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Tik Tik Tik (2018 film)
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Tik Tik Tik
Official theatrical release poster
Directed by
Shakti Soundar Rajan
Produced by
Nemichand Jhabak
Written by
Shakti Soundar Rajan
Starring
Jayam Ravi
Nivetha Pethuraj
Ramesh Thilak
Aaron Aziz
Music by
D. Imman
Cinematography
S. Venkatesh
Edited by
Pradeep E Ragav
Production
company
Nemichand Jhabak
Release date
June 22, 2018 (2018-06-22)
Running time
131 minutes
Country
India
Language
Tamil
Box office
₹376.30 million[1]
Tik Tik Tik is a 2018 Indian Tamil-language science fiction thriller film written and directed by Shakti Soundar Rajan.[2][3] It has been promoted as India's first space film.[4][5] It features Jayam Ravi, Aaron Aziz, and Nivetha Pethuraj in the lead roles.[6][7][8] The film is inspired by Armageddon, directed by Michael Bay.[9][10][11][12]
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Music
5 Critical reception
6 Box office
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
An asteroid strikes the Ennore neighborhood of Chennai. Soon, astronauts predict another asteroid is going to hit India within 6 days, which could be catastrophic. The Indian Space Research Organisation decides to send M. Vasu (Jayam Ravi), a trained magician and escape artist, along with his team and a team of scientists to get ahold of a missile in a space center which they plan to use to destroy the asteroid before it reaches Earth. The military also catches Venkat (Ramesh Thilak) and Appu (Arjunan), two of Vasu's good friends, as per Vasu's instructions. Vasu, Venkat, and Appu are alerted about the asteroid and that they have to steal a nuclear missile from a Chinese space station. The mission is disguised as a satellite maintenance project. Vasu meets Swathi (Nivetha Pethuraj) and Raguram (Vincent Asokan), two army officials who are going on the mission with them. Vasu, Swathi, Venkat, Appu, and their captain Raguram go on the space shuttle, Dhruva-1, but just before launch, Vasu's speech channel is directed to an unknown voice, which tells Vasu he has kidnapped his son Ravi (Arav Ravi), who will die unless Vasu obtains the missile and gives it to him. Vasu, who is emotionally attached to his son, agrees. The space shuttle launches. While in flight, Vasu goes unconscious, and Swathi and Venkat take him to the sick bay. There, Vasu wakes up and goes into the wire chamber to cut the wire that controls the liquid hydrogen fuel tank. Vasu actually faked going unconscious due to directions from the unknown voice. Vasu cuts the wire, and the fuel tank loses much of its fuel. It only has enough fuel for an hour.
Dhruva-1 crash-lands on the moon, where Vasu becomes the first Indian man to step on the moon. Swathi and Raguram are investigating the problem when Vasu suggests they request fuel from the target space station. Swathi convinces Raguram to fly to the space station. The space station astronauts agree to refuel them. However, once Vasu, Swathi, Raguram, Venkat, and Appu go on the space station after Dhruva-1 is done docking, they are immediately arrested. The captain of the space station, Lee Wei (Aaron Aziz), tells them he knows about the asteroid and that they want to get his missile. He refuses to give it, saying they want the asteroid to strike so that China, Lee's native country, can gain more power by signing financial contracts to rebuild southern India and Sri Lanka. Lee tells his soldiers to release Vasu and the rest of the crew when the asteroid bypasses the safety line. Once the asteroid bypasses the safety line, there is no chance of diverting it.
Meanwhile, Ritika (Rethika Srinivas), a high-ranking official managing the mission, discovers surveillance photos of Vasu cutting the wires. She suspects someone managing the mission had caused Vasu to do that but is not sure who it is. After she leaves the chief's office, Chief Mahendran (Jayaprakash) is revealed to be the unknown voice telling Vasu to bring him the missile so he could send it to an international terrorist. Meanwhile, back at the space station, Vasu attempts to fight against the soldiers before being handcuffed. The soldiers take the briefcase he is holding and keep it aside. Venkat, who was hiding in the briefcase, comes out and inserts a USB drive into the space station's computer system. He then surrenders to the soldiers and is taken to the cell. There, he and Vasu work on downloading a bug into the space station via the USB drive. They, along with the other crew members, learn that Lee's fingerprint and iris are required to unlock the cell that hides the missile.
This causes a major disruption as the lights start flickering intensely. Through this, Vasu is able to obtain Lee's fingerprint and iris scans, which he uses to unlock the cell. Moments later, he is thrown back into the cell when a soldier reports to Lee that the missile is missing. Lee tortures the crew members until Vasu tells him the missile is in Dhruva-1. At that point, he takes off the handcuffs and escapes to Dhruva-1. He tells Swathi to tell Lee that the missile is aimed at China. Lee and the soldiers start panicking. At that time, it is revealed that Vasu did not take the missile; he used a magic trick to make it look as if it was gone. He proceeds to steal the missile, sounding the alarm and alerting Lee and his soldiers. Swathi, Raguram, Appu, and Venkat escape to Dhruva-1. Vasu steals the missile and escapes to Dhruva-1 with a low oxygen tank. The crew settles down and proceeds to fly to the asteroid. On the way, another space shuttle, Dhruva-2, will refuel Dhruva-1 before returning to Earth.
Mahendran tells Vasu that giving the missile to Dhruva-2 will cause Mahendran to release Ravi. Vasu gives the missile to Dhruva-2 while docked. Back on Earth, Mahendran, who is alerted about this, lets Ravi go. Dhruva-1 then proceeds to the asteroid. Once they get close to the asteroid, Swathi and Raguram notice the missile is missing. Mahendran, who has access to the photos of Vasu cutting the wire, tells it is Vasu's fault, using the photos as evidence. Everyone gets worried, and many mission officials fear their families will die in the asteroid strike. Once the asteroid seemingly reaches the safety line, the Dhruva-1 crew alerts that the asteroid is not at the safety line and is 2 minutes away from it. It is revealed that Vasu discussed the unknown voice with the other crew members, and they formulated a plan. The "missile" given to Dhruva-2 was actually a fake one and not the authentic missile. They proceed to shoot the authentic missile at the asteroid, which destroys the asteroid and saves the world from a catastrophe. Everyone except Mahendran cheers.
At the mission control center, Ritika finds out that Mahendran was threatening to kill Ravi unless he got the missile. She goes to confront Mahendran but is killed by him. Mahendran cleans up the incident and his clothes. In space, a chunk of the asteroid damages Dhruva-1's left wing, forcing the crew to go in a pod. The pod lands in a river, and on the banks are the mission control officials who cheer for their victory, along with Ravi and his grandfather. Vasu and Ravi meet once again, and Ravi tells Vasu to look in his pocket. Vasu takes out a piece of jewelry he knew was Mahendran's, and learned it was Mahendran who kidnapped Ravi. The film fast-forwards to an awards ceremony. When Vasu gets his award, he gives the piece of jewelry back and whispers to Mahendran, "After all, he's my son." Vasu walks away with Appu and Venkat while Mahendran commits suicide offscreen.
Cast[edit]
Jayam Ravi as M. Vasu
Nivetha Pethuraj as M. Swathi
Aaron Aziz as Captain Lee Wei
Ramesh Thilak as Venkat
Arjunan as Appu
Vincent Asokan as Captain Raghuram
Jayaprakash as Chief Mahendran
Rethika Srinivas as Lt. General Rythika
Balaji Venugopal as Team Head
Aarav Ravi as Ravi, Vasu's son
Aathma Patrick as Terrorist
Production[edit]
Tik Tik Tik mega poster
After working together in Miruthan (2016), Jayam Ravi was again impressed by a storyline narrated by Shakti Soundar Rajan and agreed to work on another film in March 2016. Jhabak Movies agreed to produce the venture. It was revealed that this would be the first Indian film in the space genre.[13][14] The team began pre-production work thereafter, with Jayam Ravi describing it as the biggest film in his career.[15]
Actress Nivetha Pethuraj joined the film's cast in September 2016. She was selected due to her knowledge of martial arts. She is trained in jujutsu and kickboxing.[16] Aaron Aziz, a Malaysian-based actor who mostly performed in Malaysian and Singaporean drama and films, was selected as the lead villain,[17] marking his entry into Tamil cinema.[18] Jayam Ravi's son, Aarav, plays the role of his son in this film too.[19][20]
D. Imman composed the music for this film, continuing his collaboration with the director.[21] There is no romance or songs[clarification needed] in the film.[22]
The team began filming in October 2016 at EVP Film City and Majestic Studio in Chennai.[23] The film is also being shot in Munnar, where the shooting has been halted for a while due to the arrival of forest elephants near the shooting spot.[24] The total duration of VFX scenes is 80 minutes in the film.[25]
The teaser was released on August 15, 2017.[26] The film was initially scheduled to be released on January 26, 2018, but was postponed[27][28] and eventually released on June 22, 2018.[29][30]
Music[edit]
The film's score and songs were composed by D. Imman. The title track was released on December 11, 2017. The song was sung by YogiB, Yuvan Shankar Raja and Sunitha Sarathy. The full album was released on January 4, 2018. The album has eight songs, four of which are instrumental songs (two theme songs and two karaoke songs). All the songs were written by Madhan Karky. This is Imman's 100th album. "Kurumba (Father's Love)" in the film featured real photographs and videos from Jayam Ravi's personal family collection.[31]
Behindwoods rated the album 3 of 5 stars and said "Imman knocks the ball out of the park for a six to reach his century, and the ball is travelling to space!"[32]
Tik Tik Tik
Soundtrack album by D. Imman
Released
January 4, 2018
Genre
Tamil
Length
35:38
Language
Tamil
Label
Sony Music
Producer
D. Imman
D. Imman chronology
Nenjil Thunivirundhal also in Telugu as C/o Surya
(2017) Tik Tik Tik
(2018) Vanangamudi
(2018)
Singles from Tik Tik Tik
"Tik Tik Tik (Title Track)"
Released: December 11, 2017 (2017-12-11)
No.
Title
Lyrics
Singers
Length
1. "Tik Tik Tik (Title Track)" Madhan Karky Yuvan Shankar Raja, Sunitha Sarathy & Yogi B 4:09
2. "Kurumba (Father's Love)" Madhan Karky Sid Sriram 4:27
3. "Vinveera Vinveera Idhu" Madhan Karky Ranjith & Sri Rascol 4:33
4. "Kurumba [Reprise] (Mother's Love)" Madhan Karky Miruthula Siva 4:24
5. "Race Against Time" D. Imman - 2:06
6. "Far Beyond Earth" - Instrumental 3:16
7. "Tik Tik Tik (Karaoke)" - Instrumental 4:09g
8. "Kurumba (Karaoke)" - Instrumental 4:25
Total length: 35:38
Critical reception[edit]
Tik Tik Tik received mixed reviews from the critics. Thinkal Menon of The Times of India praised the film for the laudable attempt and gave it 3.5 stars out of 5.[33] Sreedhar Pillai of Firstpost praised it as a reasonably entertaining film with a novel concept and gave it 3 out of 5 stars.[34] Manoj Kumar R of The Indian Express said that the concept is not original and gave it 4 out of 5 stars.[35] Sowmya Rajendran of The News Minute praised the film for its impressive VFX scenes.[36] Vikram Venkateswaran of the Quint called the film a harmless entertainer and gave it 3 stars.[37] Sudhir Srinivasan of Cinema Express admired the efforts of director in this space genre film and gave it 3 stars.[38]
Priyanka Sundar of Hindustan Times called it a film without logic and gave it 3.5 star.[39] Gautaman Bhaskaran of News18 stated that the film have an impressive story, and gave it 3.5 stars.[40] Kirubhakar Purushothaman of India Today called the film a typical underwhelming commercial film set in space, and gave it 3.5 stars.[41] Director Venkat Prabhu and actor Arvind Swami praised the film for the effort.[42][43] Vishal Menon of The Hindu termed the film simplistic in nature.[44] J. Hurtado of Screen Anarchy noted that the film had many similarities to Armageddon (1998), one of which included the human mission of saving the Earth from an asteroid.[45]
A success celebration was held for the film in Chennai on 29 June 2018.[46]
Box office[edit]
Tamil Nadu theatrical rights of the film were sold for ₹10.5 crore.[47] Tik Tik Tik grossed ₹ 3 crore on its first day and ₹ 12 crore in first three days in Tamil Nadu.[48][49] It grossed US$ 45,724 in USA, MYR 2,23,745 in Malaysia, £ 10,480 in UK, A$ 34,493 in Australia, and NZ$ 3,424 in New Zealand in its opening weekend.[50] The film collected US$ 68,812 in USA, £ 19,046 in UK, and A$ 49,176 in Australia by the end of the second weekend.[51] Tik Tik Tik collected £ 20,888 in UK, and MYR 5,01,436 in Malaysia by the end of the third weekend.[52] The film collected MYR 5,11,504 (₹ 86.6 lacs) in Malaysia by the end of the fourth weekend.[53]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "TIK TIK TIK WORLDWIDE UPDATE - SURPASS 35 CR GLOBALLY". Cinetrak. 10 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Before 'Tik Tik Tik', two Indian films that travelled to outer space".
Jump up ^ "Tik Tik Tik: Breaking down the visual effects in India's second space film".
Jump up ^ "From Jayam Ravi's Tik Tik Tik to Varun Tej's Antariksham, space genre earns mainstream acceptance in southern cinema".
Jump up ^ "Nawazuddin Siddiqui reportedly quits Chanda Mama Door Ke after makers disagree on fee hike".
Jump up ^ "Tik Tik Tik trailer: Jayam Ravi is a magician who's going to steal a missile and smash an asteroid".
Jump up ^ "Tik Tik Tik trailer: Will Jayam Ravi's ambitious film be as good as Armageddon?".
Jump up ^ "' Tik Tik Tik' Trailer Review: Jayam Ravi and Team May Hit The Bull's-Eye".
Jump up ^ "Tik Tik Tik Trailer has Armageddon written all over it". www.moviecrow.com. Retrieved 2018-08-31.
Jump up ^ "Tik Tik Tik trailer: Jayam Ravi's space adventure looks surprisingly appealing". Retrieved 2018-08-31.
Jump up ^ "Tik Tik Tik trailer: Jayam Ravi, Nivetha Pethuraj in Kollywood's version of Armageddon- Entertainment News, Firstpost". Firstpost. Retrieved 2018-08-31.
Jump up ^ "Tik Tik Tik trailer: Will Jayam Ravi's ambitious film be as good as Armageddon?". The Indian Express. 2017-11-24. Retrieved 2018-08-31.
Jump up ^ Ravi and I share a great comfort level: Shakti Soundar Rajan. Deccanchronicle.com. Retrieved on 2018-01-26.
Jump up ^ Jayam Ravi to team up with 'Miruthan' director again | Jayam Ravi | Miruthan. English.manoramaonline.com (2016-03-08). Retrieved on 2018-01-26.
Jump up ^ Thani Oruvan: I want to be a better actor with every film: Jayam Ravi | Tamil Movie News - Times of India. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved on 2018-01-26.
Jump up ^ Tik Tik Tik: Nivetha In Jayam Ravi's space thriller | Tamil Movie News - Times of India. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved on 2018-01-26.
Jump up ^ "Showbiz: Tamil movie fans impressed by Aaron Aziz's acting in 'Tik Tik Tik'".
Jump up ^ "A villain from Singapore for Jayam Ravi". Top 10 Cinema. 2017-03-08. Retrieved 2017-07-12.
Jump up ^ "Jayam Ravi's 'Tik Tik Tik' is ready, and his son will play a role in the space thriller".
Jump up ^ "Tik Tik Tik Movie Public Opinion". PakkaTv. 30 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Second schedule of Tik Tik Tik on full swing". Top 10 Cinema. 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2017-02-15.
Jump up ^ "Decoding a space film". www.deccanchronicle.com/. 2017-07-20. Retrieved 2017-07-20.
Jump up ^ Tik Tik Tik: Tik Tik Tik team shoots in Chennai | Tamil Movie News - Times of India. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved on 2018-01-26.
Jump up ^ "Elephants cause panic among Tik Tik Tik crew — Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
Jump up ^ "A Chennai studio creates 'space' for Tik Tik Tik".
Jump up ^ "Tik Tik Tik teaser on August 15".
Jump up ^ "Jayam Ravi's Tik Tik Tik to clash with Akshay Kumar's Padman at the box office".
Jump up ^ "Tik Tik Tik to release on 16 Feb?".
Jump up ^ "Tik Tik Tik movie review: This Jayam Ravi film is unoriginal and flawed". 22 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Tik Tik Tik Movie Review". PakkaTv. 30 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "'Kurumba' video song from 'Tik Tik Tik' unveiled".
Jump up ^ "Tik Tik Tik (aka) TikTikTik Songs review". 4 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "TIK TIK TIK MOVIE REVIEW TOI".
Jump up ^ "Tik Tik Tik movie review: Jayam Ravi shoulders this reasonably entertaining film with a novel concept".
Jump up ^ "Tik Tik Tik movie review: This Jayam Ravi film is unoriginal and flawed".
Jump up ^ "Tik Tik Tik' review: Impressive VFX save this weakly scripted space thriller".
Jump up ^ "Review: 'Tik Tik Tik' Is a Biryani Without Brains".
Jump up ^ "Tik Tik Tik review: A space film, not indianised right".
Jump up ^ "Tik Tik Tik movie review: Jayam Ravi film is a race against common sense".
Jump up ^ "Tik Tik Tik Movie Review: Leave Your Thinking Caps at Home for This Sloppy Slide into Space".
Jump up ^ "Tik Tik Tik movie review: Pretentious, unoriginal space film from Jayam Ravi".
Jump up ^ "'Tik Tik Tik': Venkat Prabhu all praise for the Jayam Ravi-starrer".
Jump up ^ "Arvind Swami congratulates Jayam Ravi for 'Tik Tik Tik'".
Jump up ^ "'Tik Tik Tik' review: a simplistic space flick".
Jump up ^ "Review: TIK TIK TIK Tap Tap Taps Into A New Genre For India, Space Masala!". ScreenAnarchy. 2018-06-23. Retrieved 2018-06-26.
Jump up ^ "Success celebration of Jayam Ravi-starrer 'Tik Tik Tik'".
Jump up ^ "Tik Tik Tik TN theatrical rights".
Jump up ^ "Tik Tik Tik box office collection Day 1: Jayam Ravi's sci-fi film gets a decent opening".
Jump up ^ "Tik Tik Tik registers 'Jayam' Ravi's career best opening!".
Jump up ^ "Race 3 collects approx. 10 mil. USD [Rs. 68.09 cr.] in overseas. 95 lakhs".
Jump up ^ "Sanju collects approx. 7 mil. USD [Rs. 48.07 cr.] in overseas".
Jump up ^ "Sanju collects approx. 15.26 mil. USD [Rs. 104.76 cr.] in overseas".
Jump up ^ "Sanju collects approx. 20 mil. USD in overseas".
External links[edit]
Tik Tik Tik on IMDb
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Shakti Soundar Rajan
Naanayam (2010)
Naaigal Jaakirathai (2014)
Miruthan (2016)
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Agriculture in Scotland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Grain harvest, Bridge of Earn, Perthshire, Scotland
Agriculture in Scotland includes all land use for arable, horticultural, pastoral or hunting activity in Scotland, or around its coasts. The first permanent settlements and farming date from the Neolithic period, from around 6,000 years ago. From the beginning of the Bronze Age, about 2000 BCE, arable land spread at the expense of forest. From the Iron Age, beginning in the seventh century BCE, there was use of cultivation ridges and terraces. During the period of Roman occupation there was a reduction in agriculture and the early Middle Ages were a period of climate deterioration resulting in more unproductive land. Most farms had to produce a self-sufficient diet, supplemented by hunter-gathering. More oats and barley were grown than corn, and cattle were the most important domesticated animal. From c. 1150 to 1300, the Medieval Warm Period allowed cultivation at greater heights and made land more productive. The system of infield and outfield agriculture may have been introduced with feudalism from the twelfth century. The rural economy boomed in the thirteenth century, but by the 1360s there was a severe falling off in incomes to be followed by a slow recovery in the fifteenth century.
The early modern era saw the impact of the Little Ice Age, which peaked towards the end of the seventeenth century. The closing decade of the seventeenth century saw a slump, followed by four years of failed harvests, in what is known as the "seven ill years", but these shortages would be the last of their kind. After the Union of 1707 there was a conscious attempt to improve agriculture among the gentry and nobility. Introductions included haymaking, the English plough, new crops, crop rotation and encloses were introduced. The resulting Lowland Clearances saw hundreds of thousands of cottars and tenant farmers from central and southern Scotland forcibly removed. The later Highland Clearances saw the forced displacement much of the population of the Highland as lands were enclosed for sheep farming. Those that remained many were now crofters, living on very small rented farms.
In the twentieth century Scottish agriculture became susceptible to world markets. There were dramatic price rises in the First World War, but a slump in the 1920s and 1930s, followed by more rises in World War II. In 1947 annual price reviews were introduced in an attempt to stabilise the market. There was a drive in UK agriculture to greater production until the late 1970s, resulting in intensive farming. There was increasing mechanisation and farming became less labour-intensive. UK membership of the European Economic Community from 1972 began a change in orientation for Scottish farming. Some sectors became viable only with subsidies. A series of reforms to the CAP from the 1990s attempted to control over-production, limit incentives for intensive farming and mitigate environmental damage. A dual farm structure has emerged with agriculture divided between large commercial farms and small pluralised and diversified holdings.
Roughly 79 per cent of Scotland’s total land area is under agricultural production. Cereals accounted for 78 per cent of the land area, while livestock numbers have been falling in recent years. Around 15 per cent of the total land area of Scotland is forested, most in public ownership controlled by the Forestry Commission. Total income from farming has been rising since the turn of the millennium. Aquaculture production is focused on the West and North of the country. Some farm businesses rely on sources of income other than from farming. Scottish agriculture employs around 1.5 per cent of the workforce and contributes to around 1 per cent of the Scottish economy.
Contents
[hide]
1 Topography and climate
2 History
2.1 Prehistory
2.2 Middle Ages
2.3 Early modern era
2.4 Agricultural revolution
2.5 Twentieth century
3 Modern agriculture
3.1 Land use
3.2 Income and employment
4 Education
5 Environmental protection
6 Rights of way
7 See also
8 References
Topography and climate[edit]
The Southern Uplands around Durisdeer
The defining factor in the geography of Scotland is the distinction between the Highlands and Islands in the north and west and the Lowlands in the south and east. The Highlands are further divided into the Northwest Highlands and the Grampian Mountains by the fault line of the Great Glen. The Lowlands are divided into the fertile belt of the Central Lowlands and the higher terrain of the Southern Uplands, which included the Cheviot hills, over which the border with England runs.[1] The Central Lowland belt averages about 50 miles in width,[2] and contains most of the good quality agricultural land.[3] Scotland is half the size of England and Wales in area, but with its many inlets, islands and inland lochs, it has roughly the same amount of coastline at 4,000 miles. Only a fifth of Scotland is less than 60 metres above sea level.[4]
Scotland's soils are diverse for a relatively small country due to the variation in geology, topography, climate, altitude and land use history. There are very productive arable soils in the east of the country, including some of the most productive for wheat and barley of anywhere in the world. Scotland's soils differ from much of the rest of the UK and Europe and they provide valuable habitats for wildlife and flora. They are largely naturally acidic in nature with high concentrations of organic carbon. They are predominantly coarse textured and often exhibit poor drainage.[5]
The climate of Scotland is temperate and very changeable, but rarely extreme.[6] Scotland is warmed by the North Atlantic Drift and given the northerly location of the country, experiences much milder conditions than areas on similar latitudes. Average temperatures are lower than in the rest of Great Britain. Western coastal areas of Scotland are warmer than the east and inland areas, due to the influence of the Atlantic currents, and the colder surface temperatures of the North Sea.[7] Rainfall totals vary widely across Scotland—the western highlands of Scotland are one of the wettest places in the UK with annual rainfall up to 4,577 mm (180.2 in). In comparison, much of eastern Scotland receives less than 870 mm (34.3 in) annually; lying in the rain shadow of the western uplands.[8] Annual average sunshine totals vary from as little as 711–1140 hours in the Highlands and the north-west up to 1471–1540 hours on the extreme eastern and south-western coasts.[9] Wind prevails from the south-west, bringing warm, wet and unstable air from the Atlantic.[6] The windiest areas of Scotland are in the north and west, with parts of the Outer Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland experiencing over 30 days with gales per year.[6] Vigorous Atlantic depressions, also known as European windstorms, are a common feature of the autumn and winter in Scotland.[10]
History[edit]
Main article: History of agriculture in Scotland
Prehistory[edit]
Map of available land in Medieval Scotland.[11]
Mesolithic hunter-gatherer encampments formed the first known settlements in Scotland around 8500 BCE.[12] These were highly mobile boat-using people making tools from bone, stone and antlers.[13] In the Neolithic period, around 6,000 years ago, there is evidence of permanent settlements and farming.[14] Archaeological evidence indicates that the two main sources of food were grain and cow's milk.[15] From the beginning of the Bronze Age, about 2000 BCE, arable land spread at the expense of forest.[16] From the Iron Age, beginning in the seventh century BCE, there is evidence of hill forts in southern Scotland that are associated with cultivation ridges and terraces.[17] Souterrains, small underground constructions, may have been for storing perishable agricultural products.[18] Aerial photography reveals extensive prehistoric field systems that underlie existing boundaries in some Lowland areas, suggesting that the fertile plains were already densely exploited for agriculture.[17] During the period of Roman occupation there was re-growth of birch, oak and hazel for five centuries, suggesting a decline of population and agriculture.[16]
Middle Ages[edit]
Main article: Agriculture in Scotland in the Middle Ages
Threshing and pig feeding from a book of hours from the Workshop of the Master of James IV of Scotland (Flemish, c. 1541)
The early Middle Ages were a period of climate deterioration resulting in more land becoming unproductive.[19] Most farms had to produce a self-sufficient diet of meat, dairy products and cereals, supplemented by hunter-gathering. Farming was based around a single homestead or a small cluster of three or four homes, each probably containing a nuclear family.[20] The climate meant that more oats and barley were grown than corn[21] and cattle were the most important domesticated animal.[22] In the period c. 1150 to 1300, warm dry summers and less severe winters allowed cultivation at much greater heights above sea level and made land more productive.[23] Arable farming grew significantly, but was still more common in low-lying areas than in high-lying areas such as the Highlands, Galloway and the Southern Uplands.[24] The system of infield and outfield agriculture, a variation of open field farming widely used across Europe, may have been introduced with feudalism from the twelfth century[17] and would continue until the eighteenth century.[25] Crops were bere (a form of barley), oats and sometimes wheat, rye and legumes. The more extensive outfield was used for oats.[17] By the late Medieval period, most farming was based on the Lowland fermtoun or Highland baile, settlements of a handful of families that jointly farmed an area notionally suitable for two or three plough teams, allocated in run rigs to tenant farmers, known as husbandmen.[26] Runrigs usually ran downhill so that they included both wet and dry land. Most ploughing was done with a heavy wooden plough with an iron coulter, pulled by oxen, which were more effective and cheaper to feed than horses.[26] Key crops included kale, hemp and flax. Sheep and goats were probably the main sources of milk, while cattle were raised for meat.[27] The rural economy appears to have boomed in the thirteenth century and in the immediate aftermath of the Black Death was still buoyant, but by the 1360s there was a severe falling off in incomes to be followed by a slow recovery in the fifteenth century.[28]
Early modern era[edit]
Main article: Agriculture in Scotland in the early modern era
A Scottish Lowland farm from John Slezer's Prospect of Dunfermline, published in the Theatrum Scotiae, 1693
As feudal distinctions declined in the early modern era, the barons and tenants-in-chief merged to form a new identifiable group, the lairds.[29] With the substantial landholders of the yeomen,[30] these heritors were the major landholding orders.[31] Those with property rights included husbandmen, lesser landholders and free tenants.[32] Many young people, both male and female, left home to become domestic and agricultural servants.[33] The early modern era also saw the impact of the Little Ice Age, of colder and wetter weather, which peaked towards the end of the seventeenth century.[34] Almost half the years in the second half of the sixteenth century saw local or national scarcity, necessitating the shipping of large quantities of grain from the Baltic.[35] In the early seventeenth century famine was relatively common, with four periods of famine prices between 1620 and 1625. The English invasions of the 1640s had a profound impact on the Scottish economy.[36] Under the Commonwealth, the country was relatively highly taxed, but gained access to English markets.[37] After the Restoration the formal frontier with England was re-established, along with its customs duties. Economic conditions were generally favourable from 1660 to 1688, as land owners promoted better tillage and cattle-raising.[38] The closing decade of the seventeenth century there was a slump in trade with the Baltic and France and changes in the Scottish cattle trade, followed by four years of failed harvests (1695, 1696 and 1698-9), known as the "seven ill years".[39] The shortages of the 1690s would be the last of their kind.[40]
Agricultural revolution[edit]
Main article: Scottish Agricultural Revolution
Crofts at Borreraig on the island of Skye
Increasing contacts with England after the Union of 1707 led to a conscious attempt to improve agriculture among the gentry and nobility.[41] Haymaking was introduced along with the English plough and foreign grasses, the sowing of rye grass and clover. Turnips and cabbages were introduced, lands enclosed and marshes drained, lime was put down to combat soil acidity, roads built and woods planted. Drilling and sowing and crop rotation were introduced. The introduction of the potato to Scotland in 1739 greatly improved the diet of the peasantry. Enclosures began to displace the run rig system and free pasture.[41] The result of these changes were the Lowland Clearances, by which hundreds of thousands of cottars and tenant farmers from central and southern Scotland were forcibly moved from the farms and small holdings their families had occupied for hundreds of years.[41] The Highland Clearances saw the forced displacement much of the population of the Highland as lands were enclosed, principally so that they could be used for sheep farming. The clearances followed patterns of agricultural change throughout the UK, but were particularly notorious as a result of the late timing, the lack of legal protection for year-by-year tenants under Scots law, the abruptness of the change from the traditional clan system, and the brutality of many evictions.[42] Of those that remained many were now crofters, living on very small rented farms with indefinite tenure used to raise various crops and animals. For these families kelping, fishing, spinning of linen and military service became important sources of additional revenue.[43] In the 1840 and 1850s Scotland suffered its last major subsistence crisis,[44] when the potato blight that caused the Irish potato famine reached the Highlands in 1846.[45]
Twentieth century[edit]
Sheep grazing on slopes of Camp Hill, Bowmont Valley
In the twentieth century Scottish agriculture became susceptible to the ups and downs of world markets. There were dramatic price rises in the First World War, but a slump in the 1920s and 1930s, followed by more rises in World War II. In 1947 annual price reviews were introduced in an attempt to stabilise the market. After World War II there was a drive in UK agriculture to greater production until the late 1970s, resulting in intensive farming. More areas of marginal land were brought into production.[46] There was increasing mechanisation of Scottish agriculture and farming became less labour-intensive.[46] The UK membership of the European Economic Community (later the European Union) in 1972 began a change in orientation for Scottish farming. Some sectors, particularly hill sheep farming, became viable only with subsidies. A series of reforms to the CAP from the 1990s attempted to control over-production, limit incentives for intensive farming and mitigate environmental damage.[47] A dual farm structure emerged, with agriculture divided between large commercial farms and small pluralised and diversified holdings.[48]
Modern agriculture[edit]
Land use[edit]
A combine harvester near Loch Leven
At the time of the June 2013 agricultural census the total area of agricultural holdings in Scotland was 5.6 million hectares, equal to 73 per cent of Scotland’s total land area. Just over half of this was rough grazing, with about a quarter taken up by grass, and about ten per cent used for crops or left fallow. The remainder was made up of woodland, ponds, yards or other uses. There was a further 580,000 hectares of common grazing, which if included made the total area 6.2 million hectares, or 79 per cent of Scotland’s total land area.[49] Because of the persistence of feudalism and the land enclosures of the nineteenth century, the ownership of most land is concentrated in relatively few hands (some 350 people own about half the land). As a result, in 2003 the Scottish Parliament passed a Land Reform Act that empowered tenant farmers and communities to purchase land even if the landlord did not want to sell.[50]
In June 2013, of crops grown in Scotland (excluding grass), cereals accounted for 78 per cent of the land area, with nearly three-quarters of that being barley (340,000 hectares). Wheat was also significant (87,000 hectares), along with oilseed rape (34,000 hectares), oats (32,000 hectares) and potatoes (29,000 hectares). Amongst fruit and vegetables, a total of 911 hectares of strawberries were grown, mainly under cover, which was the largest source of income amongst horticulture crops.[49] The major areas of cereal production were Grampian, Tayside, Borders, Lothian and Fife.[51]
Distinctive Highland Cattle. Numbers of livestock, including cattle have been declining.
Livestock numbers have been falling in recent years. The trend began at the turn of the millennium in the case of pigs and sheep and dates to the mid-1970s in the case of cattle. In June 2013 there were 6.6 million sheep, 1.8 million cattle and 308,000 pigs, the lowest numbers since the 1940 and 1950s. Poultry numbers have tended to fluctuate over the last 25 years, but were down to 14.2 million in 2013.[49]
About 13,340 km² of land in Scotland is forested[52] representing around 15 per cent of the total land area of Scotland. The majority of forests are in public ownership, with forestry policy being controlled by the Forestry Commission. The biggest plantations and timber resources are to be found in Dumfries and Galloway, Tayside, Argyll and the area governed by Highland Council. The economic activities generated by forestry in Scotland include planting and harvesting as well as sawmilling, the production of pulp and paper and the manufacture of higher value goods. Forests, especially those surrounding populated areas in Central Scotland also provide a recreation resource.[49]
Income and employment[edit]
Total income from farming (TIFF) has been rising since the turn of the millennium. It was estimated at £700 million in 2012, being made up of £2.9 billion in outputs and £570 million in support payments, offset by £2.8 billion in costs. The initial estimate of TIFF for 2013 was £830 million, an increase largely linked to the improved weather. TIFF per annual work unit increased to £31,000, similar to the value in 2011.[49]
A fish farm near Tarbet on Loch Nevis
Aquaculture production is focused on the West and North of the country. The total output of aquaculture was estimated in 2011 at around £434 million per year, including around £412 million for farmed Atlantic salmon, £14.34 million for rainbow trout and £7.7 million for shellfish. Brown trout, sea trout, halibut and Arctic charr are also farmed in Scotland.[53]
Some farm businesses rely on sources of income other than from farming, including contracting work, hosting mobile phone masts, tourism and recreation and financial support from grants and subsidies. Analysis of the Farm Accounts Survey suggests that, excluding support from grants and subsidies, the average farm made a loss of £16,000 in 2012. However, calculations from TIFF suggest that, excluding support, the sector still made a small profit.[49]
Government figures indicate that in 2013 Scottish agriculture employed around 1.5 per cent of the workforce and contributes around 1 per cent of the Scottish economy.[49] Other studies suggest the employment rate to be around 8 per cent of the total rural population, and in terms of numbers the estimates indicate that around 68,000 people are directly employed or self-employed in agriculture, while around 200,000 people are related to a variety of activities related to agriculture. In the Highlands and Islands, around 10 per cent of the workforce are engaged in agriculture and livestock products contribute around 70 per cent of the output.[54]
Education[edit]
The West of Scotland Agricultural College formed in 1899, the East of Scotland Agricultural College in 1901, and the North of Scotland Agricultural College in 1904; these colleges amalgamated to form the Scottish Agricultural College in 1990.[55]
Environmental protection[edit]
Main article: Environment of Scotland
Scotways sign for a "Public Path"
Site-specific nature conservations began in the UK with the creation of the Nature Conservancy in 1948, which later became the Nature Conservancy Council (NCC). It moved from a research-based advisory group to become a campaigning body. The 1949 National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act excluded Scotland, but introduced the concept of Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), which were to become a key part of managing nature conservation.[56] A Countryside Commission Scotland (CSS) was established under the Countryside Scotland Act, 1967.[57] The SSSI were strengthened by the 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act, which for the first time introduced the concept of payments to farmers for inactivity in relation to specific sites and shifted the burden of proof from conservationist having to prove harm, to landholders having to prove that harm was not taking place. The NCC was broken up in 1991 and in Scotland was merged with CSS to produce Scottish National Heritage (SNH), under a UK-wide Joint Nature Conservation Committee. SNH has a remit for both land and nature conservation and a responsibility towards sustainability and to the consideration of the needs of the Scottish people.[56]
Rights of way[edit]
Main article: Right of way
In Scotland, a right of way is a route over which the public has been able to pass unhindered for at least 20 years.[58] The route must link two "public places", such as villages, churches or roads. Unlike in England and Wales there is no obligation on Scottish local authorities to signpost or mark a right of way. However, the charity Scotways, formed in 1845 to protect rights of way, records and signs the routes.[59] The Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003 gives everyone statutory access rights to most land and inland water in Scotland, to non-motorized traffic, making the existence of rights of way less important in terms of access to land in Scotland. Certain categories of land are excluded from this presumption of open access, such as railway land, airfields and private gardens.[60]
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scottish Agriculture.
Macaulay Institute
National Farmers Union of Scotland
National Museum of Rural Life
Royal Highland Show
Scottish Agricultural Science Agency
Scottish Crofting Federation
Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department
Scottish Land Court
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