archived in 2013)
The Normal Heart at the Internet Broadway Database
The Normal Heart at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
show
v
t
e
Larry Kramer
Plays
The Normal Heart
Just Say No
The Destiny of Me
Novels
Faggots
Films written
Women in Love
Lost Horizon
The Normal Heart
Advocacy
Gay Men's Health Crisis
ACT UP
Reports from the Holocaust: The Story of an AIDS Activist
The Tragedy of Today's Gays
Other topics
Arthur Kramer
show
Awards for The Normal Heart
show
v
t
e
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Play
Anna Christie (1993)
An Inspector Calls (1994)
The Heiress (1995)
A Delicate Balance (1996)
A Doll's House (1997)
A View from the Bridge (1998)
Death of a Salesman / The Iceman Cometh (1999)
The Real Thing (2000)
The Best Man (2001)
Private Lives (2002)
Long Day's Journey into Night (2003)
Henry IV (2004)
Twelve Angry Men (2005)
Awake and Sing! (2006)
Journey's End (2007)
Boeing-Boeing (2008)
The Norman Conquests (2009)
A View from the Bridge / Fences (2010)
The Normal Heart (2011)
Death of a Salesman (2012)
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (2013)
Twelfth Night (2014)
The Elephant Man (2015)
A View from the Bridge (2016)
Jitney (2017)
Angels in America (2018)
show
v
t
e
Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play
An Inspector Calls (1994)
The Heiress (1995)
A Delicate Balance (1996)
A Doll's House (1997)
A View from the Bridge (1998)
Death of a Salesman (1999)
The Real Thing (2000)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (2001)
Private Lives (2002)
Long Day's Journey into Night (2003)
Henry IV (a combination of Part 1 and Part 2) (2004)
Glengarry Glen Ross (2005)
Awake and Sing! (2006)
Journey's End (2007)
Boeing-Boeing (2008)
The Norman Conquests (2009)
Fences (2010)
The Normal Heart (2011)
Death of a Salesman (2012)
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (2013)
A Raisin in the Sun (2014)
Skylight (2015)
A View from the Bridge (2016)
Jitney (2017)
Angels in America (2018)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Normal_Heart&oldid=853582461"
Categories:
1985 plays
Autobiographical plays
Broadway plays
HIV/AIDS in theatre
LGBT-related plays
Off-Broadway plays
Plays based on actual events
Plays set in New York City
Jews and Judaism in fiction
Plays by Larry Kramer
Tony Award-winning plays
Works set in the 1980s
American plays adapted into films
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Webarchive template archiveis links
CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)
Use mdy dates from May 2014
Use American English from May 2014
All Wikipedia articles written in American English
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Italiano
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Edit links
This page was last edited on 5 August 2018, at 19:47 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: p

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Plume_(publishing)
mw-redirect
Plume (publishing)

value: td

attrs: colspan style

attrs: scope style

values:
row
white-space: nowrap

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Gay_activism
mw-redirect
Gay activism

values: Edit section: Autobiographical parallels

values:
/wiki/Broadway_Cares
mw-redirect
Broadway Cares

values:
/wiki/AIDS_Coalition_to_Unleash_Power
mw-redirect
AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power

values:
/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control
mw-redirect
Centers for Disease Control

values:
/wiki/Olivier_Award
mw-redirect
Olivier Award

values:
/wiki/Albery_Theatre
mw-redirect
Albery Theatre

values:
/wiki/Raul_Esparza
mw-redirect
Raul Esparza

values:
/wiki/Golden_Theatre
mw-redirect
Golden Theatre

values:
/wiki/Actors_Fund
mw-redirect
Actors Fund

values: Mariusz Sabiniewicz (page does not exist)

values: Edit section: Critical reception and response

values:
/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)
mw-redirect
Daily News (New York)

values:
/wiki/David_Halperin
mw-redirect
David Halperin

values:
nofollow
external text
http://actuparchives.org/?q=it/node/10

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template talk:Larry Kramer (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:American plays adapted into films

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Webarchive template archiveis links

values: Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)

values: Category:Use American English from May 2014

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/The_Normal_Heart
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: The Normal Heart (Theaterstück) – German

values: The Normal Heart (opera teatrale) – Italian

values: ノーマル・ハート – Japanese

values: The Normal Heart (skuespill) – Norwegian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Normal_Heart rootpage-The_Normal_Heart skin-vector action-view