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Chapters and verses of the Bible
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The Gospel according to John - a text showing chapter and verse divisions (King James Version)
The Bible is a compilation of many shorter books written at different times by a variety of authors, and later assembled into the biblical canon. Since the early 13th century, most copies and editions of the Bible present all but the shortest of these books with divisions into chapters, generally a page or so in length. Since the mid-16th century editors have further subdivided each chapter into verses - each consisting of a few short lines or sentences. Sometimes a sentence spans more than one verse, as in the case of Ephesians 2:8–9, and sometimes there is more than one sentence in a single verse, as in the case of Genesis 1:2.
As the chapter and verse divisions did not appear in the original texts, they form part of the paratext of the Bible.
The Jewish divisions of the Hebrew text differ at various points from those used by Christians. For instance, in Jewish tradition, the ascriptions to many Psalms are regarded as independent verses or parts of the subsequent verses, making 116 more verses, whereas established Christian practice treats each Psalm ascription as independent and unnumbered. Some chapter divisions also occur in different places, e.g. Hebrew Bibles have 1 Chronicles 5:27–41 where Christian translations have 1 Chronicles 6:1–15.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Chapters
1.2 Verses
2 Jewish tradition
2.1 Verse endings
2.2 Parashiyot
2.3 Sedarim
3 Christian versions
4 Protestant Bible statistics
4.1 Chapters
4.2 Verses
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
"...they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks: Nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more." ~ Isaiah 2:4 KJV (Bible verse across the street from the United Nations Building in New York City)
Chapters[edit]
The original manuscripts did not contain the chapter and verse divisions in the numbered form familiar to modern readers. In antiquity Hebrew texts were divided into paragraphs (parashot) that were identified by two letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Peh פ indicated an "open" paragraph that began on a new line, while Samekh ס indicated a "closed" paragraph that began on the same line after a small space.[1] These two letters begin the Hebrew words open (patuach) and closed (sagoor), and are, themselves, open פ and closed ס. The earliest known copies of the Book of Isaiah from the Dead Sea Scrolls used parashot divisions, although they differ slightly from the Masoretic divisions.[2] (This is different from the use of consecutive letters of the Hebrew alphabet to structure certain poetic compositions, known as acrostics, such as several of the Psalms and most of the Book of Lamentations.)
The Hebrew Bible was also divided into some larger sections. In Israel the Torah (its first five books) were divided into 154 sections so that they could be read through aloud in weekly worship over the course of three years. In Babylonia it was divided into 53 or 54 sections (Parashat ha-Shavua) so it could be read through in one year.[2] The New Testament was divided into topical sections known as kephalaia by the fourth century. Eusebius of Caesarea divided the gospels into parts that he listed in tables or canons. Neither of these systems corresponds with modern chapter divisions.[3] (See fuller discussions below.)
Chapter divisions, with titles, are also found in the 9th century Tours manuscript, Paris Bibliothèque Nationale MS Lat. 3, the so-called Bible of Rorigo.[4]
Archbishop Stephen Langton and Cardinal Hugo de Sancto Caro developed different schemas for systematic division of the Bible in the early 13th century. It is the system of Archbishop Langton on which the modern chapter divisions are based.[5][6][7]
While chapter divisions have become nearly universal, editions of the Bible have sometimes been published without them. Such editions, which typically use thematic or literary criteria to divide the biblical books instead, include John Locke's Paraphrase and Notes on the Epistles of St. Paul (1707),[8] Alexander Campbell's The Sacred Writings (1826),[9] Daniel Berkeley Updike’s fourteen-volume The Holy Bible Containing the Old and New Testaments and the Apocrypha, Richard Moulton's The Modern Reader's Bible (1907),[10] Ernest Sutherland Bates's The Bible Designed to Be Read as Living Literature (1936),[11] The Books of the Bible (2007) from the International Bible Society (Biblica), Adam Lewis Greene’s five-volume Bibliotheca (2014),[12][13] and the six-volume ESV Reader's Bible[14] (2016) from Crossway Books.
Verses[edit]
Since at least 916 the Tanakh has contained an extensive system of multiple levels of section, paragraph, and phrasal divisions that were indicated in Masoretic vocalization and cantillation markings. One of the most frequent of these was a special type of punctuation, the sof passuq, symbol for a full stop or sentence break, resembling the colon (:) of English and Latin orthography. With the advent of the printing press and the translation of the Bible into English, Old Testament versifications were made that correspond predominantly with the existing Hebrew full stops, with a few isolated exceptions. Most attribute these to Rabbi Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymus's work for the first Hebrew Bible concordance around 1440.[6]
The first person to divide New Testament chapters into verses was Italian Dominican biblical scholar Santi Pagnini (1470–1541), but his system was never widely adopted.[15] His verse divisions in the New Testament were far longer than those known today.[16] Robert Estienne created an alternate numbering in his 1551 edition of the Greek New Testament[17] which was also used in his 1553 publication of the Bible in French. Estienne's system of division was widely adopted, and it is this system which is found in almost all modern Bibles. Estienne produced a 1555 Vulgate that is the first Bible to include the verse numbers integrated into the text. Before this work, they were printed in the margins.[16]
The first English New Testament to use the verse divisions was a 1557 translation by William Whittingham (c. 1524–1579). The first Bible in English to use both chapters and verses was the Geneva Bible published shortly afterwards in 1560. These verse divisions soon gained acceptance as a standard way to notate verses, and have since been used in nearly all English Bibles and the vast majority of those in other languages. (Nevertheless, some Bibles have removed the verse numbering, including the ones noted above that also removed chapter numbers; a recent example of an edition that removed only verses, not chapters, is The Message: The Bible in Contemporary Language by Eugene H. Peterson.)[18]
Jewish tradition[edit]
Main article: Tanakh § Chapters and verse numbers, book divisions
The Hebrew Masoretic text of the Bible notes several different kinds of subdivisions within the biblical books:
Verse endings[edit]
Main article: Sof passuk
Most important are the verse endings. According to the Talmudic tradition, the division of the text into verses is of ancient origin.[19] In Masoretic versions of the Bible, the end of a verse is indicated by a small mark in its final word called a silluq (which means "stop"). Less formally, verse endings are usually also indicated by two horizontal dots following the word with a silluq.
Parashiyot[edit]
Main article: Parashah
The Masoretic textual tradition also contains section endings called parashot, which are usually indicated by a space within a line (a "closed" section) or a new line beginning (an "open" section). The division of the text reflected in the parashot is usually thematic. Unlike chapters, the parashot are not numbered, but some of them have special titles.
In early manuscripts (most importantly in Tiberian Masoretic manuscripts, such as the Aleppo codex), an "open" section may also be represented by a blank line, and a "closed" section by a new line that is slightly indented (the preceding line may also not be full). These latter conventions are no longer used in Torah scrolls and printed Hebrew Bibles. In this system, the one rule differentiating "open" and "closed" sections is that "open" sections must always start at the beginning of a new line, while "closed" sections never start at the beginning of a new line.
Sedarim[edit]
Another division of the biblical books found in the Masoretic text is the division of the sedarim. This division is not thematic, but is almost entirely based upon the quantity of text. For the Torah, this division reflects the triennial cycle of reading that was practiced by the Jews of the Land of Israel.
Christian versions[edit]
The Byzantines also introduced a concept roughly similar to chapter divisions, called kephalaia (singular kephalaion, literally meaning heading). This system, which was in place no later than the 5th century, is not identical to the present chapters. Unlike the modern chapters, which tend to be of roughly similar length, the distance from one kephalaion mark to the next varied greatly in length both within a book and from one book to the next. For example, the Sermon on the Mount, comprising three chapters in the modern system, has but one kephalaion mark, while the single modern chapter 8 of the Gospel of Matthew has several, one per miracle. Moreover, there were far fewer kephalaia in the Gospel of John than in the Gospel of Mark, even though the latter is the shorter text. In the manuscripts, the kephalaia with their numbers, their standard titles (titloi) and their page numbers would be listed at the beginning of each biblical book; in the book's main body, they would be marked only with arrow-shaped or asterisk-like symbols in the margin, not in the text itself.
The titles usually referred to the first event or the first theological point of the section only, and some kephalaia are manifestly incomplete if one stops reading at the point where the next kephalaion begins (for example, the combined accounts of the miracles of the Daughter of Jairus and of the healing of the woman with a haemorrhage gets two marked kephalaia, one titled of the daughter of the synagogue ruler at the beginning when the ruler approaches Jesus and one titled of the woman with the flow of blood where the woman enters the picture – well before the ruler's daughter is healed and the storyline of the previous kephalaion is thus properly concluded). Thus the kephalaia marks are rather more like a system of bookmarks or links into a continuous text, helping a reader to quickly find one of several well-known episodes, than like a true system of chapter divisions.
Cardinal Hugo de Sancto Caro is often given credit for first dividing the Latin Vulgate into chapters in the real sense, but it is the arrangement of his contemporary and fellow cardinal Stephen Langton who in 1205 created the chapter divisions which are used today. They were then inserted into Greek manuscripts of the New Testament in the 16th century. Robert Estienne (Robert Stephanus) was the first to number the verses within each chapter, his verse numbers entering printed editions in 1551 (New Testament) and 1571 (Hebrew Bible).[20]
The division of the Bible into chapters and verses has received criticism from some traditionalists and modern scholars. Critics state that the text is often divided in an incoherent way, or at inappropriate rhetorical points, and that it encourages citing passages out of context. Nevertheless, the chapter and verse numbers have become indispensable as technical references for Bible study.
Several modern publications of the Bible have eliminated numbering of chapters and verses. Biblica published such a version of the NIV in 2007 and 2011. In 2014, Crossway published the ESV Reader's Bible and Bibliotheca published a modified ASV.[21] Projects such as Icthus[22] also exist which strip chapter and verse numbers from existing translations.
Protestant Bible statistics[edit]
The number of words can vary depending upon aspects such as whether the Hebrew alphabet in Psalm 119, the superscriptions listed in some of the Psalms, and the subscripts traditionally found at the end of the Pauline epistles, are included. Except where stated, the following apply to the King James Version of the Bible in its modern 66-book Protestant form including the New Testament and the protocanonical Old Testament, not the deuterocanonical books.
Chapters[edit]
There are 929 chapters in the Old Testament.
187 chapters in the Pentateuch
249 chapters in the Historical books
243 chapters in the Poetic books ("Wisdom")
183 chapters in the Major prophets
67 chapters in the Minor prophets
There are 260 chapters in the New Testament.
89 chapters in the Gospels
28 chapters in Acts
87 chapters in the Pauline Epistles (excluding Hebrews)
34 chapters in the General Epistles (including Hebrews)
22 chapters in Revelation
This gives a total of 1,189 chapters (on average, 18 per book).
Psalm 117 is the middle chapter of the Bible, being the 595th Chapter.[23]
Psalm 117 is also the shortest chapter of the Bible.
Psalm 119 is the longest chapter of the Bible.
Five books are a single chapter: Obadiah, Philemon, 2 & 3 John, Jude. In many printed editions, the chapter number is omitted for these books, and references just use the verse numbers.
Old Testament - 929 chapters[24]
Book / Division
Chapters
Pentateuch 187
Genesis 50
Exodus 40
Leviticus 27
Numbers 36
Deuteronomy 34
Historical Books 249
Joshua 24
Judges 21
Ruth 4
1 Samuel 31
2 Samuel 24
1 Kings 22
2 Kings 25
1 Chronicles 29
2 Chronicles 36
Ezra 10
Nehemiah 13
Esther 10
Books of Wisdom (or "Poetry") 243
Job 42
Psalms 150
Proverbs 31
Ecclesiastes 12
Song of Solomon 8
Major Prophets 183
Isaiah 66
Jeremiah 52
Lamentations 5
Ezekiel 48
Daniel 12
Minor Prophets 67
Hosea 14
Joel 3
Amos 9
Obadiah 1
Jonah 4
Micah 7
Nahum 3
Habakkuk 3
Zephaniah 3
Haggai 2
Zechariah 14
Malachi 4
New Testament - 260 chapters[24]
Book / Division
Chapters
Gospels 89
Matthew 28
Mark 16
Luke 24
John 21
History 28
Acts 28
Pauline Epistles 87
Romans 16
1 Corinthians 16
2 Corinthians 13
Galatians 6
Ephesians 6
Philippians 4
Colossians 4
1 Thessalonians 5
2 Thessalonians 3
1 Timothy 6
2 Timothy 4
Titus 3
Philemon 1
General Epistles 34
Hebrews 13
James 5
1 Peter 5
2 Peter 3
1 John 5
2 John 1
3 John 1
Jude 1
Apocalyptic Writings 22
Revelation 22
Verses[edit]
There are 23,145 verses in the Old Testament and 7,957 verses in the New Testament. This gives a total of 31,102 verses,[24] which is an average of a little more than 26 verses per chapter.
Contrary to popular belief, Psalm 118 does not contain the middle verse of the Bible. The King James Version has an even number of verses (31,102), with the two middle verses being Psalm 103:1–2.[25]
John 11:35 ("Jesus wept") is the shortest verse in most English translations. Some translations — including the New International Version, New Living Translation, New Life Version, Holman Christian Standard Bible and New International Reader's Version — render Job 3:2 as "He said". However, that is a translators' condensation of the Hebrew which literally translated is: "And Job answered and said."
The shortest verse in the Greek New Testament is Luke 20:30 ("και ο δευτερος", "And the second") with twelve letters, according to the Westcott and Hort text. In the Textus Receptus, the shortest verse is 1 Thessalonians 5:16 ("παντοτε χαιρετε", "Rejoice always") with fourteen letters,[26] since Stephanus' rendering of Luke 20:30 includes some additional words.[27]
Isaiah 10:8 ("Dicet enim") is the shortest verse in the Latin Vulgate.[28]
Esther 8:9 is the longest verse in the Masoretic Text. The discovery of several manuscripts at Qumran (in the Dead Sea Scrolls) has reopened what is considered the most original text of 1 Samuel 11; if one believes that those manuscripts better preserve the text, several verses in 1 Samuel 11 surpass Esther 8:9 in length.
See also[edit]
Bible portal
Bible citation
List of omitted Bible verses
Parashah
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ernst Würthwein, The Text of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), p. 20.
^ Jump up to: a b Würthwein, The Text of the Old Testament, n. 28.
Jump up ^ Kurt and Barbara Aland, The Text of the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans and Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1989), pp. 252 ff.
Jump up ^ Consortium, Europeana Regia. "Europeana Regia - Paris Bibliothèque nationale de France MSS Latin 3".
Jump up ^ Hebrew Bible article in the Catholic Encyclopedia.
^ Jump up to: a b Moore, G.F. The Vulgate Chapters and Numbered Verses in the Hebrew Bible, pages 73–78 at JSTOR. page 75
Jump up ^ Bruce M. Metzger, The early versions of the New Testament: Their origin, transmission and limitations, Oxford University Press (1977), p.347. Cited in Stephen Langton and the modern chapter divisions of the bible by British translator Roger Pearse, 21 June 2013.
Jump up ^ London: Awnsham and John Churchill, 1707
Jump up ^ 1826; repr. Nashville: Gospel Advocate Restoration Reprints, 2001
Jump up ^ New York: Macmillan, 1907
Jump up ^ New York: Simon and Schuster, 1936)
Jump up ^ "Bibliotheca Multivolume Readers' Bible Homepage". BIBLIOTHECA. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
Jump up ^ "The Bible's a mess, but a designer is fixing it". The Verge. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
Jump up ^ https://www.crossway.org/bibles/esv-readers-bible-none-tru/
Jump up ^ Miller, Stephen M.; Huber, Robert V. (2004). The Bible: A History. Good Books. p. 173. ISBN 1-56148-414-8.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pitts Theology Library Exhibit on the Verses of the New Testament".
Jump up ^ "Chapters and Verses: Who Needs Them?," Christopher R. Smith, Bible Study Magazine (July–Aug 2009): 46–47.
Jump up ^ Colorado Springs: NavPress, 2002
Jump up ^ Babylonian Talmud Nedarim 37b
Jump up ^ The Examiner.
Jump up ^ Zylstra, Sarah Eekhof (25 July 2014). "Introducing the Bible! Now with Less!". Christianity Today. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Icthus".
Jump up ^ The Center of the Bible Archived August 28, 2005, at the Wayback Machine. at BreakTheChain.org
^ Jump up to: a b c Study Resources: The Books of the Bible at BlueLetterBible.org
Jump up ^ King James Bible Statistics at BibleBelievers.com
Jump up ^ First Thessalonians 5:12–28, John Walvoord at Bible.org
Jump up ^ Luke 20:30 και ο δευτερος – and the second with interlinear Greek-English and KJV
Luke 20:30, in the 1550 Stephanus New Testament and the 1881 Westcott-Hort New Testament.
Jump up ^ Isaias 10 at LatinVulgate.com
External links[edit]
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Sensory neuron
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Four types of sensory neuron
Sensory neurons also known as afferent neurons are neurons that convert a specific type of stimulus, via their receptors, into action potentials or graded potentials.[citation needed] This process is called sensory transduction. The cell bodies of the sensory neurons are located in the dorsal ganglia of the spinal cord.[1]
This sensory information travels along afferent nerve fibers in an afferent or sensory nerve, to the brain via the spinal cord. The stimulus can come from extoreceptors outside the body, for example light and sound, or from interoreceptors inside the body, for example blood pressure or the sense of body position.
Different types of sensory neurons have different sensory receptors that respond to different kinds of stimuli.
Contents
1 Types and function
1.1 External
1.1.1 Smell
1.1.2 Taste
1.1.3 Vision
1.1.4 Auditory
1.1.5 Temperature
1.1.6 Mechanoreceptors
1.2 Internal
1.2.1 Blood
1.2.2 Nociceptors
2 Connection with the central nervous system
3 Classification
3.1 Adequate stimulus
3.2 Location
3.3 Morphology
3.4 Rate of adaptation
4 Drugs
5 Neuroplasticity
6 Other animals
7 Additional images
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Types and function[edit]
External[edit]
Smell[edit]
The sensory neurons involved in smell are called olfactory receptor neurons. These receptor neurons contain receptors, called olfactory receptors, that are activated by the odor molecules in the air. The perception of these odor molecules is called a scent.
Taste[edit]
Similarly to olfactory receptor neurons, taste receptors (gustatory receptors) in taste buds interact with chemicals in food to produce an action potential.
Vision[edit]
Photoreceptor cells are capable of phototransduction, a process which converts light (electromagnetic radiation) into electrical signals. These signals are refined and controlled by the interactions with other types of neurons in the retina.
The five basic classes of neurons within the retina are photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells.
The basic circuitry of the retina incorporates a three-neuron chain consisting of the photoreceptor (either a rod or cone), bipolar cell, and the ganglion cell.
The first action potential occurs in the retinal ganglion cell. This pathway is the most direct way for transmitting visual information to the brain.
There are three primary types of photoreceptors: Cones are photoreceptors that respond significantly to color. In humans the three different types of cones correspond with a primary response to short wavelength (blue), medium wavelength (green), and long wavelength (yellow/red).[2] Rods are photoreceptors that are very sensitive to the intensity of light, allowing for vision in dim lighting. The concentrations and ratio of rods to cones is strongly correlated with whether an animal is diurnal or nocturnal. In humans, rods outnumber cones by approximately 20:1, while in nocturnal animals, such as the tawny owl, the ratio is closer to 1000:1.[2] Retinal ganglion cells are involved in the sympathetic response. Of the ~1.3 million ganglion cells present in the retina, 1-2% are believed to be photosensitive.[3]
Problems and decay of sensory neurons associated with vision lead to disorders such as:
Macular degeneration – degeneration of the central visual field due to either cellular debris or blood vessels accumulating between the retina and the choroid, thereby disturbing and/or destroying the complex interplay of neurons that are present there.[4]
Glaucoma – loss of retinal ganglion cells which causes some loss of vision to blindness.[5]
Diabetic retinopathy – poor blood sugar control due to diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina.[6]
Auditory[edit]
The auditory system is responsible for converting pressure waves generated by vibrating air molecules or sound into signals that can be interpreted by the brain.
This mechanoelectrical transduction is mediated with hair cells within the ear. Depending on the movement, the hair cell can either hyperpolarize or depolarize. When the movement is towards the tallest stereocilia, the Na+ cation channels open allowing Na+ to flow into cell and the resulting depolarization causes the Ca++ channels to open, thus releasing its neurotransmitter into the afferent auditory nerve. There are two types of hair cells: inner and outer. The inner hair cells are the sensory receptors .[7]
Problems with sensory neurons associated with the auditory system leads to disorders such as:
Auditory processing disorder – Auditory information in the brain is processed in an abnormal way. Patients with auditory processing disorder can usually gain the information normally, but their brain cannot process it properly, leading to hearing disability.[8]
Auditory verbal agnosia – Comprehension of speech is lost but hearing, speaking, reading, and writing ability is retained. This is caused by damage to the posterior superior temporal lobes, again not allowing the brain to process auditory input correctly.[9]
Temperature[edit]
Thermoreceptors are sensory receptors, which respond to varying [temperature]s. While the mechanisms through which these receptors operate is unclear, recent discoveries have shown that mammals have at least two distinct types of thermoreceptors.[10] The bulboid corpuscle, is a cutaneous receptor a cold-sensitive receptor, that detects cold temperatures. The other type is a warmth-sensitive receptor.
Mechanoreceptors[edit]
Mechanoreceptors are sensory receptors which respond to mechanical forces, such as pressure or distortion.[11]
Specialized sensory receptor cells called mechanoreceptors often encapsulate afferent fibers to help tune the afferent fibers to the different types of somatic stimulation. Mechanoreceptors also help lower thresholds for action potential generation in afferent fibers and thus make them more likely to fire in the presence of sensory stimulation.[12]
Some types of mechanoreceptors fire action potentials when their membranes are physically stretched.
Proprioceptors are another type of mechanoreceptors which literally means "receptors for self". These receptors provide spatial information about limbs and other body parts.[13]
Nociceptors are responsible for processing pain and temperature changes. The burning pain and irritation experienced after eating a chili pepper (due to its main ingredient, capsaicin), the cold sensation experienced after ingesting a chemical such as menthol or icillin, as well as the common sensation of pain are all a result of neurons with these receptors.[14]
Problems with mechanoreceptors lead to disorders such as:
Neuropathic pain - a severe pain condition resulting from a damaged sensory nerve [14]
Hyperalgesia - an increased sensitivity to pain caused by sensory ion channel, TRPM8, which is typically responds to temperatures between 23 and 26 degrees, and provides the cooling sensation associated with menthol and icillin [14]
Phantom limb syndrome - a sensory system disorder where pain or movement is experienced in a limb that does not exist [15]
Internal[edit]
Internal receptors that respond to changes inside the body are known as interoceptors.
Blood[edit]
The aortic bodies and carotid bodies contain clusters of glomus cells – peripheral chemoreceptors that detect changes in chemical properties in the blood such as oxygen concentration.[16] These receptors are polymodal responding to a number of different stimuli.
Nociceptors[edit]
Nociceptors respond to potentially damaging stimuli by sending signals to the spinal cord and brain. This process, called nociception, usually causes the perception of pain.[17] They are found in internal organs as well as on the surface of the body. Nociceptors detect different kinds of damaging stimuli or actual damage. Those that only respond when tissues are damaged are known as "sleeping" or "silent" nociceptors.
Thermal nociceptors are activated by noxious heat or cold at various temperatures.
Mechanical nociceptors respond to excess pressure or mechanical deformation.
Chemical nociceptors respond to a wide variety of chemicals, some of which are signs of tissue damage. They are involved in the detection of some spices in food.
Connection with the central nervous system[edit]
Information coming from the sensory neurons in the head enters the central nervous system (CNS) through cranial nerves. Information from the sensory neurons below the head enters the spinal cord and passes towards the brain through the 31 spinal nerves.[18] The sensory information traveling through the spinal cord follows well-defined pathways. The nervous system codes the differences among the sensations in terms of which cells are active.
Classification[edit]
Adequate stimulus[edit]
A sensory receptor's adequate stimulus is the stimulus modality for which it possesses the adequate sensory transduction apparatus. Adequate stimulus can be used to classify sensory receptors:
Baroreceptors respond to pressure in blood vessels
Chemoreceptors respond to chemical stimuli
Electromagnetic radiation receptors respond to electromagnetic radiation[19]
Infrared receptors respond to infrared radiation
Photoreceptors respond to visible light
Ultraviolet receptors respond to ultraviolet radiation[citation needed]
Electroreceptors respond to electric fields
Ampullae of Lorenzini respond to electric fields, salinity, and to temperature, but function primarily as electroreceptors
Hydroreceptors respond to changes in humidity
Magnetoreceptors respond to magnetic fields
Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical stress or mechanical strain
Nociceptors respond to damage, or threat of damage, to body tissues, leading (often but not always) to pain perception
Osmoreceptors respond to the osmolarity of fluids (such as in the hypothalamus)
Proprioceptors provide the sense of position
Thermoreceptors respond to temperature, either heat, cold or both
Location[edit]
Sensory receptors can be classified by location:
Cutaneous receptors are sensory receptors found in the dermis or epidermis.[20]
Muscle spindles contain mechanoreceptors that detect stretch in muscles.
Morphology[edit]
Somatic sensory receptors near the surface of the skin can usually be divided into two groups based on morphology:
Free nerve endings characterize the nociceptors and thermoreceptors and are called thus because the terminal branches of the neuron are unmyelinated and spread throughout the dermis and epidermis.
Encapsulated receptors consist of the remaining types of cutaneous receptors. Encapsulation exists for specialized functioning.
Rate of adaptation[edit]
A tonic receptor is a sensory receptor that adapts slowly to a stimulus[21] and continues to produce action potentials over the duration of the stimulus.[22] In this way it conveys information about the duration of the stimulus. Some tonic receptors are permanently active and indicate a background level. Examples of such tonic receptors are pain receptors, joint capsule, and muscle spindle.[23]
A phasic receptor is a sensory receptor that adapts rapidly to a stimulus. The response of the cell diminishes very quickly and then stops.[24]It does not provide information on the duration of the stimulus;[22] instead some of them convey information on rapid changes in stimulus intensity and rate.[23] An example of a phasic receptor is the Pacinian corpuscle.
Drugs[edit]
There are many drugs currently on the market that are used to manipulate or treat sensory system disorders. For instance, Gabapentin is a drug that is used to treat neuropathic pain by interacting with one of the voltage-dependent calcium channels present on non-receptive neurons.[14] Some drugs may be used to combat other health problems, but can have unintended side effects on the sensory system. Ototoxic drugs are drugs which affect the cochlea through the use of a toxin like aminoglycoside antibiotics, which poison hair cells. Through the use of these toxins, the K+ pumping hair cells cease their function. Thus, the energy generated by the endocochlear potential which drives the auditory signal transduction process is lost, leading to hearing loss.[25]
Neuroplasticity[edit]
Ever since scientists observed cortical remapping in the brain of Taub's Silver Spring monkeys, there has been a lot of research into sensory system plasticity. Huge strides have been made in treating disorders of the sensory system. Techniques such as constraint-induced movement therapy developed by Taub have helped patients with paralyzed limbs regain use of their limbs by forcing the sensory system to grow new neural pathways.[26] Phantom limb syndrome is a sensory system disorder in which amputees perceive that their amputated limb still exists and they may still be experiencing pain in it. The mirror box developed by V.S. Ramachandran, has enabled patients with phantom limb syndrome to relieve the perception of paralyzed or painful phantom limbs. It is a simple device which uses a mirror in a box to create an illusion in which the sensory system perceives that it is seeing two hands instead of one, therefore allowing the sensory system to control the "phantom limb". By doing this, the sensory system can gradually get acclimated to the amputated limb, and thus alleviate this syndrome.[27]
Other animals[edit]
Hydrodynamic reception is a form of mechanoreception used in a range of animal species.
Additional images[edit]
Illustration of Tactile Receptors in the Skin
Illustration of Lamellated Corpuscle
Illustration of Ruffini Corpuscle
Illustration of Skin Merkel Cell
Illustration of Tactile Corpuscle
Illustration of Root Hair Plexus
Illustration of Free Nerve Endings
See also[edit]
Neuroscience portal
Sensory nerves
Afferent nerve
Pseudounipolar neuron
Efferent nerve
Neural coding
Posterior column
Receptive field
Sensory system
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Purves, Dale; Augustine, George; Fitzpatrick, David; Hall, William; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; McNamara, James; White, Leonard (2008). Neuroscience (4 ed.). Sinauer Associates, Inc. p. 207. ISBN 978-0878936977.
^ Jump up to: a b "eye, human." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.
Jump up ^ Foster, R. G.; Provencio, I.; Hudson, D.; Fiske, S.; Grip, W.; Menaker, M. (1991). "Circadian photoreception in the retinally degenerate mouse (rd/rd)". Journal of Comparative Physiology A 169. doi:10.1007/BF00198171
Jump up ^ de Jong, Paulus T.V.M. (2006-10-05). "Age-Related Macular Degeneration". New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (14): 1474–1485. doi:10.1056/NEJMra062326. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 17021323.
Jump up ^ Alguire, Patrick; Dallas, Wilbur; Willis, John; Kenneth, Henry (1990). "Chapter 118 Tonometry". Clinical methods : the history, physical, and laboratory examinations (3 ed.). Butterworths. ISBN 040990077X. OCLC 15695765.
Jump up ^ "NIHSeniorHealth: Diabetic Retinopathy - Causes and Risk Factors". nihseniorhealth.gov. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
Jump up ^ Purves, Dale; Augustine, George; Fitzpatrick, David; Hall, William; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; McNamara, James; White, Leonard (2008). Neuroscience (4 ed.). Sinauer Associates, Inc. pp. 327–330. ISBN 978-0878936977.
Jump up ^ "Auditory Processing Disorder (APD)" (PDF). British Society of Audiology APD Special Interest Group MRC Institute of Hearing Research.
Jump up ^ Stefanatos, Gerry A.; Gershkoff, Arthur; Madigan, Sean (2005-07-01). "On pure word deafness, temporal processing, and the left hemisphere". Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS. 11 (4): 456–470; discussion 455. ISSN 1355-6177. PMID 16209426.
Jump up ^ Krantz, John. Experiencing Sensation and Perception. Pearson Education, Limited, 2009. p. 12.3
Jump up ^ Winter, R., Harrar, V., Gozdzik, M., & Harris, L. R. (2008). The relative timing of active and passive touch. [Proceedings Paper]. Brain Research, 1242, 54-58. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.06.090
Jump up ^ Purves, Dale; Augustine, George; Fitzpatrick, David; Hall, William; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; McNamara, James; White, Leonard (2008). Neuroscience (4 ed.). Sinauer Associates, Inc. p. 209. ISBN 978-0878936977.
Jump up ^ Purves, Dale; Augustine, George; Fitzpatrick, David; Hall, William; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; McNamara, James; White, Leonard (2008). Neuroscience (4 ed.). Sinauer Associates, Inc. pp. 215–216. ISBN 978-0878936977.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lee, Y; Lee, C; Oh, U (2005). "Painful channels in sensory neurons". Molecules and Cells. 20 (3): 315–324.
Jump up ^ Halligan, Peter W; Zeman, Adam; Berger, Abi (1999-09-04). "Phantoms in the brain". BMJ: British Medical Journal. 319 (7210): 587–588. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7210.587. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1116476  . PMID 10473458.
Jump up ^ Satir, P. & Christensen, S.T. (2008) Structure and function of mammalian cilia. in Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Vol 129:6
Jump up ^ Sherrington C. The Integrative Action of the Nervous System. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1906.
Jump up ^ Kalat, James W. (2013). Biological Psychology (11th ed.). Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN 978-1111831004.
Jump up ^ Michael J. Gregory. "Sensory Systems". Clinton Community College. Archived from the original on 2013-06-25. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
Jump up ^ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Cutaneous+receptor
Jump up ^ Binder, Marc D.; Hirokawa, Nobutaka; Windhorst, Uwe (2009). Encyclopedia of neuroscience ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-29678-2.
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^ Jump up to: a b http://frank.mtsu.edu/~jshardo/bly2010/nervous/receptor.html Archived August 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Sherwood, Lauralee; Klandorf, Hillar; Yancey, Paul (2012). Animal Physiology: From Genes to Organisms. Cengage Learning. ISBN 0840068654. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Priuska, E.M.; Schacht, J. (1997). "Mechanism and prevention of aminoglycoside ototoxicity: Outer hair cells as targets and tools". Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 76: 164–171. PMID 9086645.
Jump up ^ Schwartz and Begley 2002, p. 160; "Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy", excerpted from "A Rehab Revolution," Stroke Connection Magazine, September/October 2004. Print.
Jump up ^ Blakeslee, Sandra; Ramachandran, V. S. (1998). Phantoms in the brain : probing the mysteries of the human mind. William Morrow & Company, Inc. ISBN 0688152473. OCLC 43344396.
External links[edit]
The major classes of somatic sensory receptors
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Founded
August 18, 1969; 48 years ago (August 18, 1969)
Lexington, Kentucky, United States
Headquarters
Louisville, Kentucky, United States
Products
Seafood
Number of employees
8,400 (worldwide)
Parent
Jerrico Inc.
(1969–2002)
Yum! Brands
(2002–2011)
LJS Partners LLC
(2011-present)
Website
ljsilvers.com
A renovated early LJS location that retains Cape Cod style structure
A typical meal from Long John Silver's: A platter with battered and fried fish and chicken, french fries (chips), battered fried shrimp, hushpuppies and coleslaw
Long John Silver's LLC (also formerly known as Long John Silver's Seafood Shoppe) is an American fast-food restaurant chain that specializes in seafood. The brand's name is derived from the novel Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson, in which the pirate "Long John" Silver is one of the main characters. Formerly a division of Yum! Brands, Inc., the company was divested to a group of franchisees in September 2011 and is now 80% franchise-owned.
Contents
1 History
2 Controversy
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
The first restaurant was opened on August 18, 1969, in Lexington, Kentucky.[1] The original location, on 301 Southland Drive just off Nicholasville Road, was previously a seafood carry out restaurant named the Cape Codder. The original Cape Codder concrete block building was redesigned by Architect Druce Henn, who created the New England style of LJS's early chain restaurants. That original location is now a styling salon.[2][3]
Earlier restaurants were known for their Cape Cod style buildings, blue roofs with square cupolas, wood benches/tables, lobster pots, and ship's wheels. Later, more nautically themed decorations were added such as seats made to look like nautical flags.
Those early restaurants also featured separate entrance and exit doors, a corridor like waiting line area, deep fryer with food heaters that were transparent so customers could see the food waiting to be served, and wrought iron 'sword' door handles. A major exterior theme of these buildings had dock-like walkways lined with pilings and thick ropes. Somewhat newer restaurants retained the basic structural design and theme but eliminated most of the interior features.
The chain was acquired by Yum! Brands in 2002, but by January 2011 Yum! announced it was looking for a buyer for its Long John Silver’s and A&W All-American Restaurants divisions, citing poor sales and a desire to transfer more of its focus to international expansion.[4] In September 2011, Yum! announced the impending sale of Long John Silver's to LJS Partners LLC – a group consisting of franchisees and other private investors.[5]
In March 2015, James O'Reilly, who had previously worked for KFC (another Yum! Brands holding), was appointed as the CEO. He stated that he expected the chain to maintain its 1,132 stores, refocus its marketing following negative press about the fat and sodium content of the menu (see below), and looked to the possibility of future expansion.[6]
A co-branded Long John Silver's and A&W in Gillette, Wyoming
A co branded KFC and Long John Silver's restaurant in Lafayette, Tennessee
A former co branded Long John Silver's and Taco Bell in Kent, Ohio before becoming a Taco Bell store
Controversy[edit]
In July 2013, the Center for Science in the Public Interest, a nutrition and health policy watchdog group, named Long John Silver's "Big Catch" meal the worst restaurant meal in America, noting that it contained 33 grams of trans fat, 19 grams of saturated fat, 1,320 calories, and almost 3,700 milligrams of sodium.[7] In January 2014, the company announced that it had eliminated trans fats from its menu.[8]
See also[edit]
Louisville portal
Companies portal
Food portal
Fish and chips
List of fish and chip restaurants
List of seafood restaurants
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sloan, Scott (2011-12-09). "A&W Returns to Lexington". Kentucky.com. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
Jump up ^ "Fayette County PVA". Qpublic7.qpublic.net. Archived from the original on February 22, 2013. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
Jump up ^ "Fantasia Styling Salon". Fantasia Styling Salon. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
Jump up ^ "Yum! Brands Places Long John Silver's and A&W All-American Restaurants for Sale". Business Wire. January 18, 2011. Retrieved 2014-02-24.
Jump up ^ "Yum Sells 2 Fast-Food Chains". The New York Times. September 22, 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Bowling, Caitlin (16 March 2015). "Long John Silver's still trying to regain ground following negative press in 2013". Louisville Business First.
Jump up ^ "'Heart Attack On A Hook': Meet America's 'Worst Restaurant Meal'". NPR.org. 2 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Aubrey, Allison (January 22, 2014). "Long John Silver's Throws Trans Fats Overboard". NPR. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
External links[edit]
Official website
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Criminal Minds (season 8)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Criminal Minds (season 8)
DVD cover art
Starring
Joe Mantegna
Shemar Moore
Matthew Gray Gubler
A.J. Cook
Kirsten Vangsness
Jeanne Tripplehorn
Thomas Gibson
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
24
Release
Original network
CBS
Original release
September 26, 2012 (2012-09-26) – May 22, 2013 (2013-05-22)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 7
Next →
Season 9
List of Criminal Minds episodes
The eighth season of Criminal Minds premiered on CBS on September 26, 2012. The series was officially renewed for an eighth season on March 14, 2012.[1]
In Canada, season eight airs one day earlier on CTV than on CBS in the United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Main
1.2 Recurring
2 Episodes
3 Ratings
4 Home media
5 References
6 External links
Cast[edit]
On February 15, 2012, Deadline.com reported that Paget Brewster (Emily Prentiss) would leave the show once season seven was over. All other main cast members have secured deals for this season.[2] On June 13, 2012, CBS announced that Jeanne Tripplehorn would join the cast of the show.[3]
Main[edit]
Joe Mantegna as David Rossi
Shemar Moore as Derek Morgan
Matthew Gray Gubler as Dr. Spencer Reid
A. J. Cook as Jennifer "JJ" Jareau
Kirsten Vangsness as Penelope Garcia
Jeanne Tripplehorn as Dr. Alex Blake
Thomas Gibson as Aaron "Hotch" Hotchner
Recurring[edit]
Jayne Atkinson as Erin Strauss
Beth Riesgraf as Maeve Donovan
Mekhai Andersen as Henry LaMontagne
Nicholas Brendon as Kevin Lynch
Cade Owens as Jack Hotchner
Bellamy Young as Beth Clemmons
Josh Stewart as William "Will" LaMontagne Jr.
Skipp Sudduth as Stan Gordinski
Mark Hamill as John Curtis / The Replicator
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Criminal Minds episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
163
1 "The Silencer" Glenn Kershaw Erica Messer September 26, 2012 (2012-09-26) 801 11.73[4]
The BAU suspects that a serial killer known as "The Silencer" has resurfaced when a prison inmate escapes during a transfer in Abilene, Texas and several bodies are found with their mouths sewn shut. Meanwhile, the team welcomes its newest member, linguistics expert Alex Blake (Jeanne Tripplehorn), into the fold.
164
2 "The Pact" Karen Gaviola Janine Sherman Barrois October 10, 2012 (2012-10-10) 802 11.49[5]
When two seemingly unrelated murders are committed just hours apart in San Diego and Los Angeles, the BAU suspects that two killers are working in concert to exact revenge against criminals released by the justice system.
165
3 "Through the Looking Glass" Dermott Downs Sharon Lee Watson October 17, 2012 (2012-10-17) 803 11.81[6]
When a family in Kansas City, Kansas is found dead and another family goes missing, the BAU searches for a link between the cases in order to find the perpetrator. Meanwhile, Hotch receives surprising news from Beth that threatens to test their relationship.
166
4 "God Complex" Larry Teng Breen Frazier October 24, 2012 (2012-10-24) 804 11.61[7]
When a legless corpse is found in Juarez and an unwilling amputee turns up at a motel in Albuquerque, New Mexico, the BAU determines that the unsub is an amateur surgeon whose narcissism has gotten to his head. Meanwhile, Reid's secret phone calls to a mysterious woman (Beth Riesgraf) leave the team intrigued.
167
5 "The Good Earth" John Terlesky Bruce Zimmerman October 31, 2012 (2012-10-31) 805 11.99[8]
When four men in La Grande, Oregon go missing, the BAU searches for a common link among them in order to apprehend the unsub. Meanwhile, JJ gets upset after learning her son Henry is adamant about not celebrating Halloween.
168
6 "The Apprenticeship" Rob Bailey Virgil Williams November 7, 2012 (2012-11-07) 806 12.09[9]
When a Miami prostitute is murdered in a manner similar to a series of recent animal killings in the area, the BAU works fast to catch a serial killer whose confidence is quickly escalating. Meanwhile, Morgan attempts to convince Reid to join the bureau softball team and Hotch receives a phone call involving an unsub whose intentions are made chillingly clear.
169
7 "The Fallen" Doug Aarniokoski Teleplay by: Rick Dunkle
Story by: Rick Dunkle & Danny Ramm November 14, 2012 (2012-11-14) 807 12.20[10]
The BAU travels to Santa Monica, California to search for a mission-oriented killer who dumps the burned bodies of homeless people near the famous pier. Meanwhile, Rossi finds himself forced to confront his days as a Marine in the Vietnam War when he runs into his former sergeant Harrison Scott (Meshach Taylor).
170
8 "The Wheels on the Bus…" Rob Hardy Kimberly Ann Harrison November 21, 2012 (2012-11-21) 808 11.53[11]
When a school bus disappears outside Washington, D.C., the BAU launches a massive search for the missing high school students only to uncover a twisted motive for the crime.
171
9 "Magnificent Light" John T. Kretchmer Sharon Lee Watson November 28, 2012 (2012-11-28) 809 12.37[12]
While investigating a series of ritualistic murders in Seattle, the BAU links the crimes to a motivational speaker only to refocus their investigation when the prime suspect disappears. Meanwhile, Garcia speculates on the reasons why Morgan is against attending a dinner honoring an old friend.
172
10 "The Lesson" Matthew Gray Gubler Janine Sherman Barrois December 5, 2012 (2012-12-05) 810 11.33[13]
When several male bodies with marked changes in appearance are discovered in Winslow, Arizona, the BAU suspects they are searching for a serial killer (Brad Dourif) with an unusual personal obsession. Meanwhile, Reid gets anxious when his mystery woman proposes that they meet face-to-face.
173
11 "Perennials" Michael Lange Bruce Zimmerman December 12, 2012 (2012-12-12) 811 12.01[14]
The BAU investigates a series of bizarre murders throughout the South only to learn that the unsub's signature matches that of a killer from thirty years ago. Meanwhile, Hotch learns that someone is replicating crimes that the team has recently solved.
174
12 "Zugzwang" Jesse Warn Breen Frazier January 16, 2013 (2013-01-16) 812 12.64[15]
When Reid learns that his mystery woman has disappeared and suspects that the person stalking her has made his next move, the BAU searches Washington, D.C. in a desperate attempt to find her abductor before time runs out.
175
13 "Magnum Opus" Glenn Kershaw Jason J. Bernero January 23, 2013 (2013-01-23) 813 11.84[16]
When two young women are found dead in San Francisco with their eyelids removed, the BAU searches for a killer with an alarming obsession. Meanwhile, Reid is still reeling over his mystery woman's death.
176
14 "All That Remains" Thomas Gibson Erica Messer February 6, 2013 (2013-02-06) 815 11.98[17]
When two sisters in Salisbury, Maryland are reported missing exactly one year after their mother's disappearance, the BAU is tasked with profiling their father (Ken Olin) as a possible suspect in both crimes.
177
15 "Broken" Larry Teng Rick Dunkle February 20, 2013 (2013-02-20) 814 10.69[18]
When three people are brutally murdered in Austin, Texas and later found with their watches set inaccurately, the BAU struggles to profile a killer who is suffering from a severe identity crisis. Meanwhile, the unsub stalking the team's every move prepares to make his next move.
178
16 "Carbon Copy" Rob Hardy Virgil Williams February 27, 2013 (2013-02-27) 816 10.33[19]
When a recent murder in Philadelphia is believed to be committed by "The Replicator," the BAU sets out to find him before he strikes again. Meanwhile, Blake struggles with her personal demons after learning that Strauss wants to make amends.
179
17 "The Gathering" Michael Lange Kimberly Ann Harrison March 20, 2013 (2013-03-20) 817 11.58[20]
With the Replicator case temporarily declared inactive, the BAU investigates a series of murders in Saint Paul, Minnesota involving young women who documented their fantasies on social media sites. Meanwhile, Garcia suspects Kevin has grown jealous after introducing him to her new love interest.
180
18 "Restoration" Félix Alcalá Jim Clemente & Janine Sherman Barrois April 3, 2013 (2013-04-03) 818 10.79[21]
When two middle-aged men are beaten to death in Chicago, the BAU investigates only to unearth a connection between the unsub and Morgan's childhood abuser Carl Buford.
181
19 "Pay It Forward" John Terlesky Bruce Zimmerman April 10, 2013 (2013-04-10) 819 11.47[22]
When a decapitated corpse is found in Colorado hours after a severed head is discovered in a recently unearthed time capsule, the BAU determines that the unsub is a vigilante who perceives his victims as hypocrites.
182
20 "Alchemy" Matthew Gray Gubler Sharon Lee Watson May 1, 2013 (2013-05-01) 820 10.13[23]
When two men are poisoned and dismembered in Rapid City, South Dakota, the BAU struggles to build a profile and determine the trigger before the unsub manages to kill again. Meanwhile, Reid suffers from insomnia as he continues to grieve Maeve's death.
183
21 "Nanny Dearest" Doug Aarniokoski Virgil Williams May 8, 2013 (2013-05-08) 821 10.08[24]
The BAU sets out to apprehend a Los Angeles serial killer who has abducted nannies and the children they watched on the same day for the last six years. With few leads and a short deadline, the team turns to the only known survivor in an attempt to find the unsub's latest victims before time runs out.
184
22 "#6" Karen Gaviola Breen Frazier May 15, 2013 (2013-05-15) 822 10.56[25]
When two couples are found dead in Detroit, the BAU surmises that the unsub is forcing his victims to fatally stab each other. Meanwhile, Blake contemplates her future with the team after her husband James (D.W. Moffett) returns home with a life-changing proposition.
185
23 "Brothers Hotchner" Rob Bailey Rick Dunkle May 22, 2013 (2013-05-22) 823 11.01[26]
As the BAU investigates a series of apparent ecstasy overdoses in Manhattan, Hotch struggles with his personal demons when his estranged brother Sean is caught in the middle. Meanwhile, the Replicator prepares to make his next move.
186
24 "The Replicator" Glenn Kershaw Erica Messer May 22, 2013 (2013-05-22) 824 11.01[26]
When the Replicator hacks Garcia's computer system and targets a team member, the BAU juggles mourning the loss of one of their own and finding the unsub as the stakes grow higher.
Ratings[edit]
Episode
U.S. ratings
Canada ratings
Original air date
Viewers
(millions)
Rank
Original air date
Viewers
(millions)
Rank
Night
Week
Night
Week
"The Silencer" September 26, 2012 11.73[4] 2 15[4] September 25, 2012 1.34[27] 5 25
"The Pact" October 10, 2012 11.49[5] 3 15[5] October 9, 2012 1.56[28] 4 17
"Through the Looking Glass" October 17, 2012 11.81[6] 2 12[6] October 16, 2012 N/A N/A N/A
"God Complex" October 24, 2012 11.61[7] 3 15[7] October 23, 2012 2.31[29] N/A 7
"The Good Earth" October 31, 2012 11.99[8] 1 13[8] October 30, 2012 N/A N/A N/A
"The Apprenticeship" November 7, 2012 12.09[9] 2 7[9] November 6, 2012 N/A N/A N/A
"The Fallen" November 14, 2012 12.20[10] 1 9[10] November 13, 2012 N/A N/A N/A
"The Wheels on the Bus..." November 21, 2012 11.53[11] 1 10[11] November 20, 2012 N/A N/A N/A
"Magnificent Light" November 28, 2012 12.37[12] 1 10[12] November 27, 2012 N/A N/A N/A
"The Lesson" December 5, 2012 11.33[13] 1 10[13] December 4, 2012 N/A N/A N/A
"Perennials" December 12, 2012 12.01[14] 1 10[14] December 11, 2012 N/A N/A N/A
"Zugzwang" January 16, 2013 12.64[15] 2 8[15] January 15, 2013 N/A N/A N/A
"Magnum Opus" January 23, 2013 11.84[16] 1 6[16] January 22, 2013 N/A N/A N/A
"All That Remains" February 6, 2013 11.98[17] 2 9[17] February 5, 2013 N/A N/A N/A
"Broken" February 20, 2013 10.69[18] 2 14[18] February 19, 2013 N/A N/A N/A
"Carbon Copy" February 27, 2013 10.33[19] 3 11[19] February 26, 2013 N/A N/A N/A
"The Gathering" March 20, 2013 11.58[20] 2 6[20] March 19, 2013 N/A N/A N/A
"Restoration" April 3, 2013 10.79[21] 3 17[21] April 2, 2013 N/A N/A N/A
"Pay It Forward" April 10, 2013 11.47[22] 2 12[22] April 9, 2013 N/A N/A N/A
"Alchemy" May 1, 2013 10.13[23] 2 14[23] April 30, 2013 N/A N/A N/A
"Nanny Dearest" May 8, 2013 10.08[24] 2 16[24] May 7, 2013 N/A N/A N/A
"#6" May 15, 2013 10.56[25] 2 11[25] May 15, 2013 N/A N/A N/A
"Brothers Hotchner (Part I)" May 22, 2013 11.01[26] 1 3[26] May 22, 2013 N/A N/A N/A
"The Replicator (Part II)" May 22, 2013 11.01[26] 1 3[26] May 22, 2013 N/A N/A N/A
Home media[edit]
The Complete Eighth Season
Set details Special features
24 episodes
6-disc set (Region 1)
5-disc set (Region 2 & 4)
Aspect Ratio: 1.78:1
Subtitles: English
English: Dolby Digital 5.1
Beautiful Minds
Gag Reel
Deleted Scenes
DVD release date
Region 1 Region 2 Region 4
September 3, 2013 (2013-09-03)[30] December 9, 2013 (2013-12-09)[31] December 4, 2013 (2013-12-04)[32]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (March 14, 2012). "CBS Renews 18 Shows: 'The Good Wife,' 'Blue Bloods,' '2 Broke Girls,' 'The Mentalist,' 'Mike & Molly' & Many More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 15, 2012). "Paget Brewster To Leave 'Criminal Minds'". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Criminal Minds Scoop: Big Love's Jeanne Tripplehorn Joins Cast as a Series Regular". TV Line.com. June 13, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (October 2, 2012). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: Sunday Night Football Tops Week 1 Viewing Among Adults 18-49 and With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 4, 2012. Retrieved October 2, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (October 16, 2012). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'Sunday Night Football' Tops Week 3 Viewing Among Adults 18-49, & With Total Viewers, 'Modern Family' Number 1 Scripted Show". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (October 23, 2012). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: Sunday Night Football Tops Week 4 Viewing Among Adults 18-49 & With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 27, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda. "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: Sunday Night Football Tops Week 5 Viewing Among Adults 18-49, 'NCIS' Number 1 With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 1, 2012. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (November 6, 2012). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: Sunday Night Football Again Tops Week 6 Viewing Among Adults 18-49 and is Number 1 With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (November 13, 2012). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: Sunday Night Football Again Tops Week 7 Viewing Among Adults 18-49 and is Number 1 With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (November 20, 2012). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: Sunday Night Football Again Tops Week 8 Viewing Among Adults 18-49 and is Number 1 With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (November 28, 2012). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: Sunday Night Football Tops Week 9 Viewing Among Adults 18-49 and is Number 1 With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (December 4, 2012). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: Sunday Night Football Tops Week 10 Viewing Among Adults 18-49 and is Number 1 With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (December 11, 2012). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: Sunday Night Football Tops Week 11 Viewing Among Adults 18-49 and is Number 1 With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (December 13, 2012). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'The X Factor' Adjusted Up; 'The Middle' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 13, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (January 23, 2013). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'AFC Championship' Tops Week 17 Viewing Among Adults 18-49 & With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (January 29, 2013). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'American Idol' Tops Week 18 Viewing Among Adults 18-49 & With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'Grammy Awards' Tops Week 20 Viewing Among Adults 18-49 & With Total Viewers". Tv by the Numbers. February 12, 2013. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: The Oscars Tops Week 22 Viewing Among Adults 18–49 & With Total Viewers – Ratings". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'Modern Family' & 'American Idol' Top Week 23 Viewing Among Adults 18-49, 'NCIS' Number 1 With Total Viewers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. March 5, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (March 26, 2013). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'American Idol' Tops Week 26 Viewing Among Adults 18-49; 'NCIS' Wins With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (April 9, 2013). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: NCAA Basketball Tops Week 28 Viewing Among Adults 18-49; 'The Big Bang Theory' Wins With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (April 16, 2013). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: NCAA Basketball Championship Tops Week 29 Viewing Among Adults 18-49 & With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (May 7, 2013). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'Big Bang Theory' Tops Week 32 Viewing Among Adults 18-49, 'NCIS' on Top With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (May 14, 2013). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'The Big Bang Theory' Tops Week 33 Viewing Among Adults 18-49, 'NCIS' on Top With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (May 21, 2013). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'The Big Bang Theory' Tops Week 34 Viewing Among Adults 18-49, 'NCIS' on Top With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Bibel, Sara (May 29, 2013). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'Modern Family' Tops Week 35 Viewing Among Adults 18-49, 'Dancing With the Stars' on Top With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 23, 2013. Retrieved October 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 24, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Canadian Ratings - Top 30 most watched shows of Oct 22 -> 28
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (June 12, 2013). "Criminal Minds - Packaging Picture, Bonus Material for DVDs of 'The 8th Season'". TVShowsOnDVD. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Criminal Minds - Season 8". Sainsbury's Entertainment. Archived from the original on August 23, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Criminal Minds – Season 8". Retrieved February 11, 2014.
General references
"Shows A-Z – Criminal Minds on CBS". The Futon Critic. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
External links[edit]
Criminal Minds on IMDb
Criminal Minds at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
e
Criminal Minds
Criminal Minds
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Characters
Jason Gideon
Aaron Hotchner
Elle Greenaway
Derek Morgan
Spencer Reid
Jennifer Jareau
Penelope Garcia
Emily Prentiss
David Rossi
Alex Blake
Matt Simmons
Video game
Suspect Behavior
Sam Cooper
Penelope Garcia
Beyond Borders
Episodes
Season 1
2
Characters
Jack Garrett
Clara Seger
Russ Montgomery
Matt Simmons
Mae Jarvis
International
South Korean
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