text:
Fetal pig
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
External view of a fetal pig
Fetal pigs are unborn pigs used in elementary as well as advanced biology classes as objects for dissection. Pigs, as a mammalian species, provide a good specimen for the study of physiological systems and processes due to the similarities between many pig and human organs.
Contents
[hide]
1 Use in biology labs
1.1 Alternatives
2 Development
2.1 Nutrition
2.2 Placental development
2.3 Prenatal development
2.4 Development of lymphoid and haematopoiesis tissues
2.5 Environmental effects on swine reproductive performance
3 Preservation
4 Anatomy
4.1 Circulatory system
4.2 Digestive
4.3 Urogenital
4.3.1 Female
4.3.2 Male
5 References
6 External links
Use in biology labs[edit]
Along with frogs and earthworms, fetal pigs are among the most common animals used in classroom dissection. There are several reasons for this, the main reason being that pigs, like humans, are mammals. Shared traits include common hair, mammary glands, live birth, similar organ systems, metabolic levels, and basic body form. They also allow for the study of fetal circulation, which differs from that of an adult. Secondly, fetal pigs are easy to obtain because they are by-products of the pork industry. Fetal pigs are the unborn piglets of sows that were killed by the meat packing industry. These pigs are not bred and killed for this purpose, but are extracted from the deceased sow’s uterus. Fetal pigs not used in classroom dissections are often used in fertilizer or simply discarded.[1] Thirdly, fetal pigs are cheap, which is an essential component for dissection use by schools. They can be ordered for a little more than $25 at biological product companies. Fourthly, fetal pigs are easy to dissect because of their soft tissue and incompletely developed bones that are still made of cartilage.[2] In addition, they are relatively large with well-developed organs that are easily visible. As long as the pork industry exists, fetal pigs will be relatively abundant, making them the prime choice for classroom dissections.
Alternatives[edit]
Several peer-reviewed comparative studies have concluded that the educational outcomes of students who are taught basic and advanced biomedical concepts and skills using non-animal methods are equivalent or superior to those of their peers who use animal-based laboratories such as animal dissection.[3][4]
A systematic review concluded that students taught using non-animal methods demonstrated “superior understanding of complex biological processes, increased learning efficiency, and increased examination results.” [5] It also reported that students’ confidence and satisfaction increased as did their preparedness for laboratories and their information-retrieval and communication abilities.[6]
Three studies at universities across the United States found that students who modeled body systems out of clay were significantly better at identifying the constituent parts of human anatomy than their classmates who performed animal dissection.[7][8][9]
Another study found that students preferred using clay modeling over animal dissection and performed just as well as their cohorts who dissected animals.[10]
Development[edit]
Dissected fetal pig, showing the thoracic cavity, including the rib cage, the heart in the pericardium, the lungs, the diaphragm, part of the liver, and all those organs under the neck
The size of the fetal pig depends on the time allowed for the mother to gestate:
Size
Time
80 mm 68 days
100 mm 75 days
158 mm 86 days
220 mm 100 days
300 mm 114 days
Nutrition[edit]
No studies have found significant data regarding the mother swine’s diet and fetal pig survival rate. However, there is a correlation between a mother pig having a nutritious diet containing proteins, vitamins and minerals during gestation period and the survival rate of piglets. The correlation, however, is not statistically different. Weight is also not a factor of survival rate because a healthier diet does not lead to a heavier offspring or a greater chance of live birth.[11]
Placental development[edit]
The placenta is used as a means of transferring nutrients from the mother to the fetus. The efficiency at which nutrients are transferred dictates the health and growth of the fetus. FRP, or fetal weight: placental weight ratio, was commonly used to determine placental efficiency. However, increasing FPR does not prove to increase litter size. Instead, a more accurate way of determining fetus growth is through certain characteristics of the placental lining. The placenta is made of a folded trophoblast/endometrial epithelial bilayer. The width and length of the placenta folds are positively related and increase as gestation progresses.
The width of the placental folds decreases until day 85 of gestation. From here, the width increases with gestation and is at its largest around day 105. The rate at which these folds increase is negatively related to fetus size. Thus, greater fold widths will be seen in smaller fetuses. Although increasing placental fold width does increase the interaction between fetus and mother, nutrient exchange is not most efficient in smaller fetal pigs, as would be expected. Many other factors, including depth of placental folds, are also responsible for these interactions.[12]
Prenatal development[edit]
The prenatal development of the fetus includes all the tissue and organ development. Within hours of mating, the sperm and egg undergo fertilization in the oviduct and three days later the egg moves into the uterus. The cells begin to specialize by day six, and attach themselves to the uterus lining by day eleven. From fertilization to day 18, the endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm have been forming inside the embryo, and are completely formed by day 18, the same day the placenta forms. The endoderm transforms into the lungs, trachea, thyroid gland, and digestive tract of the fetus. The ectoderm has a greater role in the development of the fetus. It forms into the skin, nervous system, enamel of the teeth, lining of the intestine, mammary and sweat glands, hoofs, and hair. The mesoderm forms the major organ components that help keep the fetus alive. It forms the muscles and connective tissues of the body, blood vessels and cells, the skeleton, kidneys, adrenal glands, heart, and the reproductive organs. By day 20, most of the major organs are visible, and the last half of gestation focuses greatly on increasing the size of the fetuses.[13]
Development of lymphoid and haematopoiesis tissues[edit]
The development of the lymphatic system and the formation of blood circulation occur at different stages of fetal pig development. The first lymphatic organ to become present is the thymus. Lymphocyte builds up in the spleen on the 70th day. By day 77, the thymus is already completely developed and is distinguishable from other organs. Also, follicles are present on the tongue and intestines on day 77. On the 84th day, Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths appear in the fetal pig. By this time, the liver and bone marrow are active and functional.[14]
Environmental effects on swine reproductive performance[edit]
Studies have shown that litter size, the amount of floor space during the growing period, and the number of pigs the gilt, or female pig, is placed with while growing affect the reproduction rates of the gilts. Data from a study in 1976 by Nelson and Robinson showed that gilts from a small litter size ovulated more than the gilts from the larger litters. The study suggests stress plays a role in impacting the reproduction. The amount of floor space has been shown to impact the time it takes gilts to reach puberty. An adequate amount of floor space allowed the higher percentage of gilts to reach puberty sooner than those gilts who had less floor space. The gilts placed in smaller groups bore one more pig per litter than gilts in larger groups. Still, the environment in which the fetal gilt develops is significant to the reproductive and physiological development.[15] Author: Brandon Anderson
Preservation[edit]
Fetal pigs are often preserved in formaldehyde[citation needed], a carcinogenic substance. A 1980 study found that exposure to formaldehyde could possibly cause nasal cancer in rats, leading to research on whether this was possible in humans or not.[16] In 1995 it was concluded by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) that formaldehyde is a carcinogen for humans.[17] In Albania, fetal pigs are preserved by means of alcohol, and are used as an ingredient in Raki, a local moonshine liquor.[18]
Anatomy[edit]
Fetal pig brain situated in the cranium
The anatomy of a fetal pig is similar to that of the adult pig in various aspects. Systems that are similar include the nervous, skeletal, respiratory (neglecting the under developed diaphragm), and muscular. Other important body systems have significant differences from the adult pig.
Circulatory system[edit]
There are only a few differences between the circulatory system of an adult pig and a fetal pig, besides from the umbilical arteries and vein. There is a shunt between the wall of the right and left atrium called the foramen ovale. This allows blood to pass directly from the right to left atrium. There is also the ductus arterius which allows blood from the right atrium to be diverted to the aortic arch. Both of these shunts close a few minutes after birth.
Digestive[edit]
The monogastric digestive system of the fetal pig harbors many similarities with many other mammals. The fetal pig's digestive organs are well developed before birth, although it does not ingest food. These organs include the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines. Mesenteries serve to connect the organs of the fetal pig together. In order for digestion to occur, the fetal pig would have to ingest food. Instead, it gains much needed nutrition from the mother pig via the umbilical cord. In the adult pig, food will follow the general flow through the esophagus, which can be located behind the tracheae. From the oral cavity, the esophagus leads to the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Other organs developing during fetal pig development such as the gallbladder, pancreas and spleen are all critical in contributing to the overall flow of the digestive system because they contain digestive enzymes that will perform chemical digestion of food. After food is digested and nutrients are absorbed, the food follows through the large intestine and solid wastes are excreted through the anus. In the fetal pig however, the metabolic wastes are sent back to the mother through the umbilical cord where the mother excretes the wastes. Other remaining wastes remain in the fetal pig until birth. Then
The oral cavity of the fetal pig begins developing before birth. The tongue's taste buds, located in the enlarged papillae, facilitate food handling after birth. These taste buds develop during fetal development. Adult pigs have up to 15,000 taste buds, a much larger number than the average human tongue, which has 9,000.[19]
The dental anatomy of the fetal pig shows differences from adult pigs. The fetal pig develops primary teeth (which are later replaced with permanent teeth). Some may erupt during fetal stage, which is why some of the fetuses show evidence of teeth. Depending on the age of the fetal pig, it is natural to see eruptions of third incisor and canine in the fetal pig.[20] Because the fetal pigs were still in the mother’s uterus, teeth will still form which supports reasons for hollow unerupted teeth that may be seen. Similar to human dental anatomy, the overall dental anatomy of the pig consists of incisors, canines, pre-molars, and molars. Piglets can have 28 teeth total and adult pigs can have 44 teeth total.[21]
Urogenital[edit]
Reproductive system of a female fetal pig
The fetal pig's urogenital system is similar to the adult pig's system with the exception of the reproductive organs. The fetal pig urinary tract is relatively developed and easy to locate during dissection. The kidneys are located behind the abdominal organs and are partially embedded into the dorsal body wall by the spine. The ureters carry the urine to the urinary bladder, the large sack-like organ by the umbilical artery and vein, to the urethra. From there, the urine can be excreted.
Female[edit]
If the fetal pig is a female, there will be a fleshy protrusion ventral near the anus called the genital papilla.[22] The female's internal reproductive system is located below the kidneys. The two sac-like organs attached to the coil-like fallopian tubes are the ovaries.[23] The uterus, which becomes the vagina, is located where the fallopian tubes meet. This system can be difficult to find as it is small as well as extremely dorsal and posterior to the other systems.
Male[edit]
Male fetal pigs have an urogenital opening located behind the umbilical cord. The swelling behind the hind legs of the fetal pig[24] is the scrotum. The male's internal reproductive system has two scrotal sacs, which depending on the age of the fetal pig may or may not have developed testes.[25] The epididymis coil on the testes connects to the vas deferens. The vas deferens crosses over the ureter and enters the urethra, which then connects to the penis located just posterior to the skin.[26] Similar to the female system, it may be difficult to identify all parts.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ IMiller, James S., Ph.D. (1998). Why fetal pigs are good dissection specimens. Fetal pig dissection guide: including sheep heart, brain, and eye. (3rd). Goshen College. (http://www.goshen.edu/bio/PigBook/dissectionadvantages.html). [13 July 2009].
Jump up ^ Nebraska Scientific (2009). Preserved specimens: pigs. http://www.nebraskascientific.com/Shop_Our_Catalog/Preserved_Specimens/Pigs/. [13 July 2009].
Jump up ^ Patronek, G.J.; Rauch, A (2007). "Systematic review of comparative studies examining alternatives to the harmful use of animals in biomedical education". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 230 (1): 37–43. PMID 17199490. doi:10.2460/javma.230.1.37.
Jump up ^ Knight, A (2007). "The effectiveness of humane teaching methods in veterinary education". ALTEX. 24 (2): 91. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Knight, A (2007). "The effectiveness of humane teaching methods in veterinary education". ALTEX. 24 (2): 91. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Knight, A (2007). "The effectiveness of humane teaching methods in veterinary education". ALTEX. 24 (2): 91. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Waters, J.R.; Van Meter, P; Perrotti, W; Drogo, S; Cyr, R.J (2005). "Cat dissection vs. sculpting human structures in clay: An analysis of two approaches to undergraduate human anatomy laboratory education". Advances in Physiology Education. 29 (1): 27–34. doi:10.1152/advan.00033.2004.
Jump up ^ Motoike, H.K.; O'Kane, R.L.; Lenchner, E; Haspel, C (2009). "Clay modeling as a method to learn human muscles: A community college study". Anatomical Sciences Education. 2 (1): 19–23. doi:10.1002/ase.61.
Jump up ^ Waters, J.R.; Van Meter, P; Perrotti, W; Drogo, S; Cyr, R.J. (2011). "Human clay models versus cat dissection: How the similarity between the classroom and the exam affects student performance". Advances in Physiology Education. 35 (2): 227–236. doi:10.1152/advan.00030.2009.
Jump up ^ DeHoff, M.E.; Clark, K.L; Meganathan, K (2011). "Learning outcomes and student perceived value of clay modeling and cat dissection in undergraduate human anatomy and physiology.". Advances in Physiology Education. 35 (1): 68–75. doi:10.1152/advan.00094.2010.
Jump up ^ Casey, David and Johnson, Rodgers (1999). Response to Increasing Levels of Nutrients Fed During Gestation and Lactation to Control and Prolific Gilts. Nebraska Swine Reports. Retrieved July 15, 2009. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=coopext_swine.
Jump up ^ Freking, B.A. and Vallet, J. L. (2007). Differences in Placental Structure During Gestation Associated With Large and Small Pig Fetuses. Journal of Animal Science. Retrieved July 17, 2009. http://jas.fass.org/cgi/content/full/85/12/3267.
Jump up ^ Estienne, M. J., & Harper, A. F. (2008). Fetal Pig Programming - An Emerging Concept with Possible Implications for Swine Reproductive Performance. Livestock Update. April 2008. Retrieved July 16, 2009 from http://www.thepigsite.com/articles/2215/fetal-pig-programming-an-emerging-concept-with-possible-implications-for-swine-reproductive-performance.
Jump up ^ J. Kruml Contact Information, F. Kovář, J. Ludvík and I. Trebichavský (1970). The development of lymphoid and haemopoietic tissues in pig fetuses. Biomedical and Life Sciences. Retrieved July 15, 2009. http://www.springerlink.com/content/a1k1u1160v747716/.
Jump up ^ Estienne, M. J., & Harper, A. F. (2008). Fetal Pig Programming - An Emerging Concept with Possible Implications for Swine Reproductive Performance. Livestock Update. April 2008. Retrieved July 16, 2009 from http://www.thepigsite.com/articles/2215/fetal-pig-programming-an-emerging-concept-with-possible-implications-for-swine-reproductive-performance.
Jump up ^ Retrieved July 20, 2009 from National Cancer Institute site: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/risk/formaldehyde. Article “Formaldehyde and cancer risk”
Jump up ^ Retrieved July 20, 2009 from National Cancer Institute site: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/risk/formaldehyde. Article “Formaldehyde and cancer risk”
Jump up ^ albanian folklore
Jump up ^ http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/amaze.html
Jump up ^ Walker, Warren. Anatomy and Dissection of the Fetal Pig. Macmillan. 1997.
Jump up ^ "Veterinary Drawing of the Teeth of Your Pet Pig." UPPR. 1 Jun 2009 http://www.upprs.com/health/teeth.htm.An excerpt from The Veterinary Journal for Miniature Pets
Jump up ^ Biology @ Davidson. Retrieved July 10, 2009. http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/bio112/Bio112LabMan/cppig.html
Jump up ^ Fetal Pig Dissection. Retrieved July 10, 2009. http://staff.tuhsd.k12.az.us/gfoster/standard/fetalpigdissection2.htm
Jump up ^ Biology @ Davidson. Retrieved July 10, 2009. http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/bio112/Bio112LabMan/cppig.html
Jump up ^ Fetal Pig Dissection. Retrieved July 10, 2009. http://staff.tuhsd.k12.az.us/gfoster/standard/fetalpigdissection2.htm
Jump up ^ Glenister, T. W. "The development of the penile urethra in the pig." Journal of anatomy 90.Pt 4 (1956): 461.
External links[edit]
Fetal Pig Dissection
Standard Fetal Pig Dissection Lab
Where to Buy Fetal Pigs
Alternatives to Dissecting Fetal Pigs
Ethical Questions and Concerns About Dissecting Fetal Pigs
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fetal_pig&oldid=798135592"
Categories:
Biology experiments
Bioscience education
Domestic pigs
Hidden categories:
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 31 August 2017, at 05:52.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: class style

values: /wiki/Pigs mw-redirect Pigs

value: b

attrs: href title

values: /wiki/Mammalian mw-redirect Mammalian

value: p

values:
/wiki/Circulation_(physiology)
mw-redirect
Circulation (physiology)

values: Edit section: Development of lymphoid and haematopoiesis tissues

values: Edit section: Environmental effects on swine reproductive performance

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Umbilical_arteries
mw-redirect
Umbilical arteries

values:
/wiki/Large_intestines
mw-redirect
Large intestines

values:
/wiki/Fallopian_tubes
mw-redirect
Fallopian tubes

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17199490

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2460%2Fjavma.230.1.37

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1152%2Fadvan.00033.2004

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fase.61

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1152%2Fadvan.00030.2009

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1152%2Fadvan.00094.2010

values:
nofollow
http://www.dissectionalternatives.org/
external text

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Fetal_pig
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Fetal_pig rootpage-Fetal_pig vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Cold turkey
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Cold turkey (disambiguation).
"Cold turkey" refers to the abrupt cessation of a substance dependence and the resulting unpleasant experience, as opposed to gradually easing the process through reduction over time or by using replacement medication. The term comes from the piloerection or "goose bumps" that occurs with abrupt withdrawal from opioids, which resembles the skin of a plucked refrigerated turkey.[1][2]
Sudden withdrawal from drugs such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates can be extremely dangerous, leading to potentially fatal seizures. For long-term alcoholics, going cold turkey can cause life-threatening delirium tremens, rendering this an inappropriate method for breaking an alcohol addiction.[3]
In the case of opioid withdrawal, going "cold turkey" is extremely unpleasant but less dangerous.[4][2] Life-threatening issues are unlikely unless one has a pre-existing medical condition.[2]
Smoking cessation methods advanced by J. Wayne McFarland and Elman J. Folkenburg (an M.D. and a pastor who wrote their Five Day Plan ca. 1959),[5][6] Joel Spitzer and John R. Polito (smoking cessation educators)[7] and Allen Carr (who founded Easyway during the early 1980s)[8] are cold turkey plans.
Etymology[edit]
An early printed use of the term from 1920:
Some addicts voluntarily stop taking opiates and "suffer it out" as they express it without medical assistance, a process which in their slang is called taking "cold turkey"...
[9]
Another early printed use of the term in the media to refer to drug withdrawal occurred in the Daily Colonist in British Columbia in 1921:
Perhaps the most pitiful figures who have appeared before Dr. Carleton Simon ... are those who voluntarily surrender themselves. When they go before him, that are given what is called the 'cold turkey' treatment.
[10]
The phrase "taking cold turkey" has also been reported during the 1920s as slang for pleading guilty.[11]

The term is later seen in the 1947 novel I, The Jury' by Mickey Spillane:
Included was a medical record from the hospital when he had made her go cold turkey, which is dope-addict talk for an all-out cure.
On February 26,1951 Time magazine article "High & Light" used the phrase, stating:
There is one dimly hopeful side to the teenage dope problem. Unlike older people, few teenagers appear to take to drugs because of psychological troubles; youngsters usually start using narcotics either out of ignorance or the same reckless impulses which lead them to race hot rods. Though they are easier to wean, however, there are almost no facilities for taking care of them. On New York City's Rikers Island, youngsters have to endure the horrors of a sudden "cold turkey" cure or get none at all. Once released, many go right back to drugs again.
In early drug slang, the term "going cold turkey" was referred to suddenly and totally stopping drugs. The term is now used in general slang with the broader meaning of stopping any habit or practice suddenly.[12]
There are several explanations of the phrase's origin:
The "goose bumps" (piloerection) that occurs with sudden discontinuation in persons dependent on opioids, frequently persons addicted to heroin.[1][2] Similarly the term "kick the habit" alludes to the muscle spasms that also occur.[1]
A narrowing of the meaning "suddenly or without preparation", from cold turkey being a dish that requires little preparation; originally used for heroin addicts.[13]
From the American phrase talk turkey meaning "to speak bluntly with little preparation".[14]
See also[edit]
Look up cold turkey in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Smoking cessation
Drug withdrawal
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Hales, Robert E.; Yudofsky, Stuart C.; Roberts, Laura Weiss (2014). The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychiatry, Sixth Edition. American Psychiatric Publishing. p. 779. ISBN 9781585624447.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ghodse, Hamid (2010). Ghodse's Drugs and Addictive Behaviour: A Guide to Treatment. Cambridge University Press. p. 77. ISBN 9781139485678.
Jump up ^ Hughes, John R. (2009). "Alcohol withdrawal seizures". Epilepsy & Behavior. 15 (2): 92–7. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.02.037. PMID 19249388.
Jump up ^ Opiate withdrawal. Medline Plus — NIH.
Jump up ^ "New book details history of LLU bringing 'Health to the People'". Loma Linda University. March 31, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ McFarland, J. Wayne; Folkenberg, Elman J. (1964). "The Five-Day Plan to Quit Smoking" (PDF). University Health Services, University of Wisconsin. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 10, 2010. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "WhyQuit". WhyQuit. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Allen Carr Worldwide". Allen Carr. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ The Narcotic Drug Problem Arthur D. Greenfield. December 1920. Monthly Bulletin of the Department of Health in the City of New York, Volume 10
Jump up ^ Movers and Shakers: A Chronology of Words that Shaped Our Age, by John Ayto
Jump up ^ Statistical Report. New York (N.Y.). Police Dept. Page 192. 1924.
Jump up ^ Cold turkey Definition.net.
Jump up ^ "Cold turkey" in the Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ "cold turkey" definition, Dictionary.com.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold_turkey&oldid=853358591"
Categories:
Drug rehabilitation
Substance dependence
Slang
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
עברית
Latina
Nederlands
Polski
Svenska
West-Vlams
4 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 4 August 2018, at 05:50 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Cold_turkey_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Cold turkey (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: sup

values:
/wiki/Opioid_withdrawal
mw-redirect
Opioid withdrawal

values: J. Wayne McFarland (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/I,_The_Jury
mw-redirect
I, The Jury

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.02.037

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19249388

values:
nofollow
http://www.whyquit.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.allencarrseasyway.com/
external text

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Cold_turkey
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: ديك بارد – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: بوقلمون سرد – Persian

values: קולד טרקי – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vls
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Cold_turkey rootpage-Cold_turkey skin-vector action-view


text:
Bleach (season 16)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Lost Agent Arc
The cover of the first DVD compilation released by Aniplex of Lost Agent Arc
Country of origin
Japan
No. of episodes
24
Release
Original network
TV Tokyo
Original release
October 11, 2011 (2011-10-11) – March 27, 2012 (2012-03-27)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 15
List of Bleach episodes
The sixteenth season of the Bleach anime series is known as the Lost Agent arc (死神代行消失篇, Shinigami Daikō Shōshitsu hen).[1] It is directed by Noriyuki Abe, and produced by TV Tokyo, Dentsu and Studio Pierrot.[2] Based on Tite Kubo's manga series, the season is set seventeen months after Ichigo Kurosaki lost his Soul Reaper powers and meets a man known as Kūgo Ginjō who proposes him to recover them.
The season aired from October 2011 to March 2012.[3] Aniplex collected it in six DVD volumes between August 22, 2012 and January 23, 2013.[4][5] The episodes of this season use three pieces of theme music; one opening and two endings. The opening theme is "Harukaze" by Scandal.[2] The first ending theme, "Re:pray" by Aimer is used from episodes 343 to 354[2] and the second ending theme, "MASK" by Aqua Timez is used from episode 355 to 366.
Episode list[edit]
No.
Title
Original airdate
English airdate
343
"3rd Year High School Student! Dressed Up, and a New Chapter Begins!"
"Kōkō 3 Nensei! Yosoi Arata ni Shinshō Kaishi!" (高校３年生！装い新たに新章開始！) October 11, 2011 May 3, 2014
Seventeen months after the defeat of Sōsuke Aizen at the cost of his Soul Reaper powers, Ichigo Kurosaki has been living in peace as a third year high school student. On the way home from school, Ichigo incapacitates a thief and returns the stolen bag to its owner. The next day, the thief and his gang seek out Ichigo at his school and are confronted by Uryū Ishida. Elsewhere, the owner of the stolen bag meets with his friends revealing he has found Ichigo.
344
"A Dispute in School!? Ichigo and Uryū, Fight Together!"
"Gakkō Kan Kōsō!? Ichigo to Uryū, Kyōtou!" (学校間抗争!?一護と雨竜、共闘！) October 18, 2011 May 10, 2014
Ichigo and Uryū dispatch the gang with ease but are interrupted when Ichigo's part-time job boss, Ikumi Unagiya, kidnaps and forces him to work. Their client, the owner of the stolen bag, requests an investigation on Isshin Kurosaki, Ichigo's father. Ichigo declines but is intrigued when the owner reveals that one of his younger sisters, Karin Kurosaki, had been visiting Kisuke Urahara. The owner introduces himself as Kūgo Ginjō, gives Ichigo a Xcution business card and cryptically warns him to act before his family is hurt. Uryū, passing by Ichigo's house, pursues a strange man and is critically injured as a result.
345
"Uryū is Attacked, A Threat Draws Near the Friends!"
"Osowareta Uryū, Nakama-tachi ni Semaru Kyōi!" (襲われた雨竜、仲間達に迫る脅威！) October 25, 2011 May 17, 2014
While walking at night, Ichigo decides to forget his past and throws his substitute badge into the river. Later, he hears from Orihime Inoue that Uryū is in the hospital. At the hospital, Ryūken Ishida sends Ichigo home and reveals to Orihime the assailant was a human with powers and cautions her to be careful. The next day, Ichigo's friends, Keigo Asano and Mizuiro Kojima, are attacked by the thief whom Ichigo had stopped prior. Ichigo saves them and meets Uryū's assailant who flees when Ryūken arrives. Ichigo, realizing he is being excluded from information due to his lack of powers, decides to contact Xcution.
346
"The Man with the Fullbring Ability: Kūgo Ginjō"
"Furuburingu no Nōryokusha: Ginjō Kūgo" (完現術の能力者・銀城空吾) November 1, 2011 May 31, 2014
After contacting Ginjō, Ichigo is led to the Xcution headquarters and learns its members possess the ability dubbed as Fullbring, which allows them to manipulate the souls of inanimate objects. The cause of the power are residual spiritual energy from hollows who attacked their pregnant mothers. Yasutora "Chad" Sado, who had been missing, appears at the headquarters, shocking Ichigo. Ginjō reveals that Xcution plans to restore Ichigo's Soul Reaper powers in order to rid themselves of their Fullbring abilities. Ichigo declines, stating that he is only seeking information his family and friends are hiding from him.
347
"A Crisis Sneaking up on the Kurosaki Family!? Ichigo's Confusion!"
"Kurosaki-ka ni Shinobiyoru Kiki!? Ichigo no Mayoi!" (黒崎家に忍び寄る危機!?一護の迷い！) November 8, 2011 June 7, 2014
Uryū's assailant stabs an incomplete hollow and asks for its cooperation. Ichigo returns home and resumes his life. Chad attempts to convince Ichigo to accept Xcution's offer, stating that Ichigo himself wants the power to protect his loved ones. While walking through town, Ichigo sees Uryū's assailant and pursues him but runs into his other younger sister, Yuzu Kurosaki, on the way. The hollow attacks them and are saved when Ginjō dispatches it. As a result, Ichigo returns to Xcution and accepts their offer, and Ginjō returns Ichigo's substitute badge back to him.
348
"Power of the Substitute Badge, Ichigo's 'Pride'!"
"Daikōshō no Chikara, Ichigo no "Hokori"!" (代行証の力、一護の“誇り”！) November 15, 2011 June 14, 2014
The next day, Ichigo is called in to Xcution headquarters to learn how to use the Fullbring abilities. Ichigo is shrunken and placed in a dollhouse by Riruka Dokugamine, where he has to defeat an aggressive pig plushie under a time limit set by Giriko Kutsuzawa. When Chad advises Ichigo to use his pride, Ichigo uses his substitute badge as the focal item to materialize his Fullbring.
349
"Next Target, The Devil's Hand Aims at Orihime!"
"Tsugi no Hyōteki, Orihime o Nerau Ma no Te!" (次の標的、織姫を狙う魔の手！) November 22, 2011 June 21, 2014
Ichigo defeats the pig plushie with his Fullbring and is freed from the dollhouse. Elsewhere, Orihime is confronted by Moe Shishigawara, who intends to kill her. Shishigawara is then interrupted by his superior, Uryū's assailant, who is revealed to be Shūkurō Tsukishima. Tsukishima prepares to punish Shishigawara for going against his orders, but Orihime decides to intervene.
350
"The Man Who Killed the Shinigami Substitute!? Tsukishima Makes His Move"
"Shinigami Daikō o Koroshita Otoko!? Ugokidasu Tsukishima" (死神代行を殺した男!?動き出す月島) November 29, 2011 June 28, 2014
Tsukishima pretends to impale Orihime's chest and leaves her. Although Orihime suffered no cuts, she starts having a vague idea that Tsukishima was her friend. Unwilling to worry Ichigo about what happened, she only tells Chad about Tsukishima. Aware that Orihime is hiding information from him, Ichigo goes back to Xcution headquarters to continue his training to help his friends.
351
"Fullbring, The Detested Power!"
"Furuburingu, Imikirawareta Chikara!" (フルブリング、忌み嫌われた力！) December 6, 2011 July 12, 2014
Ichigo continues his training, but desires to actually battle one of the members of Xcution. Ginjō suggests that Jackie Tristan should be his opponent, but she refuses and storms off. Meanwhile, Tsukishima sends Shishigawara to tail Chad. However, while Chad is wary of Shishigawara's presence, no attack on him is attempted. Later, Jackie decides that she will fight Ichigo in a fish tank after seeing him pass his training in a bird cage, both set up by Riruka. She fully introduces herself, activates her Fullbring using her boots and proceeds to attack a surprised Ichigo.
352
"Tsukishima Attacks! The Training Has Been Thwarted"
"Tsukishima, Kyōshū! Bōgaisareta Shugyō" (月島、強襲！妨害された修行) December 13, 2011 July 19, 2014
Ichigo continues his training with Jackie. While at first Jackie overwhelms him with her more experienced powers, Ichigo is able to activate a power of Fullbring known as Bringer Light to gain the advantage. As they go on with the battle, Ichigo's powers go out of control, but insist that he can still fight despite Jackie's insistence that they stop. It is then that Tsukishima attacks Xcution, wanting to kill Ichigo. When Tsukishima cuts the fish tank containing Ichigo and Jackie, Ichigo appears, revealing the next stage of his Fullbring.
353
"Ichigo, Mastering the Fullbring!"
"Ichigo, Furuburingu o Tsukaikonase!" (一護、完現術を使いこなせ！) December 20, 2011 July 26, 2014
Ichigo, Chad and Xcution start their battle with Tsukishima. The battle is taken outside when Chad attacks Tsukishima before he reveals he was the one who attacked Uryū and Orihime, but Ichigo finds it out anyway. Enraged he starts to battle Tsukishima, but the expert Fullbringer overwhelms him. Ginjō then gets in the way and battles with Tsukishima instead, the two being more evenly matched. Yet Ichigo, who cannot just stand there and watch, attacks again and is able to land a hit, but is stopped by Yukio Hans Vorarlberna, who then proceeds to stop Tsukishima himself.
354
"Ichigo vs. Ginjō! To the Game's Space"
"Ichigo tai Ginjō, Gēmu no Kūkan e" (一護vs銀城、ゲームの空間へ) December 27, 2011 August 2, 2014
While Ichigo is fully protected by Yukio's Fullbring, Chad, Ginjō and Riruka successfully manage to force Tsukishima to retreat. The group then moves to their second hideout to ponder what Tsukishima's motives really were, but they soon come to realize that they have been overthinking this. While Orihime heals Uryū, the two discuss the new threat but are unable to figure out if all the incidents so far were from the same culprit. Orihime later runs into Chad, who brings her back to the Xcution hideout to heal Ichigo, who has been training with Ginjō inside Yukio's Fullbring in a video game setting. Elsewhere, Urahara and Isshin plan to collect spiritual energy inside a vat with the help of a Soul Reaper, who is none other than Rukia Kuchiki.
355
"Shinigami at War! New Year in Seireitei Special!"
"Shinigami Sansen! Seireitei mo Oshōgatsu SP!" (死神参戦！瀞霊廷もお正月SP！) January 10, 2012 August 9, 2014
During the time skip of the seventeen months, the Soul Reapers of the Soul Society celebrate the new year. Izuru Kira is tasked to organize a special event for this occasion, though at first he was reluctant to participate. He hosts a friendly kite-flying activity, but it slowly turns into a chaotic competition among many of the squad divisions. Kira attempts to stop the chaos, but his plan ultimately fails. Later on, Rukia prepares for an upcoming ceremonial dance her late sister had been in many years ago, but she is unimpressed with her own dancing abilities. Renji Abarai decides to help her out, but she gets angry when he later accidentally spills ink on her ceremonial kimono and tells him to leave. After Rukia is given her late sister's kimono instead, she realizes that Renji was trying to help relax her so she would not worry so much about the dance. Rukia sends a letter of apology to Renji, who was able to come to the dance which turns out to be a huge success.
356
"Friend or Foe!? Ginjō's True Intentions!"
"Teki ka Mikata ka!? Ginjō no Mienai Kokoro!" (敵か味方か!?銀城の見えない心！) January 17, 2012 August 16, 2014
Ichigo continues his training with Ginjō while Orihime heals him. Yet when Ginjō blinds him and starts to say antagonastic things to make Ichigo angry, Ichigo begins to doubt Ginjō's true intentions. When Ginjō claims that he will kill Chad and Orihime, Ichigo is able to notice his spiritual pressure. Ichigo then manages to wound Ginjō with his Fullbring, reaching its final level, and Ginjō apologizes for his acting.
357
"Tsukishima's Ability, the Danger is Drawing Near!"
"Shinobiyoru Kyōi... Tsukishima no Nōryoku!" (忍び寄る脅威…月島の能力！) January 24, 2012 August 23, 2014
After Ichigo achieves the final level of Fullbring, he spends his time perfecting it. With Xcution deciding to protect Ichigo so that they can complete their goal, Riruka goes to search Chad and Orihime, who are investigating Tsukishima. Riruka ends being ambushed by Tsukishima, who attacks her with his Fullbring. Tsukishima then confronts Chad and Orihime, who are unable to kill him as a result of his Fullbring causing him to be part of their memories.
358
"Clash!? Xcution attacks Ginjō"
"Gekitotsu!? Ginjō o Osou Ekusukyūshon" (激突!?銀城を襲うXCUTION) January 31, 2012 September 6, 2014
After Ichigo puts the finishing touches on completing his Fullbring, Ginjō tells him to go home to see his sisters, but Tsukishima activates his Fullbring that was placed on Ichigo's friends and sisters in order to make them believe that he is a close relative of the Kurosaki family. After running out, Ichigo encounters Ginjō, who tells Ichigo that all the other members of Xcution have fallen under Tsukishima's control.
359
"The Sorrowful Battle! Ichigo vs. Sado & Orihime"
"Kanashimi no Tatakai! Ichigo tai Sado to Orihime" (哀しみの戦い！一護VS茶渡＆織姫) February 7, 2012 September 13, 2014
Ichigo and Ginjō, figuring out Tsukishima's Fullbring can manipulate the memories of the people he cuts down, are found out by Yukio, who brings them to Tsukishima's mansion. The two are welcomed by Ichigo's affected friends and sisters, but Ichigo, unable to fight with all of them in the crosshairs, runs away to a safer location, only to be stopped by the brainwashed Xcution. Ginjō destroys the staircase and takes on his fellow members himself while Ichigo fights Tsukishima. Ichigo is able to gain the upper hand with his Fullbring and severely injures Tsukishima's arm. However, Chad and Orihime, also affected, arrive and stop him from finishing Tsukishima off, as they explain how he has been a part of their lives from the start.
360
"Ichigo vs Uryū!? Who is the Traitor!?"
"Ichigo tai Uryū!? Uragirimono wa Dare da!" (一護vs雨竜!?裏切り者は誰だ！) February 14, 2012 September 20, 2014
Chad and Orihime, who believe Ichigo has gone crazy, try to prevent him from attacking Tsukishima, even when the fight is taken outside. Meanwhile, Ginjō, while confronting his fellow members, runs into trouble with Shishigawara and his lucky punches. An overwhelmed Ichigo is soon about to be slashed by Tsukishima, but Ginjō takes the hit instead. After Ginjō seems to be unaffected, Uryū suddenly arrives and claims that Ginjō was his assailant instead of Tsukishima. Before Ichigo can react, he is stuck down by Ginjō, who reveals that he allowed Tsukishima to slash him twice to return to his original self. He stabs Ichigo with his sword and says he will take Ichigo's Fullbring.
361
"A New Appearance! The Gotei 13, Arrives!"
"Arata na Sugata! Gotei Jūsan-tai, Kenzan!" (新たな姿！護廷十三隊、見参！) February 21, 2012 September 27, 2014
Ginjō is able to take Ichigo's Fullbring and apply its power to his own. Unable to do anything about his situation, Ichigo falls deep into despair and runs after Ginjō, demanding for Ginjō to give him his power back. Ichigo is then impaled by a sword held by Rukia which causes him to become a Soul Reaper once again. The sword is revealed to possess the powers from the Thirteen Court Guard Squads in order to assist Ichigo in his fight against Ginjō. Ichigo attacks Ginjō with a Getsuga Tenshō, which is powerful enough to clear away a thunderstorm and slice Tsukishima's mansion in half.
362
"Revival! Substitute Shinigami: Ichigo Kurosaki!"
"Fukkatsu! Shinigami Daikō: Kurosaki Ichigo!" (復活！死神代行･黒崎一護！) February 28, 2012 October 4, 2014
Ichigo eventually overpowers Ginjō using his regained Soul Reaper powers, and he also learns that he regained his powers, thanks to the spiritual energies given by all of the captains and lieutenants. Tōshirō Hitsugaya reveals that Ginjō was the first Substitute Soul Reaper. Meanwhile, Chad and Orihime rush to Ichigo, confused as to why Ginjō is being attacked. Tsukishima appears behind them and tries to break their minds by adding new memories to their past, but Urahara and Isshin knock them out. As promised, Ginjō gives the other Xcution members new powers of their own. Ichigo attempts to take them down, but Yukio uses his new powers to protect them and separate the others. Kenpachi Zaraki quickly takes care of Kutsuzawa and cuts him in half, killing him instantly.
363
"Fierce Fight! Shinigami vs. XCUTION!"
"Gekitō! Shinigami tai Ekusukyūshon!" (激闘！死神vsXCUTION！) March 6, 2012 October 11, 2014
Uryū comes to assist Ichigo in his battle against Ginjō. Byakuya Kuchiki prepares to start fighting Tsukishima while Riruka ambushes Rukia using stuffed animals. Renji encounters Jackie and defeats her without the use of his zanpakutō, having trained to fight an opponent at Aizen's level. As Yukio then attempts to destroy the dimension where Renji and Jackie are situated, he is confronted by Hitsugaya. Hitsugaya manages to capture Yukio in ice and attempts to force him to free his comrades. Meanwhile, Ikkaku Madarame confronts Shishigawara, managing to find his Fullbring's weakness and overpower him.
364
"Desperate Struggle!? Byakuya's Troubled Memories"
"Zettai Zetsumei!? Kioku o Hasamareta Byakuya" (絶体絶命!?記憶を挟まれた白哉) March 13, 2012 October 18, 2014
Tsukishima, revealing that he can use his Fullbring on inanimate objects as well, hits Byakuya's zanpakuto, thus learning all he needs to know about Byakuya's weaknesses. Meanwhile, Rukia fights against Riruka and gets her body trapped in a stuffed animal, and attempting to fight with kido was ineffective. Riruka tells about how the Fullbringers, through their tragic childhood pasts, were gathered together to form Xcution. Using this distraction as an opportunity, Rukia touches Riruka with her zanpakuto, but Riruka, unable to dodge Rukia, uses a special ability from her Fullbring to vanish while causing Rukia to collapse. Meanwhile, Tsukishima is able to overwhelm Byakuya and manages to inflict a serious injury. However, Byakuya shoots out his bankai from his hand, piercing Tsukishima's chest. Before Tsukishima falls to the ground, Byakuya thanks him for an exciting battle.
365
"Ichigo vs. Ginjō! Secret of the Substitute Badge"
"Ichigo tai Ginjō! Daikōshō no Himitsu" (一護VS銀城！代行証の秘密) March 20, 2012 October 25, 2014
Ichigo and Uryū continue their battle with Ginjō. However, when Ginjō senses that Tsukishima is near death, he tells Ichigo they have no longer have a reason to fight while revealing that the Substitute Soul Reapers have been constantly spied on by the Soul Society to monitor their actions. However, using his bankai to destroy the dimension with the other Soul Reapers looking on, Ichigo admits knowing about the revelation yet still intends to trust the Soul Society for aiding him in protecting the people close to him. This has Ginjō releases his own bankai in response to Ichigo's resolve as the two have a final clash.
366
"Changing History, Unchanging Heart"
"Kawariyuku Rekishi, Kawaranu Kokoro" (変わりゆく歴史、変わらぬ心) March 27, 2012 November 1, 2014
The battle between Ichigo and Ginjō comes to a close when the latter receives a mortal wound. Just as Ginjō is about to die, the dying Tsukishima tries to kill Ichigo but is stopped by Riruka as she emerges from Rukia's body. Shishigawa proceeds to carry Tsukishima away while the other surviving Xcution members decide to separate. Ichigo later returns to the Soul Society and requests that Genryūsai Shigekuni Yamamoto let Ginjō's body be buried within the human world as the last thing he can do for him. Yamamoto agrees just as Ichigo accepts to continue being a Substitute Soul Reaper. Rukia sees Ichigo off, recalling their time together and silently thanks him. Ichigo returns to Karakura Town where he is greeted by his friends and family.

References[edit]
General
"Bleach episodes" (in Japanese). TV Tokyo. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
"Bleach episodes 355-366" (in Japanese). TV Tokyo. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
Specific
Jump up ^ "BLEACH 死神代行消失篇 1 [DVD]" (in Japanese). Amazon (Japan). Retrieved August 5, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Bleach Staff and Credits" (in Japanese). TV Tokyo. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved April 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bleach TV Anime Ending on March 27". Anime News Network. February 23, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "BLEACH 死神代行消失篇 1 [DVD]" (in Japanese). Amazon.co.jp. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
Jump up ^ "BLEACH 死神代行消失篇 6 [DVD]" (in Japanese). Amazon.co.jp. Retrieved 2012-10-11.
hide
v
t
e
Bleach by Tite Kubo
Media
Manga
Volumes
1–21
22–48
49–74
Anime
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Soundtracks
Musicals
Films
Memories of Nobody
The DiamondDust Rebellion
Fade to Black
Hell Verse
Live-action film
Video games
Blade Battlers series
Nintendo Home Consoles series
Heat the Soul series
The Blade of Fate
Dark Souls
The 3rd Phantom
Flame Bringer
Soul Resurrección
Characters
Ichigo Kurosaki
Rukia Kuchiki
Orihime Inoue
Yasutora "Chad" Sado
Uryū Ishida
Renji Abarai
Byakuya Kuchiki
Gin Ichimaru
Kenpachi Zaraki
Sōsuke Aizen
Tōshirō Hitsugaya
Mayuri Kurotsuchi
Soul Reapers
Hollows
Related
Trading card game
Loituma Girl
Jump Super Stars
Jump Ultimate Stars
J-Stars Victory VS
Jump Force
Book • Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bleach_(season_16)&oldid=864989680"
Categories:
2011 Japanese television seasons
2012 Japanese television seasons
Bleach episode lists
Hidden categories:
CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter
Articles containing Japanese-language text
Episode lists with unformatted air dates
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Magyar
Română
Edit links
This page was last edited on 20 October 2018, at 23:11 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background: #FFA62F; color: black; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

value: tr

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

attrs: colspan style

attrs: scope style

values:
row
white-space: nowrap

value: abbr

values: text-align:center;background: #FFA62F; color: black; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values:
/wiki/Studio_Pierrot
mw-redirect
Studio Pierrot

values:
description
4
border-bottom:solid 3px #FFA62F

values:
/wiki/Isshin_Kurosaki
mw-redirect
Isshin Kurosaki

values:
/wiki/Kisuke_Urahara
mw-redirect
Kisuke Urahara

values:
/wiki/Ry%C5%ABken_Ishida
mw-redirect
Ryūken Ishida

values:
/wiki/Keigo_Asano
mw-redirect
Keigo Asano

values:
/wiki/Mizuiro_Kojima
mw-redirect
Mizuiro Kojima

values:
/wiki/Ikkaku_Madarame
mw-redirect
Ikkaku Madarame

values:
nofollow
https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B0088JMNCI/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B00A1SMYIW/
external text

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:2011 Japanese television seasons

values: Category:2012 Japanese television seasons

values: Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter

values: Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text

values: Category:Episode lists with unformatted air dates

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Bleach_(season_16)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Episodi di Bleach (sedicesima stagione) – Italian

values: A Bleach epizódjainak listája (16. évad) – Hungarian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Bleach_season_16 rootpage-Bleach_season_16 skin-vector action-view


text:
2017 U.S. Open (golf)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
2017 U.S. Open
Tournament information
Dates
June 15–18, 2017
Location
Erin, Wisconsin
Course(s)
Erin Hills
Organized by
USGA
Tour(s)
PGA Tour
European Tour
Japan Golf Tour
Statistics
Par
72
Length
7,741 yards (7,078 m)
Field
156 players, 68 after cut
Cut
145 (+1)
Prize fund
$12,000,000[1]
Winner's share
$2,160,000[1]
Champion
Brooks Koepka
272 (−16)
«2016
2018»
Erin Hills
Location in the United States
Erin Hills
Location in Wisconsin
The 2017 U.S. Open Championship was the 117th U.S. Open, held June 15–18, 2017 at Erin Hills in Erin, Wisconsin, northwest of Milwaukee. The event was won by Brooks Koepka, who claimed his first major after finishing with a final score of 16 under par. This score matched the lowest score ever attained at the tournament, a record set in 2011 by Rory McIlroy.[2]
This was the first U.S. Open in Wisconsin, but marked the fifth occasion in which the state hosted a major, following four earlier iterations of the PGA Championship. It was played in 1933 at Blue Mound in Wauwatosa, and at Whistling Straits near Kohler in 2004, 2010, and 2015.
The purse for the tournament totaled $12 million. Koepka won $2.16 million; this was the first major where the winner's share exceeded $2 million.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Venue
1.1 Course layout
2 Field
2.1 Past champions in the field
2.1.1 Made the cut
2.1.2 Missed the cut
2.2 Nationalities in the field
3 Round summaries
3.1 First round
3.2 Second round
3.3 Third round
3.3.1 Justin Thomas scorecard
3.4 Final round
3.4.1 Scorecard
4 References
5 External links
Venue[edit]
This was the first U.S. Open at Erin Hills, which opened in 2006 and hosted the U.S. Amateur in 2011. It was also the first U.S. Open since 1992 whose course played to a par of 72.[3]
It marked the first time in which the tournament was hosted in Wisconsin, and continued a long tradition of golf in the state, which hosted the U.S. Women's Open twice (in 1998, which was played at Blackwolf Run in Kohler, as well as in 2012). It was furthermore home to the U.S. Senior Open at Whistling Straits in 2007. The PGA Tour formerly stopped in the state regularly with the Greater Milwaukee Open (1968–2009), preceded by the Milwaukee Open Invitational (1955–1961).
Course layout[edit]
Hole
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Out
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
In
Total
Yards 608 338 508 439 505 208 607 492 135 3,840 504 460 464 193 594 357 183 509 637 3,901 7,741
Par 5 4 4 4 4 3 5 4 3 36 4 4 4 3 5 4 3 4 5 36 72
2017 yardages by round
Round
Hole
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Out
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
In
Total
Par 5 4 4 4 4 3 5 4 3 36 4 4 4 3 5 4 3 4 5 36 72
1 Yards 613 330 497 451 514 252 604 490 150 3,901 514 451 448 227 599 368 179 526 632 3,944 7,845
2 Yards 597 360 515 456 498 249 578 487 153 3,893 525 468 437 198 603 348 179 512 676 3,946 7,839
3 Yards 609 331 516 432 504 239 613 499 123 3,866 521 467 465 208 599 288 214 523 667 3,952 7,818
4 Yards 605 329 484 399 500 199 632 486 172 3,806 492 452 433 216 588 356 184 513 681 3,915 7,721
Scoring average: 73.204
by round: 73.385, 73.225, 72.016, 73.928
Most difficult holes in relation to par: 3, 4, 6, 17

Field[edit]
About half the field consisted of players who were exempt from qualifying for the U.S. Open. Each player is classified according to the first category in which he qualified, and other categories are shown in parentheses.
1. Winners of the U.S. Open Championship during the last ten years
Ángel Cabrera, Lucas Glover, Dustin Johnson (12,13,14,15), Martin Kaymer (14,15), Graeme McDowell, Rory McIlroy (6,7,13,14,15), Justin Rose (11,14,15), Webb Simpson, Jordan Spieth (5,13,14,15)
Tiger Woods did not play.
2. Winner and runner-up of the 2016 U.S. Amateur Championship
Brad Dalke (a)
Curtis Luck forfeited his exemption by turning professional in April 2017.
3. Winner of the 2016 Amateur Championship
Scott Gregory (a)
4. Winner of the 2016 Mark H. McCormack Medal (men's World Amateur Golf Ranking)
Maverick McNealy (a)
5. Winners of the Masters Tournament during the last five years
Sergio García (12,14,15), Adam Scott (13,14,15), Bubba Watson (13,14,15), Danny Willett (14,15)
6. Winners of The Open Championship during the last five years
Ernie Els, Zach Johnson (12), Henrik Stenson (14,15)
Phil Mickelson (13,14,15) withdrew to attend his daughter's high school graduation.[4][5]
7. Winners of the PGA Championship during the last five years
Jason Day (8,12,13,14,15), Jason Dufner (12,13,15), Jimmy Walker (13,14,15)
8. Winners of The Players Championship during the last three years
Rickie Fowler (14,15), Kim Si-woo (13,14,15)
9. Winner of the 2017 European Tour BMW PGA Championship
Alexander Norén (14,15)
10. Winner of the 2016 U.S. Senior Open Championship
Gene Sauers
11. Winner of the 2016 Olympic Golf Tournament
12. The 10 lowest scorers and anyone tying for 10th place at the 2016 U.S. Open Championship
Jim Furyk, Branden Grace (14,15), Shane Lowry, Kevin Na (13), Scott Piercy (14), Daniel Summerhays
13. Players who qualified for the season-ending 2016 Tour Championship
Daniel Berger (14,15), Paul Casey (14,15), Roberto Castro, Kevin Chappell (14,15), Emiliano Grillo (14,15), J. B. Holmes (14,15), Kevin Kisner (14,15), Russell Knox (14,15), Matt Kuchar (14,15), Hideki Matsuyama (14,15), William McGirt (14,15), Sean O'Hair, Patrick Reed (14,15), Charl Schwartzel (14,15), Brandt Snedeker (14,15), Justin Thomas (14,15), Jhonattan Vegas, Gary Woodland (14,15)
Ryan Moore (14,15) withdrew due to a shoulder injury.[6]
14. The top 60 point leaders and ties as of May 22, 2017 in the Official World Golf Ranking
An Byeong-hun (15), Wesley Bryan (15), Rafael Cabrera-Bello (15), Ross Fisher (15), Matthew Fitzpatrick (15), Tommy Fleetwood (15), Bill Haas (15), Adam Hadwin (15), Brian Harman (15), Tyrrell Hatton (15), Russell Henley (15), Charley Hoffman (15), Billy Horschel (15), Yuta Ikeda (15), Brooks Koepka (15), Marc Leishman (15), Francesco Molinari (15), Louis Oosthuizen (15), Pat Perez (15), Thomas Pieters (15), Jon Rahm (15), Brendan Steele (15), Hideto Tanihara (15), Wang Jeung-hun, Lee Westwood (15), Bernd Wiesberger (15)
15. The top 60 point leaders and ties as of June 12, 2017 in the Official World Golf Ranking
Chris Wood
16. Special exemptions given by the USGA
None
The remaining contestants earned their places through sectional qualifiers.
Japan: Shugo Imahira, Chan Kim, Satoshi Kodaira, Yūsaku Miyazato
Europe: Thomas Aiken, Oliver Bekker, George Coetzee, Bradley Dredge, Paul Dunne, Andrew Johnston, Alexander Lévy, Li Haotong, Wade Ormsby, Eddie Pepperell, Aaron Rai, Richie Ramsay, Joël Stalter, Brandon Stone, Matt Wallace
United States: Tyson Alexander, Mason Andersen (a), Derek Barron, Keegan Bradley, Ryan Brehm, Matt Campbell, Bud Cauley, Cameron Champ (a), Daniel Chopra, Stewart Cink, Corey Conners, Chris Crawford (a), Bryson DeChambeau, Kevin Dougherty, Harris English, Nick Flanagan, Brice Garnett, Talor Gooch, Max Greyserman, Stewart Hagestad (a), Scott Harvey (a), Stephan Jäger, Ben Kohles, Jason Kokrak, Martin Laird, Walker Lee (a), David Lingmerth, Jamie Lovemark, Jack Maguire, Troy Merritt, Daniel Miernicki, Trey Mullinax, Jordan Niebrugge, Joaquín Niemann (a), John Oda (a), Garrett Osborn, Pan Cheng-tsung, Andy Pope, J. T. Poston, Ted Potter, Jr., Jonathan Randolph, Chez Reavie, Roman Robledo, Andrés Romero, Sam Ryder, Xander Schauffele, Scottie Scheffler (a), Alex Smalley (a), Steve Stricker, Brian Stuard, Sahith Theegala (a), Kyle Thompson, Peter Uihlein
Alternates who gained entry:
Michael Putnam replaced Ryan Moore[6]
Grégory Bourdy (claimed spot held for category 15)
Kim Meen-whee (claimed spot held for category 15)
Tyler Light (claimed spot held for category 15)
Dru Love (claimed spot held for category 15)
Ryan Palmer (claimed spot held for category 15)
Roberto Díaz replaced Phil Mickelson[5]
(a) denotes amateur
Past champions in the field[edit]
Made the cut[edit]
Player
Country
Year(s) won
R1
R2
R3
R4
Total
To par
Finish
Jim Furyk United States 2003 70 74 69 72 285 −3 T23
Martin Kaymer Germany 2014 72 69 75 73 289 +1 T35
Webb Simpson United States 2012 74 71 71 73 289 +1 T35
Jordan Spieth United States 2015 73 71 76 69 289 +1 T35
Ernie Els South Africa 1994, 1997 70 72 79 74 295 +7 T55
Missed the cut[edit]
Player
Country
Year won
R1
R2
Total
To par
Lucas Glover United States 2009 74 72 146 +2
Justin Rose England 2013 72 74 146 +2
Dustin Johnson United States 2016 75 73 148 +4
Graeme McDowell Northern Ireland 2010 76 73 149 +5
Rory McIlroy Northern Ireland 2011 78 71 149 +5
Ángel Cabrera Argentina 2007 71 78 149 +5
Nationalities in the field[edit]
North America (89)
South America (5)
Europe (37)
Oceania (5)
Asia (12)
Africa (8)
Canada (2) Argentina (3) England (14) Australia (5) China (1) South Africa (8)
Mexico (1) Chile (1) Northern Ireland (2) Japan (6)
United States (86) Venezuela (1) Scotland (3) South Korea (4)
Wales (1) Taiwan (1)
Ireland (2)
Austria (1)
Belgium (1)
France (3)
Germany (2)
Italy (1)
Spain (3)
Sweden (4)
Round summaries[edit]
First round[edit]
Thursday, June 15, 2017
Rickie Fowler tied the U.S. Open record for lowest first round score in relation to par, shooting a bogey-free round of 65 (−7) for a one-shot lead over Paul Casey and Xander Schauffele.[7] The course played easily, yielding 44 under-par rounds. Despite this, many of the pre-tournament favorites faltered. Jordan Spieth played solidly, but stumbled late for an opening 73 (+1). World number one Dustin Johnson was derailed by a double bogey on the par-5 14th, shooting a 3-over 75. Jon Rahm, Rory McIlroy, and Jason Day were even worse, shooting 76 (+4), 78 (+6), and 79 (+7), respectively.[8] Meanwhile, Canadian Adam Hadwin tied a U.S. Open record with six straight birdies, en route to shooting four under par. This was the first major in which neither Phil Mickelson or Tiger Woods competed, in 23 years.[9] The scoring average was 73.385 (+1.385).
Place
Player
Country
Score
To par
1 Rickie Fowler United States 65 −7
T2 Paul Casey England 66 −6
Xander Schauffele United States
T4 Tommy Fleetwood England 67 −5
Brian Harman United States
Brooks Koepka United States
T7 Adam Hadwin Canada 68 −4
Marc Leishman Australia
Kevin Na United States
Patrick Reed United States
Second round[edit]
Friday, June 16, 2017
Four players finished atop the leadership after the second round for the first time since 1974. Paul Casey was four-over on his round before recording five straight birdies from holes 17-3 to shoot 71 (−1). Brooks Koepka made four birdies on his front-nine to get to nine-under but fell back with two bogeys on the back-nine. They were joined at the top of the leaderboard by Tommy Fleetwood and Brian Harman, who each shot 70 (−2). First round leader Rickie Fowler also got as low as nine-under before three straight bogeys saw him fall a shot behind the leaders.[10] Hideki Matsuyama and Chez Reavie had the low round of the day with a 65 (−7); combined with Fowler's opening round, it is the first time in U.S. Open history that three players shot a round of 65 in the same tournament. Forty-two players were under-par after 36 holes, a new tournament record.[11] The scoring average was 73.225 (+1.225).
For the first time since the introduction of the Official World Golf Ranking in 1986, the top three ranked players (Dustin Johnson, Rory McIlroy, and Jason Day) all missed the cut in a major championship.
Place
Player
Country
Score
To par
T1 Paul Casey England 66-71=137 −7
Tommy Fleetwood England 67-70=137
Brian Harman United States 67-70=137
Brooks Koepka United States 67-70=137
T5 Rickie Fowler United States 65-73=138 −6
J. B. Holmes United States 69-69=138
Jamie Lovemark United States 69-69=138
T8 Cameron Champ (a) United States 70-69=139 −5
Kim Si-woo South Korea 69-70=139
Hideki Matsuyama Japan 74-65=139
Xander Schauffele United States 66-73=139
Brandt Snedeker United States 70-69=139
Amateurs: Champ (−5), Scheffler (−1), Andersen (+2), McNealy (+3), Smalley (+3), Gregory (+4), Niemann (+5), Crawford (+6), Dalke (+6), Hagestad (+8), Theegala (+8), Harvey (+10), Oda (+10), Lee (+20)
Third round[edit]
Saturday, June 17, 2017
Overnight rains and calm conditions during the day led to numerous low scores. Brian Harman birdied three holes on the back-nine to post a score of 67 (−5) and take a one-shot lead over Tommy Fleetwood, Brooks Koepka, and Justin Thomas. Thomas began the round in a tie for 24th before a historic round put him into contention.[12] An eagle on the 18th gave Thomas a score of 63 (−9), tying the major championship record. At nine-under, he set the U.S. Open record for lowest score in relation to par, breaking the mark set by Johnny Miller in 1973. Fleetwood held possession of the lead before a bogey at the par-5 18th saw him finish a shot behind Harman, while Koepka birdied the last to also get to within a stroke. Rickie Fowler recovered from a bogey at the 13th with three straight birdies on holes 14-16 and was two back. Paul Casey began the round tied for the lead but shot a three-over 75 and dropped to 17th.[13]
Five golfers were at 10-under-par or better entering the final round. Before this year, only six golfers had ever reached double digits under par at any point in a U.S. Open.[14] The scoring average was 72.036 (+0.036).
Place
Player
Country
Score
To par
1 Brian Harman United States 67-70-67=204 −12
T2 Tommy Fleetwood England 67-70-68=205 −11
Brooks Koepka United States 67-70-68=205
Justin Thomas United States 73-69-63=205
5 Rickie Fowler United States 65-73-68=206 −10
6 Kim Si-woo South Korea 69-70-68=207 −9
T7 Russell Henley United States 71-70-67=208 −8
Charley Hoffman United States 70-70-68=208
Patrick Reed United States 68-75-65=208
T10 Bill Haas United States 72-68-69=209 −7
Xander Schauffele United States 66-73-70=209
Brandt Snedeker United States 70-69-70=209
Brendan Steele United States 71-69-69=209
Amateurs: Champ (−4), Scheffler (−2)
Justin Thomas scorecard[edit]
Hole
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Par 5 4 4 4 4 3 5 4 3 4 4 4 3 5 4 3 4 5
Thomas −1 −2 −2 −1 −2 −2 −3 −4 −5 −4 −4 −5 −5 −5 −6 −6 −7 −9
Eagle Birdie Bogey
Final round[edit]
Sunday, June 18, 2017
Brooks Koepka tied the U.S. Open scoring record and won his first career major championship by four strokes over Brian Harman and Hideki Matsuyama. Beginning the round a shot out of the lead, Koepka quickly erased the deficit with birdies on his first two holes. After saving par with an eight-foot putt on the 13th, he then recorded three straight birdies on his way to a round of 67 (−5). His total of 16-under par tied the tournament scoring record set by Rory McIlroy in 2011.[15] Harman entered the round with the lead but fell into a tie for second with three bogeys on the back-nine. Matsuyama shot the low round of the day with 66 (−6) and jumped into a tie with Harman. After establishing a new tournament scoring record in the third round, Justin Thomas bogeyed three of his first five holes and finished three-over on the round to drop to a tie for ninth.[16] Tommy Fleetwood also began the round a shot behind but three bogeys on the front-nine dropped him from contention. Thirty-one players finished the tournament under par, breaking the U.S. Open record set in 1990.[17]
Place
Player
Country
Score
To par
Money ($)
1 Brooks Koepka United States 67-70-68-67=272 −16 2,160,000
T2 Brian Harman United States 67-70-67-72=276 −12 1,052,012
Hideki Matsuyama Japan 74-65-71-66=276
4 Tommy Fleetwood England 67-70-68-72=277 −11 563,642
T5 Rickie Fowler United States 65-73-68-72=278 −10 420,334
Bill Haas United States 72-68-69-69=278
Xander Schauffele United States 66-73-70-69=278
8 Charley Hoffman United States 70-70-68-71=279 −9 336,106
T9 Trey Mullinax United States 71-72-69-68=280 −8 279,524
Brandt Snedeker United States 70-69-70-71=280
Justin Thomas United States 73-69-63-75=280
Amateurs: Scheffler (−1), Champ (E)
Scorecard[edit]
Birdie Bogey
Final round
Hole
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Par 5 4 4 4 4 3 5 4 3 4 4 4 3 5 4 3 4 5
Koepka −12 −13 −13 −13 −13 −13 −13 −14 −14 −13 −13 −13 −13 −14 −15 −16 −16 −16
Harman −12 −12 −13 −13 −13 −13 −13 −13 −13 −13 −13 −12 −11 −12 −12 −13 −13 −12
Matsuyama −7 −7 −7 −8 −9 −8 −8 −8 −8 −8 −9 −10 −10 −11 −10 −11 −11 −12
Fleetwood −11 −12 −11 −11 −11 −10 −10 −9 −10 −10 −10 −10 −10 −11 −11 −11 −11 −11
Fowler −11 −11 −11 −11 −10 −10 −11 −11 −11 −11 −11 −10 −10 −10 −9 −9 −9 −10
Schauffele −7 −8 −8 −7 −8 −8 −8 −8 −8 −8 −7 −7 −7 −8 −9 −9 −9 −10
Haas −7 −8 −7 −7 −7 −7 −7 −7 −7 −7 −8 −8 −8 −8 −8 −9 −9 −10
Thomas −11 −10 −10 −9 −8 −8 −8 −8 −8 −9 −9 −9 −8 −8 −8 −8 −8 −8
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "U.S. Open increases purse to golf-high $12 million". ESPN. Associated Press. February 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "US Open 2017: Brooks Koepka wins at Erin Hills to claim first major". BBC Sport. June 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Harig, Bob (May 25, 2017). "Quick 9: With new putter, Spieth hopes to rebound at Colonial". ESPN. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Harig, Bob (June 3, 2017). "Phil Mickelson plans to miss U.S. Open to attend daughter's high school graduation". ESPN.
^ Jump up to: a b "With weather clear, Phil Mickelson drops out of U.S. Open". ESPN. June 15, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Puyallup's Ryan Moore withdraws from U.S. Open, replaced by University Place’s Michael Putnam". Seattle Times. Associated Press. June 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Powers, Christopher (June 15, 2017). "Rickie Fowler matches U.S. Open first round scoring record, leads by one at Erin Hills". Golf Digest.
Jump up ^ Bysouth, Alex; Reddy, Luke (June 15, 2017). "US Open: Fowler leads from Casey as McIlroy falters". BBC Sport. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Murray, Scott; Bakowski, Gregg; Veigh, Niall (June 15, 2017). "US Open 2017: First round, as it happened". The Guardian. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Murray, Scott (June 19, 2017). "US Open 2017: second round – as it happened". The Guardian. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Powers, Christopher (June 16, 2017). "Four tied for second-round lead at the U.S. Open". Golf Digest.
Jump up ^ Murray, Scott; Bleaney, Rob (June 19, 2017). "US Open 2017: third round – as it happened". The Guardian. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Harig, Bob (June 17, 2017). "Justin Thomas shoots lowest round to par at U.S. Open with 9-under 63, trails leader Brian Harman by 1 shot". ESPN.
Jump up ^ Harig, Bob (June 17, 2017). "Pressure? Opportunity? Weirdness? All will be part of U.S. Open Sunday". ESPN. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Murray, Ewan (June 19, 2017). "Brooks Koepka holds his nerve in major style to land the US Open title". The Guardian. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Murray, Scott (June 19, 2017). "US Open 2017: final round – as it happened". The Guardian. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Brooks Koepka wins U.S. Open, ties Rory McIlroy's scoring mark". ESPN. Associated Press. June 18, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
United States Golf Association
Coverage on the PGA Tour's official site
Coverage on the European Tour's official site
Coverage on the PGA of America's official site
Preceded by
2017 Masters Major Championships Succeeded by
2017 Open Championship
[show]
v
t
e
2017 Men's Major Golf Championships
The Masters
U.S. Open
The Open Championship
PGA Championship
[show]
v
t
e
U.S. Open Championships
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
[show]
v
t
e
Golf on Fox
U.S. Opens
2015
2016
2017
2018
U.S. Women's Opens
2015
2016
2017
2018
Other events
U.S. Amateur Four-Ball
United States Senior Open
U.S. Junior Amateur Golf Championship
Franklin Templeton Shootout
U.S. Women's Amateur Championship
U.S. Amateur Championship
U.S. Girls' Junior Golf Championship
U.S. Mid-Amateur Golf Championship
Walker Cup
Related articles
Television contract history
U.S. Open broadcasters
Coordinates: 43°14′42″N 88°23′42″W / 43.245°N 88.395°W / 43.245; -88.395
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_U.S._Open_(golf)&oldid=804007491"
Categories:
U.S. Open (golf)
Golf in Wisconsin
Sports competitions in Wisconsin
2017 in golf
2017 in American sports
2017 in sports in Wisconsin
June 2017 sports events in the United States
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from June 2017
Coordinates not on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Español
Edit links
This page was last edited on 6 October 2017, at 02:34.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

values: 2 navbox-title text-align:center

values:
/wiki/European_Tour
mw-redirect
European Tour

values:
/wiki/U.S._Amateur
mw-redirect
U.S. Amateur

values:
/wiki/U.S._Women%27s_Open
mw-redirect
U.S. Women's Open

values: 1998 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship

values: 2012 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship

values:
/wiki/Amateur_Championship
mw-redirect
Amateur Championship

values: Matt Campbell (golfer) (page does not exist)

values: Chris Crawford (golfer) (page does not exist)

values: Kevin Dougherty (golfer) (page does not exist)

values: Edit section: Past champions in the field

values: Edit section: Nationalities in the field

values:
nofollow
external text
http://m.bbc.com/sport/golf/40322068

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.usopen.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.usga.org

values:
nofollow
http://www.pga.com/usopen/
external text

values: Template:Golf Major Championships master

values: Template talk:Golf Major Championships master

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template talk:U.S. Open Golf Championships

values: United States Women's Open Championship (golf)

values: 2015 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship

values: 2016 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship

values: 2017 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship

values: 2018 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship

values:
/wiki/United_States_Senior_Open
mw-redirect
United States Senior Open

values:
/wiki/Franklin_Templeton_Shootout
mw-redirect
Franklin Templeton Shootout

values: United States Women's Amateur Golf Championship

values: United States Amateur Championship (golf)

values: United States Girls' Junior Golf Championship

values: Sports broadcasting contracts in the United States

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: Category:Sports competitions in Wisconsin

values: Category:June 2017 sports events in the United States

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/2017_U.S._Open_(golf)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Abierto de los Estados Unidos 2017 (golf) – Spanish

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-2017_U_S_Open_golf rootpage-2017_U_S_Open_golf vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view