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Declarations of war during World War II
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Animated map of the European Theater of war during WW II
This is a timeline of formal declarations of War during World War II.
A declaration of war is a formal act by which one nation goes to war against another. The declaration is usually an act of delivering a performative speech (not to be confused with a mere speech) or the presentation of a signed document by an authorized party of a national government in order to create a state of war between two or more sovereign states. The official international protocol for declaring war was defined in The Hague Peace Conference of 1907 (or Hague II).[1] For the diplomatic maneuvering behind these events, which led to hostilities between nations during World War II, see the article entitled Diplomatic history of World War II.
List of war declarations[edit]
Below is a table showing the Outbreaks of Wars between Nations which occurred during World War II. Indicated are the dates (during the immediate build-up to, or during the course of, World War II), from which a de facto state of war existed between nations. The table shows both the "Initiator Nation(s)" and the nation at which the aggression was aimed, or "Targeted Nation(s)". Events listed include those in which there were simple diplomatic breaking of relations that did not involve any physical attack, as well as those involving overt declarations or acts of aggression.[2]
Outbreaks of Wars between Nations during World War II Table Legend: Concerning "Declaration of War: Type." A = Attack without prior, formal declaration of war; U = State of war arrived at through use of ultimatum;
W = Formal declaration of war made.
Date
Initiator Nation(s)
Targeted Nation(s)
Declaration of War: Type
Notes/Comments
Document/Event
1939-09-01 Nazi Germany Poland A[3][4] German attack began at 4:44 am[3][5] Invasion
1939-09-01 Slovak Republic Poland A Invasion
1939-09-03 United Kingdom
France Nazi Germany U[3][4] At 11 O'clock (am) British PM, Neville Chamberlain publicly delivered his Ultimatum Speech.[4][6][7] Document
Declaration
1939-09-03 Australia
New Zealand Nazi Germany W[3][4]
Australia
New Zealand
1939-09-04 Nepal Nazi Germany W
Declaration
1939-09-06 South Africa Nazi Germany W[3][4] Declaration
1939-09-10 Bahrain
Canada
Oman Nazi Germany W[3][4] Declaration
Declaration
Declaration
1939-09-17 Soviet Union Poland A[3][4] Invasion
1939-11-30 Soviet Union Finland A[3][4] First war between these nations. Invasion
1940-04-09 Nazi Germany Denmark
Norway A[3] Invasion of Denmark
Invasion of Norway
1940-04-12 United Kingdom Faroe Islands A[4] Invasion
1940-05-10 Nazi Germany Belgium
Netherlands A/W[3][4] Date of the German offensive in the West, W from Belgium and the Netherlands.[8]
Belgium
Netherlands
1940-05-10 Nazi Germany Luxembourg A[4] Luxembourg
1940-05-10 United Kingdom Iceland A Invasion
1940-06-10 Italy France
United Kingdom W[3][4] France and the UK
1940-06-10 Canada Italy W[3] Declaration
1940-06-11 South Africa
Australia
New Zealand Italy W[3]
South Africa
Australia
New Zealand
1940-06-11 France Italy [3] Declaration
1940-06-16 Soviet Union Lithuania A Occupation
1940-06-17 Soviet Union Estonia
Latvia A Occupation
1940-06-25 United Kingdom Vichy France A Vichy France cuts off diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 8 July 1940. Attack
1940-09-09 Italy Egypt A Egypt maintained neutrality until 1945. Invasion
1940-09-22 Japan Vichy France A Invasion
1940-09-23 Free France
Australia Vichy France A Invasion
1940-10-?? Thailand Vichy France A Franco-Thai War
1940-10-28 Italy Greece U[4] Italy invades Greece Invasion
1941-02-05 Free France Italy A Invasion
1941-04-06 Nazi Germany Greece W[3][4] Invasion
1941-04-06 Nazi Germany
Bulgaria Yugoslavia A[3][4] Invasion
1941-04-06 Italy
Hungary Yugoslavia A[4] Invasion
1941-04-14 Nazi Germany Egypt A Egypt maintained neutrality until 1945. Invasion
1941-05-02 United Kingdom Iraq A Invasion
1941-06-08 Free France Nazi Germany A Invasion
1941-06-22 Nazi Germany
Italy
Romania Soviet Union A[3][4] A timed-declaration of war was given by Germany at the time of the attack[9] Invasion
1941-06-22
Tuva Nazi Germany W Tuva was a client state of the Soviet Union. Part of the USSR from 1944.
1941-06-25 Finland Soviet Union W Finland recognized a state of war with the Soviet Union; second war between these nations. Continuation War
1941-06-27 Hungary Soviet Union W[4] Invasion
1941-08-25 Soviet Union
United Kingdom
Australia Iran A Invasion
1941-12-06 United Kingdom Finland U[4] Declaration
1941-12-07 United Kingdom Romania
Hungary U[4] Declaration
1941-12-07 Japan United States
United Kingdom A[3] W (Japanese point of view); A The "Western" (Attack on Pearl Harbor);
Declaration
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Invasion of Malaya
Attack on Singapore
Invasion of Hong Kong
1941-12-07 Canada
Australia
New Zealand Japan
Finland
Romania
Hungary W[4]
Canada
Australia
New Zealand
1941-12-07 United Kingdom Romania
Finland
Hungary W[4] Declaration
1941-12-07 Panama Japan W[4] Declaration
1941-12-08 United States
United Kingdom
Australia
Philippines
Costa Rica
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua Japan
Nazi Germany W[4]
American declaration
British declaration
Australian declaration
Cost Rican declaration
Dominican Republic's declaration
Salvadorian declaration
Haitian declaration
Honduran declaration
Dutch declaration
New Zealand's declaration
Nicaraguan declaration
Philippine declaration
1941-12-08 South Africa Japan W[4] South African declaration
1941-12-08 China Nazi Germany
Italy
Japan W[4] China and Japan had been at war since 1937 Second Sino-Japanese war
Declaration
1941-12-08 Mongolia Nazi Germany W[citation needed]
Mongolian declaration
1941-12-09 Australia
New Zealand Japan W[4]
Australian declaration
New Zealand's declaration
1941-12-11 Nazi Germany
Italy United States W[3][4]
German declaration
Italian declaration
1941-12-11 United States Nazi Germany
Italy W[3] Germany
Italy
1941-12-11 Poland (in-exile) Japan W[3] Japan rejected declaration of War. Prime Minister Hideki Tōjō's answer was following: "We don't accept the Polish declaration of war. The Poles, fighting for their freedom, declared war under the British pressure".
1941-12-12 Romania
Bulgaria United States
United Kingdom W[4]
Romanian declaration
Bulgarian declaration
1941-12-12 Australia
Netherlands Portugal A Portugal maintained neutrality throughout World War II.
Invasion
1941-12-13 United Kingdom
New Zealand
South Africa Bulgaria W[4]
British declaration
New Zealand's declaration
South African declaration
1941-12-13 Hungary United States W[4] Declaration
1941-12-14 Independent State of Croatia United States
United Kingdom W[4] Declaration
1941-12-16 Czechoslovakia (In-exile) Nazi Germany
Italy
Finland
Romania
Hungary
Japan
Bulgaria
Independent State of Croatia[10] W Declaration
1941-12-17 Albania United States W Declaration
1941-12-19 Nicaragua Bulgaria
Hungary
Romania W Declaration
1941-12-20 Belgium Japan W Declaration
1942-01-01 United Nations Axis Powers W Declared during Arcadia Conference Declaration
1942-01-06 Australia Bulgaria W Declaration
1942-01-16 Iraq Nazi Germany
Italy
Japan W Declaration
1942-01-25 United Kingdom
New Zealand
South Africa Thailand W
British declaration
New Zealand's declaration
South African declaration
1942-01-19 Japan Portugal A Portugal maintained neutrality throughout World War II. Invasion
1942-05-05 South Africa
Netherlands (in-exile)
Poland Vichy France A Invasion
1942-05-05 United Kingdom
Northern Rhodesia
Southern Rhodesia
South Africa
Tanganyika
Belgian Congo Vichy France
Japan A Invasion
1942-05-22 Mexico Nazi Germany
Italy
Japan W[4] Declaration
1942-08-22 Brazil Nazi Germany
Italy W Declaration
1942-11-08 United States
Canada Vichy France A Invasion
1942-11-10 Nazi Germany
Italy Vichy France A Invasion
1942-12-14 Ethiopia Nazi Germany
Italy
Japan W On 3 October 1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia without a formal declaration of war. In response to the Italian invasion, Ethiopia declared war on Italy. Most of Ethiopia was occupied by Italy in 1936, however parts of Ethiopia remained under the control of the Ethiopian Patriots Movement, which begun its guerrilla war against the occupying Italian forces the day Addis Ababa fell in May 1936. In May 1941, Addis Ababa was liberated by the Gideon Force, restoring sovereignty to Ethiopia. Second Italo-Ethiopian War
Declaration
1943-09-01 China Regime of Wang Jingwei Allied Powers W Declaration
1943-04-02 Bolivia Axis Powers W Declaration
1943-09-09 Iran Nazi Germany W Declaration
1943-10-13 Italy Nazi Germany W[3] Italy had changed side after the fall of Mussolini. The Declaration of War was given by Pietro Badoglio to the German ambassador in Madrid.[3] Declaration
1943-11-26 Colombia Nazi Germany W Declaration
1944-01-17 Free France Italian Social Republic A Invasion
1944-01-27 Liberia Nazi Germany
Japan W Declaration
1944-06-06
France Nazi Germany A Invasion
1944-06-25
France Japan A Invasion
1944-08-25 Romania Nazi Germany
Hungary W Romania switched sides Declaration
1944-09-05 Soviet Union Bulgaria W Declaration
1944-09-08 Bulgaria Nazi Germany W Bulgaria switched sides Declaration
1944-09-15 Nazi Germany Finland A Lapland War
1944-12-31 Hungary Nazi Germany W[11] Hungary switched sides Declaration
1945-02-02 Ecuador Nazi Germany
Japan W Ecuadorian declaration
1945-02-07 Argentina
Paraguay Nazi Germany
Japan W
Argentinean declaration
Paraguayan declaration
1945-02-12 Peru Nazi Germany
Japan W Declaration
1945-02-15 Venezuela
Uruguay Nazi Germany
Japan W
Venezuelan declaration
Uruguayan declaration
1945-02-21 San Marino Nazi Germany W Declaration
1945-02-23 Turkey Nazi Germany
Japan W Declaration
1945-02-24 Egypt Nazi Germany
Japan W Declaration
1945-02-26 Syria
Lebanon Nazi Germany
Japan W Declaration
1945-04-01 Saudi Arabia Japan W Declaration
1945-04-03 Finland Nazi Germany W Finland switched sides Lapland War
1945-04-11 Chile Japan W Declaration
1945-07-06 Brazil Japan W Declaration
1945-07-14 Italy Japan W Declaration
1945-08-08 Soviet Union Japan W[3] Last outbreak of war during the entire Second World War. Declaration
1945-08-10 Mongolia Japan W[12] W (de jure) A (de facto 1945-08-09) War declared 24 hours after crossing the border with Soviet troops
Soviet Invasion of Manchuria Mongolia in World War II
Common parade of German Wehrmacht and Soviet Red Army on September 23, 1939 in Brest, Eastern Poland at the end of the Poland Campaign. In the center is Major General Heinz Guderian; and on the right is Brigadier General Semyon Krivoshein.
German paratroopers taking the Greek island of Crete, May 1941.
Photograph from a Japanese plane of Battleship Row at the beginning of the surprise Attack on Pearl Harbor. The explosion in the center is a torpedo strike on the USS Oklahoma. Two attacking Japanese planes can be seen: one over the USS Neosho and one over the Naval Yard.
Literature about the War[edit]
Harman, Nicholas (1990). Dunkirk: the Necessary Myth. Jove. ISBN 978-0340517857.
German White Book. All World Wars.
Hitler, Adolph (2012). The Great Tragedy: Germany's Declaration of War against the United States of America. ISBN 978-1300127703.
Torrie, Julia S. (2010). "For Their Own Good": Civilian Evacuations in Germany and France, 1939-1945. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1845457259.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ On the Opening of Hostilities; 1907; Yale Law School Library; retrieved March 2014.
Jump up ^ Note:In rare cases, war between two nations occurred twice, with an intermittent period of peace. The list here does not include peace treaties or periods of any armistices.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "2194 Days of War"; (1977); Salmaggi, C. & Pallasvini, A.; ISBN 91-582-0426-1; per tables included. [Italian; American]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Timeline Data Archived May 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.; World at War online; retrieved February 2014.
Jump up ^ On This Day
Jump up ^ Note: Included in the speech: "...This morning, the British Ambassador in Berlin handed the German Government a final note, stating that unless we heard from them by 11 O'clock that they were prepared at once to withdraw their troops from Poland a state of war would exist between us. I have to tell you now that no such undertaking has been received and that consequently this country is at war with Germany..."
Jump up ^ 1939: Britain and France declare war on Germany, BBC
Jump up ^ Swedish Encyklopedia; "Bonniers Lexikon" (Vol. 1); (c.1960s); table in article by Andra Världskriget: The Second World War; Pp. 461-462.
Jump up ^ "The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich"; Shirer, William L
Jump up ^ all countries at war with the United States, United Kingdom, or the Soviet Union
Jump up ^ Hungary declares war on Germany
Jump up ^ Christopher P. Atwood (1999), "Sino-Soviet Diplomacy and the Second Partition of Mongolia, 1945–1946", Mongolia in the Twentieth Century: Landlocked Cosmopolitan, Bruce A. Elleman and Stephen Kotkin, eds. (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe), 147.
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text:
List of Indian Air Force stations
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Indian Air Force
Nabha Sparsham Deeptam
"Touch the Sky with Glory"
Headquarters
New Delhi
History and traditions
History of the Indian Air Force
Future of the Indian Air Force
Aircraft
Active Indian Air Force aircraft
History of Indian Air Force aircraft
Installations
Bases
Exercises
List of exercises of the Indian Air Force
Personnel
Chief of Air Staff
Ranks and insignia
Garud Commandos
v
t
e
The Indian Air Force currently operates seven Air Commands. Each Command is headed by an Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the rank of Air Marshal.
The Air Force currently has over 60 air stations all over India. These are grouped into 7 commands viz. Western Air Command at Delhi, Eastern Air Command at Shillong, Central Air Command at Allahabad, Southern Air Command at Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum), South Western Air Command at Gandhinagar, formerly at Jodhpur, Training Command at Bangalore and Maintenance Command at Nagpur.
There are a number of newer air stations being built as well, in line with India's strategic doctrine. The Indian Navy has some separate air stations for its aviation wing. The International Air Command operates only one air station currently, which is the Farkhor Air Base, in Tajikistan.[1]
Western Air Command is the largest Air Command. It operates sixteen air stations from Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and a couple of Air stations in Uttar Pradesh. Eastern Air Command operates fifteen Air stations in Eastern and North-eastern India. Central Air Command operates seven Air stations in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and surrounding states of central India. Southern Air Command's tasks include protecting the vital shipping routes. It operates nine air stations in Southern India and two in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. South Western Air Command is the front line of defence against Pakistan, this important Command operates twelve air stations in Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan.
Contents
1 List of Air Stations
2 List of advance landing grounds
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
List of Air Stations[edit]
Unit details are from Scramble.nl[2]
Station
ICAO
Runway
Elevation
Geographical coordinates
State/Territory
Units
Western Air Command
Adampur AFS VIAX 13/31 775 ft / 236 m 31°26′06″N 75°45′26″E / 31.434879°N 75.757256°E / 31.434879; 75.757256 (Adampur AFS) Punjab 8 Wing, 47 Squadron, 223 Squadron
Ambala AFS VIAM 12L/30R
12R/30L 900 ft / 274 m 30°22′14″N 76°49′4″E / 30.37056°N 76.81778°E / 30.37056; 76.81778 (Ambala AFS) Haryana 7 Wing, No. 3 Squadron, 5 Squadron and 11 Squadron, 14Sqn Missile and UAV Squadron 2209 & Squadron 2251S
Amritsar AFS VIAR 16/34 755 ft / 230 m 31°42′28″N 74°47′57″E / 31.70778°N 74.79917°E / 31.70778; 74.79917 (Amritsar AFS) Punjab 1 FBSU
Awantipur AFS VIAW 12/30 5,400 ft / 1,646 m 33°52′35.86″N 74°58′32.45″E / 33.8766278°N 74.9756806°E / 33.8766278; 74.9756806 (Awantipur AFS) Jammu & Kashmir 8 FBSU
Bathinda AFS VIBT 13/31 700 ft /213 m 30°16′08″N 74°45′27″E / 30.268848°N 74.757430°E / 30.268848; 74.757430 (Bhatinda AFS) Punjab 34 Wing, No. 17 Squadron
Chandigarh AFS VICG 11/29 1,012 ft / 308 m 30°40′35″N 76°47′19″E / 30.676290°N 76.788535°E / 30.676290; 76.788535 (Chandigarh AFS) Chandigarh 12 Wing, 25, 48 Squadrons
Halwara AFS VIHX 13/31 790 ft / 241 m 30°44′53″N 75°38′00″E / 30.748041°N 75.633209°E / 30.748041; 75.633209 (Halwara AFS) Punjab 9 Wing,
Hindon AFS VIDX 09/27 700 ft / 213 m 28°42′28″N 77°21′34″E / 28.707647°N 77.359340°E / 28.707647; 77.359340 (Hindon AFS) Uttar Pradesh 28 Wing, 77 Squadron, 131 FAC Flight, 181 Flight
Leh AFS VILH 06/24
07R/25L
07L/25R 10,682 ft/ 3,256 m 34°08′14″N 77°32′48″E / 34.137216°N 77.546614°E / 34.137216; 77.546614 (Leh AFS) Jammu & Kashmir 21 Wing, AF
Palam AFS VIDP 09/27
10/28 776 ft / 237 m 28°34′25″N 77°06′53″E / 28.573736°N 77.114610°E / 28.573736; 77.114610 (Palam AFS) Delhi 3 Wing
Pathankot AFS VIPK 01/19 1,017 ft / 310 m 32°14′13″N 75°38′00″E / 32.236929°N 75.633227°E / 32.236929; 75.633227 (Pathankot AFS) Punjab 18 Wing, 26, 108 Squadrons
Sarsawa AFS VISP 09/27 891 ft / 272 m 29°59′37″N 77°25′50″E / 29.993718°N 77.430671°E / 29.993718; 77.430671 (Sarsawa AFS) Uttar Pradesh 30 Wing, 117 HU, 152 HU (Mi-17)
Siachen Glacier AFS Jammu & Kashmir
Sirsa AFS VISA 05/23 650 ft / 198 m 29°33′46″N 75°00′19″E / 29.56278°N 75.00528°E / 29.56278; 75.00528 (Sirsa AFS) Haryana 45 Wing, 21 Squadron
Srinagar AFS VISR 13/31 5,458 ft / 1,664 m 33°59′40″N 74°45′55″E / 33.994374°N 74.765299°E / 33.994374; 74.765299 (Srinagar AFS) Jammu & Kashmir 1 Wing, 51 Squadron
Udhampur AFS VIUX 18/36 1,950 ft / 594 m 32°54′41″N 75°09′16″E / 32.911503°N 75.154410°E / 32.911503; 75.154410 (Udhampur AFS) Jammu & Kashmir HQ AOC J&K, IAF, 39 Wing, 132 FAC Flight, 152 HU
Eastern Air Command
Agartala AFS VEAT 18/36 48 ft / 14 m 23°53′24″N 091°14′32″E / 23.89000°N 91.24222°E / 23.89000; 91.24222 (Agartala AFS) Tripura
Bagdogra AFS VEBD 18/36 412 ft / 125 m 26°40′52″N 88°19′43″E / 26.68111°N 88.32861°E / 26.68111; 88.32861 (Bagdogra AFS) West Bengal 20 Wing
Barapani AFS VEBI 04/22 2910 ft / 886 m 25°42′13″N 091°58′43″E / 25.70361°N 91.97861°E / 25.70361; 91.97861 (Barapani AFS) Meghalaya
Barrackpore AFS VEBR 02/20 18 ft / 5 m 22°46′55″N 88°21′33″E / 22.78194°N 88.35917°E / 22.78194; 88.35917 (Barrackpore AFS) West Bengal 6 Wing
Chabua AFS VECA 05/23 350 ft / 107 m 27°27′44″N 95°07′05″E / 27.46222°N 95.11806°E / 27.46222; 95.11806 (Chabua AFS) Assam 14 Wing
Dum Dum AFS VECC 01L/19R
01R/19L 17 ft / 5 m 22°39′17″N 88°26′48″E / 22.65472°N 88.44667°E / 22.65472; 88.44667 (Dum Dum AFS) West Bengal
Hasimara AFS 11L/29R
11R/29L 340 ft /104 m 26°41′53″N 89°22′08″E / 26.69806°N 89.36889°E / 26.69806; 89.36889 (Hasimara AFS) West Bengal 16 Wing, 22 Squadron, 222 Squadron, (both with MIG-27), 791 SU.
Jorhat AFS VEJT 04/22 284 ft / 87 m 26°43′54″N 94°10′32″E / 26.73167°N 94.17556°E / 26.73167; 94.17556 (Jorhat AFS) Assam 10 Wing
Kalaikunda AFS 17/35 200 ft / 60 m 22°20′21.90″N 87°12′52.37″E / 22.3394167°N 87.2145472°E / 22.3394167; 87.2145472 (Kalaikunda AFS) West Bengal 5th Wing(Sqdn18 with MiG27s & OCU with MiG21s)
Kumbhigram AFS VEKU 06/24 352 ft / 107 m 24°54′47″N 92°58′43″E / 24.91306°N 92.97861°E / 24.91306; 92.97861 (Kumbhigram AFS) Assam 22 Wing
Mohanbari AFS VEMN 05/23 361 ft / 110 m 27°28′50″N 95°01′18″E / 27.48056°N 95.02167°E / 27.48056; 95.02167 (Mohanbari AFS) Assam 42 Wing
Mountain Shadow AFS VEGT 05/23 350 ft / 107 m 26°06′22″N 91°35′09″E / 26.10611°N 91.58583°E / 26.10611; 91.58583 (Mountain Shadow AFS) Assam
Panagarh AFS VEPH 15/33 240 ft / 73 m 23°28′28″N 87°25′39″E / 23.47444°N 87.42750°E / 23.47444; 87.42750 (Panagarh AFS) West Bengal 62 SU, 87 Squadron
Tawang AFS 8,756 ft / 2,669 m 27°35′19″N 91°52′40″E / 27.58861°N 91.87778°E / 27.58861; 91.87778 (Tawang AFS) Arunachal Pradesh
Tezpur AFS VETZ 04/22 240 ft / 73 m 26°42′44″N 92°47′14″E / 26.71222°N 92.78722°E / 26.71222; 92.78722 (Tezpur AFS) Assam 11 Wing
Central Air Command
Agra AFS VIAG 05/23
12/30 551 ft 167 m 27°09′27″N 77°57′39″E / 27.15750°N 77.96083°E / 27.15750; 77.96083 (Agra AFS) Uttar Pradesh 4 Wing
Bakshi Ka Talab AFS VIBL 09/27 385 ft/ 117 m 26°59′19″N 80°53′29″E / 26.98861°N 80.89139°E / 26.98861; 80.89139 (Bakshi Ka Talab AFS) Uttar Pradesh
Bamrauli AFS VEAB 06/24
12/30 322 ft/ 98 m 25°26′24″N 81°44′02″E / 25.44000°N 81.73389°E / 25.44000; 81.73389 (Bamrauli AFS) Uttar Pradesh 29 Wing
Bareilly AFS VIBY 11/29 565 ft/ 172 m 28°25′21″N 79°26′49″E / 28.42250°N 79.44694°E / 28.42250; 79.44694 (Bareilly AFS) Uttar Pradesh 15 Wing
Bihta AFS 07/25 52 ft 170 m 25°35′27″N 84°53′00″E / 25.59083°N 84.88333°E / 25.59083; 84.88333 (Bihta AFS) Bihar
Chakeri AFS VICX 01/19
09/27 410 ft/124 m 26°24′10″N 80°24′44″E / 26.40278°N 80.41222°E / 26.40278; 80.41222 (Chakeri AFS) Uttar Pradesh
Darbhanga AFS VEDB 14/28 21 ft / 38 m 26°11′41″N 85°55′03″E / 26.19472°N 85.91750°E / 26.19472; 85.91750 (Darbhanga AFS) Bihar
Gorakhpur AFS VEGK 11/29 259 ft / 78 m 26°44′22″N 83°26′58″E / 26.73944°N 83.44944°E / 26.73944; 83.44944 (Gorakhpur AFS) Uttar Pradesh 17 Wing
Maharajpur AFS VIGR 06/24 617 ft / 188 m 26°17′36″N 78°13′40″E / 26.29333°N 78.22778°E / 26.29333; 78.22778 (Maharajpur AFS) Madhya Pradesh 40 Wing
Southern Air Command
Car Nicobar AFS VOCX 02/20 42 ft / 13 m 09°09′09″N 092°49′11″E / 9.15250°N 92.81972°E / 9.15250; 92.81972 (Car Nicobar AFS) Andaman & Nicobar Islands 37 Wing
Sulur AFS VOSX 05/23 1,250 ft / 381 m 11°00′49″N 077°09′35″E / 11.01361°N 77.15972°E / 11.01361; 77.15972 (Sulur AFS) Tamil Nadu 43 Wing
Madurai AFS VOMD 09/27 461 ft / 141 m 09°50′01″N 078°05′22″E / 9.83361°N 78.08944°E / 9.83361; 78.08944 (Madurai AFS) Tamil Nadu
Port Blair AFS VOPB 04/22 16 m /5 m 11°38′28″N 92°43′47″E / 11.64111°N 92.72972°E / 11.64111; 92.72972 (Port Blair AFS) Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Tambaram AFS VOTX 05/23
12/30 90 ft / 27 m 12°54′25″N 80°07′16″E / 12.90694°N 80.12111°E / 12.90694; 80.12111 (Tambram AFS) Tamil Nadu
Thanjavur AFS (Tanjore AFS) VOTJ 07/25 253 ft / 77 m 10°43′20″N 079°06′05″E / 10.72222°N 79.10139°E / 10.72222; 79.10139 (Thanjavur AFS) Tamil Nadu 47 Wing
South Western Air Command
Suratgarh AFS 05/23 560 ft / 170 m 29°23′16″N 073°54′14″E / 29.38778°N 73.90389°E / 29.38778; 73.90389 Rajasthan
Bhuj AFS VABJ 05/23 268 ft / 82 m 23°17′16″N 69°40′12″E / 23.28778°N 69.67000°E / 23.28778; 69.67000 (Bhuj AFS) Gujarat No. 27 Wing AF, No. 15 Squadron IAF
Jaisalmer AFS VIJR 04/22 887 ft / 270 m 26°53′21″N 70°51′52″E / 26.88917°N 70.86444°E / 26.88917; 70.86444 (Jaisalmer AFS) Rajasthan 41 Wing
Jamnagar AFS VAJM 06/24
12/30 69 ft / 21 m 22°27′59″N 70°00′41″E / 22.46639°N 70.01139°E / 22.46639; 70.01139 (Jamnagar AFS) Gujarat No. 33 Wing AF, No. 6 Squadron IAF, No. 28 Squadron IAF
Jodhpur AFS VIJO 05/23 717 ft / 219 m 26°15′05″N 73°02′53″E / 26.25139°N 73.04806°E / 26.25139; 73.04806 (Jodhpur AFS) Rajasthan No. 32 Wing AF, 10, 29, 32, 37 Squadrons
Lohegaon AFS VAPO 10/28
14/32 1,942 ft / 592 m 18°34′55″N 73°55′10″E / 18.58194°N 73.91944°E / 18.58194; 73.91944 (Lohegaon AFS) Maharashtra No. 2 Wing AF, 20, 30 Squadrons
Nal-Bikaner AFS VIBK 05/23 750 ft / 229 m 28°04′21″N 73°12′24″E / 28.07250°N 73.20667°E / 28.07250; 73.20667 (Nal-Bikaner AFS) Rajasthan 46 Wing
Naliya AFS 06/24 68 ft / 21 m 23°13′12″N 68°54′00″E / 23.22000°N 68.90000°E / 23.22000; 68.90000 (Naliya AFS) Gujarat
Phalodi AFS 05/23 700 ft / 213 m 27°06′46″N 72°23′20″E / 27.11278°N 72.38889°E / 27.11278; 72.38889 (Phalodi AFS) Rajasthan No. 35 Wing AF, No. 23 Squadron IAF, 104 HU
Uttarlai AFS VIUT 02/20 500 ft / 152 m 25°48′46″N 71°28′56″E / 25.81278°N 71.48222°E / 25.81278; 71.48222 (Uttarlai AFS) Rajasthan 5 FBSU, No. 4 Squadron IAF
Makarpura AFS VABO 04/22 127 ft / 38.7 m 22°19′46″N 73°13′10″E / 22.32944°N 73.21944°E / 22.32944; 73.21944 (Makarpura AFS) Gujarat 36 Wing, 11 Squadron, 25 Squadron[3]
Training Command
Begumpet AFS VOHY 09/27
14/32 1,741 ft / 531 m 17°27′08″N 78°27′40″E / 17.45222°N 78.46111°E / 17.45222; 78.46111 (Begumpet AFS) Telangana
Bidar AFS VOBR 02/20
08/26 2,178 ft / 663 m 17°54′28″N 77°29′09″E / 17.90778°N 77.48583°E / 17.90778; 77.48583 (Bidar AFS) Karnataka
Dundigal AFS VODG 10L/28R
10R/28L 2,013 ft / 614 m 17°37′45″N 78°24′12″E / 17.62917°N 78.40333°E / 17.62917; 78.40333 (Dundigal AFS) Telangana
Hakimpet AFS VOHK 09/27 2,020 ft / 616 m 17°33′12″N 78°31′29″E / 17.55333°N 78.52472°E / 17.55333; 78.52472 (Hakimpet AFS) Telangana
Yelahanka Air Force Station VOYK 09/27 3,045 ft / 928 m 13°08′09″N 77°36′20″E / 13.13583°N 77.60556°E / 13.13583; 77.60556 (Yelahanka AFS) Karnataka
Admin Training Inst, Sambra, Belgaum 2,500 ft / 762 m 15°51′00″N 74°30′00″E / 15.85000°N 74.50000°E / 15.85000; 74.50000 (Yelahanka AFS) Karnataka
Maintenance Command
Nagpur Air Force Station VANP 09/27
14/32 1,012 ft /308 m 21°05′31″N 79°02′49″E / 21.09194°N 79.04694°E / 21.09194; 79.04694 (Nagpur AFS) Maharashtra 44 Wing
Ojhar AFS VAOZ 08/26 1,900 ft / 579 m 20°07′10″N 073°54′49″E / 20.11944°N 73.91361°E / 20.11944; 73.91361 (Ojhar AFS) Maharashtra 11 BRD
The other Air Force stations that come under Maintenance Command are not air stations and are mostly Signal Units and station Repair Depots situated in different towns. Delhi, for example, has a few BRDs and SUs that come under Maintenance Command.
List of advance landing grounds[edit]
Daulat Beg Oldi ALG, Ladakh
Chushul ALG, Ladakh
Fukche ALG, Ladakh
Nyoma ALG, Ladakh
Thoise ALG, Ladakh
Parma Valley ALG, Ladakh
Dharasu ALG, Uttrakhand
Vijaynagar ALG, Arunachal Pradesh
Pasighat ALG, Arunachal Pradesh
Mechuka ALG, Arunachal Pradesh
Walong ALG,[4] Arunachal Pradesh
Tuting ALG, Arunachal Pradesh
Ziro ALG,[5] Arunachal Pradesh
Along ALG,[5] Arunachal Pradesh
Tawang ALG, Arunachal Pradesh
See also[edit]
List of Indian Navy bases
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Making the water boil in Afghanistan". The Hindu. 9 July 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Scramble.nl, Indian Air Force Order of Battle Archived 22 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine., accessed October 2011
Jump up ^ "Himalayan Eagles land in Vadodara". newKerela.com. 1 September 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Walong landing ground in Arunachal Pradesh ready for operations".
^ Jump up to: a b "Upgraded Advanced Landing Grounds at Ziro and Along Inaugurated". Retrieved 2016-03-13.
External links[edit]
List of Indian Air Force stations at GlobalSecurity.org
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Squadrons of the Indian Air Force
Combat
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Transport
AHQCS
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Helicopters
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Units
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Flights
No. 121
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126
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132
Signal
No. 33
501
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Realpolitik
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Realpolitik (from German: real "realistic", "practical", or "actual"; and Politik "politics", German pronunciation: [ʁeˈaːlpoliˌtiːk]) is politics or diplomacy based primarily on considerations of given circumstances and factors, rather than explicit ideological notions or moral and ethical premises. In this respect, it shares aspects of its philosophical approach with those of realism and pragmatism. It is often simply referred to as pragmatism in politics, e.g. "pursuing pragmatic policies". The term Realpolitik is sometimes used pejoratively to imply politics that are perceived as coercive, amoral, or Machiavellian.
Realpolitik is often confused with the philosophy of political realism. Political realism is a particular modern, descriptive paradigm, or theoretical and methodological framework, aimed at describing, explaining and, eventually, predicting events in the international relations domain. Both are often believed to suggest working from the hypothesis that it is chiefly based on the pursuit, possession, and application of power. (See also power politics) However, some international relations realists, such as Kenneth Waltz and Hans Morgenthau, have viewed states in terms of their desire for immediate survival or security, rather than the pursuit of power.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin of the term
2 History and branches
2.1 Realpolitik in Europe
2.2 Examples of U.S. Realpolitik
2.3 Chinese Legalism
2.4 Singapore
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 Works cited
Origin of the term[edit]
The term Realpolitik was coined by Ludwig von Rochau, a German writer and politician in the 19th century.[1] His 1853 book Grundsätze der Realpolitik angewendet auf die staatlichen Zustände Deutschlands describes the meaning of the term:[2]
The study of the forces that shape, maintain and alter the state is the basis of all political insight and leads to the understanding that the law of power governs the world of states just as the law of gravity governs the physical world. The older political science was fully aware of this truth but drew a wrong and detrimental conclusion—the right of the more powerful. The modern era has corrected this unethical fallacy, but while breaking with the alleged right of the more powerful one, the modern era was too much inclined to overlook the real might of the more powerful and the inevitability of its political influence.
Historian John Bew suggests that much of what stands for modern realpolitik today deviates from the original meaning of the term. Realpolitik emerged in mid-19th century Europe from the collision of the enlightenment with state formation and power politics. The concept, Bew argues, was an early attempt at answering the conundrum of how to achieve liberal enlightened goals in a world that does not follow liberal enlightened rules.
Publicist, journalist and liberal political reformer Von Rochau coined the term in 1853 and added a second volume in 1869 that further refined his earlier arguments. Rochau, exiled in Paris until the 1848 uprising, returned during the revolution and became a well-known figure in the national liberal party. As the liberal gains of the 1848 revolutions fell victim to coercive governments or were swallowed by powerful social forces such as class, religion and nationalism, Rochau—according to Bew—began to think hard about how the work that had begun with such enthusiasm had failed to yield any lasting results.
He said that the great achievement of the Enlightenment had been to show that might is not necessarily right. The mistake liberals made was to assume that the law of the strong had suddenly evaporated simply because it had been shown to be unjust. Rochau wrote that "to bring down the walls of Jericho, the Realpolitiker knows the simple pickaxe is more useful than the mightiest trumpet." Rochau's concept was seized upon by German thinkers in the mid and late-nineteenth century, and became associated with Otto von Bismarck's statecraft in unifying Germany. By 1890, usage of the word realpolitik was widespread, yet increasingly detached from its original meaning.[3]
History and branches[edit]
See Political Realism for branches and antecedents more relevant to contemporary diplomacy and the particular modern, international relations paradigm.
Sun Tzu, a Chinese military strategist who wrote The Art of War that foreshadowed elements of realpolitik developed later.
Thucydides, a Greek historian who wrote the History of the Peloponnesian War and is also cited as an intellectual forebearer of realpolitik.
Chanakya (or Kautilya) early Indian statesman, and writer on the Arthashastra.
Ibn Khaldun, an Arab Muslim historiographer and historian, and one of the founding fathers of modern historiography author of Muqaddimah a universal history of time.
Han Fei, Chinese scholar who theorised Legalism (or Legism) and who served in the court of the King of Qin—later unifier of China ending the Warring States period. His theory centres on The Two Handles (about penalty and rewards as tools of governance). He theorised about a neutral, manipulative ruler who would act as head of state while secretly controlling the executive through his ministers—the ones to take real responsibility for any policy.
Niccolò Machiavelli, an Italian political philosopher, who wrote Il Principe (The Prince) in which he held that the sole aim of a prince (politician) was to seek power, regardless of religious or ethical considerations.
Cardinal Richelieu, French statesman who destroyed domestic factionalism and guided France to a position of dominance in foreign affairs.
Thomas Hobbes, an English philosopher who wrote Leviathan in which he stated the state of nature was prone to a "war of all against all".
Frederick the Great, Prussian monarch who transformed Prussia into a great European power through warfare and diplomacy.
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, French diplomat who guided France and Europe through a variety of political systems.
Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, Koblenz-born Austrian statesman opposed to political revolution.
Carl von Clausewitz, 18–19th century Prussian general and military strategist who wrote On War (Vom Kriege).
Camillo Benso of Cavour, Italian statesman who diplomatically managed to maneuver the Kingdom of Sardinia to become a new great power in Europe, controlling a nearly united Italy that was five times as large as the Kingdom of Sardinia had been before he came to power.
Otto von Bismarck, Prussian statesman who coined the term balance of power. Balancing power means keeping the peace and careful realpolitik practitioners try to avoid arms races.
20th century proponents of political realism include Hans Morgenthau, Henry Kissinger and Charles de Gaulle.
Mao Zedong's Three Worlds Theory is described as Realpolitik by his critics, including Enver Hoxha, who argue that it was not based on a strong ideological grounding and used only to justify rapport with the West.
Realpolitik in Europe[edit]
This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (July 2015)
Further information: Politique
In the U.S. the term is often analogous to power politics, while in Germany Realpolitik has a somewhat less negative connotation, referring to realistic politics in opposition to idealistic (unrealistic) politics. It is particularly associated with the era of 19th century nationalism. Realpolitik policies were employed in response to the failed revolutions of 1848, as means to strengthen states and tighten social order.
The most famous German advocate of Realpolitik was Otto von Bismarck, the First Chancellor (1862–1890) to Wilhelm I of the Kingdom of Prussia. Bismarck used Realpolitik in his quest to achieve Prussian dominance in Germany. He manipulated political issues such as the Schleswig-Holstein Question and the Hohenzollern candidature to antagonize other countries and cause wars if necessary to attain his goals. Such policies are characteristic of Bismarck, demonstrating a pragmatic view of the "real" political world. Another example was his willingness to adopt some social policies of the socialists such as employee insurance and pensions; in doing so, he used small changes from the top down to avoid the possibility of major change from the bottom up. Likewise, Prussia's seemingly illogical move of not demanding territory from a defeated Austria, a move that later led to the unification of Germany, is an oft-cited example of Realpolitik.[citation needed]
Adolf Hitler's attempt to annex the predominantly German region of Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland in 1938 may also be described as Realpolitik.[citation needed] At first, Hitler unsuccessfully demanded that Czech president Edvard Beneš hand over that region of the country. However, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain subsequently gave the Sudetenland to Hitler in the (ultimately unsuccessful) hope of preventing a war, as codified in the Munich Agreement. With Britain a guarantor of Czech independence, Hitler knew that Beneš' opinion on the matter was immaterial if Chamberlain was prepared to give Hitler what he desired.
E. H. Carr (Edward Hallett Carr) was a liberal realist and later left-wing British historian and international relations theorist who argued for realistic international policies versus utopian ones. Carr described realism as the acceptance that what exists is right, and the belief that there is no reality or force outside history such as God. He argued that in realism there is no moral dimension, and that what is successful is right, and what is unsuccessful is wrong. Carr was convinced that the Bolsheviks were destined to win the Russian Civil War, and approved of the Prime Minister David Lloyd George's opposition to the anti-Bolshevik ideas of the War Secretary Winston Churchill under the grounds of Realpolitik.[4] In Carr's opinion, Churchill's support of the White Russian movement was folly, as Russia was likely to be a great power once more under the leadership of the Bolsheviks.
Examples of U.S. Realpolitik[edit]
American Realpolitik began in the 1960s with the influence of Polish-American Zbigniew Brzezinski, later National Security Adviser to Jimmy Carter. Contrary to McCarthy-era hostility (and John Foster Dulles' talk of the military "liberation" of the Eastern Bloc), Brzezinski proposed "peaceful engagement" with the Soviet Union while he was advising Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson. Brzezinski, uninterested in promoting anti-Soviet propaganda for the benefit of the United States, felt the U.S. would be more successful through frequent interactions with regimes and people under communist rule. Brzezinski knew the tough economic realities of those living in the Eastern Bloc, in particular the permanent shortage of goods, and that their attachment to the Soviet Union was born of historic necessity rather than common ideology. Brzezinski suggested enticing these countries economically, and through educational and cultural exchanges that would appeal to intellectuals, followed by favoritism for regimes showing signs of liberalization or less reliance on Moscow. Through this approach, Brzezinski "offered a realistic, evolutionary alternative to empty political rhetoric."[5]
Henry Kissinger has been credited with formally introducing the policy of Realpolitik to the White House as Secretary of State to Richard Nixon.[6] In this context, the policy meant dealing with other powerful nations in a practical manner rather than on the basis of political doctrine or ethics—for instance, Nixon's diplomacy with the People's Republic of China, despite U.S. opposition to communism and the previous doctrine of containment. Another example is Kissinger's use of shuttle diplomacy after the 1973 Arab-Israeli war, where he persuaded the Israelis to withdraw partially from the Sinai in deference to the political realities created by the oil crisis.
Henry Kissinger generally receives credit for introducing Realpolitik to American foreign policy. However, it should be noted that Kissinger himself said that he had never used the term and has said that it is used by both liberal and realist foreign policy thinkers to label, criticize and facilitate a choosing of sides.[7] Kissinger had looked at what he implemented while serving as Secretary of State and United States Security Advisor not in the confines of making Realpolitik a standard policy but within the terms of being a statesman. This political mindset can be seen in Kissinger’s book A World Restored and is pointed out by historian John Bew in his book Realpolitik, where Kissinger goes on to say that the role of the statesman is, “the ability to recognize the real relationship of forces and to make this knowledge serve his ends.”[8][9]
In this context one can see how Realpolitik principles can influence American policy but not as standard policy. The reach and influence of Realpolitik is found instead in pragmatic and flexible policy that changes to the needs of the situation. This type of policy making could be seen as recently as in the American administration led by former President Barack Obama. Historian John Bew makes note of this direction in the Obama administration when President Obama's former chief of staff remarks in an article in the New York Times. The former chief of staff, Rahm Emanuel says that everyone wants to break it down into contrasts of idealist and realist, however “if you had to put him in a category, he’s probably more realpolitik, like Bush 41…. You’ve got to be cold-blooded about the self-interests of your nation.”[10]
Realpolitik is distinct from ideological politics in that it is not dictated by a fixed set of rules, but instead tends to be goal-oriented, limited only by practical exigencies. Since Realpolitik is ordered toward the most practical means of securing national interests, it can often entail compromising on ideological principles. For example, during the Cold War, the United States often supported authoritarian regimes that were human rights violators, in order to theoretically secure the greater national interest of regional stability.[11][12][13][14] After the end of the Cold War this practice continued.[15][16][17][18]
Most recently, former ambassador Dennis Ross advocated this approach to foreign policy in his 2007 book Statecraft: And How to Restore America's Standing in the World. For the purposes of contrast, and speaking in ideal types, political ideologues would tend to favor principle over other considerations. Such individuals or groups can reject compromises which they see as the abandonment of their ideals, and so may sacrifice political gain in favor of adhering to principles they believe to be constitutive of long-term goals.
Chinese Legalism[edit]
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China has a "realistic" tradition dating back thousands of years. Often referred to as Chinese Legalism, the spirit of its content may be most readily recognized by western viewers through one of its kindred, the Art of War,[19] Chinese administrative organization influenced western administrative practices not later than the twelfth century, playing a significant role in the development of the modern state, including use of the examination.[20][21][22][23]
Starting in the Spring and Autumn period (771–476/403 BC), a trend of "realistic" reformers were taken on to advance the material interest of their respective states, with the Qin state founding the first Chinese Empire, Qin dynasty in 221 BCE, ending China's Warring States period. The political theory developed during the era, including that of Confucianism would influence every dynasty thereafter.
Those termed Legalist are more purely Realpolitikal in contrast to Confucianism, and include non-legal Shen Pu-hai derived political technique, which charges the ruler engage in passive observation to determine facts rather than take on too much himself. Sinologist Creel writes: "If one wishes to exaggerate, it would no doubt be possible to translate (foundational Realist) Shen Buhai's term Shu, or technique, as 'science', and argue that Pu-hai was the first political scientist," though Creel does "not care to go this far".[20]
Main article: Qin dynasty
During the Spring and Autumn period,[22] the prevalent philosophy had dictated war as a gentleman's activity; military commanders were instructed to respect what they perceived to be Heaven's laws in battle.[24] For example, when Duke Xiang of Song[note 1] was at war with the state of Chu during the Warring States period, he declined an opportunity to attack the enemy force, commanded by Zhu, while they were crossing a river.
The Qin disregarded this military tradition, taking advantage of their enemy's weaknesses.
Singapore[edit]
Michael Bacon writes that "The PAP government has taken pains to present its principles of meritocracy and pragmatism as a viable alternative to liberal democracy and multi-party competition, sometimes by drawing from a specious notion of Confucian values and Asian culture to construct ideological bulwarks—like "Asian democracy"—against the criticisms of the so-called liberal West. By crediting meritocracy and pragmatism for creating the right conditions for economic success, the PAP government has been able not only to justify its (liberal) democratic deficit, but also to produce ideological resources and a structure of authorization for the maintenance of a one-party dominant regime. In "pragmatic" terms, Singapore's considerable economic success is justification enough for its authoritarian means."[25]
According to Kenneth Paul Tan of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, "Chua Beng Huat (1997)[26] argued that the rhetoric of pragmatism in Singapore is ideological and hegemonic in nature, adopted and disseminated in the public sphere by the People's Action Party (PAP) government and institutionalized throughout the state in all its administrative, planning and policy-making functions. It is suggested that by doggedly describing itself as pragmatic, the Singapore state is actually disguising its ideological work and political nature through an assertion of the absence of ideology and politics. Chan Heng Chee (1975) earlier described Singapore as a depoliticized "administrative state", where ideology and politics had triumphantly been replaced by rational and scientific modes of public administration."[25]
See also[edit]
Otto von Bismarck
Cardinal Richelieu
Chanakya
Tonyukuk
Consequentialism
Henry Kissinger
Monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force
Niccolò Machiavelli
Legalism (Chinese philosophy)
Noopolitik
Weltpolitik
Power politics
Pragmatism
Realism in international relations
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Not to be confused with any Duke of the Song dynasty of a later period.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Haslam, Jonathan (2002). No Virtue Like Necessity: Realist Thought in International Relations since Machiavelli. London: Yale University Press. p. 168. ISBN 0-300-09150-8.
Jump up ^ von Rochau, Ludwig. Grundsätze der Realpolitik angewendet auf die staatlichen Zustände Deutschlands.
Jump up ^ Bew, John (2014). Real Realpolitik: A History. Washington, D.C.: The Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ Davies, Robert William "Edward Hallett Carr, 1892–1982" pages 473–511 from Proceedings of the British Academy, Volume 69, 1983 page 477.
Jump up ^ Gati, Charles (2013). Zbig: The Strategy and Statecraft of Zbigniew Brzezinski. JHU Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 9781421409771. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Byrnes, Sholto. "Time to Rethink Realpolitik". New Statesman. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Kissinger, Henry (June 2012). "The Limits of Universalism". New Criterion.
Jump up ^ Kissinger, Henry (1999). A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace, 1812–1822. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson. pp. 312–322.
Jump up ^ Bew, John (2015). Realpolitik: A History. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 258.
Jump up ^ Bew, John (2015). Realpolitik: A History. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 4–5.
Jump up ^ DeConde, Alexander et al., eds. (2001). "Dictatorships". Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, Volume 1. Simon & Schuster. p. 499. ISBN 9780684806570. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Adams, Francis (2003). Deepening democracy: global governance and political reform in Latin America. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 31. ISBN 9780275979713.
Jump up ^ McMahon, Robert J. (1999). The limits of empire: the United States and Southeast Asia since World War II. Columbia University Press. p. 205. ISBN 9780231108805.
Jump up ^ Grandin & Joseph, Greg & Gilbert (2010). A Century of Revolution. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 397–414.
Jump up ^ Chick, Kristen (14 May 2012). "US resumes arms sales to Bahrain. Activists feel abandoned". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Josh Rogin. "America's Allies Are Funding ISIS". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
Jump up ^ "US support for human rights abroad: The case of Saudi Arabia". CSMonitor.com. 2014-01-28. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
Jump up ^ "5 dictators the U.S. still supports". The Week. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
Jump up ^ Wealth and Power. Orville Schell
^ Jump up to: a b Creel, Herrlee G. (March 1974). "Shen Pu-Hai: A Secular Philosopher of Administration". Journal of Chinese Philosophy. 1 (2): 119–136. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6253.1974.tb00644.x.
Jump up ^ Van der Sprenkel
^ Jump up to: a b Origins of Statecraft in China
Jump up ^ "Legalism and the Legalists of Ancient China". sjsu.edu.
Jump up ^ Morton 1995, p. 26
^ Jump up to: a b Tan, Kenneth Paul (February 2012). "The Ideology of Pragmatism: Neo-liberal Globalisation and Political Authoritarianism in Singapore". Journal of Contemporary Asia. 42 (1): 67–92. doi:10.1080/00472336.2012.634644.
Jump up ^ Chua, Beng-Huat (1995). Communitarian ideology and democracy in Singapore (Repr. 1996. ed.). London [u.a.]: Routledge. ISBN 9780415120548.
Works cited[edit]
John Bew: "The Real Origins of Realpolitik", The National Interest, 2014
John Bew: "Real Realpolitik: A History", The John W. Kluge Center at the Library of Congress, April 10, 2014. Accessed July 29, 2014.
David Robertson: The Routledge Dictionary of Politics. Routledge 2004. ISBN 978-0-415-32377-2, p. 420 (restricted online copy, p. 420, at Google Books)
Hajo Holborn: History of Modern Germany: 1840–1945. Princeton University Press 1982, ISBN 978-0-691-00797-7, p. 117 (restricted online copy, p. 117, at Google Books)
Ruth Weissbourd Grant: Hypocrisy and integrity: Machiavelli, Rousseau, and the ethics of politics. University of Chicago Press 1997, ISBN 978-0-226-30582-0, p. 40–41 (restricted online copy, p. 40, at Google Books)
Frank Whelon Wayman (ed.), Paul Francis Diehl (ed.): Reconstructing Realpolitik. University of Michigan Press 1994, ISBN 978-0-472-08268-1 (restricted online copy at Google Books)
Federico Trocini: L’invenzione della «Realpolitik» e la scoperta della «legge del potere». August Ludwig von Rochau tra radicalismo e nazional-liberalismo, il Mulino, Bologna 2009
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Category:Seismic faults of the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seismic faults of the United States.
Subcategories
This category has the following 5 subcategories, out of 5 total.
A
► Seismic faults of Alaska (2 P)
C
► Seismic faults of California (59 P)
O
► Seismic faults of Oregon (3 P)
S
► Seismic faults of Nevada (6 P)
W
► Seismic faults of Washington (state) (4 P)
Pages in category "Seismic faults of the United States"
The following 16 pages are in this category, out of 16 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).
B
Basin and Range Province
C
Clarendon-Linden fault system
E
Earthquake activity in the New York City area
H
Humboldt Fault
L
Long Point–Eureka Heights fault system
M
Marianna Fault
Michoud fault
Moab Fault
N
New Madrid Seismic Zone
New York-Alabama Lineament
R
Ramapo Fault
Ross Lake Fault
T
Teton Fault
Wasatch Fault
Toroweap Fault
W
Wabash Valley Seismic Zone
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Seismic_faults_of_the_United_States&oldid=662818155"
Categories:
Seismic faults by country
Geology of the United States
Seismic zones of the United States
Seismic faults of North America
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2017 Orange Bowl
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
2017 Capital One Orange Bowl
84th Orange Bowl
Wisconsin Badgers Miami Hurricanes
(12–1) (10–2)
Big Ten ACC
34 24
Head coach:
Paul Chryst Head coach:
Mark Richt
AP Coaches CFP
6 6 6
AP Coaches CFP
11 11 10
1
2
3
4
Total
Wisconsin 3 21 3 7 34
Miami 14 0 7 3 24
Date
December 30, 2017
Season
2017
Stadium
Hard Rock Stadium
Location
Miami Gardens, Florida
MVP
Alex Hornibrook (QB, Wisconsin)
Favorite
Wisconsin by 6.5
Referee
Matt Loeffler (SEC)
Halftime show
Andy Grammer
Attendance
65,326[1]
United States TV coverage
Network
ESPN & ESPN Radio
Announcers
Steve Levy, Brian Griese, Todd McShay, and Molly McGrath (ESPN)
Dave Flemming, Anthony Becht and Rocky Boiman (ESPN Radio)
Orange Bowl
< 2016 2018 >
The 2017 Orange Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 30, 2017 at the Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida.[2] The contest was televised on ESPN with a radio broadcast on ESPN Radio, kickoff was at 8:00 PM (EST). It was one of the 2017–18 bowl games that concluded the 2017 FBS football season. The 84th Orange Bowl, the game was sponsored by the Capital One financial services organization, and was officially known as the Capital One Orange Bowl.
The 2017 Orange Bowl featured the Wisconsin Badgers (12–1), champions of the Big Ten Conference West Division, and the Miami Hurricanes (10–2), champions of the Atlantic Coast Conference Coastal Division. Wisconsin beat Miami by a score of 34–24.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Teams
2 Related events
3 Game summary
3.1 Scoring summary
3.2 Statistics
4 References
Teams[edit]
The teams playing in the Orange Bowl game were the Miami Hurricanes and the Wisconsin Badgers. Prior to kickoff, the all-time series between the two teams was tied at 2 games apiece; the most recent meeting being at the 2009 Champs Sports Bowl, where the Badgers defeated the Hurricanes by a score of 20–14.[5]
Related events[edit]
Selection Sunday, December 3, 2017
Orange Bowl Fan Fest, December 30, 2017
Game summary[edit]
Scoring summary[edit]
[hide]Scoring summary
Quarter
Time
Drive
Team
Scoring information
Score
Plays
Yards
TOP
WIS
MIA
1 7:58 8 47 3:18 WISC 35-yard field goal by Rafael Gaglianone 3 0
1 5:21 7 75 2:37 MIA Travis Homer 5-yard touchdown run, Michael Badgley kick good 3 7
1 2:49 2 45 0:29 MIA DeeJay Dallas 39-yard touchdown run, Michael Badgley kick good 3 14
2 13:37 3 23 1:19 WISC Danny Davis III 20-yard touchdown reception from Alex Hornibrook, Rafael Gaglianone kick good 10 14
2 5:49 12 71 6:38 WISC A.J. Taylor 16-yard touchdown reception from Alex Hornibrook, Rafael Gaglianone kick good 17 14
2 0:28 9 62 3:31 WISC Danny Davis III 5-yard touchdown reception from Alex Hornibrook, Rafael Gaglianone kick good 24 14
3 10:52 2 46 0:26 MIA Lawrence Cager 38-yard touchdown reception from Malik Rosier, Michael Badgley kick good 24 21
3 3:39 10 51 5:09 WISC 47-yard field goal by Rafael Gaglianone 27 21
4 11:34 10 47 3:11 MIA 41-yard field goal by Michael Badgley 27 24
4 7:44 8 75 3:50 WISC Danny Davis 6-yard touchdown reception from Alex Hornibrook, Rafael Gaglianone kick good 34 24
"TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football.
34
24
Statistics[edit]
1
2
3
4
Total
No. 6 Badgers 3 21 3 7 34
No. 10 Hurricanes 14 0 7 3 24
Statistics
MIA
WIS
First downs 17 24
Plays–yards 55-377 78-400
Rushes–yards 29-174 44-142
Passing yards 203 258
Passing: Comp–Att–Int 11-26-3 23-34-0
Time of possession 20:08 39:52
Team
Category
Player
Statistics
MIA Passing
Rushing
Receiving
WIS Passing
Rushing
Receiving
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/college-football/game?gameId=400953408
Jump up ^ [1], Orange Bowl Committee
Jump up ^ Associated Press (December 30, 2017). "Orange Bowl Win Over Miami Caps Wisconsin's Stellar Season". New York Times. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Single, Eric (December 31, 2017). "Wisconsin Forces Miami to Break Character in Orange Bowl Win". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Winsipedia - Miami (FL) Hurricanes vs. Wisconsin Badgers football series history". Retrieved 31 December 2017.
[show]
v
t
e
2017–18 NCAA football bowl game season
New Mexico (Dec. 16)
Las Vegas (Dec. 16)
Camellia (Dec. 16)
Cure (Dec. 16)
New Orleans (Dec. 16)
Boca Raton (Dec. 19)
Frisco (Dec. 20)
Gasparilla (Dec. 21)
Famous Idaho Potato (Dec. 22)
Bahamas (Dec. 22)
Armed Forces (Dec. 23)
Birmingham (Dec. 23)
Dollar General (Dec. 23)
Hawaii (Dec. 24)
Quick Lane (Dec. 26)
Heart of Dallas (Dec. 26)
Cactus (Dec. 26)
Independence (Dec. 27)
Pinstripe (Dec. 27)
Texas (Dec. 27)
Foster Farms (Dec. 27)
Military (Dec. 28)
Camping World (Dec. 28)
Alamo (Dec. 28)
Holiday (Dec. 28)
Belk (Dec. 29)
Cotton (Dec. 29)
Sun (Dec. 29)
Music City (Dec. 29)
Arizona (Dec. 29)
Fiesta (Dec. 30)
Liberty (Dec. 30)
Orange (Dec. 30)
TaxSlayer (Dec. 30)
Citrus (Jan. 1)
Outback (Jan. 1)
Peach (Jan. 1)
College Football Playoff games: Rose (semifinal) (Jan. 1)
Sugar (semifinal) (Jan. 1)
National Championship Game (Jan. 8)
All-Star Games
East–West Shrine Game (Jan. 20)
NFLPA Collegiate Bowl (Jan. 20)
Senior Bowl (Jan. 27)
[show]
v
t
e
Orange Bowl Game
History & conference tie-ins
History
Miami Orange Bowl
Hard Rock Stadium
College Football Playoff
Broadcasters
Atlantic Coast Conference
Big Ten Conference
Southeastern Conference
Notre Dame
Games
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1996
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2014
2015
2016
2017
Notes
The game was also the national title game for either the Bowl Coalition, Bowl Alliance, or Bowl Championship Series in 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 2001, and 2005.
There was an Orange Bowl in January and December in 1996 and 2014.
The game was a College Football Playoff semifinal in its 2015 edition.
[show]
v
t
e
Miami Hurricanes bowl games
1935 Orange Bowl
1946 Orange Bowl
1951 Orange Bowl
1952 Gator Bowl
1961 Liberty Bowl
1962 Gotham Bowl
1966 Liberty Bowl
1967 Bluebonnet Bowl
1981 Peach Bowl
1984 Orange Bowl
1985 Fiesta Bowl
1986 Sugar Bowl
1987 Fiesta Bowl #
1988 Orange Bowl #
1989 Orange Bowl
1990 Sugar Bowl
1991 Cotton Bowl Classic
1992 Orange Bowl
1993 Sugar Bowl #
1994 Fiesta Bowl
1995 Orange Bowl #
1996 Carquest Bowl
1998 MicronPC Bowl
2000 Gator Bowl
2001 Sugar Bowl
2002 Rose Bowl #
2003 Fiesta Bowl #
2004 Orange Bowl
2004 Peach Bowl
2005 Peach Bowl
2006 MPC Computers Bowl
2008 Emerald Bowl
2009 Champs Sports Bowl
2010 Sun Bowl
2013 Russell Athletic Bowl
2014 Independence Bowl
2015 Sun Bowl
2016 Russell Athletic Bowl
2017 Orange Bowl
Pound sign (#) denotes national championship game.
[show]
v
t
e
Wisconsin Badgers bowl games
1953 Rose Bowl
1960 Rose Bowl
1963 Rose Bowl
1981 Garden State Bowl
1982 Independence Bowl
1984 Hall of Fame Classic
1994 Rose Bowl
1995 Hall of Fame Bowl
1996 Copper Bowl
1998 Outback Bowl
1999 Rose Bowl
2000 Rose Bowl
2000 Sun Bowl
2002 Alamo Bowl
2003 Music City Bowl
2005 Outback Bowl
2006 Capital One Bowl
2007 Capital One Bowl
2008 Outback Bowl
2008 Champs Sports Bowl
2009 Champs Sports Bowl
2011 Rose Bowl
2012 Rose Bowl
2013 Rose Bowl
2014 Capital One Bowl
2015 Outback Bowl
2015 Holiday Bowl
2017 Cotton Bowl Classic
2017 Orange Bowl
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Orange_Bowl&oldid=826031381"
Categories:
2017–18 NCAA football bowl games
2017–18 College Football Playoff
Orange Bowl
Miami Hurricanes football bowl games
Wisconsin Badgers football bowl games
2017 in sports in Florida
December 2017 sports events in the United States
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This page was last edited on 16 February 2018, at 20:22.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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