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Air Force ranks and insignia of Pakistan
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Pakistan Air Force

History
History of the PAF
Aircraft
Air Force weaponry
Units and infrastructure
Air Headquarters
Pakistan Air Force Squadrons
Air Force Bases
Special Services Wing
Air Force Strategic Command
Personnel
Chief of Air Staff
Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee
Other information
Air Force Educational System
Air intelligence
The Ranks of Pakistan Air Force are primarily based on Royal Air Force rank structure, though ranks for other ranks personnel and insignia differ. Insignia for officer ranks were changed from the British influenced ranks to a Turkish style one on 5 July 2006.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Officer ranks
2 Junior Commissioned Officers
3 Non-Commissioned Officers
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Officer ranks[edit]
Officer rank badges are displayed on the shoulders, while the former insignia are today only wore on the sleeves.
PAF Ranks [2]
Current insignia
Former insignia (only worn on the sleeves)
NATO Equivalent
Details
Marshal of the Air Force (5-Star) OF-10 Never awarded
Air Chief Marshal (4-Star) OF-9
Air Marshal (3-Star) OF-8
Air Vice Marshal (2-Star) OF-7
Air Commodore (1-Star) OF-6
Group Captain OF-5
Wing Commander OF-4
Squadron Leader OF-3
Flight Lieutenant OF-2
Flying Officer OF-1
Pilot Officer OF-1
Junior Commissioned Officers[edit]
PAF Pakistan Ranks
Insignia
NATO Equivalent
Chief Warrant Officer
Warrant Officer
Assistant Warrant Officer
Non-Commissioned Officers[edit]
The Non-Commissioned Officers rank badges are displayed on arms.
PAF Ranks
Insignia
NATO Equivalent
Senior Technician OR-6
Corporal Technician OR-4
Junior Technician OR-3
Senior Aircraftman OR-2
Leading Aircraftman OR-2
Aircraftman OR-1
See also[edit]
Military of Pakistan portal
Pakistan Air Force
Pakistani Armed Forces
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "PAF changes officers’ rank insignia". The News. 6 July 2006. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "PAF Ranks". INTER SERVICES RANKS. Pakistan Air Force. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
External links[edit]
Pakistan Air Force Officer Ranks
[show]
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Category
Army
Air Force
Navy
Portal
[show]
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Pakistan Armed Forces comparative commissioned military ranks
Pay grade / Branch of Inter-service
O-1
O-1
O-2
O-3
O-4
O-5
O-6
O-7
O-8
O-9
O-10
(Obs.)
Approximate insignia[1][2]
NATO equivalent

Air Force P/Of. F/Of. Flt. Lt. Sq. Ldr. Wg. Cdr. Gp. Capt. Air Cdre AVM AM ACM MAF[3]
Army 2Lt 1Lt Cpt Maj Lt. Col Col Brig Maj-Gen Lt-Gen. Gen FM[2]
Navy Mid SLt. Lt Lt Cdr Cdr Capt. Cdre RAdm VAdm Adm FAdm[3]
Marines[4] Mid SLt. Lt Lt Cdr Cdr Capt. Cdre RAdm VAdm NE NE
[2] Grade authorized for use by Ayub Khan (for self-appointment) in 1962; since then it was never awarded
[3] Grade never created or authorized
[4] Not a separate branch, appointments directly from the Navy
[show]
v
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Junior commissioned officer ranks
BPS-13
BPS-14
BPS-15
BPS-16
Air Force AWO[1] WO[1] WO[1] CWO
Army Naib Subedar Naib Subedar Sbd Sbd-Maj
Navy CPO FCPO FCPO MCPO
Marines CPO NE NE NE
[1] Grade depends on the service type authorized by the MoD
[show]
v
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Non-commissioned officer ranks
Inter-Service Pay Grade
BPS-7
BPS-8
BPS-9
BPS-10
BPS-11
BPS-12
BPS-12
Air Force NE
AC
LAC
SAC
JTech
Cpl. Tech
STech NE
Army Soldier
LNk
Nk
Hvld
CQSgt
Hvld-Maj
QSgt
Battal Sgt-Maj
Navy NE NE OS-II AB NE LH PO NE
Marines NE NE NE NE NE NE PO NE
[2] Grade depends on the BPS-13|service type authorized by the MoD
[show]
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Military ranks and insignia by country
List of comparative military ranks
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_Force_ranks_and_insignia_of_Pakistan&oldid=797669087"
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Senior Technician

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Corporal Technician

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Junior Technician

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Senior Aircraftman

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Frontier Works Organisation

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Special Services Group

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Pakistan Air Force Academy

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Air Intelligence

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Special Services Group Navy

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Major General / Rear admiral

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Lieutenant general / Vice admiral

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General / Admiral

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Major General

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Lieutenant General

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Sub Lieutenant

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Commander (naval)

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Junior Commissioned Officer

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Chief Petty Officer

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Fleet Chief Petty Officer

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Master Chief Petty Officer

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Company Quartermaster Sergeant

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Regimental Sergeant Major

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Victoria Falls
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the waterfall on the Zambia/Zimbabwe border. For the town in Zimbabwe, see Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. For the waterfall in Scotland, see Victoria Falls, Wester Ross.
Victoria Falls
Mosi-oa-Tunya
Mosi-oa-Tunya
Location on the Zambezi
Location
Livingstone, Zambia
Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe
Coordinates
17°55′28″S 25°51′24″E / 17.92444°S 25.85667°E / -17.92444; 25.85667Coordinates: 17°55′28″S 25°51′24″E / 17.92444°S 25.85667°E / -17.92444; 25.85667
Type
Waterfall
Total height
108 m (355 ft) (at center)
Number of drops
2
Watercourse
Zambezi River
Average
flow rate
1088 m3/s (38,430 cu ft/s)
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name
Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls
Type
Natural
Criteria
vii, viii
Designated
1989 (13th session)
Reference no.
509
State Party
Zambia and Zimbabwe
Region
Africa
Victoria Falls (Tokaleya Tonga: Mosi-oa-Tunya, "The Smoke that Thunders") is a waterfall in southern Africa on the Zambezi River at the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Contents
[hide]
1 Name origins
2 Size
3 Gorges
4 Formation
5 Pre-colonial history
6 History since 1900
6.1 Victoria Falls Bridge initiates tourism
6.2 Zambia's independence and Rhodesia's UDI
6.3 Tourism in recent years
7 Natural environment
7.1 National parks
7.2 Vegetation
7.3 Wildlife
7.4 Fish
8 Statistics
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Name origins[edit]
David Livingstone gazing upon the Falls, in bronze, from the Zambian shore
David Livingstone, the Scottish missionary and explorer, is believed to have been the first European to view Victoria Falls on 16 November 1855, from what is now known as Livingstone Island, one of two land masses in the middle of the river, immediately upstream from the falls near the Zambian shore.[1] Livingstone named his discovery in honour of Queen Victoria of Britain, but the indigenous Tonga name, Mosi-oa-Tunya—"The Smoke That Thunders"—continues in common usage as well. The World Heritage List officially recognizes both names.[2] Livingstone also cites an older name, Seongo or Chongwe, which means "The Place of the Rainbow" as a result of the constant spray.[3]
The nearby national park in Zambia is named Mosi-oa-Tunya,[4] whereas the national park and town on the Zimbabwean shore are both named Victoria Falls.[5][6]
Size[edit]
Aerial view
Play media
Victoria Falls seen from Zimbabwe in July.
While it is neither the highest nor the widest waterfall in the world, Victoria Falls is classified as the largest, based on its combined width of 1,708 metres (5,604 ft)[7] and height of 108 metres (354 ft),[8] resulting in the world's largest sheet of falling water. Victoria Falls is roughly twice the height of North America's Niagara Falls and well over twice the width of its Horseshoe Falls. In height and width Victoria Falls is rivalled only by Argentina and Brazil's Iguazu Falls. See table for comparisons.[2]
For a considerable distance upstream from the falls, the Zambezi flows over a level sheet of basalt, in a shallow valley, bounded by low and distant sandstone hills. The river's course is dotted with numerous tree-covered islands, which increase in number as the river approaches the falls. There are no mountains, escarpments, or deep valleys; only a flat plateau extending hundreds of kilometres in all directions.
The falls are formed as the full width of the river plummets in a single vertical drop into a transverse chasm 1708 metres (5604 ft) wide, carved by its waters along a fracture zone in the basalt plateau. The depth of the chasm, called the First Gorge, varies from 80 metres (260 ft) at its western end to 108 metres (354 ft) in the centre. The only outlet to the First Gorge is a 110-metre (360 ft) wide gap about two-thirds of the way across the width of the falls from the western end. The whole volume of the river pours into the Victoria Falls gorges from this narrow cleft.[9]
There are two islands on the crest of the falls that are large enough to divide the curtain of water even at full flood: Boaruka Island (or Cataract Island) near the western bank, and Livingstone Island near the middle—the point from which Livingstone first viewed the falls. At less than full flood, additional islets divide the curtain of water into separate parallel streams. The main streams are named, in order from Zimbabwe (west) to Zambia (east): Devil's Cataract[9] (called Leaping Water by some), Main Falls, Rainbow Falls (the highest) and the Eastern Cataract.
The Zambezi river, upstream from the falls, experiences a rainy season from late November to early April, and a dry season the rest of the year. The river's annual flood season is February to May with a peak in April,[10] The spray from the falls typically rises to a height of over 400 metres (1,300 ft), and sometimes even twice as high, and is visible from up to 48 km (30 mi) away. At full moon, a "moonbow" can be seen in the spray instead of the usual daylight rainbow. During the flood season, however, it is impossible to see the foot of the falls and most of its face, and the walks along the cliff opposite it are in a constant shower and shrouded in mist. Close to the edge of the cliff, spray shoots upward like inverted rain, especially at Zambia's Knife-Edge Bridge.[11]
As the dry season takes effect, the islets on the crest become wider and more numerous, and in September to January up to half of the rocky face of the falls may become dry and the bottom of the First Gorge can be seen along most of its length. At this time it becomes possible (though not necessarily safe) to walk across some stretches of the river at the crest. It is also possible to walk to the bottom of the First Gorge at the Zimbabwean side. The minimum flow, which occurs in November, is around a tenth of the April figure; this variation in flow is greater than that of other major falls, and causes Victoria Falls' annual average flow rate to be lower than might be expected based on the maximum flow.[11]
Gorges[edit]
First Gorge, from Zambian side
The entire volume of the Zambezi River pours through the First Gorge's 110-metre-wide (360 ft) exit for a distance of about 150 metres (500 ft), then enters a zigzagging series of gorges designated by the order in which the river reaches them. Water entering the Second Gorge makes a sharp right turn and has carved out a deep pool there called the Boiling Pot. Reached via a steep footpath from the Zambian side, it is about 150 metres (500 ft) across. Its surface is smooth at low water, but at high water is marked by enormous, slow swirls and heavy boiling turbulence.[11] Objects – and humans – that are swept over the falls, including the occasional hippopotamus or crocodile, are frequently found swirling about here or washed up at the north-east end of the Second Gorge. This is where the bodies of Mrs Moss and Mr Orchard, mutilated by crocodiles, were found in 1910 after two canoes were capsized by a hippo at Long Island above the falls.[12] The principal gorges are (see reference for note about these measurements):[13]
First Gorge: the one the river falls into at Victoria Falls
Second Gorge: 250 m south of falls, 2.15 km long (270 yd south, 2350 yd long), spanned by the Victoria Falls Bridge
Third Gorge: 600 m south, 1.95 km long (650 yd south, 2100 yd long), containing the Victoria Falls Power Station
Fourth Gorge: 1.15 km south, 2.25 km long (1256 yd south, 2460 yd long)
Fifth Gorge: 2.55 km south, 3.2 km long (1.5 mi south, 2 mi (3.2 km) long)
Songwe Gorge: 5.3 km south, 3.3 km long, (3.3 mi south, 2 mi (3.2 km) long) named after the small Songwe River coming from the north-east, and the deepest at 140 m (460 ft), the level of the river in them varies by up to 20 meters (65 ft) between wet and dry seasons.[11]
Formation[edit]
Satellite image showing the broad Zambezi falling into the narrow cleft and subsequent series of zigzagging gorges (top of picture is north).
Falls
Victoria Falls National Park marker
The recent geological history of Victoria Falls can be seen in the overall form of the Batoka Gorge, with its 6 individual gorges and 8 past positions of the falls. The east-west oriented gorges imply structural control with alignment along joints of shatter zones, or faults with 50 m of vertical displacement as is the case of the second and fifth gorges. Headward erosion along these structural lines of weakness would establish a new fall line and abandonment of the earlier line. North-south oriented joints control the south flowing sections of the river. One of these is the "Boiling Pot", which links the First Gorge with the Second Gorge.[14]:147,149[11]
The falls may have already started cutting back the next major gorge, at the dip in one side of the "Devil's Cataract", between the western river bank and Cataract Island. The lip in the current falls is lowest here and carries the greatest concentration of water at flood stage.[14]:149
The sedimentary sequence overlying the basalt at the Zambezi River margins is called the Vcitoria Falls Formation, which consists of gravel, the Pipe sandstone, Kalahari Sands, and aeolian sand and alluvium. A 15-45 m scarp bounds the river about 5-6 km from the main channel, and a series of river terraces are evident between the scarp and the channel.[14]:144-145
Further geological history of the course of the Zambezi River is in the article of that name.
Pre-colonial history[edit]
Archaeological sites around the falls have yielded Early Stone Age Acheulean stone artifacts and Oldowan tools, plus Sangoan tools and Lupemban artifacts of Middle Stone Age.[14]:146[15] Iron-using Khoisan hunter-gatherers displaced these Stone Age people and in turn were displaced by Bantu tribes such as the southern Tonga people known as the Batoka/Tokalea, who called the falls Shungu na mutitima. The Matabele, later arrivals, named them aManz' aThunqayo, and the Batswana and Makololo (whose language is used by the Lozi people) call them Mosi-o-Tunya. All these names mean essentially "the smoke that thunders".[16]
A map from c. 1750 drawn by Jacques Nicolas Bellin for Abbé Antoine François Prevost d'Exiles marks the falls as "cataractes" and notes a settlement to the north of the Zambezi as being friendly with the Portuguese at the time. Earlier still Nicolas de Fer's 1715 map of southern Africa has the fall clearly marked in the correct position. It also has dotted lines denoting trade routes that David Livingstone followed 140 years later.
The first European to see the falls was David Livingstone on 17 November 1855, during his 1852–56 journey from the upper Zambezi to the mouth of the river. The falls were well known to local tribes, and Voortrekker hunters may have known of them, as may the Arabs under a name equivalent to "the end of the world". Europeans were sceptical of their reports, perhaps thinking that the lack of mountains and valleys on the plateau made a large falls unlikely.[17][18]
Livingstone had been told about the falls before he reached them from upriver and was paddled across to a small island that now bears the name Livingstone Island in Zambia. Livingstone had previously been impressed by the Ngonye Falls further upstream, but found the new falls much more impressive, and gave them their English name in honour of Queen Victoria. He wrote of the falls, "No one can imagine the beauty of the view from anything witnessed in England. It had never been seen before by European eyes; but scenes so lovely must have been gazed upon by angels in their flight."[11]
In 1860, Livingstone returned to the area and made a detailed study of the falls with John Kirk. Other early European visitors included Portuguese explorer Serpa Pinto, Czech explorer Emil Holub, who made the first detailed plan of the falls and its surroundings in 1875 (published in 1880),[19] and British artist Thomas Baines, who executed some of the earliest paintings of the falls. Until the area was opened up by the building of the railway in 1905, though, the falls were seldom visited by other Europeans. Some writers believe that the Portuguese priest Gonçalo da Silveira was the first European to catch sight of the falls back in the sixteenth century.[20][21]
History since 1900[edit]
Victoria Falls' Second Gorge (with bridge) and Third Gorge (right). The peninsular cliffs are in Zambia, the outer cliffs in Zimbabwe. The cliffs are composed of Batoka Formation basalt flows. The breaks in slope with vegetation are brecciated amygdaliodal basalt zones separating 6 successive and massive lava flows with distinct vertical jointing.[14][3]:391
Victoria Falls Bridge initiates tourism[edit]
European settlement of the Victoria Falls area started around 1900 in response to the desire of Cecil Rhodes' British South Africa Company for mineral rights and imperial rule north of the Zambezi, and the exploitation of other natural resources such as timber forests north-east of the falls, and ivory and animal skins. Before 1905, the river was crossed above the falls at the Old Drift, by dugout canoe or a barge towed across with a steel cable.[12] Rhodes' vision of a Cape-Cairo railway drove plans for the first bridge across the Zambezi and he insisted it be built where the spray from the falls would fall on passing trains, so the site at the Second Gorge was chosen. See the main article Victoria Falls Bridge for details.[11] From 1905 the railway offered accessible travel from as far as the Cape in the south and from 1909, as far as the Belgian Congo in the north. In 1904 the Victoria Falls Hotel was opened to accommodate visitors arriving on the new railway. The falls became an increasingly popular attraction during British colonial rule of Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) and Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), with the town of Victoria Falls becoming the main tourist centre.
Zambia's independence and Rhodesia's UDI[edit]
In 1964, Northern Rhodesia became the independent state of Zambia. The following year, Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence. This was not recognized by Zambia, the United Kingdom nor the vast majority of states and led to United Nations-mandated sanctions. In response to the emerging crisis, in 1966 Zambia restricted or stopped border crossings; it did not re-open the border completely until 1980. Guerilla warfare arose on the southern side of the Zambezi from 1972: the Rhodesian Bush War. Visitor numbers began to drop, particularly on the Rhodesian side. The war affected Zambia through military incursions, causing the latter to impose security measures including the stationing of soldiers to restrict access to the gorges and some parts of the falls.
Zimbabwe's internationally recognised independence in 1980 brought comparative peace, and the 1980s witnessed renewed levels of tourism and the development of the region as a centre for adventure sports. Activities that gained popularity in the area include whitewater rafting in the gorges, bungee jumping from the bridge, game fishing, horse riding, kayaking, and flights over the falls.[15]
Tourism in recent years[edit]
The naturally formed "Devil's Pool", where some tourists swim despite a risk of plunging over the edge
By the end of the 1990s almost 400,000 people were visiting the falls annually, and this was expected to rise to over a million in the next decade. Unlike the game parks, Victoria Falls has more Zimbabwean and Zambian visitors than international tourists; the attraction is accessible by bus and train, and is therefore comparatively inexpensive to reach.
Both countries permit tourists to make day trips across the border to view the falls from both viewpoints. Visitors with single-entry visas are required to purchase a visa each time they cross the border; visas can be obtained at both border posts. Costs vary from US$50–$80 (as of January 2017[update]). Visa regulations change frequently; visitors are advised to check the rules currently in effect in both countries before crossing the border in either direction. Additionally, foreign tourists may purchase a KAZA visa for US$50 that will permit visitors to travel between Zambia and Zimbabwe for up to 30 days as long as they remain within the covered countries.
A famous feature is the naturally formed "Armchair" (now sometimes called "Devil's Pool"), near the edge of the falls on Livingstone Island on the Zambian side. When the river flow is at a certain level, usually between September and December, a rock barrier forms an eddy with minimal current, allowing adventurous swimmers to splash around in relative safety a few feet from the point where the water cascades over the falls.[22] Occasional deaths have been reported when people have slipped over the rock barrier.[23]
The numbers of visitors to the Zimbabwean side of the falls has historically been much higher than the number visiting the Zambia side, due to the greater development of the visitor facilities there. However, the number of tourists visiting Zimbabwe began to decline in the early 2000s as political tensions between supporters and opponents of president Robert Mugabe increased. In 2006, hotel occupancy on the Zimbabwean side hovered at around 30%, while the Zambian side was at near-capacity, with rates in top hotels reaching US$630 per night.[24][25] The rapid development has prompted the United Nations to consider revoking the Falls' status as a World Heritage Site.[26] In addition, problems of waste disposal and a lack of effective management of the falls' environment are a concern.[27]
Natural environment[edit]
Two white rhinos at Mosi-oa-Tunya national park in May 2005. They are not indigenous, but were imported from South Africa.
National parks[edit]
The two national parks at the falls are relatively small – Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park is 66 square kilometres (16,309 acres) and Victoria Falls National Park is 23 square kilometres (5,683 acres). However, next to the latter on the southern bank is the Zambezi National Park, extending 40 kilometres (25 mi) west along the river.[11] Animals can move between the two Zimbabwean parks and can also reach Matetsi Safari Area, Kazuma Pan National Park and Hwange National Park to the south.[15]
On the Zambian side, fences and the outskirts of Livingstone tend to confine most animals to the Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park. In addition fences put up by lodges in response to crime restrict animal movement.[27]
In 2004 a separate group of police called the Tourism Police was started. They are commonly seen around the main tourist areas, and can be identified by their uniforms with yellow reflective bibs.[28]
Vegetation[edit]
Mopane woodland savannah predominates in the area, with smaller areas of miombo and Rhodesian teak woodland and scrubland savannah. Riverine forest with palm trees lines the banks and islands above the falls. The most notable aspect of the area's vegetation though is the rainforest nurtured by the spray from the falls, containing plants rare for the area such as pod mahogany, ebony, ivory palm, wild date palm, batoko plum[29] and a number of creepers and lianas.[15] Vegetation has suffered in recent droughts, and so have the animals that depend on it, particularly antelope.
Wildlife[edit]
The national parks contain abundant wildlife including sizable populations of elephant, buffalo, giraffe, Grant's zebra, and a variety of antelope. Katanga lions, African leopards and South African cheetahs are only occasionally seen. Vervet monkeys and baboons are common. The river above the falls contains large populations of hippopotamus and crocodile. African bush elephants cross the river in the dry season at particular crossing points.[15]
Klipspringers, honey badgers, lizards and clawless otters can be glimpsed in the gorges, but they are mainly known for 35 species of raptors. The Taita falcon, black eagle, peregrine falcon and augur buzzard breed there. Above the falls, herons, fish eagles and numerous kinds of waterfowl are common.[15]
Fish[edit]
The river is home to 39 species of fish below the falls and 89 species above it. This illustrates the effectiveness of the falls as a dividing barrier between the upper and lower Zambezi.[15]
Statistics[edit]

"The Smoke that Thunders", rainy season, 1972 ... and dry season, September 2003
Size and flow rate of Victoria Falls with Niagara and Iguazu for comparison
Parameters
Victoria Falls
Niagara Falls
Iguazu Falls
Height in meters and feet:[2] 108 m 360 ft 51 m 167 ft 64–82 m 210–269 ft
Width in meters and feet:[2] 1,708 m 5,604 ft 1,203 m 3,947 ft 2,700 m 8,858 ft
Flow rate units (vol/s): m3/s cu ft/s m3/s cu ft/s m3/s cu ft/s
Mean annual flow rate:[2] 1,088 38,430 2,407 85,000 1,746 61,600
Mean monthly flow – max.:[10] 3,000 105,944
Mean monthly flow – min.:[10] 300 10,594
Mean monthly flow – 10 yr. max.:[10] 6,000 211,888
Highest recorded flow:[2] 12,800 452,000 6,800 240,000 45,700 1,614,000
Notes: See references for explanation of measurements.
For water, cubic metres per second = tonnes per second.
Half the water approaching Niagara is diverted for hydroelectric power.
Iguazu has two drops; height given for biggest drop and total height.
10 falls have greater or equal flow rates, but are not as high as Iguazu and Victoria Falls.[10]
See also[edit]
List of waterfalls by flow rate
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Livingstone Tourism Association, Victoria Falls, Zambia – Livingstone, Zambia". livingstonetourism.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f World Waterfalls Website accessed 1 March 2007
^ Jump up to: a b Wellington, John (1955). Southern Africa, A Geographical Study. Cambridge University Press. p. 392.
Jump up ^ National Parks and Nature Reserves of Zambia, World Institute for Conservation and Environment.
Jump up ^ National Parks and Nature Reserves of Zimbabwe, World Institute for Conservation and Environment.
Jump up ^ "Medium Term Plan (MTP): January 2010 – December 2015" (PDF). Government of Zimbabwe. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Southern Africa Places (2009). Victoria Falls. Retrieved on 18 May 2009 from Victoria Falls – South Africa Places
Jump up ^ "Victoria Falls". World Digital Library. 1890–1925. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). Natural Wonders of the World. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp. 402–403. ISBN 0-89577-087-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e World Commission on Dams website: Archived 1 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine. "Case Study – Kariba Dam-Zambezi River Basin" Annex 13 & 14 Victoria Falls Mean Monthly Flows. Website accessed 1 March 2007. This website gives mean monthly flow rates in cubic metres per second (i.e., the total volume of water passing in each calendar month divided by the number of seconds in the month), the standard measure used in hydrology to indicate seasonal variation in flow. A figure of around 9,000 m3/s (318,000 cu ft) is quoted by many websites for Victoria Falls but this is the mean maximum instantaneous rate, which is only achieved for a few days per year. The figure of 536 million m3/minute (18.9 billion cu ft/min) on some websites (e.g. ZNTB) is an error for 536 million litres/minute (equivalent to 9100 m3/s or 142 million U.S. gallons/min). The '10-year maximum' is the mean of the maximum monthly rate returned in a ten-year period.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h compiled and edited by Camerapix (1996). Spectrum Guide to Zambia. Nairobi: Camerapix International Publishing. ISBN 978-1-874041-14-6.
^ Jump up to: a b B. L. Hunt: "Kalomo to Livingstone in 1907". The Northern Rhodesia Journal, Vol IV No 1 (1959) p16. Accessed 28 February 2007. Mr Moss and Mrs Orchard and the eight Lozi paddlers managed to swim to the island, one of the paddlers saving the Orchards' year-old baby.
Jump up ^ "Zambia – Gorges" on SatelliteViews.net accessed 28 February 2007
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Moore, Andy; Cotterill, Fenton (2010). "15". In Migon, Piotr. Vicotria Falls: Mosi-oa-Tunya - The Smoke That Thunders, in Geomorphological Landscapes of the World. Springer. p. 147,149. ISBN 9789048130542.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g United Nations Environment Programme: Protected Areas and World Heritage World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Website accessed 1 March 2007.
Jump up ^ The Northern Rhodesia Journal online: "Native Name of Victoria Falls", Vol I No 6 p. 68 (1952). Accessed 28 February 2007.
Jump up ^ The Northern Rhodesia Journal online: "Native Name of Victoria Falls", Vol I No 4 pp. 80–82 (1951). Accessed 28 February 2007.
Jump up ^ Agter die Magalies": "Agter Die Magalies" B.K. de Beer, pp. 43–44 (1975) Postma Publications. Accessed 1 September 2007.
Jump up ^ The international service of Czech Radio online: "Statue of explorer Emil Holub unveiled in Livingstone, Zambia" accessed 28 February 2007.
Jump up ^ Eric Anderson Walker. The Cambridge History of the British Empire, volume 2. CUP Archive, 1963. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Lawrence George Green. There's a Secret Hid Away. H. Timmins, 1956; 244 p. ISBN 9780869782071. Retrieved 4 October 2015
Jump up ^ "Is this the ultimate (and most dangerous) infinity pool in the world?". The Daily Mail. 23 April 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tour guide in Vic Falls plunge". New Zimbabwe. 28 September 2009. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "At African Waterfall, Visitors Confront A Tale of Two Cities." Trofimov, Y. The Wall Street Journal. 29 December 2006.
Jump up ^ Victoria Falls Journal; The Best of Times, and the Worst, for Two Tourist Towns
Jump up ^ Victoria Falls 'at risk', UN warns The Independent, 7 January 2007
^ Jump up to: a b S Hanyona: "Zambia's Ecotourism Venture Clouded by Ecotroubles." 5 March 2002. ENS website accessed 9 March 2007.
Jump up ^ http://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/victoria-falls-tourism-police-december-2011.html.
Jump up ^ "Victoria Falls in Zimbabwe, October 2017". Independent Travellers. independent-travellers.com. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Victoria Falls.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Victoria Falls.
Africa portal
A useful list of further reading is included on the UNEP-WCMC website's page for Mosi-oa-Tunya.
NASA Earth Observatory page
Victoria Falls Tourism
Entry on UNESCO World Heritage site
TIME magazine article about tourism in the area
hide
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Great Five Waterfalls (by power)
Guaíra Falls †
Iguazu Falls
Khone Phapheng Falls
Niagara Falls
Victoria Falls
Authority control
GND: 4119420-2
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria_Falls&oldid=846404845"
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