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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Philippines
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As of June 2018, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 765,393 members in 102 stakes and 73 districts,[1] 1,218 congregations, 21 missions, and 2 operating temples, with 3 additional temples announced, in the Philippines.[2]
Effective August 2018, the church's Philippines Area will include Evan A. Schmutz as president, with Michael John U. Teh and Taniela B. Wakolo as counselors.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Notable people
3 Missions
4 Temples
5 Philippines Missionary Training Center
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
The first contact the church had with the Philippines was in 1898 during the Spanish–American War. Two LDS men, Willard Call and George Seaman, who were part of the United States artillery battery, were set apart as missionaries and began to proselytize after being deployed to the Philippines. However, they met with little success.[4] Active proselytizing stopped on the onset of World War II.[5]
The first Filipino to join the LDS Church was Aneleta Pabilona Fajardo in 1945, who was introduced to the church by Maxine Grimm, who was in the Philippines with the Red Cross in the aftermath of World War II.[4]
The Luzon Serviceman's District was organized during the Korean War under the Japanese Mission for American servicemen stationed in the Philippines. In August 1955, the district was then transferred to the newly organized Southern Far East Mission, under the direction of Joseph Fielding Smith, a member of the Quorum of the Twelve.[4] During this time, Smith visited the Philippines. Due to legal issues, the LDS Church could not send missionaries to the country. Missionary work, however, was done by LDS servicemen and American residents, including Kendall B. Schaefermeyer, a returned missionary serving in the U.S. Navy.[4] He had baptized four Filipinos by October 1957 and was teaching more than 20 others.[4]
During 1960, Gordon B. Hinckley, then an Assistant to the Twelve, and apostle Ezra Taft Benson, visited the Philippines.[4] The purpose of the visit was mainly to see the work of the LDS servicemen groups, but they brought back encouraging reports of the missionary work being done among the native Filipinos.[4]
The church obtained official recognition in the Philippines in 1961 when Robert S. Taylor, president of the Southern Far East Mission, filed the paperwork with the Philippine government.[4] Subsequently, on 28 April 1961 in a meeting with servicemen, American residents, and Filipino members, Hinckley rededicated the country.[4] The first American missionaries (Ray Goodson, Harry Murray, Kent Lowe and Nestor Ledesma) arrived in Manila two months later.[4] One of the first converts after official recognition was the family of José Gutierez, Sr. After the end of the years, six more were baptized.[4]
Due to growth that followed, the Philippines was organized into its own mission by 1967, with Paul S. Rose as the first president.[4] In 1969, the church spread across the islands, having the highest amount of baptisms compared to every other area of the world.[5] This led to the division of the Philippines Mission in 1974 into two separate missions, the Philippines Manila and Philippines Cebu City missions.[4]
The first stake in the Philippines was formed in Manila on 20 May 1973.[2][6] In September of 2017, the number of stakes in the Philippines reached 100, only the fifth nation in the world to reach that milestone.[7]
Church president Spencer W. Kimball presided over two area conferences, one in 1975 and another in 1980.[4] During the area conference in 1980, Kimball met with then-President Ferdinand Marcos at Malacañang Palace.[4] In 1987, Manila became the headquarters of the church's Philippines/Micronesia Area.[4]
Augusto A. Lim, the first Filipino general authority, was called to the Second Quorum of Seventy in June 1992.[4]
In 1987, the Book of Mormon was translated into Tagalog by Ricardo Cruz, with the assistance of Posidio Ocampo and Ananias Bala in the final stages of production.[8] Since then, the Book of Mormon has been translated to several other languages of the Philippines.
Notable people[edit]
Lani Misalucha, singer dubbed as "Asia's Nightingale" by MTV Southeast Asia.[9]
Eric Tai, a Tongan actor from New Zealand, model, TV host, comedian and rugby union player who played for the Alabang Eagles and represented the Philippines national rugby union team in 15s and 7s.
Jairus Aquino, a Filipino actor best known for his roles in Super Inggo, Kung Fu Kids and Luv U.
Missions[edit]
Philippines Angeles Mission
Philippines Bacolod Mission
Philippines Baguio Mission
Philippines Butuan Mission
Philippines Cabanatuan Mission (coming soon)
Philippines Cagayan de Oro Mission
Philippines Cauayan Mission
Philippines Cavite Mission
Philippines Cebu Mission
Philippines Cebu East Mission
Philippines Davao Mission
Philippines Iloilo Mission
Philippines Laoag Mission
Philippines Legaspi Mission
Philippines Manila Mission
Philippines Naga Mission
Philippines Olongapo Mission
Philippines Quezon City Mission
Philippines Quezon City North Mission
Philippines San Pablo Mission
Philippines Tacloban Mission
Philippines Urdaneta Mission
Temples[edit]
29. Manila Philippines Temple edit
Location:
Announced:
Dedicated:
Size:
Style:
Quezon City, Philippines
1 April 1981
25 September 1984 by Gordon B. Hinckley
26,683 sq ft (2,479 m2) and 115 ft (35 m) high on a 3.5 acre (1.4 ha) site
Modern adaptation of six-spire design - designed by Church A&E Services with Felipe M. Mendoza & Partners
133. Cebu City Philippines Temple edit
Location:
Announced:
Dedicated:
Size:
Notes:
Cebu City, Philippines
April 18, 2006
June 13, 2010 by Thomas S. Monson
29,556 sq ft (2,746 m2) and 140 ft (43 m) high on a 11.6 acre (4.7 ha) site
Announced by letter to local priesthood leaders in April 2006.[10]
171. Urdaneta Philippines Temple (Announced) edit
Location:
Announced:
Size:
Notes:
Urdaneta City, Philippines
2 October 2010
TBD
Announced by Thomas S. Monson in General Conference, 2 October 2010.[11]
179. Manila-Area Philippines (Announced) edit
Location:
Announced:
Notes:
Manila, Philippines
2 April 2017
Announced by Thomas S. Monson on 2 April 2017[12]
186. Cagayan de Oro Philippines (Announced) edit
Location:
Announced:
Notes:
Cagayan de Oro, Philippines
April 1, 2018
Announced by Russell M. Nelson on April 1, 2018[13]
Philippines Missionary Training Center[edit]
The Philippines has its own Missionary Training Center (MTC) where native Filipinos receive missionary training in their own language. The first MTC was dedicated on October 8, 1983, and was housed in a private rented residence. The second MTC was opened July 13, 1992, and stands across the road from the Manila temple.[14] In 2011, the MTC underwent extensive remodeling and was rededicated in May 2012 by Russell M. Nelson.[14] Other nations, including those listed below, send missionaries to the Philippines MTC to receive training in their native language.[15]
India
Pakistan
Mongolia
Cambodia
Thailand
Indonesia
Taiwan
Hong Kong
Singapore
Vietnam
Malaysia
Bangladesh
Sri Lanka
As of January 2017, the MTC president is Rodolfo A. Carlos.[16]
See also[edit]
Latter-day Saints portal
Religion in Philippines
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "New Stakes Created in Brazil, Georgia, Guatemala, and the Philippines; New District in Armenia; Stake Discontinued in Germany; Districts Discontinued in Brazil, Germany, and Ukraine", LDS Church Growth, LDSChurchGrowth.Blogspot, 8 June 2018, retrieved 2018-06-08
^ Jump up to: a b "Facts and Statistics: Statistics by Country: Philippines", Newsroom, LDS Church, 8 June 2018, retrieved 2018-06-08
Jump up ^ First Presidency Announces 2018 Area Leadership Assignments, Mormon Newsroom, 5 April 2018, retrieved 2018-06-08
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Philippines: Church Country Information". Mormon newsroom. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/facts-and-statistics/country/philippines/
Jump up ^ "Country Information: Philippines", Church News Online Almanac, Deseret News, February 1, 2010, retrieved 2012-10-18
Jump up ^ Pioneering Members Help LDS Church Reach 100-Stake Milestone in the Philippines, LDS Church News, 11 Sep 2017, retrieved 2018-06-08
Jump up ^ http://www.ldschurchnewsarchive.com/articles/18233/Book-of-Mormon-in-80th-language.html
Jump up ^ Leach, Robin (December 11, 2009). "Photo Gallery: Mayor declares Dec. 4 as Lani Misalucha Day". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "New Temple Announced in Cebu, Philippines" (Press release). Newsroom – The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 29 April 2006. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Scott (2 October 2010). "President Thomas S. Monson opens conference by announcing 5 new temples". Deseret News. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
Jump up ^ "President Monson Announces Five New Temples: Mormon temples to be built in South America, Africa, Philippines and US". Newsroom. LDS Church. 2017-04-02.
Jump up ^ "Seven Temples Announced as April 2018 General Conference Closes: Mormon temples to be built in Asia, Europe, North and South America". Newsroom. LDS Church. April 1, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.ldschurchnewsarchive.com/articles/62409/Apostle-dedicates-new-MTC-and-visits-members-government-leaders.html
Jump up ^ http://www.ldschurchnewsarchive.com/articles/62591/Bangladeshi-is-eager-to-serve.html
Jump up ^ "First Presidency calls 7 new MTC presidents", Church News, November 10, 2016
References[edit]
"The Philippines: Spiritual Strength upon the Isles of the Sea", Liahona, April 2014
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Philippines.
LDS Newsroom - Philippines
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Philippines) - Official Site
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints - Visitors Site
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text:
Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Catholic Church historically observes the disciplines of fasting and abstinence at various times each year. For Catholics, fasting is the reduction of one's intake of food, while abstinence refers to refraining from meat (or another type of food). The Catholic Church teaches that all people are obliged by God to perform some penance for their sins, and that these acts of penance are both personal and corporeal. The purpose of fasting is spiritual focus, self-discipline, imitation of Christ, and performing penance.[citation needed]
Regulations[edit]
Contemporary Vatican legislation, which is followed by Catholics of the Latin Rite (who comprise most Catholics) is rooted in the 1966 Apostolic Constitution of Pope Paul VI, Paenitemini, and codified in the 1983 Code of Canon Law (in Canons 1249–1253). According to Paenitemini and the 1983 Code of Canon Law, on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday, both abstinence and fasting are required of Catholics who are not exempted for various reasons. All Fridays of the year are days are bound by the law of abstinence on all Fridays that are not Solemnities, while the law of fasting binds all Catholics who are aged between eighteen and sixty on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday.[1] Nevertheless, both Paenitemini and the 1983 Code of Canon Law permitted the Episcopal Conferences to propose adjustments of the laws on fasting and abstinence for their home territories, and most have done so. For example, in some countries, the Bishops' Conferences have obtained from Rome the substitution of pious or charitable acts for abstinence from meat on all Fridays of the year (including Fridays of Lent) except Good Friday. Others continue to abstain from eating meat on Lenten Fridays, but not on Fridays outside of Lent. Still others voluntarily abstain from meat on however, fasting may be less stringent on Holy Saturday than on Good Friday.[2]
Members of the Eastern Catholic Churches are obliged to follow the discipline of their own particular church. While some Eastern Catholics try to follow the stricter rules of their Orthodox counterparts, the actual canonical obligations of Eastern Catholics to fast and abstain are usually much more lenient than those of the Orthodox.[citation needed]
The Personal Ordinariates for former Anglicans reconciled to the Catholic Church follow the discipline of the Latin Rite (of which they are a part) including the norms established by the Council of Catholic Bishops in whose territories they are erected and of which their Ordinaries are members. Thus in England the norm is abstinence on all Fridays of the year.[3] The Bishop in the United States has emphasized the statements in the USCCB norms "Friday itself remains a special day of penitential observance throughout the year," and "we give first place to abstinence from flesh meat."[4] The Rogation Days have been re-establised in the Calendar of the Ordinariates, and as long as a Solemnity does not take precedence, the Fridays in September and Advent are days of obligatory abstinence.[5] Obligatory abstinence on Ember Friday in Lent is included in the universal Lenten discipline, and abstinence on Ember Friday on Whitsuntide is not required, as all days of the Octave of Pentecost are Solemnities.
The Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays popularized the Friday fish fry and inspired the creation of the Filet-O-Fish sandwich at McDonald's.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Regulations
2 Western practice
2.1 History
2.2 Lent
2.3 Sundays of Lent
2.4 Contemporary application
2.5 Eucharistic Fast
2.6 By country
2.6.1 Australia
2.6.2 Canada
2.6.3 England and Wales
2.6.4 Ireland
2.6.5 United States
3 Eastern practice
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Western practice[edit]
History[edit]
Rules relating to fasting pertain to the quantity of food allowed on days of fasting, while those regulating abstinence refer to the quality or type of food. The Christian tradition of fasts and abstinence developed from Old Testament practices, and were an integral part of the early church community. Louis Duchesne observed that Monday and Thursday were days of fasting among pious Jews.[7] Early Christians practiced regular weekly fasts on Wednesdays and Fridays.[8]
There has always been a close connection between fasting and almsgiving; the money saved on food should be given to the poor.[8]
Lent[edit]
The habit of fasting before Easter developed gradually, and with considerable diversity of practice regarding duration. As late as the latter part of the second century there were differing opinions not only regarding the manner of the paschal fast, but also the proper time for keeping Easter. In 331 St. Athanasius enjoined upon his flock a period of forty days of fasting preliminary to, but not inclusive of, the stricter fast of Holy Week, and in 339, after having traveled to Rome and over the greater part of Europe, wrote in the strongest terms to urge this observance upon the people of Alexandria as one that was universally practiced, "to the end that while all the world is fasting, we who are in Egypt should not become a laughing-stock as the only people who do not fast but take our pleasure in those days".[9]
In the time of Gregory the Great (590–604) there were apparently at Rome six weeks of six days each, making thirty-six fast days in all, which St. Gregory, who is followed therein by many medieval writers, describes as the spiritual tithing of the year, thirty-six days being approximately the tenth part of three hundred and sixty-five. At a later date the wish to realize the exact number of forty days led to the practice of beginning Lent on Ash Wednesday.[9]
The ordinary rule on fasting days was to take but one meal a day and that only in the evening, white meat and, in the early centuries, wine were entirely forbidden.[9]
These days were at one time observed with a Black Fast of strictly no more than one meal, without meat, dairy, oil, or wine. This Lenten fast was traditionally broken at sunset.[10][11] In the 10th century the custom of taking the only meal of the day at three o'clock was introduced. In the 14th century the meal was allowed at mid-day, and soon the practice of an evening collation (snack) became common. A morning collation was introduced in the early 19th century.[12]
In the early 20th century, Church law prescribed fasting throughout Lent, with abstinence only on Friday and Saturday. Some countries received dispensations: Rome in 1918 allowed the bishops of Ireland to transfer the Saturday obligation to Wednesday[citation needed]; in the United States, abstinence was not required on Saturday. The other weekdays were simply days of "fasting without abstinence." A similar practice (common in the United States[citation needed]) was called "partial abstinence", which allowed meat only once during the day at the main meal. (There is nothing in current Catholic Canon Law which corresponds to "partial abstinence".) The countries of the former Spanish empire also had their own extensive dispensations from the Roman rules of fasting and abstinence, based on the "Crusader privileges" of the Spanish dominions as codified in the Bull of the Crusade. In some European colonies, the obligation to fast and abstain differed by race, with natives often having more lenient rules than Europeans or mestizos.
While the rules of abstinence generally only allow seafood, there are a few exceptions. In parts of South America, especially in Venezuela, capybara meat is popular during Lent and Holy Week; in response to a question posed by French settlers in Quebec in the 17th century, beaver was classified as an exception;[13][14][15] and the Archbishop of New Orleans said that "alligator is considered in the fish family" in 2010.[16][17] The legal basis for the classification of beaver as fish probably rests with the Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas, which bases animal classification as much on habit as anatomy.[18]
Besides Lent, there were other penitential times customarily accompanied by fasting or abstinence. These included Advent, the Ember Days, the Rogation Days, Fridays throughout the year, and vigils of important feast days.[8]
Advent is considered a time of special self-examination, humility, and spiritual preparation in anticipation of the birth of Christ. Fridays and Saturdays in Advent were days of abstinence, and until early in the 20th century, the Fridays of Advent were also days of fasting.
The vigils observed included the Saturday before Pentecost, October 31 (the vigil of All Saints), December 24 (Christmas Eve), December 7 (the vigil of the Immaculate Conception) and August 14 (the vigil of the Assumption). These vigils all required fasting; some also required abstinence. If any of these fell on a Sunday, the vigil, but not the obligation of fasting, was moved to the Saturday before. (Some other liturgical days were also known as vigils but neither fasting nor abstinence was required, particularly the vigils of feasts of the Apostles and the Vigil of the Epiphany.) By 1959 in the United States, the fast for the vigil of Christmas was moved to December 23.
Ember days occurred four times a year. The Wednesday, Friday and Saturday of the ember week were days of fast and abstinence, though the Wednesday and Saturday were often only days of partial abstinence. In addition, Roman Catholics were required to abstain from meat (but not fast) on all other Fridays, unless the Friday coincided with a holy day of obligation.
The former regulations on abstinence obliged Roman Catholics starting as young as age seven, but there were many exceptions. Large classes of people were considered exempt from fasting and abstinence, not only the sick and those with physically demanding jobs, but also people traveling and students. The regulations were adapted to each nation, and so in most dioceses in America abstinence from meat was not required on the Friday after Thanksgiving, to accommodate any meat left over from that US national holiday.
On the eve of Vatican II, fasting and abstinence requirements in numerous Catholic countries were already greatly relaxed compared to the beginning of the 20th century, with fasting often reduced to just 4 days of the year (Ash Wednesday, Good Friday, the vigil of Christmas or the day before, and the vigil either of the Immaculate Conception or of the Assumption).
Sundays of Lent[edit]
Some controversy has arisen over whether Catholics should continue to fast and abstain from the things they voluntarily gave up for Lent on the Sundays of Lent. Questions include whether the “forty days” of Lent are limited to weekdays or whether they include Sundays, and if every Sunday is like Easter.
The Latin word for Lent is Quadragesima which literally means "forty". The term imitates many biblical images of fasting for forty days (e.g. Exodus 24:18; Matthew 4:2; Luke 4:2). While all of this is true, Lenten and Easter practices varied in the East and the West as both traditions developed over time. The various Lenten fasts which developed did not always last forty days.
In the fourth century, the council of Nicaea referred to Lent as “the forty” before the Paschal feast. Although it is not entirely clear, the grammar of this phrase could be read to imply that one should prepare for forty days for the coming of Easter. One thing that is clear from the council of Nicaea is the fact that whatever the length of this penance, it did not include Sundays, since this council forbade even kneeling on Sunday.[19] Sundays were treated differently by the early Christians and penitential kneeling on Sundays was strictly forbidden. This early discipline later evolved in the Western Church as our understanding of various gestures in worship shifted. Eventually in the Western tradition kneeling became a sign of reverence not of penance.
In the history of the development of Lenten traditions in the western Church there were actually two different focuses. One was on the Baptismal liturgy of catechumens who were journeying towards the Easter Vigil to be baptized and received in to the Church. The second tradition involved a rite for reconciling adult penitents. Initially these penitents were those who were excommunicated and were in the process of being reconciled to the Church. In 1091 AD, Pope Urban II changed this and required all the faithful to receive ashes in what became Ash Wednesday. Over time the penitential aspect alone became the focus of Lent.
The Second Vatican council wished to restore the original double focus on baptism and penance. The fathers note, “The season of Lent has a twofold character: primarily by recalling or preparing for baptism and by penance, it disposes the faithful, who more diligently hear the word of God and devote themselves to prayer, to celebrate the paschal mystery. This twofold character is to be brought into greater prominence both in the liturgy and by liturgical catechesis.” (Sacrosanctum concilium 109).
What are the implications for the Sundays in Lent? Can we solve this with Math? According to the modern General Norms for the Liturgical Year and the Calendar (2011), “The forty days of Lent run from Ash Wednesday up to but excluding the Mass of the Lord's Supper exclusive.” If you get a calendar out you would see that this year there are 20 days of Lent in February but only 24 days (23.5?) of Lent in March for a total of 44 days. There are 6 Sundays in Lent. Using these numbers you would not achieve the ‘biblical number’ forty by subtracting the six Sundays that occur within Lenten session. Does this prove that we should fast and abstain on Sunday’s? Or perhaps two of the Sundays?
Several points need to be noted. First the definition of Lent as excluding half of Holy Thursday, the whole of Good Friday and Holy Saturday only came about in 1969. These three days are now called the Triduum and are no longer considered part of the session of Lent. In other words, the numbers did actually work until this recent change. But now is the number ‘forty,’ merely figurative?
Notice that even in the current definition of Lent, Easter waits for us to complete the Triduum, and there are two more days of serious penance in the Triduum which still brings the total to forty days of penance excluding Sundays. The penitential disciple of Lent is still forty days even if the season of Lent is now shorten by the Triduum.
We must not confuse the season on Lent with the penitential disciple of Lent. The tradition of the Church did not require equal penances on each day of Lent, and no penance was required on Sunday.
Someone might say that the Sundays of Lent are part of the season of Lent and, therefore, must continue to have a penitential meaning. This is certainly partly true. We do worship in a more reserved and sober manner on the Sundays of Lent. But the fact remains that the penitential discipline of Lent always excluded these Sundays. We might also point out that the lectionary readings of the Sundays of Lent all focus on the catechumenal journey towards the Easter Vigil and not exclusively on penance.
As was pointed out above, Lenten tradiations have developed over time. One consistent feature has been that the penitential discipline of Lent excluded Sundays. This point is especially evident in the writings of St. Augustine.
In St. Augustine’s Letter 36, he refutes a rigorist who insists that Christians should fast on the Sabbath (Saturday). This might initially sound tangential but it leads Augustine to our question. Augustine, by the way, argues that we are free to fast or not fast on the Sabbath, and as Christians we are not bound by the Jewish Sabbath keeping regulations.
Augustine also tells us that in his time Christians regularly fasted on Wednesdays and Fridays throughout the year and not just in Lent (36.30) and that some Churches fasted as well on the Sabbath. By comparison, fasting on the Lord’s Day (Sunday) “would be a cause of no small scandal to the Church” (36.2, cf. 36.10, 29). He notes, “For in these questions on which the divine scripture has determined nothing certain, the custom of the people of God or the practices of our ancestors are to be taken as law” (36.2). He makes it clear that not fasting on the Lord’s Day was the standard practice for the Church in Rome, in Africa and in Millan. He also points out that fasting or abstaining on the Lord’s Day was a practice of the followers of the heresy of the Manichees (36.27) and Priscillianist (36.28) which the Church universally rejected.
Fasting on the Lord’s Day is a ‘scandal’ and ‘abominable’ (36.27) though Augustine allows one exception, “unless perhaps someone might be able to extend a fast beyond a week without taking any meal in order to approximate a fast of forty days” (36.27). He does not seem to have in mind someone who is merely, for example, not eating meat for forty days, but an epic fast of biblical proportions. (e.g. “without taking any meal”).
Again the point is that the penitential discipline of Lent always excluded Sundays and further St. Augustine says that fasting on Sundays is a scandal and abominable.
Finally someone might add one more layer to this discussion. The person who is asking about drinking their latte on Sundays in Lent, is really taking about their own self-imposed private devotion. It is interesting to learn about the history of this practice of private devotion.
Prior to Second Vatican Council the 1917 Code of Canon Law, the Roman Pontifical and the approved regulations for the United States (Uniform Norms 1951, Modification 1956) required a rigorous scheme of fasting by all the faithful 21- 59-years-old. Abstinence could be complete or partial, and fasting allowed one full meal plus partial meals. All week days of Lent had either a fast or a fast and abstinence attached to them. It is very clear in these documents that we were discussing the weekdays of Lent, excluding Sundays.
During World War II special permission was given to local ordinaries to dispense the faithful from these rigorous daily requirements and this permission was extended again in 1949. In light of these dispensations the Uniform Norms 1951, and Modification 1956 for the US included a paragraph which exhorted the faithful to be generous in performing additional voluntary works of Christian perfection.
It seems the wide spread custom of taking on voluntary penance began in the 1950s. Prior to this people were satisfied fulfilling the demanding norms of Lent. Since these new voluntary acts are not required, it would seem the faithful can do whatever they want, but choosing to do penance on a Sunday is clearly not in the spirit of Catholic Tradition.[tone]
Contemporary application[edit]
Contemporary legislation is rooted in the 1966 Apostolic Constitution of Pope Paul VI, Paenitemini. He recommended that fasting be appropriate to the local economic situation, and that all Catholics voluntarily fast and abstain. He also allowed that fasting and abstinence might be substituted with prayer and works of charity, although the norms for doing so were to be set down by the Episcopal Conferences.
Current practice of fast and abstinence is regulated by Canons 1250–1253 of the 1983 code.[20] They specify that all Fridays throughout the year, and the time of Lent are penitential times throughout the entire Church. All adults (those who have attained the 'age of majority', which is 18 years in canon law) are bound by law to fast on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday until the beginning of their sixtieth year. All persons who have completed their fourteenth year are bound by the law of abstinence on all Fridays unless they are solemnities, and again on Ash Wednesday; but in practice this requirement has been greatly reduced by the Episcopal Conferences because under Canon 1253, it is these Conferences that have the authority to set down the local norms for fasting and abstinence in their territories. (However, the precept to both fast and abstain on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday is usually not dispensed from.)
Absent any specification of the nature of "fasting" in the current Canon Law, the traditional definition is obviously applicable here which is that on the days of mandatory fasting, Catholics may eat only one full meal during the day. Additionally, they may eat up to two small meals or snacks,[21] known as "collations". Church requirements on fasting only relate to solid food, not to drink, so Church law does not restrict the amount of water or other beverages – even alcoholic drinks – which may be consumed.
In some Western countries, Catholics have been encouraged to adopt non-dietary forms of abstinence during Lent. For example, in 2009 Monsignor Benito Cocchi, Archbishop of Modena, urged young Catholics to give up text messaging for Lent.[22]
Eucharistic Fast[edit]
In addition to the fasts mentioned above, Roman Catholics must also observe the Eucharistic Fast, which involves taking nothing but water and medicines into the body for some time before receiving the Eucharist. The earliest recorded regular practice was to eat at home before the Lord's Supper if one was hungry (I Corinthians 11:34). The next known ancient practice was to fast from midnight until Mass that day. As Masses after noon and in the evening became common in the West, this was soon modified to fasting for three hours. The latest Code of Canon Law reduced the Eucharistic Fast to the current one-hour requirement for the Roman Rite. Particular law in some Eastern Catholic Churches also requires a one-hour Eucharistic fast.[citation needed]
By country[edit]
Australia[edit]
The Australian Catholic Bishops' Conference decreed on Friday 4 October 1985 that Fridays throughout the year, including in Lent (other than Good Friday) are not obligatory days of abstinence from meat, provided an alternative form of penance is practised.[23] Although this remains the case to this day, support for the return of obligatory Friday abstinence has been gradually increasing since England and Wales returned to Friday abstinence in 2011, with some Australian bishops expressing interest.[24][25]
Canada[edit]
The Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops decrees that the days of fast and abstinence in Canada are Ash Wednesday and Good Friday, and specifies that Fridays are days of abstinence. This includes all Fridays year round, not just Fridays of Lent. Catholics, however, can substitute special acts of charity or piety on these days.[26]
England and Wales[edit]
Current norms for England and Wales, issued by the Bishops' Conference in May 2011, re-introduced the expectation that all Catholics able to do so should abstain from meat on all Fridays of the year, effective Friday, September 16, 2011.[3]
Ireland[edit]
On 25 November 2010 the Irish Bishops’ Conference published the resource leaflet Friday Penance.[27] It followed from the March 2010 Pastoral Letter to the Catholics of Ireland from Pope Benedict XVI suggesting initiatives to support renewal in the Church in Ireland. He asked that Irish Catholics offer their Friday Penances “for an outpouring of God’s mercy and the Holy Spirit’s gifts of holiness and strength,” and that fasting, prayer, reading of Scripture and works of mercy be offered in order to obtain healing and renewal for the Church in Ireland.
The leaflet states that Penance "arises from the Lord’s call to conversion and repentance" and describes that it is an "essential part of all genuine Christian living":
in memory of the passion and death of the Lord
as a sharing in Christ’s suffering
as an expression of inner conversion
as a form of reparation for sin
Friday Penance also explains why penance is important: “Declaring some days throughout the year as days of fast and abstinence (Ash Wednesday and Good Friday) is meant to intensify penances of the Christian. Lent is the traditional season for renewal and penance but Catholics also observe each Friday of the year as days of penance. The link between Friday and penance is extremely ancient and is even reflected in the Irish language word for Friday: An Aoine (The Fast).”[citation needed]
The leaflet suggests ways of fulfilling Friday penance such as abstaining from meat or alcohol, visiting the Blessed Sacrament or helping the poor, sick and lonely as well as other suggestions.
United States[edit]
The U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) produced a statement in 1966 called Pastoral Statement on Penance and Abstinence,[4] which was modified slightly in 1983.[1]
One writer has summarized the U.S. rules as follows:[28]
In the United States, the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) has declared that "the age of fasting is from the completion of the eighteenth year to the beginning of the sixtieth." The USCCB also allows the substitution of some other form of penance for abstinence on all of the Fridays of the year, except for those Fridays in Lent. Thus, the rules for fasting and abstinence in the United States are:
Every person 14 years of age or older must abstain from meat (and items made with meat) on Ash Wednesday, Good Friday, and all the Fridays of Lent.
Every person between the age of 18 and 59 (beginning of 60th year) must fast on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday.
Every person 14 years of age or older must abstain from meat (and items made with meat) on all other Fridays of the year, unless he or she substitutes some other form of penance for abstinence.
According to the USCCB:
Abstinence laws consider that meat comes only from animals such as chickens, cows, sheep or pigs --- all of which live on land. Birds are also considered meat. Abstinence does not include meat juices and liquid foods made from meat. Thus, such foods as chicken broth, consomme, soups cooked or flavored with meat, meat gravies or sauces, as well as seasonings or condiments made from animal fat are technically not forbidden. However, moral theologians have traditionally taught that we should abstain from all animal-derived products (except foods such as gelatin, butter, cheese and eggs, which do not have any meat taste). Fish are a different category of animal. Salt and freshwater species of fish, amphibians, reptiles, (cold-blooded animals) and shellfish are permitted.[29]
Because of this, some Catholic parishes in the United States sponsor a fish fry during Lent.[30] In predominantly Roman Catholic areas, restaurants may adjust their menus during Lent by adding seafood items to the menu in an attempt to appeal to Roman Catholics.[31] However, the same USCCB website says that:
While fish, lobster and other shellfish are not considered meat and can be consumed on days of abstinence, indulging in the lavish buffet at your favorite seafood place sort of misses the point. Abstaining from meat and other indulgences during Lent is a penitential practice.
The USCCB also states that:
Those that are excused from fast and abstinence outside the age limits include the physically or mentally ill including individuals suffering from chronic illnesses such as diabetes. Also excluded are pregnant or nursing women. In all cases, common sense should prevail, and ill persons should not further jeopardize their health by fasting.
In 2010, Archbishop of New Orleans Gregory Michael Aymond clarified that alligator is also considered seafood, saying "Yes, the alligator's considered in the fish family, and I agree with you — God has created a magnificent creature that is important to the state of Louisiana, and it is considered seafood." This was in response to a letter from a local alligator wrangler.[32]
Eastern practice[edit]
To fast customarily means to only eat one meal during the day, and to avoid animal products.[citation needed] Eastern Christians view fasting as one part of repentance and supporting a spiritual change of heart. Eastern Christians observe two major times of fasting, the "Great Fast" before Easter, and "Phillip's Fast" before the Nativity.
During the Great Fast, meat, eggs, dairy products, fish and oil are avoided.[citation needed]
The fast period before Christmas is called "Philip's Fast" because it begins after the feast day of St. Philip. Specific practices vary, but on some days during the week meat, dairy products and (in some countries) oil are avoided, while on other days there is no restriction. During approximately the last week before the Nativity, typically meat, dairy, eggs and oil are avoided on all days, meals are moderate in quantity, and no food is taken between meals.[33]
See also[edit]
Christian vegetarianism
Friday Fast
References[edit]
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b "Canon 1253 – Observance of Fast and Abstinence". USCCB. October 21, 1983. Retrieved 2018-03-23.
Jump up ^ "Sacrosanctum Concilium". Vatican Secret Archive. December 4, 1963.
^ Jump up to: a b Oddie, William (16 May 2011). "The restoration of the Friday fast is a historic day for English and Welsh Catholics". The Catholic Herald. London.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pastoral Statement on Penance and Abstinence". US Conference of Catholic Bishops. November 18, 1966. Retrieved 2014-02-23.
Jump up ^ 2018 ORDO for the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter: Advent 2017 to Christmastide 2018, Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter, ISBN 9781982037147
Jump up ^ Walkup, Carolyn (December 8, 2003). "You can take the girl out of Wisconsin, but the lure of its food remains". Nation's Restaurant News. Retrieved 2009-02-25. [dead link]
Jump up ^ O'Neill, James D. (1907). Abstinence. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York City: Robert Appleton Co. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Feldmeier, Dr. Peter; Ozdemir, Dr. Adil. "Fasting". University of St. Thomas. Archived from the original on 2014-11-02.
^ Jump up to: a b c Thurston, Herbert (1907). Lent. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York City: Robert Appleton Co. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Cléir, Síle de (5 October 2017). Popular Catholicism in 20th-Century Ireland: Locality, Identity and Culture. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 101. ISBN 978-1350020603. Retrieved 21 February 2018. Catherine Bell outlines the details of fasting and abstinence in a historical context, stating that the Advent fast was usually less severe than that carried out in Lent, which originally involved just one meal a day, not to be eaten until after sunset.
Jump up ^ Guéranger, Prosper; Fromage, Lucien (1912). The Liturgical Year: Lent. New York: Benziger Brothers. pp. 7–8. Retrieved 21 February 2018. St. Benedict's rule prescribed a great many fasts, over and above the ecclesiastical fast of Lent; but it made this great distinction between the two: that whilst Lent obliged the monks, as well as the rest of the faithful, to abstain from food till sunset, these monastic fasts allowed the repast to be taken at the hour of None.
Jump up ^ O'Neill, James D. (1907). The Black Fast. Catholic Encyclopedia. 2. New York City: Robert Appleton Co. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Saunders, Angela (October 14, 2001). ""Oh Unnatural Murderer!": Vegetarian Trends in 18th-Century Europe and America". Nation's Restaurant News. Archived from the original on September 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Lenten Reader Roundup". Jimmy Akin.Org. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
Jump up ^ Lacoursière, Jacques (1995). Histoire populaire du Québec: Des origines à 1791 [People's History of Quebec From the beginning to 1791] (in French). Diffusion Dimedia. p. 122. ISBN 978-2894480502. Explains that Bishop François de Laval in the 17th century posed the question to the theologians of the Sorbonne, who ruled in favour of this decision.
Jump up ^ Ellsworth, Brian (March 24, 2005). "In Days Before Easter, Venezuelans Tuck Into Rodent-Related Delicacy". The New York Sun. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Reilley, Lucas (18 April 2014). "Why Isn't Fish Considered Meat During Lent?". Mental Floss. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
Jump up ^ The Summa Theologica of St. Thomas Aquinas II. 147:8 provides legal foundation on which theologians argued in favour of beaver being like fish.
Jump up ^ Canon V, Greek text: τῆς τεσσεράκοντῆς, ἵνα πάσῆς, Latin: quadragesimam paschae. In the Greek the word “day’ is likely implied. The construction of ἵνα with a designation of time see Arndt, W., Danker, F. W., & Bauer, W. (2000). A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature (3rd ed., p. 476). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. S. B-D-F §382, 1; 393. cf. Pl. Ti. 38c: ἐξ οὖν λόγου καὶ διανοίας θεοῦ τοιαύτης πρὸς χρόνου γένεσιν, ἵνα γεννηθῇ χρόνος, ἥλιος καὶ σελήνη καὶ πέντε ἄλλα ἄστρα, ἐπίκλην ἔχοντα πλανητά, εἰς διορισμὸν καὶ φυλακὴν ἀριθμῶν χρόνου γέγονεν .
Jump up ^ "1983 Code of Canon Law". The Holy See. Archived from the original on 2011-11-15. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
Jump up ^ Donovan, STL, Colin B. "The Holy Season of Lent". EWTN. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
Jump up ^ "To text is to sin". New Zealand Herald. 8 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Complementary Legislation for Australia". Australian Catholic Bishops Conference. 4 October 1985.
Jump up ^ Biddle, Matthew (March 17, 2014). "Some Australian bishops suggest restoring year-round Friday abstinence". National Catholic Reporter. Kansas City. Catholic News Service.
Jump up ^ "Appetite for Friday abstinence returns". The Catholic Leader. Brisbane. 20 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Keeping Friday". Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops. September 28, 2006. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Friday Penance" (PDF). Irish Catholic Bishops' Conference. 23 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Richert, Scott P. (September 17, 2017). "The Connection Between Lent and Fasting". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2018-03-23.
Jump up ^ "Questions and Answers about Lent and Lenten Practices". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Mabin, Connie (March 2, 2007). "For Lent, Parishes Lighten Up Fish Fry". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
Jump up ^ Carlino, Bill (February 19, 1990). "Seafood promos aimed to 'lure' Lenten observers". Nation's Restaurant News. Retrieved 2009-02-25. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Antolini, Tina (March 25, 2013). "Forget Fish Fridays: In Louisiana, Gator Is On The Lenten Menu". All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
Jump up ^ "Phillip's Fast". Our Lady of Fatima Byzantine Catholic Church. Archived from the original on 2010-12-08. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
Further reading
JD O'Neill (1913). "Fast". In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Pope Paul VI. (1966). "Paenitemini". The Vatican. Archived from the original on 2006-04-29.
External links[edit]
Women for Faith & Family – includes texts of Canon law
Duffy, Eamon. "To Fast Again", The Tablet, January 31, 2004

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Ballon d'Or
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Michel Platini, pictured with the 1985 Ballon d'Or, won the award three times in succession.
The Ballon d'Or (French pronunciation: [balɔ̃ dɔʁ]; "Golden Ball"), is an annual football award presented by France Football. It has been awarded since 1956, although between 2010 and 2015, an agreement was made with FIFA and the award was temporarily merged with the FIFA World Player of the Year, and known as the FIFA Ballon d'Or, but the partnership was ended in 2016 and the award been reversed back to Ballon d'Or while FIFA also renamed its traditional award. Conceived by sports writer Gabriel Hanot, the Ballon d'Or award honours the male player deemed to have performed the best over the previous year, based on voting by football journalists. Originally, only European players were in contention for the Ballon d'Or: in 1995 the award was expanded to include all players at European clubs[1][2] and in 2007 to all players from around the world.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Winners
2.1 Wins by player
2.2 Wins by country
2.3 Wins by club
3 Additional awards
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Stanley Matthews of Blackpool was the inaugural winner of the Ballon d'Or.[4] Prior to 1995, the award was often known in English language media as the "European Footballer of the Year" award. Milan's George Weah, the only African recipient, became the first non-European to win the award in the year the rules of eligibility were changed.[2] Ronaldo of Internazionale became the first South American winner two years later.[2] Lionel Messi has won the award a record five times, while Cristiano Ronaldo of has won four awards. Three players have won the award three times each: Johan Cruyff of Ajax and FC Barcelona, Michel Platini of Juventus and Marco van Basten of Milan. With seven awards each, Dutch and German players won the most Ballons d'Or. Spanish club Barcelona has the most winners, with 11 wins.[5]
Between 2010 and 2015 inclusive the award was merged with a similar award, the FIFA World Player of the Year award, to create the FIFA Ballon d'Or, which was awarded to the world's best male player, before FIFA and France Football broke the merging agreement.[6] After 2011, UEFA created the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award to maintain the format of the original Ballon d'Or.[7]
Winners[edit]
Key
Indicates player also won the FIFA World Player of the Year (1991–2009) or The Best FIFA Men's Player (2016–present) in the same year
Cristiano Ronaldo (left) and Lionel Messi, won four and five awards respectively.
Year
Rank
Player
Team
Points
Ballon d'Or (1956–2009)
1956 1st Stanley Matthews Blackpool 47
2nd Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 44
3rd Raymond Kopa Real Madrid 33
1957 1st Alfredo Di Stéfano[note 1] Real Madrid 72
2nd Billy Wright Wolverhampton Wanderers 19
3rd Duncan Edwards Manchester United 16
Raymond Kopa Real Madrid
1958 1st Raymond Kopa Real Madrid 71
2nd Helmut Rahn Rot-Weiss Essen 40
3rd Just Fontaine Stade de Reims 23
1959 1st Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 80
2nd Raymond Kopa Real Madrid 42
3rd John Charles Juventus 24
1960 1st Luis Suárez Barcelona 54
2nd Ferenc Puskás Real Madrid 37
3rd Uwe Seeler Hamburg 33
1961 1st Omar Sívori[note 2] Juventus 46
2nd Luis Suárez Internazionale 40
3rd Johnny Haynes Fulham 22
1962 1st Josef Masopust Dukla Prague 65
2nd Eusébio Benfica 53
3rd Karl-Heinz Schnellinger Köln 33
1963 1st Lev Yashin Dynamo Moscow 73
2nd Gianni Rivera Milan 53
3rd Jimmy Greaves Tottenham Hotspur 33
1964 1st Denis Law Manchester United 61
2nd Luis Suárez Internazionale 43
3rd Amancio Real Madrid 38
1965 1st Eusébio Benfica 67
2nd Giacinto Facchetti Internazionale 59
3rd Luis Suárez Internazionale 45
1966 1st Bobby Charlton Manchester United 81
2nd Eusébio Benfica 80
3rd Franz Beckenbauer Bayern Munich 59
1967 1st Flórián Albert Ferencváros 68
2nd Bobby Charlton Manchester United 40
3rd Jimmy Johnstone Celtic 39
1968 1st George Best Manchester United 61
2nd Bobby Charlton Manchester United 53
3rd Dragan Džajić Red Star Belgrade 46
1969 1st Gianni Rivera Milan 83
2nd Luigi Riva Cagliari 79
3rd Gerd Müller Bayern Munich 38
1970 1st Gerd Müller Bayern Munich 77
2nd Bobby Moore West Ham United 70
3rd Luigi Riva Cagliari 65
1971 1st Johan Cruyff Ajax 116
2nd Sandro Mazzola Internazionale 57
3rd George Best Manchester United 56
1972 1st Franz Beckenbauer Bayern Munich 81
2nd Gerd Müller Bayern Munich 79
Günter Netzer Borussia Mönchengladbach
1973 1st Johan Cruyff[note 3] Barcelona 96
2nd Dino Zoff Juventus 47
3rd Gerd Müller Bayern Munich 44
1974 1st Johan Cruyff Barcelona 116
2nd Franz Beckenbauer Bayern Munich 105
3rd Kazimierz Deyna Legia Warsaw 35
1975 1st Oleg Blokhin Dynamo Kyiv 122
2nd Franz Beckenbauer Bayern Munich 42
3rd Johan Cruyff Barcelona 27
1976 1st Franz Beckenbauer Bayern Munich 91
2nd Rob Rensenbrink Anderlecht 75
3rd Ivo Viktor Dukla Prague 52
1977 1st Allan Simonsen Borussia Mönchengladbach 74
2nd Kevin Keegan[note 4] Hamburg 71
3rd Michel Platini Nancy 70
1978 1st Kevin Keegan Hamburg 87
2nd Hans Krankl Barcelona 81
3rd Rob Rensenbrink Anderlecht 50
1979 1st Kevin Keegan Hamburg 118
2nd Karl-Heinz Rummenigge Bayern Munich 52
3rd Ruud Krol Ajax 41
1980 1st Karl-Heinz Rummenigge Bayern Munich 122
2nd Bernd Schuster Barcelona 34
3rd Michel Platini Saint-Étienne 33
1981 1st Karl-Heinz Rummenigge Bayern Munich 106
2nd Paul Breitner Bayern Munich 64
3rd Bernd Schuster Barcelona 39
1982 1st Paolo Rossi Juventus 115
2nd Alain Giresse Bordeaux 64
3rd Zbigniew Boniek Juventus 39
1983 1st Michel Platini Juventus 110
2nd Kenny Dalglish Liverpool 26
3rd Allan Simonsen Vejle 25
1984 1st Michel Platini Juventus 110
2nd Jean Tigana Bordeaux 57
3rd Preben Elkjær Hellas Verona 48
1985 1st Michel Platini Juventus 127
2nd Preben Elkjær Hellas Verona 71
3rd Bernd Schuster Barcelona 46
1986 1st Igor Belanov Dynamo Kyiv 84
2nd Gary Lineker[note 5] Barcelona 62
3rd Emilio Butragueño Real Madrid 59
1987 1st Ruud Gullit[note 6] Milan 106
2nd Paulo Futre[note 7] Atlético Madrid 91
3rd Emilio Butragueño Real Madrid 61
1988 1st Marco van Basten Milan 129
2nd Ruud Gullit Milan 88
3rd Frank Rijkaard[note 8] Milan 45
1989 1st Marco van Basten Milan 129
2nd Franco Baresi Milan 80
3rd Frank Rijkaard Milan 43
1990 1st Lothar Matthäus Internazionale 137
2nd Salvatore Schillaci Juventus 84
3rd Andreas Brehme Internazionale 68
1991 1st Jean-Pierre Papin Marseille 141
2nd Dejan Savićević Red Star Belgrade 42
Darko Pančev Red Star Belgrade
Lothar Matthäus Internazionale
1992 1st Marco van Basten Milan 98
2nd Hristo Stoichkov Barcelona 80
3rd Dennis Bergkamp Ajax 53
1993 1st Roberto Baggio Juventus 142
2nd Dennis Bergkamp Internazionale 83
3rd Eric Cantona Manchester United 34
1994 1st Hristo Stoichkov Barcelona 210
2nd Roberto Baggio Juventus 136
3rd Paolo Maldini Milan 109
1995 1st George Weah [note 9] Milan 144
2nd Jürgen Klinsmann Bayern Munich 108
3rd Jari Litmanen Ajax 67
1996 1st Matthias Sammer Borussia Dortmund 144
2nd Ronaldo[note 10] Barcelona 143
3rd Alan Shearer Newcastle United 107
1997 1st Ronaldo [note 11] Internazionale 222
2nd Predrag Mijatović Real Madrid 68
3rd Zinedine Zidane Juventus 63
1998 1st Zinedine Zidane Juventus 244
2nd Davor Šuker Real Madrid 68
3rd Ronaldo Internazionale 66
1999 1st Rivaldo Barcelona 219
2nd David Beckham Manchester United 154
3rd Andriy Shevchenko Milan 64
2000 1st Luís Figo[note 12] Real Madrid 197
2nd Zinedine Zidane Juventus 181
3rd Andriy Shevchenko Milan 85
2001 1st Michael Owen Liverpool 176
2nd Raúl Real Madrid 140
3rd Oliver Kahn Bayern Munich 114
2002 1st Ronaldo [note 13] Real Madrid 169
2nd Roberto Carlos Real Madrid 145
3rd Oliver Kahn Bayern Munich 110
2003 1st Pavel Nedvěd Juventus 190
2nd Thierry Henry Arsenal 128
3rd Paolo Maldini Milan 123
2004 1st Andriy Shevchenko Milan 175
2nd Deco[note 14] Porto 139
3rd Ronaldinho Barcelona 133
2005 1st Ronaldinho Barcelona 225
2nd Frank Lampard Chelsea 148
3rd Steven Gerrard Liverpool 142
2006 1st Fabio Cannavaro [note 15] Real Madrid 173
2nd Gianluigi Buffon Juventus 124
3rd Thierry Henry Arsenal 121
2007 1st Kaká Milan 444
2nd Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United 277
3rd Lionel Messi Barcelona 255
2008 1st Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United 446
2nd Lionel Messi Barcelona 281
3rd Fernando Torres Liverpool 179
2009 1st Lionel Messi Barcelona 473
2nd Cristiano Ronaldo[note 16] Real Madrid 233
3rd Xavi Barcelona 170
FIFA Ballon d'Or (2010–2015)
2010 1st Lionel Messi Barcelona 22.65%
2nd Andrés Iniesta Barcelona 17.36%
3rd Xavi Barcelona 16.48%
2011 1st Lionel Messi Barcelona 47.88%
2nd Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 21.60%
3rd Xavi Barcelona 9.23%
2012 1st Lionel Messi Barcelona 41.60%
2nd Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 23.68%
3rd Andrés Iniesta Barcelona 10.91%
2013 1st Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 27.99%
2nd Lionel Messi Barcelona 24.72%
3rd Franck Ribéry Bayern Munich 23.36%
2014 1st Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 37.66%
2nd Lionel Messi Barcelona 15.76%
3rd Manuel Neuer Bayern Munich 15.72%
2015 1st Lionel Messi Barcelona 41.33%
2nd Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 27.76%
3rd Neymar Barcelona 7.86%
Ballon d'Or (2016–present)
2016 1st Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 745
2nd Lionel Messi Barcelona 316
3rd Antoine Griezmann Atlético Madrid 198
2017 1st To be announced on December 2017 by France Football Magazine
2nd To be announced on December 2017 by France Football Magazine
3rd To be announced on December 2017 by France Football Magazine
Wins by player[edit]
Johan Cruyff with the Ballon d'Or in 1971
One-time winners are only included if they have also finished 2nd or 3rd in another year.
Player
1st
2nd
3rd
Lionel Messi
5 (2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015) 4 (2008, 2013, 2014, 2016) 1 (2007)
Cristiano Ronaldo
4 (2008, 2013, 2014, 2016) 5 (2007, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015) —
Michel Platini
3 (1983, 1984, 1985) — 2 (1977, 1980)
Johan Cruyff
3 (1971, 1973, 1974) — 1 (1975)
Marco van Basten
3 (1988, 1989, 1992) — —
Franz Beckenbauer
2 (1972, 1976) 2 (1974, 1975) 1 (1966)
Ronaldo
2 (1997, 2002) 1 (1996) 1 (1998)
Alfredo Di Stéfano
2 (1957, 1959) 1 (1956) —
Kevin Keegan
2 (1978, 1979) 1 (1977) —
Karl-Heinz Rummenigge
2 (1980, 1981) 1 (1979) —
Luis Suárez
1 (1960) 2 (1961, 1964) 1 (1965)
Eusébio
1 (1965) 2 (1962, 1966) —
Bobby Charlton
1 (1966) 2 (1967, 1968) —
Raymond Kopa
1 (1958) 1 (1959) 2 (1956, 1957)
Gerd Müller
1 (1970) 1 (1972) 2 (1969, 1973)
Zinedine Zidane
1 (1998) 1 (2000) 1 (1997)
Gianni Rivera
1 (1969) 1 (1963) —
Wins by country[edit]
Country
Players
Total
Germany
5 7
Netherlands
3 7
France
4 6
Portugal
3 6
Italy
5 5
Brazil
4 5
England
4 5
Argentina
1 5
Soviet Union
3 3
Spain
2 3
Czech Republic
2 2
Bulgaria
1 1
Denmark
1 1
Hungary
1 1
Liberia
1 1
Northern Ireland
1 1
Scotland
1 1
Ukraine
1 1
Wins by club[edit]
Club
Players
Total
Barcelona
6 11
Juventus
7 9
Real Madrid
6 8
Milan
6 8
Bayern Munich
3 5
Manchester United
4 4
Dynamo Kyiv
2 2
Internazionale
2 2
Hamburg
1 2
Ajax
1 1
Benfica
1 1
Blackpool
1 1
Borussia Dortmund
1 1
Borussia Mönchengladbach
1 1
Dukla Prague
1 1
Dynamo Moscow
1 1
Ferencváros
1 1
Liverpool
1 1
Marseille
1 1
Additional awards[edit]
A special Ballon d'Or, under the name Super Ballon d'Or, was awarded to Alfredo Di Stéfano in 1989, after he surpassed Johan Cruyff and Michel Platini in France Football's voting.[8] A decade later, France Football elected Pelé the Football Player of the Century after consulting their former Ballon d'Or recipients. Among the 34 previous winners, 30 cast their votes; Stanley Matthews, Omar Sívori and George Best abstained, and Lev Yashin had died. Each voter was allotted five votes worth up to five points; however, Di Stéfano only chose a first place, Platini a first and second place, and George Weah two players for fifth place. Pelé was named the greatest by 17 voters, receiving almost double the number of points earned by the runner-up, Diego Maradona.[9]
Football Player of the Century
Player
Pts
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Pelé (BRA)
122 17 5 4 2 1
Diego Maradona (ARG)
65 3 6 5 5 1
Johan Cruyff (NED)
62 1 4 7 9 2
Alfredo Di Stéfano (ESP)
44 4 3 3 1 1
Michel Platini (FRA)
40 1 5 1 3 6
To coincide with the 60th anniversary of the Ballon d'Or in 2016, France Football published a reevaluation of the awards presented before 1995, when only European players were eligible to win the award. 12 out of the 39 Ballons d'Or presented during this time period would have been awarded to South American players; in addition to Pelé and Diego Maradona, Garrincha, Mario Kempes, and Romário were retrospectively recognized as worthy winners. The original recipients, however, remain unchanged.[10] Maradona and Pelé received honorary Ballons d'Or for their services to football in 1996 and 2013, respectively.[11][12]
Le nouveau palmarès (the new winners)
Year
Original
Alternative
1958
Raymond Kopa (FRA) Pelé (BRA)
1959
Alfredo Di Stéfano (ESP) Pelé (BRA)
1960
Luis Suárez (ESP) Pelé (BRA)
1961
Omar Sívori (ITA) Pelé (BRA)
1962
Josef Masopust (TCH) Garrincha (BRA)
1963
Lev Yashin (URS) Pelé (BRA)
1964
Denis Law (SCO) Pelé (BRA)
1970
Gerd Müller (FRG) Pelé (BRA)
1978
Kevin Keegan (ENG) Mario Kempes (ARG)
1986
Igor Belanov (URS) Diego Maradona (ARG)
1990
Lothar Matthäus (GER) Diego Maradona (ARG)
1994
Hristo Stoichkov (BUL) Romário (BRA)
See also[edit]
FIFA World Player of the Year
FIFA Ballon d'Or
The Best FIFA Football Awards
FIFPro World XI
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Born in Argentina, Di Stéfano acquired Spanish citizenship in 1956 and went on to play for the Spanish national football team.
Jump up ^ Born in Argentina, Sívori acquired Italian citizenship in 1961 and went on to play for the Italian national football team.
Jump up ^ Cruyff was signed by Barcelona from Ajax midway through 1973.
Jump up ^ Keegan was signed by Hamburg from Liverpool midway through 1977.
Jump up ^ Lineker was signed by Barcelona from Everton midway through 1986.
Jump up ^ Gullit was signed by Milan from PSV Eindhoven midway through 1987.
Jump up ^ Futre was signed by Atlético Madrid from Porto midway through 1987.
Jump up ^ Rijkaard was signed by Milan from Real Zaragoza midway through 1988.
Jump up ^ Weah was signed by Milan from Paris Saint-Germain midway through 1995.
Jump up ^ Ronaldo was signed by Barcelona from PSV Eindhoven midway through 1996.
Jump up ^ Ronaldo was signed by Internazionale from Barcelona midway through 1997.
Jump up ^ Figo was signed by Real Madrid from Barcelona midway through 2000.
Jump up ^ Ronaldo was signed by Real Madrid from Internazionale midway through 2002.
Jump up ^ Deco was signed by Barcelona from Porto midway through 2004.
Jump up ^ Cannavaro was signed by Real Madrid from Juventus midway through 2006.
Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo was signed by Real Madrid from Manchester United midway through 2009.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Matthews wins first Golden Ball". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 1 December 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The 1990s Ballon d'Or winners". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 1 December 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Kaka wins 2007 award". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 1 December 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Ronaldo joins legendary list". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 1 December 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Rankings by Wins". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 9 October 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "The FIFA Ballon d'Or is born". FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 5 July 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "How the award came about". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "On this day, Di Stéfano won the Super Ballon d'Or". RealMadrid.com. 24 December 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Stokkermans, Karel (23 December 2015). "France Football's Football Player of the Century". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 January 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Marchand, Thierry (December 2015). "On a refait le palmarès". France Football. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Maradona receives honorary award". BBC Sport. 1 December 2008. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pele receives FIFA Ballon d'Or Prix d'Honneur". FIFA.com. 13 January 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
External links[edit]
"European Footballer of the Year ("Ballon d'Or")". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 9 October 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
"La liste complête des lauréats du Ballon d'or, de 1956 à nos jours". France Football. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
[show]
v
t
e
Ballon d'Or
France Football magazine award
Ballon d'Or (1956–2009)
1956: Matthews
1957: Di Stéfano
1958: Kopa
1959: Di Stéfano
1960: Suárez
1961: Sívori
1962: Masopust
1963: Yashin
1964: Law
1965: Eusébio
1966: Charlton
1967: Albert
1968: Best
1969: Rivera
1970: Müller
1971: Cruyff
1972: Beckenbauer
1973: Cruyff
1974: Cruyff
1975: Blokhin
1976: Beckenbauer
1977: Simonsen
1978: Keegan
1979: Keegan
1980: Rummenigge
1981: Rummenigge
1982: Rossi
1983: Platini
1984: Platini
1985: Platini
1986: Belanov
1987: Gullit
1988: Van Basten
1989: Van Basten
1990: Matthäus
1991: Papin
1992: Van Basten
1993: Baggio
1994: Stoichkov
1995: Weah
1996: Sammer
1997: Ronaldo
1998: Zidane
1999: Rivaldo
2000: Figo
2001: Owen
2002: Ronaldo
2003: Nedvěd
2004: Shevchenko
2005: Ronaldinho
2006: Cannavaro
2007: Kaká
2008: C. Ronaldo
2009: Messi
FIFA Ballon d'Or (2010–2015)
2010: Messi
2011: Messi
2012: Messi
2013: C. Ronaldo
2014: C. Ronaldo
2015: Messi
Ballon d'Or (2016–present)
2016: C. Ronaldo
2017: TBA
FIFA World Player of the Year (1991–2009)
FIFA Ballon d'Or (2010–2015)
The Best FIFA Men's Player (2016–present)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ballon_d%27Or&oldid=809369819"
Categories:
Awards established in 1956
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Ballon d'Or
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