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Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
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"CFPB" redirects here. For the Canadian radio station, see CFFB (AM).
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
Agency overview
Formed
July 21, 2011; 7 years ago (2011-07-21)
Jurisdiction
United States
Headquarters
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Employees
1,623 (2016)[1]
Annual budget
US$605.9 million (FY 2016)[1]
Agency executives
Mick Mulvaney, Acting Director
Brian Johnson, Acting Deputy Director
Key document
Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
Website
www.consumerfinance.gov
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), also known as the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (BCFP),[2][3] is an agency of the United States government responsible for consumer protection in the financial sector. CFPB's jurisdiction includes banks, credit unions, securities firms, payday lenders, mortgage-servicing operations, foreclosure relief services, debt collectors and other financial companies operating in the United States.
The CFPB's creation was authorized by the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, whose passage in 2010 was a legislative response to the financial crisis of 2007–08 and the subsequent Great Recession.[4] The CFPB's status as an independent agency is currently questioned due to a circuit split in the U.S. Court of Appeals and a New York Federal District Court.[5]
On June 16, 2018, President Donald Trump selected Kathleen Kraninger, a White House budget official, as the nominee to be the next director of the CFPB.[6][7]
Contents
1 Role
2 History
3 Proposed amendments
4 2017 dispute over acting director
5 Regulatory activities
5.1 Mortgages
5.2 Retirement and insurance investments
5.3 Public outreach
6 List of directors
7 Legal challenges
8 Controversy
9 Partial Repeal
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Role[edit]
According to former Director Richard Cordray, the Bureau's priorities are mortgages, credit cards and student loans.[4][8] The CFPB was designed to consolidate its employees and responsibilities from a number of other federal regulatory bodies, including the Federal Reserve, the Federal Trade Commission, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the National Credit Union Administration and even the Department of Housing and Urban Development.[9] The bureau is an independent unit located inside and funded by the United States Federal Reserve, with interim affiliation with the U.S. Treasury Department.[citation needed]
The CFPB writes and enforces rules for financial institutions, examines both bank and non-bank financial institutions, monitors and reports on markets, as well as collects and tracks consumer complaints.[8]
The CFPB opened its website in early February 2011 to accept suggestions from consumers via YouTube, Twitter, and its own website interface. According to the United States Treasury Department, the bureau is tasked with the responsibility to "promote fairness and transparency for mortgages, credit cards, and other consumer financial products and services".[10] According to its web site, the CFPB's "central mission...is to make markets for consumer financial products and services work for Americans—whether they are applying for a mortgage, choosing among credit cards, or using any number of other consumer financial products".[11] In 2016 alone most of the hundreds of thousands of consumer complaints about their financial services—including banks and credit card issuers—were received and compiled by CFPB and are publicly available on a federal government database.[12]
History[edit]
In July 2010, Congress passed the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, during the 111th United States Congress in response to the Late-2000s recession and financial crisis.[4] The agency was originally proposed in 2007 by Harvard Law School professor Elizabeth Warren.[13] The proposed CFPB was actively supported by Americans for Financial Reform, a newly created umbrella organization of some 250 consumer, labor, civil rights and other activist organizations.[14]
On September 17, 2010, President Obama announced the appointment of Sen. Warren as Assistant to the President and Special Advisor to the Secretary of the Treasury on the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to set up the new agency.[15][16] Due to the way the legislation creating the bureau was written, until the first Director was in place, the agency was not able to write new rules or supervise financial institutions other than banks.[9]
On July 21, 2011 Senator Richard Shelby wrote an op‑ed for the Wall Street Journal affirming his continued opposition to a centralized structure, noting that both the Securities Exchange Commission and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation had executive boards and that the CFPB should be no different. He noted lessons learned from experiences with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac as support for his argument.[17] Politico interpreted Shelby's statements as saying that Cordray's nomination was "dead on arrival".[18] Republican threats of a filibuster to block the nomination in December 2011 led to Senate inaction.[citation needed]
The CFPB formally began operation on July 21, 2011, shortly after President Obama announced that Sen. Warren would be passed over as Director in favor of Richard Cordray,[19] who prior to the nomination had been hired as chief of enforcement for the agency.[20]
President Barack Obama announces the nomination of Richard Cordray as the first director of the CFPB on July 18, 2011
Elizabeth Warren, who proposed and established the CFPB, was removed from consideration as the bureau's first formal director after Obama administration officials became convinced Warren could not overcome strong Republican opposition.[21] On July 17, President Obama nominated former Ohio Attorney General and Ohio State Treasurer Richard Cordray to be the first formal director of the CFPB.[22]
However, Cordray's nomination was immediately in jeopardy due to 44 Senate Republicans vowing to derail any nominee in order to encourage a decentralized structure of the organization. Senate Republicans had also shown a pattern of refusing to consider regulatory agency nominees.[23]
Since the CFPB database was established in 2011, more than 730,000 complaints have been published.[12] CFPB supporters include the Consumers Union claim that it is a "vital tool that can help consumers make informed decisions".[12] CFPB detractors argue that the CFPB database in a "gotcha game" and that there is already a database maintained by the Federal Trade Commission although that information is not available to the public.[12]
On January 4, 2012, Barack Obama issued a recess appointment to install Cordray as director through the end of 2013. This was a highly controversial move as the Senate was still holding pro forma sessions, and the possibility existed that the appointment could be challenged in court.[24]
The constitutionality of Cordray's recess appointment came into question after a January 2013 ruling by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit that President Obama's appointment of three members to the NLRB (at the same time as Cordray) violated the Constitution.[25]
On July 16, 2013, the Senate confirmed Cordray as director in a 66–34 vote.[26]
The Financial CHOICE Act, proposed by the House Financial Services Committee's Jeb Hensarling, to repeal the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, passed the House on June 8, 2017. Also in June 2017, the Senate was crafting its own reform bill.[27][28]
Testimony in US Congressional hearings of 2017 have elicited concerns that the wholesale publication of consumer complaints is both misleading and injurious to the consumer market. Rep. Barry Loudermilk, R-Ga., said at one such congressional hearing, “Is the purpose of the database just to name and shame companies? Or should they have a disclaimer on there that says it’s a fact-free zone, or this is fake news? That’s really what I see happening here.” Responded Bill Himpler, executive vice president of the American Financial Services Association, a trade group representing banks and other lenders: “Something needs to be done.” “Once the damage is done to a company, it’s hard to get your reputation back.[12]
Proposed amendments[edit]
On July 11, 2013, the CFPB Rural Designation Petition and Correction Act (H.R. 2672; 113th Congress) was introduced into the House of Representatives. The bill would amend the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act to direct the CFPB to establish an application process that would allow a person to have their county designated as "rural" for purposes of federal consumer financial law.[29] One practical effect of having a county designated rural is that people can qualify for some types of mortgages by getting them exempted from the CFPB's qualified mortgage rule.[30][31]
On September 26, 2013, the Consumer Financial Protection Safety and Soundness Improvement Act of 2013 (H.R. 3193; 113th Congress) was introduced into the United States House of Representatives.[32] If adopted, the bill would have modified the CFPB by transforming it into a five-person commission and removing it from the Federal Reserve System.[33] The CFPB would have been renamed the "Financial Product Safety Commission". The bill was also intended to make it easier to override the CFPB decisions. It passed in the House of Representatives on February 27, 2014 and was received by the Senate on March 4.[34] It was never considered in the Democratic controlled Senate.[35]
2017 dispute over acting director[edit]
See also: English v. Trump
On November 24, 2017, Director Cordray appointed Leandra English to the position of deputy director, and announced that he would leave office at the close of business that day.[36][37] Cordray indicated that would make English the acting director after his resignation,[38] citing provisions of the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act providing that the deputy director of the CFPB becomes acting director in the "absence or unavailability" of the director.[39] Later the same day, however, President Donald Trump appointed the incumbent director of the Office of Management and Budget, Mick Mulvaney, as acting director, citing the authority of the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998.[39]
On November 25, the Office of Legal Counsel released an opinion, written by Assistant Attorney General Steven Engel, asserting that the President has the authority under the FVRA to designate an acting CFPB Director. The OLC memo maintains that "both the Vacancies Reform Act and [§1011(b)(5) of Dodd-Frank] are available for filling on an acting basis a vacancy that results from the resignation of the CFPB’s Director" but that "when the President designates an individual...outside the ordinary order of succession, the President’s designation necessarily controls."[40] This position is also supported by the General Counsel of the CFPB, Mary E. McLeod.[41][42]
On November 26, English filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia seeking a temporary restraining order and declaratory judgment to prevent Mulvaney from becoming acting director,[43] which was denied by a federal judge on November 28, 2017.[44] Mulvaney was given access by unnamed individuals with the keys to the director's office on November 27 and ordered all CFPB employees to disregard any claims from English that she is the acting director.[45] Both English and Mulvaney sent emails to the entire 1,600-person staff of the CFPB, each signing as "Acting Director" of the agency.[46][47] On November 28, 2017, U.S. District Judge Timothy J. Kelly denied English's motion for a preliminary injunction and allowed Mulvaney to begin serving as CFPB Acting Director.[48]
Regulatory activities[edit]
From its creation until 2017, the CFPB "has curtailed abusive debt collection practices, reformed mortgage lending, publicized and investigated hundreds of thousands of complaints from aggrieved customers of financial institutions, and extracted nearly $12 billion for 29 million consumers in refunds and canceled debts."[49]
Mortgages[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2013)
Regulatory implementation regarding mortgages is covered on the bureau website. Topics provided for consumers include, 2013 mortgage rule implementation, resources to help people comply, quick reference charts, supervision and examination materials, and a link for feedback. It also provides additional information that covers rural or under-served counties, HUD-approved housing counselors, and Appendix Q.[50]
Appendix Q relates to the debt-to-income ratio that must be possessed for "qualified mortgages" and provides details about how to determine the factors for that calculation. The standard is set at no more than 43 percent.
Retirement and insurance investments[edit]
The CFPB is weighing whether it should take on a role in helping Americans manage retirement savings and regulate savings plans, particularly focusing on investment scams that target the retired and elderly. "That’s one of the things we’ve been exploring and are interested in in terms of whether and what authority we have”, bureau director Richard Cordray said in a January 2013 interview.[51] Some conservatives have been critical of this potential role, with William Tucker of the American Media Institute asserting that the agency intends to "control" retirement savings and force people to buy federal debt.[52] The AARP has encouraged the agency to take an active role, arguing that the bureau will help protect elderly Americans from affinity fraud that often targets senior citizens, ensuring that their investments are less likely to be stolen through securities fraud or malpractice.[53]
The main regulator of retirement and benefit plans established by employers and private industry is the U.S. Department of Labor, which enforces the main laws (ERISA, COBRA, and HIPAA), retirement plans (including 401(k), SIMPLE, 403(b), and traditional defined-benefit pensions) as well as many aspects of employer group-health plans. The Affordable Care Act, establishing marketplaces selling health plans directly to consumers, adopted the ERISA-style regulatory model, requiring all plans to have standardized documents such as a "summary plan document" (SPD), but the marketplace was regulated by the individual insurance commissioners of every state, with some states having multiple regulators (California maintains both a Department of Insurance and a Department of Managed Care). IRAs, also directed to consumers, are regulated by type of custodian (the FDIC regulates bank custodians, the IRS regulates non-bank custodians). Annuities, life insurance, and disability insurance purchased directly by consumers, are regulated by individual state insurance commissioners. Marketing to consumers is generally regulated by the FCC and various state laws.
Because state commissioners are the main regulators, the CFPB is unlikely to assume a leadership role in retirement investment regulation without further legislation and possibly a US constitutional amendment transferring insurance lawmaking power to the federal government. In 2011, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners identified "the single most significant challenge for state insurance regulators is to be vigilant in the protection of consumers, especially in light of the changes taking place in the financial services marketplace",[54] and the CFPB may help fill this void. Many[who?] have argued the state-based system of insurance regulation (including insurance-like products such as annuities) is highly economically inefficient, results in uneven and non-portable insurance plans, artificially shrinks risk pools (especially in smaller states) resulting in higher premiums, limits mobility of brokers who have to re-certify in new states, complicates the needs of multi-state business, and should be replaced with a national insurance regulator or national insurance charter option as has taken place with the regulation of securities and banking.[55][56]
Public outreach[edit]
The CFPB has created a number of personal finance tools for consumers, including Ask CFPB, which compiles plain-language answers to personal finance questions, and Paying for College, which estimates the cost of attending specific universities based on the financial aid offers a student has received.[57][58]
The CFPB has also attempted to help consumers understand virtual currencies such as Bitcoin.[59]
List of directors[edit]
Status
Special advisor for the CFPB
Acting Director
No.
Portrait
Name
State of residence
Took office
Left office
Days served
Presidents
– Elizabeth Warren Massachusetts September 17, 2010 August 1, 2011 318 Barack Obama
– Raj Date Washington, D.C. August 1, 2011 January 4, 2012 156
1 Richard Cordray Ohio January 4, 2012 November 24, 2017[60] 1843
308
(2151 total) Donald Trump
– Mick Mulvaney South Carolina November 25, 2017 Incumbent 274
Legal challenges[edit]
Further information: Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act § Constitutional challenge to Dodd–Frank
Two lawsuits were filed in the early years of the CFPB; they were both dismissed by federal courts, but one was appealed and is still ongoing. The first one, filed in June 21, 2012, by a Texas bank along with the Competitive Enterprise Institute, challenged the constitutionality of provisions of the CFPB.[61] One year later, in August 2013, a federal judge dismissed the lawsuit because the plaintiffs had failed to show that they had suffered harm.[62] In July 2015, the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit affirmed in part and reversed in part, holding that the bank, but not the states that later joined the lawsuit, had standing to challenge the law, and returned the case for further proceedings.[63][64]
A lawsuit filed July 22, 2013, by Morgan Drexen Integrated Systems, a provider of outsourced administrative support services to attorneys, and Connecticut attorney Kimberly A. Pisinski, challenged the constitutionality of the CFPB.[65][66] The complaint, filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, alleged that the "CFPB's structure insulates it from political accountability and internal checks and balances in violation of the United States Constitution. Unbridled from constitutionally-required accountability, CFPB has engaged in ultra vires and abusive practices, including attempts to regulate the practice of law (a function reserved for state bars), attempts to collect attorney-client protected material, and overreaching demands for, and mining of, personal financial information of American citizens, which has prompted a Government Accountability Office ("GAO") investigation, commenced on July 12, 2013."[67] That October, this case was dismissed by a D.C. Federal Court.[68] On August 22, 2013, one month after Morgan Drexen's lawsuit, the CFPB filed its own lawsuit against Morgan Drexen in the United States District Court for the Central District of California alleging that Morgan Drexen charged advance fees for debt relief services in violation of the Telemarketing Sales Rule and engaged in deceptive acts and practices in violation of the Consumer Financial Protection Act (CFPA).[69] The CFPB won this lawsuit and Morgan Drexen was ordered to pay $132,882,488 in restitution and a $40 million civil penalty.[70]
In October 2016, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that it was unconstitutional for the CFPB Director to be removable by the President of the United States only for cause, such as "inefficiency, neglect of duty or malfeasance."[71] Circuit Judge Brett Kavanaugh, joined by Senior Circuit Judge A. Raymond Randolph, wrote that the law was "a threat to individual liberty" and instead found that the President could remove the CFPB Director at will.[71] The ruling essentially makes the CFPB part of the United States federal executive departments. Circuit Judge Karen L. Henderson agreed that the CFPB Director had been wrong in adopting a new interpretation of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, finding the statute of limitations did not apply to the CFPB, and fining the petitioning mortgage company PHH Corporation $109 million, but she dissented from giving the President a new power to remove the Director, citing constitutional avoidance.[72] The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated the decision and ordered en banc review.[73] On January 31, 2018, the en banc D.C. Circuit found that the CFPB's structure was constitutional by a vote of 7-3. Judge Cornelia Pillard, writing for the majority, found that the Take Care Clause does not forbid independent agencies, while each of the circuit judges from the earlier panel wrote separate dissents.[74]
In June 2018, a New York Federal District Court judge ruled against its structure.[5]
Controversy[edit]
A 2013 press release from the United States House Financial Services Committee criticized the CFPB for what was described as a "radical structure" that "is controlled by a single individual who cannot be fired for poor performance and who exercises sole control over the agency, its hiring and its budget." Moreover, the committee alleged a lack of financial transparency and a lack of accountability to Congress or the President. Committee Vice Chairman Patrick McHenry, expressed particular concern about travel costs and a $55 million renovation of CFPB headquarters, stating "$55 million is more than the entire annual construction and acquisition budget for GSA for the totality of federal buildings."[75] In 2012, the majority of GSA's Federal Buildings Fund went to rental costs, totaling $5.2 billion. $50 million was budgeted for construction and acquisition of facilities.[76]
In 2014, some employees and former employees of the CFPB testified before Congress about an alleged culture of racism and sexism at the agency. Former employees testified they were retaliated against for bringing problems to the attention of superiors.[77]
The CFPB has been criticized[by whom?] for the methodology it uses to identify instances of racial discrimination among auto lenders. Because of legal constraints, the agency used a system to "guess" the race of auto loan applicants based on their last name and zip code. Based on that information, the agency charged several lenders were discriminating against minority applicants and levied large fines and settlements against those companies. Ally Financial paid $98 million in fines and settlement fees in 2013. As the agency's methodology means it can only guess who may be victims of discrimination entitled to settlement funds, as of late 2015 the CFPB had yet to compensate any individuals who were victims of Ally's allegedly discriminatory practices.[78]
Cordray was accused of multiple violations of the Hatch Act as Director of the CFPB and investigated by the Office of Special Counsel (OSC), who found no violations.[79]
In a 2014 interview with the Credit Union Times, current CFPB head Mick Mulvaney said the CFPB was a "sick, sad joke" and that it was run by "essentially a one person dictator."[80]
Partial Repeal[edit]
On May 21, 2018, the bureau was weakened after US President Donald Trump signed into law Congressional legislation repealing the enforcement of automobiles lending rules.[81] On May 24, 2018, Trump signed into law further Congressional legislation exempting dozens of banks from the CFPB's regulations.[82]
See also[edit]
Government of the United States portal
Business and economics portal
List of financial regulatory authorities by country
Regulatory responses to the subprime crisis
Subprime mortgage crisis solutions debate
Title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations
Volcker Rule
Wall Street reform
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Jump up ^ Weiss, Debra Cassens (31 January 2018). "Full DC Circuit upholds structure of Consumer Financial Protection Bureau". ABA Journal. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Jeb Hensarling (June 18, 2013). "CFPB Lacks Oversight and Accountability". U.S. House of Representatives Financial Services Committee. Archived from the original (Press release) on May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "FY 2013 Congressional Justification". General Services Administration. February 13, 2012. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 18, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Devaney, Tim (June 18, 2014). "Ex-staffer: CFPB run like a 'plantation'". The Hill.
Jump up ^ Andriotis, Annamaria (October 29, 2015). "U.S. Government Uses Race Test for $80 Million in Payments". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ https://www.consumerfinancemonitor.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/11/CordrayHatch.pdf
Jump up ^ Lopez, German (2017-11-16). "Mick Mulvaney once called the CFPB a "sick, sad" joke. Now he might be in charge of it". Vox. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
Jump up ^ Warmbrodt, Zachary (May 21, 2018). "Trump signs bill blocking consumer bureau auto-lending measure". Politico. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sherman, Erik (May 24, 2018). "Scaling back Dodd-Frank is just the beginning of Trump's run on deregulation". NBC News. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
Further reading[edit]
Holding the CFPB Accountable: Review Of The First Semi-Annual Report: Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, January 31, 2012
The Semi-Annual Report of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau: Hearing before the Committee on Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, September 20, 2012
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s Semi-annual Report to Congress: Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, April 23, 2013
External links[edit]
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Romeo and Juliet (Prokofiev)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about Sergei Prokofiev's ballet. For other uses, see Romeo and Juliet (disambiguation).
Romeo and Juliet
Commemorative coin depicting a scene from the ballet
Choreographer
Ivo Váña-Psota
Music
Sergei Prokofiev
Based on
Romeo and Juliet
Premiere
1938 (1938)
Mahen Theatre, Brno
Original ballet company
Ballet of the National Theatre, Brno
Characters
Ivo Váña-Psota as Romeo
Zora Šemberová as Juliet
Genre
Drambalet
Romeo and Juliet (Russian: Ромео и Джульетта), Op. 64, is a ballet by Sergei Prokofiev based on William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet. Prokofiev reused music from the ballet in three suites for orchestra and a solo piano work.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and premiere
2 1940 Kirov production
3 Revivals and other productions
4 Score
4.1 Instrumentation
4.2 Structure
5 Orchestral suites extracted from Romeo and Juliet
5.1 Suite No. 1 from Romeo and Juliet, Op. 64bis
5.2 Suite No. 2 from Romeo and Juliet, Op. 64ter
5.3 Suite No. 3 from Romeo and Juliet, Op. 101
6 Ten Pieces for Piano, Op. 75
7 Recordings
8 Notes
9 Sources
10 External links
Background and premiere[edit]
Based on a synopsis created by Adrian Piotrovsky (who first suggested the subject to Prokofiev)[1] and Sergey Radlov, the ballet was composed by Prokofiev in September 1935 to their scenario which followed the precepts of "drambalet" (dramatised ballet, officially promoted at the Kirov Ballet to replace works based primarily on choreographic display and innovation).[2] Following Radlov's acrimonious resignation from the Kirov in June 1934, a new agreement was signed with the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow on the understanding that Piotrovsky would remain involved.[3]
However, the ballet's original happy ending (contrary to Shakespeare) provoked controversy among Soviet cultural officials.[4] The ballet's production was then postponed indefinitely when the staff of the Bolshoi was overhauled at the behest of the chairman of the Committee on Arts Affairs, Platon Kerzhentsev.[5] The ballet's failure to be produced within Soviet Russia until 1940 may also have been due to the increased fear and caution in the musical and theatrical community in the aftermath of the two notorious Pravda editorials criticising Shostakovich and other "degenerate modernists" including Piotrovsky.[6] The conductor Yuri Fayer met with Prokofiev frequently during the writing of the music, and he strongly urged the composer to revert to the traditional ending. Fayer went on to conduct the first performance of the ballet at the Bolshoi Theatre.
Suites of the ballet music were heard in Moscow and the United States, but the full ballet premiered in the Mahen Theatre, Brno (then in Czechoslovakia, now in the Czech Republic), on 30 December 1938.[7] This version was a single-act production with music mainly from the first two suites. Prokofiev was not able to attend the premiere due to his status of outbound restriction.
1940 Kirov production[edit]
Galina Ulanova and Yuri Zhdanov in the ballet
It is better known today from the significantly revised version that was first presented at the Kirov Theatre (now Mariinsky Theatre) in Leningrad on 11 January 1940, with choreography by Leonid Lavrovsky and with Galina Ulanova and Konstantin Sergeyev in the leading roles. Despite the objections of Prokofiev, Lavrovsky significantly changed the score of the ballet. This production received international acclaim and was awarded the Stalin Prize.
In 1955, Mosfilm made the film version of this production with Galina Ulanova as Juliet and Yuri Zhdanov as Romeo. This film won the Best Lyrical Film and nominated as Palme d'Or in the 1955 Cannes Film Festival.
Original Cast
Galina Ulanova, Juliet
Konstantin Sergeyev, Romeo
Robert Gerbek, Tybalt
Andrei Lopukhov, Mercutio
Revivals and other productions[edit]
In 1955, Frederick Ashton choreographed a production of Romeo and Juliet for the Royal Danish Ballet.
In 1962, John Cranko's choreography of Romeo and Juliet for the Stuttgart Ballet helped the company achieve a worldwide reputation. It had its American premiere in 1969.
In 1965, choreographer Sir Kenneth MacMillan's version for the Royal Ballet premiered at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. Margot Fonteyn and Rudolf Nureyev danced the title roles. Fonteyn, considered to be near retirement, embarked upon a rejuvenated career with a partnership with Nureyev. Also in 1965, Oleg Vinogradov stages a version in Russia while serving as assistant ballet master to Pyotr Gusev.
In 1971, John Neumeier, partly inspired by John Cranko, created another version of the ballet in Frankfurt. In 1974, Neumeier's Romeo and Juliet premiered in Hamburg as his first full-length ballet with the company.
In 1977, Rudolf Nureyev created a new version of Romeo and Juliet for the London Festival Ballet, today's English National Ballet. He performed the lead role of Romeo with British ballerina Patricia Ruanne creating the role of Juliet. As a partnership, they toured the production internationally, and it continues to be a popular ballet in the ENB repertoire, with its most recent revival in 2010 staged by Patricia Ruanne and Frederic Jahn of the original 1977 cast. This production was also staged by La Scala Theater Ballet in 1980 and Paris Opera Ballet in 1984 and has been a renowned performance in the POB repertoire.
In 1979, Yuri Grigorovich created a new version for the Bolshoi, "which did away with most of the stage properties and stylized the action into an all-danced text." This was revived in 2010 and remains in the Bolshoi repertory.[8]
In 1985, choreographer László Seregi's production premiered at the Hungarian National Ballet, Budapest.
A 2010 production at the Royal Swedish Opera
In 1996, choreographer Jean-Christophe Maillot premiered his version of Roméo et Juliette at Les Ballets de Monte-Carlo.[9] Taking formal inspiration from the episodic character of Sergei Prokofiev’s classic score, Maillot structured the action in a manner akin to cinematic narrative. Rather than focusing on themes of political-social opposition between the two feuding clans, this Romeo and Juliet highlights the dualities and ambiguities of adolescence.
In 2007, Peter Martins made Romeo + Juliet on New York City Ballet to the Prokofiev music.
In 2008, Krzysztof Pastor presented his version by the Scottish Ballet at the Edinburgh Festival Theatre. The United States debut of this version was by the Joffrey Ballet in 2014.
On July 4, 2008, with the approval of the Prokofiev family and permission from the Russian State Archive, the original Prokofiev score was given its world premiere. Musicologist Simon Morrison, author of The People's Artist: Prokofiev's Soviet Years, unearthed the original materials in the Moscow archives, obtained permissions, and reconstructed the entire score. Mark Morris created the choreography for the production. The Mark Morris Dance Group premiered the work at the Fisher Center for the Performing Arts at Bard College in New York state. The production subsequently began a year-long tour to include Berkeley, Norfolk, London, New York, and Chicago.
In 2011, the National Ballet of Canada premiered a new choreography of Romeo and Juliet by Alexei Ratmansky in Toronto, with plans to take it on tour in Western Canada in early 2012.
Score[edit]
Instrumentation[edit]
In addition to a somewhat standard instrumentation, the ballet also requires the use of the tenor saxophone. This voice adds a unique sound to the orchestra as it is used both in solo and as part of the ensemble. Prokofiev also used the cornet, viola d'amore and mandolins in the ballet, adding an Italianate flavor to the music.
Full instrumentation is as follows:
Woodwinds
1 piccolo
2 flutes
2 oboes (2nd doubling on 2nd English horn)
2 clarinets (2nd doubling on sopranino clarinet)
1 bass clarinet
1 tenor saxophone
2 bassoons
1 contrabassoon
Brass
6 horns
3 trumpets
1 cornet
3 trombones
1 tuba
Percussion
Timpani
Snare drum
Xylophone
Triangle
Woodblock
Maracas
Glockenspiel
Tambourine
Chime in A
Cymbals
Bass drum
Keyboards
Piano
Celesta
Organ
Plucked strings
2 mandolins
2 harps
Bowed strings
Viola d'amore (or solo viola)
First and second violins
Violas
Violoncellos
Double basses
The score is published by Muzyka and the Russian State Publisher.
Structure[edit]
List of acts, scenes and musical numbers.[10]
Scene
No.
English title
Russian title (Original title)
Tempo indication
Notes
Act 1
1 Introduction Вступление Andante assai
Scene 1 2 Romeo Ромео Andante
3 The Street Awakens Улица просыпается Allegretto
4 Morning Dance Утренний танец Allegro
5 The Quarrel Ссора Allegro brusco
6 The Fight Бой Presto
7 The Prince Gives His Order Приказ герцога Andante a.k.a. The Duke's Command. Introduction of Montagues and Capulets in Suite No. 2
8 Interlude Интерлюдия Andante pomposo (L'istesso tempo)
Scene 2 9 Preparing for the Ball (Juliet and the Nurse) Приготовление к балу (Джульетта и Кормилица) Andante assai. Scherzando a.k.a. At the Capulets' (Preparations for the Ball)
10 Juliet as a Young Girl Джульетта-Девочка Vivace a.k.a. The Young Juliet
11 Arrival of the Guests (Minuet) Съезд гостей (Менуэт) Assai moderato
12 Masks (Romeo, Mercutio and Benvolio in Masks) Маски (Ромео, Меркуцио и Бенволио в масках) Andante marciale
13 Dance of the Knights Танец рыцарей Allegro pesante The main part of Montagues and Capulets in Suite No. 2
14 Juliet's Variation Вариация Джульетты Moderato (quasi Allegretto)
15 Mercutio Меркуцио Allegro giocoso
16 Madrigal Мадригал Andante tenero
17 Tybalt Recognizes Romeo Тибальд узнает Ромео Allegro
18 Gavotte (Departure of the Guests) Гавот (Разъезд гостей) Allegro Gavotte (movement III) from "Classical" Symphony, Op. 25
19 Balcony Scene Сцена у балкона Larghetto
20 Romeo's Variation Вариация Ромео Allegretto amoroso
21 Love Dance Любовный танец Andante
Act 2
Scene 3 22 Folk Dance Народный танец Allegro giocoso
23 Romeo and Mercutio Ромео и Меркуцио Andante tenero
24 Dance of the Five Couples Танец пяти пар Vivo Dance in Suite No. 2
25 Dance with Mandolins Танец с мандолинами Vivace
26 The Nurse Кормилица Adagio scherzoso
27 The Nurse Gives Romeo the Note from Juliet Кормилица передает Ромео записку от Джульетты Vivace a.k.a. The Nurse and Romeo
Scene 4 28 Romeo at Friar Laurence's Ромео у патера Лоренцо Andante espressivo
29 Juliet at Friar Laurence's Джульетта у патера Лоренцо Lento
Scene 5 30 The People Continue to Make Merry Народное веселье продолжается Vivo a.k.a. Public Merrymaking
31 The Folk Dance Again Снова народный танец Allegro giocoso a.k.a. Further Public Festivities (Снова народный праздник)
32 Tybalt Meets Mercutio Встреча Тибальда с Меркуцио Moderato a.k.a. Meeting of Tybalt and Mercutio
33 Tybalt and Mercutio Fight Тибалд бьётся с Меркуцио Precipitato a.k.a. The Duel
34 Death of Mercutio Меркуцио умирает Moderato
35 Romeo Decides to Avenge Mercutio's Death Ромео решает мстить за смерть Меркуцио Andante. Animato a.k.a. Death of Tybalt
36 Finale of Act II Финал второго действия Adagio dramatico
Act 3
37 Introduction Вступление Andante reprise of No. 7
Scene 6 38 Romeo and Juliet (Juliet's bedroom) Ромео и Джульетта (Спальня Джульетты) Lento
39 Farewell before Parting Прощание перед разлукой Andante a.k.a. Romeo Bids Juliet Farewell, or The Last Farewell
40 The Nurse Кормилица Andante assai
41 Juliet Refuses to Marry Paris Джульетта отказывается выйти за Париса Vivace
42 Juliet Alone Джульетта одна Adagio
43 Interlude Интерлюдия Adagio
Scene 7 44 At Friar Laurence's У Лоренцо Andante a.k.a. At Friar Laurence's Cell
45 Interlude Интерлюдия L'istesso tempo
Scene 8 46 Again in Juliet's Bedroom Снова у Джульетты Moderato tranquillo
47 Juliet Alone Джульетта одна Andante
48 Morning Serenade Утренняя серенада Andante giocoso a.k.a. Aubade
49 Dance of the Girls with Lilies Танец девушек с лилиями Andante con eleganza
50 At Juliet's Bedside У постели Джульетты Andante assai
Act 4: Epilogue
Scene 9 51 Juliet's Funeral Похороны Джульетты Adagio funebre Romeo at the Tomb of Juliet in Suite No. 2
52 Death of Juliet Смерть Джульетты Adagio (meno mosso del tempo precendente)
Orchestral suites extracted from Romeo and Juliet[edit]
Suite No. 1 from Romeo and Juliet, Op. 64bis[edit]
Folk Dance
Scene (the Street Awakens)
Madrigal
Minuet (the Arrival of the Guests)
Masks
Romeo and Juliet (Balcony Scene and Love Dance)
Death of Tybalt (Containing parts from No. 33, 6, 35 & 36 from the complete score)
Suite No. 2 from Romeo and Juliet, Op. 64ter[edit]
Montagues and Capulets (The Prince Gives His Order and Dance of the Knights)
Juliet as a Young Girl
Friar Laurence (Romeo at Friar Laurence's)
Dance (Dance of the Five Couples)
Romeo and Juliet Before Parting
Dance of the Girls with Lilies
Romeo at Juliet's Grave (Juliet's Funeral)
Suite No. 3 from Romeo and Juliet, Op. 101[edit]
Romeo at the Fountain (Introduction & Romeo)
Morning Dance
Juliet (Juliet's Variation & Juliet at Friar Laurence's)
The Nurse (Preparing for the Ball & The Nurse)
Aubade (Morning serenade)
The Death of Juliet
Ten Pieces for Piano, Op. 75[edit]
Prokofiev reduced selected music from the ballet in 1937 as Romeo and Juliet: Ten Pieces for Piano, Op. 75, which he premiered himself later that year.[citation needed]
Folk Dance
Scene: The Street Awakens
Minuet: Arrival of the Guests
Juliet as a Young Girl
Masquers
Montagues and Capulets
Friar Laurence
Mercutio
Dance of the Girls with Lilies
Romeo and Juliet before Parting
Recordings[edit]
Sergei Prokofiev himself made the first recording of music from the ballet, with the Moscow Philharmonic Orchestra in 1938. Since then, there have been recordings of the full score, as well as various excerpts such as the orchestral suites the composer prepared. Leopold Stokowski conducted the NBC Symphony Orchestra in a rare stereo recording in 1954 and Michael Tilson Thomas conducted the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra in 1995, in selections from the score, both for RCA Victor. Andre Previn with the London Symphony Orchestra and Lorin Maazel with the Cleveland Orchestra both made recordings of the complete score in 1973. Georg Solti conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in a recording coupled with the Classical Symphony. Valery Gergiev made two recordings with Kirov Orchestra in 2001 and London Symphony Orchestra in 2011.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Morrison. The People's Artist (2009): p. 32
Jump up ^ Ezrahi. Swans of the Kremlin (2012): p. 43
Jump up ^ Morrison. The People's Artist (2009): pp. 32-3
Jump up ^ Morrison. The People's Artist (2009): pp. 36-7
Jump up ^ Morrison. The People's Artist (2009): p. 37
Jump up ^ Clark, p. 291
Jump up ^ Morrison, Simon (2007). "Romeo and Juliet's Happy Ending" (PDF). International Symposium of Russian Ballet.
Jump up ^ Macauley, Alistair (2014-06-05). "On Screen, No Scars or Scandals for Bolshoi". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Les Ballets de Monte-Carlo
Jump up ^ S. Prokofiev: Op. 64 Romeo and Juliet, Ballet in Four Acts, Nine Scenes. Moscow: Muzyka, 1976. (С. Прокофьев: Соч. 64 Ромео и Джульетта, Балет в четырех действиях, девяти картинах. Москва: Издательство «Музыка», 1976 г.)
Sources[edit]
Clark, Katerina Petersburg: Crucible of Cultural Revolution (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1995)
Ezrahi, Christina Swans of the Kremlin: Ballet and Power in Soviet Russia (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2012)
Morrison, Simon The People’s Artist: Prokofiev’s Soviet Years (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Romeo and Juliet (ballet).
Romeo and Juliet The ballet choreography by Rudolf Nureyev
March 7, 1985 NY Times review by Anna Kisselgoff
Romeo & Juliet, On Motifs of Shakespeare: website on first production using the original Prokofiev score as reconstructed by Simon Morrison
Romeo and Juliet (Ballet): Free scores at the International Music Score Library Project
Romeo and Juliet (1st Suite): Free scores at the International Music Score Library Project
Romeo and Juliet (2nd Suite): Free scores at the International Music Score Library Project
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Piano Sonata No. 7 in B♭ major ("Stalingrad")
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Ballets by Sir Frederick Ashton
Full-length
Cinderella (1948)
Sylvia (1952)
Romeo and Juliet (1955)
Ondine (1958)
La fille mal gardée (1960)
Shorter
A Tragedy of Fashion (1926)
Façade (1931)
Les Rendezvous (1933)
Les Patineurs (1937)
Horoscope (1938)
The Wise Virgins (1940)
Symphonic Variations (1946)
Scenes de Ballet (1948)
Tiresias (1951)
Daphnis et Chloé (1951)
Homage to the Queen (1953)
La Peri (1956)
Birthday Offering (1956)
La valse (1958)
Persephone (1961)
The Two Pigeons (1961)
Marguerite and Armand (1963)
The Dream (1964)
Monotones I and II (1965)
Jazz Calendar (1968)
Enigma Variations (1968)
The Tales of Beatrix Potter (1970)
Méditation from Thaïs (1971)
A Month in the Country (1976)
Voices of Spring (1977)
Rhapsody (1980)
Pas de légumes (1982)
La chatte métamorphosée en femme (1985)
List of ballets choreographed by Frederick Ashton
[show]
v
t
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William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet
Characters
Romeo
Juliet
Mercutio
Tybalt
Benvolio
Friar Laurence
Nurse
Paris
Rosaline
Queen Mab
Atomy
Sources
The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet
Pyramus and Thisbe
Palace of Pleasure
Troilus and Criseyde
Ballets
Romeo and Juliet (1938, Prokofiev)
Romeo and Juliet (1962, Cranko)
Romeo and Juliet (1965, MacMillan)
Romeo and Juliet (1977, Nureyev)
Romeo and Juliet (1965, Lavery)
Radio and Juliet (2005)
Romeo + Juliet (2007, Martins)
Romeo and Juliet (2008, Pastor)
Operas
Romeo und Julie (1776, Benda)
Giulietta e Romeo (1796, Zingarelli)
Giulietta e Romeo (1825, Vaccai)
I Capuleti e i Montecchi (1830, Bellini)
Gloria (1874, Cilea)
Roméo et Juliette (1867, Gounod)
A Village Romeo and Juliet (1907, Delius)
Romeo und Julia (1940, Sutermeister)
Musicals
The Belle of Mayfair (1906)
West Side Story (1957)
Once on This Island (1990)
Roméo et Juliette, de la Haine à l'Amour (2001)
Giulietta e Romeo (2007)
Classical
Beethoven's String Quartet No. 1 (c. 1800)
Roméo et Juliette (1839, Berlioz)
Romeo and Juliet (1870, Tchaikovsky)
On screen
1900
1908
1916 Metro Pictures
1916 Fox
1936
1953
1954
1955
1964
1968
1978 (TV)
1992 (TV)
1996
2006
2007
2013
Film
adaptations
English
Beneath the 12-Mile Reef (1953)
Romanoff and Juliet (1961)
West Side Story (1961)
Gonks Go Beat (1965)
Lonesome Cowboys (1968)
Romie-0 and Julie-8 (TV; 1979)
The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet (1982)
Valley Girl (1983)
Bullies (1986)
China Girl (1987)
Romeo.Juliet (1990)
Tromeo and Juliet (1996)
Love Is All There Is (1996)
Rose by Any Other Name... (1997)
The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998)
Shakespeare in Love (1998)
The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns (1999)
Romeo Must Die (2000)
Brooklyn Babylon (2001)
Pizza My Heart (TV; 2005)
West Bank Story (2005)
Life and Lyrics (2006)
Romeo & Juliet: Sealed with a Kiss (2006)
Rome & Jewel (2006)
David & Fatima (2008)
The Cross Road (2008)
Vicious Circle (2008)
Gnomeo & Juliet (2011)
Private Romeo (2011)
Warm Bodies (2013)
Make Your Move (2013)
Romeo & Juliet (2013)
Hindi
Ek Duuje Ke Liye (1981)
Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988)
Saudagar (1991)
Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein (2002)
Bollywood Queen (2002)
Ishaqzaade (2012)
Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela (2013)
Issaq (2013)
Telugu
Maro Charitra (1978)
Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi (1996)
Kalisundam Raa (2000)
Maro Charitra (2010)
Spanish
Romeo and Juliet (1940)
Los Tarantos (1963)
30:e november (Swedish/Spanish 1995)
Amar te duele (2002)
Italian
Fury of Johnny Kid (1967)
Ma che musica maestro (1971)
Portuguese
Mônica e Cebolinha: No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta (1979)
O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta (2005)
Other
Ambikapathy (Tamil 1937)
Les amants de Vérone (French 1949)
Romeo, Juliet and Darkness (Czech 1960)
The Phantom Lover (Mandarin 1995)
Chicken Rice War (Cantonese/English 2000)
Ondagona Baa (Kannada 2003)
Mamay (Ukrainian 2003)
The District! (Hungarian 2004)
In Fair Palestine: A Story of Romeo and Juliet (2006)
The Bubble (Hebrew/Arabic 2006)
Priyatama (Marathi 2014)
Arshinagar (Bengali 2015)
Eeda (Malayalam 2017)
The Sea Prince and the Fire Child (Japanese 1981)
TV series
Sons and Daughters (1982)
Family and Friends (1990)
Villa Quintana (1995)
Yo amo a Paquita Gallego (1998)
Skin (2003)
A Touch Away (2006)
Dangerous (2007)
Romeo × Juliet (2007)
Romeo y Julieta (2007)
Saints & Sinners (2007)
Harina de otro costal (2010)
Villa Quintana (2013)
Westside (2013 pilot)
Star-Crossed (2014)
Still Star-Crossed (2017)
Plays
Romanoff and Juliet (1956)
Romeo and Juliet (2013)
Songs
Lan và Điệp (1930s)
"Montagues and Capulets" (1935)
"Fever" (1956)
Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet (1968)
"(Don't Fear) The Reaper" (1976)
"Angelo" (1978)
"Romeo and Juliet" (1978)
"Romeo and Juliet" (1981)
"Cherish" (1989)
"Amor Prohibido" (1994)
"Kissing You" (1996)
"Exit Music" (1997)
"Romeo and Juliet" (1998)
"Starcrossed" (2004)
"Peut-être toi" (2006)
"Mademoiselle Juliette" (2007)
"Love Story" (2008)
"Love Me Again"
"Laal Ishq"
"Mor Bani Thanghat Kare"
"Nagada Sang Dhol"
"Ram Chahe Leela" (2013)
Albums
Romeo and Juliet (1968)
Romeo + Juliet (1996)
Romeo & Julia (2006)
Tragic Lovers (2008)
Literature
Les Chouans
The Wandering Jew (1844)
The Stolen Dormouse (1941)
The Faraway Lurs (1963)
Romiette and Julio (2001)
New Moon (2006)
Warm Bodies (2010)
Art
Romeo and Juliet: the Tomb Scene (1790)
Romeo and Juliet (1978)
Phrases
"Star-crossed"
"A rose by any other name would smell as sweet"
Story within
a story
Nicholas Nickleby
1912 film
1947 film
1980 play
2001 film
2002 film
The Picture of Dorian Gray
1910 film
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1916 film
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1918 film
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1976 TV special
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W Juliet
"Nothing Broken but My Heart"
Panic Button
Bare: A Pop Opera
""Into the Light"
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The Sky Is Everywhere
Pay as You Exit
The White Mercedes
She Died a Lady
"Moonshine River"
Rendez-vous
Fame
"I Am Unicorn"
The Frog Prince
Molly
Smart Girls Get What They Want
Tumbleweeds
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The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke
Prince Charming
Km. 0
Phileine Says Sorry
Hamateur Night
"Say You'll Be Mine"
Into the Gauntlet
Wandering Son
K-On!
Foreign
stories
Adam Khan and Durkhanai
Tum Teav
Yusuf Khan and Sherbano
Solomon & Gaenor
Butterfly Lovers
Hani and Sheh Mureed
Lục Vân Tiên
film
Teav Aek
Layla and Majnun
Lovers of Teruel
film
Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie
Ishaqzaade
Other
Such Tweet Sorrow
Romeo and Juliet effect
After Juliet
"Upper West Side Story" (2012)
Millennium Dome Show
Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn
Boys Don't Cry
My Wedding and Other Secrets
Donkey in Lahore
Upside Down
Letters to Juliet
Sherlock Gnomes
Book:Romeo and Juliet
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values: Romeo və Cülyetta (Prokofyev) – Azerbaijani

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: Ромео и Жулиета (балет) – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
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interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
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values: 로미오와 줄리엣 (프로코피예프) – Korean

values: Ռոմեո և Ջուլիետ (Պրոկոֆև) – Armenian

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values: רומיאו ויוליה (פרוקופייב) – Hebrew

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interlanguage-link interwiki-he
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values: ロメオとジュリエット (プロコフィエフ) – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Romeu e Julieta (Prokofiev) – Portuguese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Ромео и Джульетта (Прокофьев) – Russian

values: Romeo and Juliet (ballet) – Simple English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
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values: Romeo och Julia (balett, Prokofjev) – Swedish

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
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values: โรเมโอและจูเลียต (โปรโคเฟียฟ) – Thai

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interlanguage-link interwiki-th
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values: Ромео і Джульєтта (Прокоф'єв) – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: 羅密歐與朱麗葉 (浦羅哥菲夫) – Chinese

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