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Koch Industries
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Coordinates: 37°45′04″N 97°17′15″W / 37.7511°N 97.2874°W / 37.7511; -97.2874
Koch Industries, Inc.
Type
Private
Industry
Conglomerate
Founded
1940; 78 years ago (1940)
Founder
Fred C. Koch
Headquarters
Wichita, Kansas, U.S.
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Charles Koch
(Chairman & CEO)
David Koch
(Executive VP)
Products
Asphalt, chemicals, commodities trading, energy, fibers, fertilizers, finance, minerals, natural gas, plastics, petroleum, pulp and paper, ranching[1]
Revenue
US$115 billion (2016)[2][1]
Owner
Charles Koch (42%)
David Koch (42%)
Trusts for the benefit of Elaine Tettemer Marshall, Preston Marshall, and E. Pierce Marshall Jr. (16%)[3]
Number of employees
120,000 (2017)[2][1]
Subsidiaries
Georgia-Pacific, Guardian Industries, Flint Hills Resources, Invista, Molex
Website
www.kochind.com
Footnotes / references
[2][1]
Koch Industries, Inc. /koʊk/ is an American multinational corporation based in Wichita, Kansas. Its subsidiaries are involved in the manufacturing, refining, and distribution of petroleum, chemicals, energy, fiber, intermediates and polymers, minerals, fertilizers, pulp and paper, chemical technology equipment, ranching, finance, commodities trading, and investing. Koch owns Invista, Georgia-Pacific, Molex, Flint Hills Resources, Koch Pipeline, Koch Fertilizer, Koch Minerals, Matador Cattle Company, and Guardian Industries. The firm employs 120,000 people in 60 countries, with about half of its business in the United States.[1][2] The company is the largest landowner in the Athabasca oil sands.[4]
The company is the second largest privately held company in the United States after Cargill, with annual revenue of $115 billion.[5][6][7][8] In 2007, it was ranked as the largest privately held company.[9] If Koch Industries were a public company in 2013, it would have ranked 17th in the Fortune 500.[10]
The company was founded by its namesake, Fred C. Koch, in 1940 after he developed an innovative crude oil refining process.[11] Fred C. Koch died in 1967 and his majority interest in the company was split amongst his four sons. In June 1983, after a bitter legal and boardroom battle, the stakes of Frederick R. Koch and William "Bill" Koch were bought out for $1.1 billion and Charles Koch and David Koch became majority owners in the company.[12] Charles and David Koch each own 42% of the company and trusts for the benefit of Elaine Tettemer Marshall, the daughter in-law of J. Howard Marshall and Anna Nicole Smith, and her children, Preston Marshall and E. Pierce Marshall Jr., own 16% of the company.[3][13]
The company has used its freedom from the pressures of public markets to make long term bets and Charles Koch has stated that the company would go public "over my dead body."[14][15]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Predecessor companies
1.2 Koch Industries
2 Subsidiaries
2.1 Arteva Europe S.a.r.l.
2.2 Flint Hills Resources LP
2.3 Georgia-Pacific
2.4 Guardian Industries
2.5 INVISTA
2.6 Koch Ag & Energy Solutions
2.7 Koch Chemical Technology Group
2.8 Koch-Glitsch
2.8.1 Eta Process Plant
2.8.2 Koch Modular Process Systems
2.9 Koch Minerals
2.10 Koch Pipeline Company LP
2.11 Koch Supply & Trading
2.12 Matador Cattle Company
2.13 Molex
3 Environmental and safety record
4 Political activity
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Predecessor companies[edit]
In 1925, Fred C. Koch joined MIT classmate Lewis E. Winkler at an engineering firm in Wichita, Kansas, which was renamed the Winkler-Koch Engineering Company. In 1927, they developed a more efficient thermal cracking process for turning crude oil into gasoline. This process threatened the competitive advantage of established oil companies, which sued for patent infringement.[16] Temporarily forced out of business in the United States, they turned to other markets, including the Soviet Union, where Winkler-Koch built 15 cracking units between 1929 and 1932. During this time, Koch came to despise communism and Joseph Stalin's regime.[16][17] In his 1960 book, A Business Man Looks at Communism, Koch wrote that he found the USSR to be "a land of hunger, misery, and terror."[18] According to Charles Koch, "Virtually every engineer he worked with [there] was purged."[16]
In 1940, Koch joined new partners to create the Wood River Oil and Refining Company. In 1946, the firm acquired the Rock Island refinery and crude oil gathering system near Duncan, Oklahoma. Wood River was later renamed the Rock Island Oil & Refining Company.[19] Charles Koch joined Rock Island in 1961, having started his career at the management consulting firm Arthur D. Little. He became president in 1966 and chairman at age 32, upon his father's death the following year.[11][20]
Koch Industries[edit]
Wood River Oil and Refining Company was renamed Koch Industries in 1968 in honor of Fred Koch, the year after his death. At that time, it was primarily an engineering firm with part interest in the Pine Bend Refinery in Minnesota, a crude oil-gathering system in Oklahoma,[16] and some cattle ranches.[21] In 1968, Charles approached Union Oil of California about buying their interest in Great Northern Oil Company and its Pine Bend Refinery but the discussions quickly stalled after Union asked for a large premium.[17] In 1969, Union Oil began trying to market their interest in Great Northern by telling potential buyers that Koch's controlling interest could be thwarted by currying favor with another owner, J. Howard Marshall II. When Marshall discovered this he threw his lot in with Koch, they together acquired a majority interest in the company and ultimately bought Union's interest.[19] Ownership of Pine Bend refinery led to several new businesses and capabilities, including chemicals, fibers, polymers, asphalt and other commodities such as petroleum coke and sulfur. These were followed by global commodity trading, gas liquids processing, real estate, pulp and paper, risk management and finance.[17]
In 1970, Charles was joined at the family firm by his brother David Koch. Having started as a technical services manager, David became president of Koch Engineering in 1979.
In 2005, the company acquired Georgia-Pacific.[22][23]
In 2010, the company was among the first group of nearly 2,000 employers that applied for and were granted federal reimbursements from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, under the new Early Retiree Reinsurance Program established by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, for providing health insurance to retirees too young to be eligible for Medicare.[24]
In 2015, the company joined the "Ban the Box" movement by removing questions about prior criminal convictions from its job application, making it easier for ex-offenders to find work.[25]
In November 2015, the company "signed a Statement of Support with Employer Support of the Guard and Reserve (ESGR) that pledges Koch will provide supervisors with the tools to hire and support employees serving in the National Guard of the United States."[26]
In 2008, the company discovered that the French affiliate Koch-Glitsch had violated bribery laws allegedly securing contracts in Algeria, Egypt, India, Morocco, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia after an investigation by Ethics Compliance officer, Egorova-Farines.[27] After Koch Industries' investigative team looked into her findings, the four employees involved were terminated. According to journalist Jennifer Rubin, Koch Industries’ general counsel stated that Egorova-Farines failed to promptly share the findings, choosing instead to give the information to a manager at Koch-Glitsch who was later fired for bribery. According to Koch Industries’ general counsel, “Egorova-Farines was not fired but instead ran into performance problems, left the company to go on leave and never returned.” Egorova-Farines sued Koch-Glitsch for wrongful termination in France, lost, and “was ordered to pay costs for bringing a frivolous case.”[28]
In 2013, the company acquired Molex, a provider of electronic components, for $7.2 billion.[29]
In September 2014, along with the private equity arm of Goldman Sachs, the company acquired Flint Group, a printing ink producer, for $3 billion.[30][31]
In June 2014, the United Negro College Fund announced a $25 million grant from Koch Industries and the Charles Koch Foundation to go towards merit-based scholarships and general support of historically black colleges and universities.[32][33][34]
In December 2014, the company acquired Oplink Communications, an optical networking device maker, for $445 million.[35]
Subsidiaries[edit]
Arteva Europe S.a.r.l.[edit]
Arteva Europe is an "internal bank" which is headquartered in Luxembourg and manages the European cash flows of Koch Industries.[36]
Flint Hills Resources LP[edit]
Flint Hills Resources LP, originally called Koch Petroleum Group, is a major refining and chemicals company based in Wichita, Kansas. It sells products such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, ethanol, polymers, intermediate chemicals, base oils and asphalt. It operates oil refineries in six states. Flint Hills has chemical plants in Illinois, Texas and Michigan. The firm is also a major manufacturer of asphalt used for paving and roofing applications. It operates 13 asphalt terminals located in six states including Alaska (2 terminals), Wisconsin (2), Iowa (3), Minnesota (4), Nebraska (1), and North Dakota (1).[37] The firm manages the purchasing of domestic crude oil from Texas and Colorado offices, has four ethanol plants across Iowa, operates three refineries in Alaska, Texas, and Minnesota, and has a refinery terminal in Alaska. The Minnesota refinery can process 392,000 barrels (62,300 m3) of crude a day, most of which comes from Alberta, Canada, and handles one quarter of all Canadian oil sands crude entering the U.S.[38] It also operates fuel terminals in Wisconsin (4 locations), Texas (6), and one each in Iowa and Minnesota.[37]
On July 16, 2014, Flint Hills Resources acquired PetroLogistics, a Houston-based manufacturer of chemical and polymer grade propylene.[39][40]
Georgia-Pacific[edit]
Main article: Georgia-Pacific
Georgia-Pacific is a paper and pulp company that manufactures a wide variety of household products under the brand names Brawny, Angel Soft, Mardi Gras, Quilted Northern, Dixie, Sparkle, and Vanity Fair. The Atlanta-based company has operations in 27 states.[41]
Guardian Industries[edit]
Main article: Guardian Industries
Guardian Industries is an industrial manufacturer of glass, automotive, and building products based in Auburn Hills, Michigan. The company manufactures float glass, fabricated glass products, fiberglass insulation and building materials for commercial, residential and automotive applications. The company employs more than 18,000 people and has present activities in North and South America, Europe, Asia, Africa and the Middle East.[42]
INVISTA[edit]
Main article: Invista
Acquired from DuPont, INVISTA is a polymer and fibers company that makes "Stainmaster" carpet, and "Lycra" fiber, among other products.
Koch Ag & Energy Solutions[edit]
Koch Ag & Energy Solutions, LLC and its subsidiaries, including Koch Fertilizer, LLC, Koch Agronomic Services, LLC, Koch Energy Services, LLC and Koch Methanol, LLC, globally provide products including fertilizer and other plant nutrients for agricultural turf and ornamental plant markets, as well as other enhanced efficiency products and technology for the energy and chemical markets.[43][44]
Koch Fertilizer, LLC, is one of the world’s largest makers of nitrogen fertilizers.[45] Koch Fertilizer owns or has interests in fertilizer plants in the United States, Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, and Italy, among others.[46][47] Koch Fertilizer was formed in 1988 when the Koch companies purchased the Gulf Central Pipeline and ammonia terminals connected to the pipeline. The next year, the Koch Nitrogen Company was formed in order to market ammonia. The next few years saw purchases of various ammonia facilities in Louisiana, Canada, and elsewhere, and ammonia sales agreements with firms in Australia, the UK, and other countries. The year 2010 saw the founding of Koch Methanol, LLC, and Koch Agronomic Services, LLC. In October 2010, a plant in which Koch had a 35% stake was nationalized by the Venezuelan government.[48] In 2011, the firm acquired the British fertilizer firm J&H Bunn Limited. Koch Fertilizer has change its name to Koch Ag and Energy Solutions (KAES)[49]
Koch Chemical Technology Group[edit]
Koch Chemical Technology Group, Ltd. and its subsidiaries design, manufacture, install and service process and pollution control equipment, water purification and desalination equipment, and provide engineering services for various industrial applications and municipalities around the world.[44][50][51]
Koch-Glitsch[edit]
Koch-Glitsch is an entity of Koch Industries. Koch-Glitsch engineers mass transfer and mist elimination equipment for refineries and chemical plants around the world. As world leaders in process systems, Koch-Glitsch has two joint ventures under its umbrella: The Eta Process Plant and Koch Modular Process Systems.[52]
Eta Process Plant[edit]
Eta is the leading supplier of deaeration plants around the world, with over 400 plants worldwide. The majority of seawater deaeration plants supplied by Eta use vacuum stripping.[53]
Koch Modular Process Systems[edit]
Koch Modular Process Systems specializes in modular mass transfer systems. Typical applications for these systems include chemical purification, solvent recovery, and liquid-liquid extraction. Koch Modular Process Systems also runs a state-of-the-art pilot plant.[54]
Koch Minerals[edit]
Koch Minerals, LLC through its subsidiaries, is one of the world's largest managers of dry-bulk commodities, and is also involved in oil and gas exploration and production, the production of oil field products, investments in steel and other markets.[44][55]
Koch Pipeline Company LP[edit]
Koch Pipeline Company LP, which owns and operates 4,000 miles (6,400 km) of pipeline used to transport oil, natural gas liquids and chemicals. Its pipelines are located across Wisconsin, Minnesota, Texas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Alberta, Canada. The firm operates offices in Wichita, Kansas, St. Paul, Minnesota, and Corpus Christi, Texas.
In 1946 Wood River Oil Co. (a precursor company to Koch Industries) purchased Rock Island Oil and Refining Co. As a part of the transaction, it acquired a crude-oil pipeline in Oklahoma. As a result of construction and investments, Wood River acquired other pipelines in the US and Canada. “In the ensuing years,” according to Koch Pipeline's website, “the company bought, sold and built pipeline systems transporting crude oil and refined products, as well as natural gas, natural gas liquids and anhydrous ammonia (for fertilizer).”[56] Koch Pipeline and its affiliates currently maintain a 4,000-mile network of pipelines.
In October, 1994, a pipeline broke and discharged over 90,000 gallons of crude oil into Gum Hollow Creek, in Refugio County, Texas. Heavy rains carried the oil to the Nueces River and on into Nueces and Corpus Christi Bays. The discharge oiled terrestrial and aquatic vegetation, birds, sediments, soils, and other biota. The Consent Decree was held up for some time, due to a DOJ criminal case with Koch Pipeline regarding non- and under-reporting of discharges. The criminal case was settled in March 2000 and the assessment completed.[57]
In 1996, an 8-inch-diameter steel LPG pipeline operated by Koch Pipeline Company ruptured near Lively, Texas, a community about 50 miles southeast of Dallas, and began leaking butane gas. The vapor cloud ignited when two residents drove their pickup truck across a creek near a pipeline (then-unknown to local residents)[58] while on their way to a neighbor's house to call 9-1-1 and report the smell of gas. The two were killed in the explosion, and approximately 25 families were later evacuated from the neighborhood without injury, including a parent who had witnessed his daughter's death.[58] An investigation conducted by the NTSB found that the pipe section which failed had not been shown to have excessive corrosion in a 1995 inspection. Regulations at the time did not provide criteria for "adequate cathodic protection."[59] Koch also stated that the bacteria-induced corrosion acted quicker than had ever previously been recorded in the industry. The explosion was the only event of its kind in the company’s history. In 1999, a Texas jury found that negligence had led to the rupture of the Koch pipeline and awarded the victims' families $296 million.[27]
Koch Supply & Trading[edit]
Koch Supply & Trading companies around the world trade crude oil, refined petroleum products, gas liquids, natural gas, liquefied natural gas, power, renewables, emissions, and metals.[60]
Matador Cattle Company[edit]
The Matador Cattle Company division operates three ranches totaling 425,000 acres (1,720 km2) located in Beaverhead, Montana, Matador, Texas, and the Flint Hills of eastern Kansas. There are more than 15,000 head of cattle raised on the ranches.[61]
The Matador Land and Cattle Company was founded in 1882 by Scottish investors, whose acquisition included 2.5 million acres in four Texas counties. In 1951, the company was sold to Lazard Frères & Co., which in turn sold some of the Texas land to Fred C. Koch. In 1952, Koch formed Matador Cattle Company, and later one of his companies purchased part of Matador Ranch, which was brought together with other Koch ranches in Montana and Kansas.[62]
In 2010, Matador Ranch in Texas received the Lone Star Land Steward award, an award sponsored by Chevron Corporation, Toyota, and the Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association for outstanding natural resource management.[63][64]
Molex[edit]
In addition to pin-and-socket Molex connectors, Molex also produces specialized connectors and sensors for equipment used in data transmission, telecommunication, industrial applications, solar power, automotive electronics, commercial vehicles, aerospace and defense, medicine, and solid-state lighting.[65][66]
Environmental and safety record[edit]
Bloomberg reports that from 1999 to 2003, Koch Industries was assessed "more than $400 million in fines, penalties and judgments."[27] Daniel Indiviglio, in a reaction piece appearing in The Atlantic argues that the Bloomberg article is biased and misleading, asserting that the Bloomberg team "only found eight instances of alleged misconduct by a giant multinational over the span of 63 years."[67]
In 2000, for the 312 reported oil spills allegedly attributed to Koch and its subsidiaries that had taken place across six states,[58] Koch paid what was at the time the largest civil fine ever imposed on a company under any federal environmental law for the illegal discharge of crude oil and petroleum products. It was the first time the government had ever aggregated several spills over a number of years under one combined lawsuit against a company.[68] Koch disputed the EPA figures, saying the EPA did not file claims in over half of the 312 alleged cases, and further, that "Many of these alleged spills are not even listed in the EPA's own oil spill data base."[69] In a settlement with the U.S. Justice Department and the state of Texas which included "leaks that occurred as the result of third party actions, like digging," the company agreed to pay a "$30 million civil penalty, improve its leak-prevention programs and spend $5 million on environmental projects."[68][70][71][72]
In 1995 when the suit was filed, Koch spokesperson Ron Howell stated "We've invested over $150 million in leak protection and line rehabilitation over the last five years...we've been able to reduce leaks through that time period by nearly 70 percent even as we increased our pipeline mileage by over 25 percent."[69] Between 1990 and 2000, Koch reduced its crude oil pipeline leaks by more than 90%.[68]
In March 1999, Koch Petroleum Group acknowledged that it had negligently discharged hundreds of thousands of gallons of aviation fuel into wetlands from its refinery in Rosemount, Minnesota, and that it had illegally dumped a million gallons of high-ammonia wastewater onto the ground and into the Mississippi River. Koch Petroleum paid a $6 million fine and $2 million in remediation costs, and was ordered to serve three years of probation.[73]
In September 2000, a federal grand jury returned a 97-count indictment against Koch Industries and four individual employees for environmental crimes relating to alleged violations of the Clean Air Act and the measurement and control of benzene emissions from the West Plant in Corpus Christi, Texas.[74][75] A superseding indictment followed in January 2001. In April 2001, Koch pleaded guilty to one count, related to wastewater reporting it had self-reported to the government in 1995, according to the company.[76] Koch Industries was fined $20 million, of which $10 million was a criminal fine and $10 million to be used for special projects to improve the environment in Corpus Christi.[77][78][79]
In December 2000, the Justice Department and EPA signed a Consent Decree with Koch Petroleum Group to spend an estimated $80 million to install up-to-date pollution-control equipment at two refineries in Corpus Christi, Tex. and one near St. Paul, Minn., reducing emissions from stacks, leaking valves, wastewater vents and flares. Koch also will pay a $4.5 million penalty to settle Clean Air Act violations and other environmental claims at its Minnesota refinery. The State of Minnesota has joined in the settlement with the United States.[80]
In June 2003, the US Commerce Department fined Flint Hills Resources a $200,000 civil penalty. The fine settled charges that the company exported crude petroleum from the US to Canada without proper US government authorization. The Commerce Department’s Bureau of Industry and Security said from July 1997 to March 1999, Koch Petroleum (later called Flint Hills Resources) committed 40 violations of Export Administration Regulations.[81]
In 2005, Koch's Flint Hills Resources refinery was recognized by the Environmental Protection Agency's Clean Air Awards program for reducing air emissions by 50 percent, even while expanding operations.[82] The EPA has worked with Flint Hills Resources to develop "strategies for curtailing so-called 'upset' emissions, in what agency and company sources say could lead to guidance to minimize such emissions from petroleum refineries and other industrial facilities."[83] The EPA described the process as a "model for other companies."[84]
In 2006, Flint Hills Resources was fined nearly $16,000 by the EPA for 10 separate violations of the Clean Air Act at its Alaska oil refinery facilities, and required to spend another $60,000 on safety equipment needed to help prevent future violations.[85]
Koch Industries won the 2015 Conservation Education Award from the Wildlife Habitat Council and "has partnered with the company on conservation efforts for the past 15 years."[86] Between 2009 and 2015, Koch companies earned 1,085 awards for safety, environmental excellence, community stewardship, innovation, and customer service from various government agencies, businesses, environmental organizations, trade associations, and charitable organizations around the world.[87]
As of 2016[update] the EPA has named Koch Industries the number one U.S.-based parent company in pollution prevention initiatives for two consecutive years.[88][89]
The Georgia-Pacific Paper Mill in Crossett, Arkansas was the subject of environmental documentary film Company Town (film), released in 2016. The film alleges that improper waste disposal by the mill has caused a cluster of cancer incidents in the area around the mill.[90]
Political activity[edit]
See also: KochPAC and Political activities of the Koch brothers
Fred C. Koch was one of the organizers of the John Birch Society in 1958.[91]
According to the Center for Responsive Politics, many of Koch Industries' contributions have gone toward achieving legislation on taxes, energy and nuclear power, defense appropriations and financial regulatory reform.[92] Koch Industries has been criticized by the environmentalist group Greenpeace for the role they allege the company plays in affecting climate change policy in the United States.[93][94] Koch Industries denied that they have had a negative effect on climate change, saying they have "implemented innovative and cost-effective ways to reduce waste and emissions, including greenhouse gases." The corporation further claimed, "Koch companies and Koch foundations have worked to advance economic freedom and market-based policy solutions to challenges faced by society," stating "it’s a historical fact that economic freedom best fosters innovation, environmental protection and improved quality of life in a society."[95]
Prior to 2008, a Canadian subsidiary of Koch Industries contributed to the Fraser Institute, a conservative Canadian public policy think tank, according to the Institute's founder.[96]
The company has opposed the regulation of financial derivatives, limits on greenhouse gases,[27] and sponsors free market foundations and causes.[97][98]
Koch Industries has come out against Low Carbon Fuel Standards.[38] According to Koch Industries, "LCFS would cripple refiners that rely on heavy crude feedstocks to provide the transportation fuels that keep America moving."[99]
The Koch Industries website includes an opinion piece from The Wall Street Journal by Charles Koch, titled "Why Koch Industries is Speaking Out."[100] The article states: "Because of our activism, we've been vilified by various groups. Despite this criticism, we're determined to keep contributing and standing up for those politicians, like Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker, who are taking these challenges [deficit spending by governments] seriously."
The company also funds the political action committee KochPAC.
In a 2014 opinion piece in The Wall Street Journal, Charles Koch wrote about his beliefs on a free society saying, "A truly free society is based on a vision of respect for people and what they value. In a truly free society, any business that disrespects its customers will fail, and deserves to do so. The same should be true of any government that disrespects its citizens. The central belief and fatal conceit of the current administration is that you are incapable of running your own life, but those in power are capable of running it for you. This is the essence of big government and collectivism."[101]
In February 2016, Charles Koch wrote an opinion piece for The Washington Post, titled "This is the one issue where Bernie Sanders is right" in which he argued that "Democrats and Republicans have too often favored policies and regulations that pick winners and losers. This helps perpetuate a cycle of control, dependency, cronyism and poverty in the United States."[102]
See also[edit]
Companies portal
Energy in the United States
Koch family
Koch family foundations
List of largest companies by revenue
Petrochemical industry
Petroleum in the United States
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Jump up ^ "Koch Industries says no word on Venezuela takeover". Reuters. October 11, 2010. Archived from the original on February 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Koch Fertilizer Announces New Holding Company". www.kochagenergy.com. Archived from the original on October 11, 2015. Retrieved September 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Koch Industries. "Koch Chemical Technology Group Ltd". Archived from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bloomberg L.P. "Company Overview of Koch Chemical Technology Group, LLC". Archived from the original on April 11, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Koch-Glitsch | Mass transfer and mist elimination equipment design and manufacture". www.koch-glitsch.com. Archived from the original on July 26, 2016. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pages - eta-process-plant". www.koch-glitsch.com. Archived from the original on July 10, 2016. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Koch Modular Process Systems: Chemical Engineering Experts | KMPS". Koch Modular Process Systems. Archived from the original on July 12, 2016. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Koch Industries. "Koch Minerals". Archived from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Koch Pipeline". Koch Industries. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dickinson, Tim (September 24, 2014). "Inside the Koch Brothers' Toxic Empire". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on October 1, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ NTSB (November 6, 1998). "Pipeline Accident Summary Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 29, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ Koch Industries. "Koch Supply & Trading". Archived from the original on April 4, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Koch. "Ranching". Archived from the original on July 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The History of Matador Ranch". Matador Ranch. Archived from the original on April 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "LONE STAR LAND STEWARD Ecoregion Award Winners". Texas. Archived from the original on March 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "TEXAS PARKS & WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT SELECTS MATADOR RANCH AS LONE STAR LAND STEWARD". Matador Cattle. June 11, 2010. Archived from the original on March 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Molex (May 19, 2011). "Molex Ireland Celebrates 40 Years of Operations". Shannon, Ireland: Self-published. Retrieved March 21, 2016. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Molex. "Molex". Self-published. Archived from the original on March 21, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bloomberg's Exposé on Koch Industries Reveals ... What Exactly?". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 5, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Koch Agrees to $35 Million Settlement in Two Environmental Cases". Safety Online. January 17, 2000. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Vandewater, Bob (April 18, 1995). "3 Agencies File Suit Against Koch Government Claims 300 Oil Spills Occurred". The Oklahoman. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ EPA. "Koch Industries, Inc. Oil Spills Settlement". Archived from the original on April 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Koch Pipeline Company L.P. - Newsroom". Kochpipeline.com. January 13, 2000. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
Jump up ^ Ralph K.M. Haurwitz and Jeff Nesmith (2001-07-23). "Austin news, sports, weather, Longhorns, business". Statesman.com. Archived from the original on November 1, 2010. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
Jump up ^ "Koch Petroleum Group Sentenced for Minnesota Pollution" (Press release). Environmental Protection Agency. March 9, 2000. Archived from the original on May 21, 2010. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ ENRD. "Koch Industries Indicted for Environmental Crimes at Refinery". Archived from the original on August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Indicts Koch Industries on Pollution Violations in Texas". The New York Times. September 29, 2000. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Koch Industries. "Long-settled Issues" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 1, 2015. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Koch Pleads Guilty to Covering up Environmental Violations at Texas Oil Refinery". justice.gov. U.S. Department of Justice. April 9, 2001. Archived from the original on December 1, 2009. Retrieved May 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ Koch Petroleum Fined $20 Million in Pollution Case Archived June 18, 2017, at the Wayback Machine., The New York Times, April 10, 2001.
Jump up ^ Don Richards (January 22, 2001). "DOJ Reduces Indictments Against Koch Industries". ICIS.
Jump up ^ "Koch Petroleum Group, L.P. Refinery Settlement". www.epa.gov. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Jump up ^ Bureau of Industry and Security. "Commerce Department Fines Kansas Firm for Unlicensed Petroleum Exports". Archived from the original on June 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Jessica Harper (November 18, 2009). "Flint Hills is coming out of murky waters". Dakota County Tribune. Dakota County, Minnesota. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Pact With Oil Company May Help EPA Develop Guide On 'Upset' Emissions". Inside EPA. August 27, 2004. Archived from the original on February 24, 2018. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ "Flint Hills Resources, LP Agrees to Transition Its Texas Flexible Permits to Federally Approved Clean Air Act Permits – Transition affects facilities in Corpus Christi, Port Arthur and Longview". EPA. Archived from the original on May 7, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "12/13/2006: EPA fines Flint Hills Resources Alaska, LLC nearly $16,000 for Clean Air Act violations". Yosemite.epa.gov. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ McCoy, Daniel (November 24, 2015). "Koch wins conservation education award". Wichita Business Journal. Archived from the original on March 31, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Spain, Ken (September 9, 2015). "Koch Companies Surpass 1,000 Awards Earned Since 2009". Koch News. Archived from the original on April 1, 2016. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fatzick, Josh (October 13, 2015). "Four Business Tips We Learned From 'Good Profit'". The Daily Caller. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ Koch Industries. "Responsibility". Archived from the original on March 26, 2016. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Gary. "'Company Town' takes aim at factory owners in Arkansas". latimes.com. Retrieved 2018-05-09.
Jump up ^ Hoover's 500: Profiles of America's Largest Business Enterprises. Hoover's Business Press. 1996. p. 286. ISBN 978-1-57311-009-9. In 1929 Koch took his process to the Soviet Union, but he grew disenchanted with Stalinism and returned home to become a founding member of the anticommunist John Birch Society.
Jump up ^ "Koch Industries: Summary". OpenSecrets. Archived from the original on January 8, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Vidal, John (March 30, 2010). "US oil company donated millions to climate skeptic groups, says Greenpeace". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Secretly Funding the Climate Denial Machine". Global Warming. Washington: Greenpeace. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on April 1, 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
Jump up ^ Zeller, Tom Jr. (March 30, 2010). "Koch Industries Responds to Greenpeace". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 4, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ball, David P. (April 27, 2012). "Fraser Institute co-founder confirms 'years and years' of U.S. oil billionaires' funding". Vancouver Observer. Archived from the original on February 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Zernike, Kate (October 19, 2010). "Secretive Republican Donors Are Planning Ahead". New York Times. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Wayne, Leslie (November 20, 1994). "Pulling the Wraps Off Koch Industries". New York Times. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Their donations reflect their belief in libertarian and free market philosophies or their personal interests.
Jump up ^ Koch. "Low Carbon Fuel Standards". Archived from the original on October 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Koch, Charles (March 1, 2011). "Why Koch Industries Is Speaking Out". Archived from the original on September 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Koch, Charles G. (April 2, 2014). "Charles Koch: I'm Fighting to Restore a Free Society". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 31, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Koch, Charles G. (February 18, 2016). "Charles Koch: This is the one issue where Bernie Sanders is right". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 21, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
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text:
The Boy in the Dress
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Boy in the Dress
1st hardback edition
Author
David Walliams
Illustrator
Quentin Blake
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Genre
Children's fiction (8-12)
Publisher
HarperCollins
Publication date
1 October 2008
Media type
Print
Pages
288
ISBN
0-00-727903-5
OCLC
233262822
The Boy In The Dress is a children's book written by David Walliams and illustrated by Quentin Blake. It is the first book by Walliams, a television comedian best known for the show Little Britain. It tells the story of a twelve-year-old boy who enjoys cross-dressing, and the reactions of his family and friends.[1][2] It is aimed at readers aged eight to twelve, and is intended to teach children that cross-dressing is a healthy and acceptable hobby and not something to be ashamed of.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Characters
3 Literary significance and reception
4 Controversy
5 Allusions
6 Publication history
7 Film adaptation
8 References
Plot[edit]
The story follows a 12-year-old boy named Dennis and his 14-year-old brother John, whose parents got divorced when he was only 7. The boys remain with their father, who resorts to comfort eating after his wife leaves. Dennis is talented in football, and is one of the best on his team. However, he deeply misses his mother, who left their family about five years ago, and finds comfort remembering his mother's yellow dress in an old picture. Dennis sees the same dress on the cover of a Vogue magazine, and buys a copy from Raj, the local shop owner. But when Dad finds the magazine, he is furious. John teases him by calling him "Denise". At school that day, Dennis is given detention for kicking a football through a window. While in detention, he talks to a girl named Lisa James, the prettiest and most fashionable girl in the school. Lisa invites him over to her house, and dresses him up in girls' clothing. Lisa and Dennis, after dressing him up in an electric blue dress, decide to take Dennis out in public, under the alter ego of "Denise", a French exchange student who speaks very little English. They go to Raj's corner shop. Raj does not recognise Dennis, believing he is "Denise". Subsequently, with their success of fooling Raj, Dennis goes to school with Lisa - as "Denise".
Dennis upsets his French teacher by criticizing her French accent. At break, Dennis kicks a football, slips, and is revealed to be a boy. Mr Hawtrey, the headmaster, expels him from the school for cross-dressing. Dad is furious, and sends Dennis to his room. Darvesh, Dennis's best friend, comes over, but is sent back to his home by Dad. Pushed by Darvesh, Dennis goes to an important football match on Saturday, where his entire team encourages him to play in a dress. The team wins against Maudlin Street, the rivaling football team. Dennis's dad attends the match, forgiving Dennis. On an early Sunday morning, Raj informs Dennis that Mr Hawtrey's sister, Doris, buys the Telegraph now instead of him. He also includes that there was "something funny about her". Lisa and Dennis go to Raj's shop and find out that Doris is actually Mr Hawtrey cross-dressing in a skirt. The two threaten that unless Dennis is reinstated to the school, they will tell everyone of Mr Hawtrey's cross-dressing habits. Mr Hawtrey agrees to reinstate Dennis.
At the end of the story, Dennis, his dad, and his brother get over the pain of the loss of Dennis's mother. Dennis and Lisa stay friends, and John starts to look out for his younger brother more.
Characters[edit]
Dennis Sims - A 12-year-old. He lives with his brother, John, and his dad, an overweight truck driver. Dennis has a best friend called Darvesher. He lives in an ordinary house in an ordinary town and he's different. He is a pupil at Elm Forest School. Dennis prefers wearing girl's clothes instead of boy's clothes; with the help of Lisa, he invents an alter-ego, "Denise", who is a French exchange student. He is played by Billy Kennedy.
Denise – Dennis' alter ego. Denise is French and speaks very little English, Dennis and Lisa create her when Dennis tries on Lisa's dress which she made. She is played by Billy Kennedy.
John Simms – Dennis's 14-year-old brother who is a pupil at Elm Forest School. He is played by Oliver Barry-Brooke
Lisa James – A 14-year-old. She is the prettiest girl in the school and is adored by everyone, she is a pupil at Elm Forest School. Lisa loves Vogue, fashion, dresses and shoes. She is played by Temi Orelaja.
Miss Windsor – A French teacher. She is played by Jennifer Saunders.
Raj – Owner of a local newspaper-shop. He is kind and loves children. He is played by Harish Patel.
Mr Hawtrey (in the film, Mr Hawthorne) – An extremely strict and unfair headteacher to the school. He expels Dennis for cross-dressing, but he himself cross-dresses, too. He is played by Tim McInnerny.
Gareth Small – a 14-year-old boy in Lisa's class and Cherise's boyfriend. He is shown to be the captain of Dennis's football club and is a pupil at Elm Forest School. He is played by Sonny Ashbourne-Serkis.
Mac Cribbins – a pupil at Elm Forest school who is in Lisa's class. He is very greedy and he likes Denise. He does not appear in the film adaptation.
Darvesh Singh – Dennis' best friend and is a Sikh, he's also in Dennis's football club and is very polite, he is a student at Elm Forest School. He is played by Aaron Chawla.
Jaspreet Kaur – Darvesh's mum. She is a Sikh, and she's very supportive and a bit weird. She is played by Meera Syal.
Mum – Dennis and John's mother who is very beautiful. She leaves and never comes back. Her name is not mentioned in the book and in the film. In fact there are not any pictures of her in book. She is played by Emma Cooke.
Dad (in the film, Peter Simms) – Dennis and John's father, whose name is not revealed in the book. He is a long-distance lorry driver, who resorts to comfort eating after his wife leaves. He is played by Steve Speirs.
Only in film adaptation
Cherise – a pupil at Elm Forest School. She is Gareth's girlfriend and is very snooty and cynical. She is played by Rosheen Hinze.
Mr Norris – the PE teacher at Elm Forest School and also teaches a bit of History. He is played by James Buckley.
Herself – a woman from the Vogue Magazine who Dennis is interested in. She is played by Kate Moss.
Miss Price – a teacher at Elm Forest School who is very nice, but determined to do things. She is played by Felicity Montagu.
St Kenneth's pupil – a boy who joined for the semi's in Dennis's football club. He is played by Alex Thomas.
Himself – a man who comes to see the cup final. He is played by Gary Lineker.
Referee – the football coach who joins for the cup final. He is a bit weird. He is played by David Walliams.
Literary significance and reception[edit]
Reviewers and the press noted the book's resonance with Walliams's own cross-dressing.[3] Philip Ardagh in the Guardian noted the novelty of Walliams's light-hearted approach to the themes, compared with treatments in earlier children's books on the subject like Terence Blacker's 2004 title Boy 2 Girl.[4] Nicolette Jones in the Times praised Blake's illustrations and, though she called Walliams' writing "not the finest", noted "Everyone is on the side of freedom and tolerance by the end, for which the book must be applauded."[2]
Controversy[edit]
The Boy in the Dress has been the subject of some controversy. In September 2017, during the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey, retailer Aldi was criticised in Australia by some customers for selling the book. One customer claimed the book had an "agenda" to "groom and sexualise" children, while another accused Aldi of "child abuse", with some threatening a boycott. Other customers defended the company.[5]
Allusions[edit]
Dennis's father tells him "No more Small England, or whatever it is". French teacher Miss Windsor cuts short a school detention, hoping to get home in time to watch Neighbours, though in America this reference has been changed to The Young and the Restless.
Publication history[edit]
The book was published in hardcover by HarperCollins in October 2008, with a paperback release scheduled for May 2009.[6] Walliams and his comedy partner Matt Lucas recorded an audiobook of the story, also for HarperCollins, which was released in November 2008.[7] HarperCollins were reported to have signed Walliams for a two-book deal.[1][3]
Film adaptation[edit]
A television film adaptation was produced for BBC One, and aired on Boxing Day 2014 at 6.55pm.[8]
Filming began on 19 October 2014, according to Walliams' Official Twitter page. Casting for the episode[clarification needed] was later announced on 21 October 2014.[9]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Salter, Jessica (7 August 2008). "David Walliams in Bond Street as a 'laydee'". London: Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Jones, Nicolette (26 October 2008). "The Boy in the Dress, Sunday Times review". The Times. London. Retrieved 21 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Walliams book has laydee's touch". BBC News Online. Retrieved 21 January 2009. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Ardagh, Philip (15 November 2008). "Review: The Boy In The Dress by David Walliams". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 21 January 2009.
Jump up ^ http://www.news.com.au/finance/business/retail/aldi-shopper-slams-the-discount-retailer-for-stocking-popular-childrens-book-the-boy-in-a-dress/news-story/a3b6d455950b94eb057b720fa0a8cca1
Jump up ^ "The Boy in the Dress paperback Amazon.co.uk listing". Retrieved 21 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Boy in the Dress Audio book". Harpercollins.co.uk. Retrieved 21 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Jeffery, Morgan (10 March 2014). "David Walliams' Boy in the Dress to be BBC One film for Christmas 2014". Digital Spy. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/news/a604835/jennifer-saunders-kate-moss-for-david-walliams-bbc-one-christmas-comedy.html
[hide]
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Works by David Walliams
Novels
The Boy in the Dress (2008)
Mr Stink (2009)
Billionaire Boy (2010)
Gangsta Granny (2011)
Ratburger (2012)
Demon Dentist (2013)
Awful Auntie (2014)
Grandpa's Great Escape (2015)
The World's Worst Children (2016)
The Midnight Gang (2016)
Blob (World Book Day) (2017)
Adaptations
Mr Stink (2012)
Gangsta Granny (2013)
The Boy in the Dress (2014)
Billionaire Boy (2016)
Ratburger (2017)
See also
David Walliams filmography
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Tar Heel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Tar Heel (disambiguation).
Tar Heel is a nickname applied to the U.S. state of North Carolina and its inhabitants. It is also the nickname of the University of North Carolina athletic teams, students, alumni, and fans.
The exact etymology of the nickname is unknown, but most folklore believe its roots come from the fact that tar, pitch, and turpentine created from the vast pine forests were some of North Carolina's most important exports early in the state's history. For a time after the American Civil War, the name Tar Heel was derogatory, but it was later reappropriated by the people of North Carolina.[1] Because the exact history of the term is unknown, a number of legends have developed to explain it. One such legend claims it to be a nickname given during the U.S. Civil War, because of the state's importance on the Confederate side, and the fact that the troops "stuck to their ranks like they had tar on their heels".[2] The term "Tar Heel" gained popularity during the Civil War.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History of term
2 Legendary explanations
2.1 River fording by General Cornwallis
2.2 Ability to hold ground
2.3 Reluctant secession
2.4 Robert E. Lee quotation
3 Early known uses of the term
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
History of term[edit]
Front page of the first issue of The Tar Heel, published on 23 Feb 1893. The paper was later renamed The Daily Tar Heel.
In its early years as a colony, North Carolina settlements became an important source of the naval stores tar, pitch, and turpentine, especially for the British navy. Tar and pitch were largely used to paint the bottom of wooden British ships both to seal the ship and to prevent shipworms from damaging the hull.[4]
At one time, an estimated 100,000 barrels (16,000 m3) of tar and pitch were shipped annually to England.[1] After 1824, North Carolina became the leader in the United States for naval stores.[5] By the Civil War, North Carolina had more than 1600 turpentine distilleries, and two thirds of all turpentine in the United States came from North Carolina and one-half from the counties of Bladen and New Hanover.[5]
Historians Hugh Lefler and Albert Newsome claim in North Carolina: the History of a Southern State (3rd edition, 1973) that North Carolina led the world in production of naval stores from about 1720 to 1870.[6]
At the time, tar was created by piling up pine logs and burning them until hot oil seeped out from a spout. The vast production of tar from North Carolina led many, including Walt Whitman, to give the derisive nickname of "Tarboilers" to the residents of North Carolina.[1] North Carolina was nicknamed the "Tar and Turpentine State" because of this industry.[1]
Somehow, these terms evolved until the nickname Tar Heel was used to refer to residents of North Carolina and gained prominence during the American Civil War. During this time, the nickname Tar Heel was a pejorative, but starting around 1865, the term began to be used as a source of pride.[1]
In 1893, the students of the University of North Carolina founded a newspaper and named it The Tar Heel, which was later renamed The Daily Tar Heel.[1] By the early 1900s the term was embraced by many as a non-derisive term for North Carolinians by those from inside and outside the state of North Carolina.[1]
Legendary explanations[edit]
The following legends and anecdotes have arisen trying to explain the history of the term Tar Heel.
River fording by General Cornwallis[edit]
According to this legend, the troops of British General Cornwallis during the American Revolutionary War were fording what is now known as the Tar River between Rocky Mount and Battleboro when they discovered that tar had been dumped into the stream to impede the crossing of British soldiers. When they finally got across the river, they found their feet completely black with tar. Thus, the soldiers observed that anyone who waded through North Carolina rivers would acquire "tar heels."[1]
Ability to hold ground[edit]
In the third volume of Walter Clark's Histories of the Several Regiments from North Carolina in the Great War, the author explains that the nickname came about when North Carolina troops held their ground during a battle in Virginia during the American Civil War while other supporting troops retreated. After the battle, supporting troops asked the victorious North Carolinians: "Any more tar down in the Old North State, boys?" and they replied: "No, not a bit; old Jeff's bought it all up." The supporting troops continued: "Is that so? What is he going to do with it?" The North Carolinian troops' response: "He is going to put it on you'ns' heels to make you stick better in the next fight."[7]
Reluctant secession[edit]
The State of North Carolina was the next to last state to secede from the United States of America, and as a result the state was nicknamed "the reluctant state" by others in the south. The joke circulating around at the beginning of the war went something like: "Got any tar?" "No, Jeff Davis has bought it all." "What for?" "To put on you fellows' heels to make you stick." As the war continued, many North Carolinian troops developed smart replies to this term of ridicule: The 4th Texas Infantry lost its flag at Sharpsburg. As they were passing by the 6th North Carolina a few days afterward, the Texans called out, "Tar Heels!", and the reply was, "If'n you had had some tar on your heels, you would have brought your flag back from Sharpsburg."[8]
Robert E. Lee quotation[edit]
The book Grandfather Tales of North Carolina History (1901) states that:
During the late unhappy war between the States it [North Carolina] was sometimes called the "Tar-heel State," because tar was made in the State, and because in battle the soldiers of North Carolina stuck to their bloody work as if they had tar on their heels, and when General Lee said, "God bless the Tar-heel boys," they took the name. (p. 6)[9]
A letter found in 1991 (dating from 1864 in the North Carolina "Tar Heel Collection") by North Carolina State Archivist David Olson supports the theory that Lee might have stated something similar to this. A Colonel Joseph Engelhard, describing the Battle of Ream's Station in Virginia, wrote: "It was a 'Tar Heel' fight, and ... we got Gen'l Lee to thanking God, which you know means something brilliant."[10][11]
Early known uses of the term[edit]
The earliest surviving written use of the term can be found in the diary of 2nd Lieutenant Jackson B. A. Lowrance, who wrote the following on February 6, 1863 while in Pender County, southeastern North Carolina: "I know now what is meant by the Piney Woods of North Carolina and the idea occurs to me that it is no wonder we are called 'Tar Heels'."[12]
After the Battle of Murfreesboro in Tennessee in early January 1863, John S. Preston of Columbia, S.C., the commanding general, rode along the fighting line commending his troops. Before the 60th Regiment from North Carolina, Preston praised them for advancing farther than he had anticipated, concluding with: "This is your first battle of any consequence, I believe. Indeed, you Tar Heels have done well."[1]
An August 1869 article in Overland Monthly magazine recounted an anecdote regarding "a brigade of North Carolinians, who, in one of the great battles (Chancellorsville, if I remember correctly) failed to hold a certain hill, and were laughed at by the Mississippians for having forgotten to tar their heels that morning. Hence originated their cant name 'Tarheels'."[1]
In a letter dated 1864 (in the North Carolina "Tar Heel Collection"), a Colonel Joseph Engelhard described the Battle of Ream's Station in Virginia. In it, he states: "It was a 'Tar Heel' fight, and ... we got Gen'l Lee to thanking God, which you know means something brilliant".[13]
North Carolina State Governor Vance said in one of his speeches to the troops: "I do not know what to call you fellows. I cannot say fellow soldiers, because I am not a soldier, nor fellow citizens, because we do not live in this state; so I have concluded to call you fellows Tar Heels.[14]"
A piece of sheet music, "Wearin' of the Grey", identified as "Written by Tar Heel" and published in Baltimore in 1866, is probably the earliest printed use of Tar Heel.[1][15]
On New Year's Day, 1868, Stephen Powers set out from Raleigh on a walking tour that, in part, would trace in reverse the march of Gen. William T. Sherman at the end of the Civil War. As a part of his report on North Carolina, Powers described the pine woods of the state and the making of turpentine. Having entered South Carolina, he recorded in his 1872 book, Afoot & Alone, that he spent the night "with a young man, whose family were away, leaving him all alone in a great mansion. He had been a cavalry sergeant, wore his hat on the side of his head, and had an exceedingly confidential manner." "You see, sir, the Tar‑heels haven't no sense to spare," Powers quotes the sergeant as saying. "Down there in the pines the sun don't more'n half bake their heads. We always had to show 'em whar the Yankees was, or they'd charge to the rear, the wrong way, you see."[1]
In Congress on February 10, 1875, an African American representative from South Carolina stated that some whites were "the class of men thrown up by the war, that rude class of men I mean, the 'tar‑heels' and the 'sand‑hillers,' and the 'dirt eaters' of the South — it is with that class we have all our trouble...."[1]
Tar Heel was used in the 1884 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, which reported that the people who lived in the region of pine forests were "far superior to the tar heel, the nickname of the dwellers in barrens."[1]
In Congress in 1878, Rep. David B. Vance, trying to persuade the government to pay one of his constituents, J.C. Clendenin, for building a road, described Clendenin in glowing phrases, concluding with: "He is an honest man... he is a tar‑heel."[1]
In Pittsboro on December 11, 1879, the Chatham Record informed its readers that Jesse Turner had been named to the Arkansas Supreme Court. The new justice was described as "a younger brother of our respected townsman, David Turner, Esq., and we are pleased to know that a fellow tar‑heel is thought so much of in the state of his adoption."[1]
John R. Hancock of Raleigh wrote Sen. Marion Butler on January 20, 1899, to commend him for his efforts to obtain pensions for Confederate veterans. This was an action, Hancock wrote, "we Tar Heels, or a large majority of us, do most heartily commend."[1]
The New York Tribune stated on September 20, 1903, regarding some North Carolinians, that "the men really like to work, which is all but incomprehensible to the true 'tar heel'."[1]
On August 26, 1912, The New York Evening Post identified Josephus Daniels and Thomas J. Pence as two Tar Heels holding important posts in Woodrow Wilson's campaign.[1]
See also[edit]
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Tar Heel, North Carolina
Tarheel, North Carolina
Tar River
Tarboro
Naval stores industry
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Article on history of term from UNC Alumni webpage".
Jump up ^ "Carolina Traditions". www.unc.edu. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-30.
Jump up ^ "Tar Heel Collection". ncrec.dcr.state.nc.us. Archived from the original on September 25, 2006. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
Jump up ^ Article on shipworm
^ Jump up to: a b The tar heel state: a history of North Carolina.
Jump up ^ State Symbols from NC library
Jump up ^ "Tar Heel Traditions". Carolina Traditions. Archived from the original on February 6, 2005. Retrieved March 22, 2005.
Jump up ^ "Origins of the Term Tarheel". 1st NC Cavalry. Retrieved November 1, 2006.
Jump up ^ NC State library page
Jump up ^ Link to scan of actual letter Archived 2006-09-25 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Link to NC State library page
Jump up ^ "Link to Diary of William B. A. Lowrance, November 2, 1862-February 6, 1863". Archived from the original on September 25, 2006.
Jump up ^ Link to NC State library page
Jump up ^ Taylor, Michael. "Tar Heel". NCpedia. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Link to pdf of Sheet Music". Archived from the original on 2006-09-25.
Further reading[edit]
Michael W. Taylor: Tar Heels: How North Carolinians got their nickname. Division of Archives and History, North Carolina Dept. of Cultural Resources 1999, ISBN 0-86526-288-8
External links[edit]
Barteby dictionary entry with suggested etymology
North Carolina Outer Banks Chamber of Commerce explanation
Early postcard of the icon of a Tar Heel from UNC library, Link to UNC library site on civil war images
NC Museum of History answer in pdf format
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c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Tar_Heel&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Tar_Heel rootpage-Tar_Heel vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view