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Predestination in Islam
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"Qadar" redirects here. For redirects to Iran, see Qadar, Iran.
Not to be confused with Qadariyya, a madh'hab of Aqidah in Islam Kalam..
See also: Sunni Islam, Aqidah, Predestination, and Taqdir
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Qadar (Arabic: قدر, transliterated qadar, meaning "fate", "divine fore-ordainment", "predestination")[1] is the concept of divine destiny in Islam.[2] It is one of Islam's six articles of faith, along with belief in the Oneness of Allah, the Revealed Books, the Prophets of Islam, the Day of Resurrection and Angels. This concept has also been mentioned in the Quran as the "Decree" of Allah.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 Concept
3 History
4 Sunni view
4.1 Belief in al-Qadar is based on four things
4.2 Stages of Taqdeer (fate)
5 Shi'a view
6 See also
7 Footnotes
8 References
9 External links
Definition[edit]
In Islam, "predestination" is the usual English language rendering of a belief that Muslims call al-qaḍdāʾ wa al-qadr. The phrase means "the divine decree and the predestination"; al-qadr derives from a root that means to measure out.[4]
Concept[edit]
Qadar is one of the aspects of aqidah. Some Muslims believe that the divine destiny is when God wrote down in the Preserved Tablet ("al-Lauḥ al-Maḥfūẓ") all that has happened and will happen, which will come to pass as written. According to this belief, a person's action is not caused by what is written in the preserved tablet, but rather the action is written in the tablet because God already knows all occurrences without the restrictions of time.[5] On the other hand, the causal relationships are also part of Qadar, since human acts affect what's stated in the Erasing And Stating Tablet ("Lauḥ al-Mahu w al-Ithbat"). The phrase reflects a Muslim doctrine that Allah has measured out the span of every person's life, their lot of good or ill fortune, and the fruits of their efforts.[6] Again Allah does not need to force anyone to do good or evil by interfering with his will, and nobody will bear witness that Allah did so.[7] When referring to the future, Muslims
"They will cry out to them: Were we not with you? They shall say: Yes! but you caused yourselves to fall into temptation, and you waited and doubted, and vain desires deceived you till the threatened punishment of Allah came, while the archdeceiver deceived you about Allah. "
—  Qur'an, Sura 57 (Al-Hadid), ayat 14[8]
According to the Qur'an, certain people go to hell because they chose to do bad deeds, and others to heaven by doing good deeds and even if Allah had chosen to guide them to the truth they themselves would choose to reject the faith:
"And if Allah had known any good in them He would have made them hear, and if He makes them hear they would turn back while they withdraw. "
—  Qur'an, Sura 8 (Al-Anfaal), ayat 23[9]
"Nor would thy Lord be the One to destroy communities for a single wrong-doing, if its members were likely to mend. If thy Lord had so willed, He could have made mankind one people: but they will not cease to dispute. Except those on whom thy Lord hath bestowed His Mercy: and for this did He create them: and the Word of thy Lord shall be fulfilled: "I will fill Hell with jinns and men all together."
—  Qur'an, Sura 11 (Hud), ayat 119[10]
No calamity befalls on the earth or in yourselves but is inscribed in the Book of Decrees (Al-Lauh Al-Mahfuz), before We bring it into existence. Verily, that is easy for Allah.
—  Qur'an, Sura 57, ayat 22[11]
A hadith reports that Muhammad said about Qadr:
Ali narrated that one day the Messenger of Allah was sitting with a wooden stick in his hand with which he was scratching the ground. He raised his head and said, “There is none of you, but has his place assigned either in the Fire or in Paradise.” They (the Companions) inquired, “O Allah’s Messenger! Why should we carry on doing good deeds, shall we depend (upon Qadar) and give up work?” Muhammad said: “No, carry on doing good deeds, for everyone will find it easy (to do) such deeds that will lead him towards that for which he has been created.” Then he recited the verse: “As for him who gives (in charity) and keeps his duty to Allah and fears Him, and believes in al-Husna, We will make smooth for him the path of Ease (goodness) (Surah al-Lail 92:5-7). Sahih Muslim
However, it is made clear that no person has the power to benefit or harm himself or others, and that guidance is only given by Allah, no one else has the power to give guidance. The Quran says:
"For those who do good is good (reward) and more (than this); and blackness or ignominy shall not cover their faces; these are the dwellers of the garden; in it they shall abide."
—  Qur'an, Sura 10 (Yunus), ayat 26[12]
History[edit]
There are only two groups who represent the extremes regarding Qadar. Al-Jabiriyah are of the opinion that humans have no control over their actions and everything is dictated by God. The other group is Al-Qadiriyyah (not to be confused with the Sufi order, Al-Qaadirriyah) and they are of the opinion of humans having complete control over their destiny, to the extent that God does not even know what we will choose to do. The Sunni view is in the middle between these two views, where they believe that God has knowledge of everything that will be, but that humans have freedom of choice.
Among the historical proponents of the Sunni view of the doctrine were:
Ibn Umar was a strong proponent of this concept[13]
Among those who criticized the Sunni view of the doctrine were:
Ma'bad al-Juhani, the first man who discussed Qadar in Basra.
Sunni view[edit]
Sunni enumerate Qadar as one aspect of their creed (error: {{lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)). They believe that the divine destiny is when God wrote down in the Preserved Tablet ("al-Lawhu 'l-Mahfuz") all that has happened and will happen, which will come to pass as written.[citation needed]
According to this belief, a person's action is not caused by what is written in the Preserved Tablet but, rather, the action is written in the Preserved Tablet because God already knows all occurrences without the restrictions of time.[5]{{dead link))
An individual has power to choose, but since God created time and space he knows what will happen. God is without any bond of time and space. Therefore, what will happen has meaning only to humans, who are limited in time and space. An analogy is someone who watches a movie for the second time, who knows what will happen next, while for the first time watcher the next movie is unknown.[citation needed]
According to Maturidi belief, all possible actions are already created by God and humans just choose which action they follow. Even the decisions are predetermined, they happen on humans own essence.[14]
Belief in al-Qadar is based on four things[edit]
– العلم Al-'Ilm – Knowledge: i.e., that Allah knows what had been, what will be, what has never been, and how it could be if it was. He also knows what his creation will do, by virtue of His eternal knowledge, including their choices that will take place.
– كتابة Kitabat – Writing: i.e., that Allah has written every thing that exists including the destiny of all creatures in al-Lauh al-Mahfuz prior to creation.
– مشيئة Mashii'at – Will: i.e., that what Allah wills happens and what He does not will does not happen. There is no movement in the heavens or on earth but happens by His will. This does not mean that He forces things to happen the way they happen in the area of human beings' voluntary actions. It means that He knew what they will choose, wrote it and now lets it happen.
– الخلق Al-Khalq – Creation and formation: i.e., that Allah is the Creator of all things, including the actions of His servants. They do their actions in a real sense, and Allah is the Creator of them and of their actions.
Stages of Taqdeer (fate)[edit]
There are five stages where Qadar is determined and prescribed/sent to creation:
The Decree of Allah that is written in Al-Lawh Al-Mahfuud before the creation of the universe. This destiny written in the preserved tablet is never changed and encompasses everything that will be.
Allah made a divine decree after the creation of Adam. Allah took out all of the progeny of Adam (i.e. all of the humans from the beginning of time until the end of time), and asked them "Am I not your Lord?" and all of the humans responded "We testify that You are our Lord!" Then Allah decreed to them who shall go to paradise and who shall go to hell.
The Life-time decree. This occurs when a person is in the womb of their mother, specifically 120 days after conception. Allah sends an angel to put a soul into the person, and the angel writes down the decree that Allah has made; their life-span, their actions, their sustenance (how much they will earn throughout their lifetime) and whether they will be a dweller of paradise or a dweller of hell.[15]
The yearly decree. This is during the Night of Qadr (Night of Decree) where Allah sends down his decrees from heaven to earth, in it he destines the actions (deeds, sustenance, births, deaths, etc.) of creation for the next year. The word Qadar should not be confused with Qadr; Qadar is destiny, Qadr is that which has been destined, i.e. decree, thus the translation – Night of Decree.
The Daily Decree. Allah decrees the daily actions of his creation.
An example of how these categorizations help clear the idea of destiny is as follows: It is possible that Allah sends a daily/yearly decree dictating that a person will get a profit. However, due to that person's good deeds (for instance, fulfilling the ties of kinship [being good to your relatives and maintaining the relationship]), Allah sends another decree increasing that person's profit. The reversal of the two decrees is all within Allah's knowledge and is recorded in the Preserved Tablet. The person himself knows nothing of his own destiny or of Allah's decrees, but what he does know is that if he performs certain good deeds, then He will increase his profit (as in the example above) more than if he does not do that deed.
In the light of the above the following may be derived:
Our supplications do change destiny and are of much avail.
Good deeds are a source of an increase in one's sustenance, and can avert calamities.
Sins result in a decrease in one's sustenance, and invite calamities.[16]
Shi'a view[edit]
Twelvers, along with other Shia sects such as the Zaydis, reject predestination.[17][18][19][20] This belief is further emphasized by the Shia concept of Bada', which states that God has not set a definite course for human history. Instead, God may alter the course of human history as is seen to be fit.
To show that there is no contradiction between being predestined, and free will, Shiite states that matters relating to the human destiny is of two kinds: definite and indefinite. To explain the definitive one, Shiite argues that God has definite power over the whole of existence, however, whenever He wills, He can replace a given destiny with another one; and that is what is called indefinite destiny. Some of these changes of destiny, thus, are brought about by man himself, who can through his free will, his decisions, and his way of life—lay the groundwork for a change in his destiny as been pointed out in the verses: Truly, God will not change the condition of a people as long as they do not change Their state themselves.[21] Both types of destinies, however, are contained within God's foreknowledge, Shiite argues, so that there could be no sort of change (Bada) concerning His knowledge. So the first type of destiny does not mean a limitation of God’s power; since God, in contrast to the belief of Jews who says the hand of God is tied’ asserts: Nay, His hands are spread out wide ....[22] So God has the power to change everything he wills and God's creativity is continuous. Accordingly, as Sobhani puts it, "all groups in Islam regard "bada" as a tenet of the faith, even if not all actually use the term."[23]
See also[edit]
Al-Qadariyya
Al-Qadr (sura)
Laylat al-Qadr
Will of God
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ J. M. Cowan (ed.) (1976). The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic. Wiesbaden, Germany: Spoken Language Services. ISBN 0-87950-001-8
Jump up ^ ""Qadar"". missionislam.com. Retrieved 2016-03-27.
Jump up ^ Muhsin Khan, Muhammad. The Noble Qur’an. Verily! We have sent it (this Qur'an) down in the night of Al-Qadr (Decree)
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 8, 2011. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Moral Responsibility and Divine Will. Re: Blaming Destiny? Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ موقع الإسلام سؤال وجواب - عربي - islamqa.info
Jump up ^ Tosun, Ender (2012). Guide to Understanding Islam (PDF). Istanbul: Ender TOSUN. p. 272. ISBN 9786056319815.
Jump up ^ Quran 57:14
Jump up ^ Quran 8:23
Jump up ^ Quran 11:119
Jump up ^ Quran 57:22
Jump up ^ Quran 10:100
Jump up ^ 431 hadith found in 'The Book of Faith (Kitab Al-Iman)' of Sahih Muslim. [1]
Jump up ^ Roy Jackson What is Islamic Philosophy? Routledge 2014 ISBN 978-1-317-81404-7 page 32
Jump up ^ http://sunnah.com/nawawi40/4
Jump up ^ "Taqdeer (Fate)". inter-islam.org. Retrieved 2016-03-27.
Jump up ^ Need of Religion, by Sayyid Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi, p. 14.
Jump up ^ Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures, by Marshall Cavendish Corporation, p. 137.
Jump up ^ Religions of Man, by Charles Douglas Greer, p. 239.
Jump up ^ Muslims, by S. H. M. Rizvi, Shibani Roy, B. B. Dutta, p. 20.
Jump up ^ Quran, 13:11
Jump up ^ Quran, 5:64
Jump up ^ Sobhani, Ja'far. Doctrines of Shi'i Islam. Translated and Edited by Reza Shah-Kazemi. London - New York: I.B.Tauris in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies. pp. 159–163.
References[edit]
Sobhani, Ja'far; Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2001). The Doctrines of Shi'ism: A Compendium of Imami Beliefs and Practices. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781860647802.
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The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the live-action series. For other uses, see The Incredible Hulk (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Incredible Hulk
Genre
Action-adventure
Superhero
Drama
Based on
The Incredible Hulk characters
by Stan Lee & Jack Kirby
Developed by
Kenneth Johnson
Starring
Bill Bixby
Jack Colvin
Lou Ferrigno
Narrated by
Ted Cassidy (opening narration)
Ending theme
"The Lonely Man Theme" (Joe Harnell)
Composer(s)
Joe Harnell
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
5
No. of episodes
82 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Kenneth Johnson
Producer(s)
James D. Parriott
Kenneth Johnson
Nicholas Corea
Running time
44–48 minutes
Production company(s)
Universal Television
Distributor
NBCUniversal Television Distribution
Release
Original network
CBS
Original release
November 4, 1977 (1977-11-04) – May 12, 1982 (1982-05-12)
Chronology
Followed by
The Incredible Hulk Returns (1988)
The Incredible Hulk is an American television series based on the Marvel Comics character The Hulk. The series aired on the CBS television network and starred Bill Bixby as David Banner, Lou Ferrigno as the Hulk, and Jack Colvin as Jack McGee.
In the TV series, Dr. David Banner, a widowed physician and scientist, who is presumed dead, travels across America under assumed names (his false surnames always begin with the letter "B", but he keeps his first name), and finds himself in positions where he helps others in need despite his terrible secret: in times of extreme anger or stress, he transforms into a huge, incredibly strong green creature, who has been named "The Hulk". In his travels, Banner earns money by working temporary jobs while searching for a way to either control or cure his condition. All the while, he is obsessively pursued by a tabloid newspaper reporter, Jack McGee, who is convinced that the Hulk is a deadly menace whose exposure would enhance his career.
The series' two-hour pilot movie, which established the Hulk's origins, aired on November 4, 1977. The series' 82 episodes was originally broadcast by CBS over five seasons from 1978 to 1982. It was developed and produced by Kenneth Johnson, who also wrote or directed some episodes. The series ends with David Banner continuing to search for a cure.
In 1988, the filming rights were purchased from CBS by rival NBC. They produced three television films: The Incredible Hulk Returns (directed by Nicholas J. Corea), The Trial of the Incredible Hulk, and The Death of the Incredible Hulk (both directed by Bill Bixby).[1] Since its debut, The Incredible Hulk series has garnered a worldwide fan base.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Opening narration
3.4 Music
4 Episodes
4.1 Notable episodes
5 Broadcast history
5.1 Syndication
5.2 Made-for-TV movies
6 Guest stars and cameos
7 Video releases
8 Other media
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Plot[edit]
David Bruce Banner, M.D., Ph.D., is a physician and scientist employed at the Culver Institute who is traumatized by the car accident that killed his beloved wife, Laura (played by Lara Parker). Haunted by his inability to save her, Dr. Banner, in partnership with Dr. Elaina Harding Marks (Susan Sullivan), who also works at the institute, conducts a study on people who, while in danger, summoned superhuman strength in order to save their loved ones. After months of work, the only two significant common factors they can find between the subjects are extreme emotional commitments and an abnormally high percentage of the adenine/thymine combination in their DNA – an insufficient explanation, since Dr. Banner has even higher levels of adenine/thymine than any of the subjects, yet was unable to summon the strength he needed to save Laura. Working late one night, Banner hypothesizes that high levels of gamma radiation from sunspots contribute to the subjects' increase in strength. Studying a chart of gamma activity, he confirms that all the subjects performed their feats during periods of high gamma activity, while his wife's death occurred during a period of low gamma activity. Impatient to test his theory, Dr. Banner conducts an unsupervised experiment in the lab, bombarding his own body with gamma radiation. Unknown to Dr. Banner, the equipment has been upgraded, causing him to administer an accidental overdose of gamma radiation (nearly 2 million units instead of 300,000 units) to himself. Despite this, he exhibits no immediate increase in strength, and leaves the lab in frustration.
Driving home in a heavy rainstorm, Dr. Banner's frustration peaks when his car has a flat tire and he injures himself with a tire iron trying to change it. This triggers his transformation into the Incredible Hulk, a 7-foot-tall (2.1 m), 330-pound (150 kg), green-skinned savage creature, with a sub-human mind and superhuman strength. The Hulk destroys Banner's car and wanders off into the nearby woods. As the sun rises, the Hulk stumbles upon a girl and her father camping. In the ensuing confusion, the Hulk is shot by the girl's father, and responds by breaking his rifle and throwing him into the pond. Leaving the area, the Hulk eventually transforms back into Dr. Banner, with no memory of his time as the Hulk and little memory of the events immediately before or after. Wounded and confused, he visits Dr. Marks. Her amazement at Dr. Banner's healing powers (his gunshot wound is nearly healed) is replaced by shock and horror when Dr. Banner tells her that he bombarded himself with gamma radiation.
Drs. Banner and Marks relocate to a laboratory isolated from the rest of the Culver Institute but still on its grounds. Marks locks him in an experimental pressure chamber designed for deep underwater usage in an attempt to simulate the conditions which preceded the hole in his memory. When this fails to induce a transformation, Dr. Banner lies down to sleep. He has his recurring nightmare of his wife's death, which causes him to transform. The Hulk breaks out of the chamber. Terrified but compelled by scientific fascination, Dr. Marks takes a blood sample from the Hulk's wounded hands and guides him to a couch, where he calms down and reverts to Banner. They conclude that the Hulk has a very high metabolism and healing rate and that the transformation is caused by such extreme negative emotions as anger. The horrified Banner realizes and points out, "That means it's uncontrollable". If his anger can mount up even in his unconscious, even when he sleeps, then he has no control over the process and will never even remember anything the Hulk does or experiences.
While Drs. Banner and Marks try to reverse the process, reporter Jack McGee of a tabloid named the National Register, who had been probing Banner's research into the limits of human strength, investigates the campers' sighting of the Hulk and intrudes on the lab. While the scientists plead ignorance, McGee suspects they know something and sneaks into the lab, hiding in a chemical storage room. Dr. Banner catches McGee hiding, and the startled reporter knocks a chemical off of a storage shelf. As Dr. Banner takes McGee outside, the spilled chemicals set off a fire. Dr. Banner rushes back into the lab to save Dr. Marks. Seeing Dr. Marks injured and in grave danger triggers another transformation into the Hulk. The Hulk carries Dr. Marks away from the inferno into nearby woods, but she dies from injuries sustained in the explosion. McGee witnesses the Hulk carrying her away, and surmises that the Hulk killed both Banner and Marks. Although the authorities are skeptical of the existence of the creature McGee tells them about, he publishes a front-page headline in the National Register that proclaims, "Incredible 'Hulk' Kills 2". Dr. Banner, now presumed dead, goes into hiding while trying to find a cure for his condition.
In a manner vaguely similar to the popular series The Fugitive, this forms the basis of the TV series: Dr. Banner endlessly drifts from place to place, assuming different identities and odd jobs to support himself and sometimes to enable his research. Along the way, Dr. Banner finds himself feeling obliged to help the people he meets out of whatever troubles have befallen them. Often Dr. Banner's inner struggle is paralleled by the dilemmas of the people he encounters, who find in Dr. Banner a sympathetic helper. Kenneth Johnson stated, "What we were constantly doing was looking for thematic ways to touch [-on] the various ways that the Hulk sort of manifested itself in everyone. In Dr. David Banner, it happened to be anger. In someone else, it might be obsession, or it might be fear, or it might be jealousy or alcoholism! The Hulk comes in many shapes and sizes. That's what we tried to delve into in the individual episodes".[3] Despite his attempts to stay calm no matter how badly he is treated, Dr. Banner inevitably finds himself in situations that trigger his transformations into the Hulk, yet the creature's rampages often assist in putting some other wrong right in the lives of the people Banner encounters.
Meanwhile, McGee continues to pursue the mysterious monster, whom he believes got away with a double murder. Towards the end of each episode, Dr. Banner almost always flees the town, scared that publicity over the Hulk's rampages will eventually bring unwanted scrutiny of him from the local authorities or McGee; Banner explains in Death in the Family, the second made-for-television film, "The creature is wanted for murder – a murder which I can never prove he or I didn't commit, and you would be harboring a criminal."
Cast[edit]
Main
Bill Bixby as David Bruce Banner, physician and scientist, based on the comic book character Bruce Banner
Lou Ferrigno as Hulk, a large, green, muscular creature that is the mindless angry alter-ego to David Banner
Jack Colvin as Jack McGee, a reporter tracking the Hulk's trail
Ted Cassidy as the narrator and the voice of the Hulk (uncredited)[4]
Charles Napier as the voice of the Hulk (after Cassidy's death in 1979) (uncredited)[5][4]
Recurring
Walter Brooke as Mark Roberts, McGee's boss at the National Register (seasons 3 & 4)
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
In early 1977, Frank Price, head of Universal Television (known today as NBCUniversal Television), offered producer and writer Kenneth Johnson a deal to develop a TV show based on any of several characters they had licensed from the Marvel Comics library.[6] Johnson turned down the offer at first, but then, while reading the Victor Hugo novel Les Misérables he became inspired and began working to develop the Hulk comic into a TV show.[7][8]
Johnson made several changes from the comic book, in part to translate it into a live-action show that was more believable and acceptable to a wide audience, and in part because he disliked comics and thus felt it best that the show was as different from the source material as possible.[9] In the character's origin story, rather than being exposed to gamma rays during a botched atomic testing explosion, Banner is gamma-irradiated in a more low-key laboratory mishap during a test on himself. Another change was Banner's occupation, from physicist to medical researcher/physician. Although the comic book Hulk's degree of speaking ability has varied over the years, the television Hulk did not speak at all—he merely growled and roared. Hulk co-creator Stan Lee later recounted, "When we started the television show, Ken said to me, 'You know, Stan, I don't think the Hulk should talk.' The minute he said it, I knew he was right. [In the comics,] I had the Hulk talking like this: 'Hulk crush! Hulk get him!' I could get away with it in a comic, but that would have sounded so silly if he spoke that way in a television show."[9]
The Hulk's strength is far more limited than in the comic book, which Johnson felt was necessary for the show to be taken seriously by viewers.[9] The Hulk still retained a healing factor, however. For instance, in "The Harder They Fall", Banner is in a serious accident that severs his spinal cord, leaving him paraplegic, but after his next transformation into the Hulk he is able to walk within minutes while in that form, and Banner's spine is completely restored by the end of the episode. In the majority of episodes, the only science fiction element was the Hulk himself. Johnson also omitted the comic book's supporting characters, instead using original character Jack McGee.[9]
Johnson changed the name of the Hulk's comic book alter ego, Dr. Bruce Banner, to Dr. David Banner for the TV series. This change was made, according to Johnson, because he did not want the series to be perceived as a comic book series, so he wanted to change what he felt was a staple of comic books, and Stan Lee's comics in particular, that major characters frequently had alliterative names.[10] According to both Stan Lee[9] and Lou Ferrigno, it was also changed because CBS thought the name Bruce sounded "too gay-ish", a rationale that Ferrigno thought was "the most absurd, ridiculous thing [he had] ever heard".[11] On the DVD commentary of the pilot, Johnson says that it was a way to honor his son David. "Bruce" ultimately became the TV Banner's middle name, as it had been in the comics. It is visible on Banner's tombstone at the end of the pilot movie,[9] and that footage is shown at the beginning of every episode of the series.
In an interview with Kenneth Johnson on the Season 2 DVD, he explains that he had also wanted the Hulk to be colored red rather than green. His reasons given for this were because red, not green, is perceived as the color of rage, and also because red is a "human color" whereas green is not. However, Stan Lee, an executive at Marvel Comics at the time, said that the Hulk's color was not something that could be changed, because of its iconic image.[10]
Stan Lee told Kenneth Plume on a June 26, 2000 interview, "The Hulk was done intelligently. It was done by Ken Johnson, who's a brilliant writer/producer/director, and he made it an intelligent, adult show that kids could enjoy. He took a comic book character and made him somewhat plausible. Women liked it and men liked it and teenagers liked it... It was beautifully done. He changed it quite a bit from the comic book, but every change he made, made sense."[12]
Casting[edit]
Lou Ferrigno as the Hulk, from the 1978 episode "Married"
For the role of Dr. David Banner, Kenneth Johnson cast Bill Bixby[13]—his first choice for the role.[14] Jack Colvin was cast as "Jack McGee", the cynical tabloid newspaper reporter—modeled after the character of Javert in Les Misérables[7]—who pursues the Hulk. Arnold Schwarzenegger auditioned for the role of the Hulk but was rejected due to his inadequate height, according to Johnson in his commentary on The Incredible Hulk – Original Television Premiere DVD release. Actor Richard Kiel was hired for the role. During filming, however, Kenneth Johnson's own son pointed out that Kiel's tall-but-underdeveloped physique did not resemble the Hulk's at all. Soon, Kiel was replaced with professional bodybuilder Lou Ferrigno, although a very brief shot of Kiel (as the Hulk) remains in the pilot. According to an interview with Kiel, who saw properly out of only one eye, he reacted badly to the contact lenses used for the role, and also found the green makeup difficult to remove, so he did not mind losing the part.[15]
Initially the Hulk's facial make-up was quite monstrous, but after both pilots, the first two weekly episodes and New York location shooting for the fourth, the design was toned down.[16] The makeup process used to transform Ferrigno into the Hulk took three hours. The hard contact lenses Ferrigno wore to simulate the Hulk's electric-green eyes had to be removed every 15 minutes because he found wearing them physically painful, and the green fright wig he wore as the Hulk was made of dyed yak hair.[11]
The opening narration was provided by actor Ted Cassidy,[17] who also provided the Hulk's voice-overs (mainly growls and roars) during the first two seasons.[11] Cassidy died during production of season two in January 1979.[17] The Hulk's vocalizations for the remainder of the series were provided by actor Charles Napier, who also made two guest-starring appearances in the series.[5][4]
Opening narration[edit]
One constant of the series was the opening narration, which goes as follows:
Dr. David Banner—physician, scientist...searching for a way to tap into the hidden strengths that all humans have. Then an accidental overdose of gamma radiation alters his body chemistry. And now, when David Banner grows angry or outraged, a startling metamorphosis occurs. The creature is driven by rage and pursued by an investigative reporter.
[Banner:] "Mr. McGee, don't make me angry. You wouldn't like me when I'm angry."
The creature is wanted for a murder he didn't commit. David Banner is believed to be dead. And he must let the world think that he is dead, until he can find a way to control the raging spirit that dwells within him.
Prior to the beginning of the series, a different version was used for the second pilot movie, The Return of the Incredible Hulk (later re-titled "Death in the Family"):
Dr. David Banner—physician, scientist...searching for a way to tap into the hidden strengths that all humans have. Then an accidental overdose of gamma radiation interacts with his unique body chemistry. And now, when David Banner grows angry or outraged, a startling metamorphosis occurs. The creature is driven by rage and pursued by an investigative reporter.
[Banner:] "Mr. McGee, don't make me angry. You wouldn't like me when I'm angry."
An accidental explosion took the life of a fellow scientist—and supposedly David Banner as well. The reporter thinks the creature was responsible.
[McGee:] "I gave a description to all the law enforcement agencies; they got a warrant for murder out on it!"
A murder which David Banner can never prove he or the creature didn't commit. So he must let the world go on thinking that he, too, is dead, until he can find a way to control the raging spirit that dwells within him.
Music[edit]
Joe Harnell, one of Kenneth Johnson's favorite composers, composed the music for The Incredible Hulk. He was brought into the production due to his involvement with the series The Bionic Woman, which Johnson had also created and produced. Some of the series' music was collected into an album titled The Incredible Hulk: Original Soundtrack Recording. The show's main theme, "The Lonely Man"—a sad, solo piano tune—is always heard during the closing credits—which usually shows Banner hitch-hiking. The well-known melody can also be heard in the 2008 film The Incredible Hulk[18] and the 2017 film Thor: Ragnarok.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series) episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings[19]
First aired
Last aired
Network
Rank
Rating
Pilot 2 November 4, 1977 (1977-11-04) November 27, 1977 (1977-11-27) CBS N/A N/A
1 10 March 10, 1978 (1978-03-10) May 31, 1978 (1978-05-31) 26 19.9
2 23 September 22, 1978 (1978-09-22) May 25, 1979 (1979-05-25) N/A N/A
3 23 September 21, 1979 (1979-09-21) April 11, 1980 (1980-04-11) N/A N/A
4 18 November 7, 1980 (1980-11-07) May 22, 1981 (1981-05-22) N/A N/A
5 7 October 2, 1981 (1981-10-02) May 12, 1982 (1982-05-12) N/A N/A
Reunion 3 May 22, 1988 (1988-05-22) February 18, 1990 (1990-02-18) NBC N/A N/A
Notable episodes[edit]
This section's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A retrospective on the TV series reported that the episodes fans of the show most often cite as the best of the series are "The Incredible Hulk", "Married", "Mystery Man", "Homecoming", "The Snare", "Prometheus", "The First" and "Bring Me the Head of the Hulk".[9]
The season two premiere, "Married", originally aired as a two-hour movie in September 1978. David approaches Dr. Carolyn Fields (Mariette Hartley) about a new form of hypnotic therapy. He learns that Carolyn has devised the therapy because she is terminally ill with a syndrome "similar" to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, or "Lou Gehrig's Disease"), and has been given no more than eight weeks to live. David reveals his true identity to her, and both agree to help each other, using a tissue sample from the creature to possibly cure Carolyn of her illness. They fall in love and eventually marry. After Carolyn obtains the sample while David has metamorphosed into the Hulk, she prepares the sample for her own use. The day the procedure to cure Carolyn is to take place, a hurricane hits the island. While the pair are driving to the hospital, Carolyn suffers from another painful episode, this time leading her to flee their moving car. David stops the car and rushes after her, morphing into the Hulk once more. He catches her in his arms, and as she attempts to fight him in her pain-induced hysteria, she turns around and sees the Hulk, and stops struggling. Knowing her time has come, Carolyn embraces the Hulk, telling him (as David) she will miss him as she dies in his arms. Mariette Hartley won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for this moving performance.
In season two's "Mystery Man", McGee finally comes face-to-face with an amnesia-ridden David Banner, although he does not recognize him as Banner's face is covered by a gauze mask following a severe injury in an auto accident. Banner has been admitted into a hospital as "John Doe" as his true identity is unknown. Investigating an apparent link between this man and the Hulk, McGee hires a small plane for himself and Banner to see a doctor who will be able to cure Banner's amnesia. Lightning strikes the plane and an injured McGee and Banner are trapped in a forest, where they must help one another escape to safety. During the ordeal, McGee sees the mystery man transform into the Hulk and realizes this is how the Hulk manages to get from one place to another without being seen in between. He is eventually separated from the Hulk, but vows to track down the mysterious "John Doe" fellow and find out his true identity.
Season three's "Homecoming" has Banner returning to his hometown and reuniting with his family. This episode marked the first appearances of Banner's father and sister. "The Snare" is an homage to the short story "The Most Dangerous Game", and guest-starred Bradford Dillman as the hunter.
In the season four two-part "Prometheus", David rescues and befriends Katie Maxwell (Laurie Prange), a young woman recently blinded by an accident. While helping her through the woods near her home, a meteor lands near them. Banner investigates, and is sickened by the radiation emanating from the meteorite fragment. An attacking swarm of bees triggers his transformation into the Hulk, and in the process of fighting off the bees, the Hulk touches the meteorite. He retreats back to Katie's cabin, but in metamorphosing back into David, the process stops midway, with David retaining some of the Hulk's muscular build and irradiated features, but with the ability to speak. Additionally, David has also retained most of the Hulk's childlike intellect. Horrified at realizing that his transformation has gone wrong, David enlists Katie's help. The military, however, arrives and after attempting to evade them, David transforms back into the Hulk. The Hulk and Katie are captured and taken to a military installation, where a group of scientists working for the Prometheus Project mistakenly believe that the Hulk is an alien. After seeing a tape of David's transformation, however, they realize that the Hulk is actually a man who transforms into the creature. McGee, meanwhile, finagles his way onto the base and finds Katie, attempting to get her to give him more information on "John Doe". The Hulk escapes from his confinement and finds Katie. After the Hulk's transformation back into David again stops midway, Katie theorizes that the radiation from the meteorite is affecting David's unique body chemistry and that they need to escape from the base and get away from the meteorite. McGee, meanwhile, convinces the brass to let him talk to "John" and convince him to surrender. McGee finds them, but due to David's altered appearance, does not realize that he is, in fact, talking to David Banner. It is a double-cross, however, as soldiers move in on David and Katie. David transforms into the Hulk once again and breaks out of the installation with Katie. Far from the meteorite fragment, the Hulk transforms back completely into David Banner with no ill effects.
Another season four two-part episode, "The First", has Banner discovering that another man transformed into a Hulk-like creature 30 years ago. In this case, a doctor used gamma radiation in an attempt to heal a man in poor health named Dell Frye (Harry Townes), who was embittered by bullying from the local townspeople, causing him to become vengeful and cruel. However, the radiation turned him instead into a savage green creature (Dick Durock). Because of Frye's difference in personality, his creature had killed people. Dr. Jeffrey Clive, long dead, had discovered the cure, but Frye, now old and arthritic, and still bullied, wants to have the power again. David discovers Dr. Clive's laboratory, which contains a machine that can harness the sun's gamma radiation. Looking through Clive's journals, he realizes that he needs to take the antidote developed by Clive and then bombard himself with gamma rays for the cure to work. Before he can do so, however, Frye knocks him out and straps himself into the machine. As David awakens and attempts to stop him, Frye is bombarded with gamma radiation, which turns him into a Hulk-like creature. After metamorphosing back, Frye discovers that after one transformation, his arthritis has vanished. Seeking revenge for the years of taunts he has endured, Frye goes into town and provokes some bullies into attacking him. He once again transforms into the creature, and proceeds to kill one of the bullies. Realizing that the Frye Hulk is extremely dangerous because of Frye's murderous nature, David manages to subdue Frye and strap him into the machine to reverse the process. Unfortunately, Frye comes to and transforms into the creature, and in the process destroys the last vial of the cure that Dr. Clive had developed. As he literally sees the cure dripping from his fingers, a distraught David transforms into the Hulk. The two creatures fight, with the much more powerful Banner Hulk getting the better of the Frye Hulk, who is eventually shot dead by the sheriff. "The First" is the only episode of the TV series to feature any other super-humanly powerful characters. "The First" remains a fan favorite and is often cited as an example of Bixby's finest acting work in the series. Guest star Townes' performance as Frye is generally regarded as the best and most memorable guest shot in the show's history.
The series concludes with a standard 44-minute episode ("A Minor Problem"). The Jack McGee character does not appear in this last episode, nor does he appear in a few other episodes in the short final season, and the series ends on an open note, with Banner still searching for a cure and McGee still unaware of the true identity of his John Doe.
Broadcast history[edit]
CBS[20]
March 1978 – January 1979: Fridays, 9:00 PM (ET)
January 1979: Wednesdays, 8:00 PM
February 1979 – November 1981: Fridays, 8:00 PM
May – June 1982: Wednesdays, 8:00 PM
Syndication[edit]
The series first went into syndication in September 1982.[citation needed] It has aired as reruns on the Sci-Fi Channel and was one of the series that the channel showed at its inception in September 1992.[21] It has also aired on Retro Television Network,[22] and on Esquire Network from 2014 to 2015.[23] Series reruns are to begin airing on most MeTV affiliates in February 2016.[24] The series began airing on most H&I affiliates in May 2017.[25] El Rey Network has aired the series in portrait-form since January 2017.[citation needed]
Made-for-TV movies[edit]
Two episodes of the series appeared first as stand-alone movies, but were later re-edited into one-hour length (two-parters) for syndication. They were produced as pilots before the series officially began in 1978:
The Incredible Hulk (1977) (distributed in theaters in some countries)
The Return of the Incredible Hulk (1977) (also shown overseas as a feature film) – It was retitled Death in the Family for syndication.
After the cancellation of the television series in 1982, three television movies were produced with Bixby and Ferrigno reprising their roles. All of these aired on NBC:
The Incredible Hulk Returns (1988) – This marked the first time that another Marvel Universe character appeared in the milieu of the TV series. David Banner meets a former student (played by Steve Levitt) who has a magical hammer that summons Thor (played by Eric Allan Kramer), a Norse god who is prevented from entering Valhalla. It was set up as a backdoor pilot for a live-action television series starring Thor. This project marked Jack Colvin's final appearance as McGee.[26]
The Trial of the Incredible Hulk (1989) – David Banner meets a blind lawyer named Matt Murdock and his masked alter ego, Daredevil. The Incredible Hulk and the Daredevil battle Wilson Fisk (The Kingpin of Crime). Daredevil was portrayed by Rex Smith, while John Rhys-Davies portrayed Fisk. This was also set up as backdoor pilot for a live-action television series featuring Daredevil. Stan Lee has a cameo appearance as one of the jury members overlooking Banner's trial.
The Death of the Incredible Hulk (1990) – David Banner falls in love with an Eastern European spy (played by Elizabeth Gracen) and saves two kidnapped scientists. The film ends with the Hulk taking a fatal fall from an airplane, reverting to human form just before he dies.
Despite the apparent death of the Hulk in the 1990 film, another Hulk television movie was planned, Revenge of the Incredible Hulk.[27] It was rumored that in this film the Hulk would be able to talk after being revived with Banner's mind, and that it was abandoned due to Bill Bixby's death of cancer in November 1993,[28] but Gerald Di Pego (writer/executive producer of The Trial of the Incredible Hulk, The Death of the Incredible Hulk, and Revenge of the Incredible Hulk) revealed that the film was cancelled before Bixby's health began to decline, due to disappointing ratings for Death of, and that Banner was to have been revived without the ability to change into the Hulk at all, only reverting to (still non-speaking) Hulk form in the film's final act.[9]
Guest stars and cameos[edit]
During the series' five-season run, many actors familiar to viewers, or who later became famous for their subsequent works, made appearances on the series. Some of the most notable are: Future Falcon Crest and Castle co-star Susan Sullivan was in the original pilot; Brett Cullen, also of Falcon Crest; Kim Cattrall, of Sex and the City fame; Ray Walston, co-star of Bixby's first series, My Favorite Martian; Brandon Cruz, co-star of The Courtship of Eddie's Father; Lou Ferrigno, who along with starring as the Hulk, appeared in one episode ("King of the Beach") as a different character, Bixby's ex-wife Brenda Benet; and in an uncredited role, the bodybuilder and professional wrestler Ric Drasin played the half-transformed Hulk in "Prometheus" (parts 1 and 2).[29]
Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the writer and artist team who created the Hulk for Marvel Comics, both made cameo appearances in the series. Kirby's cameo was in the season two episode "No Escape", while Lee appeared as a juror in Trial of the Incredible Hulk (the 1989 post-series TV movie).
Video releases[edit]
Main article: List of The Incredible Hulk home video releases
All three of the NBC TV movies (The Incredible Hulk Returns, The Trial of the Incredible Hulk and The Death of the Incredible Hulk) have been available on DVD since 2003; the first two were released by Anchor Bay Entertainment, while The Death of the Incredible Hulk was released by 20th Century Fox Video. A double-sided DVD entitled The Incredible Hulk – Original Television Premiere, which contained the original pilot and the "Married" episodes, was released by Universal Studios DVD in 2003 to promote Ang Lee's Hulk motion picture. A 6-disc set entitled The Incredible Hulk – The Television Series Ultimate Collection was released by Universal DVD later in 2003.
On July 18, 2006, Universal released The Incredible Hulk – Season One on DVD. This set contains the original pilot movies, the entire first season, and a "preview" episode ("Stop the Presses") from season two.
On July 17, 2007, Universal released The Incredible Hulk – Season Two on DVD as a 5-disc set. The set includes the entire second season, and preview episode ("Homecoming") from season three.[30]
On June 3, 2008, Universal released The Incredible Hulk – Seasons Three and Four on DVD in time to promote Louis Leterrier's film The Incredible Hulk.
On October 21, 2008, Universal released The Incredible Hulk – Season Five on DVD as a 2-disc set. The set contains all seven season five episodes and interviews by Ken Johnson and various members of the production and writing teams, as well as a gag reel.[31] Additionally, a complete series DVD Set was released as well.[32] The Complete Series was released in the UK on DVD on September 30, 2008. The Complete Collection (not including the three post-series TV movies) was released on Blu-ray by Fabulous Films on December 12, 2016 in the UK (Region B).[citation needed]
Other media[edit]
The TV series led to a syndicated newspaper strip that ran from 1978 to 1982. It used the same background and origin story as the TV series but narrated stories outside the TV series.
In 1979, a Hulk "video novel" in paperback form was released, with pictures and dialog from the pilot.[33]
See also[edit]
Television in the United States portal
Superhero fiction portal
1970s portal
1980s portal
1978 in American television
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 'The Incredible Hulk' Bring Me the Head of the Hulk (TV episode 1981) IMDb
Jump up ^ "Hulk Smash Television!". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Interview with Kenneth Johnson". Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c zanemathews (January 22, 2015). "10 Things You Didn't Know About 'The Incredible Hulk'". KOOL 107.9 FM.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Official Charles Napier Website". Illumina Productions. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Heffernan, Virginia (August 18, 2006). "Before the Fall: TV of Seasons (Just) Past". New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Look Back: The Incredible Hulk on TV". Film School Rejects. June 8, 2008. Archived from the original on February 14, 2009. Retrieved February 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ Mark Rathwell (January 23, 1999). "The Incredible Hulk television series page: Interview with Kenneth Johnson". Incrediblehulktvseries.com. Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. Retrieved February 25, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Glenn, Greenberg (February 2014). "The Televised Hulk". Back Issue!. TwoMorrows Publishing (70): 19–26.
^ Jump up to: a b Cronin, Brian. "Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed #62". Comic Book Resources, August 3, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c Keck, William. "Lou Ferrigno looks back, and luckily, not in anger". USA Today, June 17, 2008, p. 2D.
Jump up ^ Plume, Kenneth. "Interview with Stan Lee". IGN Entertainment, Inc.
Jump up ^ Oliver, Myrna (November 23, 1993). "Bill Bixby, Star of TV's 'Incredible Hulk,' Dies". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ Fary, Lisa (June 7, 2007). "Interviews: Kenneth Johnson (Part 1 of 2)". PinkRaygun.com via archive.li. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Richard Kiel interview.
Jump up ^ Gerani, Gary, "'The Incredible Hulk'", Starlog Photo Guidebook: Television Episode Guides Volume 2, Starlog Press, Inc., January 1982, pp. 66–67.
^ Jump up to: a b Reesman, Bryan (August 1, 2007). "Forty-five years later, the Hulk is still our favorite green giant". American Way. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Incredible Hulk: Music From the Television Pilot Movies". joeharnell.com. Archived from the original on December 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle (2007). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946-Present (Ninth Edition). Ballantine Books. p. 1688. ISBN 978-0-345-49773-4.
Jump up ^ Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle (2007). The complete directory to prime time network and cable TV shows, 1946-present (9th ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. p. 664. ISBN 978-0-345-49773-4.
Jump up ^ Jicha, Tom. "Sci-fi Channel Approaching Launch". Retrieved March 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Cable companies air 1980s reruns". Gannett. October 23, 2010. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
Jump up ^ "Esquire Network Schedule". Archived from the original on April 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Incredible Hulk". metv.com. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Incredible Hulk". heroesandiconstv.com. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ O'Connor, John J. (May 20, 1988). "TV Weekend; Incredible Hulk Meets Mighty Thor". New York Times. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Comics Screen", Comics Scene, October 1990, Starlog Communications International, Inc., pp.69–70.
Jump up ^ Jankiewicz, Patrick. You wouldn't like me when I'm angry. Duncan Okla.: BearManor Media. ISBN 1593936508.
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions. Who Played the Demi-Hulk?" Archived December 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.. The Incredible Hulk Television Series site. Retrieved on December 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ The Incredible Hulk – It's Official Now! "Hulk – 2nd Season" Smashes to DVD in July! Archived February 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., TV Shows on DVD, April 17, 2007.
Jump up ^ The Incredible Hulk DVD news: DVD Plans for Seasons 3, 4 and 5 Archived July 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.. TVShowsOnDVD.com.
Jump up ^ The Incredible Hulk DVD news: Release Date for The Incredible Hulk – Season 5 and The Complete Series Archived July 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.. TVShowsOnDVD.com.
Jump up ^ "The Incredible Hulk: A Video Novel".
External links[edit]
The Incredible Hulk on IMDb
The Incredible Hulk at TV.com
The Incredible Hulk on IMDb (1977 TV film)
The Incredible Hulk: Death in the Family on IMDb (1977 sequel)
"The Incredible Hulk". Official site (Sci Fi Channel). Archived from the original on October 24, 2004. Includes episode guide, biographies and the original 1970s MCA/Universal press release for the program
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Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
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values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: الرجل الأخضر الخارق (مسلسل) – Arabic

values: The Incredible Hulk (seriál, 1977) – Czech

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values: Der unglaubliche Hulk (Fernsehserie) – German

values: The Incredible Hulk (serie de televisión de 1978) – Spanish

values: L'incredibile Hulk (serie televisiva) – Italian

values: The Incredible Hulk (televisieserie) – Dutch

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: 超人ハルク (テレビドラマ) – Japanese

values: The Incredible Hulk (TV serija) – Serbo-Croatian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Incredible_Hulk_1978_TV_series rootpage-The_Incredible_Hulk_1978_TV_series skin-vector action-view