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Vikings (2013 TV series)
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Vikings
Genre
Historical drama
Action-adventure
Created by
Michael Hirst
Written by
Michael Hirst
Starring
Travis Fimmel
Katheryn Winnick
Clive Standen
Jessalyn Gilsig
Gustaf Skarsgård
George Blagden
Gabriel Byrne
Alyssa Sutherland
Donal Logue
Alexander Ludwig
Linus Roache
Ben Robson
Kevin Durand
Lothaire Bluteau
John Kavanagh
Peter Franzén
Jasper Pääkkönen
Moe Dunford
Alex Høgh
Marco Ilsø
David Lindström
Jordan Patrick Smith
Jonathan Rhys Meyers
Opening theme
"If I Had a Heart"
by Fever Ray
Composer(s)
Trevor Morris
Country of origin
Canada
Ireland
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
5
No. of episodes
59 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Morgan O'Sullivan
Sheila Hockin
Sherry Marsh
Alan Gasmer
James Flynn
John Weber
Michael Hirst
Producer(s)
Steve Wakefield
Keith Thompson
Sanne Wohlenberg
Liz Gill
Location(s)
Ashford Studios
County Wicklow
Cinematography
John Bartley
PJ Dillon
Owen McPolin
Peter Robertson
Suzie Lavelle
Editor(s)
Aaron Marshall
Michele Conroy
Don Cassidy
Tad Seaborn
Christopher Donaldson
Running time
45 minutes
Production company(s)
Shaw Media (seasons 1–4)
Corus Entertainment (season 4–present)
Octagon Films (seasons 1–4)
TM Productions (season 5)
Take 5 Productions
MGM Television
History
Distributor
MGM Television
Release
Original network
History
Original release
March 3, 2013 (2013-03-03) – present (present)
External links
Official website
Vikings is a historical drama television series written and created by Michael Hirst for the History channel. Filmed in Ireland, it premiered on March 3, 2013 in Canada.[1]
Vikings is inspired by the sagas of Danish/Swedish[2][3] Viking Ragnar Lothbrok, one of the best-known legendary Norse heroes and notorious as the scourge of England and France. The show portrays Ragnar as a farmer who rises to fame by successful raids into England, and eventually becomes a Scandinavian king, with the support of his family and fellow warriors. After Ragnar's death at the hands of his Saxon nemesis King Aelle of Northumbria (played by Ivan Kaye) the later seasons follow the fortunes of his sons, and their adventures in England, Scandinavia and the Mediterranean.
On March 17, 2016, History renewed Vikings for a fifth season of 20 episodes, which premiered on November 29, 2017. On September 12, 2017, ahead of its fifth-season premiere, the series was renewed for a sixth season, which will consist of 20 episodes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Main cast
3 Production
3.1 Season 1
3.2 Season 2
3.3 Season 3
3.4 Season 4
3.5 Season 5
3.6 Season 6
4 Broadcast
5 Reception
5.1 Reviews
5.2 Ratings
5.3 Historical accuracy
6 Home media release
7 Related media
8 References
8.1 Books
9 External links
Premise[edit]
The series is inspired by the tales of the Norsemen of early medieval Scandinavia. It broadly follows the exploits of the legendary Viking chieftain Ragnar Lothbrok and his crew, family and descendants, as notably laid down in the 13th-century sagas Ragnars saga Loðbrókar and Ragnarssona þáttr, as well as in Saxo Grammaticus's 12th-century work Gesta Danorum. Norse legendary sagas were partially fictional tales based in the Norse oral tradition, written down about 200 to 400 years after the events they describe. Further inspiration is taken from historical sources of the period, such as records of the Viking raid on Lindisfarne depicted in the second episode, or Ahmad ibn Fadlan's 10th-century account of the Volga Vikings. The series begins at the start of the Viking Age, marked by the Lindisfarne raid in 793.
Main cast[edit]
Main article: List of Vikings characters
Travis Fimmel as Ragnar Lothbrok (seasons 1–4)
Katheryn Winnick as Lagertha
Clive Standen as Rollo[4] (seasons 1–4; guest season 5)
Jessalyn Gilsig as Siggy (seasons 1–3)
Gustaf Skarsgård as Floki
George Blagden as Athelstan (main seasons 1–3; recurring season 4)
Gabriel Byrne as Earl Haraldson (season 1)
Alyssa Sutherland as Aslaug (seasons 1–4)[5]
Donal Logue as Horik of Denmark (seasons 1–2)
Alexander Ludwig as Bjorn Ironside (seasons 2–)
Linus Roache as Ecbert of Wessex (seasons 2–4)
Ben Robson as Kalf (seasons 3–4)
Kevin Durand as Harbard (seasons 3–4)
Lothaire Bluteau as Charles of West Francia (seasons 3–4)
John Kavanagh as The Seer (recurring seasons 1–3; main seasons 4–) and Pope Leo IV (guest season 4)
Peter Franzén as Harald Finehair (seasons 4–)[6]
Jasper Pääkkönen as Halfdan the Black (seasons 4–5)[6]
Moe Dunford as Aethelwulf (recurring seasons 2–4; main seasons 4–5)
Alex Høgh as Ivar the Boneless (seasons 4–)
Marco Ilsø as Hvitserk (seasons 4–)
David Lindström as Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye (season 4)
Jordan Patrick Smith as Ubbe (seasons 4–)
Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Bishop Heahmund (seasons 4–)
Production[edit]
Season 1[edit]
Main article: Vikings (season 1)
An Irish-Canadian co-production, Vikings was developed and produced by Octagon Films and Take 5 Productions.[1] Michael Hirst, Morgan O'Sullivan, John Weber, Sherry Marsh, Alan Gasmer, James Flynn and Sheila Hockin are credited as executive producers.[1] The first season's budget was reported as US$40 million.[7]
The series began filming in July 2012 at Ashford Studios which is a newly built facility in Ireland.[8] This location was chosen for its scenery and tax advantages.[7] On August 16, 2012, longship scenes were filmed at Luggala, as well as on the Poulaphouca Reservoir in the Wicklow Mountains.[9] 70 percent of the first season was filmed outdoors.[7] Some additional background shots were done in western Norway.[10]
Johan Renck,[11] Ciarán Donnelly and Ken Girotti each directed three episodes. The production team included cinematographer John Bartley, costume designer Joan Bergin, production designer Tom Conroy, composer Trevor Morris and Irish choir Crux Vocal Ensemble, directed by Paul McGough.
Season 2[edit]
Main article: Vikings (season 2)
On April 5, 2013, History renewed Vikings for a ten-episode second season.[12] Jeff Woolnough[13] and Kari Skogland joined Ken Girotti and Ciaran Donnelly as directors of the second season.[14]
Two new series regulars were announced on June 11, 2013. Alexander Ludwig, portraying the teenage Björn, and Linus Roache, playing King Ecbert of Wessex.[15] The second season undergoes a jump in time, aging the young Björn (Nathan O'Toole) into an older swordsman portrayed by Ludwig. The older Björn has not seen his father, Ragnar, for "a long period of time". Lagertha remarries to a powerful jarl, a stepfather who provides harsh guidance to Björn.[16] Edvin Endre, son of Swedish actress Lena Endre,[17] and Anna Åström signed up for roles in the second season.[18] Endre had the role of Erlendur, one of King Horik's sons.
Season 3[edit]
Main article: Vikings (season 3)
Morgan O'Sullivan, Sheila Hockin, Sherry Marsh, Alan Gasmer, James Flynn, John Weber, and Michael Hirst are credited as executive producers.[1]
This season was produced by Steve Wakefield and Keith Thompson. Bill Goddard and Séamus McInerney act as co-producers. The production team for this season includes casting directors Frank and Nuala Moiselle, costume designer Joan Bergin, visual effects supervisors Julian Parry and Dominic Remane, stunt action designers Franklin Henson and Richard Ryan, composer Trevor Morris, production designer Mark Geraghty, editors Aaron Marshall for the first, third, fifth, seventh and ninth episodes, and Tad Seaborn for the second, fourth, sixth, eighth and tenth episodes, and cinematographer Pj Dillon.
Norwegian music group Wardruna provided much of the background music to the series. Wardruna's founder Einar Kvitrafn Selvik also appeared as an actor in the show during the third season as a shaman.[19]
Season 4[edit]
Main article: Vikings (season 4)
Michael Hirst announced plans for the fourth season before the third season had begun airing.[20] The fourth season began production around the Dublin area in April 2015.[21]
Finnish actors Peter Franzén and Jasper Pääkkönen, as well as Canadian actress Dianne Doan joined the cast of the fourth season. Franzén played Norwegian King Harald Finehair, a potential rival to Ragnar. Pääkkönen was cast as Halfdan the Black, Finehair's brother. Doan portrays Yidu, a Chinese character who has a major role in the first half of the fourth season.[22]
Toronto Blue Jays player Josh Donaldson is a fan of the Vikings series and in January 2016, it was announced that he would have a guest appearance in the fourth season of the show as "Hoskuld".[23]
Season 5[edit]
Main article: Vikings (season 5)
At the same time that the series was renewed for a fifth season, it was announced that Irish actor Jonathan Rhys Meyers would be joining the cast,[24] as Heahmund, a "warrior bishop". Vikings creator Michael Hirst, explained: "I was looking at the history books, and I came across these warrior bishops. The antecedents of the Knights Templar: these are people who were absolutely religious, yet they put on armor and they fought. Don't let their priestly status fool you, either. 'They were crazy! They believed totally in Christianity and the message, and yet, on the battlefield, they were totally berserk.'" [25]
Former WWE star Adam Copeland, was cast in a recurring role for the fifth season, as Kjetill Flatnose, a violent and bold warrior. He is chosen by Floki to lead an expedition to Iceland to set up a colony.[26] Irish actor Darren Cahill will play the role of Aethelred in the fifth season.[27] Nigerian actor Stanley Amuzie told local media he had landed a small role in the fifth season.[28] The fifth season will also include Irish actor, musician and real-life police detective, Kieran O'Reilly, who will play the role of "White Hair".[29] In April 2017 it was announced that Danish actor Erik Madsen will join the cast for the fifth season, as King Hemmig.[30] He spent several months of 2016 on the set of The Last Kingdom, portraying a Viking.[31]
Season 6[edit]
Russian actor Danila Kozlovsky is set to join the series for the sixth season, as Oleg of Novgorod, the 10th century Varangian (east European Vikings) ruler of the Rus' people. Coincidentally, Kozlovsky headlined the big-budget 2016 Russian feature Viking, playing one of Oleg's successors, Vladimir the Great, Prince of Novgorod.[32]
Katheryn Winnick, who portrays Lagertha in the show, will direct one of the Season 6 episodes. [33]
Broadcast[edit]
Main article: List of Vikings episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 9 March 3, 2013 (2013-03-03) April 28, 2013 (2013-04-28)
2 10 February 27, 2014 (2014-02-27) May 1, 2014 (2014-05-01)
3 10 February 19, 2015 (2015-02-19) April 23, 2015 (2015-04-23)
4 20 10 February 18, 2016 (2016-02-18) April 21, 2016 (2016-04-21)
10 November 30, 2016 (2016-11-30) February 1, 2017 (2017-02-01)
5 20[34] 10 November 29, 2017 (2017-11-29) January 24, 2018 (2018-01-24)
10[35] 2018 (2018)[35] 2018 (2018)[35]
Vikings premiered on March 3, 2013 in Canada[36] and the United States.[8] Vikings was renewed for a fourth season in March 2015 with an extended order of 20 episodes, which premiered on February 18, 2016.[37][38][39] On March 17, 2016, History renewed Vikings for a fifth season of 20 episodes, which premiered on November 29, 2017.[24][40] On September 12, 2017, ahead of its fifth-season premiere, the series was renewed for a sixth season of 20 episodes.[41]
In the UK, Vikings premiered on May 24, 2013 where it was exclusively available on the streaming video-on-demand service LoveFilm.[42] The second season premiered on March 24, 2015.[43] The third season began airing on February 20, 2015 on Amazon Video.[44]
In Australia, the series premiered on August 8, 2013 on SBS One.[45] It was later moved to FX, which debuted the second season on February 4, 2015.[46] Season three of Vikings began broadcasting in Australia on SBS One on March 19, 2015.[47] Season four of Vikings began broadcasting in Australia on SBS One on February 24, 2016.[48]
Reception[edit]
See also: List of awards and nominations received by Vikings
Reviews[edit]
Metacritic ratings per season
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Rating
71[49] 77[50] 81[51]
The first episode received favourable reviews, with an average rating of 71% according to Metacritic.[52] Alan Sepinwall of HitFix praised the casting, notably of Fimmel as Ragnar, and observed that Vikings "isn't complicated. It ... relies on the inherent appeal of the era and these characters to drive the story."[53] Nancy DeWolf Smith of The Wall Street Journal noted the "natural and authentic" setting and costumes, and appreciated that Vikings was (unlike, e.g., Spartacus) not a celebration of sex and violence, but "a study of character, stamina, power and ... of social, emotional and even intellectual awakening".[54] Hank Stuever, writing for the Washington Post, said that the "compelling and robust new drama series ... delivers all the expected gore and blood spatter", but that it successfully adapted the skills of cable television drama, with the care taken in acting, writing and sense of scope reminiscent of Rome, Sons of Anarchy and Game of Thrones. He also suggested that the way the series emphasized "a core pride and nobility in this tribe of thugs" reflected "just another iteration of Tony Soprano".[55] Neil Genzlinger, in The New York Times, praised the "arresting" cinematography and the actors' performances, notably Fimmel's, and favorably contrasted Vikings to Game of Thrones and Spartacus for the absence of gratuitous nudity.[56]
In TIME, James Poniewozik noted that the relatively simple generational conflict underlying Vikings "doesn't nearly have the narrative ambition of a Game of Thrones or the political subtleties of a Rome", nor these series' skill with dialogue, but that it held up pretty well compared to the "tabloid history" of The Tudors and The Borgias. He concluded that "Vikings' larger story arc is really more about historical forces" than about its not very complex characters.[57] Clark Collis of Entertainment Weekly appreciated the performances, but considered Vikings to be "kind of a mess", lacking the intrigue of The Tudors and Game of Thrones.[58] Brian Lowry criticized the series in Variety as an "unrelenting cheese-fest" and as a "more simpleminded version of Game of Thrones", but considered that it had "a level of atmosphere and momentum that makes it work as a mild diversion".[59] In the San Francisco Chronicle, David Wiegand was disappointed by the series's "glacial pace" and lack of action as well as the "flabby direction and a gassy script", while appreciating the performances and characters.[60]
The second season received a Metacritic rating of 77%, and a Rotten Tomatoes rating of 92% based on twelve professional critic reviews.
Ratings[edit]
According to Nielsen, the series premiere drew six million viewers in the US, topping all broadcast networks among viewers aged 18 to 49. An earlier claim of over eighteen million viewers was later retracted by the channel with an apology.[61][62]
In Canada, the premiere had 1.1 million viewers. The first season averaged 942,000 viewers.[63]
Historical accuracy[edit]
Some critics have pointed out historical inaccuracies in the series's depiction of Viking society. Lars Walker, in the magazine The American Spectator, criticized its portrayal of early Viking Age government (represented by Earl Haraldson) as autocratic rather than essentially democratic.[64] Joel Robert Thompson criticized depiction of the Scandinavians' supposed ignorance of the existence of Britain and Ireland, and of the death penalty rather than outlawry (skoggangr) as their most serious punishment.[65]
Monty Dobson, a historian at Central Michigan University, criticised the depiction of Viking Age clothing, but went on to say that fictional shows like Vikings could still be a useful teaching tool.[66] The Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten reported that the series incorrectly depicted the temple at Uppsala as a stave church in the mountains, whereas the historical temple was situated on flat land and stave churches were a hallmark of later Christian architecture.[67] On the other hand, the temple as depicted does have similarities with reconstructions of the Uppåkra hof.
Many characters are based on (or inspired by) real people from history or legend, and the major events portrayed are broadly drawn from history. However, events from over a hundred years have been condensed, so that people who could never have met are shown as of similar age, with the historical events amended for dramatic effect. For example, season one leads up to the attack on Lindisfarne Abbey of 793 (before the real Rollo was born), but in season three the same characters at roughly the same ages participate in the Siege of Paris of 845. By this time, Ecbert was dead, and King Alfred the Great was already king, yet he is still portrayed as a child in season four. Rollo is portrayed having his followers killed, and fighting his fellow Vikings, whereas in history they were granted what became Normandy and continued to co-operate with their Norse kinsmen. Furthermore, most of the principal characters are portrayed as being from Norway, while according to primary sources they would most likely have been Danes.
Little is known about Viking religious practice[68] and so its depiction is largely creative. When Katheryn Winnick was asked why she licked the seer's hand she answered: "It wasn't originally in the script and we just wanted to come up with something unique and different".[69] Regarding the historical differences and accuracy issues of the show, showrunner Michael Hirst said: "I especially had to take liberties with Vikings because no one knows for sure what happened in the Dark Ages ... we want people to watch it. A historical account of the Vikings would reach hundreds, occasionally thousands, of people. Here we've got to reach millions."[70]
Home media release[edit]
Season(s)
DVD release date
Blu-ray release date
Region 1
Region 2
Region 4
Region A
Region B
1 October 15, 2013[71][72] February 3, 2014[73] March 26, 2014[74] October 15, 2013[75][76] February 3, 2014[77]
2 October 14, 2014[78] November 3, 2014[79] November 5, 2014[80] October 14, 2014[81] November 3, 2014[82]
3 October 13, 2015[83] November 2, 2015[84] October 21, 2015[85] October 13, 2015[86] October 21, 2015[87]
4A August 23, 2016[88] October 24, 2016[89] October 12, 2016[90] August 23, 2016[91] October 12, 2016[92]
4B May 2, 2017[93] August 7, 2017[94] March 29, 2017[95] May 2, 2017[96] March 29, 2016[97]
4 N/A August 7, 2017[98] N/A N/A August 7, 2017[99]
5A April 3, 2018[100] TBA TBA April 3, 2018[101] TBA
Related media[edit]
Zenescope partnered with the History Channel to create a free Vikings comic book based on the series. It was first distributed at Comic-Con 2013 and by comiXology in February 2014.[102][103] The comic was written by Michael Hirst, features interior artwork by Dennis Calero (X-Men Noir), and is set before the events of season one. In addition to featuring Ragnar and Rollo battling alongside their father, the comic depicts the brothers' first encounter with Lagertha.[103]
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Jump up ^ "Vikings — Season 1 [Blu-ray]". Amazon. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings — Season 2 (CAN) (DVD)". TV Shows on DVD. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings — Season 2 [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings: Season 2 (DVD)". EzyDVD. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings — Season 2 (CAN) (Blu-ray)". TV Shows on DVD. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings — Season 2 [Blu-ray]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings — Season 3 (DVD)". Amazon.ca. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings — Season 3 [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings: Season 3 (DVD)". EzyDVD. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings — Season 3 (Blu-ray)". Amazon.ca. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings: Season 3 (Blu-ray)". EzyDVD. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings — Season 4, Part 1 (DVD)". TV Shows on DVD. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings — Season 4, Part 1 [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings: Season 4, Volume 1 (DVD)". EzyDVD. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings — Season 4, Volume 1 (Blu-ray)". TV Shows on DVD. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings: Season 4, Volume 1 (Blu-ray)". EzyDVD. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings — Season 4, Part 2 (DVD)". Amazon.ca. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings — Season 4, Volume 2 [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings: Season 4, Volume 2 (DVD)". EzyDVD. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings — Season 4, Volume 1 (Blu-ray)". Amazon.ca. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings: Season 4, Volume 2 (Blu-ray)". EzyDVD. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings — Complete Season 4 [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings — Complete Season 4 [Blu-ray]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings — Season 5, Part 1 (DVD)". Amazon.ca. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Vikings — Season 5, Part 1 (Blu-ray)". Amazon.ca. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Vikings #1". comiXology. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hero Complex: Comic-Con: 'Vikings' will land with stars, free comic, boat races". Los Angeles Times. July 2, 2013.
Books[edit]
Saxo Grammaticus (1980) [1979]. Davidson, Hilda Roderick Ellis, ed. Gesta Danorum [Saxo Grammaticus: The history of the Danes: books I–IX]. 1 & 2. Translated by Peter Fisher. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer. Chapter introduction commentaries. ISBN 978-0-85991-502-1.
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The Last of Us: Left Behind
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The Last of Us: Left Behind
Developer(s)
Naughty Dog
Publisher(s)
Sony Computer Entertainment
Director(s)
Bruce Straley
Neil Druckmann
Designer(s)
Jacob Minkoff
Programmer(s)
Travis McIntosh
Jason Gregory
Artist(s)
Erick Pangilinan
Writer(s)
Neil Druckmann
Composer(s)
Gustavo Santaolalla
Engine
Havok
Platform(s)
PlayStation 3
PlayStation 4
Release
PlayStation 3
WW: February 14, 2014
PlayStation 4
NA: July 29, 2014
PAL: July 30, 2014
UK: August 1, 2014
Genre(s)
Action-adventure, survival horror
Mode(s)
Single-player
The Last of Us: Left Behind is an action-adventure game developed by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It was released worldwide for the PlayStation 3 on February 14, 2014, as a downloadable expansion pack to The Last of Us; it was later bundled with The Last of Us Remastered, an updated version of the game released for the PlayStation 4 on July 29, 2014,[a] and was released as a standalone expansion pack for both consoles on May 12, 2015. Set in a post-apocalyptic world, players control Ellie, a teenage girl who spends time with her best friend Riley after her unexpected return.
The Last of Us: Left Behind is played from a third-person perspective; players use firearms, improvised weapons and stealth to defend against hostile humans and zombie-like creatures infected by a mutated strain of the Cordyceps fungus. Players can use "Listen Mode" to locate enemies through a heightened sense of hearing and spatial awareness. The game also features a crafting system, allowing players to customize weapons through the upgrades.
The Last of Us: Left Behind was highly anticipated due to the critical success of The Last of Us. It was acclaimed by many reviewers, with particular praise for its story, characterization, and depiction of female and LGBT characters. It won several year-end accolades from multiple gaming publications.
Contents
1 Gameplay
2 Plot
3 Development
4 Reception
4.1 Critical response
4.2 Awards
5 References
6 External links
Gameplay[edit]
See also: Gameplay of The Last of Us
The Last of Us: Left Behind is similar to the basic gameplay of The Last of Us. It is an action-adventure survival horror game that uses a third-person perspective. The game involves gunfights, melee combat and a cover system.[1] Players control Ellie. An added feature in combat is the ability to focus the attention of the Infected towards human enemies, by throwing objects to distract them. This results in a lower number of enemies to encounter, giving players a tactical advantage.[2] Throughout the game, players encounter locations and activities around the mall, such as a carousel, photo booth, video arcade, mask store and water guns. All of these locations and activities have some level of interactivity, allowing players to use them in different ways; for example, the photo booth allows players to select different mannerisms in which to pose for a picture, while using the water guns prompts players to soak Riley.[3]
Plot[edit]
In the aftermath of a fight that leaves Joel (Troy Baker) severely injured, Ellie (Ashley Johnson) searches an abandoned mall for supplies to heal him. She discovers a medical kit in a derelict military helicopter. Making her way back to Joel, Ellie is impeded by the Infected and members of a hostile human group. She fights her way back to the unconscious Joel, treats his open wound, and takes him to find a hideout for the coming winter.
Months earlier, before Ellie meets Joel, Ellie's friend Riley (Yaani King) surprises Ellie at their boarding school after weeks away. She reveals that she has joined the Fireflies, a revolutionary militia group, and takes Ellie to explore an abandoned shopping mall. Riley reveals that she has been assigned to a group of Fireflies in a different city, and broke the rules to see Ellie again. The girls argue, but Ellie eventually tells her that she supports her decision as it is something that Riley has wanted for a long time. Before parting, Riley plugs Ellie's walkman into the sound system and dances with her. Ellie tearfully begs Riley not to leave. Riley rips her dog tags off and Ellie kisses her. Drawn by the noise, the Infected pursue Ellie and Riley; they run, but are bitten. They consider suicide, but choose to spend their final hours together.
Development[edit]
Neil Druckmann worked as the creative director on The Last of Us: Left Behind, writing the game's story.
Naughty Dog began developing The Last of Us: Left Behind following the release of The Last of Us in June 2013, with a team about half the size.[4] Following the decision to create single-player downloadable content for the game, the development team immediately decided that the story would focus on the character of Ellie; they found that players of The Last of Us were interested to learn about events in Ellie's life prior to the events of the main game, particularly the events involving Riley Abel, whom Ellie mentioned in The Last of Us. In addition, they found that some players were interested in the events that occurred between the Fall and Winter segments of the main game, in which Ellie cares for an injured Joel. This led to the team deciding to contrast these two events against each other, feeling it would help the story's pacing. Game director Bruce Straley said that the team felt the story justified the development of Left Behind.[5]
Ashley Johnson portrayed Ellie in Left Behind, reprising the role from The Last of Us.
Left Behind was written to focus on the relationship between Ellie and Riley, and to recount the events that defined their later personalities.[6] Riley was chronologically introduced to Ellie in The Last of Us: American Dreams, a comic book written by creative director Neil Druckmann and artist Faith Erin Hicks. The team used the comic as a reference point when developing the relationship between Ellie and Riley, becoming particularly interested in having the chance to see more of their relationship;[5] Druckmann felt that they would not have developed Left Behind if American Dreams hadn't been written.[3] Druckmann felt that the story of Joel and Ellie's relationship in The Last of Us dealt with survival, loyalty and love, and that Ellie and Riley's relationship in Left Behind deals with similar themes. Straley felt that the themes involve love, loss and devotion, pondering the extent that one goes to protect those one cares about. Ashley Johnson portrayed Ellie in Left Behind, reprising her role from The Last of Us. To portray Riley, the team cast Yaani King; Johnson has noted that it was interesting to act against someone different, and that King fit the role immediately. King felt intimidated to become part of a large project, and was worried about "fit[ting] in".[5] The team found it interesting to tell the story of Riley, as players of The Last of Us were already aware of the effect that she had on Ellie; Left Behind sees Riley's behavior change Ellie, resulting in the latter's focus to fight in order to save those close to her. The team were also interested in Ellie's behavior around Riley; she is perceived as being more playful.[5] In Left Behind, Ellie and Riley share a kiss; the team explored omitting the kiss from the game, but felt that it was imperative to the story, and that it strengthened the relationship.[6] Though initially he only felt that Ellie viewed Riley as an influence, Druckmann later considered her romantic appeal, and decided to explore the concept.[3]
While writing The Last of Us, Druckmann had a general idea of the events that would shape Ellie's identity; when conceiving the story direction for Left Behind, he found that these events were suitable.[6] Druckmann felt that omitting the nature of the argument between Ellie and Riley, which took place prior to the events of the game, allowed players to draw their own conclusions. The team found various sections of the game interesting, such as the references to Facebook and Halloween, as the characters are unaware of their meaning.[3]
The smaller time frame of development for Left Behind gave the team an opportunity to trial mechanics and ideas that they were unable to test on the main game. With the game's combat, an added feature was to allow players to focus the attention of the Infected towards human enemies, allowing an easier escape. The gameplay was also more focused on the characters, as opposed to the combat, to allow players to relate to them more.[5] The gameplay sequences were designed to contrast with other moments of Ellie's life; for example, the water gun fight with Riley is contrasted to the gunfights with enemies.[3] The team found that creating some gameplay mechanics was a challenge, with even fewer combat scenarios in Left Behind than in The Last of Us.[6] The animation of the masks also presented a challenge, due to the number of joints; it took various iterations before the final design was implemented.[3]
The Last of Us: Left Behind was released worldwide for the PlayStation 3 on February 14, 2014 as a downloadable expansion pack to The Last of Us.[7] It was later bundled with The Last of Us Remastered, an updated version of the game released for the PlayStation 4 on July 29, 2014.[a] It was released as a standalone expansion pack for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 on May 12, 2015.[11]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Reception
Aggregate score
Aggregator
Score
Metacritic 88/100[12]
Review scores
Publication
Score
CVG 7/10[13]
EGM 8.5/10[14]
Eurogamer 10/10[15]
Game Informer 8.75/10[16]
GameSpot 9/10[17]
IGN 9/10[2]
Polygon 8/10[18]
VideoGamer.com 7/10[19]
The Last of Us: Left Behind was released to critical acclaim. Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating in the 0–100 range, calculated an average score of 88 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews", based on 69 reviews.[12] Reviewers praised the character development, story and subtext, gameplay and combat, and depiction of female and LGBT characters.
Tom Mc Shea of GameSpot found the story insightful,[17] and IGN's Colin Moriarty named it one of the game's standout features.[2] Matt Helgeson of Game Informer wrote that the writing "shines", and that it significantly assisted with the development of the characters.[16] Henry Gilbert of GamesRadar felt that the story was "intermittently intense, tragic, humorous, and even poignant".[20] Polygon's Samit Sarkar wrote that Left Behind "serves as a terrific side story" to the main game, but is "even more impressive" when taken on its own merits.[21] Nick Cowen of Computer and Video Games found the story "less satisfying" than The Last of Us due to its lack of new details about Ellie, but declared it "action-packed and enjoyable" nonetheless.[13]
The characters—particularly the relationship between Ellie and Riley—received acclaim. Polygon's Philip Kollar appreciated the game's ability to portray realistic female characters, noting that they "aren't easy stereotypes",[18] while GameSpot's Mc Shea felt new appreciation for Ellie by seeing her actions around Riley.[17] Helgeson of Game Informer welcomed the addition of Riley, noting that she is "played with the same level of emotional depth and subtlety" as other characters.[16] The Daily Telegraph's Tim Martin praised the "interplay" between the Ellie and Riley,[22] and Eurogamer's Stace Harman felt that the game improves the understanding of Joel and Ellie's relationship.[15] The character performances also received praise,[15][16] with IGN's Moriarty and Kotaku's Kirk Hamilton noting that the game improved as a result.[2][23]
Ellie and Riley share a kiss. This scene received a few positive reactions from critics, who called it a "breakthrough moment" for video games.[24]
The game received some positive reactions in relation to its depiction of LGBT characters. The kiss shared by Ellie and Riley was described by Kotaku's Hamilton as "video gaming's latest breakthrough moment", declaring it "a big deal".[24] Keza MacDonald of IGN wrote that the kiss was "so beautiful and natural and funny that [she] was left dumbstruck".[25] Edward Smith of International Business Times felt that the kiss was "the first example of intimacy in a videogame that's meant anything", recognizing it as "an expression of both burgeoning teen sexuality and of ... friendship".[26] Amplify, a project of the non-profit advocacy group Advocates for Youth, reported that the kiss had attracted criticism from some players.[27]
Many reviewers found the gameplay and combat a refreshing difference from other games. Eurogamer's Harman commended the game's ability to link the gameplay to the story, noting that it adds "diversity and dynamism".[15] Helgeson of Game Informer praised the additional gameplay feature allowing players to force fights among the Infected and human enemies, naming such sequences "engaging",[16] while Martin of The Daily Telegraph appreciated the game's ability to contextualize the combat sequences.[22] However, some critics felt negatively about a gameplay sequence occurring late in the game, which requires players to kill a large number of enemies;[18] GameSpot's Mc Shea noted that it felt "unnatural",[17] and IGN's Moriarty called it "forced".[2] Electronic Gaming Monthly's Eric L. Patterson wrote that players will feel "disappointed" if they play the game "more for the gameplay than the story".[14]
The world and environments of the game drew acclaim from many reviewers. Polygon's Kollar called the game's locations "beautiful",[18] while Eurogamer's Harman wrote that the level design significantly improved the environments.[15] Moriarty of IGN praised the setting within the mall, due to its regularity in "the real, pre-apocalyptic world".[2] Mc Shea of GameSpot also felt that the game's focus on exploration allowed the "well-realized environments [to] breathe",[17] and Martin of The Daily Telegraph noted that Ellie's body size allowed for "quieter and faster" movement throughout the environments.[22]
Awards[edit]
The Last of Us: Left Behind received multiple nominations and awards from gaming publications. Following its release, GameSpot awarded Left Behind Game of the Month for February 2014.[28] For the year 2014, the game was review aggregator GameRankings' highest-rated PlayStation 3 game,[29] and Metacritic's third highest-rated PlayStation 3 game.[30] GameSpot nominated the game for Game of the Year,[31] and awarded it PS3 Game of the Year.[32] It also received Most Valuable Add-On Content at the SXSW Gaming Awards,[33] and Best DLC from Hardcore Gamer.[34] The game's story received awards at the 11th British Academy Video Games Awards,[35] IGN AU Black Beta Select Awards 2014,[36] and the 67th Writers Guild of America Awards;[37] the game's ending also won Best Memorable Moment from IGN Australia.[36] The character of Ellie received Most Valuable Character at the SXSW Gaming Awards, while Ashley Johnson's performance as the character won an award at the British Academy Video Games Awards.[35] The game was also recognized as being innovative; it was nominated for the Games for Change award at The Game Awards 2014,[38] as well as the Matthew Crump Cultural Innovation Award at the SXSW Gaming Awards.[33]
References[edit]
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b The Last of Us Remastered was released on different dates, dependent on territory: July 29, 2014 in North America; July 30, 2014 in Europe, Australia and New Zealand; and August 1, 2014 in the United Kingdom and Ireland.[8][9][10]
Footnotes
Jump up ^ Wells, Evan (December 10, 2011). "Naughty Dog Reveals The Last of Us at 2011 VGAs". PlayStation Blog. Sony Computer Entertainment. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Moriarty, Colin (February 14, 2014). "The Last of Us: Left Behind Review". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Hudson, Laura (February 18, 2014). "Inside the Mind Behind the Brilliant New Last of Us DLC". Wired. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on March 3, 2015. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Zeldin, Ashley; Druckmann, Neil; Cambier, Ricky; Newman, Anthony (April 3, 2014). The Last of Us design panel. International Game Developers Association. Santa Monica. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved May 9, 2015. I would say it's less than half the team that worked on the main game. We started on it as we were wrapping up The Last of Us.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Naughty Dog (2014). From Dreams - The Making The Last of Us: Left Behind. Sony Computer Entertainment. Archived from the original on March 1, 2015. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mc Shea, Tom (February 18, 2014). "The Last of Us Developers Talk Left Behind DLC [SPOILERS]". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on July 17, 2015. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Matthew (February 10, 2014). "Games out this week: Lightning Returns, The Last of Us Left Behind DLC". Digital Spy. Hearst Corporation. Archived from the original on January 16, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mathé, Charlotte; Reynolds, Matthew (July 1, 2014). "Games out this month: 10 biggest releases for July". Digital Spy. Hearst Corporation. Archived from the original on February 8, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ LeJacq, Yannick (June 10, 2014). "The Last Of Us Is Coming To The PS4 On July 30". Kotaku. Gawker Media. Archived from the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ashraf, Jawad (July 30, 2014). "New on PlayStation Store: The Last of Us Remastered, Rogue Legacy, more". PlayStation Blog. Sony Computer Entertainment. Archived from the original on September 8, 2017. Retrieved July 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Meyer, Arne (May 1, 2015). "The Last of Us: Left Behind launches as a standalone download this month". PlayStation Blog. Sony Computer Entertainment. Archived from the original on May 1, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Last of Us: Left Behind for PlayStation 3 Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Cowen, Nick (February 14, 2014). "Review: The Last of Us Left Behind is poignant but paltry". Computer and Video Games. Future plc. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Patterson, Eric L. (February 13, 2014). "EGM Review: The Last of Us: Left Behind". Electronic Gaming Monthly. EMG Media, LLC. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Harman, Stace (February 14, 2014). "The Last of Us: Left Behind review". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Helgeson, Matt (February 14, 2014). "An Emotional Look Into Ellie's Past - The Last of Us: Left Behind". Game Informer. GameStop. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Mc Shea, Tom (February 13, 2014). "The Last of Us: Left Behind Review". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on July 17, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kollar, Philip (February 14, 2014). "The Last of Us: Left Behind review: friends till the end". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Miller, Simon (February 14, 2014). "The Last of Us: Left Behind Review". VideoGamer.com. Pro-G Media. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Henry (February 14, 2014). "The Last of Us: Left Behind review". GamesRadar. Future plc. Archived from the original on April 18, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sarkar, Samit (December 31, 2014). "2014 in review: The Last of Us: Left Behind was the best two hours of the year". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Martin, Tim (March 1, 2014). "The Last of Us: Left Behind review". The Daily Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hamilton, Kirk (February 14, 2014). "The Last of Us: Left Behind: The Kotaku Review". Kotaku. Gawker Media. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Hamilton, Kirk (February 17, 2014). "Video Gaming's Latest Breakthrough Moment". Kotaku. Gawker Media. Archived from the original on March 2, 2015. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ MacDonald, Keza (February 19, 2014). "The Significance of The Last of Us: Left Behind". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on March 2, 2015. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Smith, Edward (February 17, 2014). "The Last of Us: Left Behind Review". International Business Times. IBT Media. Archived from the original on April 18, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Le, Hannah (June 2, 2014). "The Last of Us: Gamers Left Behind in Bigotry". Amplify. Advocates for Youth. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Game of the Month - February 2014 - The Last of Us: Left Behind - Game of the Year 2014". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on July 17, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Browse and Search Games — Highest Rated PlayStation 3 Video Games for 2014". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Best PlayStation 3 Video Games for 2014". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Game of the Year 2014". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. December 18, 2014. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "PS3 Game of the Year - The Last of Us: Left Behind". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. December 19, 2014. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Blase, Aurora (March 14, 2015). "Congratulations to the 2015 SXSW Gaming Award Winners!". South by Southwest. Archived from the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hardcore Gamer Staff (December 27, 2014). "Best of 2014 – Day Eight: Action, Shooter, DLC, Multiplatform". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on May 21, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Nutt, Christian (March 12, 2015). "BAFTA Awards honors Destiny, Monument Valley, and David Braben". Gamasutra. UBM plc. Archived from the original on March 13, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Black Beta Select Awards 2014". IGN. Ziff Davis. February 20, 2015. Archived from the original on March 4, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "WGA Award Winners & More — 2014 Writers Guild Awards". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Media Corporation. February 14, 2015. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved February 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Futter, Mike (December 5, 2014). "Here Are The Winners Of The Game Awards 2014". Game Informer. GameStop. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
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List of national constitutions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The following is a list of existing national constitutions by country, semi-recognized countries, and by codification.
Contents
[hide]
1 Codified constitutions (most recently adopted, remaining in use today)
1.1 Sovereign states
1.2 Partially recognized countries
1.3 Dependent territories
2 Uncodified constitutions
3 Constitutions of former countries
4 See also
5 References
Codified constitutions (most recently adopted, remaining in use today)[edit]
Sovereign states[edit]
State
Date
Afgh ! Constitution of Afghanistan 000000002004-01-04-0000January 4, 2004
Alban ! Constitution of Albania 000000001998-11-28-0000November 28, 1998
Alger ! Constitution of Algeria 000000001963-09-08-0000September 8, 1963
Andor ! Constitution of Andorra 000000001993-02-02-0000February 2, 1993
Angol ! Constitution of Angola 000000002010-01-21-0000January 21, 2010
Argent ! Constitution of Argentina 000000001853-05-01-0000May 1, 1853
Armen ! Constitution of Armenia 000000001995-07-05-0000July 5, 1995
Austral ! Constitution of Australia 000000001901-01-01-0000January 1, 1901
Austria ! Constitution of Austria 000000001920-10-01-0000October 1, 1920
Azerb ! Constitution of Azerbaijan 000000001995-11-12-0000November 12, 1995
Bangla ! Constitution of Bangladesh 000000001972-12-16-0000December 16, 1972
Bahra ! Constitution of Bahrain 000000002002-02-14-0000February 14, 2002
Barba ! Constitution of Barbados 000000001966-11-30-0000November 30, 1966
Belar ! Constitution of Belarus 000000001994-03-15-0000March 15, 1994
Beliz ! Constitution of Belize 000000001981-09-21-0000September 21, 1981
Benin ! Constitution of Benin 000000001990-12-02-0000December 2, 1990
Belg ! Constitution of Belgium 000000001831-02-07-0000February 7, 1831
Boliv ! Constitution of Bolivia 000000002009-02-07-0000February 7, 2009
Bosnia ! Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina 000000001995-12-14-0000December 14, 1995
Botsw ! Constitution of Botswana 000000001966-09-30-0000September 30, 1966
Bhutan ! Constitution of Bhutan 000000002008-07-18-0000July 18, 2008
Brazil ! Constitution of Brazil 000000001988-10-05-0000October 5, 1988
Bulgar ! Constitution of Bulgaria 000000001991-07-12-0000July 12, 1991
Burma ! Constitution of Burma 000000002008-05-29-0000May 29, 2008
Burun ! Constitution of Burundi 000000001992-03-09-0000March 9, 1992
Camer ! Constitution of Cameroon 000000001996-01-18-0000January 18, 1996
Canada ! Constitution of Canada 000000001867-07-01-0000July 1, 1867
Chad ! Constitution of Chad 000000001996-03-31-0000March 31, 1996
Chile ! Constitution of Chile 000000001981-03-11-0000March 11, 1981
China ! Constitution of the People's Republic of China 000000001982-12-04-0000December 4, 1982
Colom ! Constitution of Colombia 000000001991-07-04-0000July 4, 1991
Congo D ! Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 000000002006-02-18-0000February 18, 2006
Costa R ! Constitution of Costa Rica 000000001949-11-07-0000November 7, 1949
Croatia ! Constitution of Croatia 000000001990-12-22-0000December 22, 1990
Cuba ! Constitution of Cuba 000000001976-02-24-0000February 24, 1976
Cyprus ! Constitution of Cyprus 000000001960-08-16-0000August 16, 1960
Czech ! Constitution of the Czech Republic 000000001992-12-16-0000December 16, 1992
Denm ! Constitution of Denmark 000000001849-06-05-0000June 5, 1849
Dominican R ! Constitution of the Dominican Republic 000000002010-01-26-0000January 26, 2010
Djibou ! Constitution of Djibouti 000000001992-09-15-0000September 15, 1992
East Tim ! Constitution of East Timor 000000002002-05-20-0000May 20, 2002
Ecuad ! Constitution of Ecuador 000000002008-10-20-0000October 20, 2008
El Salv ! Constitution of El Salvador 000000001983-12-20-0000December 20, 1983
Egypt ! Constitution of Egypt 000000002014-01-18-0000January 18, 2014
Equat ! Constitution of Equatorial Guinea 000000001991-11-17-0000November 17, 1991
Eritr ! Constitution of Eritrea 000000001997-05-23-0000May 23, 1997
Eston ! Constitution of Estonia 000000001992-06-28-0000June 28, 1992
Ethiop ! Constitution of Ethiopia 000000001995-08-21-0000August 21, 1995
Fiji ! Constitution of Fiji 000000002013-09-06-0000September 6, 2013
Finl ! Constitution of Finland 000000002000-03-01-0000March 1, 2000
France ! Constitution of France 000000001958-10-04-0000October 4, 1958
Gambia ! Constitution of the Gambia 000000001997-01-16-0000January 16, 1997
Georg ! Constitution of Georgia 000000001995-08-24-0000August 24, 1995
Germa ! Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany 000000001949-05-08-0000May 8, 1949
Ghana ! Constitution of Ghana 000000001992-04-28-0000April 28, 1992
Greec ! Constitution of Greece 000000001975-06-11-0000June 11, 1975
Guate ! Constitution of Guatemala 000000001986-01-14-0000January 14, 1986
Guyan ! Constitution of Guyana 000000001980-10-06-0000October 6, 1980
Haiti ! Constitution of Haiti 000000002012-06-20-0000June 20, 2012
Hunga ! Constitution of Hungary 000000002011-04-18-0000April 18, 2011
Hondu ! Constitution of Honduras 000000001982-01-20-0000January 20, 1982
Icela ! Constitution of Iceland 000000001944-06-17-0000June 17, 1944
India ! Constitution of India 000000001950-01-26-0000January 26, 1950
Indones ! Constitution of Indonesia 000000001945-08-18-0000August 18, 1945
Iran ! Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran 000000001979-12-03-0000December 3, 1979
Iraq ! Constitution of Iraq 000000002005-10-15-0000October 15, 2005
Irela ! Constitution of Ireland 000000001937-12-29-0000December 29, 1937
Italy ! Constitution of Italy 000000001947-12-22-0000December 22, 1947
Ivory ! Constitution of Ivory Coast 000000002016-11-08-0000November 8, 2016
Jamai ! Constitution of Jamaica 000000001962-01-01-0000January 1, 1962
Japan ! Japan Constitution 000000001947-05-03-0000May 3, 1947
Jordan ! Constitution of Jordan 000000001952-01-11-0000January 11, 1952
Kazak ! Constitution of Kazakhstan 000000001995-08-30-0000August 30, 1995
Kenya ! Constitution of Kenya 000000002010-08-27-0000August 27, 2010
Kyrgyz ! Constitution of Kyrgyzstan 000000002010-06-27-0000June 27, 2010
Korea R ! Constitution of the Republic of Korea 000000001948-07-17-0000July 17, 1948
Korea DPR ! Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea 000000001972-12-25-0000December 25, 1972
Kuwait ! Constitution of Kuwait 000000001962-11-11-0000November 11, 1962
Laos ! Constitution of Laos 000000001991-08-14-0000August 14, 1991
Latvia ! Constitution of Latvia 000000001922-11-07-0000November 7, 1922
Leban ! Constitution of Lebanon 000000001926-05-23-0000May 23, 1926
Luxem ! Constitution of Luxembourg 000000001868-10-17-0000October 17, 1868
Liber ! Constitution of Liberia 000000001986-01-06-0000January 6, 1986
Libya ! Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration 000000002011-08-03-0000August 3, 2011
Lithu ! Constitution of Lithuania 000000001992-10-25-0000October 25, 1992
Liecht ! Constitution of Liechtenstein 000000001921-10-05-0000October 5, 1921
Macedon ! Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia 000000001991-11-17-0000November 17, 1991
Madaga ! Constitution of Madagascar 000000002010-11-14-0000November 14, 2010
Malay ! Federal Constitution of Malaysia 000000001957-08-27-0000August 27, 1957
Maldiv ! Constitution of the Maldives 000000002008-08-07-0000August 7, 2008
Mali ! Constitution of Mali 000000001992-01-12-0000January 12, 1992
Malta ! Constitution of Malta 000000001964-09-21-0000September 21, 1964
Mauritan ! Constitution of Mauritania 000000001991-07-12-0000July 12, 1991
Mauritiu ! Constitution of Mauritius 000000001968-03-12-0000March 12, 1968
Mexico ! Constitution of Mexico 000000001917-02-05-0000February 5, 1917
Microne ! Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia 000000001978-10-01-0000October 1, 1978
Moldov ! Constitution of Moldova 000000001994-07-29-0000July 29, 1994
Monaco ! Constitution of Monaco 000000001962-12-17-0000December 17, 1962
Mongol ! Constitution of Mongolia 000000001992-01-13-0000January 13, 1992
Monten ! Constitution of Montenegro 000000002007-10-19-0000October 19, 2007
Moroc ! Constitution of Morocco 000000001962-12-14-0000December 14, 1962
Namib ! Constitution of Namibia 000000001990-02-09-0000February 9, 1990
Nauru ! Constitution of Nauru 000000001968-01-31-0000January 31, 1968
Netherl ! Constitution of the Netherlands[1] 000000001815-03-29-0000March 29, 1815
Nepal ! Constitution of Nepal 000000002015-09-20-0000September 20, 2015
Nicar ! Constitution of Nicaragua 000000001987-01-01-0000January 1, 1987
Niger ! Constitution of Niger 000000002010-11-25-0000November 25, 2010
Nigeria ! Constitution of Nigeria 000000001999-05-29-0000May 29, 1999
Norw ! Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway 000000001814-05-17-0000May 17, 1814
Oman ! Basic Statute of Oman 000000001996-11-06-0000November 6, 1996[2]
Pakis ! Constitution of Pakistan 000000001973-08-14-0000August 14, 1973
Paragu ! Constitution of Paraguay 000000001992-06-20-0000June 20, 1992
Palest ! Palestinian National Covenant 000000001964-05-28-0000May 28, 1964
Panam ! Constitution of Panama 000000001972-10-11-0000October 11, 1972
Papua ! Constitution of Papua New Guinea 000000001975-09-16-0000September 16, 1975
Peru ! Constitution of Peru 000000001993-12-31-0000December 31, 1993
Phili ! Constitution of the Philippines 000000001987-02-02-0000February 2, 1987
Polan ! Constitution of Poland 000000001997-04-02-0000April 2, 1997
Portug ! Portuguese Constitution 000000001976-04-25-0000April 25, 1976
Roman ! Romanian Constitution 000000001991-11-21-0000November 21, 1991
Russi ! Constitution of Russia 000000001993-12-12-0000December 12, 1993
Rwand ! Constitution of Rwanda 000000002003-05-26-0000May 26, 2003
Samoa ! Constitution of Samoa 000000001960-10-28-0000October 28, 1960
Saint ! Constitution of Saint Kitts and Nevis 000000001983-06-23-0000June 23, 1983
Senega ! Constitution of Senegal 000000002001-01-01-0000January 1, 2001
Serb ! Constitution of Serbia 000000002006-11-08-0000November 8, 2006
Singap ! Constitution of Singapore 000000001965-08-09-0000August 9, 1965
Slovak ! Constitution of Slovakia 000000001992-10-01-0000October 1, 1992
Sloven ! Constitution of Slovenia 000000001991-12-23-0000December 23, 1991
Somali ! Constitution of Somalia 000000002012-08-01-0000August 1, 2012
South Af ! Constitution of South Africa 000000001997-02-04-0000February 4, 1997
South Su ! Constitution of South Sudan 000000002011-07-09-0000July 9, 2011
Spain ! Constitution of Spain 000000001978-12-06-0000December 6, 1978
Sri Lan ! Constitution of Sri Lanka 000000001978-09-07-0000September 7, 1978
Sudan ! Constitution of Sudan 000000002005-07-09-0000July 9, 2005
Surina ! Constitution of Suriname 000000001987-09-30-0000September 30, 1987
Swede ! Constitution of Sweden 000000001974-01-01-00001974
Switz ! Swiss Federal Constitution 000000001999-04-18-0000April 18, 1999
Syria ! Constitution of Syria 000000002012-02-27-0000February 27, 2012
Tajik ! Constitution of Tajikistan 000000001994-11-06-0000November 6, 1994
Tanza ! Constitution of Tanzania 000000001977-04-25-0000April 25, 1977
Thai ! Constitution of Thailand 000000002017-04-06-0000April 6, 2017
Tonga ! Constitution of Tonga 000000001875-11-04-0000November 4, 1875
Tunis ! Constitution of Tunisia 000000002014-01-26-0000January 26, 2014
Turkey ! Constitution of Turkey 000000001982-11-07-0000November 7, 1982
Turkmen ! Constitution of Turkmenistan 000000001992-05-18-0000May 18, 1992
Ugand ! Constitution of Uganda 000000001995-10-08-0000October 8, 1995
Ukrai ! Constitution of Ukraine 000000001996-06-28-0000June 28, 1996
United Ar ! Constitution of the United Arab Emirates 000000001971-12-02-0000December 2, 1971
United St ! Constitution of the United States of America 000000001788-06-21-0000June 21, 1788
Urugu ! Constitution of Uruguay 000000001967-02-15-0000February 15, 1967
Uzbek ! Constitution of Uzbekistan 000000001992-12-08-0000December 8, 1992
Vanua ! Constitution of Vanuatu 000000001980-07-30-0000July 30, 1980
Vatic ! Fundamental Law of Vatican City State 000000002000-11-26-0000November 26, 2000
Venez ! Constitution of Venezuela 000000001999-12-20-0000December 20, 1999
Viet ! Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 000000002013-11-28-0000November 28, 2013
Yeme ! Constitution of Yemen 000000001991-05-16-0000May 16, 1991
Zimba ! Constitution of Zimbabwe 000000002013-05-09-0000May 9, 2013
Partially recognized countries[edit]
Country
Date
Abkh ! Constitution of Abkhazia 000000001999-10-03-0000October 3, 1999
China ! Constitution of the Republic of China 000000001947-12-25-0000December 25, 1947
Kosovo ! Constitution of Kosovo 000000002008-06-15-0000June 15, 2008
Nagorn ! Constitution of Artsakh 000000002006-12-10-0000December 10, 2006
Northern Cy ! Constitution of Northern Cyprus 000000001985-05-05-0000May 5, 1985
Sahraw ! Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 000000001976-08-01-0000August 1976
Somali ! Constitution of Somaliland 000000002001-05-31-0000May 31, 2001
South Os ! Constitution of South Ossetia 000000002001-04-08-0000April 8, 2001
Transn ! Constitution of Transnistria 000000001996-01-17-0000January 17, 1996
Dependent territories[edit]
Territory
Date
American Sa ! Constitution of American Samoa 000000001960-10-17-0000October 17, 1960
Arub ! Constitution of Aruba 000000001986-01-01-0000January 1, 1986
British Vi ! Constitution of the British Virgin Islands 000000002007-06-15-0000June 15, 2007
Curac ! Constitution of Curaçao 000000002010-10-10-0000October 10, 2010
Falkl ! Constitution of the Falkland Islands 000000002009-01-01-0000January 1, 2009
Gibra ! Constitution of Gibraltar 000000002007-01-02-0000January 2, 2007
Hong ! Hong Kong Basic Law 000000001990-04-04-0000April 4, 1990
Macau ! Macau Basic Law 000000001999-12-20-0000December 20, 1999
Niue ! Niue Constitution Act 000000001974-10-19-0000October 19, 1974
Northern Ma ! Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Constitution 000000001978-01-01-0000January 1, 1978
Puerto ! Constitution of Puerto Rico 000000001952-07-25-0000July 25, 1952
Sint Ma ! Constitution of Sint Maarten 000000002010-10-10-0000October 10, 2010
Turks ! Constitution of the Turks and Caicos Islands 000000002012-10-15-0000October 15, 2012
Uncodified constitutions[edit]
An uncodified constitution is one where not all elements are written into law: typically some elements, such as constitutional conventions, are not written into law, although such elements are almost always written down (perhaps across multiple documents and/or publications), although written in documents that are not enforceable in law.
Constitution of Canada
Basic Laws of Israel
Constitution of New Zealand
Constitution of San Marino
Basic Law of Saudi Arabia (however, the Basic Law declares the Qur'an to be the Constitution of Saudi Arabia)
Constitution of the United Kingdom
Constitutions of former countries[edit]
Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawai'i (1852)
Catalan Constitutions
Confederate States Constitution
Constitution of Czechoslovakia
Constitution of the Irish Free State
Constitution of Poland-Lithuania (1791)
Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland
Constitution of Prussia (1848)
Constitution of Prussia (1850)
Constitution of Prussia (1920)
Constitution of Russian Empire
Constitution of the Republic of Texas
Constitution of the Soviet Union
Constitution of Vermont Republic
Constitution of Yugoslavia
Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro
Corsican Constitution
East German constitutions
Ottoman constitution of 1876
Weimar Constitution
See also[edit]
Constitutional law
Constitution Day
State constitution (United States)
Constitutional documents
References[edit]
Wikisource has original works on the topic: Constitutional documents
Jump up ^ Subordinated to the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Jump up ^ "Basic Statute of the State" (PDF). Royal Decree 101/96. Ministry of Legal Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_constitutions&oldid=814806796"
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