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Parliament of India
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Coordinates: 28°37′2″N 77°12′29″E / 28.61722°N 77.20806°E / 28.61722; 77.20806
Parliament of India
Emblem of India
Type
Type
Bicameral
Houses
Rajya Sabha
Lok Sabha
History
Founded
26 January 1950 (67 years ago) (1950-01-26)
Preceded by
Constituent Assembly of India
Leadership
President
Ram Nath Kovind[1]
Since 25 July 2017
Chairman of Rajya Sabha (Vice-President)
Venkaiah Naidu[2]
Since 11 August 2017
Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
P. J. Kurien[3], INC
Since 21 August 2012[8]
Speaker of the Lok Sabha
Sumitra Mahajan[4], BJP
Since 6 June 2014
Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha
M. Thambidurai[5], AIADMK
Since 13 August 2014
Leader of the House
(Lok Sabha)
Narendra Modi[6], BJP
Since 26 May 2014
Leader of the House (Rajya Sabha)
Arun Jaitley[7], BJP
Since 2 June 2014
Structure
Seats
790
245 Members of Rajya Sabha
545 Members of Lok Sabha
Rajya Sabha political groups
NDA (Majority)
UPA
Lok Sabha political groups
NDA (Majority)
UPA
Elections
Rajya Sabha voting system
Single transferable vote
Lok Sabha voting system
First past the post
Rajya Sabha last election
21 July and 08 August 2017
Lok Sabha last election
7 April – 12 May 2014
Rajya Sabha next election
Indian Rajya Sabha elections, 2018
Lok Sabha next election
April – May 2019
Meeting place
Sansad Bhavan, Sansad Marg, New Delhi, India
Website
parliamentofindia.nic.in
Constitution
Constitution of India
Republic of India
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
India
Union Government[show]
Constitution of India
Fundamental rights
Executive:
President
Vice President
Prime Minister
Union Council of Ministers
Cabinet Secretary of India
Civil Services of India
Parliament:
Rajya Sabha
Lok Sabha
The Chairman
The Speaker
Judiciary:
Supreme Court of India
Chief Justice of India
High Courts
District Courts
Elections[show]
Election Commission:
Chief Election Commissioner
Political parties[show]
National parties
State parties
National coalitions:
National Democratic Alliance (NDA)
United Progressive Alliance (UPA)
State Govt. and Local Govt.[show]
Governor
Chief Minister
Chief Secretary
State Level:
Vidhan Sabha
Vidhan Parishad
Local governments:
Divisional commissioner
District magistrate
Sub-divisional magistrate
Rural bodies
Zilla panchayats
Mandal Or Taluka Panchayats
Gram Panchayats
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Other countries
Atlas
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The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India. The Parliament is composed of the President of India and the houses. It is bicameral with two houses: the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People). The President in his role as head of legislature has full powers to summon and prorogue either house of Parliament or to dissolve Lok Sabha. The president can exercise these powers only upon the advice of the Prime Minister and his Union Council of Ministers.
Those elected or nominated (by the President) to either house of Parliament are referred to as members of parliament (MP). The Members of Parliament, Lok Sabha are directly elected by the Indian public voting in Single-member districts and the Members of Parliament, Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of all of the State Legislative Assembly by proportional representation. The Parliament has a sanctioned strength of 545 in Lok Sabha including the 2 nominees from the Anglo-Indian Community by the President, and 245 in Rajya Sabha including the 12 nominees from the expertise of different fields of science, culture, art and history. The Parliament meets at Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Parliament House
2.1 General layout of the building
2.2 Proposal for a new building
3 Composition
3.1 President of India
3.2 Lok Sabha
3.3 Rajya Sabha
4 Session of parliament
5 Lawmaking procedures
6 Parliamentary committees
7 Incidents
8 Parliament Session and debates
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
History[edit]
Main articles: Imperial Legislative Council and Constituent Assembly of India
Parliament House[edit]
Main article: Sansad Bhavan
The Sansad Bhavan (Parliament House) is located in New Delhi. It was designed by Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker, who were responsible for planning and construction of New Delhi by British government. The construction of buildings took six years and the opening ceremony was performed on 18 January 1927 by the then Viceroy and Governor-General of India, Irwin. The construction costs for the building were ₹8.3 million (US$130,000). The parliament is 560 feet (170 m) in diameter and covers an area of 6 acres (2.4 ha). The Central hall consists of the chambers of Lok sabha, Rajya Sabha and the Library hall. Surrounding these three chambers is the four storied circular structure providing accommodations for members and houses Parliamentary committees, offices and the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs.[9]
General layout of the building[edit]
The centre and the focus of the building is the Central Hall. It consists of chambers of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and the Library Hall and between them lie garden courts. Surrounding these three chambers is the four storyed circular structure providing accommodations for Ministers, Chairmen, Parliamentary committees, Party offices, important offices of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha Secretariats and also the offices of the ministry of Parliamentary affairs. The Central Hall is circular in shape and the dome is 98 feet (29.87 meters) in diameter. It is a place of historical importance. The Indian Constitution was framed in the Central Hall. The Central Hall was originally used in the library of erstwhile Central Legislative Assembly and the Council of States. In 1946, it was converted and refurbished into Constituent Assembly Hall. At present, the Central Hall is used for holding joint sittings of both the houses of parliament and also used for address by the President in the commencement of first session after each general election.
Proposal for a new building[edit]
A new Parliament building may replace the existing complex. The new building is being considered on account of the stability concerns regarding the current complex.[10] A committee to suggest alternatives to the current building has been set up by the Former Speaker, Meira Kumar. The present building, an 85-year-old structure suffers from inadequacy of space to house members and their staff and is thought to suffer from structural issues. The building also needs to be protected because of its heritage tag.[11]
Composition[edit]
The Indian Parliament consists of two houses called the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha with the President of India acting as their head.
President of India[edit]
Main article: President of India
The President of India, the Head of state is a component of Parliament. Under Article 60 and Article 111, President's responsibility is to scrutinise that bills/laws passed by the parliament are in accordance with constitutional mandate and stipulated procedure is followed before according his/her approval to the bills. The President of India is elected by the members of Parliament of India and the state legislatures and serves for a term of five years.[12]
Lok Sabha[edit]
Main article: Lok Sabha
Lok Sabha (House of the People) or the lower house has 545 members. 543 members are directly elected by citizens of India on the basis of universal adult franchise representing Parliamentary constituencies across the country and 2 members are appointed by the President of India from Anglo-Indian Community. Every citizen of India who is over 18 years of age, irrespective of gender, caste, religion or race, who is otherwise not disqualified, is eligible to vote for the Lok Sabha.The Constitution provides that the maximum strength of the House be 552 members. It has a term of five years. To be eligible for membership in the Lok Sabha, a person must be a citizen of India and must be 25 years of age or older, mentally sound, should not be bankrupt and should not be criminally convicted. The total elective membership is distributed among the States in such a way that the ratio between the number of seats allotted to each State and the population of the State is, so far as practicable, the same for all States.[13]
Rajya Sabha[edit]
Main article: Rajya Sabha
Rajya Sabha (Council of States) or the upper house is a permanent body not subject to dissolution. One third of the members retire every second year, and are replaced by newly elected members. Each member is elected for a term of six years.[14] Its members are indirectly elected by members of legislative bodies of the states. The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250 members. It currently has a sanctioned strength of 245 members, of which 233 are elected from States and Union Territories and 12 are nominated by the President. The number of members from a state depends on its population. The minimum age for a person to become a member of Rajya Sabha is 30 years.
Session of parliament[edit]
The period during which the House meets to conduct its business is called a session. The Constitution empowers the president to summon each House at such intervals that there should not be more than a six-month gap between the two sessions. Hence the Parliament must meet at least twice a year. In India, the parliament conducts three sessions each year:[15]
Budget session: February to May
Monsoon session: July to September
Winter session: November to December
Lawmaking procedures[edit]
Main article: Lawmaking procedure in India
Legislative proposals are brought before either house of the Parliament in the form of a bill. A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal, which, when passed by both houses of Parliament and assented to by the President, becomes an Act of Parliament. Money bills must originate in the Lok Sabha. The council of states can only make recommendations over the bills to the House, within a period of fourteen days.[16]
Parliamentary committees[edit]
Parliamentary committees are formed to deliberate specific matters at length. The public is directly or indirectly associated and studies are conducted to help committees arrive at the conclusions. Parliamentary committees are of two kinds: Ad hoc committees and the Standing committees.[17][18][19]
Standing committees are permanent committees constituted from time to time in pursuance of the provisions of an act of Parliament or rules of procedure and conduct of business in Parliament. The work of these committees is of a continuing nature. Ad hoc committees are appointed for a specific purpose and they cease to exist when they finish the task assigned to them and submits a report.
Incidents[edit]
Main article: 2001 Indian Parliament attack
On 13 December 2001, Indian Parliament was attacked by a terrorist organisation. The perpetrators were Lashkar-e-Taiba (Let) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) terrorists. The attack led to the deaths of five terrorists, six Delhi Police personnel, two Parliament Security Services personnel and a gardener, which totalled 14 fatalities. It also led to increased tensions between India and Pakistan, resulting in the 2001-2002 India-Pakistan standoff.[20]
Parliament Session and debates[edit]
On 16 November 2016, The winter session of Indian Parliament had started and during the sittings in both Upper and Lower Houses of Parliament, observed strong opposition, and uproar by political parties, on note ban initiative by Narendra Modi Government on 8 November 2016.
Jawaharlal Nehru and other members taking pledge during the midnight session of the Constituent Assembly of India held on 14 and 15 August 1947.
Constituent Assembly of India
Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the Constituent Assembly in 1946.
Indian Prime Minister, Morarji Desai listens to Jimmy Carter as he addresses the Indian Parliament House.
President of the United States, Barack Obama addressing Joint Session of the Parliament in 2010.
See also[edit]
Politics of India
Election Commission of India
Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha
List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha
Indian Parliamentary Group
PRS Legislative Research
List of legislatures by country
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Live: Ram Nath Kovind becomes the 14th President of India". The Hindu. New Delhi, India. 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 25 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Venkaiah Naidu sworn in as Vice-President". The Hindu. New Delhi, India. 11 August 2017. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "P.J. Kurien is Rajya Sabha Deputy Chairman". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sumitra Mahajan elected speaker". Times of India. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "M Thambidurai elected deputy speaker of Lok Sabha". Times of India. 13 August 2014. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Narendra Modi is sworn in as the 15th Prime Minister of India". The Times of India. 26 May 2014. Archived from the original on 6 September 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "PIB Press Releases". Pib.nic.in. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Deputy Chairman, Rajya Sabha, Parliament of India". Archived from the original on 1 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "History of the Parliament, Delhi". delhiassembly.nic.in. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Delhi may see a new Parliament building". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 13 July 2012. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Firstpost (13 July 2012). "Speaker sets up panel to suggest new home for Parliament". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Constitution of India (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. 1 December 2007. p. 26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lok Sabha". parliamentofindia.nic.in. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Parliament – Government: National Portal of India". Home: National Portal of India. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Our Parliament" (PDF). New Delhi: Lok Sabha Secretariat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "How bill becomes act". parliamentofindia.nic.in. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Parliamentary Committee. "Parliament of India". Indian Parliament. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Committees of Rajya Sabha. "General Information". Rajya Sabha Secretariat. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Lok Sabha - Committee Home. "Introduction". Lok Sabha Secretariat. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Terrorists attack Parliament; five intruders, six cops killed". rediff.com. 13 December 2001. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
Further reading[edit]
"The Parliamentary System" by Arun Shourie, Publisher: Rupa & Co
External links[edit]
Media related to Parliament of India at Wikimedia Commons
Works written on the topic Parliament of India at Wikisource
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Jordan River
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the river in the Middle East. For other rivers named Jordan River, see Jordan River (disambiguation).
"River Jordan" redirects here. For other uses, see River Jordan (disambiguation).
Jordan River (Hebrew: נהר הירדן, Nahar ha-Yarden
Arabic: نهر الأردن, Nahr al-Urdun)
River
Jordan River
Name origin: Hebrew: ירדן (yardén, descender) < ירד (yarad, to descend)[1]
Country
Israel, Palestine, Jordan
Regions
Middle East, Eastern Mediterranean littoral
District
Galilee
Tributaries
- left Banias River, Dan River, Yarmouk River, Zarqa River
- right Hasbani or Snir River (Lebanon and Israel), Iyyon Stream (Lebanon and Israel)
Landmarks
Sea of Galilee, Baptismal site, Dead Sea
Source
- location Anti-Lebanon Mountain Range at Mount Hermon, Golan Heights
- elevation 2,814 m (9,232 ft)
Mouth
Dead Sea
- elevation −416 m (−1,365 ft)
Length
251 km (156 mi)
The Jordan River runs along the border between the Palestinian West Bank, Kingdom of Jordan and Israel
The Jordan River (also River Jordan; Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן Nahar ha-Yarden; Arabic: نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ Nahr al-Urdun, Ancient Greek: Ιορδάνης, Iordànes) is a 251-kilometre (156 mi)-long river in the Middle East that flows roughly north to south through the Sea of Galilee and on to the Dead Sea. Israel and the West Bank border the river to the west, while the Golan Heights and Jordan lie to its east. Both Jordan and the West Bank take their names from the river.
The river has a major significance in Judaism and Christianity. This is the site where the Israelites crossed into the Promised Land and where Jesus of Nazareth was baptised by John the Baptist.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
1.1 Tributaries
2 History
3 Roads, border crossings, bridges
4 Importance as a water source
5 Hebrew Bible
6 New Testament
7 Cultural significance
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Geography[edit]
River Jordan draining into the Dead Sea
The Jordan River has an upper course (from its sources to the Sea of Galilee) and a lower one (beyond the Sea of Galilee and down to the Dead Sea). In traditional terminology, the upper course (or most of it) is commonly referred to as passing through the "Hula Valley", and not the "upper Jordan Valley"; the Sea of Galilee through which the river passes is a separate entity; and the term Jordan Valley is reserved for the lower course. In this sense, the (actually in its entirety "lower") Jordan Valley may be separated into upper, central and lower Jordan Valley.
Over its upper course, the river drops rapidly in a 75-kilometre (47 mi) run to the once large and swampy Lake Hula, which is slightly above sea level. Exiting the now much diminished lake, it goes through an even steeper drop over the 25 kilometres (16 mi) down to the Sea of Galilee, which it enters at its northern end. The Jordan deposits much of the silt it is carrying within the lake, which it leaves again near its southern tip. At that point the river is situated about 210 metres below sea level. The last 120-kilometre (75 mi)-long section follows what is commonly termed the "Jordan Valley", which has less gradient (the total drop is another 210 metres) so that the river meanders before entering the Dead Sea, a terminal lake about 422 metres below sea level with no outlet. Two major tributaries enter from the east during this last section: the Yarmouk River and Zarqa River.
Its section north of the Sea of Galilee (Hebrew: כנרת Kinneret, Arabic: Bohayrat Tabaraya, meaning Lake of Tiberias) is within the boundaries of Israel, and forms the western boundary of the Golan Heights. South of the lake, it forms the border between the Kingdom of Jordan (to the east), and Israel (to the west).
Tributaries[edit]
Aerial view, 1938
The streams coming together to create the River Jordan in its upper basin are, west to east:
Iyyon (Hebrew: עיון Iyyon, Arabic: دردره Dardara or براغيث Braghith – on old PEF maps (1871–77) as Wadi el-Kharrar in the Merj 'Ayun area and Nahr Bareighit in its lower part), a stream which flows from Lebanon.
Hasbani (Arabic: الحاصباني Hasbani, Hebrew: either שניר Snir or Hatzbani), a stream which flows from Mount Lebanon[citation needed].
Dan (Hebrew: דן Dan, Arabic: اللدان Leddan), a stream whose source is also at the base of Mount Hermon.
Banias (Arabic: بانياس Banias, Hebrew: either Banias or חרמון Hermon), a stream arising from a spring at Banias at the foot of Mount Hermon.
South of the Sea of Galilee the Jordan River receives the waters of further tributaries, the main ones being
Yarmouk River
Zarqa River
Smaller tributaries in this segment are
Wadi al-Far'a
Wadi Qelt
History[edit]
In the 19th century the River Jordan and the Dead Sea were explored by boat primarily by Christopher Costigan in 1835, Thomas Howard Molyneux in 1847, William Francis Lynch in 1848, and John MacGregor in 1869.[3] The full text of W. F. Lynch's 1849 book Narrative of the United States' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea is available online.
Colored postcard of the Jordan River, by Karimeh Abbud, circa 1925
In 1964, Israel began operating a pumping station that diverts water from the Sea of Galilee to the National Water Carrier. Also in 1964, Jordan constructed a channel that diverted water from the Yarmouk River, another main tributary of the Jordan River to the East Ghor Canal. Syria has also built reservoirs that catch the Yarmouk's waters. Environmentalists blame Israel, Jordan and Syria for extensive damage to the Jordan River ecosystem.[4]
In modern times, the waters are 70% to 90% used for human purposes and the flow is greatly reduced. Because of this and the high evaporation rate of the Dead Sea, as well as industrial extraction of salts through evaporation ponds, the sea is shrinking. All the shallow waters of the southern end of the sea have been drained in modern times and are now salt flats.
A small section of the northernmost portion of the Lower Jordan, the first ca. 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) below the Sea of Galilee, has been kept pristine for baptism and local tourism. Most polluted is the 100-kilometre downstream stretch—a meandering stream from above the confluence with the Yarmouk to the Dead Sea. Environmentalists say the practice of letting sewage and brackish water flow into the river has almost destroyed its ecosystem. Rescuing the Jordan could take decades, according to environmentalists.[4] In 2007, Friends of the Earth Middle East (FoEME) named the Jordan River as one of the world's 100 most endangered ecological sites, due in part to lack of cooperation between Israel and neighboring Arab states.[5] The same environmentalist organization had said in a report that the Jordan River could dry up by 2011 unless the decay is stopped.[6] The flow rate of the Jordan River once was 1.3 billion cubic metres per year; as of 2010, just 20 to 30 million cubic metres per year flow into the Dead Sea.[6] For comparison, the total amount of desalinated water produced by Israel by 2012 was estimated to be about 500 million cubic metres per year. Recent literature shows the role of power asymmetries and of discourses and narratives in shaping hydropolitics along the Jordan River Basin.[7]
Roads, border crossings, bridges[edit]
Rafting on Jordan River, Northern Galilee
Route 90, part of which is named after Rehavam Zeevi, connects the northern and southern tips of the Israeli-occupied West Bank and parallels the Jordan River on the western side.
There are two border crossings between Israel and Jordan which cross the river over bridges. The northern one, Jordan River Crossing or Sheikh Hussein Bridge is near Beit She'an; the southern one, Allenby Bridge (also King Hussein Bridge), is near Jericho.
From the bridges crossing the river within Israel, the most famous one is the Bnot Ya'akov Bridge (Hebrew: Gesher Bnot Ya'akov, "Daughters of Jacob Bridge").
Arik Bridge at the northern end of the Sea of Galilee; allows access to the central Golan Heights, was crucial in the 1967 and 1973 wars
Al-Sinnabra at the spot where the river used to exit the Sea of Galilee in the past; few remains excavated by archaeologists
Jisr el-Majami' north of Beit She'an/Beisan; closed
Damiya or Adam Bridge halfway between Jericho and Beit She'an; closed
Another closed bridge is the King Abdullah Bridge south of the Allenby Bridge.
Importance as a water source[edit]
The waters of the Jordan River are the second largest water resource for Israel, desalination of sea water from the Mediterranean being the first. Israel's National Water Carrier, completed in 1964, delivers water from the Sea of Galilee to the Israeli coastal plain.
Jordan receives 50,000,000 cubic metres (1.8×109 cu ft) of water from the river, a quantity which is regulated by the 1994 peace treaty with Israel.[8] This water is pumped out of the river at its exit from the Sea of Galilee and directed through a pipeline to Jordan.
Conflict about the waters of the Jordan River was a contributing factor to the Six-Day War when, starting in 1965, Syria attempted to divert some of its headwaters in collaboration with Lebanon and Jordan.[9] The diversion works would have reduced the water availability for Israel's carrier by about 35%, and Israel's overall water supply by about 11%.[10] In April 1967 Israel conducted air raids into Syria to halt this work, and two months later the Six Day War followed. The use of Jordan River's water was cited as a cause of the war by Ariel Sharon, who said,
People generally regard June 5, 1967, as the day the Six Day War began. That is the official date, but in reality it started two and a half years earlier on the day Israel decided to act against the diversion of the Jordan River.[9]
"The Children of Israel Crossing the Jordan" by Gustave Doré
Hebrew Bible[edit]
In the Hebrew Bible the Jordan is referred to as the source of fertility of a large plain ("Kikkar ha-Yarden"), said to be watered like "the garden of the LORD" (Genesis 13:10). There is no regular description of the Jordan in the Bible; only scattered and indefinite references to it are given. Jacob crossed it and its tributary, the Jabbok (the modern Al-Zarqa), on his way back from Haran (Genesis 32:11, 32:23–24). It is noted as the line of demarcation between the "two tribes and the half tribe" settled to the east (Numbers 34:15) and the "nine tribes and the half tribe of Manasseh" that, led by Joshua, settled to the west (Joshua 13:7, passim).
Opposite Jericho, it was called "the Jordan of Jericho" (Numbers 34:15; 35:1). The Jordan has a number of fords, and one of them is famous as the place where many Ephraimites were slain by Jephthah (Judges 12:5–6). It seems that these are the same fords mentioned as being near Beth-barah, where Gideon lay in wait for the Midianites (Judges 7:24). In the plain of the Jordan, between Succoth and Zarthan, is the clay ground where Solomon had his brass-foundries (1 Kings 7:46).
In biblical history, the Jordan appears as the scene of several miracles, the first taking place when the Jordan, near Jericho, was crossed by the Israelites under Joshua (Joshua 3:15–17). Later the two tribes and the half tribe that settled east of the Jordan built a large altar on its banks as "a witness" between them and the other tribes (Joshua 22:10, 22:26, et seq.). The Jordan was crossed by Elijah and Elisha on dry ground (2 Kings 2:8, 2:14). God thrived through Elisha performing two other miracles at the Jordan: God healed Naaman by having him bathe in its waters, and he made the axe head of one of the "children of the prophets" float, by throwing a piece of wood into the water (2 Kings 5:14; 6:6).
New Testament[edit]
Jordanian Christian women visiting Al-Maghtas site, 28 November 1913.
Al-Maghtas ruins on the Jordanian side of the Jordan River are the location for the Baptism of Jesus and the ministry of John the Baptist
The New Testament states that John the Baptist baptised unto repentance[11] in the Jordan (Matthew 3:5–6; Mark1:5; Luke 3:3; John1:28). These acts of Baptism are also reported as having taken place at Bethabara (John 1:28).
Jesus came to be baptised by him there (Matthew 3:13; Mark 1:9; Luke 3:21, 4:1). The Jordan is also where John the Baptist bore record of Jesus as the Son of God and Lamb of God (John 1:29–36).
The prophecy of Isaiah regarding the Messiah which names the Jordan (Isaiah 9:1–2) is also reported in Matthew 4:15.
The New Testament speaks several times about Jesus crossing the Jordan during his ministry (Matthew 19:1; Mark 10:1), and of believers crossing the Jordan to come hear him preach and to be healed of their diseases (Matthew 4:25; Mark 3:7–8). When his enemies sought to capture him, Jesus took refuge at Jordan in the place John had first baptised (John 10:39–40).
Evidence from scriptures and archaeological findings has concluded that the site called Al-Maghtas on the Jordanian side is the most accurate location for the Baptism of Jesus and the ministry of John. This has led to choosing Al-Maghtas as a UNESCO World Heritage site, which took place in 2015.[12]
Cultural significance[edit]
The Jordan is a frequent symbol in folk, gospel, and spiritual music, and in poetic and literary works.
Because, according to Jewish tradition, the Israelites made a difficult and hazardous journey from slavery in Egypt to freedom in The Promised Land, the Jordan can refer to freedom. The actual crossing is the final step of the journey, which is then complete.
Because of the baptism of Jesus, water from the Jordan is employed for the christening of heirs and princes in several Christian royal houses, such as the cases of Prince George of Cambridge, Simeon of Bulgaria[13] or James Ogilvy.[14]
The baptism of Jesus is referred to in a hymn by the reformer Martin Luther, "Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam" (1541), base for a cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach, Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam, BWV 7 (1724).
The Jordan River, due primarily to its rich spiritual importance, has provided inspiration for countless songs, hymns, and stories, including the traditional African-American spiritual/folk songs "Michael Row the Boat Ashore", "Deep River", and "Roll, Jordan, Roll". It is mentioned in the songs "Eve of Destruction", "Will You Be There", and "The Wayfaring Stranger" and in "Ol' Man River" from the musical Show Boat. "The Far Side Banks Of Jordan" by Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash on June's Grammy Award-winning studio album, Press On, mentions the Jordan River as well as The Promised Land. Jordan River is also the subject of roots reggae artist Burning Spear's song of the same title.[15]
See also[edit]
Islam portal
Judaism portal
Christianity portal
Jordan Rift Valley
Jordan Valley (Middle East)
Ed-Dikke synagogue
Island of Peace
Naharayim
Ænon
Baptism of Jesus
Bethabara
Steven Collins (archaeologist) 2005 to present, archaeologist in the Jordan River Valley
Fair river sharing
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Klein, Ernest, A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language for Readers of English, The University of Haifa, Carta, Jerusalem, p. 264
Jump up ^ "An Interfaith Look at the Jordan River". Retrieved 16 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "History of the Dead Sea - Discover the Dead Sea with Us!". 1 July 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Plushnick-Masti, Ramil (10 September 2006). "Raw Sewage Taints Sacred Jordan River". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Endangered Jordan", Dateline World Jewry, World Jewish Congress, September, 2007
^ Jump up to: a b "Jordan River could die by 2011: report". Retrieved 16 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Hussein, Hussam, and Mattia Grandi. "Dynamic political contexts and power asymmetries: the cases of the Blue Nile and the Yarmouk Rivers." International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics (2017): 1-20.
Jump up ^ Susskind, Lawrence; Shafiqul Islam (2012). "Water Diplomacy: Creating Value and Building Trust in Transboundary Water Negotiations". Science & Diplomacy. 1 (3).
^ Jump up to: a b Mehr, Farhang, "The politics of water," in Antonino Zichichi, Richard C. Ragaini, eds., International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies, 30th session, Erice, Italy, 18–26 August 2003, Ettore Majorana International Centre for Scientific Culture, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pie. Ltd., 2004, p. 258, 259
Jump up ^ "Appendix C: Historical review of the political riparian issues in the development of the Jordan River and basin management". Murakami. 1995.
Jump up ^ Cf. Acts 19:4
Jump up ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Baptism Site "Bethany Beyond the Jordan" (Al-Maghtas)". Retrieved 16 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Kate Connolly, "Once upon a time in Bulgaria", The Guardian, 20 June 2001.
Jump up ^ "Baptized". Time. May 22, 1964. Retrieved 2008-03-11. water from the River Jordan was sent for the occasion;
Jump up ^ "Jah Lyrics: Burning Spear - Jordan River Lyrics". Retrieved 16 January 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jordan River.
SMART – Multilateral project for sustainable water management in the lower Jordan Valley
Inventory of Conflict and Environment (ICE), Jordan River Dispute
"Map of the River Jordan and Dead Sea: And the Route of the Party Under the Command of Lieutenant W.F. Lynch, United States Navy" is a map from the mid-19th century of the River Jordan and Dead Sea
"The Jordan River" in which John the Baptist baptized his cousin Jesus of Nazareth. (Yardenit.com)
Coordinates: 33°11′12″N 35°37′09″E / 33.18667°N 35.61917°E / 33.18667; 35.61917
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 315128281
LCCN: sh85070703
ISNI: 0000 0004 0644 1982
GND: 4096627-6
SUDOC: 059298871
BNF: cb157254959 (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan_River&oldid=800316274"
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Shirley (name)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Shirley is a given name and a surname. Transferred use for the surname originating from the English place-name Shirley, which is derived from the Old English elements scire (shire) or scīr (bright, clear) and lēah (wood, clearing, meadow, enclosure). The name makes reference to the open space where the moot (an early English assembly of freeman which met to administer justice and discuss community issues) was held. Shirley was originally a male name, but its use in Charlotte Brontë's novel Shirley (1849) established it as a female name. The name is also common in Hebrew, in which it means "song unto me" or "I have a song".
Contents
[hide]
1 Given name
2 Surname
3 In fiction
4 See also
5 References
Given name[edit]
Shirley Abicair, Australian singer, musician, actress, and author
Shirley Abrahamson, American judge
Shirley Babashoff, American swimmer
Shirley Ballas, English dancer
Shirley Bassey, Welsh singer
Shirley Booth, American stage, film, radio, and television actress
Shirley D. Bowler, American writer and editor
Shirley Brifman (1935 – 1972), Australian prostitute and brothel madam
Shirley Chisholm, first African-American woman elected to Congress
Shirley Clamp, Swedish singer
Shirley Crabtree, English wrestler
Shirley Henderson, Scottish actress
Shirley Jones, American singer and stage, film, and television actress
Shirley Knight, American stage, film, and television actress
Shirley Kocaçınar, Turkish-Dutch women's footballer
Shirley Kwan, Hong Kong singer
Shirley MacLaine, American actress
Shirley Mallmann, Brazilian model
Shirley Manson, Scottish singer, lead vocalist of the rock band Garbage
Shirley Muldowney, first woman to receive a licence to drive a top fuel dragster by the NHRA
Shirley Pitts (1934-1992), English fraudster and thief, the "Queen of shoplifters"
Shirley Povich, American sports columnist
Shirley Scott, American hard bop and soul-jazz organist
Shirley Setia, New Zealander singer
Shirley Sherrod, United States Department of Agriculture employee
Shirley Temple, American film and television actress, singer, dancer, and diplomat
Shirley Williams, Baroness Williams of Crosby, English politician
Shirley Yeung, Hong Kong actress
Shirley Zwerus or Shirley (Dutch singer) (born 1946), Dutch singer and pianist
Shirley (Danish singer), Danish singer
Surname[edit]
Shirley
Origin
Region of origin
England
Word/Name
Anglo-Saxon
Meaning
habitational name for one who lived in one of the parishes called Shirley in the counties of Derbyshire, Surrey, Hampshire and the West Midlands.
Shirley is a rather uncommon surname, with pockets of Shirleys living in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Idaho, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, Canada, New Zealand, and parts of Great Britain.[citation needed] A work on the genealogy of the various branches of the Shirley family was published as Stemmata Shirleiana by E. P. Shirley in 1841. The history of Shirleys settling in souther NH is documented in the History of Old Chester,[1] NH by Benjamin Chase. The present generation of the Shirley family is only the most recent to bear a name that dates back to the ancient Anglo-Saxon culture of Britain. Their name comes from having lived in the parish of Shirley found in the counties of Derbyshire, Surrey, Hampshire and the West Midlands.
Shirley is the surname of the title character in Anne of Green Gables, a 1908 novel by Lucy Maude Montgomery about an orphan girl in the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island.
John Shirley-Quirk, British opera singer.
Bob Shirley, American baseball player
Don Shirley, American-Jamaican jazz pianist and composer
Drew Shirley, guitarist
James Shirley (or Sherley) (1596–1666), English dramatist
Jerry Shirley, English drummer
Kevin Shirley, South African music producer
Paul Shirley, American basketball player and writer
Simon Shirley, Australian decathlete
Stephanie Steve Shirley, UK businesswoman
William Shirley (1694–1771), British colonial governor of Massachusetts
In fiction[edit]
Shirley Brahms, the Cockney shop assistant in Are You Being Served?. Portrayed by Wendy Richard.
Shirley the Loon, a fictional character in Tiny Toon Adventures
Shirley, the surname of the title character in Anne of Green Gables
Shirley Fenette, a character in the anime Code Geass
Shirley, a fictional character in The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour 3
Shirley, a hairdresser in the videogame MySims
Shirley Fennes, a character in the videogame Tales of Legendia
Shirley Feeney, titular character in Laverne & Shirley
Shirley Keeldar, titular character in the Charlotte Brontë novel Shirley
Shirley Partridge, the main character in The Partridge Family
Shirley, one of the main characters of Shaun the Sheep
Shirley, an elderly female bird in The Angry Birds Movie
See also[edit]
Shirl, often a diminutive form of Shirley
This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=wPZ_WbsPleEC&pg=PA589&dq=it+is+said+that+the+shirley%27s+date+back+to+the+germans&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjC08-g_-fQAhWsKMAKHbDcBq8Q6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=it%20is%20said%20that%20the%20shirley's%20date%20back%20to%20the%20germans&f=false
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shirley_(name)&oldid=817130621"
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Quentin Durward
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the 1955 film, see The Adventures of Quentin Durward.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Quentin Durward
First edition title page.
Author
Walter Scott
Country
Scotland
Language
English, Lowland Scots
Series
Waverley Novels
Genre
Historical novel
Publisher
Archibald Constable (Scotland) & Hurst, Robinson (England)
Publication date
17 May 1823
Media type
Print (hardback)
Quentin Durward is a historical novel by Walter Scott, first published in 1823. The story concerns a Scottish archer in the service of the French King Louis XI (1423–1483).
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot introduction
2 Plot summary
3 Characters
4 Historical inaccuracies
5 Adaptations
6 References
7 External links
Plot introduction[edit]
The plot centres on the medieval rivalry between Louis XI of France and Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. Louis incites the citizens of Liège to revolt against Charles, and they seize and murder Charles's brother-in-law, Louis de Bourbon, Bishop of Liège, under the command of Louis's ally, William de la Marck, who was hoping to install his son in Louis de Bourbon's place (a real historical event which occurred in 1482).
At the time of the murder, Louis is present in Charles' camp at Peronne, hoping to fool him with a false display of friendship. Charles, however, sees through his mask of deceit, accuses him of instigating the uprising, and has him imprisoned. Louis's superior coolness of mind permits him to allay Charles's suspicions and to regain his liberty. In a sub-plot, the Burgundian heiress Isabelle de Croye takes refuge at Louis's court when Charles attempts to give her hand in marriage to his odious favourite Campo-Basso. Louis, in turn, resolves to give her in marriage to the bandit-captain William de la Marck, and sends her to Flanders under the pretence of placing her under the protection of the Bishop of Liège. She is guarded on her journey by Quentin Durward, an archer, who has left behind poverty in Scotland to join the Archers of Louis's Scottish Guard. Quentin prevents the intended treachery and earns Isabelle's love. Charles, though, promises her in marriage to the Duke of Orléans (heir to the French crown) but she refuses, and, in anger, the Duke promises her to whoever brings him the head of de la Marck. This Quentin does with the help of his uncle, Ludovic Lesley, and wins Isabelle's hand.
Plot summary[edit]
The story takes place in the year 1468.[1] The age of feudalism and chivalry was passing away, and the King of France was inciting the wealthy citizens of Flanders against his own rebellious vassal the Duke of Burgundy. Quentin Durward had come to Tours, where his uncle was one of the Scottish body guard maintained by Louis XI, to seek military service, and was invited by the king, disguised as a merchant, to breakfast at the inn, and supplied by him with money. Having narrowly escaped being hanged by the provost-marshal for cutting down Zamet, whom he found suspended from a tree, he was enlisted by Lord Crawford, and learned the history of Jacqueline. In the presence-chamber he was recognised by Louis, and the royal party were preparing for a hunting excursion, when the Count of Crèvecœur arrived with a peremptory demand for the instant surrender of the duke's ward, the Countess of Croye, who had fled from Burgundy with her aunt to escape a forced marriage; and proclaimed that his master renounced his allegiance to the crown of France. In the chase which followed Durward saved the king's life from a boar, for which service Louis, after consulting with his barber, entrusted him with the duty of conducting the Countess and Lady Hameline, ostensibly to the protection of the Bishop of Liege, but really that they might fall into the hands of William de la Marck. After proceeding some distance they were overtaken by Dunois and the Duke of Orléans, who would have seized the countess, but were prevented by Lord Crawford, who arrived in pursuit and made prisoners of them. Then Hayraddin came riding after them, and under his guidance they journeyed for nearly a week, when Quentin discovered that the Bohemian was in league with De la Marck. He accordingly altered their route, and they reached the bishop's castle in safety.
A few days afterwards, however, it was assaulted by the citizens, and Hayraddin having effected Lady Hameline's escape with Marthon, Quentin rushed back to save the countess, and, at Gieslaer's suggestion, Pavilion passed them as his daughter and her sweetheart into the great hall where the outlaw, who was known as the Boar of Ardennes, was feasting with the rioters. The bishop, who was also governor of the city, was then dragged in, and, having denounced his captor, was murdered by a stroke of Nikkel Blok's cleaver. There was a shout for vengeance, but De la Marck summoned his soldiers, upon which Quentin held a dirk at the throat of his son Carl, and exhorted the citizens to return to their homes. With the syndic's help Lady Isabella and her protector reached Charleroi, where she was placed in a convent, while he carried the news to the Duke of Burgundy, at whose court Louis, with a small retinue, was a guest. Charles, in a furious rage, accused the king of being privy to the sacrilege, and caused him to be treated as a prisoner.
At a council the following day he was charged with abetting rebellion among the vassals of Burgundy, and the countess was brought as a witness against him. She admitted her fault, and Quentin Durward was being questioned respecting his escort of her, when a herald arrived with a demand from De la Marck to be acknowledged as Prince-Bishop of Liège, and for the release of his ally the King of France. Louis replied that he intended to gibbet the murderer, and the messenger, who was discovered to be Hayraddin, was sentenced to death, the quarrel between the duke and the king being at the same time adjusted, on the understanding that the Duke of Orléans should marry Lady Isabelle. Crèvecœur, however, interceded for her, and it was arranged that whoever should bring the head of the Boar of Ardennes might claim her hand. Quentin, who had learnt his plans from the Bohemian, advanced with the allied troops of France and Burgundy against his stronghold, and a desperate battle ensued. At length the young Scot was in the act of closing with De la Marck, when Pavilion's daughter implored his protection from a French soldier; and, while placing her in safety, his uncle La Balafré fought the ruffian, and carried his head to the royal presence. Lord Crawford declared him to be of gentle birth, but the old soldier having resigned his pretensions to his nephew, King Louis vouched for Quentin's services and prudence, and the duke being satisfied as to his descent, remarked that it only remained to inquire what were the fair lady's sentiments towards the young emigrant in search of honourable adventure, who, by his sense, firmness and gallantry, thus became the fortunate possessor of wealth, rank and beauty.
Characters[edit]
Cover to the 3-volume first edition
Quentin Durward, a Scottish cadet
Ludovic Lesley, Le Balafré ("scarred"), his maternal uncle
Maitre Pierre, posing as a merchant, actually King Louis XI of France
Tristan l'Hermite, his provost-marshal
Dame Perrette, hostess of "The Fleur de Lys"
Jacqueline, her servant; afterwards Isabelle, Countess of Croye
Lady Hameline, her aunt
Lord Crawford, commander of Scottish archers
Count de Dunois, grand huntsman
Louis, Duke of Orléans, the future Louis XII of France
Cardinal Jean Balue
The Bishop of Auxerre
Olivier le Dain, the court barber
Princess Anne of Beaujeau and Princess Joan, the king's daughters
Philippe de Crèvecœur d'Esquerdes, Count of Burgundy
The Countess, his wife
Toison d'Or, his herald
William de la Marck, a Flemish outlaw, the freebooting Boar of the Ardennes, and Louis's supporter
Carl Eberson, his son
Hayraddin Maugrabin, a Bohemian
Zamet, his brother
Marthon, a gipsy woman
Louis of Bourbon, Prince-Bishop of Liège
Pavillon, a currier and syndic
Gertrude, his daughter
Peterkin Gieslaer, his deputy
Nikkel Blok, a butcher
Duke Charles of Burgundy, or Charles the Bold
Le Glorieux, his jester
Martius Galeotti or Martivalle, an astrologer
Historical inaccuracies[edit]
De la Marck's killing of the Bishop of Liege is moved to occur fourteen years before its historical date, which was 1482. It appears that Scott made the killing contemporaneous with the Liège Uprising to hasten the pace of the tale. (Similarly, de la Marck was actually executed in 1485.)
Louis of Orleans and his future wife, Princess Joan, appear as grown adults; in fact they were six years old and four years old, respectively, at the time the novel is set.
Adaptations[edit]
1955 movie The Adventures of Quentin Durward, starring Robert Taylor
1971 TV series Quentin Durward (1971)
1988 Russian movie The Adventures of Quentin Durward, The Archer of The King's Guard
an illustrated novel drawn by the Portuguese artist Fernando Bento and first published in the Fifties in the boy's journal Cavaleiro Andante
an opera by François-Auguste Gevaert (1858) on a libretto by Eugène Cormon and Michel Carré
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Stated at the end of chapter 1.
External links[edit]
Quentin Durward at Project Gutenberg
Quentin Durward at Walter Scott Digital Archive, the University of Edinburgh library
This article incorporates text from the revised 1898 edition of Henry Grey's A Key to the Waverley Novels (1880), now in the public domain.

[hide]
v
t
e
Works by Walter Scott
Novels
Waverley (1814)
Guy Mannering (1815)
The Antiquary (1816)
The Black Dwarf (1816)
Old Mortality (1816)
Rob Roy (1817)
The Heart of Midlothian (1818)
The Bride of Lammermoor (1819)
A Legend of Montrose (1819)
Ivanhoe (1819)
The Monastery (1820)
The Abbot (1820)
Kenilworth (1821)
The Pirate (1821)
The Fortunes of Nigel (1822)
Peveril of the Peak (1823)
Quentin Durward (1823)
St. Ronan's Well (1823)
Redgauntlet (1824)
The Betrothed (1825)
The Talisman (1825)
Woodstock (1826)
The Fair Maid of Perth (1828)
Anne of Geierstein (1829)
Count Robert of Paris (1831)
Castle Dangerous (1831)
The Siege of Malta (1831-1832, pub. posthumously 2008)
Bizarro (1832, pub. posthumously 2008)
Poetry
Translations and Imitations from German Ballads (1796-1819)
"Glenfinlas" (1800)
The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border (1802-1803)
The Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805)
Ballads and Lyrical Pieces (1806)
Marmion (1808)
The Lady of the Lake (1810)
The Vision of Don Roderick (1811)
The Bridal of Triermain (1813)
Rokeby (1813)
The Field of Waterloo (1815)
The Lord of the Isles (1815)
Harold the Dauntless (1817)
Short stories
Chronicles of the Canongate, 1st series (1827)
"The Keepsake Stories" (1828)
Plays
Halidon Hill (1822)
MacDuff's Cross (1823)
The Doom of Devorgoil (1830)
Auchindrane, or, The Ayrshire Tragedy (1830)
Non-fiction
The Journal (1825-1832)
Tales of a Grandfather (1828-1831)
Manners, customs and history of the Highlanders of Scotland ; Historical account of the clan MacGregor. (pub. posthumously, 1893)
People
James Ballantyne
Lord Byron
James Hogg
William Laidlaw
John Gibson Lockhart
J. B. S. Morritt
Robert Southey
William Wordsworth
Characters
Jedediah Cleishbotham
Jeanie Deans
Dryasdust
Lord Glenallan
Saunders Mucklebackit
Edie Ochiltree
Jonathan Oldbuck
Dominie Sampson
Sir Arthur Wardour
Related
Abbotsford House
Dandie Dinmont Terrier
"Hail to the Chief"
Kennaquhair
Maida
Scott Monument
Scott's View
Sir Walter Scott Way
Walter Scott Prize
Writers' Museum
Authority control
BNF: cb14652197r (data)
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