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List of men's footballers with 500 or more goals
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In top-level football, 27 players have scored 500 or more goals over the course of their career, according to research by the Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Only players who were active in top division football for all or most of their careers are considered. The ranking below takes into account goals scored in official matches played with national teams at all age levels and clubs in all divisions.[1]
Ranking[edit]
Key
Unverified data is excluded from players' data; goal and match totals may be higher.
Players in bold are currently active; data is accurate as of 21 April 2018.[2][3]
Rank
Player
Goals
Matches
Ratio
Years
1 Bican, JosefJosef Bican (CZE) 805 530 1.52 1931–1955
2 Romário (BRA) 772 994 0.78 1985–2007
3 Pelé (BRA) 767 831 0.92 1957–1977
4 Puskás, FerencFerenc Puskás (HUN) 746 754 0.99 1943–1966
5 Müller, GerdGerd Müller (GER) 735 793 0.92 1962–1981
6 Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo (POR) 670 941 0.71 2001–present
7 Messi, LionelLionel Messi (ARG) 635 811 0.78 2003–present
8 Deák, FerencFerenc Deák (HUN) 576 1940–1957
9 Seeler, UweUwe Seeler (GER) 575 649 0.89 1953–1978
Maravilha, TúlioTúlio Maravilha (BRA) 575 — 1988–2012
11 Friedenreich, ArthurArthur Friedenreich (BRA) 557 1909–1935
12 Willimowski, ErnstErnst Willimowski (POL) 554 — 1934–1955
13 Eusébio (POR) 552 — 1957–1979
14 McGrory, JimmyJimmy McGrory (SCO) 550 — 1922–1937
15 Binder, FranzFranz Binder (AUT) 546 — 1949–1976
16 Peyroteo, FernandoFernando Peyroteo (POR) 544 354 1.54 1937–1949
17 Sánchez, HugoHugo Sánchez (MEX) 541 — 1976–1997
18 Walter, FritzFritz Walter (GER) 539 — 1937–1959
19 Takács, JózsefJózsef Takács (HUN) 523 — 1917–1934
20 Zsengellér, GyulaGyula Zsengellér (HUN) 522 — 1935–1953
Zico (BRA) 522 — 1971–1994
22 Di Stéfano, AlfredoAlfredo Di Stéfano (ARG) 514 — 1945–1966
Krankl, HansHans Krankl (AUT) 514 — 1970–1989
24 Nordahl, GunnarGunnar Nordahl (SWE) 513 — 1937–1958
25 Dinamite, RobertoRoberto Dinamite (BRA) 512 — 1971–1993
26 Greaves, JimmyJimmy Greaves (ENG) 511 — 1957–1980
27 Bene, FerencFerenc Bene (HUN) 508 — 1961–1978
Source: Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation[1]
See also[edit]
List of men's footballers with 50 or more international goals
List of footballers with most goals in World Cup qualifiers
List of footballers with the most official appearances
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Kolos, Vladimir (21 January 2016). "Prolific Scorers Data: Best Goalscorers All-Time (Official Matches)". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Matches of Cristiano Ronaldo". Soccerway. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Matches of L. Messi". Soccerway. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
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Fragmentation (computing)
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For file system fragmentation, see File system fragmentation.
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In computer storage, fragmentation is a phenomenon in which storage space is used inefficiently, reducing capacity or performance and often both. The exact consequences of fragmentation depend on the specific system of storage allocation in use and the particular form of fragmentation. In many cases, fragmentation leads to storage space being "wasted", and in that case the term also refers to the wasted space itself. For other systems (e.g. the FAT file system) the space used to store given data (e.g. files) is the same regardless of the degree of fragmentation (from none to extreme).
There are three different but related forms of fragmentation: external fragmentation, internal fragmentation, and data fragmentation, which can be present in isolation or conjunction. Fragmentation is often accepted in return for improvements in speed or simplicity. Analogous phenomena occur for other resources such as processors; see below.
Contents
[hide]
1 Basic principle
2 Types of fragmentation
2.1 Internal fragmentation
2.2 External fragmentation
2.3 Data fragmentation
3 Overview
4 Problems
4.1 Allocation failure
4.2 Performance degradation
5 Analogous phenomena
6 See also
7 References
Basic principle[edit]
When a computer program requests blocks of memory from the computer system, the blocks are allocated in chunks. When the computer program is finished with a chunk, it can free the chunk back to the system, making it available to later be allocated again to another or the same program. The size and the amount of time a chunk is held by a program varies. During its lifespan, a computer program can request and free many chunks of memory.
When a program is started, the free memory areas are long and contiguous. Over time and with use, the long contiguous regions become fragmented into smaller and smaller contiguous areas. Eventually, it may become impossible for the program to obtain large contiguous chunks of memory.
Types of fragmentation[edit]
Internal fragmentation[edit]
Due to the rules governing memory allocation, more computer memory is sometimes allocated than is needed. For example, memory can only be provided to programs in chunks divisible by 4, 8 or 16, and as a result if a program requests perhaps 23 bytes, it will actually get a chunk of 32 bytes. When this happens, the excess memory goes to waste. In this scenario, the unusable memory is contained within an allocated region. This arrangement, termed fixed partitions, suffers from inefficient memory use - any process, no matter how small, occupies an entire partition. This waste is called internal fragmentation.[1][2]
Unlike other types of fragmentation, internal fragmentation is difficult to reclaim; usually the best way to remove it is with a design change. For example, in dynamic memory allocation, memory pools drastically cut internal fragmentation by spreading the space overhead over a larger number of objects.
External fragmentation[edit]
External fragmentation arises when free memory is separated into small blocks and is interspersed by allocated memory. It is a weakness of certain storage allocation algorithms, when they fail to order memory used by programs efficiently. The result is that, although free storage is available, it is effectively unusable because it is divided into pieces that are too small individually to satisfy the demands of the application. The term "external" refers to the fact that the unusable storage is outside the allocated regions.
For example, consider a situation wherein a program allocates 3 continuous blocks of memory and then frees the middle block. The memory allocator can use this free block of memory for future allocations. However, it cannot use this block if the memory to be allocated is larger in size than this free block.
External fragmentation also occurs in file systems as many files of different sizes are created, change size, and are deleted. The effect is even worse if a file which is divided into many small pieces is deleted, because this leaves similarly small regions of free spaces.
0x0000
0x1000
0x2000
0x3000
0x4000
0x5000
Comments
Start with all memory available for allocation.
A B C Allocated three blocks A, B, and C, of size 0x1000.
A C Freed block B. Notice that the memory that B used cannot be included for an allocation larger than B's size.
Data fragmentation[edit]
Data fragmentation occurs when a collection of data in memory is broken up into many pieces that are not close together. It is typically the result of attempting to insert a large object into storage that has already suffered external fragmentation.
For example, files in a file system are usually managed in units called blocks or clusters. When a file system is created, there is free space to store file blocks together contiguously. This allows for rapid sequential file reads and writes. However, as files are added, removed, and changed in size, the free space becomes externally fragmented, leaving only small holes in which to place new data. When a new file is written, or when an existing file is extended, the operating system puts the new data in new non-contiguous data blocks to fit into the available holes. The new data blocks are necessarily scattered, slowing access due to seek time and rotational latency of the read/write head, and incurring additional overhead to manage additional locations. This is called file system fragmentation.
When writing a new file of a known size, if there are any empty holes that are larger than that file, the operating system can avoid data fragmentation by putting the file into any one of those holes. There are a variety of algorithms for selecting which of those potential holes to put the file; each of them is a heuristic approximate solution to the bin packing problem. The "best fit" algorithm chooses the smallest hole that is big enough. The "worst fit" algorithm chooses the largest hole. The "first-fit algorithm" chooses the first hole that is big enough. The "next fit" algorithm keeps track of where each file was written. The "next fit" algorithm is faster than "first fit", which is in turn faster than "best fit", which is the same speed as "worst fit".[3]
Just as compaction can eliminate external fragmentation, data fragmentation can be eliminated by rearranging data storage so that related pieces are close together. For example, the primary job of a defragmentation tool is to rearrange blocks on disk so that the blocks of each file are contiguous. Most defragmenting utilities also attempt to reduce or eliminate free space fragmentation. Some moving garbage collectors will also move related objects close together (this is called compacting) to improve cache performance.
There are 4 kinds of systems that never experience data fragmentation—they always store every file contiguously. All 4 kinds have significant disadvantages compared to systems that allow at least some temporary data fragmentation:
Simply write each file contiguously, as with CD-R. If there isn't already enough contiguous free space to hold the file, the system immediately fails to store the file—even when there are lots of little bits of free space from deleted files that add up to more than enough to store the file.
If there isn't already enough contiguous free space to hold the file, use a copying collector to convert many little bits of free space into one contiguous free region big enough to hold the file. This takes a lot more time than breaking the file up into fragments and putting those fragments into the available free space.
fixed-size blocks allocation: write the file into any free block. If a programmer picks a fixed block size too small, the system immediately fails to store some files—files larger than the block size—even when there are many free blocks that add up to more than enough to store the file. If a programmer picks a block size too big, we waste a lot of space on internal fragmentation.
Some systems avoid dynamic allocation entirely, pre-allocating (contiguous) space for all possible files they will need—for example, MultiFinder pre-allocated a chunk of RAM to each application as it was started according to how much RAM that application's programmer claimed it would need.
Overview[edit]
Compared to external fragmentation, overhead and internal fragmentation account for little loss in terms of wasted memory and reduced performance. It is defined as:
External Memory Fragmentation = 1 − Largest Block Of Free Memory Total Free Memory {\displaystyle {{\text{External Memory Fragmentation}}=1-}{\frac {\text{Largest Block Of Free Memory}}{\text{Total Free Memory}}}}
Fragmentation of 0% means that all the free memory is in a single large block; fragmentation is 90% (for example) when 100 MB free memory is present but largest free block of memory for allocation is just 10 MB.
External fragmentation tends to be less of a problem in file systems than in primary memory (RAM) allocation systems, because programs usually require their RAM allocation requests to be fulfilled with contiguous blocks, but file systems typically are designed to be able use any collection of available blocks (fragments) to assemble a file which logically appears contiguous. Therefore, if a highly fragmented file or many small files are deleted from a full volume and then a new file with size equal to the newly freed space is created, the new file will simply reuse the same fragments that were freed by the deletion. If what was deleted was one file, the new file and will be just as fragmented as that old file was, but in any case there will be no barrier to using all the (highly fragmented) free space to create the new file. In RAM, on the other hand, the allocation systems used often cannot assemble a large block to meet a request from small noncontiguous free blocks, and so the request cannot be fulfilled and the program cannot proceed to do whatever it needed that memory for (unless it can reissue the request as a number of smaller separate requests).
Problems[edit]
Allocation failure[edit]
The most severe problem caused by fragmentation is causing a process or system to fail, due to premature resource exhaustion: if a contiguous allocation is needed and cannot be satisfied, failure occurs. Fragmentation causes this to occur even if there is enough of the resource, but not a contiguous amount. For example, if a computer has 4 GiB of memory and 2 GiB are free, but the memory is fragmented in an alternating sequence of 1 MiB used, 1 MiB free, then a request for 1 contiguous GiB of memory cannot be satisfied even though 2 GiB total are free.
In order to avoid this, the allocator may, instead of failing, trigger a defragmentation (or memory compaction cycle) or other resource reclamation, such as a major garbage collection cycle, in the hope that it will then be able to satisfy the request. This allows the process to proceed, but can severely impact performance.
Performance degradation[edit]
Fragmentation causes performance degradation for a number of reasons. Most basically, fragmentation increases the work required to allocate and access a resource. For example, on a hard drive or tape drive, sequential data reads are very fast, but seeking to a different address is slow, so reading or writing a fragmented file requires numerous seeks and is thus much slower, in addition to causes greater wear on the device. Further, if a resource is not fragmented, allocation requests can simply be satisfied by returning a single block from the start of the free area. However it is fragmented, the request requires either searching for a large enough free block, which may take a long time, or fulfilling the request by several smaller blocks (if this is possible), which results in this allocation being fragmented, and requiring additional overhead to manage the several pieces.
A subtler problem is that fragmentation may prematurely exhaust a cache, causing thrashing, due to caches holding blocks, not individual data. For example, suppose a program has a working set of 256 KiB, and is running on a computer with a 256 KiB cache (say L2 instruction+data cache), so the entire working set fits in cache and thus executes quickly, at least in terms of cache hits. Suppose further that it has 64 translation lookaside buffer (TLB) entries, each for a 4 KiB page: each memory access requires a virtual-to-physical translation, which is fast if the page is in cache (here TLB). If the working set is unfragmented, then it will fit onto exactly 64 pages (the page working set will be 64 pages), and all memory lookups can be served from cache. However, if the working set is fragmented, then it will not fit into 64 pages, and execution will slow due to thrashing: pages will be repeatedly added and removed from the TLB during operation. Thus cache sizing in system design must include margin to account for fragmentation.
Memory fragmentation is one of the most severe problems faced by system managers.[citation needed] Over time, it leads to degradation of system performance. Eventually, memory fragmentation may lead to complete loss of (application-usable) free memory.
Memory fragmentation is a kernel programming level problem. During real-time computing of applications, fragmentation levels can reach as high as 99%, and may lead to system crashes or other instabilities.[citation needed] This type of system crash can be difficult to avoid, as it is impossible to anticipate the critical rise in levels of memory fragmentation. However, while it may not be possible for a system to continue running all programs in the case of excessive memory fragmentation, a well-designed system should be able to recover from the critical fragmentation condition by moving in memory some memory blocks used by the system itself in order to enable consolidation of free memory into fewer, larger blocks, or, in the worst case, by terminating some programs to free their memory and then defragmenting the resulting sum total of free memory. This will at least avoid a true crash in the sense of system failure and allow the system to continue running some programs, save program data, etc. It is also important to note that fragmentation is a phenomenon of system software design; different software will be susceptible to fragmentation to different degrees, and it is possible to design a system that will never be forced to shut down or kill processes as a result of memory fragmentation.
Analogous phenomena[edit]
While fragmentation is best known as a problem in memory allocation, analogous phenomena occur for other resources, notably processors.[4] For example, in a system that uses time-sharing for preemptive multitasking, but that does not check if a process is blocked, a process that executes for part of its time slice but then blocks and cannot proceed for the remainder of its time slice wastes time because of the resulting internal fragmentation of time slices. More fundamentally, time-sharing itself causes external fragmentation of processes due to running them in fragmented time slices, rather than in a single unbroken run. The resulting cost of process switching and increased cache pressure from multiple processes using the same caches can result in degraded performance.
In concurrent systems, particularly distributed systems, when a group of processes must interact in order to progress, if the processes are scheduled at separate times or on separate machines (fragmented across time or machines), the time spent waiting for each other or in communicating with each other can severely degrade performance. Instead, performant systems require coscheduling of the group.[4]
See also[edit]
Defragmentation
File system fragmentation
Memory management
Block (data storage)
Data cluster
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Partitioning, Partition Sizes and Drive Lettering". The PC Guide. April 17, 2001. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
Jump up ^ "Switches: Sector copy". Symantec. 2001-01-14. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
Jump up ^ D. Samanta. "Classic Data Structures" 2004. p. 76
^ Jump up to: a b Ousterhout, J. K. (1982). "Scheduling Techniques for Concurrent Systems" (PDF). Proceedings of Third International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems. pp. 22–30.
General
http://www.edn.com/design/systems-design/4333346/Handling-memory-fragmentation
http://www.sqlservercentral.com/articles/performance+tuning/performancemonitoringbyinternalfragmentationmeasur/2014/
C++ Footprint and Performance Optimization, R. Alexander; G. Bensley, Sams Publisher, First edition, Page no:128, ISBN no:9780672319044
Ibid, Page no:129
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Torres Strait Regional Authority
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Torres Strait Regional Authority
Coat of arms
The Torres Strait Islands
Capital
Thursday Island
Demonym
Torres Strait Islander
Government
Regional Authority
• Queen
Elizabeth II
• Chair
Joseph Elu
• Chief Executive Officer
Wayne See Kee
Regional Authority
• Established
1 July 1994
The Torres Strait Regional Authority (TSRA) is an Australian Government body established to administer the Torres Strait Islands.The TSRA consists of 20 elected representatives.[1]
The primary function of the Authority is to strengthen the economic, social and cultural development of the peoples of the Torres Strait area. The authority was established in 1994.[2] The TSRA was set up to replace the activities that were previously conducted by the abolished Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission. Nearly two thirds of the authority's funds are spent on employment programs.[2] Most of the remaining funding is spent on housing programs.
The TSRA is part of the Territory Coalition, which is trying to gain official Territory status for the Torres Strait Islands. The plan would see the TSRA and local governments in the area abolished.[3]
Contents
1 The islands
2 Governance
3 History
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
The islands[edit]
The Torres Strait Islands lie to the north of Tropical Queensland's Cape York Peninsula and comprise 274 small islands, of which 17 are inhabited, located in Torres Strait which separates Australia and Papua New Guinea (PNG). Each island community elects a member to the Torres Strait Regional Authority.[4]
Thursday Island (Waiben) and Horn Island (Nurupai) are the most well-known of the Torres Strait Islands. Activities on the islands are quite traditional, with fishing being the major economic activity. To travel to the remote islands (other than Thursday and Horn Islands) permission is required from the Torres Strait Regional Authority.[5]
The five major island groups of the Torres Strait include:
Northern Division (Boigu, Dauan, Saibai)
Eastern Islands (Darnley, Murray, Stephen)
Western Division (St. Pauls, Kubin, Badu, Mabuiag)
Central Division (Yorke, Coconut, Warraber, Yam)
Southern Division (TI and Inner Islands, NPA and Mainland Australia)
Governance[edit]
The TSRA board is led by a Chair of the Torres Strait Regional Authority and Deputy Chair. The current chair is Joseph Elu.[6] The day-to-day functions of the TSRA are carried out by an Administration Department led by a Chief Executive Officer, currently Wayne See Kee.[7]
Chair of the Torres Strait Island Regional Authority:
1 July 1994 – March 1997: Getano Lui, Jr. (b. 1952)
March 1997 – 19 April 2000: John Abednego
19 April 2000 – May 2004: Terry Waia
May 2004 – November 2012: John Toshie Kris
November 2012 – Present: Joseph Elu
History[edit]
Together with the Island Co-ordinating Council (ICC) the TSRA has been active in implementing community based management strategies. The adoption of a Marine Strategy for the monitoring and management of dugong and turtle populations in the seas around the islands was undertaken in 1999.[8] In 2006, successful lobby by the authority and the ICC resulted in the granting of $300,000 from the Federal Government to study the risks of climate change on the six largest Torres Strait Islands.[9] In 2010, after a nine-year legal battle, the TSRA made a successful native title claim to 40,000 km² of sea between Cape York Peninsula and Papua New Guinea.[10] This was the largest native title claim in Australia's history.[11]
See also[edit]
Torres Strait Island Region
List of Australian Commonwealth Government entities
Australia portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Qld councils urged to cooperate". The Age. 26 July 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
^ Jump up to: a b Office of Evaluation and Audit (June 2001). Evaluation of the Torres Strait Regional Authority (PDF). pp. 1–2. Retrieved 22 Oct 2012.
Jump up ^ "TSRA, Councils to go under Territory plan". Torres News. 28 August 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Kaye, Stuart B. (1997). The Torres Strait. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Kluwer Law International. p. 13. ISBN 90-411-0506-9.
Jump up ^ Queensland Destinations – The Torres Strait Islands. Tourism Queensland.
Jump up ^ "TSRA Board Elects Eight Portfolio Members". TSRA. 19 November 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ General Manager Profile Archived 9 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine.. Torres Strait Regional Authority. Retrieved on 3 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Nettheim, Garth; Gary D. Meyers; Donna Craig (2002). Indigenous Peoples and Governance Structures. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press. p. 386. ISBN 0-85575-379-X.
Jump up ^ "Going Under". The Sydney Morning Herald. 12 August 2006. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Nicole Butler (3 July 2010). "Islanders celebrate historic native title decision". ABC Online Indigenous. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Historic native title decision looms". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2 July 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
External links[edit]
Torres Strait Regional Authority
Australian Govt – TRSE website with links to resorts, island, links and details of Gab Titui Cultural Centre.
Details of individual islands and local administration
Flag of the TSRA and map
Dauan Island Indigenous Knowledge Centre
show
v
t
e
List of Torres Strait topics
Torres Strait Islands,
islets, and cays
Bellevue group
Aipus
Cap
Kamutnab
Keatinge
Mabuiag
Pulu
Subur
Warakuikul Talab
Widul
Bourke group
Aukane
Aureed
Kabbikane
Layoak
Mimi
Roberts
Yam
Duncan group
Kanig
Maitak
Meth
Inner group
Port Lihou
Yeta
Manar group
Albany
Bush
Eborac
Ida
Middle Brother
Talbot group
Aubussi
Boigu
Moimi
The Three Sisters group
Bet
Poll
Sue
Yorke group
Keats
Marsden
Rennel
Smith
Ungrouped
Allison
Anchor
Arden
Badu
Barn
Barney
Bond
Booby
Bramble
Browne
Campbell
Canoe
Castle
Coconut
Crab
Dalrymple
Darnley
Dauan
Dayman
Deliverance
Dove
Dugong
Dumaralug
East
East Strait
Entrance
Farewell
Flat
Friday
Gabba
Getullai
Goods
Great Woody
Green
Halfway
Hammond
Hawkesbury
High
Horn
Kaumag
Kerr
Lacey
Little Adolphus
Little Woody
Lowry
Mai
Meddler
Moa
Morilug
Mouinndo
Mount Adolphus
Mount Ernest
Murangi
Murray
Nepean
Nicklin
North
North Possession
North West
Obelisk
Packe
Passage
Pearce
Phipps
Portlock
Prince of Wales
Quoin
Red
Red Wallis
Roko
Saddle
Saibai
Salter
Sassie
Spencer
Stephens
Suarji
Thursday
Tobin
Travers
Tree
Trochus
Tudu
Tukupai
Turnagain
Turtle Head
Turtle
Turu
Twin
Underdown
Wednesday
West
Whale
Woody Wallis
York
Yorke
Zagai
People, culture,
communities and
languages
Notable Torres Strait islanders
Christine Anu
Seaman Dan
Aaron Fa'aoso
Josh Hoffman
Nathan Jawai
Ellen Jose
Robert Lui
Eddie Mabo
Rachael Maza
Patty Mills
Rita Mills
Mills Sisters
Danny Morseu
Tanu Nona
Albert Proud
Wendell Sailor
Sam Thaiday
Brent Webb
Jesse Williams
Culture
Indigenous music of Australia
Mabo (film)
Taba Naba
Communities
Bamaga
Kaurareg
Mabuiag
Meriam (people)
Seisia
Languages
Bine
Eastern Trans-Fly
Gizrra
Kalaw Lagaw Ya
Meriam
Torres Strait Creole
Torres Strait English
Wipi
Governance and
legal matters
Governance
Shire of Torres
Torres Strait Islander Flag
Torres Strait Island Region
Torres Strait Regional Authority
Legal cases and principles
Akiba v Commonwealth
Mabo v Queensland
No 1
No 2
Terra nullius
Buildings and structures
Boigu Island Airport
Booby Island Light
Coconut Island Airport
Darnley Island Airport
Eborac Island Light
Goods Island Light
Kubin Airport
Murray Island Airport
Saibai Island Airport
Warraber Island Airport
Wyborn Reef Light
Yam Island Airport
Yorke Island Airport
Other
Adolphus Channel
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
Birds of Boigu, Saibai and Dauan Islands
Endeavour Strait
Alfred Cort Haddon
Margaret Lawrie
Sea Swift
Warul Kawa Indigenous Protected Area
Category Commons See also: List of Torres Strait Islands
show
v
t
e
Indigenous Australians
Peoples
Aboriginal Australians
Blackfellas
Communities
Groups
Half-castes
Tasmanians
Torres Strait Islanders
Victorians
Western Australians
Individuals
Activists
Musicians
People from politics and public service
Performing artists
Sportspeople
Visual artists
Writers
Culture
Astronomy
Avoidance
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Deadly Awards
Deities
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Enumeration
Flag
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Message stick
NAIDOC Week
National Indigenous Human Rights Awards
Outstation movement
Religion and mythology
Riji
Seasons
Sacred sites
Smoking ceremony
Songlines
Tjurunga
Torres Strait Islands
Woggabaliri
Languages
Avoidance speech
Australian Aboriginal English
Macro-Gunwinyguan languages
Australian Creole
Language groups
Loanwords into English
Palawa
Pama–Nyungan languages
Placenames
Sign languages
Torres Strait Island languages
Organisations
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Aboriginal Medical Service
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Aborigines Progressive Association
AIATSIS
Australian Aboriginal Progress Association
Australian Aborigines' League
Central Land Council
Media
National Congress of Australia's First Peoples
National Indigenous Council
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Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations
Politics
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Sorry Day
TSRA
Bushcraft
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Coolamon
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Food groups
Humpy
Possum-skin cloak
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King plates
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Issues
Crime
Health
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Protected Area
Media portrayal
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