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John McKay (American football)
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John McKay
Sport(s)
Football
Biographical details
Born
(1923-07-05)July 5, 1923
Everettville, West Virginia
Died
June 10, 2001(2001-06-10) (aged 77)
Tampa, Florida
Alma mater
University of Oregon
Playing career
1946
Purdue
1947–1949
Oregon
Position(s)
Back
Coaching career (HC unless noted)
1950–1958
Oregon (assistant)
1959
USC (assistant)
1960–1975
USC
1976–1984
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Administrative career (AD unless noted)
1972–1975
USC
Head coaching record
Overall
127–40–8 (college)
44–88–1 (NFL)
Bowls
6–3
Accomplishments and honors
Championships
4 National (1962, 1967, 1972, 1974)
9 AAWU/Pac-8 (1962, 1964, 1966–1969, 1972–1974)
Awards
2x AFCA Coach of the Year (1962, 1972)
2x Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year 1962, 1972)
Sporting News College Football COY (1972)
Tampa Stadium Krewe of Honor (1991)
Tampa Bay Buccaneers' Ring of Honor (2010)
College Football Hall of Fame
Inducted in 1988 (profile)
John Harvey McKay (July 5, 1923 – June 10, 2001) was an American football coach. He was the head coach at the University of Southern California (USC) from 1960 to 1975 and of the National Football League's Tampa Bay Buccaneers from 1976 to 1984. In 16 seasons at USC, McKay compiled a record of 127–40–8 and won nine AAWU/Pac-8 conference titles. His teams made eight appearances in the Rose Bowl, with five wins. Four of his squads captured national titles (1962, 1967, 1972, 1974).
Following a disappointing 1975 season, McKay moved to the NFL as the first head coach of the expansion Tampa Bay Buccaneers. In 1976 and 1977, Tampa Bay lost the first 26 games, but improved by the end of the 1970s. The Bucs made the playoffs three times under McKay, including an appearance in the NFC Championship Game in 1979. McKay was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1988. On January 1, 2014, McKay was named the All-Century Coach of the Rose Bowl Game during the celebration of the 100th Rose Bowl Game. His son represented him in the 2014 Rose Parade.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life, military service, and playing career
1.1 Oregon
2 Coaching career
2.1 Assistant coach
2.2 USC Trojans
2.3 Tampa Bay Buccaneers
3 Family and death
4 Quips
5 Head coaching record
5.1 College
5.2 NFL
6 See also
7 References
7.1 Additional sources
8 External links
Early life, military service, and playing career[edit]
McKay was born in West Virginia in the now-defunct town of Everettville in Monongalia County, where he was raised as a Roman Catholic. He was the third of five children born to Scots-Irish parents John and Gertrude McKay. His father was a coal mine superintendent who died when John was 13 years old. He grew up in Shinnston, and graduated from Shinnston High School in 1941. Offered a football scholarship to Wake Forest, McKay was on campus enrolling when his widowed mother became ill. He returned home to West Virginia and worked as an electrician's assistant in a coal mine for a year, then enlisted in the U.S. Army Air Force in 1942. McKay served as a tailgunner aboard B-29s and saw action in the Pacific Theatre during World War II.
Oregon[edit]
After the war, he entered college at Purdue University in 1946 at the age of 23, then transferred to the University of Oregon in 1947. He played football at both schools. At Purdue, he was a halfback, alongside Bob DeMoss and Ed Cody. He split time with Ed Ehlers. His head coach was former NFL Champion Quarterback, Cecil Isbell. At Oregon, he was a halfback for the Ducks, alongside quarterback Norm Van Brocklin.[1] The Ducks went 9–1 in the regular season in 1948, and were 7–0 in the Pacific Coast, co-champions with California. Because the two teams did not meet during the season, the bid to the 1949 Rose Bowl was decided by the university presidents, which went to Cal. Breaking with tradition, the PCC allowed the co-champions to also play in a bowl game. The Ducks accepted an invitation to the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, but were defeated 21–13 by hometown SMU. When Van Brocklin graduated and moved on to the NFL in 1949, McKay took over the Duck offense and called the audibles from his two-point stance as a running back. Without the future hall of famer, the Ducks slipped to 4–6 and 2–5 in the PCC. Without McKay on the field in 1950, Oregon was 1–9 and winless in conference, including shutouts by UCLA and lowly Idaho. The Ducks scored only 97 points all season and were kept under 10 points in half of their games.[2]
Coaching career[edit]
Assistant coach[edit]
After graduation from Oregon in 1950, McKay decided to become a coach. He was an assistant for the Ducks for nine seasons, one under Jim Aiken and eight with Len Casanova, who arrived from the University of Pittsburgh in 1951. Improving through the 1950s, the Ducks tied for the conference title in 1957 and played in the 1958 Rose Bowl. Following the 1958 season, McKay moved south to USC as an assistant under third-year head coach Don Clark. A notable member of the USC staff at this time was Al Davis, the offensive line coach. The Trojans were coming off two losing seasons, 1–9 in 1957 and 4–5–1 in 1958. They won their first eight games in 1959, but lost to rivals UCLA and Notre Dame to conclude the season. After failing to defeat either of the two rivals in three years, Clark resigned. McKay was hired as the Trojans' head coach for the 1960 season.
USC Trojans[edit]
In his first two seasons as head coach, McKay's teams enjoyed little success, going 4–6 in 1960, and 4–5–1 in 1961. The Trojans had been on probation and had difficulty recruiting; McKay stated that these two teams were the slowest he had ever been around. Heading into the 1962 season, McKay felt he might be fired by university president Norman Topping; alumni were pressuring Topping to fire McKay, but Topping resisted and gave McKay one more year so he could field a team with players he had recruited. Topping believed that McKay had recruited well and that the team would be successful.[3] Topping proved to be correct. In 1962, McKay guided USC to an 11–0 record including a Rose Bowl victory over #2-ranked Wisconsin, 42–37, and a national championship. USC won four national championships (1962, 1967, 1972, and 1974) during McKay's tenure as head coach, and the 1972 squad is regarded as one of the best teams in college football history.[4] That team went 12–0, defeated five teams ranked 18th or higher by an average of 22 points. They never trailed in the second half of any game and their closest game was a nine-point win over Stanford. Players from that team included Mike Rae, Pat Haden, Sam Cunningham, Anthony Davis, Lynn Swann, Charle Young, Gary Jeter, Richard Wood and Charles Phillips. Two of his players, Mike Garrett (1965) and O. J. Simpson (1968), won the Heisman Trophy. McKay popularized the I formation, and emphasized a power running game with such plays as "Student Body Left" and "Student Body Right." Through 2011, he remains the winningest head football coach in school history.
On November 26, 1966, Notre Dame crushed USC, 51–0, for the worst defeat in the program's history. Reportedly, after the game McKay vowed to never lose a game to the Fighting Irish again. He denied saying it, however, and in an interview shortly before his death, he clarified that he actually said, "They'll never beat us 51–0 again." [5] After that loss, McKay was 6–1–2 vs. Notre Dame, losing only during the Irish' national championship season of 1973.
Tampa Bay Buccaneers[edit]
After turning down several offers from NFL teams, including the Cleveland Browns, New England Patriots and Los Angeles Rams, McKay was lured to Tampa Bay in 1976 to become the Bucs’ first head coach.[6] Motivating his decision was the combined fivefold salary increase (totaling $2 million) and the prospect of building a franchise from the ground up.[6] The Buccaneers lost all fourteen games in 1976 and the first twelve games of 1977 before finally winning against the New Orleans Saints. The Bucs would also win the last game of the 1977 season over the St. Louis Cardinals for a two-game winning streak.
After winning five games in 1978, the Buccaneers doubled that the following year, posting their first winning season. They clinched the 1979 NFC Central title in the final week by beating the Kansas City Chiefs 3–0 in a driving Tampa rainstorm. They then defeated the Philadelphia Eagles 24–17 in a divisional playoff game to advance to the NFC Championship where, in a defensive battle, they lost to the Los Angeles Rams 9–0. The Buccaneers made two more playoff appearances in 1981 and 1982.
After the 1982 season, McKay strongly supported star quarterback Doug Williams’ bid for a better contract; at the time he was making less than 12 backups. However, owner Hugh Culverhouse was unwilling to budge from his initial offer. Williams bolted to the USFL for the 1983 season. Without Williams, McKay’s offense appeared to be completely rudderless. The Buccaneers suffered through a two-win season in 1983, and although they rebounded to win six in 1984, it would be McKay’s last. Thoroughly disillusioned, he stepped down as head coach. In the end, despite the Bucs' brief success in the early 1980s, McKay forever regretted his decision to leave the Trojans. His son noted that he knew “within the first week after he got to Tampa that he’d made a mistake.”[6] McKay later said that, despite the team’s rapid ascent to the playoffs, the Bay Area fans never forgave him for the franchise's 0–26 start.[7] On December 5, 2010, McKay was inducted into Tampa Bay's "Ring of Honor".[8]
As an NFL coach, McKay proved to be a controversial figure. He had an unpredictable personality and was capable of great warmth, but also of scathing sarcasm. Veterans felt that his aloofness hampered his ability to communicate with the team.[9] Near the end of his tenure of head coach, he upset players by not addressing the team at any point before or after the game.[10] He was prone to emotional outbursts, as when he called fans “idiots” for booing Bucs' quarterback Steve Spurrier during the expansion season, and then again later when he applied the term to reporters and opposing players who criticized the team.[11] A 1977 wave of offseason firings saw several executives replaced by men with close ties to McKay, and left the suspicion that he was attempting to surround himself with a staff that would bow easily to his will.[12] Similar accusations were made surrounding his handling of personnel, particularly following the 1976 season and again in the wake of a 1982 trade that sent several players to the San Diego Chargers, alleging that his intolerance of outspoken players was causing him to cut players who could help the team.[13] Some players resented McKay for placing his son Johnny in the starting lineup when they felt that there were better receivers on the team,[14] a move for which McKay humorously gave “nepotism” as the motivation.[15]
Critics frequently questioned whether McKay's biting comments were detrimental to players, some of which described his conduct as “unprofessional”.[16] McKay was noted for using the press to criticize players,[17] as when he complained about a young running back’s pass-catching ability by sarcastically referring to him as “fabulous”.[18] He responded to the ensuing controversy by repeatedly stating, “all of the players played lovely” at the following week's postgame press conference, despite the game having been a loss that eliminated the team from playoff contention.[19] Conversely, McKay could be fiercely protective of his players. He took the media to task for publishing subtly racist descriptions of Doug Williams that insinuated that his mental capacity was inferior, and continually referred to him as a “black quarterback” instead of “a quarterback”.[20] A public apology was required after he leveled a string of expletives against a group of fans who had directed racist comments at his players.[21] Despite his adversarial personal relationship with Spurrier, McKay defended him against fans’ criticism.[22] He enraged the New York Jets and incurred a large league fine in his final game, in which his attempt to secure an NFL yardage record for running back James Wilder went to such extremes as to order the defense to lie down and allow the Jets to score a touchdown, in order to quickly regain possession of the ball.[23]
At 44 games under .500 McKay set the record for futility surpassing Bert Bell in 1983, a record he held until Marion Campbell passed him in 1988.[24]
Family and death[edit]
McKay was the father of former Buccaneers general manager Rich McKay, the current president of the Atlanta Falcons. Another son, J. K. McKay, played wide receiver under him twice: first for the Trojans from 1972–75 and then later in the NFL for the Buccaneers from 1976–1979. McKay and his wife, Corky, had two daughters, Michele McKay Breese and Terri McKay Florio.
McKay died at St. Joseph's Hospital in Tampa, Florida, from complications due to diabetes on June 10, 2001.[25] His ashes were spread on the field of the Los Angeles Coliseum.[26] For his contribution to sports in Los Angeles, he was honored with a Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum "Court of Honor" plaque by the Coliseum commissioners.
Quips[edit]
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McKay became famous for many of his humorous answers during press conferences, for which Philadelphia Eagles coach Dick Vermeil called him "Dial-a-Quote".[27] His notable quips:
Following the 51–0 loss to Notre Dame in 1966, "I told my team it doesn't matter. There are 750 million people in China who don't even know this game was played. The next day, a guy called me from China and asked, 'What happened, Coach?'"
"[Former Michigan State Coach] Duffy Daugherty always had a dog because he said,'When you come home after a defeat the dog will be your friend.' My wife had a dog and we got beat once by Notre Dame 51-0. I came home and it bit me." "[28]
Following a game in 1967 in which O. J. Simpson received over 30 hand offs, McKay was asked "Why are you giving the ball to Simpson so often?" He replied, "Why not? It's not heavy, and he doesn't belong to a union."
On recruiting his son, J.K., to play football at USC: "I had a rather distinct advantage. I slept with his mother."
After a series of questionable calls helped Notre Dame tie top-ranked USC in 1968, McKay was asked about the officiating. He answered "I'm not surprised. The referee is a fine Catholic fellow by the name of Patrick Murphy."
After the Tampa Bay Buccaneers' first unofficial game, he responded to a question, "Well, we didn't block, but we made up for it by not tackling."
When asked his opinion of the NFL, he said "I've seen what they do in the professional ranks and it's not anything different than what we do here." McKay also did not understand the huge amounts of drama the league built around games, stating "What's so different between losing in the NFL and losing in college? You win, you put a check mark next to the game on the schedule list, and when you lose, you put an X next to it."
Following a Tampa Bay Buccaneer loss, McKay was asked, "What's it like in the professional ranks, coach? Anything special?" He replied, "No I was beat 51–0 in the college ranks. It's the same thing."
Standing on the sidelines during a game, McKay said, "Can't stop a pass, or a run...otherwise we're in great shape."
During a team meeting, McKay told his players that games are won and lost in "the trenches." He then spotted Howard Fest sleeping in the back. McKay yelled, "FEST FEST, where are games won and lost?" Fest replied, "Right here with the Buccaneers coach."
Following a Tampa Bay Buccaneers loss in their early seasons, McKay was asked what he thought of his team's "execution." He replied, "I'm in favor of it."[29]
"Capece is kaput," referring to Buccaneers kicker Bill Capece after he missed game-winning field goals in the final game of the 1983 season.
After the Buccaneers won their first regular season game against the New Orleans Saints during the 1977 season 33–14, McKay mused, "Three or four plane crashes and we're in the playoffs."
After receiving harsh criticism from the media about McKay's coaching skills in the NFL, McKay replies "You guys don't know the difference between a football and a bunch of bananas." In the next interview, members of the media left bananas for McKay. He then replied, "You guys don't know the difference between a football and a Mercedes Benz."
Head coaching record[edit]
College[edit]
Year
Team
Overall
Conference
Standing
Bowl/playoffs
Coaches#
AP°
USC Trojans (Pacific-8 Conference) (1960–1975)
1960 USC 4–6 3–1 2nd
1961 USC 4–5–1 2–1–1 T–2nd
1962 USC 11–0 4–0 1st W Rose 1 1
1963 USC 7–3 3–1 2nd 16
1964 USC 7–3 3–1 T–1st 10 10
1965 USC 7–2–1 4–1 2nd 9 10
1966 USC 7–4 4–1 T–1st L Rose 18
1967 USC 10–1 6–1 1st W Rose 1 1
1968 USC 9–1–1 6–0 1st L Rose 2 4
1969 USC 10–0–1 6–0 1st W Rose 4 3
1970 USC 6–4–1 3–4 T–6th 19 15
1971 USC 6–4–1 3–2–1 3rd 20
1972 USC 12–0 7–0 1st W Rose 1 1
1973 USC 9–2–1 7–0 1st L Rose 7 8
1974 USC 10–1–1 6–0–1 1st W Rose 1 2
1975 USC 8–4 3–4 5th W Liberty 19 17
USC: 127–40–8 70–17–3
Total: 127–40–8
National championship Conference title Conference division title or championship game berth
#Rankings from final Coaches Poll.
°Rankings from final AP Poll.
NFL[edit]
Team
Year
Regular Season
Post Season
Won
Lost
Ties
Win %
Finish
Won
Lost
Win %
Result
TB
1976
0 14 0 .000 5th in AFC West - - - -
TB
1977
2 12 0 .143 5th in NFC Central - - - -
TB
1978
5 11 0 .312 5th in NFC Central - - - -
TB
1979
10 6 0 .625 1st in NFC Central 1 1 .500 Lost to Los Angeles Rams in NFC Championship Game.
TB
1980
5 10 1 .333 4th in NFC Central - - - -
TB
1981
9 7 0 .563 1st in NFC Central 0 1 .000 Lost to Dallas Cowboys in NFC Divisional Game.
TB
1982
5 4 0 .556 7th in NFC 0 1 .000 Lost to Dallas Cowboys in NFC 1st Round Game
TB
1983
2 14 0 .125 5th in NFC Central - - - -
TB
1984
6 10 0 .375 3rd in NFC Central - - - -
Total[30]
44
88
1
.333
1
3
.250
See also[edit]
World War II portal
List of presidents of the American Football Coaches Association
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Spokesman-Review - Action in pictures of Idaho's valiant losing battle against Oregon - 1948-10-10 - p.3-sports
Jump up ^ cfbdatawarehouse.com - yearly results - Oregon 1950-54 - accessed 2012-04-04
Jump up ^ The History of USC Football Volume Two 1960-1986 McClenahan-Kelly Productions Copyright 1987 University of Southern California and Trojans Video Partners
Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/page2/s/list/colfootball/teams/best.html
Jump up ^ John McKay "In My Own Words" Fox Sports Net
^ Jump up to: a b c Sam Farmer, He took the money and ran – to Tampa, Los Angeles Times, January 12, 2007, Accessed January 12, 2007.
Jump up ^ Zier, Patrick. "McKay's style never accepted in Tampa". The Lakeland Ledger. 24 Dec 1988
Jump up ^ "Late John McKay inducted into Buc Ring of Honor". Associated Press. Sports Illustrated. December 5, 2010. Retrieved December 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ Zier, Patrick. “McKay Not In Popularity Contest”. The Lakeland Ledger. 14 October 1977. 1-C
Jump up ^ Scanlon, Dick. "Fontes says McKay had no time to talk to Bucs". The Lakeland Ledger. 4 Dec 1984. 1D
Jump up ^ Hansen, Greg. “This Time Fans Aren't Idiots, Writers Are”. St. Petersburg Evening Independent. 11 Oct 1977. 1-C
Jump up ^ Martz, Ron. “Is axe falling in right places?” St. Petersburg Times. 31 January 1977
Jump up ^ Zier, Patrick. “Bay Bucs’ Problems Revolve Around McKay?” The Lakeland Ledger. 12 Jan 1977
Jump up ^ Hummer, Steve. “Rozier Is One Gruff ‘Husker”. The Palm Beach Post. 2 December 1983. D4
Jump up ^ Zier, Patrck. “Can Bucs Bounce Back Against Lions Tonight?” Lakeland Ledger. 9 September 1978. 2B
Jump up ^ Zier, Patrick. “Can McKay Ever Produce Winner In Pros?” Lakeland Ledger, 12 October 1977. 1D
Jump up ^ McDonald, Tim. “Capece: A critical man for the Bucs”; St. Petersburg Evening Independent, 17 December 1982. 1-C
Jump up ^ Zier, Patrick. "Bucs still listed in critical condition". The Lakeland Ledger. 29 Nov 1980. 6D
Jump up ^ Zier, Patrick. “Bucs bow to Vikings”. The Lakeland Ledger. 8 Dec 1980. 1D
Jump up ^ Associated Press. "McKay Blasts 'Racist' Treatment Of Williams" The Dayton Beach Morning Journal. 23 Sep 1980. 10A
Jump up ^ Mizell, Hubert. "McKay hot, pops off, cools and apologizes". St. Petersburg Times. 27 November 1979
Jump up ^ Zier, Patrick. “McKay Apologizes For Calling Fans Idiots”. Lakeland Ledger. 7 Sep 1976. 1B
Jump up ^ Scanlon, Dick. "McKay ticks off Walton". The Lakeland Ledger. 17 December 1984. 4D
Jump up ^ "Coaches, Records, and Coaching Totals".
Jump up ^ http://usctrojans.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/061001aaa.html
Jump up ^ Stewart, Larry (December 3, 2005). "McKay Had a Way With Exercising His Power". The Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Hornack, Ken. "Relaxed and Relieved - But McKay Remains the King of Quip". The Daytona Beach Morning Journal. 18 Dec 1984
Jump up ^ NFL Films "Warriors, Wizards and Wonder Boys"
Jump up ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/classic/obit/s/2001/0517/1200798.html
Jump up ^ John McKay Record, Statistics, and Category Ranks - Pro-Football-Reference.com
Additional sources[edit]
Perry, Jim. "In Memoriam: A Life of Legend". USC Trojan Family Magazine - Autumn 2001. Retrieved September 28, 2005.
External links[edit]
John McKay at the College Football Hall of Fame
John McKay at Pro-Football-Reference.com
John McKay on IMDb
[show]
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USC Trojans head football coaches
Henry H. Goddard & Frank H. Suffel (1888)
No coach (1889)
No team (1890)
No coach (1891–1896)
Lewis R. Freeman (1897)
No coach (1898–1900)
Clair S. Tappaan (1901)
No coach (1902)
John Walker (1903)
Harvey Holmes (1904–1907)
William I. Traeger (1908)
Dean Cromwell (1909–1910)
No team (1911–1913)
Ralph Glaze (1914–1915)
Dean Cromwell (1916–1918)
Gus Henderson (1919–1924)
Howard Jones (1925–1940)
Sam Barry (1941)
Jeff Cravath (1942–1950)
Jess Hill (1951–1956)
Don Clark (1957–1959)
John McKay (1960–1975)
John Robinson (1976–1982)
Ted Tollner (1983–1986)
Larry Smith (1987–1992)
John Robinson (1993–1997)
Paul Hackett (1998–2000)
Pete Carroll (2001–2009)
Lane Kiffin (2010–2013)
Ed Orgeron # (2013)
Clay Helton # (2013)
Steve Sarkisian (2014–2015)
Clay Helton (2015– )
Pound sign (#) denotes interim head coach.
[show]
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USC Trojans athletic directors
Willis O. Hunter (1925–1957)
Jess Hill (1957–1972)
John McKay (1972–1975)
Dick Perry (1975–1984)
Mike McGee (1984–1993)
Mike Garrett (1993–2010)
Pat Haden (2010–2016)
Lynn Swann (2016– )
[show]
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Tampa Bay Buccaneers head coaches
John McKay (1976–1984)
Leeman Bennett (1985–1986)
Ray Perkins (1987–1990)
Richard Williamson (1990–1991)
Sam Wyche (1992–1995)
Tony Dungy (1996–2001)
Jon Gruden (2002–2008)
Raheem Morris (2009–2011)
Greg Schiano (2012–2013)
Lovie Smith (2014–2015)
Dirk Koetter (2016– )
[show]
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1962 USC Trojans football—consensus national champions
Damon Bame
Pete Beathard
Hal Bedsole
Willie Brown
Craig Fertig
Bill Fisk
Fred Hill
Marv Marinovich
Bill Nelsen
Bob Svihus
Ben Wilson
Head coach: John McKay
Assistant coaches: Raymond George
Mel Hein
Mike Giddings
Dave Levy
Charlie Hall
Marv Goux
Joe Margucci
[show]
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1967 USC Trojans football—consensus national champions
7 Mike Holmgren
17 Mike Battle
22 Earl McCullouch
32 O. J. Simpson
56 Jimmy Gunn
74 Mike Taylor
77 Ron Yary
84 Bob Klein
88 Tim Rossovich
Dennis Crane
Bill Hayhoe
Mike Hull
Head coach: John McKay
Assistant coaches: Dick Coury
Craig Fertig
Phil Krueger
[show]
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1972 USC Trojans football—consensus national champions
Pete Adams
Bill Bain
Booker Brown
Allen Carter
Sam Cunningham
Marvin Cobb
Anthony Davis
John Grant
Pat Haden
Karl Lorch
Bob McCaffrey
John McKay Jr.
Rod McNeill
Manfred Moore
Artimus Parker
Charlie Phillips
Mike Rae
Danny Reece
Steve Riley
Lynn Swann
Richard Wood
Head coach: John McKay
Assistant coaches: Craig Fertig
Wayne Fontes
Raymond George
John Robinson
[show]
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1974 USC Trojans football—UPI national champions
Bill Bain
Ricky Bell
Mike Burns
Allen Carter
Marvin Cobb
Anthony Davis
Pat Haden
Gary Jeter
Chris Limahelu
Clay Matthews
Bob McCaffrey
John McKay Jr.
Charlie Phillips
Marvin Powell
Danny Reece
Mosi Tatupu
Dennis Thurman
Richard Wood
Head coach: John McKay
Assistant coaches: Wayne Fontes
Raymond George
John Robinson
Bruce Snyder
[show]
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Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1976 inaugural season roster
Tom Alward
Larry Ball
Joe Blahak
Cedric Brown
Louis Carter
Bert Cooper
Mark Cotney
Mike Current
Charlie Davis
Ricky Davis
Parnell Dickinson
Freddie Douglas
Jimmy DuBose
Howard Fest
Dave Green
Jimmy Gunn
Isaac Hagins
Terry Hanratty
Charlie Hunt
Larry Jameson
Essex Johnson
Curtis Jordan
Vince Kendrick
Larry Lawrence
Mike Lemon
Everett Little
Don Martin
Ed McAleney
Lee McGriff
John McKay
Rod McNeill
Bob Moore
Manfred Moore
Maulty Moore
Jack Novak
Frank Oliver
Morris Owens
Fred Pagac
Dave Pear
Cal Peterson
Jim Peterson
Reggie Pierson
Dave Reavis
Danny Reece
Steve Reese
Glenn Robinson
Mirro Roder
Council Rudolph
Dan Ryczek
Dewey Selmon
Lee Roy Selmon
Jimmy Sims
Barry Smith
Steve Spurrier
Ken Stone
Pat Toomay
John Ward
Mike Washington
Ed Williams
Steve Wilson
Richard Wood
Roscoe Word
Randy Young
Steve Young

Head coach: John McKay

Assistant coaches: Tom Bass
Willie Brown
Wayne Fontes
Jerry Frei
Dennis Fryzel
Abe Gibron
Phil Krueger
John Rauch
Harry Smith
Dick Voris
[show]
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AFCA Division I FBS Coach of the Year winners
1935: Waldorf
1936: Harlow
1937: Mylin
1938: Kern
1939: Anderson
1940: Shaughnessy
1941: Leahy
1942: Alexander
1943: Stagg
1944: Widdoes
1945: McMillin
1946: Blaik
1947: Crisler
1948: Oosterbaan
1949: Wilkinson
1950: Caldwell
1951: Taylor
1952: Munn
1953: Tatum
1954: Sanders
1955: Daugherty
1956: Wyatt
1957: Hayes
1958: Dietzel
1959: Schwartzwalder
1960: Warmath
1961: Bryant
1962: McKay
1963: Royal
1964: Broyles & Parseghian
1965: Prothro
1966: Cahill
1967: Pont
1968: Paterno
1969: Schembechler
1970: McClendon & Royal
1971: Bryant
1972: McKay
1973: Bryant
1974: Teaff
1975: Kush
1976: Majors
1977: James
1978: Paterno
1979: Bruce
1980: Dooley
1981: Ford
1982: Paterno
1983: Hatfield
1984: Edwards
1985: DeBerry
1986: Paterno
1987: MacPherson
1988: Nehlen
1989: McCartney
1990: Ross
1991: B. Lewis
1992: Stallings
1993: Alvarez
1994: Osborne
1995: Barnett
1996: Br. Snyder
1997: Carr
1998: Fulmer
1999: Beamer
2000: Stoops
2001: Coker & Friedgen
2002: Tressel
2003: Carroll
2004: Tuberville
2005: Paterno
2006: Grobe
2007: Mangino
2008: Whittingham
2009: Patterson
2010: C. Kelly
2011: Miles
2012: B. Kelly
2013: Cutcliffe
2014: Patterson
2015: Swinney
2016: MacIntyre
2017: Frost
[show]
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Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year Award winners
1957: Hayes
1958: Dietzel
1959: Schwartzwalder
1960: Warmath
1961: Royal
1962: McKay
1963: Royal
1964: Parseghian
1965: Daugherty
1966: Cahill
1967: Pont
1968: Hayes
1969: Schembechler
1970: Agase
1971: Devaney
1972: McKay
1973: Majors
1974: Teaff
1975: Hayes
1976: Majors
1977: Holtz
1978: Paterno
1979: Bruce
1980: Dooley
1981: Ford
1982: Paterno
1983: Schnellenberger
1984: Edwards
1985: DeBerry
1986: Paterno
1987: MacPherson
1988: Holtz
1989: McCartney
1990: Ross
1991: James
1992: Stallings
1993: Bowden
1994: Brooks
1995: Barnett
1996: Snyder
1997: Price
1998: Fulmer
1999: Beamer
2000: Stoops
2001: Friedgen
2002: Tressel
2003: Saban
2004: Meyer
2005: Weis
2006: Schiano
2007: Mangino
2008: Saban
2009: Patterson
2010: C. Kelly
2011: Gundy
2012: B. Kelly
2013: Malzahn
2014: Patterson
2015: Ferentz
2016: MacIntyre
2017: Frost
[show]
v
t
e
Sporting News College Football Coach of the Year winners
1963: Royal
1964: Broyles
1965: Daugherty
1966: Parseghian
1967: Pont
1968: Hayes
1969: Royal
1970: Ralston
1971: Fairbanks
1972: McKay
1973: Switzer
1974: Claiborne
1975: Bellard
1976: Majors
1977: Holtz
1978: Rogers
1979: Mackovic
1980: Dooley
1981: Fry
1982: MacIntyre
1983: White
1984: Wacker
1985: Schembechler
1986: Cooper
1987: MacPherson
1988: Holtz
1989: No Award
1990: Ross
1991: James
1992: Erickson
1993: Bowden
1994: Brooks
1995: Barnett
1996: Br. Snyder
1997: Price
1998: Fulmer
1999: J. Jones
2000: Erickson
2001: Friedgen
2002: Tressel
2003: Meyer
2004: Tuberville
2005: Paterno
2006: Grobe
2007: Mangino
2008: Saban
2009: Patterson
2010: C. Kelly
2011: Bi. Snyder
2012: B. Kelly
2013: Malzahn & Cutcliffe
2014: Patterson
2015: Swinney
2016: Franklin
2017: Smart
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_McKay_(American_football)&oldid=820380990"
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text:
Full moon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Full moon (disambiguation), Harvest moon (disambiguation), and Hunter's moon (disambiguation).
"Strawberry Moon" redirects here. For the jazz album by Grover Washington Jr., see Strawberry Moon (album).
The supermoon of 14 November 2016 was 356,511 km (221,526 mi) away[1] from the center of Earth, the closest occurrence since 1948. It will not be closer again until 2034.[2]
The full Moon as viewed through a 235 mm (9.25 in) Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope. The Moon was near its northernmost ecliptic latitude, so the southern craters are especially prominent.
The full Moon during the total lunar eclipse of 31 January 2018
The full moon is the lunar phase when the Moon appears fully illuminated from Earth's perspective. This occurs when Earth is located directly between the Sun and the Moon (more exactly, when the ecliptic longitudes of the Sun and Moon differ by 180°). This means that the lunar hemisphere facing Earth – the near side – is completely sunlit and appears as a circular disk, while the far side is dark. The full moon occurs once roughly every month.
When the Moon moves into Earth's shadow, a lunar eclipse occurs, during which all or part of the Moon's face may appear reddish due to the Rayleigh scattering of blue wavelengths and the refraction of sunlight through Earth's atmosphere.[3][4][5] Lunar eclipses happen only during full moon and around points on its orbit where the satellite may pass through the planet's shadow. A lunar eclipse does not occur every month because the Moon's orbit is inclined 5.14° with respect to the ecliptic plane of earth; thus, the Moon usually passes north or south of Earth's shadow, which is mostly restricted to this plane of reference. Lunar eclipses happen only when the full moon occurs around either node of its orbit (ascending or descending). Therefore, a lunar eclipse occurs approximately every 6 months and often 2 weeks before or after a solar eclipse, which occurs during new moon around the opposite node.
The interval period between a new or full moon and the next same phase, a synodic month, averages about 29.53 days. Therefore, in those lunar calendars in which each month begins on the day of the new moon, the full moon falls on either the 14th or 15th day of the lunar month. Because a calendar month consists of a whole number of days, a lunar month may be either 29 or 30 days long.
Contents
[hide]
1 Characteristics
1.1 Formula
2 In folklore and tradition
2.1 Full moon names
2.1.1 Harvest and hunter's moons
2.1.2 Farmers' Almanacs
2.2 Hindu full moon festivals
3 Lunar and lunisolar calendars
3.1 Intercalary months
3.1.1 Blue moon
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Characteristics[edit]
A full moon is often thought of as an event of a full night's duration. This is somewhat misleading because its phase seen from Earth continuously waxes or wanes (though much too slowly to notice in real time with the naked eye). Its maximum illumination occurs at the moment waxing has stopped. For any given location, about half of these maximum full moons may be visible, while the other half occurs during the day, when the full moon is below the horizon.
Many almanacs list full moons not only by date, but also by their exact time, usually in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Typical monthly calendars that include lunar phases may be offset by one day when used in a different time zone.
Full moon is generally a suboptimal time to conduct astronomical observations because the bright sunlight reflected by the Moon then outshines the apparently dimmer stars.
On 12 December 2008, the full moon occurred closer to the Earth than it had been at any time for the previous 15 years, called a supermoon.[6]
On 19 March 2011, another full supermoon occurred, closer to the Earth than at any time for the previous 18 years.[7]
On 14 November 2016, a full supermoon occurred closer to the Earth than at any time for the previous 68 years.[8]
Formula[edit]
The date and approximate time of a specific full moon (assuming a circular orbit) can be calculated from the following equation:[9]
d = 20.362000 + 29.530588861 × N + 102.026 × 10 − 12 × N 2 {\displaystyle d=20.362000+29.530588861\times N+102.026\times 10^{-12}\times N^{2}}
where d is the number of days since 1 January 2000 00:00:00 in the Terrestrial Time scale used in astronomical ephemerides; for Universal Time (UT) add the following approximate correction to d:
− 0.000739 − ( 235 × 10 − 12 ) × N 2 {\displaystyle -0.000739-(235\times 10^{-12})\times N^{2}} days
where N is the number of full moons since the first full moon of 2000. The true time of a full moon may differ from this approximation by up to about 14.5 hours as a result of the non-circularity of the moon's orbit.[10] See New moon for an explanation of the formula and its parameters.
The age and apparent size of the full moon vary in a cycle of just under 14 synodic months, which has been referred to as a full moon cycle.
In folklore and tradition[edit]
See also: List of lunar deities and Lunar effect
Full moon rising, seen through the Belt of Venus
Full moons are traditionally associated with temporal insomnia (inability to sleep), insanity (hence the terms lunacy and lunatic) and various "magical phenomena" such as lycanthropy. Psychologists, however, have found that there is no strong evidence for effects on human behavior around the time of a full moon.[11] They find that studies are generally not consistent, with some showing a positive effect and others showing a negative effect. In one instance, the 23 December 2000 issue of the British Medical Journal published two studies on dog bite admission to hospitals in England and Australia. The study of the Bradford Royal Infirmary found that dog bites were twice as common during a full moon, whereas the study conducted by the public hospitals in Australia found that they were less likely. All this is relevant to canine rather than human behavior.
Full moon names[edit]
Historically, month names are names of moons (lunations, not necessarily full moons) in lunisolar calendars. Since the introduction of the solar Julian calendar in the Roman Empire, and later the Gregorian calendar worldwide, people no longer perceive month names as "moon" names. The traditional Old English month names were equated with the names of the Julian calendar from an early time (soon after Christianization, according to the testimony of Bede ca. AD 700).
Some full moons have developed new names in modern times, e.g., the blue moon, and the names "harvest moon" and "hunter's moon" for the full moons of autumn.
Harvest and hunter's moons[edit]
"Harvest moon" and "Hunter's moon" redirect here. For other uses, see Harvest moon (disambiguation) and Hunter's moon (disambiguation).
A harvest moon. Its orange color is due to its closeness to the horizon, rather than being unique to harvest moons.[12]
The "harvest moon" and "hunter's moon" are traditional terms for the full moons occurring during late summer and in the autumn, in the northern hemisphere usually in September and October respectively. The "harvest moon" is the full moon closest to the autumnal equinox (22 or 23 September), coming anywhere from two weeks before to two weeks after that date.[13] The "hunter's moon" is the full moon following it. The names are recorded from the early 18th century.[14] The Oxford English Dictionary entry for "harvest moon" cites a 1706 reference, and for "hunter's moon" a 1710 edition of The British Apollo, where the term is attributed to "the country people" (The Country People call this the Hunters-Moon.). The names became traditional in American folklore, where they are now often popularly attributed to the Native Americans.[15] The Feast of the Hunters' Moon is a yearly festival in West Lafayette, Indiana, held in late September or early October each year since 1968.[16] In 2010, the Harvest moon occurred on the night of equinox itself (some 51⁄2 hours after the point of equinox) for the first time since 1991.[17][18]
All full moons rise around the time of sunset. Because the moon moves eastward among the stars faster than the sun its meridian passage is delayed, causing it to rise later each day – on average by about 50.47 minutes.[19] The harvest moon and hunter's moon are unique because the time difference between moonrises on successive evenings is much shorter than average. The moon rises approximately 30 minutes later from one night to the next, as seen from about 40 degrees N or S latitude. (This is because a full moon in September appears to move not straight east but north-east in the sky.) Thus, there is no long period of darkness between sunset and moonrise for several days after the full moon,[20] thus lengthening the time in the evening when there is enough light for men to see to work to get the harvest in.
Farmers' Almanacs[edit]
The Maine Farmers' Almanac from c. the 1930s began to publish Native American "Indian" full moon names. The Farmers' Almanac (since 1955 published in Maine, but not the same publication as the Maine Farmers' Almanac) continues to do so.[21]
An early list of "Indian month names" was published in 1918 by Daniel Carter Beard in his The American Boy's Book of Signs, Signals and Symbols for use by the boy scouts. Beard's "Indian" month names were:[22]
January: Difficulty, Black Smoke
February: Raccoon, Bare Spots on the Ground
March: Wind, Little Grass, Sore-Eye
April: Ducks, Goose-Eggs
May: Green Grass, Root-Food
June: Corn-Planting, Strawberry
July: Buffalo (Bull), Hot Sun
August: Harvest, Cow Buffalo
September: Wild Rice, Red Plum
October: Leaf-Falling, Nuts
November: Deer-Mating, Fur-Pelts
December: Wolves, Big Moon
Such names have gained currency in American folklore. They appear in print more widely outside of the almanac tradition from the 1990s in popular publications about the Moon. Mysteries of the Moon by Patricia Haddock ("Great Mysteries Series", Greenhaven Press, 1992) gave an extensive list of such names along with the individual tribal groups they were supposedly associated with.[23] Haddock supposes that certain "Colonial American" moon names were adopted from Algonquian languages (which were formerly spoken in the territory of New England), while others are based in European tradition (e.g., the Colonial American names for the May moon, "Milk Moon", "Mother's Moon", "Hare Moon" have no parallels in the supposed native names, while the name of November, "Beaver Moon" is supposedly based in the Algonquin).
The individual names given in Farmers' Almanac include:[clarification needed]
January: "Wolf Moon" (this is the name of December in Beard 1918)[24] also "Old Moon"
February: "Snow Moon", also "Hunger Moon"
March: "Worm Moon", "Crow Moon", "Sap Moon", "Lenten Moon"
April: "Seed Moon", "Pink Moon", "Sprouting Grass Moon", "Egg Moon" (c.f. "Goose-Egg" in Beard 1918), "Fish Moon"
May: "Milk Moon", "Flower Moon", "Corn Planting Moon"
June: "Mead Moon", "Strawberry Moon" (c.f. Beard 1918), "Rose Moon", "Thunder Moon"
July: "Hay Moon", "Buck Moon", "Elk Moon", "Thunder Moon"
August: "Corn Moon", "Sturgeon Moon", "Red Moon", "Green Corn Moon", "Grain Moon"
September: "Harvest Moon", "Full Corn Moon",
October: "Hunter's moon", "Blood Moon"/"Sanguine Moon"
November: "Beaver Moon", "Frosty Moon"
December: "Oak Moon", "Cold Moon", "Long Night's Moon"
The Long Night's Moon is the last of the year and the closest to the winter solstice.[25]
"Ice moon" is also used to refer to the first full moon of January or February.[26]
Hindu full moon festivals[edit]
See also: Purnima
In Hinduism, most festivals are celebrated on auspicious days. Many of the Hindu festivals are celebrated on days with a full moon at night. Different parts of India celebrate the same day with different names, as listed below:
Chaitra Purnima - Gudi Padua, Yugadi, Ugadi, Hanuman Jayanti (April 15, 2014)[27]
Vaishakh Purnima - Narasimh Jayanti, Buddha Jayanthi (May 14, 2014)[28]
Jyeshtha Purnima - Vat Savitri Vrat Vat Purnima (June 8, 2014)[29]
Guru Purnima - the full moon of the Ashadh month
Vyas Purnima - important day for starting education and honoring teachers[29]
Shravan Purnima - good day for starting Upanayan day, Avani Avittam, Raksha Bandhan- conceptually Onam also comes on this day.
Bhadrapad Purnima - start of Pitrupaksha, Madhu Purnima
Ashvin Purnima - Sharad Purnima
Kartik Poornima - Thrukkarthika
Margasirsha Purnima - Thiruvathira, Dathatreya Jayanthi
Pushya Purnima - Thaipusam, Shakambharee Purnima
Magha Purnima
Phalguna Purnima - Holi
Lunar and lunisolar calendars[edit]
The December 2015 full moon coincided with Christmas day.[30] This last occurred in 1977, with a Christmas Eve full moon between in 1996 and a full moon the day after Christmas in 2004 and before Christmas Eve in 2007 (both not shown here). A small horizontal libration is visible comparing their appearances. By the 19-year metonic cycle the full moon will repeat on Christmas day in 2034, 2053, 2072, and 2091.[31]
Main article: Lunar calendar
Most pre-modern calendars the world over were lunisolar, combining the solar year with the lunation by means of intercalary months.[32][33] The Julian calendar abandoned this method in favour of a purely solar reckoning while conversely the 7th-century Islamic calendar opted for a purely lunar one.
A continuing lunisolar calendar is in the Hebrew calendar. Evidence of this is noted in the dates of Passover and Easter in Judaism and Christianity, respectively. The date of the Jewish Rosh Hashana and Sukkot festivals along with all other Jewish holidays are dependent on the dates of the new moons.[34]
Intercalary months[edit]
Main article: Intercalary month
In lunisolar calendars, an intercalary month occurs seven times in the 19 years of the Metonic cycle, or on average every 2.7 years (19/7). In the Hebrew Calendar this is noted with a periodic extra month of Adar in the early spring.
Blue moon[edit]
Further information: Blue moon
In the modern system of "traditional" full moon names tied to the solstice and equinox points, a supernumerary full moon in such a period is called a blue moon. The term "blue moon" used in this sense may date to as early as the 16th century, but it became well known in the United States due to the Farmers' Almanac (published since 1818).[35]
According to the Farmers' Almanac, a "blue moon" is the third full moon in any period between either solstice and equinox, or between equinox and solstice, (calculated using the mean tropical year), which contains four full moons.[36] These seasons are equal in length, unlike the astronomical ones, which vary in length depending on the Earth's speed in its elliptical orbit round the sun. To compare, in 1983 the equal length seasons began at 1.48 AM on 23 March, 9.15 AM on 22 June, 4.42 PM on 21 September and 12.10 AM on 22 December, while the astronomical seasons began at 4.39 AM on 21 March, 11.09 PM on 21 June, 2.42 PM on 23 September and 10.30 AM on 22 December (all times GMT). Due to a misinterpretation of this definition in the March 1946 Sky & Telescope magazine, "blue moon" has also been used in the sense of "the second full moon in any month which contains two full moons (this usage has been noted as "erroneous" by Sky & Telescope in 1999).[37] According to either definition, "blue moons" occur with the average frequency of intercalary months, seven times in 19 years, the Farmers' Almanac system of "full moon names" effectively defining a lunisolar calendar.
See also[edit]
Moon portal
Lunar eclipse
Lunar phase
Month
Near side of the Moon
New moon
Orbit of the Moon
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ""SUPER MOON" EXCEPTIONAL. BRIGHTEST MOON IN THE SKY OF NORMANDY, MONDAY, NOVEMBER 14". 2016-11-12. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ http://astrobob.areavoices.com/2016/11/10/moongazers-delight-biggest-supermoon-in-decades-looms-large-Sunday-night/
Jump up ^ Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (2005). "Phases of the Moon". Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. University Science Books. p. 478. ISBN 0-935702-68-7. They are the times when the excess of the Moon's apparent geocentric ecliptic longitude λM over the Sun's apparent geocentric ecliptic longitude is 0, 90, 180, or 270 ...
Jump up ^ "Celestial Alignment without Lunar Eclipse; from google (full moon earth block sunlight) result 2".
Jump up ^ "tilted from the ecliptic by about 5 degrees; from google (full moon earth block sunlight) result 3".
Jump up ^ Phillips, Tony (9 December 2008). "Biggest Full Moon of the Year". Science@NASA. Retrieved 4 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Tony (16 March 2011). "Super Full Moon". Science@NASA. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Tony (14 October 2016). "Super Full Moon". Science@NASA. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Meeus, Jean (1998). "Phases of the Moon". Astronomical Algorithms (2nd ed.). Richmond, Virginia: Willmann-Bell. pp. 349–354. ISBN 0-943396-61-1.
Jump up ^ Meeus, Jean (2002). "The Duration of the Lunation". More Mathematical Astronomy Morsels. Richmond, Virginia: Willmann-Bell. pp. 19–31. ISBN 0-943396-74-3.
Jump up ^ "Full Moon Effect On Behavior Minimal, Studies Say". National Geographic News. 6 February 2004.
Jump up ^ Percy, John (27 September 2010). "Why is the harvest moon so big and orange?". University of Toronto.
Jump up ^ "What is a Harvest Moon?". Old Farmer's Almanac.
Jump up ^ See James Ferguson, Astronomy explained upon Sir Isaac Newton's principles,: and made easy to those who have not studied mathematics, 1756, p. 128. "harvest moon" is also the cognate of herbist-mānod, the Old High German name of November recorded in Vita Karoli Magni, ch. 29.
Jump up ^ Neata, Emil. "The Hunter's Moon". Night Sky Info. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Feast of the Hunters' Moon". Tippecanoe County Historical Association. Archived from the original on 2009-06-20.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Tony (22 September 2010). "Watch out for the Super Harvest Moon". NASA Science. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Maddox, Jack (22 September 2010). "Super Harvest Moon: Autumn phenomenon is a rare treat". CNN. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
Jump up ^ (1440/(29.531)=50.47 minutes)
Jump up ^ Larry McNish (2007). "RASC Calgary Centre - Sunset and Moonrise". This gives a graph showing the effect as seen from Calgary, for the whole of the year 2007.
Jump up ^ "Full Moon Names and Their Meanings". Farmers' Almanac. Archived from the original on 2007-10-05. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) (); "Full Moons: What's in a Name?". National Geographic. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Beard 1918, pp. 78–80. "The Indians' Moons naturally vary in the different parts of the country, but by comparing them all and striking an average as near as may be, the moons are reduced to the following"
Jump up ^ repeated in The Moon Book by Kim Long (1998:102ff.) Also in Llewellyn's 1996 Moon Sign Book (1995).
Jump up ^ "Wolf Moon" is attributed to the Algonquin by Haddock (1992); the actual Algonquin name for that moon is squochee kesos or "sun has not strength to thaw". The New England historical & genealogical register and antiquarian journal: v. 10 The Sioux do mention wolves in their name for January, which means "when wolves run together". American Indian Moons; they also refer to that moon as the "moon of the strong cold" or "frost in the teepee". Other tribes had different names for the moons. See also Indian Moons, Days & Other Calendar Stuff American Indian Moons
Jump up ^ Dance, Scott. "'Long Night's Moon' comes on Christmas for first time since 1977," The Baltimore Sun, Wednesday, December 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/moon/wolf.html
Jump up ^ http://www.drikpanchang.com/purnima/chaitra/chaitra-purnima-date-time.html?year=2014
Jump up ^ http://www.drikpanchang.com/purnima/vaishakha/vaishakha-purnima-date-time.html?year=2014
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.drikpanchang.com/festivals/guru-purnima/guru-purnima-date-time.html?year=2014
Jump up ^ Rare Full Moon on Christmas Day, NASA
Jump up ^ Ask Tom: How unusual is a full moon on Christmas Day?
Jump up ^ see e.g., Blackburn, Bonnie; et al. (1999). The Oxford Companion to the Year. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-214231-3.
Jump up ^ Reingold, Edward M.; et al. (2001). Calendrical Calculations: The Millennium Edition. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77752-6.
Jump up ^ Leviticus 23:4-7, 33-35.
Jump up ^ The saying "once in a blue moon" meaning "very rarely" is recorded since the 1820s. The term "blue moon" is recorded in 1528, in the couplet O churche men are wyly foxes [...] Yf they say the mone is blewe / We must beleve that it is true / Admittynge their interpretacion. (Thomas Wolsey, Rede me and be nott wrothe, for I say no thynge but trothe ed. 1871 p. 114); it isn't clear however if this refers to intercalation.
Jump up ^ Farmers' Almanac, "What is a blue moon?", 24 August 2009, available at [1].
Jump up ^ Sky and Telescope "What's a blue moon?"
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