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The Fellowship of the Ring
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For other uses, see The Fellowship of the Ring (disambiguation).
The Fellowship of the Ring
First edition
Author
J. R. R. Tolkien
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Genre
Fantasy
Publisher
George Allen & Unwin[1]
Publication date
29 July 1954
Preceded by
The Hobbit
Followed by
The Two Towers
The Fellowship of the Ring is the first of three volumes of the epic[2] novel The Lord of the Rings by the English author J. R. R. Tolkien. It is followed by The Two Towers and The Return of the King. It takes place in the fictional universe of Middle-earth. It was originally published on 29 July 1954 in the United Kingdom. The volume consists of a prologue titled "Concerning Hobbits, and other matters" followed by Book I and Book II.
Contents
[hide]
1 Title and publication
2 Plot summary
2.1 Book I: The Ring Sets Out
2.2 Book II: The Ring Goes South
3 Members of the Fellowship of the Ring
4 Critical reception
5 See also
6 Editions
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Title and publication[edit]
Tolkien envisioned The Lord of the Rings as a single volume work divided into six sections he called "books" along with extensive appendices. The original publisher made the decision to split the work into three parts. It was also the publisher's decision to place the fifth and sixth books and the appendices into one volume under the title The Return of the King, in reference to Aragorn's assumption of the throne of Gondor. Tolkien indicated he would have preferred The War of the Ring as a title, as it gave away less of the story.[3]
Before the decision to publish The Lord of the Rings in three volumes was made, Tolkien had hoped to publish the novel in one volume, possibly also combined with The Silmarillion.[n 1] However, he had proposed titles for the individual six sections. Of the two books that comprise what became The Fellowship of the Ring the first was to be called The First Journey or The Ring Sets Out. The name of the second was The Journey of the Nine Companions or The Ring Goes South. The titles The Ring Sets Out and The Ring Goes South were used in the Millennium edition.
Plot summary[edit]
See also: The Lord of the Rings § Plot summary
The Prologue is meant partly to help people who have not read The Hobbit to understand the events of that book. It also contains other background information to set the stage for the novel.
Book I: The Ring Sets Out[edit]
The first chapter in the book begins in a light vein, following the tone of The Hobbit. Bilbo Baggins celebrates his 111th (or eleventy-first, as it is called in Hobbiton) birthday on the same day, 22 September, that his younger cousin and adopted heir Frodo Baggins celebrates his coming of age at thirty-three. At the birthday party, Bilbo departs from the Shire, the land of the Hobbits, for what he calls a permanent holiday. Bilbo does so by using the magic ring (that he had found on his journey) to disappear and is aided by Gandalf the Wizard with a flash and puff of smoke, leading many in the Shire to believe he has gone mad. He leaves Frodo his remaining belongings, including his home, Bag End, and the Ring. It becomes apparent that Bilbo has been strained over the past several years, and he is at first unwilling to give up the Ring, which concerns Gandalf. Eventually, he gives up the Ring and appears to be relieved of a huge burden. Gandalf leaves on his own business, warning Frodo to keep the Ring secret.
Over the next seventeen years, Gandalf periodically pays short visits to Bag End. One spring night, he arrives to enlighten Frodo about Bilbo's ring; it is the One Ring of Sauron the Dark Lord. He proves this by flinging the Ring into the fireplace, the heat of which causes the Ring to display Elf-writing in the language of Mordor. Sauron had forged the Ring to subdue and rule Middle-earth, but in the War of the Last Alliance, he had been defeated by Gil-galad the Elven King and Elendil, High King of Arnor and Gondor, though they themselves perished in the deed. Isildur, Elendil's son, cut the Ring from Sauron's finger. Sauron was overthrown, but the Ring itself was not destroyed as it should have been, for Isildur kept it for himself. Isildur was slain soon afterwards in the Battle of the Gladden Fields, and the Ring was lost in Great River Anduin. Thousands of years later, it was found by the hobbit Déagol; but Déagol was thereupon murdered by his friend Sméagol, who wanted the Ring for himself. Sméagol took the Ring and kept it for hundreds of years, and under its influence he became a wretched creature named Gollum. The Ring was found by Bilbo Baggins, as told in The Hobbit, and Bilbo left it behind for Frodo. Frodo wonders why Bilbo did not kill the creature when he had the chance, but Gandalf reminds him that Bilbo's pity saved him in the end and did not make him like Gollum.
Gandalf tells how Sauron has risen again and has returned to his stronghold in Mordor and is bending all his power toward the hunting of the Ring. Gandalf speaks of the evil powers of the Ring and its ability to influence the bearer and those near him if it is worn for too long. Gandalf warns Frodo that the Ring is no longer safe in the Shire. He has learned through his investigations that Gollum had gone to Mordor, where he was captured and tortured until he revealed to Sauron that the Ring was in the keeping of a hobbit named Baggins from the Shire. Gandalf hopes Frodo can reach the elf-haven Rivendell, east of the Shire, where he believes Frodo and the Ring will be safe from Sauron, and where the Ring's fate can be decided. Samwise Gamgee, Frodo's gardener and friend, is discovered eavesdropping on the conversation. Out of loyalty to his master, Sam agrees to accompany Frodo on his journey.
Over the summer, Frodo makes plans to leave his home at Bag End, under the pretence that he is moving to the eastern end of the Shire (Buckland) to retire. Helping with the plans are Frodo's friends Sam, Peregrin Took (Pippin for short), Meriadoc Brandybuck (Merry), and Fredegar Bolger (Fatty), though Frodo does not tell them of the Ring or of his intention to leave the Shire. At midsummer, Gandalf leaves on pressing business, but promises to return before Frodo leaves.
Frodo's birthday and the date of his departure approach, but Gandalf does not appear, so Frodo decides to leave without him. Black Riders pursue Frodo's party. These turn out to be Nazgûl or Ringwraiths, "the most terrible servants of the Dark Lord" (men who have been corrupted by Sauron through the Nine Rings), who are searching for "Baggins" and the Ring. One of the Riders comes to the door of Sam's father, the Gaffer, the very evening before they depart. With the help of some elves led by Gildor and a hobbit named Farmer Maggot, the hobbits cross the Brandywine River and reach Crickhollow on the eastern border of the Shire. There Merry, Pippin, and Fatty reveal that they know of the Ring and of Frodo's plan to leave the Shire. Merry and Pippin decide to join Frodo and Sam, while Fatty stays behind as a decoy.
In hopes of eluding the Nazgûl, the hobbits travel through the Old Forest. There the group fall asleep by a willow-tree and wake up to realize that its roots are trying to strangle them, but luckily Tom Bombadil comes to their aid. They then go to the house of Bombadil and meet his wife Goldberry. There they discover that the Ring has no power over Bombadil—he does not disappear while wearing it and can see Frodo even after he has vanished from his friends' sight. In the evening, Frodo has a dream about Gandalf standing on the pinnacle of a tower and then a vision of a rain curtain in front of a ship on which he is sailing. They then leave Bombadil's only to be captured by a barrow wight in the Barrow-downs, but they again escape with help from Tom and finally reach the gate of the village of Bree.
In Bree, the hobbits go to The Prancing Pony Inn, where Barliman Butterbur is the owner. Frodo goes by the name of "Underhill" rather than Baggins. While visiting with other hobbits and men from Bree, Frodo makes eye contact with a mysterious-looking man in the corner. The man then warns Frodo that Pippin is close to revealing who the hobbits really are, so Frodo begins to recite a poem that earns the applause of everyone in the inn. When he recites it a second time, Frodo gets carried away and falls off the table and accidentally lets the Ring slip on his finger causing him to disappear. The incident causes a major commotion, and several rough-looking men leave the inn. Frodo reappears and said that he slipped away out of embarrassment, but few buy the explanation. The hobbits then retire from the common room only to find that they have been followed by the mysterious man, who goes by the name Strider, a Ranger. He claims to be a friend of Gandalf and warns that the Nazgûl are after them and only he can guide them to Rivendell. Frodo doubts Strider until Butterbur comes in with a note from Gandalf to Frodo left some time earlier. Gandalf says to trust Strider and ask him his real name. Without even being asked, Strider reveals his name as Aragorn son of Arathorn and is the heir of Isildur in the North. Merry then comes in a says he was waylaid by the Nazgûl. Strider has them spend the night in another room.
The Nazgûl then attack both the house at Crickhollow and the inn at Bree but do not find Frodo in either spot. The next morning, Frodo learns that their riding ponies have been driven off by the Nazgûl and their allies. They manage to secure one beast from one of the Nazgûl collaborators, Bill Ferny, one of the men of Bree. Curious because of all the events, the whole town turns out to see them off. The hobbits and Strider make their way cross-country, through the Midgewater Marshes, to the hill of Weathertop, where they spot five of the Nazgûl on the road below. They then see evidence of a major fire fight and a stone that might indicate Gandalf got there ahead of them.
That night, five of the Nazgûl attack the travellers. Frodo yields to the temptation and puts on the Ring, and see the Nazgûl in their full form. He attempts to attack them, but the chief of the Nazgûl stabs Frodo in the shoulder with a cursed knife before Aragorn drives them off with torches. A splinter of the blade remains within the wound, causing Frodo to fall very ill as they travel to Rivendell. Aragorn warns them that, unless treated soon, Frodo will become a wraith like the Nazgûl himself. As the travellers near their destination, they meet Glorfindel, an elf-lord from Rivendell, who helps them reach the River Bruinen near Rivendell. But the Nazgûl, all nine now gathered together, ambush the party at the Ford of Bruinen. Glorfindel's horse outruns the pursuers and carries Frodo across the Ford. As the Nazgûl attempt to follow, a giant wave commanded by Elrond, the lord of Rivendell, sweeps them away and Frodo collapses.
Book II: The Ring Goes South[edit]
Book II opens in Rivendell at the house of Elrond. Frodo is healed by Elrond and discovers that Bilbo has been residing there. Bilbo asks to see the Ring again, but Frodo resists because of the Ring's power, which leads Bilbo to understand at last. Frodo also meets many notable figures, including Glóin—one of the dwarves who accompanied Bilbo on his journey to the Lonely Mountain—and Legolas, Prince of the Silvan Elves of Mirkwood. Frodo learns about the remaining dwarves, including Balin, Ori, and Óin who had not been heard from in some time.
Elrond convenes a Council, attended by Gandalf, Bilbo, Frodo, Aragorn and many others, including Boromir, son of Denethor, the Steward of Gondor. Glóin explains that Balin had led an expedition to reclaim the old dwarf kingdom of Moria, but they had not heard from him in years. Furthermore, Glóin tells the group that the Nazgûl had come to Dale and the Lonely Mountain looking for Bilbo and the Ring. Legolas then tells the council that Gollum had escaped from his captivity with the Elves and was also abroad and hunting for the Ring. Boromir then stands and relates the details of a dream he and his brother Faramir both received, telling them to seek "the Sword That Was Broken" and "Isildur's Bane" in Rivendell. Elrond then has Frodo bring out the Ring, which is revealed as "Isildur's Bane".
Gandalf explains that he had gone to Isengard, where the wizard Saruman, the chief of all wizards in Middle-earth, dwells, to seek help and counsel. However, Saruman had turned against them, desiring the Ring for himself. Saruman imprisoned Gandalf in his tower, Orthanc, rightly suspecting that Gandalf knew where the Ring was. Gandalf, however, did not yield and managed to escape from Orthanc. He learns that Saruman is not yet in Sauron's service, and is mustering his own force of Orcs.
As the Council of Elrond concludes, a plan is hatched to cast the One Ring into the fires of Mount Doom in Mordor, which will destroy the Ring and end Sauron's power for good. Boromir objects and argues for using the Ring to overcome Sauron and relieve Gondor, but Elrond says that the Ring cannot be used for good because of its intrinsic evil and its corrupting power even on those with the best intentions. Frodo offers to undertake this dangerous quest, and is thus chosen to be the Ring-bearer.
Frodo sets forth from Rivendell with eight companions: two Men, Aragorn and Boromir; Legolas; Gandalf; Gimli the Dwarf, the son of Glóin; and Frodo's three Hobbit companions. These Nine Walkers (called the Fellowship of the Ring) are chosen to represent all the free races of Middle-earth and as a balance to the Nazgûl. They are also accompanied by Bill the Pony, whom Aragorn and the Hobbits acquired in Bree as a pack horse.
The Fellowship attempt to cross the Misty Mountains is foiled by heavy snow, and then they are attacked by a host of Wargs that have moved west of the Mountains to hunt for the Ring. Thus, they are forced to take a path under the mountains, through the mines of Moria, the ancient dwarf kingdom. There, they discover that Balin, Ori, and Óin were all killed by Orcs and other evil creatures that thwarted their attempt to retake Moria. Those same orcs then attack the travellers, and during the battle that ensues, Gandalf encounters a Balrog of Morgoth, an ancient demon of fire and shadow. Gandalf challenges the Balrog, but both fall into an abyss.
The remaining eight members of the Fellowship escape from Moria and head toward the elf-haven of Lothlórien, where they are given gifts from the rulers Celeborn and Galadriel that in many cases prove useful later during the Quest.
After leaving Lothlórien the Fellowship reach Amon Hen. There Frodo tries to decide the future course of the Fellowship. Boromir succumbs to the Ring's corruptive influence and tries to take it for himself, and Frodo ends up putting on the Ring to escape from Boromir. While the rest of the Fellowship scatters to hunt for Frodo, Frodo decides the Fellowship has to be broken, and he must depart secretly for Mordor alone to prevent the rest of his companions from becoming enslaved by the influence of the Ring. Sam insists on coming along, however, and they set off together to Mordor. The Fellowship is thus broken.
Members of the Fellowship of the Ring[edit]
See also: List of Middle-earth characters
The Fellowship was formed at Rivendell in late T.A. 3018 following the Council of Elrond. It was decided that it should be a relatively small company; the number was set at nine to symbolically oppose the nine Nazgûl. In order of announcement the members of the Fellowship were:
Member
Race
Age[n 2]
Frodo Baggins Hobbit 50 Adopted heir of Bilbo and the Ring-bearer.
Samwise "Sam" Gamgee Hobbit 38 Frodo's gardener; becomes Frodo's companion on the quest.
Gandalf the Grey Istari primeval Wizard who leads the Fellowship until the Bridge of Khazad-dûm in Moria, where he falls in combat with a Balrog.
Legolas Elf 500+[4] Son of Thranduil, king of the Silvan Elves of Mirkwood. He came to inform Elrond of the escape of Gollum.
Gimli Dwarf 139 Son of Glóin. He came to Rivendell from the Lonely Mountain with his father to seek advice on the disappearance of Balin, and to warn Bilbo that Sauron's agents are seeking him.
Aragorn (Strider) Man 87 Chief Ranger of the North and heir of Isildur and Elendil; he had accompanied the hobbits from Bree to Rivendell.
Boromir Man 40 Son and heir of Denethor II, Steward of Gondor. He came to Rivendell seeking the meaning of a prophetic dream.
Meriadoc "Merry" Brandybuck Hobbit 36 Son and heir of the Master of Buckland, cousin to both Pippin and Frodo. He is particularly close to Pippin.
Peregrin "Pippin" Took Hobbit 28 Son and heir of the Thain in Tookland, he is the youngest member of the group and cousin to both Merry and Frodo.
In The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien speaks more often of the "Company" of the Ring rather than the "Fellowship", as reflected in the page references in Robert Foster's The Complete Guide to Middle-earth. However, as it appears in the title of the book, "Fellowship" has become the familiar term.
Critical reception[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2010)
The poet W.H. Auden wrote a positive review in The New York Times, praising the excitement and saying "Tolkien's invention is unflagging, and, on the primitive level of wanting to know what happens next, The Fellowship of the Ring is at least as good as The Thirty-Nine Steps".[5] However, he noted that the light humour in the beginning was "not Tolkien's forte".[6] It was also favourably reviewed by nature writer Loren Eiseley. Literary critic Edmund Wilson titled his unflattering review Oo, those awful Orcs.[7]
See also[edit]
Middle-earth portal
J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings (1978 animated film)
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001 live-action film)
The Lord of the Rings in theater – Two adaptations that have important musical elements, but the producers do not consider these to be standard "stage musicals".
The History of The Lord of the Rings – a collection of material from early drafts of Lord of the Rings.
Editions[edit]
Some editions are listed below. A more complete list, including non-English editions, may be found at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database.[8]
ISBN 0-345-24032-4 (paperback, 1974)
ISBN 0-618-00222-7 (paperback, 1999)
ISBN 0-345-33970-3 (paperback, 2001)
ISBN 0-618-34625-2 (paperback, 2003)
ISBN 0-618-57494-8 (paperback, 2005)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The negotiations between Tolkien and Allen & Unwin over the publication of The Lord of the Rings and the possibility of including The Silmarillion (which was still incomplete) are covered passim in the entries for 1950 through 1952 in the Chronology of The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide by Scull and Hammond (p. 355–393). Several of Tolkien's letters in The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, edited by Humphrey Carpenter, touch on this matter, notably Letters 123, 124 (in which Tolkien explicitly desires to have the works published together), 125, 126, 131, and 133.
Jump up ^ At the time of the Fellowship's formation. N.B.: all of the Fellowship (possibly except Boromir) were from races or sub-races who had lifespans much longer than ordinary humans.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Fellowship of the Ring". Between the Covers. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Jane Chance. Tolkien' Art: A Mythology for England.
Jump up ^ Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (1981), The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, #140, ISBN 0-395-31555-7
Jump up ^ J. R. R. Tolkien (1954), The Two Towers, George Allen & Unwin, 2nd edition (1966), book 3 ch.6 p.111; ISBN 0 04 823046 4.
Jump up ^ Auden, W.H. (31 October 1954). "The Hero Is a Hobbit". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Auden, W.H. (22 January 1956). "At the end of the Quest, Victory". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Edmund (14 April 1956), "Oo, Those awful Orcs!: A review of The Fellowship of the Ring", The Nation.
Jump up ^ "Title: The Fellowship of the Ring". Internet Speculative Fiction Database. Archived from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Fellowship of the Ring
Detailed summary and analysis of The Fellowship of the Ring
Detailed summary and analysis of characters, themes, and symbols of The Fellowship of the Ring
The Fellowship of the Ring at the Internet Book List
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J. R. R. Tolkien
Bibliography
Fiction
Songs for the Philologists (1936)
The Hobbit (1937)
Leaf by Niggle (1947)
The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun (1945/2016)
Farmer Giles of Ham (1949)
The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son (1953)
The Lord of the Rings:
The Fellowship of the Ring (1954)
The Two Towers (1954)
The Return of the King (1955)
The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (1962)
Tree and Leaf (1964)
The Tolkien Reader (1966)
The Road Goes Ever On (1967)
Smith of Wootton Major (1967)
Posthumous
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The Father Christmas Letters (1976)
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Unfinished Tales (1980)
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Bilbo's Last Song (1990)
The History of Middle-earth (1983–1996)
Tales from the Perilous Realm (1997)
Roverandom (1998)
The Children of Húrin (2007)
The History of The Hobbit (2007)
The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún (2009)
The Fall of Arthur (2013)
The Story of Kullervo (2015)
The Tale of Beren and Lúthien (2017)
Academic works
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The Devil's Coach Horses (1925)
Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad (1929)
Sigelwara Land (1932–34)
Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale (1934)
Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics (1936)
On Fairy-Stories (1939)
On Translating Beowulf (1940)
Sir Orfeo (1944)
Ancrene Wisse (1962)
English and Welsh (1963)
Jerusalem Bible (as translator and lexicographer, 1966)
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Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl, and Sir Orfeo (Modern English translations, 1975)
Finn and Hengest (1982)
The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays (1983)
Beowulf and the Critics (2002)
Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary with Sellic Spell (2014)
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Film
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Cartilage
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic tissue, rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body components. It is not as hard and rigid as bone, but it is much stiffer and much less flexible than muscle.
Because of its rigidity, cartilage often serves the purpose of holding tubes open in the body. Examples include the rings of the trachea, such as the cricoid cartilage and carina.
Cartilage is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes that produce a large amount of collagenous extracellular matrix, abundant ground substance that is rich in proteoglycan and elastin fibers. Cartilage is classified in three types, elastic cartilage, hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage, which differ in relative amounts of collagen and proteoglycan.
Cartilage does not contain blood vessels (it is avascular) or nerves (it is aneural). Nutrition is supplied to the chondrocytes by diffusion. The compression of the articular cartilage or flexion of the elastic cartilage generates fluid flow, which assists diffusion of nutrients to the chondrocytes. Compared to other connective tissues, cartilage has a very slow turnover of its extracellular matrix and does not repair.
There are three different types of cartilage; elastic (A), hyaline (B), and fibrous (C). In elastic cartilage the cells are closer together creating less intercellular space. Elastic cartilage is found in the external ear flaps and in parts of the larynx. Hyaline cartilage has fewer cells than elastic cartilage, there is more intercellular space. Hyaline cartilage is found in the nose, ears, trachea, parts of the larynx, and smaller respiratory tubes. Fibrous cartilage has the least amount of cells so it has the most amount of intercellular space. Fibrous cartilage is found in the spine and the menisci.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Development
1.2 Articular cartilage
2 Function
2.1 Mechanical properties
2.2 Frictional properties
2.3 Repair
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Disease
3.2 Imaging
4 Other animals
4.1 Cartilaginous fish
4.2 Invertebrate cartilage
5 Plants and fungi
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Structure[edit]
Development[edit]
Main article: Chondrogenesis
In embryogenesis, the skeletal system is derived from the mesoderm germ layer. Chondrification (also known as chondrogenesis) is the process by which cartilage is formed from condensed mesenchyme tissue, which differentiates into chondroblasts and begins secreting the molecules (aggrecan and collagen type II) that form the extracellular matrix.
Following the initial chondrification that occurs during embryogenesis, cartilage growth consists mostly of the maturing of immature cartilage to a more mature state. The division of cells within cartilage occurs very slowly, and thus growth in cartilage is usually not based on an increase in size or mass of the cartilage itself.[1]
Articular cartilage[edit]
The articular cartilage function is dependent on the molecular composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM consists mainly of proteoglycan and collagens. The main proteoglycan in cartilage is aggrecan, which, as its name suggests, forms large aggregates with hyaluronan. These aggregates are negatively charged and hold water in the tissue. The collagen, mostly collagen type II, constrains the proteoglycans. The ECM responds to tensile and compressive forces that are experienced by the cartilage.[2] Cartilage growth thus refers to the matrix deposition, but can also refer to both the growth and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Due to the great stress on the patellofemoral joint during resisted knee extension, the articular cartilage of the patella is among the thickest in the human body.
Function[edit]
Mechanical properties[edit]
The mechanical properties of articular cartilage in load bearing joints such as knee and hip have been studied extensively at macro, micro and nano-scales. These mechanical properties include the response of cartilage in frictional, compressive, shear and tensile loading. Cartilage is resilient and displays viscoelastic properties.[3]
Frictional properties[edit]
Lubricin, a glycoprotein abundant in cartilage and synovial fluid, plays a major role in bio-lubrication and wear protection of cartilage.[4]
Repair[edit]
Cartilage has limited repair capabilities: Because chondrocytes are bound in lacunae, they cannot migrate to damaged areas. Therefore, cartilage damage is difficult to heal. Also, because hyaline cartilage does not have a blood supply, the deposition of new matrix is slow. Damaged hyaline cartilage is usually replaced by fibrocartilage scar tissue. Over the last years, surgeons and scientists have elaborated a series of cartilage repair procedures that help to postpone the need for joint replacement.
Bioengineering techniques are being developed to generate new cartilage, using a cellular "scaffolding" material and cultured cells to grow artificial cartilage.[5]
Clinical significance[edit]
Disease[edit]
Main article: Chondropathy
Several diseases can affect cartilage. Chondrodystrophies are a group of diseases, characterized by the disturbance of growth and subsequent ossification of cartilage. Some common diseases that affect the cartilage are listed below.
Osteoarthritis: Osteoarthritis is a disease of the whole joint, however one of the most affected tissues is the articular cartilage. The cartilage covering bones (articular cartilage—a subset of hyaline cartilage) is thinned, eventually completely wearing away, resulting in a "bone against bone" within the joint, leading to reduced motion, and pain. Osteoarthritis affects the joints exposed to high stress and is therefore considered the result of "wear and tear" rather than a true disease. It is treated by arthroplasty, the replacement of the joint by a synthetic joint often made of a stainless steel alloy (cobalt chromoly) and ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). Chondroitin sulfate or glucosamine sulfate supplements, have been claimed to reduce the symptoms of osteoarthritis but there is little good evidence to support this claim.[6]
Traumatic rupture or detachment: The cartilage in the knee is frequently damaged, and can be partially repaired through knee cartilage replacement therapy. Often when athletes talk of damaged "cartilage" in their knee, they are referring to a damaged meniscus ( a fibrocartilage structure) and not the articular cartilage.
Achondroplasia: Reduced proliferation of chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate of long bones during infancy and childhood, resulting in dwarfism.
Costochondritis: Inflammation of cartilage in the ribs, causing chest pain.
Spinal disc herniation : Asymmetrical compression of an intervertebral disc ruptures the sac-like disc, causing a herniation of its soft content. The hernia often compresses the adjacent nerves and causes back pain.
Relapsing polychondritis: a destruction, probably autoimmune, of cartilage, especially of the nose and ears, causing disfiguration. Death occurs by suffocation as the larynx loses its rigidity and collapses.
Tumors made up of cartilage tissue, either benign or malignant, can occur. They usually appear in bone, rarely in pre-existing cartilage. The benign tumors are called chondroma, the malignant ones chondrosarcoma. Tumors arising from other tissues may also produce a cartilage-like matrix, the best known being pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary glands.
The matrix of cartilage acts as a barrier, preventing the entry of lymphocytes or diffusion of immunoglobulins. This property allows for the transplantation of cartilage from one individual to another without fear of tissue rejection.
Imaging[edit]
Cartilage does not absorb x-rays under normal In vivo conditions, but a dye can be injected into the synovial membrane that will cause the x-rays to be absorbed by the dye. The resulting void on the radiographic film between the bone and meniscus represents the cartilage. For In vitro x-ray scans, the outer soft tissue is most likely removed, so the cartilage and air boundary are enough to contrast the presence of cartilage due to the refraction of the x-ray.[7]
Histological image of hyaline cartilage stained with haematoxylin & eosin, under polarized light
Other animals[edit]
Cartilaginous fish[edit]
Cartilaginous fish (chondrichthyes) like sharks, rays and skates have a skeleton composed entirely of cartilage.
Invertebrate cartilage[edit]
Cartilage tissue can also be found among some arthropods such as horseshoe crabs, some mollusks such as marine snails and cephalopods, and some annelids like sabellid polychaetes.
Arthropods
The most studied cartilage in arthropods is the Limulus polyphemus branchial cartilage. It is a vesicular cell-rich cartilage due to the large, spherical and vacuolated chondrocytes with no homologies in other arthropods. Other type of cartilage found in Limulus polyphemus is the endosternite cartilage, a fibrous-hyaline cartilage with chondrocytes of typical morphology in a fibrous component, much more fibrous than vertebrate hyaline cartilage, with mucopolysaccharides immunoreactive against chondroitin sulfate antibodies. There are homologous tissues to the endosternite cartilage in other arthropods.[8] The embryos of Limulus polyphemus express ColA and hyaluronan in the gill cartilage and the endosternite, which indicates that these tissues are fibrillar-collagen-based cartilage. The endosternite cartilage forms close to Hh-expressing ventral nerve cords and expresses ColA and SoxE, a Sox9 analog. This is also seen in gill cartilage tissue.[9]
Mollusks
In cephalopods, the models used for the studies of cartilage are Octopus vulgaris and Sepia officinalis. The cephalopod cranial cartilage is the invertebrate cartilage that shows more resemblance to the vertebrate hyaline cartilage. The growth is though to take place throughout the movement of cells from the periphery to the center. The chondrocytes present different morphologies related to their position in the tissue.[10] The embryos of Sepia officinalis express ColAa, ColAb and hyaluronan in the cranial cartilages and other regions of chondrogenesis. This implies that the cartilage is fibrillar-collagen-based. The Sepia officinalis embryo expresses hh, whose presence causes ColAa and ColAb expression and is also able to maintain proliferating cells undiferentiated. It has been observed that this species presents the expression SoxD and SoxE, analogs of the vertebrate Sox5/6 and Sox9, in the developing cartilage. The cartilage growth pattern is the same than in vertebrate cartilage.[11]
In gastropods, the interest lies on the odontophore, a cartilaginous structure that supports the radula. The most studied species regarding to this particular tissue is Busycon canaliculatum. The odontophore is a vesicular cell rich cartilage, consisting on vacuolated cells containing myoglobin, surrounded by a low amount of extra cellular matrix containing collagen. The odontophore contains muscle cells along with the chondrocytes in the case of Lymnaea and other mollusks that graze vegetation.[12]
Sabellid polychaetes
The Sabellid polychaetes have cartilage tissue with cellular and matrix specialization supporting their tentacles. They present two distinct extracellular matrix regions. These regions are an acellular fibrous region with a high collagen content, called cartilage-like matrix, and a collagen lacking highly cellularized core, called osteoid-like matrix. The cartilage-like matrix surrounds the osteoid-like matrix. The amount of the acellular fibrous region is variable. The model organisms used in the study of cartilage in sabellid polychaetes are Potamilla sp and Myxicola infundibulum.[13]
Plants and fungi[edit]
Vascular plants, particularly seeds, and the stems of some mushrooms, may be referred to as being "cartilaginous," although they contain no cartilage.[14]
See also[edit]
Biomechanics
References[edit]
Citations
Jump up ^ Asanbaeva A, Masuda K, Thonar EJ, Klisch SM, Sah RL (2008). "Cartilage growth and remodeling: Modulation of balance between proteoglycan and collagen network in vitro with β-aminopropionitrile1". Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 16 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2007.05.019. PMID 17631390.
Jump up ^ Asanbaeva A, Tam J, Schumacher BL, Klisch SM, Masuda K, Sah RL (2008). "Articular cartilage tensile integrity: Modulation by matrix depletion is maturation-dependent". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 474 (1): 175–182. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2008.03.012. PMC 2440786  . PMID 18394422.
Jump up ^ Hayes WC, Mockros LF (1971). "Viscoelastic properties of human articular cartilage" (PDF). J Appl Physiol. 31 (4): 562–8. PMID 5111002.
Jump up ^ Rhee DK, Marcelino J, Baker M, Gong Y, Smits P, Lefebvre V, Jay GD, Stewart M, Wang H, Warman ML, Carpten JD (2005). "The secreted glycoprotein lubricin protects cartilage surfaces and inhibits synovial cell overgrowth". J Clin Invest. 115 (3): 622–31. doi:10.1172/JCI22263. PMC 548698  . PMID 15719068.
Jump up ^ International Cartilage Repair Society ICRS
Jump up ^ "Supplements for osteoarthritis 'do not work'". BBC News. 16 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis.about.com. Retrieved on 2015-10-26.
Jump up ^ Cole, A.G., and Hall, B.K. (2004). The nature and significance of invertebrate cartilages revisited: distribution and histology of cartilage and cartilage-like tissues within the Metazoa. Zoology 107, 261–273.
Jump up ^ Tarazona, O.A., Slota, L.A., Lopez, D.H., Zhang, G., and Cohn, M.J. (2016). The genetic program for cartilage development has deep homology within Bilateria. Nature 533, 86–89.
Jump up ^ Cole, A.G., and Hall, B.K. (2004). The nature and significance of invertebrate cartilages revisited: distribution and histology of cartilage and cartilage-like tissues within the Metazoa. Zoology 107, 261–273.
Jump up ^ Tarazona, O.A., Slota, L.A., Lopez, D.H., Zhang, G., and Cohn, M.J. (2016). The genetic program for cartilage development has deep homology within Bilateria. Nature 533, 86–89.
Jump up ^ Cole, A.G., and Hall, B.K. (2004). The nature and significance of invertebrate cartilages revisited: distribution and histology of cartilage and cartilage-like tissues within the Metazoa. Zoology 107, 261–273.
Jump up ^ Cole, A.G., and Hall, B.K. (2004). The nature and significance of invertebrate cartilages revisited: distribution and histology of cartilage and cartilage-like tissues within the Metazoa. Zoology 107, 261–273.
Jump up ^ Eflora – Glossary. University of Sydney (2010-06-16). Retrieved on 2015-10-26.
General references
Keller-Peck, C. (2008). Vertebrate Histology, ZOOL 400. Boise State University.
External links[edit]
Cartilage.org, International Cartilage Repair Society
KUMC.edu, Cartilage tutorial, University of Kansas Medical Center
Bartleby.com, text from Gray's anatomy
MadSci.org, I've heard 'Ears and nose do not ever stop growing.' Is this false?
CartilageHealth.com, Information on Articular Cartilage Injury Prevention, Repair and Rehabilitation
About.com, Osteoarthritis
Cartilage types
Different cartilages on TheFreeDictionary
Cartilage photomicrographs
[hide]
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Bone and cartilage
Cartilage
perichondrium
fibrocartilage callus
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Types
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elastic
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Bone
Ossification
Primary bone
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Cells
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cartilage&oldid=817074550"
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2000 AFL Grand Final
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
2000 AFL Grand Final
The Melbourne Cricket Ground, where the 2000 AFL Grand Final took place.

Essendon

Melbourne
19.21 (135) 11.9 (75)
1
2
3
4
ESS 4.8 (32) 10.16 (76) 16.17 (113) 19.21 (135)
MELB 3.3 (21) 5.5 (35) 8.8 (56) 11.9 (75)
Date
2 September 2000
Stadium
Melbourne Cricket Ground
Attendance
96,249
Umpires
Darren Goldspink (32), Brett Allen (10), Hayden Kennedy (7)
Coin toss won by
David Neitz, Melbourne
Kicked toward
City Road
Ceremonies
Pre-match entertainment
The Idea of North, Trish Delaney-Brown, Megan Corson, Andrew Piper and Nick Begie
National anthem
Bachelor Girl
Post-match entertainment
Mike Brady, Russell Morris and Rick Price
Accolades
Norm Smith Medallist
James Hird (Essendon)
Jock McHale Medallist
Kevin Sheedy (Essendon)
Broadcast in Australia
Network
Seven Network
Commentators
Bruce McAvaney (host)
Sandy Roberts (commentator)
Jason Dunstall (expert commentator)
Gerard Healy (expert commentator)
Malcolm Blight (expert commentator)
Tony Lockett (analyst)
Anthony Hudson (boundary rider)
Robert DiPierdomenico (boundary rider)
← 1999 AFL Grand Final 2001 →
The 2000 AFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Melbourne Football Club and the Essendon Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 2 September 2000. It was the 104th annual Grand Final of the Australian Football League (formerly the Victorian Football League),[1] staged to determine the premiers for the 2000 AFL season. The match, attended by 96,249 spectators, was won by Essendon by a margin of 60 points, marking that club's 16th premiership victory (following Carlton Football Club who also have 16 premierships).
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Match summary
3 Teams
4 Scorecard
5 See also
6 References
7 Notes
8 External links
Background[edit]
Main article: 2000 AFL season
Further information: 2000 AFL finals series
This was Essendon's first appearance in a Grand Final since winning the 1993 AFL Grand Final, whilst it was Melbourne's first since losing the 1988 VFL Grand Final.
In the previous week's Preliminary Finals, Essendon defeated Carlton by 45 points, while Melbourne defeated North Melbourne by 50 points. The following Monday saw Melbourne's Shane Woewodin awarded the Brownlow Medal with 24 votes, ahead of Western Bulldogs midfielder Scott West and Adelaide midfielder Andrew McLeod.[2]
Match summary[edit]
Melbourne captain David Neitz won the toss and chose to kick towards the City/Members end of the MCG in the opening quarter. The first score of the game went to Melbourne. Neitz, from a very tight angle near the behind post on the Members side of the goals, kicked the ball into the far goal post resulting in one point.
It was only a short time after the first score of the game that James Hird kicked the first goal of the game for Essendon. Melbourne's first goal was kicked by Stephen Powell.
The Bombers never looked threatened from quarter time and comfortably won its record-equaling 16th premiership by 60 points, after one of the most dominant seasons in VFL/AFL history.
One downside for the Bombers was an incident in which Melbourne's Troy Simmonds was hit high by Essendon's Michael Long, resulting in a 25-man brawl. Simmonds was taken from the field on a stretcher; nine players were reported on ten offences by the umpires.
Hird was awarded the Norm Smith Medal for being judged the best player afield. Paul Barnard and Matthew Lloyd each kicked four goals for the Bombers.
Essendon's triumph would be the last by any Victorian team until the 2007 AFL Grand Final when Geelong won its first premiership in 44 years and was the last win by Melbourne-based club until Hawthorn's victory in the 2008 AFL Grand Final.
On this day the National Anthem was sung by Tania Doko of Bachelor Girl.
Teams[edit]
Essendon
B: 1 Mark Johnson 31 Dustin Fletcher 6 Sean Wellman
HB: 11 Damien Hardwick 21 Dean Wallis 7 Dean Solomon
C: 26 Chris Heffernan 24 Joe Misiti 33 Blake Caracella
HF: 2 Mark Mercuri 25 Scott Lucas 5 James Hird (c)
F: 9 Adam Ramanauskas 18 Matthew Lloyd 13 Michael Long
Foll: 22 John Barnes 32 Justin Blumfield 14 Jason Johnson
Int: 8 Darren Bewick 16 Paul Barnard 27 Steven Alessio
29 Gary Moorcroft
Coach: Kevin Sheedy
Melbourne
B: 26 Daniel Ward 27 Anthony Ingerson 44 Alistair Nicholson
HB: 42 Peter Walsh 28 Matthew Collins 21 Steven Febey
C: 13 Adem Yze 22 Shane Woewodin 35 Anthony McDonald
HF: 18 Brad Green 5 David Schwarz 7 Stephen Powell
F: 24 Russell Robertson 9 David Neitz (c) 33 Jeff Farmer
Foll: 34 Jeff White 43 Guy Rigoni 36 Andrew Leoncelli
Int: 4 Brent Grgic 16 Travis Johnstone 47 Ben Beams
46 Troy Simmonds
Coach: Neale Daniher
Scorecard[edit]
Essendon vs Melbourne
Team
Q1
Q2
Q3
Final
Essendon 4.8 (32) 10.16 (76) 16.17 (113) 19.21 (135)
Melbourne 3.3 (21) 5.5 (35) 8.8 (56) 11.9 (75)
Venue:
Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne
Date:
2 September 2000
Attendance:
96,249
Umpires:
Darren Goldspink (32), Brett Allen (10), Hayden Kennedy (7)
Goal scorers:
Essendon 4: Paul Barnard, Matthew Lloyd. 3: Blake Caracella. 2: James Hird. 1: Gary Moorcroft, Mark Mercuri, Michael Long, Justin Blumfield, Darren Bewick, Steven Alessio
Melbourne 3: Jeff Farmer, Stephen Powell. 2: David Neitz, Russell Robertson. 1: Brad Green
Best:
Essendon Hird, Barnes, Caracella, Misiti, Wallis
Melbourne White, Powell, Johnstone, Neitz, Walsh
Reports:
Injuries:
Melbourne: Simmonds (concussion)
Coin toss winner:
David Neitz, Melbourne
Norm Smith Medal:
James Hird, Essendon
Australian television broadcaster:
Seven Network
National Anthem:
Bachelor Girl

See also[edit]
2000 AFL season
References[edit]
Jump up ^ In 1897 and 1924 there were no Grand Finals and instead the premier was decided by a finals play-off. In 1948 and 1977 there were Grand Final replays after initial draws.
Jump up ^ Gruber, James. "Surprise Brownlow medal winner (AM transcript)". ABC. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
Match Stats
Notes[edit]
Main, Jim (2001). More than a century of AFL Grand Finals. Pennon Publishing. ISBN 1-877029-00-9.
External links[edit]
AFL Website
[show]
v
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Victorian/Australian Football League Grand Finals
VFL Grand Finals
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2008
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2010
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[show]
v
t
e
Essendon Football Club 2000 AFL premiers
Essendon 19.21 (135) defeated Melbourne 11.9 (75), at the Melbourne Cricket Ground
1. M. Johnson
2. Mercuri
5. Hird (c)
6. Wellman
7. Solomon
8. Bewick
9. Ramanauskas
11. Hardwick
13. Long
14. J. Johnson
16. Barnard
18. Lloyd
21. Wallis
22. Barnes
24. Misiti
25. Lucas
26. Heffernan
27. Alessio
29. Moorcroft
31. Fletcher
32. Blumfield
33. Caracella
Coach: Sheedy
[show]
v
t
e
Essendon Football Club
History
Premierships and records
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Captain: Dyson Heppell
Coach: John Worsfold
Nickname: Bombers
Home grounds
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Windy Hill (1922–91)
Melbourne Cricket Ground (1992–present)
Docklands Stadium (2000–present)
Premierships (16)
1897
1901
1911
1912
1923
1924
1942
1946
1949
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1962
1965
1984
1985
1993
2000
Seasons
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2012
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Related articles
Anzac Day clash
Carlton–Essendon AFL rivalry
Dreamtime at the 'G
Archer–Hird Medal
Line in the sand match
Round 16, 2001 comeback vs. North Melbourne
Supplements saga
[show]
v
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Melbourne Football Club
History
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Current squad
Players
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Honour board
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Keith 'Bluey' Truscott Trophy
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Captain: Nathan Jones/Jack Viney
Coach: Simon Goodwin
Nickname: Demons
Home grounds
Melbourne Cricket Ground (1859–1915; 1919–41; 1946–present)
Friendly Societies' Ground (1885–90)
Motordrome (1932)
Punt Road Oval (1942–46)
VFL/AFL premierships (12)
1900
1926
1939
1940
1941
1948
1955
1956
1957
1959
1960
1964
Seasons (157)
1858
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Related articles
Casey Demons (current VFL-affiliate)
Queen's Birthday clash
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Melbourne did not field a team from 1916–18 due to the First World War
[show]
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2000 AFL season
Events
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Premiership season
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Grand Final
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Awards
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2000_AFL_Grand_Final&oldid=817755388"
Categories:
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Emil Minty
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Emil Minty
Born
1972 (age 45–46)
Sydney, Australia
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1981–1992
Emil Minty (born 1972) is an Australian former child actor. He played The Feral Kid, a feral child in the 1981 film Mad Max 2: The Road Warrior. As an actor, he had no lines in the film. After Mad Max 2, Minty had minor parts in Fluteman (1982) and in The Winds of Jarrah (1983). In 1990 he appeared in a few episodes of A Country Practice.
Minty withdrew from acting when he finished school. He became a jeweller, and has worked at Chris Lewis Jewellers in Sydney's Gladesville since the early 1990s. He is a father of two.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Filmography
2 References
3 Bibliography
4 External links
Filmography[edit]
Mad Max 2: The Road Warrior (1981) - The Feral Kid
Fluteman (1982) - Toby
The Winds of Jarrah (1983) - Andy Marlow
"The Flying Doctors" (1990) - Mat Coulson
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lehmann, Megan (May 9, 2015). "From Mad Max’s feral child... to Sydney jeweller". The Daily Telegraph.
Bibliography[edit]
Holmstrom, John. The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995. Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, p. 394.
External links[edit]
Emil Minty on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 91608591

This article about an Australian film actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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t
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emil_Minty&oldid=820597474"
Categories:
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