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Sir
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This article is about the title and honorific. For other uses, see Sir (disambiguation).
Royal, noble and
chivalric ranks
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v
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Sir is an honorific address used in a number of situations in many anglophone cultures. The term can be used as a formal prefix, especially in the Commonwealth, for males who have been given certain honours or titles (such as knights and baronets), where usage is strictly governed by law and custom.
The term is also commonly used as a respectful way to address a man, usually of superior social status or holding a commissioned military rank. Equivalent terms of address to females are 'ma'am' or 'madam' in most cases, or in the case of a young woman, girl, or unmarried woman who prefers to be addressed as such, 'miss'. The equivalent term for a knighted woman or baronetess is Dame, or 'Lady' for the wife of a knight or baronet.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 British and Commonwealth honorifics
2.1 Combinations with other titles and styles
2.2 Entitlement
2.2.1 Commonwealth realms (dynastic)
2.2.2 United Kingdom
2.2.3 Antigua and Barbuda
2.2.4 Australia
2.2.5 Barbados
2.2.6 Grenada
2.2.7 New Zealand
2.2.8 Saint Lucia
2.2.9 Dormant honours
3 Philippines honorific
4 Nigerian honorific
5 Educational, military and other usage
5.1 Usage within the education system
5.2 Usage within the military and police
5.3 Usage within the service industry
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Etymology[edit]
'Sir' derives from the honorific title sire, used in Spanish, Italian, French, German, and Swedish. Sire developed alongside the word seigneur, also used to refer to a feudal lord. Both derived from the Vulgar Latin senior, sire comes from the nominative case declension senior and seigneur, the accusative case declension seniōrem.[1]
The form 'Sir' is first documented in English in 1297, as title of honour of a knight, and latterly a baronet, being a variant of sire, which was already used in English since at least c.1205 as a title placed before a name and denoting knighthood, and to address the (male) Sovereign since c.1225, with additional general senses of 'father, male parent' is from c.1250, and 'important elderly man' from 1362.
British and Commonwealth honorifics[edit]
Sir Thomas Troubridge, 1st Baronet. His entitlement to the style of 'Sir' derived from his position as a baronet.
The prefix is used with the holder's given name or full name, but never with the surname alone. For example, whilst Sir Alexander and Sir Alexander Fleming would be correct, Sir Fleming would not.[2]
The equivalent for a female who holds a knighthood or baronetcy in her own right is 'Dame', and follows the same usage customs as 'Sir'.[3] Although this form was previously also used for the wives of knights and baronets, it is now customary to refer to them as 'Lady', followed by their surname; they are never addressed using their full names. For example, while Lady Fiennes is correct, Lady Virginia and Lady Virginia Fiennes are not.[4][5] The widows of knights retain the style of wives of knights,[5] however widows of baronets are either referred to as 'dowager', or use their forename before their courtesy style. For example, the widow of Sir Thomas Herbert Cochrane Troubridge, 4th Baronet, would either be known as Dowager Lady Troubridge or Laura, Lady Troubridge.[6]
Combinations with other titles and styles[edit]
In the case of a military officer who is also a knight, the appropriate form of address puts the professional military rank first, then the correct manner of address for the individual, then his name. Examples include:
Admiral of the Fleet Sir Bruce Fraser, GCB, KBE (after 1941)[7]
Field Marshal Sir Thomas Blamey, GBE, KCB, CMG, DSO, ED (after 1941)[8]
This is also the case with academic titles, such as professor. For example, Patrick Bateson is both a professor and a knight bachelor; his correct title would be Professor Sir Patrick Bateson. The title of Doctor, however, is not used in combination with 'sir', with the knighthood taking precedence. Knighted doctors are addressed as knights, though they may still use any post-nominal letters associated with their degrees.
Church of England clergy who receive knighthoods do not use the title 'Sir', but instead refer to their knighthood using post-nominal letters.[2] For example, the Reverend Dr John Polkinghorne, KBE is never referred to as Sir John Polkinghorne. Clergy of other denominations may use different conventions.[2]
Peers who have been knighted are not addressed as 'Sir' in the formal sense of the style, as their titles of nobility take precedence. If the heir apparent to a dukedom, marquessate or earldom holds a courtesy title and has been knighted, the same principle applies to him, as well as to the male heirs of a duke or a marquess, who are styled 'Lord X'. For instance, diplomat Lord Nicholas Gordon-Lennox, KCMG, KCVO, who was a younger son of the Duke of Richmond, continued to be styled as 'Lord Nicholas' following his knighthood in 1986, not 'Lord Sir Nicholas'. Other male heirs of an earl who lack courtesy titles, and the male heirs of a viscount or baron, do however use the style of 'Sir' if knighted, the style following that of 'The Hon'.
Entitlement[edit]
Emperor Taishō in the robes of the Order of the Garter, as a consequence of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. As a foreign national he was not entitled to use the prefix 'Sir', but could use the post-nominal letters KG after his name.
Today, in the UK and in certain Commonwealth realms, a number of men are entitled to the prefix of 'Sir', including knights bachelor, knights of the orders of chivalry and baronets; although foreign nationals can be awarded these honours, they are explicitly excluded using the prefix, instead using the associated post-nominal letters.[9]
Dual nationals holding a Commonwealth citizenship that recognise the British monarch as head of state are entitled to use the styling. Common usage varies from country to country: for instance, dual Bahamian-American citizen Sidney Poitier, knighted in 1974, is often styled 'Sir Sidney Poitier', particularly in connection with his official ambassadorial duties, although he himself rarely employs the title.
The permissibility of using the style of 'Sir' varies. In general, only dynastic knighthoods in the personal gift of the Sovereign and Head of the Commonwealth – the Order of the Garter, the Order of the Thistle and the knighthoods in the Royal Victorian Order – are recognised across the Commonwealth realms, along with their accompanying styles. Knighthoods in the gift of the government of a Commonwealth realm typically only permit the bearer to use his title within that country or as its official representative, provided he is a national of that country; Commonwealth realms may consider knighthoods from other realms to only be foreign honours. For instance, Anthony Bailey was reprimanded by Buckingham Palace and the British government in 2016 for asserting that an honorary Antiguan knighthood allowed him the style of 'Sir' in the UK.[10][11][12]
Commonwealth realms (dynastic)[edit]
Knight Commander or Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO/GCVO)[2]
United Kingdom[edit]
Baronet (Bt.)[13]
Knight of the Order of the Garter (KG)[2][note 1]
Knight of the Order of the Thistle (KT)[2][note 1]
Knight Commander or Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (KCB/GCB)[2]
Knight Commander or Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG/GCMG)[2]
Knight Commander or Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (KBE/GBE)[2]
Knight Bachelor (Kt.)[2]
Antigua and Barbuda[edit]
Knight of the Order of the National Hero (KNH)
Knight Commander, Knight Grand Cross, or Knight Grand Collar of the Order of the Nation (KCN/KGCN/KGN)
Australia[edit]
Knight of the Order of Australia (AK; for male Australian subjects only; discontinued 1986-2014, reintroduced briefly in 2014, again discontinued in 2015)[14][15]
Barbados[edit]
Knight of St. Andrew of the Order of Barbados (KA)
Grenada[edit]
Knight Commander, Knight Grand Cross, or Knight Grand Collar of the Order of the Nation in the Order of Grenada (KCNG/GCNG/KN)
New Zealand[edit]
Knight Companion or Knight Grand Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit (KNZM/GNZM)[16]
Saint Lucia[edit]
Knight Commander of the Order of Saint Lucia (KCSL)
Dormant honours[edit]
HH Maharaja Sree Padmanbhadasa Sree Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma, Maharajah of Travancore, was the last surviving Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Established in 1783 and primarily awarded to men associated with the Kingdom of Ireland, Knight of the Order of St. Patrick were entitled to the style of 'Sir'. Regular creation of new knights of the order ended in 1921 upon the formation of the Irish Free State. With the death of the last knight in 1974, the Order became dormant.
As part of the consolidation of the crown colony of India, the Order of the Star of India was established in 1861 to reward prominent British and Indian civil servants, military officers and prominent Indians associated with the Indian Empire. The Order of the Indian Empire was established in 1878 as a junior-level order to accompany the Order of the Star of India, and to recognise long service. From 1861 to 1866, the Order of the Star of India had a single class of Knights (KSI), who were entitled to the style of 'Sir'. In 1866, the order was reclassified into three divisions: Knights Grand Commander (GCSI), Knights Commander (KCSI) and Companions (CSI); holders of the upper two degrees could use the title 'Sir'. From its creation in 1878 until 1887, the Order of the Indian Empire had a single class, Companion (CIE), which did not entitle the recipient to a style of knighthood. In 1887, two higher divisions, Knight Grand Commander (GCIE) and Knight Commander (KCIE) were created, which entitled holders of those ranks to the style of 'Sir'. The last creations of knights of either order were made on 15 August 1947 upon Indian independence. All British honours and their accompanying styles were officially made obsolete in India when the Dominion of India became a modern Commonwealth republic in 1950, followed by Pakistan in 1956. The Order of the Star of India became dormant in the Commonwealth realms from February 2009, and the Order of the Indian Empire after August 2010, when the last knights of the orders died.
Philippines honorific[edit]
As a privilege of the members of the Order of the Knights of Rizal, the prefix "Sir" is attached to their forenames while wives of Knights add the prefix "Lady" to their first names.[17] These apply to both spoken and written forms of address. The Knights of Rizal is the sole order of knighthood in the Philippines and a constituted[18] Order of Merit recognized by the Orders, decorations, and medals of the Philippines.[19] The prefix is appended with the relevant post-nominal according to their rank at the end of their names: Knight of Rizal (KR), Knight Officer of Rizal (KOR), Knight Commander of Rizal (KCR), Knight Grand Officer of Rizal (KGOR) and Knight Grand Cross of Rizal (KGCR). Among the notable members of the Knights of Rizal include King Juan Carlos I of Spain who was conferred a Knight Grand Cross of Rizal on 11 February 1998. [20]
Nigerian honorific[edit]
In Nigeria, holders of religious honors like the Knighthood of St. Gregory make use of the word as a pre-nominal honorific in much the same way as it is used for secular purposes in Britain and the Philippines. Wives of such individuals also typically assume the title of Lady.
Educational, military and other usage[edit]
Usage within the education system[edit]
'Sir', along with miss for females, is commonly used in the British school system to address teachers; and or members of faculty as well as staff. Usage of these terms is considered a mark of respect, and can be dated back to the 16th century. The practice may have been an attempt to reinforce the authority of teachers from lower social classes among classes of largely upper class students.[21] Jennifer Coates, emeritus professor of English language and linguistics at Roehampton University has criticised the use of the title for male teachers, saying that "Sir is a knight. There weren't women knights, but 'Miss' is ridiculous: it doesn't match 'Sir' at all. It's just one of the names you can call an unmarried woman", and that "It's a depressing example of how women are given low status and men, no matter how young or new in the job they are, are given high status".[21] This view is not unchallenged however. The chief executive of the Brook Learning Trust, Debbie Coslett, said "... they call me 'Miss', I'm fine with that. They're showing respect by giving me a title rather than 'hey' or 'oi, you' or whatever", and dismissed the male/female issue as "That's just the way the English language works".[21]
In the Southern United States, the term 'sir' is often used to address someone in a position of authority or respect, and is commonly used in schools and universities by students to address their teachers and professors. Whereas the British and Commonwealth female equivalent is miss, students will often refer to female teachers as ma'am.[22]
In the Northeast United States, particularly New England, there remains influence of both the British and French traditions as noted above; in general parlance, teachers, authority-figures, and so forth, are referred to by a title of respect such as 'Sir' for males and 'Miss, Ms, or Mrs' for females: 'Miss' for unmarried, younger-females; 'Ms' for senior, elder, or ranking females that may or may not be married (see article Ms/Mrs/Miss); and 'Mrs' for married or widowed females. The predominant form of address remains "Sir/Ma'am", though in some sectors -- such as service, hospitality, or politics -- "Sir/Madam(e)" prevails, while in Northern Maine -- Aroostock County & St John's Valley -- most female teachers or public officials, regardless of marital status, are addressed "Miss" in English or "Madame" in French, though the two are not interchangeable. As noted in Coslett's statement above citing her personal acceptance of 'Miss', generally teachers or other public officials may specify to which form they prefer, while in other cases social & cultural norms dictate the appropriate form.
Usage within the military and police[edit]
If not specifically using their rank or title, 'sir' is used in the United States Armed Forces to address a male, senior commissioned officer or civilian. Privates and non-commissioned officers, such as corporals and sergeants, are addressed using their ranks.[23] Similarly, in both the United States Air Force (USAF) and Royal Air Force (RAF), 'sir' is used to address all male commissioned officers. Male non-commissioned officers and airmen are addressed by their rank. In the RAF, male warrant officers are addressed as Mr by commissioned officers, but as 'sir' by non-commissioned officers and airmen.[24]
In the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), only commissioned officers are addressed as 'sir'; NCOs and constables are addressed by their rank. Male British police officers of the rank of Inspector or above are addressed as 'Sir' (women of inspecting rank are called Ma'am).[citation needed]
In the British Army, a Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM), the most senior non-commissioned officer, is addressed as 'Sir' by his subordinates.
In the Hong Kong Police Force, male superiors are respectfully known by their surname followed by 'sir'. For example, Inspector Wong would be addressed or referred to as 'Wong-sir'. Male police officers are sometimes known colloquially as "Ah-sir" (阿Sir) to the wider public.[25]
Usage within the service industry[edit]
The term 'sir' is also used frequently in the customer service industry, by employees to refer to customers, and sometimes vice versa. In the USA, it is much more common in certain areas (even when addressing male peers or men considerably younger). For example, a 1980 study showed that 80% of service interactions in the South were accompanied by 'sir' or ma'am, in comparison to the Northern United States, where 'sir' was only used 25% of the time.[22]
See also[edit]
Salutation
Canadian titles debate
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b In the personal gift of the Sovereign and Head of the Commonwealth.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ayres-Bennet, Wendy (1996). "The 'heyday' of Old French (French in the 12th and 13th centuries)". A History of the French Language Through Texts. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415099994.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Knight". Debretts. n.d. Archived from the original on 5 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Baronetess". Debretts. n.d. Archived from the original on 4 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Family of a Baronet". Debretts. n.d. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Wife of a Knight". Debretts. n.d. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wife of a Baronet". Debretts. n.d. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Royal Navy Flag Officers, 1904-1945: Admiral of the Fleet Sir Bruce Fraser, admirals.org.uk
Jump up ^ Australian Dictionary of Biography: Field Marshal Sir Thomas Albert Blamey, adb.online.anu.edu.au
Jump up ^ "Honorary Knighthood". Debretts. n.d. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
Jump up ^ London Gazette, 1 June 2016, accessed 16 August 2016
Jump up ^ "Something of the Knight...", Private Eye, no, 1420, 10 June 2016
Jump up ^ Donovan, Ned; Gallagher, Ian (28 May 2016). "Queen's envoy 'Baroness Brazen' is entangled in honours scandal: Title given to Commonwealth chief's crony is 'reviewed' after she is accused of abusing the system". The Daily Mail. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Baronet". Debretts. n.d. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Knight /Dame of the Order of Australia". Australian Government. n.d. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Australia PM Malcolm Turnbull drops knights and dames from honours system". BBC. 1 November 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand State Honours - The New Zealand Order of Merit". New Zealand Defence Force. n.d. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Who is entitled to the prefix of 'Sir'?". R.A.U. Juchter van Bergen Quast, LLM (in Dutch). 2015-10-25. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ "Republic Act No. 646 | GOVPH". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ "Speech of President Aquino at the International Assembly and Conference of Rizal, February 17, 2011 | GOVPH". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ "Entitlement to the prefix of 'sir'". Retrieved 2017-12-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c Paton, Graeme (13 May 2014). "Stop calling teachers 'Miss' or 'Sir', pupils are told". The Telegraph. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Hudley, Anne; Mallinson, Christine (2011). "A Regional and Cultural Variety". Understanding English Language Variation in U.S. Schools. NY, USA: Teachers College Press. ISBN 9780807751480.
Jump up ^ Rush, Robert S. NCO Guide (9th ed.). PA, USA: Stackpole Book. p. 328. ISBN 9780811736145.
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". RAF. n.d. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Guldin, Gregory Eliyu (1992). Urbanizing China. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 171.
External links[edit]
Look up sir in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
EtymologyOnLine.com
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text:
Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Coordinates: 35°11′46″N 106°35′51″W / 35.19611°N 106.59750°W / 35.19611; -106.59750
Early morning scene at the Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta
The nose of an inflatable half-scale model of a NASA F/A-18 in front of the NASA Aeronautics exhibit
The Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta is a yearly hot air balloon festival that takes place in Albuquerque, New Mexico, during early October. The Balloon Fiesta is a nine-day event from October 6th to October 14th, and has over 500 hot air balloons each year. The event is the largest balloon festival in the world[1].
Contents
1 History
2 Events
2.1 Dawn Patrol
2.2 Mass Ascensions
2.3 Artistic Vision
2.4 Special Shape Rodeo
2.5 Balloon Glows
2.6 Special Events and Competitions
3 Local impact
4 Albuquerque box
5 Location
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Big Green Cat, 2007 Fiesta
Close Encounter, 2007 Fiesta
The Balloon Fiesta began in 1972 as the highlight of a 50th birthday celebration for 770 KOB Radio. Radio station manager Dick McKee asked Sid Cutter, owner of Cutter Flying Service and the first person to own a hot air balloon in New Mexico, if KOB could use his new hot-air balloon as part of the festivities. The two began discussing ballooning, along with conversation and help from Oscar Kratz, and McKee asked what the largest gathering of hot air balloons to date had been. 19 balloons in England, Cutter replied. Kratz asked "Can we get 19 here?" Cutter agreed to try. He got commitments from 21 pilots, but bad weather kept some of them from arriving in time. The first fiesta ended up as a gathering of 13 balloons on April 8, 1972, sponsored by KOB. The first event was located in the parking lot of the Coronado Center Shopping Mall with 20,000 spectators and with balloonists from Arizona, California, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada and Texas taking part. McKee, Cutter, and Kratz are the three men who had originally started the balloon races.[2] The first fiesta incorporated a "Roadrunner-Coyote Balloon Race" (a "hare-and-hounds" race elsewhere in the world) with 1 balloon being the "Roadrunner" and the others being "Coyote" balloons (the "Roadrunner" balloon was actually emblazoned with likenesses of both Warner Bros. characters). The winner of the race - the "Coyote" that landed closest to the Roadrunner - was Don Piccard of the noted aerostation dynasty, flying a balloon of his company's design and construction (his wife also placed in the race). This race has continued as part of the Balloon Fiesta today.
The next year Albuquerque hosted the first World Hot-Air Balloon Championships in February and the fiesta became an international event. In 1975 Albuquerque was looking at hosting the World Championships again, but the event was scheduled for October. So the fiesta was moved to correspond with the championships. To maintain interest in Albuquerque’s bid to host the championships, a balloon rally was held in February of that year. Autumn being a far better flying time than February, the event has remained in early October to the present day.
The Balloon Fiesta grew each year for decades, and today is the largest balloon convention in the world. The number of registered balloons reached a peak of 1,019 in 2000, prompting the Balloon Fiesta Board to limit the number to 750 starting in 2001,[3] citing a desire for "quality over quantity". The limit was changed to 600 in 2009 — citing recent growth in the city and a loss of landing zones. On any given day during the festival, up to 100,000 spectators may be on the launch field where they are provided the rare opportunity to observe inflation and take off procedures. Countless more people gather at landing sites all over the city to watch incoming balloons.
Events[edit]
The Dawn Patrol lifts off before sunrise to check wind conditions aloft, and hopefully find the Albuquerque box.
Mass ascension, 2006
Special Shapes Rodeo, 2008
Dawn Patrol[edit]
The Dawn Patrol began at the Balloon Fiesta in 1978, when two California balloonists developed position lighting systems that allowed them to fly at night. Dawn Patrol pilots take off before sunrise and fly until it is light enough to see landing sites. Fellow balloonists appreciate the Dawn Patrol because they can watch the balloons and get an early idea of wind speeds and directions at different altitudes.
Mass Ascensions[edit]
One of the biggest events of the fiesta, where all participating balloons launch in two waves, filling the sky with hundreds of balloons at once. Launch directors, also known as “zebras” because of their black-and-white-striped outfits, serve as “traffic cops,” coordinating the launch so balloons leave the field in a safe and coordinated manner.
Artistic Vision[edit]
Many local artists take advantage of the balloons as favorite subject matter for their paintings. Balloons often land in Albuquerque neighborhoods. Many residents watch the balloons from the comfort of their backyards.
Special Shape Rodeo[edit]
Many non-traditional, uniquely shaped balloons are launched at the same time. Some of the most famous shapes include a milk cow, a wagon coach, twin bees, and many others like soda pop cans and animals. This is the most popular part of the event as families can see how balloons can be all different in shapes and sizes.
Balloon Glows[edit]
Large numbers of balloons are illuminated at night by their propane burners. They stand static and do not take off during these events. The "Glowdeo" is a night glow for the special shapes balloons.
Special Events and Competitions[edit]
Various events like:
The Fiesta Challenge, a game where balloonists attempt to drop a marker closest to a target.
America's Challenge Gas Balloon Race, where special long-distance gas balloons are inflated and then launched. The winner of the race is the balloon that travels the farthest. Some balloons in the race have gone as far as Canada and the U.S. East Coast.
The Flight of the Nations Mass Ascension, where balloonists from each nation launch, one at a time, to their national anthem and waving their nation's flag.
Other piloting, skill, and speed competitions.
Local impact[edit]
The convention has also become a major showcase of New Mexican culture and history and features numerous cultural exhibitions .The fiesta is one of Albuquerque's largest tourist attractions and constitutes a major source of income for the city and local businesses. In 2015, the fiesta logged 955,703 visitors.[4] Typically, tourists and fiesta visitors take thousands of pictures of the balloons, so it is no surprise that for several years the fiesta was sponsored by Kodak and was given the title, the Kodak Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta, though that title was usually only used in print ads and on official memorabilia. In 2018 the fiesta is being presented by Canon, a Japanese camera and imaging company.[5]
Albuquerque box[edit]
Diagram of the Albuquerque Box Effect when conditions are optimal
The success of the Fiesta depends in part on the cool Albuquerque morning temperatures in October and the Albuquerque box. The "box" is a set of predictable wind patterns that can be exploited to navigate the balloons. At low elevations the winds tend to be northerly (from the north), but at higher elevations they tend to be southerly. Balloonists use these winds to navigate in a vertical box: they ascend slightly from the launch park, move south, ascend further, move north, descend, and repeat the box or land back in the launch park or quite nearby. During events involving on-field targets, such as the "Key Grab" (where pilots attempt to grab prizes, including a set of keys to a new vehicle, from atop tall, flexible poles), it's not uncommon to see the same balloon make 5 or 6 passes at the targets, simply by working the "Box" to keep returning to the field.
Location[edit]
Balloon Fiesta Park, from which the balloons are launched, is located on the northern edge of the city. In 2005, the Anderson-Abruzzo Albuquerque International Balloon Museum was opened on the grounds; it focuses on the last three decades of the festival, and on the history of ballooning.
See also[edit]
Hot air balloon festivals
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dixon, Chris (July 20, 2007). "Up, Up and Gently Away". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta, Albuquerque Hot Air Balloon Rides, Albuquerque Balloon F
Jump up ^ "2001 Balloon Fissta to Launch an Estimated 750 Balloons". Air Sports International. December 2000. Archived from the original on 2010-01-09. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/blog/morning-edition/2015/11/by-the-numbersballoon-fiesta-saw-big-visitor.html
Jump up ^ "Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta presented by Canon". © 2017-2018 Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta, Inc. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta.
Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta official site
Video Tour of the Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta
Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta article
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albuquerque_International_Balloon_Fiesta&oldid=841325102"
Categories:
Hot air balloon festivals
Culture of Albuquerque, New Mexico
Tourist attractions in Albuquerque, New Mexico
Recurring events established in 1972
Festivals in New Mexico
Sports festivals in the United States
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text:
Lisa Robin Kelly
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other people named Lisa Kelly, see Lisa Kelly.
Lisa Robin Kelly
Kelly as Laurie Forman on That '70s Show
Born
(1970-03-05)March 5, 1970
Southington, Connecticut, U.S.
Died
August 15, 2013(2013-08-15) (aged 43)
Altadena, California, U.S.
Cause of death
Accidental drug intoxication[1]
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1992–2012
Spouse(s)
Robert Joseph Gilliam (m. 2012; her death 2013) [1]
Lisa Robin Kelly (March 5, 1970 – August 15, 2013)[1] was an American actress. She was best known for her role as Laurie Forman on the TV series That '70s Show.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Legal issues
4 Death
5 Filmography
5.1 Film
5.2 Television
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Kelly was born and raised in Southington, Connecticut.[2][3] Her parents were Thomas Carl Kelly and Linda Diane (née Grimm) Kelly.[1]
Career[edit]
Kelly made her debut in the 1992 Married... with Children episode "Kelly Doesn't Live Here Anymore". She appeared again in 1997 in episodes of Silk Stalkings and on Charmed in 1999, as well as in direct-to-video and television films such as Amityville Dollhouse, Late Last Night, and Jawbreaker.
Kelly played Laurie Forman, the older sister of Eric Forman, on That '70s Show. She abruptly left the show midway through the third season, and her character was written out of the show to "attend beauty school". She returned to the show in the fifth season for four episodes but was replaced with Christina Moore in the sixth season. In an interview with ABC News, she admitted that "with That '70s Show I was guilty of a drinking problem, and I ran", blaming her alcoholism on the loss of a baby.[4]
Legal issues[edit]
In August 2010, Kelly was arrested in North Carolina on a charge of driving under the influence.[5] In November 2010, she pleaded guilty and was fined and sentenced to 12 months of unsupervised probation.[6]
On March 31, 2012, Kelly was arrested on a felony charge of corporal injury upon a spouse and was released on $50,000 bail. The charge was based on a complaint filed by her ex-boyfriend, John Michas.[7][8] She later made public statements saying that she was the one who had been assaulted and denied Michas' claim that she assaulted him.[8][9] The Los Angeles County District Attorney declined to file charges.[10]
In November 2012, police in Mooresville, North Carolina arrested the 42-year-old Kelly and her 61-year-old husband, Robert Joseph Gilliam, after responding to a disturbance at their home. Both were charged with assault and released on bond.[11][12] She later filed for divorce and a restraining order against Gilliam.[13]
On June 23, 2013, Kelly was arrested for a suspected DUI when law enforcement responded to a call about a parked car blocking a lane of traffic on the I-5 freeway. She subsequently failed a field-sobriety test.[14]
Death[edit]
Days after checking into Pax Rehab House in Altadena, California, Kelly died in her sleep at the facility on August 15, 2013, aged 43.[1] On January 3, 2014, the Los Angeles Department of Coroner concluded that her death was due to an accidental unspecified oral "multiple drug intoxication".[15][16][17][18] In June 2014, Kelly's estranged husband filed a lawsuit against the rehabilitation center where she was being treated and subsequently died, claiming negligence.[13][19]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1994 Relentless IV: Ashes to Ashes Sherrie
1995 Payback Teenage Girl
1996 Amityville Dollhouse Dana
1997 Performance Anxiety[20]
1998 Survivor, TheThe Survivor[20]
1999 Kill the Man Nan
1999 Jawbreaker Cheerleader #2
1999 Clubland Carla
2005 Food Chain: A Hollywood Scarytale, TheThe Food Chain: A Hollywood Scarytale[20]
2012 SUX2BME[21]
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1992 Married... with Children Carol Episode: "Kelly Doesn't Live Here Anymore"
1994 Silk Stalkings Gina Nelson Episode: "Killer Cop"
1994 Renegade Debbie Episode: "Sheriff Reno"
1994 Cries Unheard: The Donna Yaklich Story Charlie Greenwell's Girlfriend Television film
1995 Platypus Man Brandi Episode: "NYPD Nude"
1995 ABC Afterschool Special Ashley Episode: "Fast Forward"
1995 Sisters Kristy Episode: "Deceit"
1995 Murphy Brown Student Episode: "The Feminine Critique"
1995 Spring Fling![20] Television film
1995 Terror in the Shadows[20] Television film
1996 X-Files, TheThe X-Files Terri Roberts Episode: "Syzygy"
1996 Hope and Gloria Debbee Episode: "Sit Down, You're Rockin' the Funicular"
1996 Days of Our Lives Jill Stevens
1996 Suddenly[20] Television film
1997 Married... with Children Heather Talrico Episode: "Breaking Up is Easy to Do: Part 1"
1997 Jenny Real World Actress Episode: "A Girl's Gotta Live in the Real World"
1997 Alone[20] Television film
1998 Poltergeist: The Legacy Janine Kinsey Episode: "Hell Hath No Fury"
1998 Fantasy Island Regina Episode: "Pilot"
1998 Buddy Faro Rita Nardo Episode: "Ain't That a Kick in the Head"
1998 Net, TheThe Net Lucy Episode: "Lucy's Life"
1998 Young Hearts Unlimited[20] Television film
1998–2003 That '70s Show Laurie Forman Recurring role, 50 episodes
1999 Charmed Daisy Episode: "Love Hurts"
1999 Late Last Night Tristan Television film
2002 Alikes[20] Television film
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Lisa Robin Kelly Informational Death Certificate" (PDF). County of Los Angeles Department of Public Health via TMZ.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gebeau, Jeff (August 16, 2013). "Cousin recalls late TV actress who was born in Southington". Record-Journal. Meriden, Connecticut. Archived from the original on August 21, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lisa Robin Kelly profile". Hartford Courant. Hartford, Connecticut. July 6, 2013. Archived from the original on November 19, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2013. Photo caption.
Jump up ^ "Lisa Robin Kelly of That '70s Show Seeks Comeback". ABC News. 2012-04-05. Archived from the original on July 6, 2014. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
Jump up ^ Staff (December 20, 2010). "70s Show Star Guilty in Drunk Driving Case". TMZ.com. Retrieved April 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "70s Show Star Guilty in Drunk Driving Case". TMZ.com. December 20, 2010. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Staff (March 31, 2012). "That '70s Show Star Lisa Robin Kelly Arrested for Spousal Abuse". TMZ.com. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lisa Robin Kelly of That '70s Show bemoans 'that picture'". Los Angeles Times. April 5, 2012. Archived from the original on January 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "That '70s Show Star Lisa Robin Kelly – I'm INNOCENT ... My Roommate Attacked Himself!". TMZ.com. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
Jump up ^ "That '70s Show Star Lisa Robin Kelly – Off the Hook in Domestic Violence Case". TMZ.com. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
Jump up ^ "That '70s Show star arrested in North Carolina". Associated Press. November 28, 2012. Archived from the original on November 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "That '70s Show Star Lisa Robin Kelly -- Arrested for Assault". TMZ.com. November 27, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Lisa Robin Kelly obituary, nytimes.com, August 16, 2013; accessed December 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lisa Robin Kelly Arrested - That '70s Show Star Busted on Suspicion of DUI". TMZ.com. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
Jump up ^ Shira, Dahvi (January 3, 2014). "Lisa Robin Kelly Died from Multiple Drug Intoxication". People. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kenneally, Tim (January 3, 2014). "That '70s Show Star Died From Multiple Drugs, Coroner Says". TheWrap.com. Archived from the original on June 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "70s Show Actress Lisa Robin Kelly -- OD'd on 'Multiple Drugs". TMZ. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
Jump up ^ Harrison, Lily; Good, Lindsay (January 3, 2014). "Cause of death determined for That '70s Show Actress Lisa Robin Kelly". E! Online. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Baum, Gary (June 10, 2014). "Estranged Husband of That '70s Show Actress Sues Rehab Where She Overdosed". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on November 19, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Lentz, Harris M. III (2014). Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 2013. McFarland & Co. p. 190. ISBN 978-0786476657.
Jump up ^ Lentz, p. 191
External links[edit]
Lisa Robin Kelly on IMDb
LisaRobinKelly.com at the Wayback Machine (archived March 13, 2005)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 304892580
LCCN: n2013041515
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Robin_Kelly&oldid=800971206"
Categories:
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20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Accidental deaths in California
American film actresses
American soap opera actresses
American television actresses
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People from Southington, Connecticut
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This page was last edited on 16 September 2017, at 21:42.
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