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Anne of Green Gables
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This article is about the novel. For other uses, see Anne of Green Gables (disambiguation).
Anne of Green Gables
First edition.
Author
Lucy Maud Montgomery
Illustrator
M. A. and W. A. J. Claus
Country
Written and set in Canada, published in the United States[1][2]
Language
English
Series
Anne of Green Gables
Subject
little orphan girl
Genre
Novel
Set in
Prince Edward Island, 1876–81
Published
June 1908 (L.C. Page & Co.)[3]
Followed by
Anne of Avonlea
Text
Anne of Green Gables at Wikisource
Anne of Green Gables is a 1908 novel by Canadian author Lucy Maud Montgomery (published as L. M. Montgomery). Written for all ages, it has been considered a classic children's novel since the mid-twentieth century. Set in the late 19th century, the novel recounts the adventures of Anne Shirley, an 11-year-old orphan girl, who was mistakenly sent to two middle-aged siblings; Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert, originally intending to adopt a boy to help them on their farm in the fictional town of Avonlea on Prince Edward Island. The novel recounts how Anne makes her way through life with the Cuthberts, in school, and within the town.
Since its publication, Anne of Green Gables has sold more than 50 million copies and has been translated into at least 36 languages. Montgomery wrote numerous sequels, and since her death, another sequel has been published, as well as an authorized prequel. The original book is taught to students around the world.[4]
The book has been adapted as films, made-for-television movies, and animated and live-action television series. Musicals and plays have also been created, with productions annually in Canada since 1964 of the first musical production, which has toured in Canada, the United States, Europe, and Japan.[5][6][7]
Contents
1 Background
2 Plot summary
3 Characters
3.1 Green Gables household
3.2 Anne's schoolmates
3.3 Avonlea's locals
3.4 Others
4 Related works
5 Tourism and merchandising
6 Legacy and honours
7 Adaptations
7.1 Films
7.2 Literature
7.3 Radio productions
7.4 Stage productions
7.5 Television movies
7.6 Television series
7.7 Web productions
8 Parodies
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
Background[edit]
The portrait of Evelyn Nesbit by Rudolf Eickemeyer Jr. which inspired Montgomery.[8]
In writing the novel, Montgomery was inspired by notes she had made as a young girl about a couple who were mistakenly sent an orphan girl instead of the boy they had requested yet decided to keep her. She drew upon her own childhood experiences in rural Prince Edward Island, Canada. Montgomery used a photograph of Evelyn Nesbit, which she had clipped from New York's Metropolitan Magazine and put on the wall of her bedroom, as the model for the face of Anne Shirley and a reminder of her "youthful idealism and spirituality."[8]
Montgomery was also inspired by the "formula Ann" orphan stories (called such because they followed such a predictable formula) which were popular at the time and distinguished her character by spelling her name with an extra "e".[9][10] She based other characters, such as Gilbert Blythe, in part on people she knew. She said she wrote the novel in the twilight of the day, while sitting at her window and overlooking the fields of Cavendish.[11]
Plot summary[edit]
Anne attacks Gilbert
Anne Shirley, a young orphan from the fictional community of Bolingbroke, Nova Scotia (based upon the real community of New London, Prince Edward Island),[12][13] is sent to live with Marilla and Matthew Cuthbert, siblings in their fifties and sixties, after a childhood spent in strangers' homes and orphanages. Marilla and Matthew had originally decided to adopt a boy from the orphanage to help Matthew run their farm at Green Gables, which is set in the fictional town of Avonlea. Through a misunderstanding, the orphanage sends Anne instead.
Anne is highly imaginative, eager to please and, at times, quite a dramatic individual. However, she is defensive about her appearance, despising her red hair and pale, thin frame. She is often quite talkative, especially when it comes to describing her fantasies and dreams. At first, stern and sharp Marilla says Anne must return to the orphanage, but after much observation and considering, along with Matthew's strong liking to Anne, she decides to let her stay.
As a child of imagination, Anne takes much joy in life and adapts quickly, thriving in the close-knit farming village. Her imagination and talkativeness soon brighten up Green Gables.
The book recounts Anne's adventures in making a home: the country school where she quickly excels in her studies; her friendship with Diana Barry, the girl living next door (her best or "bosom friend" as Anne fondly calls her); her budding literary ambitions; and her rivalry with her classmate Gilbert Blythe, who teases her about her red hair. For that, he earns her instant hatred, although he apologizes many times. As time passes, Anne realizes she no longer hates Gilbert but cannot bring herself to speak to him.
The book also follows Anne's adventures with her new-found friends. Episodes include her play-time with her friends Diana, a calm girl named Jane Andrews and a good-natured but often hysterical girl called Ruby Gillis, and her run-ins with the unpleasant Pye sisters Gertie and Josie; and domestic mishaps such as dyeing her hair green while intending to dye it black, and accidentally getting Diana drunk by giving her what she thought was raspberry cordial but turned out to be currant wine.
At sixteen, Anne goes to Queen's Academy to earn a teaching license, along with Gilbert, Ruby, Josie, Jane, and several other students, excluding Diana, much to Anne's dismay. She obtains her license in one year instead of the usual two and wins the Avery Scholarship for the top student in English. This scholarship would allow her to pursue a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree at the fictional Redmond College (based on the real Dalhousie University) on the mainland in Nova Scotia.
Near the end of the book, however, tragedy strikes when Matthew dies of a heart attack after learning that all of his and Marilla's money has been lost in a bank failure. Out of devotion to Marilla and Green Gables, Anne gives up the scholarship to stay at home and help Marilla, whose eyesight is failing. She plans to teach at the Carmody school, the nearest school available, and return to Green Gables on weekends. In an act of friendship, Gilbert Blythe gives up his teaching position at the Avonlea School to work at the White Sands School instead, knowing that Anne wants to stay close to Marilla after Matthew's death. After this kind act, Anne and Gilbert's friendship is cemented, and Anne looks forward to what life will bring next.
Characters[edit]
Diana and Anne
Green Gables household[edit]
Anne Shirley: An imaginative, talkative, red-headed orphan who comes to live with Matthew Cuthbert and Marilla Cuthbert. Anne is very sensitive and dislikes the colour of her hair. She exhibits categorical interest in everything romantic.
Marilla Cuthbert: Matthew's sister, she is an austere but fair woman who objects to Anne's imaginative, unusual conduct on the grounds of its being part of the same group of behavioral misconducts that bring about dereliction of responsibility or produce a disrespectful personal image. Life experience with Anne, however, profoundly affects Marilla's ways; in a very early instance, she experiences first-hand how worthless a confession under duress could be. Although conservative and austere, she is fond of Anne and has the glimmerings of a sense of humor.
Matthew Cuthbert: Marilla's brother, he is an overly shy, albeit kind, old man with a lumbering frame and above-average strength. Matthew takes a liking to Anne from the start and the two become fast friends. Because Marilla has primary responsibility for rearing the girl, he has no qualms about "spoiling" her and indulging her in pretty clothes and other frivolities.
Anne's schoolmates[edit]
Diana Barry: Anne's bosom friend and a kindred spirit. Anne and Diana become best friends from the moment they meet. She is the only girl of Anne's age who lives close to Green Gables. Anne admires Diana for being pretty and for her amiable disposition. Diana lacks Anne's powerful imagination but is a loyal friend.
Gilbert Blythe: A handsome, smart, witty and chivalrous classmate who has a crush on Anne the moment he sees her. Unaware of Anne's near-pathological sensitivity about her red hair, he tries to get Anne's attention by holding her braid and calling her "Carrots". Anne's explosively hostile reaction only causes Gilbert to be more smitten. He makes several attempts to apologize, the failure of all of which do not seem to mar his admiration. He attempts to apologize one last time when he saves Anne from drowning; Anne crassly rebuffs this attempt, only to regret it almost immediately. Years later, he gives up his job offer of teaching at the Avonlea school so that Anne may live at Green Gables, upon which the two reconcile and become good friends (and eventually marry).
Ruby Gillis: Another of Anne's friends. Having several "grown up" sisters, Ruby loves to share her knowledge of beaux with her friends. Ruby is portrayed as traditionally beautiful with long golden hair. She is hysterical and suffers from consumption (tuberculosis).
Jane Andrews: One of Anne's friends from school, she is plain and sensible. She does well enough academically to join Anne's class at Queen's.
Josie Pye: A classmate generally disliked by the other girls (as are her siblings), Josie is vain, dishonest, and jealous of Anne's popularity.
Avonlea's locals[edit]
Mrs. Rachel Lynde: A neighbour of Matthew and Marilla, Mrs. Lynde is an amalgamation of vices and virtues. Mrs. Lynde is industrious and helpful, and does work for the church, yet she is famous for being nosy and condescending. Although she and Anne start off on the wrong foot, owing to Mrs. Lynde's blunt criticism and Anne's short temper, they soon become quite close. Mrs. Lynde is married and has raised ten children, although her husband, Thomas Lynde, is mentioned briefly and never speaks.
Mr. Phillips: Anne's first teacher at Avonlea, Mr. Phillips is unpopular with students, because of his boring and crude ways. In Anne's case, he continually misspells her name (without the "E") and punishes only her among twelve pupils who arrive late. He is described as lacking discipline, and "courts" one of his pupils openly.
Miss Muriel Stacy: Anne's energetic replacement teacher. Her warm and sympathetic nature appeals to her students, but Avonlea's conservative parents disapprove of her liberal teaching methods. She forms a special relationship with Anne, who views her as a mentor. Miss Stacy encourages Anne to develop her character and intellect and helps prepare her for the entrance exam at Queen's Academy, where she finishes in a tie for first with Gilbert Blythe.
Reverend and Mrs. Allan: The minister and his wife also befriend Anne, with Mrs. Allan becoming particularly close. She is described as pretty.
Mr. & Mrs. Barry: Diana's parents. Mr. Barry farms. Near the end of the book, he offers to rent some tracts to help out Anne and Marilla, after Matthew's death. Mrs. Barry has a severe personality, expecting her children to follow strict rules. After Anne accidentally gets Diana drunk, Mrs. Barry rejects the girl, forbidding Diana to have anything to do with Anne. This sanction is repealed after Anne saves Minnie May.
Minnie May Barry: Diana's baby sister, whose life is saved by Anne when she comes down with croup.
Others[edit]
Miss Josephine Barry: Diana's great-aunt. Initially portrayed in a negative light, she is quickly charmed by Anne's imagination, and eventually invites her and Diana to tea. She refers to Anne as "the Anne-girl" and even sends Anne beaded slippers as a Christmas present.
Mrs. Hammond: Anne had lived with her for a portion of her pre-Green-Gables life. She was very mean as a result of her husband′s death. Anne was treated more as a maid in her home than as a daughter or friend.
Related works[edit]
Based on the popularity of her first book, Montgomery wrote a series of sequels to continue the story of her heroine Anne Shirley. They are listed chronologically below, by Anne's age in each of the novels.
Lucy Maud Montgomery's books on Anne Shirley:
№
Book
Date published
Anne Shirley's age
Timeline year
1 Anne of Green Gables 1908 11–16 1876–1881
2 Anne of Avonlea 1909 16–18 1881–1883
3 Anne of the Island 1915 18–22 1883–1887
4 Anne of Windy Poplars (Canada and USA)
Anne of Windy Willows (UK and Australia) 1936 22–25 1887–1890
5 Anne's House of Dreams 1917 25–27 1890–1892
6 Anne of Ingleside 1939 34–40 1899–1905
The following books focus on Anne's children, or on other family friends. Anne appears in these volumes, but plays a lesser part.
№
Book
Date published
Anne Shirley's age
Timeline year
7 Rainbow Valley 1919 41–43 1906–1908
8 Rilla of Ingleside 1921 49–53 1914–1918
9 The Blythes Are Quoted 2009 40–75 1905–1940
Anne Shirley features in one story (and is referenced in other stories) in each of the following collections:
№
Book
Date published
Anne Shirley's age
Timeline year
— Chronicles of Avonlea 1912 approx. 20 1885
— Further Chronicles of Avonlea 1920 approx. 20 1885
The prequel, Before Green Gables (2008), was written by Budge Wilson with authorization of heirs of L. M. Montgomery.
Tourism and merchandising[edit]
The Green Gables farmhouse located in Cavendish
Sign marking trail through Balsam Hollow
The province and tourist facilities have highlighted the local connections to the internationally popular novels. Anne of Green Gables has been translated into 36 languages.[14][15] "Tourism by Anne fans is an important part of the Island economy".[16] Merchants offer items based on the novels.
The Green Gables farmhouse is located in Cavendish, Prince Edward Island. Many tourist attractions on Prince Edward Island have been developed based on the fictional Anne, and provincial licence plates once bore her image.[17] Balsam Hollow, the forest that inspired the Haunted Woods and Campbell Pond, the body of water which inspired The Lake of Shining Waters, both described in the book, are located in the vicinity.[18] In addition, the Confederation Centre of the Arts has featured the wildly successful Anne of Green Gables musical on its mainstage every summer for over five decades.[19] The Anne of Green Gables Museum is located in Park Corner, PEI, in a home that inspired L.M. Montgomery.[20]
The novel has been very popular in Japan, where it is known as Red-haired Anne,[21][22] and where it has been included in the national school curriculum since 1952. 'Anne' is revered as "an icon" in Japan, especially since 1979 when this story was broadcast as anime, Anne of Green Gables. Japanese couples travel to Prince Edward Island to have civil wedding ceremonies on the grounds of the Green Gables farm. Some Japanese girls arrive as tourists with red-dyed hair styled in pigtails, to look like Anne.[23] In 2014, Asadora 'Hanako to Anne' (Hanako Muraoka is the first translator in Japan) was broadcast and Anne became popular among old and young alike.
A replica of the Green Gables house in Cavendish is located in the theme park Canadian World in Ashibetsu, Hokkaido, Japan. The park was a less expensive alternative for Japanese tourists instead of traveling to P.E.I. The park hosted performances featuring actresses playing Anne and Diana. The theme park is open during the summer season with free admission, though there are no longer staff or interpreters.[24]
The Avonlea theme park near Cavendish and the Cavendish Figurines shop have trappings so that tourists may dress like the book's characters for photos.[25] Souvenir shops throughout Prince Edward Island offer numerous foods and products based on details of the 'Anne Shirley' novels. Straw hats for girls with sewn-in red braids are common, as are bottles of raspberry cordial soda.[26] In the first book, Lucy Maud Montgomery established the cordial soda as the favorite beverage of Anne, who declares: "I just love bright red drinks!"
Panorama of Green Gable farmhouse and grounds in Cavendish
Entrance to Anne of Green Gables Museum in Park Corner
Legacy and honours[edit]
Buildings
The popularity of the books and subsequent film adaptations is credited with inspiring the design and naming of buildings "Green Gables". An example still standing is an apartment block called "Green Gables" built in the 1930s, in New Farm, Queensland, Australia.[27]
Museum
Bala's Museum, located in Bala, Ontario, Canada, is a house museum established in 1992 and dedicated to Lucy M. Montgomery information and heritage. The house was a tourist home owned by Fanny Pike when Montgomery and her family stayed there on a summer vacation in 1922. That visit to the region inspired the novel The Blue Castle (1926).[28] The town is named Deerwood in the novel; this was Montgomery's only narrative setting outside Atlantic Canada.[29][30][31]
Postage stamps
On May 15, 1975, Canada Post issued Lucy Maud Montgomery, Anne of Green Gables designed by Peter Swan and typographed by Bernard N.J. Reilander. The 8¢ stamps are perforated 13 and were printed by Ashton-Potter Limited.[32]
In 2008, Canada Post issued two postage stamps and a souvenir sheet honouring Anne and the "Green Gables" house.[33]
Reading lists
In 2003, Anne of Green Gables was ranked number 41 in The Big Read, a survey of the British public by BBC to determine the "nation's best-loved novel" (not children's novel).[34]
In 2012, it was ranked number nine among all-time children's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal, a monthly with primarily U.S. audience.[35]
Adaptations[edit]
Films[edit]
Anne of Green Gables (1919), a silent film adapted to the screen by Frances Marion, directed by William Desmond Taylor, and starring Mary Miles Minter as Anne; this is considered a lost film.
Anne of Green Gables (1934), directed by George Nichols Jr. and starring Dawn O'Day as Anne Shirley; after filming, O'Day changed her screen name to Anne Shirley.
Anne of Windy Poplars (1940) – directed by Jack Hively, is a black & white "talkie" starring Dawn O'Day as Anne Shirley, now billed as "Anne Shirley".
Anne of Green Gables (TBA), an upcoming feature film version of Anne of Green Gables: The Musical.[36]
Literature[edit]
Ana of California: A Novel (2015), by Andi Teran, is a "contemporary spin on Anne of Green Gables. The lead character of Anne Shirley has been adapted to Ana Cortez, a 15-year-old orphan who "can't tell a tomato plant from a blackberry bush" when she leaves East Los Angeles for the Northern California farm of Emmett and Abbie Garber.[37]
Radio productions[edit]
Anne of Green Gables (1941), a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Home Service Basic, adapted into four parts by Muriel Levy, and starring Cherry Cottrell as Anne.[4]
Anne of Green Gables (1944), a recreation of the 1941 BBC Radio drama, produced and broadcast by BBC Home Service Basic.[38]
Anne of Green Gables (1954), a Canadian radio drama produced and broadcast by CBC Radio, adapted into 13 parts by Andrew Allen and starring Toby Tarnow as Anne.[39]
Anna zo Zeleného domu (1966), a Slovak radio drama produced and broadcast by Czechoslovak Radio, starring Anna Bučinská as Anne.[40]
Anne of Green Gables (1971), a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Radio 4, adapted into 13 parts by Cristina Sellors, and read by Ann Murray.[41]
Anne of Green Gables (1997), a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Radio 4, dramatized into five parts by Marcy Kahan and starred Barbara Barnes as Anne.[42]
Stage productions[edit]
Anne of Green Gables: The Musical, performed annually in the summer, at Charlottetown Festival, since 1965, this is Canada's longest-running main stage musical production, and has had a total audience of more than 2 million.[43][44][45] Anne of Green Gables – The Musical was composed by Canadians Don Harron and Norman Campbell, with lyrics by Elaine Campbell and Mavor Moore. The production has been performed before Queen Elizabeth II and it has toured across Canada, the United States, and Europe. In 1969, it had a run in London's West End. The Charlottetown Festival production performed at the 1970 World's Fair in Osaka, Japan. Walter Learning directed and organized a successful national tour of the musical in Japan in 1991.[46]
The Guild in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, hosts Anne and Gilbert, The Musical. Written by Nancy White, Bob Johnston, and Jeff Hochhauser, the production is based on Montgomery's sequels featuring Anne Shirley.[47]
The Nine Lives of L.M. Montgomery, a musical adapted from Montgomery's novel and her life, opened at Kings Playhouse in Georgetown, Prince Edward Island on June 20, 2008, the 100th anniversary of the book's publication. With book and lyrics by Adam-Michael James and music by Emmy-nominated composer Leo Marchildon, the musical depicts events from Montgomery's life and features as characters heroines from all of her novels. Anne figures prominently, and is shown from age 12 into her 40s. Gilbert Blythe also appears. The show's second production was at the Carrefour Theatre in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island and opened July 11, 2009. Both years, the musical was nominated for The Prince Edward Island Museum and Heritage Foundation's Wendell Boyle Award. In July 2010, a concert version of the show toured Prince Edward Island, with four performances at Green Gables.[48]
Theatreworks USA, a New York-based children's theatre company, produced an Anne of Green Gables musical in 2006 at the Lucille Lortel Theatre. A revived production, with musical contributions from Gretchen Cryer, is planned to tour grade-schools.[49]
The Peterborough Players, based in Peterborough, New Hampshire, staged an adaptation by Joseph Robinette of Anne of Green Gables in August 2009.[50]
Anne and Gilbert is a musical adaptation of the books Anne of Avonlea and Anne of the Island. It depicts the relationship of Anne and Gilbert during their years as teachers and college students, as well as their return to Avonlea.[51]
Television movies[edit]
Anne of Green Gables (1956), a made-for-television musical version directed by Norman Campbell and starring Toby Tarnow as Anne.
Anne de Green Gables (1957), a French-Canadian television film directed by Jacques Gauthier, starring Mireille Lachance as Anne Shirley.
Anne of Green Gables (1958), a recreation of the 1956 film directed by Don Harron, starring Kathy Willard as Anne.
Anne of Green Gables (1972), a British made-for-television 5-part mini-series directed by Joan Craft, starring Kim Braden as Anne.
Anne of Avonlea (1975), a British made-for-television 4-part mini-series directed by Joan Craft, starring Kim Braden as Anne.
Anne of Green Gables (1985), a CBC four-hour television mini series directed by Kevin Sullivan with Megan Follows as Anne.
Anne of Green Gables: The Sequel (1987), a sequel to the 1985 miniseries which aired on CBC and the Disney Channel as Anne of Avonlea: The Continuing Story of Anne of Green Gables.
Anne of Green Gables: The Continuing Story (2000), a television miniseries based upon the novels.
Anne: Journey to Green Gables (2005), an animated video film produced by Sullivan Entertainment and the prequel to Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series (2001–2002)
Anne of Green Gables: A New Beginning (2008), a television miniseries whose script is not based on the novels.
L.M. Montgomery's Anne of Green Gables (2016), a 90-minute made-for-television adaptation of the book by Breakthrough Films & Television, which began filming in Toronto in May 2015.[52][53] Casting was held in February 2015.[54] (This replaces the previously announced 13-part series that had been set to film in 2013).[55] It was adapted by Susan Coyne, directed by John Kent Harrison, and stars Ella Ballentine as Anne.[56] The world premiere of the film, advertised under the abbreviated title Anne of Green Gables, on February 15, 2016 on YTV.
Anne of Green Gables: The Good Stars aired on YTV on February 20, 2017.
Anne of Green Gables: Fire & Dew, aired July 1, 2017 on YTV.
Television series[edit]
Anne as she appeared in the 1979 Japanese anime adaptation of Anne of Green Gables.
Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series
Anne of Green Gables (1952), a BBC television series starring Carole Lorimer as Anne.[57]
Akage no An (1979; Red-Haired Anne), an animated television series, part of Nippon Animation's World Masterpiece Theater, produced in Japan and directed by Isao Takahata.
Road to Avonlea (1990–1996) shown on CBC, a live-action television series produced by Kevin Sullivan, based upon characters and episodes from several of L.M. Montgomery's books, excluding Anne Shirley. Gilbert Blythe, Marilla Cuthbert, Rachel Lynde and other characters from the Anne books are included, and the series is set within the same continuity as Sullivan's 1980s miniseries.
Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series (2000), a PBS Kids animated series for older children ages eight to twelve, created by Sullivan Entertainment Inc.
Kon'nichiwa Anne: Before Green Gables (2009), part of the World Masterpiece Theater, this prequel to Akage no An is based on Budge Wilson's authorized prequel Before Green Gables (2008).
Anne with an E (2017–present), a dramatic television series produced and broadcast by CBC in Canada and released through Netflix internationally.[58][59]
Web productions[edit]
Green Gables Fables (2014–2016), an American-Canadian web series which conveys the story in the form of Tumblr posts, tweets, vlogs, and other social media. It is a modern adaptation of Anne of Green Gables and Anne of the Island, with many of its elements changed to better suit 21st-century culture. Mandy Harmon portrays the main character, Anne Shirley.[60]
Project Green Gables (2015–2016), a Finnish web series and a modern adaptation of Anne of Green Gables, which conveys the story in the form of vlogs. Laura Eklund Nhaga plays Anne Shirley.[61]
Parodies[edit]
As one of the most familiar characters in Canadian literature, Anne of Green Gables has been parodied by several Canadian comedy troupes, including CODCO (Anne of Green Gut) and The Frantics (Fran of the Fundy).
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Jump up ^ "In Production – ANNE OF GREEN GABLES TV Movie". Ontario Film Commission. May 15, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "MAJOR UPDATE: ANNE OF GREEN GABLES ADAPTATION BY BREAKTHROUGH ENTERTAINMENT". L.M. Montgomery Online. April 1, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Canada Wide Casting for Anne of Green Gables (Movie of the Week)". ACTpei. February 9, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Anne of Green Gables returns to TV". CBC News. June 11, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Anne of Green Gables Movies 1 X 90". Breakthrough Entertainment. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lorimer, Carole; Miller, Joan; Richardson, Charles; Young, Joan (1952-09-16), Anne of Green Gables, retrieved 2017-04-27
Jump up ^ "Anne of Green Gables set for new life on CBC-TV". CBC. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Netflix Boards CBC's 'Anne Of Green Gables' Adaptation; Niki Caro To Helm Premiere". Deadline. August 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "合宿免許を使うメリット – 合宿免許先を選ぶなら宿泊施設を見るべき？". www.greengablesfables.com.
Jump up ^ "About". www.projectgreengables.com. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
Bibliography[edit]
Bustard, Ned (January 2009). Anne of Green Gables Comprehension Guide. Veritas Press. ISBN 978-1-932168-79-2.
Campbell, Norman (1972). Anne of Green Gables. Samuel French, Inc. ISBN 978-0-573-68002-1.
Gammel, Irene (2008). Looking for Anne of Green Gables: The Story of L.M. Montgomery and her Literary Classic. authorized by the heirs of L. M. Montgomery.
Gammel, Irene; Benjamin Lefebvre (May 30, 2010). Anne's World: A New Century of Anne of Green Gables. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-1106-1.
Montgomery, Lucy Maud (June 3, 2008). The Green Gables Collection. Doubleday Canada. ISBN 978-0-385-66599-5.
Teran, Andi (June 2015). Ana of California. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-312649-2.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anne of Green Gables.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Anne of Green Gables
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Anne of Green Gables
The Anne of Green Gables and L. M. Montgomery Lexicon, collection of Anne book cover artwork, games, recipes, time line and more
Anne of Green Gables at Project Gutenberg
Anne of Green Gables at Faded Page (Canada)
Anne of Green Gables public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Anne of Green Gables Centenary
"L.M. Montgomery Research Centre", University of Guelph Library Archival & Special Collections.
Anne of Green Gables at L.M. Montgomery Online Formerly the L.M. Montgomery Research Group
"Top 100 Children's Novels #9". School Library Journal Blog. Retrieved 2012-05-20.
show
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e
Works by Lucy Maud Montgomery
Novels
Anne of Green Gables series
Anne of Green Gables (1908)
Anne of Avonlea (1909)
Anne of the Island (1915)
Anne of Windy Poplars (1936)
Anne's House of Dreams (1917)
Anne of Ingleside (1939)
Rainbow Valley (1919)
Rilla of Ingleside (1921)
Emily trilogy
Emily of New Moon (1923)
Emily Climbs (1925)
Emily's Quest (1927)
Pat of Silver Bush
Pat of Silver Bush (1932)
Mistress Pat (1935)
The Story Girl
The Story Girl (1911)
The Golden Road (1913)
Miscellaneous
Kilmeny of the Orchard (1910)
The Blue Castle (1926)
Magic for Marigold (1929)
A Tangled Web (1931)
Jane of Lantern Hill (1937)
Short story collections
Chronicles of Avonlea (1912)
Further Chronicles of Avonlea (1920)
The Blythes Are Quoted (2009)
Poetry
The Watchman & Other Poems (1916)
The Poetry of Lucy Maud Montgomery (1987)
Non-fiction
The Alpine Path: The Story of My Career (1917)
Courageous Women (1934) (with Marian Keith and Mabel Burns McKinley)
The Selected Journals of L. M. Montgomery, Vol. I–V (1985–2004)
show
v
t
e
The Anne of Green Gables series by L. M. Montgomery
Characters
Anne Shirley
Gilbert Blythe
Walter Blythe
Original novels
Anne of Green Gables (1908)
Anne of Avonlea (1909)
Anne of the Island (1915)
Anne of Windy Poplars (1936)
Anne's House of Dreams (1917)
Anne of Ingleside (1939)
Rainbow Valley (1919)
Rilla of Ingleside (1921)
Companion books
Chronicles of Avonlea (1912)
Further Chronicles of Avonlea (1920)
Before Green Gables (authorised prequel by Budge Wilson, 2008)
The Blythes Are Quoted (2009)
Films
Anne of Green Gables (1919)
Anne of Green Gables (1934)
Anne of Windy Poplars (1940)
Anne of Green Gables (1956)
Anne of Green Gables (1985)
Anne of Green Gables: The Sequel (1987)
Anne of Green Gables: The Continuing Story (2000)
Anne: Journey to Green Gables (2005)
Anne of Green Gables: A New Beginning (2008)
L.M. Montgomery's Anne of Green Gables (2016)
Television series
Anne of Green Gables (1972)
Anne of Avonlea (1975)
Anne of Green Gables (1979)
Road to Avonlea (1990-1996)
Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series (2000)
Kon'nichiwa Anne: Before Green Gables (2009)
Anne with an E (2017)
Stage
Anne of Green Gables: The Musical (since 1965)
Anne & Gilbert (since 2005)
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Avonlea
Green Gables
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GND: 4359421-9
LCCN: no2010143485
VIAF: 181345094
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne_of_Green_Gables&oldid=865096175"
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Contiguous United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"CONUS" redirects here. For the sea snail, see Conus.
This shows the contiguous United States and, in insets at the lower left, the two states that are not contiguous
The contiguous United States or officially the conterminous United States[1] consists of the 48 adjoining U.S. states (plus Washington, D.C.) on the continent of North America.[2] The terms exclude the non-contiguous states of Alaska and Hawaii, and all off-shore insular areas,[3][4] These differ from the related term continental United States which includes Alaska (also on the North American continent but separated from the 48 states by British Columbia, Canada) but excludes Hawaii and insular territories.[1]
The greatest distance (on a great circle route) entirely within the 48 contiguous states is 2,802 miles (4,509 km, between Florida and the State of Washington);[5] the greatest north-south line is 1,650 miles (2,660 km).[6]
Together, the 48 contiguous states and Washington, D.C. occupy a combined area of 3,119,884.69 square miles (8,080,464.3 km2). Of this area, 2,959,064.44 square miles (7,663,941.7 km2) is contiguous land, composing 83.65% of total U.S. land area, similar to the area of Australia.[7] Officially, 160,820.25 square miles (416,522.5 km2) of the contiguous United States is water area, composing 62.66% of the nation's total water area.
The contiguous United States would be placed 5th in the list of sovereign states and dependencies by area; the total area of the country, including Alaska and Hawaii, ranks fourth. Brazil is the only country that is larger in total area than the contiguous United States, but smaller than the entire United States, while Russia, Canada and China are the only three countries larger than both. The 2010 census population of this area was 306,675,006, comprising 99.33% of the nation's population, and a density of 103.639 inhabitants/sq mi (40.015/km2), compared to 87.264/sq mi (33.692/km2) for the nation as a whole.[8]
Contents
1 Other terms
1.1 Continental United States
1.2 CONUS and OCONUS
1.3 The lower 48
1.4 Zone of the Interior
2 Terms used in the non-contiguous states
2.1 Alaska
2.2 Hawaii
3 Non-contiguous areas within the contiguous United States
4 List of contiguous U.S. states
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links
Other terms[edit]
While conterminous U.S. has the precise meaning of contiguous U.S. (both adjectives meaning "sharing a common boundary"), other terms commonly used to describe the 48 contiguous states have a greater degree of ambiguity.
Continental United States[edit]
Because Alaska is also on the North American continent, the term continental United States would also include that state, so the term is sometimes qualified with the explicit inclusion or exclusion of Alaska to resolve any ambiguity.[3][9][10][11] The term was in use prior to the admission of Alaska and Hawaii as states of the United States and at that time usually excluded outlying territories of the United States.[12][13] However, even before Alaska became a state, it was sometimes included within the "Continental U.S."[14]
CONUS and OCONUS[edit]
CONUS, a technical term used by the U.S. Department of Defense, General Services Administration, NOAA/National Weather Service, and others, has been defined both as the continental United States, and as the 48 contiguous states.[15][16] The District of Columbia is not always specifically mentioned as being part of CONUS.[16]
OCONUS is derived from CONUS with O for outside added, thus referring to Outside of Continental United States (OCONUS).[15][17]
The lower 48[edit]
The term lower 48 is also used to refer to the conterminous United States. The National Geographic style guide recommends the use of contiguous or conterminous United States instead of lower 48 when the 48 states are meant, unless used in the context of Alaska.[18][19]
Zone of the Interior[edit]
During World War II, the first four numbered Air Forces of the USAAF were said to be assigned to the Zone of the Interior by the American military organizations of the time—the future states of Alaska and Hawaii, then each only territories of the Union, were respectively covered by the Eleventh Air Force and Seventh Air Force during WW II.[citation needed]
Terms used in the non-contiguous states[edit]
Both Alaskans and Hawaiians have unique labels for the contiguous United States because of their own locations relative to them.
Alaska[edit]
Main article: Outside (Alaska)
Alaska became the 49th state of the United States on January 3, 1959. Alaska is on the northwest end of the North American continent, but separated from the rest of the United States Pacific coast by the Canadian province of British Columbia. In Alaska, given the ambiguity surrounding the usage of continental, the term "continental United States" is almost unheard of when referring to the contiguous 48 states.[citation needed] Several other terms have been used over the years. The term Lower 48 has, for many years, been a common Alaskan equivalent for "contiguous United States";[20][21] today, more Alaskans use the term "Outside",[22][23] though a few persons may use "Outside" to refer to any location not within Alaska. [24]
Hawaii[edit]
Hawaii became the 50th state of the United States on August 21, 1959. It is the southernmost and so far, the latest state to join the Union. Not part of any continent, Hawaii is located in the Pacific Ocean, about 2,200 miles (3,500 km) from North America and almost halfway to Asia. In Hawaii and overseas American territories, for instance, the terms the Mainland or U.S. Mainland are often used to refer to the contiguous United States.[25]
Non-contiguous areas within the contiguous United States[edit]
Apart from off-shore US islands, a few continental portions of the contiguous US are accessible by road only by traveling through Canada. Point Roberts, Washington; Elm Point, Minnesota; and the Northwest Angle in Minnesota are three such places. Alburgh, Vermont, is not directly connected by land, but is accessible by road via bridges from within Vermont and from New York.[26]
List of contiguous U.S. states[edit]
The 48 contiguous United States are:
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Washington, D.C. (the U.S. capital, also referred to as the District of Columbia) is distinct from the state of Washington.
See also[edit]
Extreme points of the United States
Mainland
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "What constitutes the United States, what are the official definitions?". www.usgs.gov.
Jump up ^ "United Airlines website". Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2012. Contiguous United States: The 48 adjoining states and the District of Columbia.
^ Jump up to: a b Random House (1991). Random House Webster's College Dictionary. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-40110-5.
Jump up ^ These maps show the contiguous 48 states and D.C., but not Alaska and Hawaii.
"Military Bases in the Contiguous United States". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
"Soil Moisture Regimes of the Contiguous United States". U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Longest Line in America!". Retrieved October 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "HowStuffWorks "Geography of the United States - Geography"". Geography.howstuffworks.com. March 30, 2008. Retrieved October 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook". cia.gov.
Jump up ^ "Resident Population Data - 2010 Census". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 28, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ * "National Geographic Style Manual". Retrieved April 4, 2012. The continental United States comprises the 48 contiguous, or coterminous, states plus Alaska.
"United Cargo website". Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2012. Continental United States: The 48 adjoining states, Alaska and District of Columbia.
"Alaska Airlines website". Retrieved April 4, 2012. The Continental U.S. includes the lower 48 states as well as the State of Alaska, unless otherwise specified.
Rodda, William H (1949). Inland Marine and Transportation Insurance. Retrieved April 4, 2012. In the absence of any such statement, Alaska probably would be regarded as a part of the continental United States. (before statehood)
Jump up ^ "U.S. Navy Style Guide". Retrieved April 4, 2012. CONUS - "Continental United States" CONUS refers to the 48 contiguous states.
Jump up ^ Law, C.C.H. Tax (2007). Internal Revenue Code. ISBN 9780808015963. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. the term "United States mainland" means the continental United States (not including Alaska).
"... outside the continental United States (includes Alaska and Hawaii, as well as Canada and all foreign countries)... "Equimax candidate listing". Archived from the original on July 10, 2011. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Abstract of the 1900 Census (1904), p.xiii" (PDF). The area ... is continental United States, by which is meant that part of the United States lying on the continent of North America south of the Canadian boundary. It thus excludes Alaska and the recent insular accessions of Hawaii, Porto Rico (sic), the Philippine Islands, Guam, Samoa...
Jump up ^ "... merchandise to foreign countries from continental United states, Puerto Rico, and the territories of Alaska and Hawaii." United States Foreign Trade (1950-1953)
Jump up ^ "In the absence of any such statement, Alaska probably would be regarded as a part of the continental United States." Inland Marine and Transportation Insurance (1949)
^ Jump up to: a b "Per Diem Rates (CONUS and OCONUS)". United States General Services Administration.
^ Jump up to: a b "U.S. Navy Style Guide". CONUS - "Continental United States." CONUS refers to the 48 contiguous states. It is not synonymous with United States. CONUS is acceptable on first reference. "CONUS" seems to be used primarily by the American military and the Federal government and those doing business with them.
Jump up ^ "Glossary of Army Terms". Retrieved April 4, 2012. "OCONUS: Outside Continental United States
Jump up ^ "National Geographic Style Manual: conterminous, or contiguous, continental, continental United States". Retrieved April 4, 2012. Use contiguous, or conterminous, for the 48 states. The continental United States comprises the 48 contiguous, or conterminous, states plus Alaska.
Jump up ^ "National Geographic Style Manual: Alaska". Retrieved December 6, 2013. The continental United States includes Alaska.[] In Alaska context, lower forty-eight or lower 48 may be used. Do not hyphenate lower 48 as an adjective. The term outside may be put in quotes on first reference if ambiguous. To distinguish the 48 states from the 49 or 50, use contiguous or conterminous.
Jump up ^ "Learn to Speak Alaskan - Alaskan Language Tips - Princess Lodges". princesslodges.com.
Jump up ^ "ALASKA: State Profile". Archived from the original on January 26, 2010. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ski". google.com.
Jump up ^ "What are some things Alaska does differently from the contiguous states? - Quora". quora.com.
Jump up ^ Speaking Alaskan: Words Alaskans Say
Jump up ^ Edles, Laura Desfor (2003). "'Race,' 'Ethnicity,' and 'Culture' in Hawai'i: The Myth of the 'Model Minority' State". In Loretta I. Winters and Herman L. DeBose (ed.) New Faces in a Changing America: Multiracial Identity in the 21st Century. SAGE Publications. p. 241. ISBN 9780761923008.
Jump up ^ Ross, Oakland (June 3, 2011). "Orphans of the atlas". Toronto Star. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
External links[edit]
United States portal
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Contiguous United States.
Definition of continental
Definition of contiguous
Definition of coterminous and conterminous
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Contiguous_United_States&oldid=856622571"
Categories:
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Mayor of New York City
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Mayor of the City of New York
Flag of the Mayor
Incumbent
Bill de Blasio
since January 1, 2014
Style
His/Her Honor
Residence
Gracie Mansion
Seat
New York City Hall
Term length
Four years; may serve two consecutive terms
Constituting instrument
New York City Charter
Inaugural holder
Thomas Willett
Formation
17th century
Succession
New York City Public Advocate, then New York City Comptroller
Unofficial names
Hizzoner
Salary
$225,000
Website
www.nyc.gov/mayor
The Mayor of the City of New York is head of the executive branch of the Government of New York City. The mayor's office administers all city services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, and enforces all city, state and federal laws within New York City.
The budget, overseen by New York City Mayor's Office of Management and Budget, is the largest municipal budget in the United States at $82 billion a year.[1] The city employs 325,000 people, spends about $21 billion to educate more than 1.1 million students (the largest public school system in the United States) and levies $27 billion in taxes. It receives $14 billion from the state and federal governments.
The mayor's office is located in New York City Hall; it has jurisdiction over all five boroughs of New York City: Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Staten Island and Queens. The mayor appoints a large number of officials, including commissioners who head city departments, and his deputy mayors. The mayor's regulations are compiled in title 43 of the New York City Rules. According to current law, the mayor is limited to two consecutive four-year terms in office but may run again after a four year break. It was changed from two to three terms on October 23, 2008, when the New York City Council voted 29–22 in favor of passing the term limit extension into law.[2] However, in 2010, a referendum reverting the limit back to two terms passed overwhelmingly.[3]
The current mayor is Democrat Bill de Blasio, who was elected on November 5, 2013 and reelected to a second term on November 7, 2017.
Contents
1 History of the office
1.1 Tammany Hall
2 Deputy mayors
2.1 Notable former deputy mayors
3 Offices appointed
4 Board member
5 In popular culture
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History of the office[edit]
See also: List of mayors of New York City
Second inauguration of Mayor Michael Bloomberg on the steps of City Hall, 2006
In 1665, Governor Richard Nicolls appointed Thomas Willett as the first mayor of New York. For 156 years, the mayor was appointed and had limited power. Between 1783 and 1821 the mayor was appointed by the Council of Appointments in which the state's governor had the loudest voice. In 1821 the Common Council, which included elected members, gained the authority to choose the mayor. An amendment to the New York State Constitution in 1834 provided for the direct popular election of the mayor. Cornelius W. Lawrence, a Democrat, was elected that year.
Gracie Mansion has been the official residence of the mayor since Fiorello La Guardia's administration in 1942. Its main floor is open to the public and serves as a small museum.
The mayor is entitled to a salary of $258,750 a year.[4] Michael Bloomberg, mayor of the city from 2002 to 2013 and one of the richest people in the world,[5] declined the salary and instead was paid $1 yearly.
In 2000 direct control of the city's public school system was transferred to the mayor's office. In 2003 the reorganization established the New York City Department of Education.
Tammany Hall[edit]
Main article: Tammany Hall
"New York's new solar system": Tammany Hall revolves around Boss Croker in this 1899 cartoon in Puck.
Tammany Hall, which evolved from an organization of craftsmen into a Democratic political machine, gained control of Democratic Party nominations in the state and city in 1861. It played a major role in New York City politics into the 1960s and was a dominant player from the mayoral victory of Fernando Wood in 1854 through the era of Robert Wagner (1954–1965).
Deputy mayors[edit]
The Mayor of New York City may appoint several deputy mayors to help oversee major offices within the executive branch of the city government. The powers and duties, and even the number of deputy mayors, are not defined by the City Charter. The post was created by Fiorello La Guardia (who appointed Grover Whalen as deputy mayor) to handle ceremonial events that the mayor was too busy to attend. Since then, deputy mayors have been appointed with their areas of responsibility defined by the appointing mayor. There are currently five deputy mayors, all of whom report directly to the mayor. Deputy mayors do not have any right to succeed to the mayoralty in the case of vacancy or incapacity of the mayor. (The order of succession is the Public Advocate of the City of New York, then the Comptroller of the City of New York.[6])
The current deputy mayors are:
First deputy mayor: Dean Fuleihan[7]
Advises the mayor on citywide administrative, operational and policy matters.
Deputy mayor for housing and economic development: Alicia Glen[8]
Oversees and coordinates the operations of the Economic Development Corporation, the Department of Transportation, the Department of Buildings, the Department of City Planning, Department of Housing Preservation and Development, New York City Housing Development Corporation and related agencies.
Deputy mayor for health and human services: Herminia Palacio[8]
Oversees and coordinates the operations of the Human Resources Administration, Department of Homeless Services, the Administration for Children's Services, New York City Health and Hospitals, and related agencies.
Deputy mayor for operations: Laura Anglin[7]
Deputy mayor for strategic initiatives: J. Phillip Thompson[9]
Notable former deputy mayors[edit]
Lilliam Barrios-Paoli 2014–2016, Anthony Shorris 2014-2017, under Bill de Blasio
Daniel L. Doctoroff, Stephen Goldsmith 2010–2011, Patricia Harris 2002–2013, Robert K. Steel, Dennis M. Walcott, Howard Wolfson—under Michael Bloomberg
Joe Lhota—under Rudolph Giuliani
William Lynch 1990s—under David Dinkins
Herman Badillo 1977–1979—under Ed Koch
Robert W. Sweet 1966–1969
Offices appointed[edit]
Further information: List of New York City agencies
"The mayor has the power to appoint and remove the commissioners of more than 40 city agencies and members of City boards and commissions."[10] These include:
New York City Police Commissioner
New York City Fire Commissioner
New York City Criminal Court judges
New York City Marshals
New York City Schools Chancellor (as of 2002)
New York City Office of Management and Budget
Commissioner of Health of the City of New York
Board member[edit]
The Mayor of New York City is an ex-officio board member of the following organizations:[10]
American Museum of Natural History
Brooklyn Academy of Music
Brooklyn Botanic Garden
Brooklyn Children's Museum
Brooklyn Museum of Art
Brooklyn Public Library
Carnegie Hall
El Museo del Barrio
Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Museum of Jewish Heritage
Museum of the City of New York
New York Botanical Garden
New York Hall of Science
New York Public Library
New York Shakespeare Festival
Public Design Commission
National September 11 Memorial & Museum
Queens Borough Public Library
Queens Botanical Garden
Queens Museum of Art
Snug Harbor Cultural Center
Staten Island Botanical Garden
Staten Island Children's Museum
Staten Island Historical Society
Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences
Staten Island Zoo
Wave Hill
Wildlife Conservation Society
In popular culture[edit]
Local tabloid newspapers often refer to the mayor as "Hizzoner", a corruption of the title His Honor.
Spin City, a 1990s TV sitcom, starred Michael J. Fox as a deputy mayor of New York under Barry Bostwick's fictional Mayor Randall Winston.
Several mayors have appeared in television and movies, as well as on Broadway, most notably in The Will Rogers Follies. In the 1980s and '90s, Mayors Ed Koch and Rudy Giuliani appeared on Saturday Night Live on several occasions, sometimes mocking themselves in sketches. Giuliani and Bloomberg have both appeared, as themselves in their mayoral capacities, on episodes of Law & Order. Giuliani also appeared as himself in an episode of Seinfeld, titled "The Non-Fat Yogurt". Giuliani has made cameos in films such as The Out-of-Towners and Anger Management. Bloomberg has appeared on 30 Rock, Gossip Girl, Curb Your Enthusiasm and Horace and Pete.[11][12]
In "Recycled Koopa", an episode of The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3, King Koopa is dumping his garbage into New York, causing New Yorkers including the mayor to transform into mindless "Koopa Zombies". Although the episode aired during the term of David Dinkins, the mayor in the episode does not seem based on him.[13]
See also[edit]
List of mayors of New York City
New York City mayoral elections (since 1897)
Government of New York City
History of New York City
New York City Council
New York City Public Advocate
New York City Comptroller
New York City Board of Estimate (1897–1990)
Borough president
New York City Civil Court
New York City Criminal Court
New York City: the 51st State
References[edit]
Jump up ^ OMB (July 27, 2017). "The City of New York Adopted Budget: Expense, Revenue, Contract" (PDF).
Jump up ^ WCBS (October 23, 2008). "'Aye' And Mighty: Bloomberg's Wish Is Granted". Archived from the original on October 25, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Is Term Limit Vote a Big Smack at Mayor? – New York Daily News". New York. Archived from the original on June 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "League of Women Voters of the City of New York – About Us". Lwvnyc.org. Archived from the original on December 31, 2011. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Forbes Profile". Forbes. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Mayor". What Makes New York City Run? A Citizen's Guide To How City Government Works (trade)|format= requires |url= (help) (Third ed.). New York, N.Y.: League of Women Voters of the City of New York Education Fund. 2001. pp. 30–31. ISBN 0-916130-02-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Neuman, William; Goodman, J. David (November 30, 2017). "De Blasio Changes His Cabinet, but His Feud With Cuomo Remains". Retrieved December 1, 2017 – via www.nytimes.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "Office of the Mayor - Officials - City of New York". www1.nyc.gov. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "De Blasio appoints MIT professor as deputy mayor". February 23, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Office of the Mayor". New York City. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Michael Bloomberg". IMDb. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Episode #1.9". IMDb. March 26, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Recycled Koopa". Super Mario Wiki, the Mario encyclopedia. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
Mayor in the Rules of the City of New York
show
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Mayors of New York City from inception to consolidation (June 12, 1665 – December 31, 1897)
T. Willett
Delavall
T. Willett
Van Steenwyk
Delavall
Nicoll
J. Lawrence
Dervall
De Mayer
S. Van Cortlandt
Delavall
Rombouts
Dyre
Van Steenwyk
Minvielle
N. Bayard
S. Van Cortlandt
Delanoy
J. Lawrence
A. de Peyster
Lodwik
Merritt
J. de Peyster
Provost
De Reimer
Noell
French
Peartree
Wilson
J. Van Cortlandt
Heathcote
Johnstone
J. Van Cortlandt
Walters
Jansen
Lurting
Richard
Cruger
S. Bayard
Holland
Cruger Jr
Hicks
Mathews
Duane
Varick
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M. Willett
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Radcliff
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Ferguson
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Colden
Allen
Paulding
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Paulding
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C. Lawrence
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Brady
Havemeyer
Woodhull
Kingsland
Westervelt
Wood
Tiemann
Wood
Opdyke
Gunther
Hoffman
Coman
Hall
Havemeyer
Vance
Wickham
Ely
Cooper
Grace
Edson
Grace
Hewitt
Grant
Gilroy
Strong
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Mayors of the City of New York since the 1898 Consolidation
Van Wyck (1898–1901)
Low (1902–03)
McClellan (1904–09)
Gaynor (1910–13)
Kline (1913)
Mitchel (1914–17)
Hylan (1918–25)
Walker (1926–32)
McKee (1932)
O'Brien (1933)
LaGuardia (1934–45)
O'Dwyer (1946–50)
Impelitteri (1950–53)
Wagner (1954–65)
Lindsay (1966–73)
Beame (1974–77)
Koch (1978–89)
Dinkins (1990–93)
Giuliani (1994–2001)
Bloomberg (2002–13)
de Blasio (2014–)
show
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Mayoral elections in New York City
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