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USS Indianapolis (CA-35)
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For other ships with the same name, see USS Indianapolis.
USS Indianapolis (CA-35), 27 September 1939.
History
United States
Name: Indianapolis
Namesake: City of Indianapolis, Indiana
Ordered: 13 February 1929
Awarded: 15 August 1929
Builder: New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey
Cost: $10,903,200 (contract price)
Laid down: 31 March 1930
Launched: 7 November 1931
Sponsored by: Lucy M. Taggart
Commissioned: 15 November 1932
Identification:
Hull symbol: CL-35
Hull symbol: CA-35
Code letters: NABD
Nickname(s): "Indy"[1]
Honors and
awards: 10 × battle stars
Fate: Torpedoed and sunk, 30 July 1945, by Japanese submarine I-58.
General characteristics (as built)[2]
Class and type: Portland-class cruiser
Displacement: 9,950 long tons (10,110 t) (standard)
Length:
610 ft 3 in (186.00 m) loa
584 ft (178 m) lwl
Beam: 66 ft 1 in (20.14 m)
Draft:
17 ft 4 in (5.28 m) (mean)
24 ft (7.3 m) (max)
Installed power:
8 × White-Forster boilers
107,000 shp (80,000 kW)
Propulsion:
4 × Parsons reduction steam turbines
4 × screws
Speed: 32.7 kn (60.6 km/h; 37.6 mph)
Complement:
95 officers 857 enlisted (as designed)
1,269 officers and men (wartime)
Armament:
9 × 8 in (203 mm)/55 caliber guns (3x3)
8 × 5 in (127 mm)/25 caliber anti-aircraft guns
2 × 3-pounder 47 mm (1.9 in) saluting guns
Armor:
Belt: 3 1⁄4–5 in (83–127 mm)
Deck: 2 1⁄2 in (64 mm)
Barbettes: 1 1⁄2 in (38 mm)
Turrets: 1 1⁄2-2 1⁄2 in
Conning tower: 1 1⁄4 in (32 mm)
Aircraft carried: 4 × floatplanes
Aviation facilities: 2 × Amidship catapults
General characteristics (1945)[3]
Armament:
9 × 8 in/55 caliber guns (3x3)
8 × 5 in/25 caliber anti-aircraft guns
2 × 3-pounder saluting guns
6 × quad 40 mm (1.57 in) Bofors anti-aircraft guns
19 × single 20 mm (0.79 in) Oerlikon anti-aircraft cannons
Aircraft carried: 3 × floatplanes
Aviation facilities: 1 × Amidship catapults (starboard catapult removed in 1945)
USS Indianapolis (CL/CA-35) was a Portland-class heavy cruiser of the United States Navy, named for the city of Indianapolis, Indiana. The vessel served as the flagship for the commander of Scouting Force 1 for eight pre-war years, then as flagship for Admiral Raymond Spruance, in 1943 and 1944, while he commanded the Fifth Fleet in battles across the Central Pacific in World War II.
In 1945, the sinking of Indianapolis led to the greatest single loss of life at sea, from a single ship, in the history of the US Navy. The ship had just finished a high-speed trip to United States Army Air Force Base at Tinian to deliver parts of Little Boy, the first nuclear weapon ever used in combat, and was on her way to the Philippines on training duty. At 0015 on 30 July 1945 the ship was torpedoed by the Imperial Japanese Navy submarine I-58, and sank in 12 minutes. Of 1,195 crewmen aboard, approximately 300 went down with the ship.[4] The remaining 900 faced exposure, dehydration, saltwater poisoning, and shark attacks while floating with few lifeboats and almost no food or water. The Navy learned of the sinking when survivors were spotted four days later by the crew of a PV-1 Ventura on routine patrol. Only 316 survived.[4]
On 19 August 2017, a search team financed by Paul Allen located the wreckage of the sunken cruiser in the Philippine Sea lying at a depth of approximately 18,000 ft (5,500 m).[5]
Contents
1 Construction
2 Interwar period
3 World War II
3.1 New Guinea campaign
3.2 Aleutian Islands campaign
3.3 1943 operations
3.4 1944
3.5 1945
3.6 Secret mission
3.7 Sinking
3.8 Rescue
3.9 Navy failure to learn of the sinking
3.10 Court-martial of Captain McVay
3.11 McVay's record cleared
4 Commanders
5 Awards
6 Discovery of the wreck
7 Reunions
8 In popular culture
9 Memorials
10 See also
11 References
12 Bibliography
13 External links
Construction[edit]
Main article: Portland-class cruiser
Indianapolis was the second of two ships in the Portland class; the third class of "treaty cruisers" constructed by the United States Navy following the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, following the two vessels of the Pensacola class, ordered in 1926, and the six of the Northampton class, ordered in 1927.[6] Ordered for the US Navy in fiscal year 1930. Indianapolis was originally designated as a light cruiser, because of her thin armor, and given the hull classification symbol CL-35. She was reclassified a heavy cruiser, because of her 8-inch (203 mm) guns, with the symbol CA-35 on 1 July 1931, in accordance with the London Naval Treaty.[7]
As built, the Portland-class cruisers were designed for a standard displacement of 10,258 long tons (10,423 t), and a full-load displacement of 12,755 long tons (12,960 t).[8] However, when completed, she did not reach this weight, displacing 9,950 long tons (10,110 t).[9] The ship had two distinctive raked funnels, a tripod foremast, and a small tower and pole mast aft. In 1943, light tripods were added forward of the second funnel on each ship, and a prominent Naval director was installed aft.[9]
The ship had four propeller shafts and four Parsons GT geared turbines and eight White-Forster boilers. The 107,000 shp (80,000 kW) gave a design speed of 32.7 kn (60.6 km/h; 37.6 mph). She was designed for a range of 10,000 nmi (19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at 15 kn (28 km/h; 17 mph).[9] She rolled badly until fitted with a bilge keel.[7]
The cruiser had nine 8-inch/55 caliber Mark 9 guns in three triple mounts, a superfiring pair fore and one aft. For anti-aircraft defense, she had eight 5-inch/25 caliber guns and two QF 3 pounder Hotchkiss guns. In 1945, she received 24 40 mm (1.57 in) Bofors guns, arrayed in six quad mounts. Both ships were upgraded with 19 20 mm (0.79 in) Oerlikon cannons.[3] No torpedo tubes were fitted on her.[10]
The Portland class originally had 1-inch (25 mm) armor for deck and side protection, but in construction[7] they were given belt armor between 5 in (127 mm) (around the magazines) and 3.25 in (83 mm) in thickness.[10] Armor on the bulkheads was between 2 in (51 mm) and 5.75 in (146 mm); that on the deck was 2.5 in (64 mm), the barbettes 1.5 in (38 mm), the gunhouses 2.5 in, and the conning tower 1.25 in (32 mm).[9]
Portland-class cruisers were outfitted as fleet flagships, with space for a flag officer and his staff. The class also had two aircraft catapult amidships.[9] They could carry four aircraft. The total crew varied, with a regular designed complement of 807,[8] a wartime complement of 952, which could increase to 1,229 when the cruiser was a fleet flagship.[9]
Indianapolis was laid down by New York Shipbuilding Corporation on 31 March 1930.[9] The hull and machinery were provided by the builder.[7] Indianapolis was launched on 7 November 1931, and commissioned on 15 November 1932.[9] She was the second ship named for Indianapolis, following the cargo ship of the same name in 1918. She was sponsored by Lucy M. Taggart, daughter of former Mayor of Indianapolis Thomas Taggart.[11]
Interwar period[edit]
Indianapolis in 1939
Under Captain John M. Smeallie, Indianapolis undertook her shakedown cruise through the Atlantic and into Guantánamo Bay, until 23 February 1932. Indianapolis then transited the Panama Canal for training off the Chilean coast. After overhaul at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, she sailed to Maine, to embark President Franklin Delano Roosevelt at Campobello Island, New Brunswick, on 1 July 1933.[11] Getting under way the same day, Indianapolis arrived at Annapolis, Maryland, on 3 July. She hosted six members of the Cabinet, along with Roosevelt, during its stay there. After disembarking Roosevelt, she departed Annapolis, on 4 July, and steamed for Philadelphia Navy Yard.[12]
On 6 September, she embarked Secretary of the Navy Claude A. Swanson, for an inspection of the Navy in the Pacific. Indianapolis toured the Canal Zone, Hawaii, and installations in San Pedro and San Diego. Swanson disembarked on 27 October. On 1 November 1933, she became flagship of Scouting Force 1, and maneuvered with the force off Long Beach, California. She departed on 9 April 1934, and arrived at New York City, and embarked Roosevelt, a second time, for a naval review. She returned to Long Beach, on 9 November 1934, for more training with the Scouting Force. She remained flagship of Scouting Force 1 until 1941. On 18 November 1936, she embarked Roosevelt, a third time, at Charleston, South Carolina, and conducted a goodwill cruise to South America with him. She visited Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Montevideo, Uruguay, for state visits before returning to Charleston, and disembarking Roosevelt's party on 15 December.[12] President Roosevelt underwent his crossing the line ceremony on this cruise on 26 November: an "intensive initiation lasting two days, but we have all survived and are now full-fledged Shellbacks".[13]
World War II[edit]
On 7 December 1941, Indianapolis was conducting a mock bombardment at Johnston Atoll, during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Indianapolis was absorbed into Task Force 12 and searched for the Japanese carriers responsible for the attack, though the force did not locate them. She returned to Pearl Harbor on 13 December, and joined Task Force 11.[12]
New Guinea campaign[edit]
Main article: New Guinea campaign
With the task force, she steamed to the South Pacific, to 350 mi (560 km) south of Rabaul, New Britain, escorting the aircraft carrier Lexington. Late in the afternoon of 20 February 1942, the American ships were attacked by 18 Japanese aircraft. Of these, 16 were shot down by aircraft from Lexington and the other two were destroyed by anti-aircraft fire from the ships.[12]
On 10 March, the task force, reinforced by another force centered on the carrier Yorktown, attacked Lae and Salamaua, New Guinea, where the Japanese were marshaling amphibious forces. Attacking from the south through the Owen Stanley mountain range, the US air forces surprised and inflicted heavy damage on Japanese warships and transports, losing few aircraft. Indianapolis returned to the Mare Island Naval Shipyard for a refit before escorting a convoy to Australia.[12]
Aleutian Islands campaign[edit]
Main article: Aleutian Islands campaign
Indianapolis then headed for the North Pacific to support American units in the Battle of the Aleutian Islands. On 7 August, Indianapolis and the task force attacked Kiska Island, a Japanese staging area. Although fog hindered observation, Indianapolis and other ships fired their main guns into the bay. Floatplanes from the cruisers reported Japanese ships sunk in the harbor and damage to shore installations. After 15 minutes, Japanese shore batteries returned fire before being destroyed by the ships' main guns. Japanese submarines approaching the force were depth-charged by American destroyers. Japanese seaplanes made an ineffective bombing attack. In spite of a lack of information on the Japanese forces, the operation was considered a success. US forces later occupied Adak Island, providing a naval base farther from the Dutch Harbor on Unalaska Island.
1943 operations[edit]
USS Indianapolis (CA-35) underway at sea, in 1943–1944 (NH 124466)
In January 1943, Indianapolis supported a landing and occupation on Amchitka, part of an Allied island hopping strategy in the Aleutian Islands.[12]
On the evening of 19 February, Indianapolis led two destroyers on a patrol southwest of Attu Island, searching for Japanese ships trying to reinforce Kiska and Attu. She intercepted the Japanese 3,100-long-ton (3,150 t) cargo ship, Akagane Maru laden with troops, munitions, and supplies. The cargo ship tried to reply to the radio challenge but was shelled by Indianapolis. Akagane Maru exploded and sank with all hands. Through mid-1943, Indianapolis remained near the Aleutian Islands, escorting American convoys and providing shore bombardments supporting amphibious assaults. In May, the Allies captured Attu, then turned on Kiska, thought to be the final Japanese holdout in the Aleutians. Allied landings there began on 15 August, but the Japanese had already abandoned the Aleutian Islands, unbeknownst to the Allies.[12]
After refitting at Mare Island, Indianapolis moved to Hawaii as flagship of Vice Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, commanding the 5th Fleet. She sortied from Pearl Harbor on 10 November, with the main body of the Southern Attack Force for Operation Galvanic, the invasion of the Gilbert Islands. On 19 November, Indianapolis bombarded Tarawa Atoll, and next day pounded Makin (see Battle of Makin). The ship then returned to Tarawa, as fire-support for the landings. Her guns shot down an enemy plane and shelled enemy strongpoints as landing parties fought Japanese defenders in the battle of Tarawa. She continued this role until the island was secure three days later. The conquest of the Marshall Islands followed victory in the Gilberts. Indianapolis was again 5th Fleet flagship.
1944[edit]
Indianapolis in 1944 dazzle camouflage pattern.
The cruiser met other ships of her task force at Tarawa, and on D-Day minus 1, 31 January 1944, she was one of the cruisers that bombarded the islands of Kwajalein Atoll. The shelling continued on D-Day, with Indianapolis suppressing two enemy shore batteries. Next day, she destroyed a blockhouse and other shore installations and supported advancing troops with a creeping barrage. The ship entered Kwajalein Lagoon, on 4 February, and remained until resistance disappeared. (See Battle of Kwajalein.)
In March and April, Indianapolis, still flagship of the 5th Fleet, attacked the Western Carolines. Carrier planes at the Palau Islands on 30–31 March, sank three destroyers, 17 freighters, five oilers and damaged 17 other ships. Airfields were bombed and surrounding water mined. Yap and Ulithi, were struck on 31 March, and Woleai, on 1 April. Japanese planes attacked but were driven off without damaging the American ships. Indianapolis shot down her second plane, a torpedo bomber, and the Japanese lost 160 planes, including 46 on the ground. These attacks prevented Japanese forces stationed in the Carolines from interfering with the US landings on New Guinea.
In June, the 5th Fleet was busy with the assault on the Mariana Islands. Raids on Saipan began with carrier-based planes on 11 June, followed by surface bombardment, in which Indianapolis had a major role, from 13 June. (See Battle of Saipan.) On D-Day, 15 June, ADM Spruance heard that battleships, carriers, cruisers, and destroyers were headed south to relieve threatened garrisons in the Marianas. Since amphibious operations at Saipan had to be protected, ADM Spruance could not withdraw too far. Consequently, a fast carrier force was sent to meet this threat while another force attacked Japanese air bases on Iwo Jima and Chichi Jima, in the Bonin and Volcano Islands, bases for potential enemy air attacks.
A combined US fleet fought the Japanese on 19 June, in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Japanese carrier planes, which planned to use the airfields of Guam and Tinian, to refuel and rearm, were met by carrier planes and the guns of the Allied escorting ships. That day, the US Navy destroyed a reported 426 Japanese planes while losing 29.[14] Indianapolis shot down one torpedo plane. This day of aerial combat became known as the "Marianas Turkey Shoot". With Japanese air opposition wiped out, the US carrier planes sank Hiyō, two destroyers, and one tanker and damaged others. Two other carriers, Taihō and Shōkaku, were sunk by submarines.
Indianapolis returned to Saipan on 23 June, to resume fire support and six days later moved to Tinian, to attack shore installations (see Battle of Tinian). Meanwhile, Guam had been taken, and Indianapolis was the first ship to enter Apra Harbor, since early in the war. The ship operated in the Marianas for the next few weeks, then moved to the Western Carolines, where further landings were planned. From 12 to 29 September, she bombarded Peleliu, in the Palau Group, before and after the landings (see Battle of Peleliu). She then sailed to Manus Island, in the Admiralty Islands, where she operated for 10 days before returning to the Mare Island Naval Shipyard in California for refitting.
1945[edit]
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Overhauled, Indianapolis joined VADM Marc A. Mitscher's fast carrier task force on 14 February 1945. Two days later, the task force launched an attack on Tokyo to cover the landings on Iwo Jima, scheduled for 19 February. This was the first carrier attack on Japan since the Doolittle Raid. The mission was to destroy Japanese air facilities and other installations in the "Home Islands". The fleet achieved complete tactical surprise by approaching the Japanese coast under cover of bad weather. The attacks were pressed home for two days. The US Navy lost 49 carrier planes while claiming 499 enemy planes, a 10:1 kill/loss ratio. The task force also sank a carrier, nine coastal ships, a destroyer, two destroyer escorts, and a cargo ship. They destroyed hangars, shops, aircraft installations, factories, and other industrial targets.
Indianapolis off Mare Island, on 10 July 1945.
Immediately after the strikes, the task force raced to the Bonin Islands, to support the landings on Iwo Jima. The ship remained there until 1 March, protecting the invasion ships and bombarding targets in support of the landings. Indianapolis returned to VADM Mitscher's task force in time to strike Tokyo, again on 25 February, and Hachijō, off the southern coast of Honshū, the following day. Although weather was extremely bad, the American force destroyed 158 planes and sank five small ships while pounding ground installations and destroying trains.
The next target for the US forces was Okinawa, in the Ryukyu Islands, which were in range of aircraft from the Japanese mainland. The fast carrier force was tasked with attacking airfields in southern Japan until they were incapable of launching effective airborne opposition to the impending invasion. The fast carrier force departed for Japan from Ulithi, on 14 March. On 18 March, it launched an attack from a position 100 mi (160 km) southeast of the island of Kyūshū. The attack targeted airfields on Kyūshū, as well as ships of the Japanese fleet in the harbors of Kobe and Kure, on southern Honshū. The Japanese located the American task force on 21 March, sending 48 planes to attack the ships. Twenty-four fighters from the task force intercepted and shot down all the Japanese aircraft.
Pre-invasion bombardment of Okinawa began on 24 March. Indianapolis spent 7 days pouring 8-inch shells into the beach defenses. During this time, enemy aircraft repeatedly attacked the American ships. Indianapolis shot down six planes and damaged two others. On 31 March, the ship's lookouts spotted a Japanese Nakajima Ki-43 "Oscar" fighter as it emerged from the morning twilight and roared at the bridge in a vertical dive. The ship's 20 mm guns opened fire, but within 15 seconds, the plane was over the ship. Tracers converged on it, causing it to swerve, but the enemy pilot managed to release his bomb from a height of 25 ft (7.6 m), crashing his plane into the sea near the port stern. The bomb plummeted through the deck, into the crew's mess hall, down through the berthing compartment, and through the fuel tanks before crashing through the keel and exploding in the water underneath. The concussion blew two gaping holes in the keel which flooded nearby compartments, killing nine crewmen. The ship's bulkheads prevented any progressive flooding. Indianapolis, settling slightly by the stern and listing to port, steamed to a salvage ship for emergency repairs. Here, inspection revealed that her propeller shafts were damaged, her fuel tanks ruptured, and her water-distilling equipment ruined. But Indianapolis commenced the long trip across the Pacific, under her own power, to the Mare Island Navy Yard for repairs.
Secret mission[edit]
After major repairs and an overhaul, Indianapolis received orders to proceed to Tinian island, carrying parts and the enriched uranium[15] (about half of the world's supply of Uranium-235 at the time) for the atomic bomb Little Boy, which would later be dropped on Hiroshima.[16] Indianapolis departed San Francisco's Hunters Point Naval Shipyard on 16 July 1945, within hours of the Trinity test.
Indianapolis set a speed record of 74 1⁄2 hours[17] with an average speed of 29 kn (54 km/h; 33 mph) from San Francisco to Pearl Harbor, which still stands today. Arriving at Pearl Harbor on 19 July,[18] she raced on unaccompanied,[19] delivering the atomic weapon components to Tinian on 26 July.[20]
Indianapolis was then sent to Guam, where a number of the crew who had completed their tours of duty were replaced by other sailors. Leaving Guam on 28 July, she began sailing toward Leyte, where her crew was to receive training before continuing on to Okinawa, to join VADM Jesse B. Oldendorf's Task Force 95.
Sinking[edit]
At 00:15 on 30 July, she was struck on her starboard side by two Type 95 torpedoes, one in the bow and one amidships, from the Japanese submarine I-58,[19] captained by Commander Mochitsura Hashimoto, who initially thought he had spotted the New Mexico-class battleship Idaho.[21] The explosions caused massive damage. Indianapolis took on a heavy list, (the ship had a great deal of added armament and gun firing directors added as the war went on and was top heavy)[22] and settled by the bow. Twelve minutes later, she rolled completely over, then her stern rose into the air, and she plunged down. Some 300 of the 1,195 crewmen went down with the ship.[4] With few lifeboats and many without lifejackets, the remainder of the crew was set adrift.[23]
Indianapolis's intended route from Guam to the Philippines.
Rescue[edit]
Navy command did not know of the ship's sinking until survivors were spotted three and a half days later. At 10:25 on 2 August, a PV-1 Ventura flown by Lieutenant Wilbur "Chuck" Gwinn and his copilot, Lieutenant Warren Colwell, spotted the men adrift while on a routine patrol flight.[24] Gwinn immediately dropped a life raft and radio transmitter. All air and surface units capable of rescue operations were dispatched to the scene at once.
The survivors suffered from lack of food and water (leading to dehydration and hypernatremia; some found rations, such as Spam and crackers, amongst the debris), exposure to the elements (leading to hypothermia and severe desquamation), and shark attacks, while some killed themselves or other survivors in various states of delirium and hallucinations.[25][26] Two of the rescued survivors, Robert Lee Shipman and Frederick Harrison, died in August 1945.
"Ocean of Fear", a 2007 episode of the Discovery Channel TV documentary series Shark Week, states that the sinking of Indianapolis resulted in the most shark attacks on humans in history, and attributes the attacks to the oceanic whitetip shark species. Tiger sharks might have also killed some sailors. The same show attributed most of the deaths on Indianapolis to exposure, salt poisoning, and thirst, with the dead being dragged off by sharks.[27]
Navy failure to learn of the sinking[edit]
The Headquarters of Commander Marianas on Guam and of the Commander Philippine Sea Frontier on Leyte, kept Operations plotting boards on which were plotted the positions of all vessels with which the headquarters were concerned. However, it was assumed that ships as large as Indianapolis would reach their destinations on time, unless reported otherwise. Therefore, their positions were based on predictions, and not on reports. On 31 July, when she should have arrived at Leyte, Indianapolis was removed from the board in the headquarters of Commander Marianas. She was also recorded as having arrived at Leyte by the headquarters of Commander Philippine Sea Frontier. LT Stuart B. Gibson, the operations officer under the Port Director, Tacloban, was the officer responsible for tracking the movements of Indianapolis. The vessel's failure to arrive on schedule was known at once to LT Gibson, who failed to investigate the matter and made no immediate report of the fact to his superiors. Gibson received a letter of reprimand in connection with the incident. The acting commander and operations officer of the Philippine Sea Frontier also received reprimands, while Gibson's immediate superior received a letter of admonition.[28]
Survivors of Indianapolis on Guam, in August 1945.
In the first official statement, the Navy said that distress calls "were keyed by radio operators and possibly were actually transmitted" but that "no evidence has been developed that any distress message from the ship was received by any ship, aircraft or shore station".[28] Declassified records later showed that three stations received the signals but none acted upon the call. One commander was drunk, another had ordered his men not to disturb him, and a third thought it was a Japanese trap.[29]
Immediately prior to the attack, the seas had been moderate, the visibility fluctuating but poor in general, and Indianapolis had been steaming at 17 kn (20 mph; 31 km/h). When the ship didn't reach Leyte on the 31st, as scheduled, no report was made that she was overdue. This omission was due to a misunderstanding of the Movement Report System.
Court-martial of Captain McVay[edit]
Captain Charles B. McVay III, who had commanded Indianapolis since November 1944, survived the sinking and was among those rescued days later. In November 1945, he was court-martialed and convicted of "hazarding his ship by failing to zigzag". Several aspects of the court-martial were controversial. There was evidence that the Navy itself had placed the ship in harm's way. McVay's orders were to "zigzag at his discretion, weather permitting"; however, McVay was not informed that a Japanese submarine was operating in the vicinity of his route from Guam to Leyte. Further, Mochitsura Hashimoto, commander of I-58, testified that zigzagging would have made no difference.[30] Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz remitted McVay's sentence and restored him to active duty. McVay retired in 1949 as a rear admiral.[31]
While many of Indianapolis's survivors said McVay was not to blame for the sinking, the families of some of the men who died thought otherwise: "Merry Christmas! Our family's holiday would be a lot merrier if you hadn't killed my son", read one piece of mail.[32] The guilt that was placed on his shoulders mounted until he committed suicide in 1968, using his Navy-issued revolver. McVay was discovered on his front lawn by his gardener with a toy sailor in one hand, revolver in the other.[33] He was 70 years old.
McVay's record cleared[edit]
In 1996, sixth-grade student Hunter Scott began his research on the sinking of Indianapolis for a class history project, an assignment which eventually led to a United States Congressional investigation. In October 2000, the United States Congress passed a resolution that Captain McVay's record should state that "he is exonerated for the loss of Indianapolis". President Bill Clinton signed the resolution.[34] The resolution noted that, although several hundred ships of the US Navy were lost in combat in World War II, McVay was the only captain to be court-martialed for the sinking of his ship.[35]
In July 2001, the United States Secretary of the Navy ordered McVay's official Navy record cleared of all wrongdoing.[36][37]
Commanders[edit]
Commanders of USS Indianapolis.[38]
Rank
Name
Date
Captain John M. Smeallie 15 November 1932 – 10 December 1934
Captain William S. McClintic 10 December 1934 – 16 March 1936
Captain Henry Kent Hewitt 16 March 1936 – 5 June 1937
Captain Thomas C. Kinkaid 5 June 1937 – 1 July 1938
Captain John F. Shafroth, Jr. 1 July 1938 – 1 October 1941
Captain Edward Hanson 1 October 1941 – 11 July 1942
Captain Morton L. Deyo 11 July 1942 – 12 January 1943
Captain Nicholas Vytlacil 12 January 1943 – 30 July 1943
Captain Einar R. Johnson 30 July 1943 – 18 November 1944
Captain Charles B. McVay III 18 November 1944 – 30 July 1945
Awards[edit]
American Defense Service Medal
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with ten battle stars[39]
World War II Victory Medal
Discovery of the wreck[edit]
Navy firing detail as part of a burial-at-sea in 2008 for one of the 316 survivors of Indianapolis sinking on 30 July 1945.
The wreck of Indianapolis is located in the Philippine Sea.[40] In July–August 2001, an expedition sought to find the wreckage through the use of side-scan sonar and underwater cameras mounted on a remotely operated vehicle. Four Indianapolis survivors accompanied the expedition, which was not successful. In June 2005, a second expedition was mounted to find the wreck. National Geographic covered the story and released it in July. Submersibles were launched to find any sign of wreckage. The only objects ever found, which have not been confirmed to have belonged to Indianapolis, were numerous pieces of metal of varying size found in the area of the reported sinking position (this was included in the National Geographic program "Finding of the USS Indianapolis").
In July 2016, new information came out regarding the possible location of Indianapolis when naval records said that LST-779 passed by the ship 11 hours before the torpedoes struck. Using this information, National Geographic planned to mount an expedition to search for the wreck in the summer of 2017.[41] Reports estimated that Indianapolis was actually 25 mi (40 km) west of the reported sinking position, in water over three mi (4,800 m) deep, and likely on the side of an underwater mountain.[42]
A year after the discovery of the records, the wreck was located by Paul Allen’s "USS Indianapolis Project" aboard Research Vessel Petrel [43] on 19 August 2017, at a depth of 18,000 feet (5,500 m).[44] The wreck is well preserved due to the great depth at which Indianapolis rests, which is the rocky mountain ranges of the North Philippine Sea.[45]
In September 2017, a map detailing the wreckage was released. The main part of the wreck lies in an impact crater. Its bow, which broke off before the ship sank, lies 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east. The two forward 8-inch guns, which also broke off on the surface and mark the ship's last position on the surface, lie 0.5 miles (0.80 km) east of the main wreck. The single 8-inch gun turret on the stern remains in place. Airplane wreckage from the ship lies about 0.6 miles (0.97 km) north of the main part of the wreck.[46]
Reunions[edit]
Since 1960, surviving crew members have been meeting for reunions in Indianapolis. For the 70th reunion, held 23–26 July 2015, 14 of the 32 remaining survivors attended. The reunions are open to anyone interested, and have more attendees each year, even as the number of survivors decreases from death. Held only periodically at first, biannually later on, the reunions have been held annually for the past several years. Every year, the survivors, most of them in their nineties, vote whether to continue.[47][48][49] Seven out of twenty living survivors attended the 2017 reunion.[50]
In popular culture[edit]
References to the Indianapolis sinking and aftermath have been adapted to film, stage, television, and popular culture. The incident itself was the subject of a made-for-television movie Mission of the Shark: The Saga of the USS Indianapolis (1991), with Stacy Keach portraying Captain Charles Butler McVay III.[51]
Probably the most well known fictional reference to the events occurs in the thriller film Jaws (1975), in a monologue by actor Robert Shaw, whose character Quint is depicted as a survivor of the Indianapolis sinking. The monologue emphasizes the numerous deaths caused by shark attacks after the sinking. John Milius was specifically brought into the production to write lines for this scene, and he based them on survivor stories. However, there are several historical inaccuracies in the monologue: the speech states the date of the sinking as 29 June 1945, when the ship was actually sunk just after midnight on 30 July. The speech further states that 1,100 men went into the water and 316 came out (in actuality, 321 came out, of whom 316 survived) and that because of the secrecy of the atom bomb mission no distress call was broadcast (while declassified Navy documents prove that the signal had been sent but did not elicit a response).[52][citation needed]
A few years after the release of Jaws, co-writer Howard Sackler proposed making a prequel film based on the sinking of Indianapolis. The idea was ultimately rejected by then-Universal Studios president Sidney Sheinberg; the film instead would eventually go on to become the sequel Jaws 2.[53]
Sara Vladic directed USS Indianapolis: The Legacy, which tells the fate of USS Indianapolis using exclusively first-person accounts from the survivors of the sinking. This film was released in December 2015.[54]
USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage, starring Nicolas Cage, was released in October 2016, with Mario Van Peebles directing.[55][56]
Memorials[edit]
See also: U.S. Navy Museum § Other museums
USS Indianapolis National Memorial
The USS Indianapolis Museum had its grand opening on 7 July 2007, with its gallery in the Indiana War Memorial Museum at the Indiana World War Memorial Plaza.[57]
The USS Indianapolis National Memorial was dedicated on 2 August 1995. It is located on the Canal Walk in Indianapolis.[58] The heavy cruiser is depicted in limestone and granite and sits adjacent to the downtown canal. The crewmembers' names are listed on the monument, with special notations for those who lost their lives.[59]
In May 2011, highway I-465 around Indianapolis was named the USS Indianapolis Memorial Highway.[60]
Some material relating to Indianapolis is held by the Indiana State Museum. Her bell and a commissioning pennant are located at the Heslar Naval Armory.[61][62]
See also[edit]
Indiana portal
List of U.S. Navy losses in World War II
List by death toll of ships sunk by submarines
List of World War II ships
List of United States Navy cruisers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Ship Nicknames". zuzuray.com. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ships' Data, U. S. Naval Vessels". US Naval Department. 1 July 1935. pp. 16–23. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Rickard, J (19 December 2014). "USS Indianapolis (CA-35)". Historyofwar.org. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Neuman, Scott (23 March 2018). "Navy Admits To 70-Year Crew List Error In USS Indianapolis Disaster". NPR.org. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
Jump up ^ CNN, Emanuella Grinberg. "USS Indianapolis wreckage found 72 years later". CNN. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Bauer & Roberts 1991, p. 136.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bauer & Roberts 1991, p. 138.
^ Jump up to: a b Miller 2001, p. 292.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Silverstone 2007, p. 32.
^ Jump up to: a b Stille 2009, p. 30.
^ Jump up to: a b DANFS 1981, p. 433.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g DANFS 1981, p. 434.
Jump up ^ Cook, Blanche (1999). Eleanor Roosevelt, vol. 2 (1933–1938). New York: Penguin. p. 398. ISBN 978-0140178944.
Jump up ^ "Marianas Turkey Shoot". cannon-lexington.com. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Ranulph Fiennes (6 October 2016). Fear: Our Ultimate Challenge. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 125–. ISBN 978-1-4736-1801-5.
Jump up ^ "Little Boy", the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, was also inscribed with numerous autographs and graffiti by ground crews who loaded it into the plane. One of them read: "Greetings to the Emperor from the men of the Indianapolis". Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (Simon & Schuster, 1986), 710.
Jump up ^ Raymond B. Lech (14 November 2000). The Tragic Fate of the U.S.S. Indianapolis: The U.S. Navy's Worst Disaster at Sea. Cooper Square Press. ISBN 978-1-4616-6129-0.
Jump up ^ All Hands. Bureau of Naval Personnel. 1984.
^ Jump up to: a b Jeff Shaara (2012). The Final Storm: A Novel of the War in the Pacific. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 434–. ISBN 978-0-345-49795-6.
Jump up ^ Clayton Chun (20 January 2013). Japan 1945: From Operation Downfall to Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 106–. ISBN 978-1-4728-0020-6.
Jump up ^ Bob Hackett and Sander Kingsepp (2008). "Submarine I-58: Tabular Record of Movement". combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Budge, Kent G. "The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia: Portland Class, U.S. Heavy Cruisers". www.pwencycl.kgbudge.com. Retrieved 2018-07-27.
Jump up ^ Lewis L. Haynes (July–August 1995). "Recollections of the sinking of USS Indianapolis (CA-35) by CAPT Lewis L. Haynes, MC (Medical Corps) (Ret.), the senior medical officer on board the ship". Navy Medicine. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
Jump up ^ Marks (April 1981) pp.48–50
Jump up ^ In Harm's Way: The Sinking of the USS Indianapolis and the Extraordinary Story of Its Survivors
Jump up ^ "The Story (Delayed Rescue)". the USS Indianapolis National Memorial. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Discovery Channel's Shark Week: Ocean of Fear". Amazon.com. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Sinking of USS Indianapolis: Navy Department Press Release, Narrative of the Circumstances of the Loss of USS Indianapolis". U.S. Navy. 23 February 1946. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Timothy W. Maier (5 June 2000). "For The Good of the Navy". Insight on the News. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mochitsura Hashimoto". ussindianapolis.org. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Captain McVay". ussindianapolis.org. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Steven Martinovich (16 April 2001). "Review of In Harm's Way". enterstageright.com. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Catarevas, Michael (4 November 2016). "Connecticut's Heroes Aboard the Doomed USS Indianapolis". Connecticut Magazine. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Seeking Justice : Victory in Congress". ussindianapolis.org. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Legislation exonerating Captain McVay". ussindianapolis.org. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Joseph (2005). Leadership Embodied. Naval Institute Press. pp. 112–117. ISBN 978-1-59114-860-9.
Jump up ^ Magin, Janis (13 July 2001). "Navy exonerates WWII captain". The Argus-Press. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Yarnall, Paul R. (22 August 2015). "NavSource Online: Cruiser Photo Archive". USS INDIANAPOLIS (CA 35). Navsource.org. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
Jump up ^ At USS Indianapolis Museum Archived 30 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine. official website, in the left-hand column, click on "USS Indianapolis Battle Stars". Retrieved 17 August 2011.
Jump up ^ The coordinates given in this article are for the general area
Jump up ^ "New Lead Uncovered in Search for USS Indianapolis". 27 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "New Details On Final Resting Place Of USS Indianapolis - News - Indiana Public Media".
Jump up ^ "USS Indianapolis discovered 18,000 feet below Pacific surface". CNN. 19 August 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Wreckage of USS Indianapolis found in Philippine Sea". Indianapolis Star. 19 August 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Werner, Ben (August 23, 2017). "Navy: USS Indianapolis Wreckage Well Preserved by Depth and Undersea Environment". USNI News. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Emanuella Grinberg. "USS Indianapolis wreckage found 72 years later". CNN.
"Wreckage of USS Indianapolis found". 25 August 2017.
Jamie Seidel (August 23, 2017). "USS Indianapolis, famous US Navy ship at the centre of". NewsComAu.
Jump up ^ Hodges, Glenn (27 July 2015). "Warship's Last Survivors Recall Sinking in Shark-Infested Waters". National Geographic News. National Geographic. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "USS Indianapolis Survivors Reunion". ussindyreunion.com. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hundreds mark 70th anniversary of USS Indianapolis attack". 26 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Beilue: For the dwindling few, the USS Indianpolis reunion is too meaningful to ignore". Amarillo.com. Amarillo Globe-News. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mission of the Shark: The Saga of the U.S.S. Indianapolis (1991)". imdb.com. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Jaws Dialogues[not in citation given]
Jump up ^ Loynd 1978, pp. 24–5
Jump up ^ Vladic, Sara (2015-12-06), USS Indianapolis: The Legacy, William Roy Akines, Tom Balunis, George Barber, retrieved 2018-05-13
Jump up ^ Dave McNary. "'USS: Indianapolis' Shoot Set for June in Alabama (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety.
Jump up ^ Lowe, Kinsey (3 July 2015). "USS Indianapolis Production Delayed After Vintage Plane Waterlogged". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "USS Indianapolis Museum - Mission & Vision Statement". USS Indianapolis Museum. Archived from the original on 30 December 2006. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Indiana War Memorial: USS Indianapolis Memorial". State of Indiana official website. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "USS Indianapolis". Indiana War Memorials Foundation. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Network Indiana. "I-465 Renamed In Honor Of USS Indianapolis". Indiana Public Media. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION honoring the Heslar Naval Armory and its staff for their many contributionsto our nation and our state" (PDF). Indianapolis State Senate. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
Jump up ^ PacificWrecks.com. "Pacific Wrecks".
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.
Bibliography[edit]
Bauer, Karl Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991), Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0313262029
Dictionary of American naval fighting ships / Vol.3, Historical sketches : letters G through K, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy, 1981, ISBN 978-0160020186
Fahey, James C. (1941). The Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet, Two-Ocean Fleet Edition. Ships and Aircraft.
Harrell, David (as told by Edgar Harrell). Out of the Depths. 2005. ISBN 1-59781-166-1
Hashimoto, Mochitsura (2010) [1954]. Sunk: The Story of the Japanese Submarine Fleet, 1941–1945. New York: Henry Holt; reprint: Progressive Press. ISBN 1-61577-581-1.
Lech, Raymond B. 1982. All the Drowned Sailors, Jove Books.
Loynd, Ray (1978), The Jaws 2 Log, London: W.H. Allen, ISBN 0-426-18868-3
Marks, R. Adrian (April 1981). "America Was Well Represented". United States Naval Institute Proceedings.
Miller, David M. O. (2001), Illustrated Directory of Warships of the World, New York City: Zenith Press, ISBN 978-0760311271
Newcomb, Richard F. 1958 and 2000. Abandon Ship!: The Saga of the U.S.S. Indianapolis, the Navy's Greatest Sea Disaster. ISBN 0-06-018471-X
Silverstone, Paul (2007), The Navy of World War II, 1922–1947, New York City: Routledge, ISBN 978-0415978989
Stanton, Doug (15 April 2003). In Harm's Way: The Sinking of the USS Indianapolis and the Extraordinary Story of Its Survivors. New York: Owl Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-7366-9. Publishers Weekly Notable Book Award; Massachusetts Book Award
Stille, Mark (2009), USN Cruiser vs IJN Cruiser: Guadalcanal 1942, Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1846034664
Taylor, Theodore (1954). The Magnificent Mitscher. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-850-2.
Vincent, Lynn; Vladic, Sara (2018), Indianapolis: The True Story of the Worst Sea Disaster in U.S. Naval History and the Fifty-Year Fight to Exonerate an Innocent Man, Simon & Schuster .
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to USS Indianapolis (CA-35).
USS Indianapolis Museum official website
USS Indianapolis Survivors Organization
Another USS Indianapolis Survivors Organization
Maritime Quest Indianapolis Pictures
1945 Kamikaze Damage Report – filed by Mare Island Naval Shipyard
Allied Warships: USS Indianapolis (CA 35), Heavy cruiser of the Portland-class
"USS Indianapolis Collection, 1898–1991 (Bulk 1945–1946 and 1984–1991), Collection Guide" (PDF). Indiana Historical Society. 13 October 2006. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
IndySurvivor.com - website and book by survivor Edgar Harrell, USMC
Announcement of the Father Thomas Conway Memorial (June 2006). (At USS Indianapolis Museum official website, in the left-hand column, click on "2006 Museum Activities".)
BBC Magazine
Photo gallery of USS Indianapolis at NavSource Naval History
Coordinates: 12°2′N 134°48′E / 12.033°N 134.800°E / 12.033; 134.800 (Approximate location of the wreck of the USS Indianapolis (CA-35))
USS Indianapolis(decked in flags) and the passenger liner Aquitania at the Statue of Liberty
Mission of the Shark: The Saga of the U.S.S. Indianapolis (1991) on YouTube
Missing The USS Indianapolis on YouTube, a History Channel documentary
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Preceded by: Northampton class
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Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in July 1945
Shipwrecks
2 Jul: Empire Fal
4 Jul: Bahia
8 Jul: HNLMS O 19
11 Jul: Sakura
14 Jul: I-351, Tachibana
15 Jul: Francis Preston Blair, HMS Ludlow, HMS Maori, Walter L M Russ
16 Jul: USS Gamble, I-13
17 Jul: HMS Athlete, John H. Hammond
18 Jul: Kasuga, Yakaze
20 Jul: Kiyokawa Maru
24 Jul: Aoba, Amagi, Hyūga, Iwate, Settsu, HMS Squirrel, Tone, USS Underhill
25 Jul: Kotobuki Maru, PB-2
26 Jul: HMS Vestal
28 Jul: USS Callaghan, Haruna, Ise, Izumo, Ōyodo
30 Jul: Hatsushimo, USS Indianapolis, Okinawa
Unknown date: HMCS St. Francis
Other incidents
25 Jul: SS Howard M. Hanna Jr. *
1944 1945 1946
June 1945 August 1945
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Indianapolis_(CA-35)&oldid=856302959"
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George O'Malley
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George O'Malley
Grey's Anatomy character
The Season 4 promotional photo of T. R. Knight as Dr. George O'Malley
First appearance
"A Hard Day's Night"
1x01, March 27, 2005
Last appearance
"Good Mourning"
6x01, September 24, 2009
Created by
Shonda Rhimes
Portrayed by
T. R. Knight
Information
Full name
George O'Malley
Nickname(s)
O'Malley
007
Syph Boy
Heart in the Elevator Guy
Bambi
Irish
Georgie
Fetus
Baby boy
John Doe
Hit by a bus guy
Occupation
Surgical resident at Seattle Grace Hospital
Title
M.D
Family
Louise O'Malley (mother)
Harold O'Malley (father, deceased)
Jerry and Ronny O'Malley (brothers)
Spouse(s)
Callie Torres (divorced)
Significant other(s)
Olivia Harper
Meredith Grey
Izzie Stevens
Religion
Catholicism
George O'Malley is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey's Anatomy, which airs on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes, and was portrayed by actor T. R. Knight from 2005 to 2009. Introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital, O'Malley worked his way up to resident level, while his relationships with his colleagues Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) and Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) formed a focal point of the series. O'Malley married Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) whom he later separated with to pursue a relationship with Izzie Stevens. O'Malley also had entertained a romantic interest with Meredith Grey and Olivia Harper (Sarah Utterback).
Knight auditioned for the show, expecting a one-season run. In 2007, Knight's co-star Isaiah Washington (Preston Burke) insulted him with a homophobic slur, which resulted in the termination of Washington's Grey's Anatomy contract. In 2009, after the conclusion of the fifth season, it was confirmed that Knight would not be returning for the show's sixth season. The actor stated the reason for his departure was due to a "breakdown in communication" with Rhimes, his character's lack of screen time, as well as his decision to come out as openly gay. Knight received generally positive reviews for his performance as O'Malley, and garnered a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards. Despite this, his death received mixed feedback.
Contents
[hide]
1 Storylines
2 Development
2.1 Casting and creation
2.2 Characterization
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Storylines[edit]
George O'Malley is introduced as a fellow surgical intern to Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) and Alex Karev (Justin Chambers); the five of them working under Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson). O'Malley and Stevens move in with Meredith, for whom he has romantic feelings but did not express them due to his fear of rejection and the fact that she and one of the attendings Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) had a mutual interest in one another. On the first day of internship, O'Malley is selected by chief of cardiothoracic surgery Preston Burke (Isaiah Washington) as the first intern to perform surgery. He freezes in the operating room, and is mocked by his peers, and earns the nickname "007" because of almost killing a patient in such a simple operation (referring to James Bond's "licence to kill"). O'Malley dates nurse Olivia Harper (Sarah Utterback), breaking up with her when he contracts syphilis from her, which she in turn contracted from Karev. His friendship with Karev is further strained when the two become trapped in an elevator with a patient who begins to bleed out. Karev freezes, and O'Malley is able to save the patient single-handedly. He goes on to admit his feelings to Meredith, and the two have a one-night stand. When Meredith tells him that sleeping together was a mistake, O'Malley begins avoiding her and starts dating orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez).
During a camping trip, O'Malley learns that Torres has slept with chief of plastic surgery Mark Sloan (Eric Dane), and also discovers that Burke is experiencing tremors in his hand. When O'Malley's father is diagnosed with esophageal cancer and a leaking aortic valve, he refuses to allow Burke to operate on him, instead contacting Erica Hahn (Brooke Smith), Burke's medical school rival. His relationship with Torres is strained when he confronts her about sleeping with Sloan, but he allows her to support him through his father's deteriorating health. Complications from his father's surgery leave him in multi-system organ failure, and his life support is turned off. In an attempt to overcome his grief, O'Malley elopes with Callie to Las Vegas. He later begins to feel that he was mistaken to marry her, and sleeps with Stevens while intoxicated. Stevens confesses that she is in love with him, so O'Malley considers transferring to a different hospital so he can be faithful to his wife. However, he is ineligible to transfer after failing the intern exams. O'Malley decides to repeat his intern year, and confesses to Torres that he slept with Stevens, leading the two to separate. O'Malley and Stevens embark on a short-lived relationship, only to discover there is no real chemistry between them.
O'Malley moves in with new intern Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh), Meredith's half-sister. Lexie and O'Malley discover that he only failed his exam by a single point, leading him to confront Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.), the chief of surgery, to ask for a chance to retake the exam. He passes the second attempt, and begins to distance himself from Lexie, who has fallen in love with him. O'Malley supports Stevens when she discovers she has melanoma, and walks her down the aisle as she marries Karev. O'Malley begins to display a talent for trauma surgery, and is told by the chief of trauma surgery Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) that it is definitely his specialty. He then abruptly and inexplicably decides to join the U.S. Army. While his friends at the hospital prepare an intervention to convince O'Malley to stay, they all work on a severely disfigured John Doe, brought in after a horrible bus accident, in which he pushed a woman out of the way and saved her life. When Meredith goes to check on John Doe, he seems to recognize her and will not let go of her hand. After several attempts at trying, he succeeds in tracing "007" on Meredith's hand. Shocked, she realizes "John Doe" is in fact O'Malley. She informs the other surgeons and they rush him to surgery. However, he flatlines and is ultimately declared braindead. His organs are donated after Stevens confirms that is what O'Malley would have wanted, and he is buried a week later.
Development[edit]
Casting and creation[edit]
T. R. Knight expected a short career with Grey's Anatomy.
T. R. Knight signed on for the pilot as O'Malley, expecting that the role might be short-lived, because he liked that the character was multi-faceted.[1] In October 2006, news reports surfaced that Washington had insulted Knight with a homophobic slur,[2] during an argument with Patrick Dempsey (Derek Shepherd). Shortly after, the details of the argument became public, and Knight later disclosed that the slur made him come out as gay.[3] "I was under no delusions," Knight said at the time. "My friends on the set knew. We talked about it. Publicly it's not my thing to call up People magazine and be like, 'Hey, you want to know something about me?'...I could've just let it slide and not said anything, but it became important. It became important to make the statement."[3] The situation seemed somewhat resolved when Washington issued a statement, apologizing for his "unfortunate use of words during the recent incident on-set".[4]
Isaiah Washington insulted T. R. Knight with a homophobic slur.
At the 64th Golden Globe Awards, while being interviewed on the red carpet, Washington joked, "I love gay. I wanted to be gay. Please let me be gay."[5] Later, Washington claimed he never used the slur, labeling it "vile".[6][7] In June 2007, it was reported that the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) and Shonda Rhimes had chosen not to renew Washington's contract with the show,[8] not immediately specifying a reason.[9] In a subsequent interview, Washington claimed that "they fired the wrong guy" (referring to Knight), and said he was considering filing a lawsuit as a result. He accused Knight of using the controversy to bolster his own career and increase his salary on Grey's Anatomy.[10]
On July 2, 2007, Washington appeared on Larry King Live, to present his side of the controversy. According to Washington, he never used the "F Word" in reference to Knight, but rather blurted it out in an unrelated context in the course of an argument "provoked" by Dempsey, who he felt was treating him like a "B-word", a "P-word", and the "F-word", which Washington said conveyed "somebody who is being weak and afraid to fight back".[11] In 2009, Rhimes told Entertainment Weekly that she may not have handled the incident correctly, stating: "I wasn't interested in what anybody thought publicly. I was interested in what was going on right here on the ground...with the people I work with every day. Did I do it perfectly? Of course not. This is my first television show. It was a learning experience."[12] Knight said that Rhimes was among those for discouraging him to come out, however Rhimes said: "I remember saying [to fellow executive producer], 'This is our proudest day here. T.R. got to come out and I got to say to him that it wouldn't affect his character' because he was concerned he was going to come out and George would suddenly be gay. [...] The idea that a gay actor can't play a straight man is insulting."[12]
In December 2008, reports speculated that Knight requested to be released from his contract and that "they were working out the details" at that time. In June 2009, after the conclusion of the fifth season of Grey's Anatomy, it was confirmed that Knight would not be returning for the show's sixth season.[13] The actor stated the reason for his departure was due to a "breakdown in communication" with Rhimes,[14] O'Malley's lack of screen time, as well as his decision to be openly gay.[15] Prior to the official announcement of his departure, there was speculation that the role of O'Malley would be recast,[16] but Rhimes labeled it as a "hilarious, ridiculous rumor".[16] After the confirmation of his exit, Knight told TV Guide: "Leaving Grey's Anatomy was not an easy decision for me to make. I am extremely grateful to have had the opportunity to play this character and will miss my fellow cast and crew very much. I continue to wish them the very best, and wholeheartedly thank all of the fans who have supported me and the show with such passion and enthusiasm."[17] In a statement confirming Knight's departure, Rhimes said: "I think I speak for the entire Grey's Anatomy family when I say we wish T.R. Knight the best in his future endeavors. He is an incredibly talented actor and a person whose strength of character is admired by all of us."[17]
"There are ebbs and flows. And every season is shaped differently. With George, I really wanted you to not notice that he wasn't there for most of this episode. I don't think anybody noticed because of the way we laid it out this season. And, actually, he was really lovely and elegant about lying there in all that very painful makeup and prosthetics for much of the episode with no words. That moment where he grabs Meredith's hand is one of the most affecting moments of the episode, and it was without words."
— Rhimes on Knight's lack of screen time in season five[18]
In an interview with Entertainment Weekly, Rhimes said she tried to talk him out of quitting, explaining: "I looked in his face and he was really sure. It felt like the right thing for him."[12] However, in another interview, Knight said of his exit: "My five-year experience proved to me that I could not trust any answer that was given [about O'Malley]."[19] Knight was "at peace" with his departure, saying: "There just comes a time when it's so clear that moving on is the best decision." However, Heigl tried to talk Knight out of leaving, saying: "I didn't think it was the right decision. I felt like some of the problems could be worked through. But by the time it came to fruition, I was [glad] for him because he was ready to go."[19] On the topic of losing a US$14 million contract, Knight commented: "From an outsider's perspective, I get the [impression that] 'He's just a spoiled actor, he doesn’t know how good he has it.' There are a lot of people who would like to be in my position. But in the end, I need to be fulfilled in my work."[19]
Characterization[edit]
O'Malley was characterized a "hapless naif".[20] On the topic of O'Malley's longtime crush on Meredith in the second season, Knight said: "What's going to be very interesting to see is what he's going to do with Meredith. It's getting close to time. Whatever he chooses to do will inform who he is the rest of his life."[21] After their sexual encounter occurred onscreen, Knight said in an interview with Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune: "George wasn't really paying full attention. He was letting his own feelings override his respect for Meredith. A person really clued in would get that there wasn't anything coming back, but he was so in his head about it and caught up in his own feelings that he wasn't listening. It's not just that he loves her...it's a kind of selfish love he had for her." He also added that, "I think George has a lot of growing up to do. Part of that is making horrible, stupid mistakes. He's been pretty sheltered."[22]
Katherine Heigl's (left) and Ellen Pompeo's (right) characters both have short-lived relationships with O'Malley.
Series writer Stacy McKee said of the sexual encounter: "There's no turning back. There's nothing George and Meredith can do. The damage is done – things will never be the same. They've just changed something important in their lives forever."[23] When asked if O'Malley was becoming more assertive, Knight said:
“ I think that's very true, especially since the elevator scene. The first time we saw George, he failed at an appendectomy, he failed very publicly. In the elevator scene, if he hadn't been in that elevator, if they had been in any other place, he would have let someone else step in and deal with it. The fact that it was only George and Alex forced him to act, it was either that or let this man die. He stepped up because he had to.[22] ”
Knight also commented that the character does not appreciate himself and his positive traits.[22] On the topic of O'Malley performing open heart surgery in an elevator, Knight said: "It's a slow change but he's starting to realize, 'The way I have been doing things is not working.' The big thing about the open-heart surgery in the elevator was he was forced into it. He needs to be kind of kicked in the (butt) to do these things."[21]
Knight felt a parallel to George in that his "confidence isn't always at its absolute highest", but overall he sees more differences than similarities. However, when the actor starts to think he is so different from O'Malley, an awkward move can suggest otherwise. "I was walking, doing a scene with Katherine Heigl. I finished my line with her, and then I walked straight into the light stand."[21] Critical of her affair with O'Malley, Knight's co-star Heigl explained: "They really hurt somebody, and they didn't seem to be taking a lot of responsibility for it. I have a really hard time with that kind of thing. I'm maybe a little too black and white about it."[24] Speaking of O'Malley's relationship with Lexie, Rhimes offered her insight: "I love them as friends. They make good friends. We all have that friend we met in school or the gym or somewhere – we just hit it off right away. And right away there was no pretense or airs. Just pure honesty. That's Lexie and George. They're really good friends and I can see the friendship evolving into something even greater."[25] When asked what his "favorite George moment" was, Knight said his relationships with Stevens and Bailey.[26]
Reception[edit]
Callie Torres' relationship with O'Malley was initially criticized.
Fans were "widely against" O'Malley's affair with Meredith in the second season,[22] however certain fans who supported their relationship were critical when Torres was introduced as a love interest for him.[27][28] Fans and critics were also against O'Malley's relationship with Stevens in the fourth season;[29] Maclean's said: "George must die. He's slept with virtually everyone except the male cast and has been in love with virtually everyone except the male cast. And he's not that great of a doctor. Evolve or die."[30] Christopher Monfette of IGN said O'Malley and Stevens were a "mismatch", adding: "Unfortunately, while it's refreshing to see a plotline driven by activity versus apathy, the idea of these two ever-affable, best-friend characters suddenly discovering their potential, out-of-nowhere love for each other quickly feels both force-fed and emotionally-incorrect."[31] Similarly, DVD Verdict stated that George and Izzie were "one of the strongest 'best friend' vibes on television" for the first three seasons, explaining "they were perfect as friends [while] George and Callie made a good couple."[32] UGO.com put the two on their list of "Character Couples Who Should Have Never Happened".[33]
Jennifer Armstrong of Entertainment Weekly said that when O'Malley told Torres about his affair with Stevens, the scene was too "melodramatic".[34] Laura Burrows, also of IGN, said that the fourth-season premiere "introduced a new side of George".[35] Armstrong said of O'Malley and Stevens' reconciliation: "George and Izzie are finally on the old Grey's Anatomy road to ruin. And I admit this is a good lesson in Grey's viewing as well as life: Sit tight if you hate something, as nothing is permanent."[36] Armstrong also commented that the "sparkling" friendship development between Lexie and O'Malley "won her over".[37] The following year, Monfette observed of O'Malley's lack of screen time: "His growing interest in trauma surgery at the side of Owen leads to an interesting development in the finale, but the character is virtually side-lined this season."[38] Carina MacKenzie of the Los Angeles Times said of the character's death: "The time-lapse episode was an interesting choice, and though we sped through six weeks of mourning in two hours, it didn't feel rushed to me. I'm not sure the show could have held my attention for another season of crippling sadness."[39]
The Huffington Post's Michael Pascua commented that O'Malley's funeral did not live up to his expectations, writing that it "wasn't as sad as [he] thought it would be".[40] In 2006, Knight and the other cast of Grey's Anatomy were nominated for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series, at the 12th Screen Actors Guild Awards.[41] Also in 2006, the cast won the award for Best Cast – Television Series at the 11th Satellite Awards.[42] The cast won the award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series at the 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards,[43] and were nominated again the following year.[44] Knight's performance in season three earned him a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards.[45]
References[edit]
Specific
Jump up ^ T.R. Knight (2007). Grey's Anatomy – T.R. Knight On Auditioning. Paley Center. Event occurs at 0:30–1:20. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Edward, Wyatt (January 22, 2007). "Anatomy of an Insult: ABC Is Stung by an Actor’s Anti-Gay Slurs". The New York Times. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Nudd, Tim (January 17, 2007). "T.R. Knight: Isaiah Washington's Slur Made Me Come Out". People. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive: Isaiah Washington Apologizes". People. October 25, 2006. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ The Associated Press (January 17, 2007). "Isaiah Washington: "I Love Gay"". Access Hollywood. Archived from the original on January 20, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
Jump up ^ "T.R. Knight: 'Isaiah Washington Did Use the 'F Word'". Hollywood.com. January 17, 2007. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Grey's Anatomy Show Creator Speaks Out About Anti-Gay Controversy". Yahoo! Voices. January 24, 2007. Archived from the original on July 28, 2014. Retrieved August 26, 2012. [unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Jensen, Michael (June 8, 2007). "Isaiah Washington Fired from Grey's Anatomy". AfterElton.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ "ABC drops Washington from Grey's Anatomy". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. June 8, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Grey's star says they fired the wrong guy", Houston Chronicle. June 21, 2007. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Interview transcript" July 2, 2007. Cable News Network.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hernandez, Greg (July 27, 2009). "T.R. Knight: More of Entertainment Weekly interview". Retrieved August 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (June 17, 2009). "It's official: T.R. Knight exits 'Grey's Anatomy' – Inside TV". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (July 23, 2009). "T.R. Knight reveals why he left 'Grey's Anatomy'". Cable News Network. Archived from the original on November 15, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ "T.R. Knight: Leaving Grey's Anatomy Was the "Best Decision"". Us Weekly. July 23, 2009. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitovich, Matt (May 28, 2009). "Grey's Anatomy T.R. Knight Rumors Ripped as "Ridiculous" "False"". TV Guide. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitovich, Matt (19 June 2009). "T.R. Knight Speaks Out: "Leaving Grey's Anatomy Was Not Easy"". TV Guide. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (May 15, 2009). "Exclusive='Grey's' boss on finale's Izzie-George shocker, Mer-Der 'wedding,' and more!". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ausiello, Michael (July 23, 2009). "This week's cover: 'Grey's Anatomy' star T.R. Knight reveals why he left the hit show". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Fonseca, Nicholas (September 16, 2005). "Playing Doctors". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Keveney, Bill (February 16, 2006). "TV's top everymen". USA Today. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ryan, Maureen (March 10, 2006). "George speaks: A chat with T.R. Knight of 'Grey's Anatomy'". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ McKee, Stacy (February 26, 2006). "From Stacy McKee, writer of "What Have I Done To Deserve This?"". American Broadcasting Company. Grey Matter. Archived from the original on December 19, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bennetts, Leslie (January 2008). "Heigl’s Anatomy". Vanity Fair. Condé Nast Publications. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ Rhimes, Shonda (June 2, 2008). "The End of the Beginning... Part II...". Grey Matter. American Broadcasting Company. Archived from the original on March 31, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "T.R. Knight talks 'Grey's Anatomy'". The Associated Press. February 15, 2006. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Yuan, Jada (September 18, 2006). "Belle Curves: Sara Ramirez". New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew (November 16, 2005). "Spamalot's Ramirez Lands Role on TV's "Grey's Anatomy"". Playbill. Philip S Birsh. Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ "T.R. Knight pictures, Blog, Interviews, News, Trivia, Biography". BuddyTV. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Treble, Patricia (April 25, 2008). "Grey's Anatomy is on life support". Maclean's. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ Monfette, Christopher (June 18, 2007). "Grey's Anatomy: Season 3 Review". IGN. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Jim (September 18, 2008). "Grey's Anatomy: Season Four". DVD Verdict. Archived from the original on December 16, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick, Kevin (August 11, 2011). "Character Couples Who Should Have Never Happened – George O'Malley and Izzie Stevens -". UGO Networks. Archived from the original on August 6, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Jennifer (October 7, 2007). "Grey's Anatomy recap: Keeping Up With the Jonesing". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Burrows, Laura (May 27, 2008). "Grey's Anatomy: Season 4 Review". IGN. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Jennifer (November 9, 2007). "Grey's Anatomy recap: Bed Her Late, Then Never". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Jennifer (September 30, 2007). "When Girls Collide". Entertainment Weekly. p. 2. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Monfette, Chris (May 29, 2009). "Grey's Anatomy: Season 5 Review". IGN. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ MacKenzie, Carina (September 25, 2009). "'Grey's Anatomy' premiere: Saying goodbye to George O'Malley". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Pascua, Michael (September 25, 2009). "Grey's Anatomy: Good Mourning / Goodbye (season premiere)". The Huffington Post. Retrieved July 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "12th Screen Actors Guild Awards". Screen Actors Guild. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "2006 Satellite Awards". Alt Film Guide. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "13th Screen Actors Guild Awards". Screen Actors Guild. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "14th Screen Actors Guild Awards". Screen Actors Guild. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "T.R. Knight". Primetime Emmy Awards. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
General
"Grey's Anatomy: Episode Recap Guide". ABC. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
External links[edit]
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