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Anne of Cleves
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Anne of Cleves
Portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger, c. 1539. Oil and Tempera on Parchment mounted on canvas, Musée du Louvre, Paris.
Queen consort of England
Tenure
6 January 1540 – 9 July 1540
Born
22 September 1515
Düsseldorf, Duchy of Berg,
Holy Roman Empire
Died
16 July 1557(1557-07-16) (aged 41)
Chelsea Manor, England
Burial
3 August 1557
Westminster Abbey
Spouse
Henry VIII of England
(m. 1540; annulled 1540)
House
La Marck
Father
John III, Duke of Cleves
Mother
Maria of Jülich-Berg
Religion
Roman Catholicism
prev. Anglicanism
Signature
Anne of Cleves (German: Anna von Kleve; 22 September 1515 – 16 July 1557)[1] was Queen of England from 6 January to 9 July 1540 as the fourth wife of King Henry VIII.[1] The marriage was declared unconsummated and, as a result, she was not crowned queen consort. Following the annulment, she was given a generous settlement by the King, and thereafter referred to as the King's Beloved Sister.[2][3] She lived to see the coronation of Queen Mary I, outliving the rest of Henry's wives.[4]
Contents
1 Early life
1.1 Wedding preparations
1.2 Marriage
2 After the annulment
3 Death
4 Literature
5 In film and television
6 Ancestry
7 Footnotes
8 References
9 External links
Early life[edit]
Anne was born on 22 September 1515[1][5] in Düsseldorf,[6] the second daughter of John III of the House of La Marck, Duke of Jülich jure uxoris, Cleves, Berg jure uxoris, Count of Mark, also known as de la Marck and Ravensberg jure uxoris (often referred to as Duke of Cleves) who died in 1538, and his wife Maria, Duchess of Julich-Berg (1491–1543). She grew up living in Schloss Burg on the edge of Solingen.
Anne's father was influenced by Erasmus and followed a moderate path within the Reformation. He sided with the Schmalkaldic League and opposed Emperor Charles V. After John's death, Anne's brother William became Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, bearing the promising epithet "The Rich". In 1526, her elder sister Sibylle was married to John Frederick, Elector of Saxony, head of the Protestant Confederation of Germany and considered the "Champion of the Reformation".
At the age of 11 (1527), Anne was betrothed to Francis, son and heir of the Duke of Lorraine while he was only 10.[7] Thus the betrothal was considered unofficial and was cancelled in 1535. Her brother William was a Lutheran but the family was unaligned religiously with her mother, the Duchess Maria, described as a "strict Catholic".[8] The Duke's ongoing dispute over Gelderland with Emperor Charles V made them suitable allies for England's King Henry VIII in the wake of the Truce of Nice. The match with Anne was urged on the King by his chief minister, Thomas Cromwell.
Wedding preparations[edit]
The artist Hans Holbein the Younger was dispatched to Düren to paint portraits of Anne and her younger sister, Amalia, each of whom Henry was considering as his fourth wife. Henry required the artist to be as accurate as possible, not to flatter the sisters. The two versions of Holbein's portrait are in the Musée du Louvre in Paris and the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. Another 1539 portrait, by the school of Barthel Bruyn the Elder, is in the collection of Trinity College, Cambridge.[9]
Negotiations with Cleves were in full swing by March 1539. Cromwell oversaw the talks and a marriage treaty was signed on 4 October of that year.
Henry valued education and cultural sophistication in women, but Anne lacked these. She had received no formal education but was skilled in needlework and liked playing card games. She could read and write, but only in German.[10] Nevertheless, Anne was considered gentle, virtuous and docile, qualities that recommended her as a suitable candidate for Henry.
Anne was described by the French ambassador, Charles de Marillac, as tall and slim, "of middling beauty and of very assured and resolute countenance".[11] She was fair haired and was said to have had a lovely face. In the words of the chronicler Edward Hall, "Her hair hanging down, which was fair, yellow and long ... she was apparelled after the English fashion, with a French hood, which so set forth her beauty and good visage, that every creature rejoiced to behold her".[12] She appeared rather solemn by English standards, and looked old for her age. Holbein painted her with high forehead, heavy-lidded eyes and a pointed chin.
Henry met her privately on New Year's Day 1540 at Rochester Abbey in Rochester on her journey from Dover.[13] Henry and some of his courtiers, following a courtly-love tradition, went disguised into the room where Anne was staying.[13] Eustace Chapuys reported:
The Six Wives of
Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon
Anne Boleyn
Jane Seymour
Anne of Cleves
Catherine Howard
Catherine Parr
[The King] so went up into the chamber where the said Lady Anne was looking out of a window to see the bull-baiting which was going on in the courtyard, and suddenly he embraced and kissed her, and showed her a token which the king had sent her for New Year’s gift, and she being abashed and not knowing who it was thanked him, and so he spoke with her. But she regarded him little, but always looked out the window…. and when the king saw that she took so little notice of his coming he went into another chamber and took off his cloak and came in again in a coat of purple velvet. And when the lords and knights saw his grace they did him reverence.[14]
According to the testimony of his companions, he was disappointed with Anne, feeling she was not as described. According to the chronicler Charles Wriothesley, Anne "regarded him little",[15] though it is unknown if she knew if this was the king or not.[16] Henry did then reveal his true identity to Anne, although he is said to have been put off the marriage from then on. Henry and Anne then met officially on 3 January on Blackheath outside the gates of Greenwich Park, where a grand reception was laid out.[17]
Most historians believe that he later used Anne's alleged "bad" appearance and failure to inspire him to consummate the marriage as excuses, saying how he felt he had been misled, for everyone had praised Anne's attractions: "She is nothing so fair as she hath been reported", he complained.[18] Cromwell received some of the blame for the portrait by Holbein which Henry believed had not been an accurate representation of Anne and for some of the exaggerated reports of her beauty. When the king finally met Anne, he was reportedly shocked by her plain appearance; the marriage was never consummated.[19][20]
Henry urged Cromwell to find a legal way to avoid the marriage but, by this point, doing so was impossible without endangering the vital alliance with the Germans. In his anger and frustration the King finally turned on Cromwell, to his subsequent regret.[21] Cromwell's enemies, who had long waited for him to make his first false step, began to close in.
Marriage[edit]
A portrait of Anne in the 1540s by Bartholomäus Bruyn the elder.
Despite Henry's very vocal misgivings, the two were married on 6 January 1540 at the royal Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, London, by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer. The phrase "God send me well to keep" was engraved around Anne's wedding ring. Immediately after arriving in England, Anne conformed to the Anglican form of worship, which Henry expected.[22] The couple's first night as husband and wife was not a successful one. Henry confided to Cromwell that he had not consummated the marriage, saying, "I liked her before not well, but now I like her much worse."
In February 1540, speaking to the Countess of Rutland, Anne praised the King as a kind husband, saying: "When he comes to bed he kisseth me, and he taketh me by the hand, and biddeth me 'Good night, sweetheart'; and in the morning kisseth me and biddeth 'Farewell, darling.'" Lady Rutland responded: "Madam, there must be more than this, or it will be long ere we have a duke of York, which all this realm most desireth."[5]
Anne was commanded to leave the Court on 24 June, and on 6 July she was informed of her husband's decision to reconsider the marriage. Witness statements were taken from a number of courtiers and two physicians which register the king's disappointment at her appearance. Henry had also commented to Thomas Heneage and Anthony Denny that he could not believe she was a virgin.[23]
Shortly afterwards, Anne was asked for her consent to an annulment, to which she agreed. Cromwell, the moving force behind the marriage, was attainted for treason. The marriage was annulled on 9 July 1540, on the grounds of non-consummation and her pre-contract to Francis of Lorraine. Henry VIII's physician stated that after the wedding night, Henry said he was not impotent because he experienced "duas pollutiones nocturnas in somno" (two nocturnal pollutions while in sleep; i.e., two wet dreams).[24][25] On 28 July, Henry married his fifth wife, Catherine Howard: on the same day Thomas Cromwell was executed, in theory for treason, but in practice as a scapegoat for the doomed German marriage.
After the annulment[edit]
Anne of Cleves' arms as queen consort.[26]
The former queen received a generous settlement, including Richmond Palace, and Hever Castle, home of Henry's former in-laws, the Boleyns. Anne of Cleves House, in Lewes, East Sussex, is just one of many properties she owned; she never lived there. Henry and Anne became good friends—she was an honorary member of the King's family and was referred to as "the King's Beloved Sister". She was invited to court often and, out of gratitude for her not contesting the annulment, Henry decreed that she would be given precedence over all women in England save his own wife and daughters.[2]
After Catherine Howard was beheaded, Anne and her brother, the Duke of Cleves, pressed the king to remarry Anne. Henry quickly refused to do so.[27] She seems to have disliked Catherine Parr, and reportedly reacted to the news of Henry's sixth marriage with the remark "Madam Parr is taking a great burden on herself."[28]
In March 1547, Edward VI's Privy Council asked her to move out of Bletchingley Palace, her usual residence, to Penshurst Place to make way for Thomas Cawarden, Master of Revels. They pointed out that Penshurst was nearer to Hever and the move had been Henry VIII's will.[29][30]
On 4 August 1553, Anne wrote to Mary I to congratulate her on her marriage to Philip of Spain.[31] On 28 September 1553, when Mary left St James's Palace for Whitehall, she was accompanied by her sister Elizabeth and Anne of Cleves.[32] Anne also took part in Mary I's coronation procession,[33][34] and may have been present at her coronation at Westminster Abbey.[35] These were her last public appearances. As the new Queen was a strict Catholic, Anne yet again changed religion, now becoming a Roman Catholic.[36][37]
After a brief return to prominence, she lost royal favour in 1554, following Wyatt's rebellion. According to Simon Renard, the imperial ambassador, Anne's close association with Elizabeth had convinced the Queen that "the Lady [Anne] of Cleves was of the plot and intrigued with the Duke of Cleves to obtain help for Elizabeth: matters in which the king of France was the prime mover".[38] There is no evidence that Anne was invited back to court after 1554.[39] She was compelled to live a quiet and obscure life on her estates.[39] After her arrival as the King's bride, Anne never left England. Despite occasional feelings of homesickness, Anne was generally content in England and was described by Holinshed as "a ladie of right commendable regards, courteous, gentle, a good housekeeper and verie bountifull to her servants."[4]
Death[edit]
When Anne's health began to fail, Mary allowed her to live at Chelsea Old Manor, where Henry's last wife, Catherine Parr, had lived after her remarriage.[40] Here, in the middle of July 1557, Anne dictated her last will. In it, she mentions her brother, sister, and sister-in-law, as well as the future Queen Elizabeth, the Duchess of Suffolk, and the Countess of Arundel.[41] She left some money to her servants and asked Mary and Elizabeth to employ them in their households.[42] She was remembered by everyone who served her as a particularly generous and easy-going mistress.[4]
Anne died at Chelsea Old Manor on 16 July 1557, eight weeks before her forty-second birthday. The most likely cause of her death was cancer.[40] She was buried in Westminster Abbey, on 3 August,[43] in what has been described as a "somewhat hard to find tomb" on the opposite side of Edward the Confessor's shrine and slightly above eye level for a person of average height. She is the only wife of Henry VIII to be buried in the Abbey.
Anne's epitaph in Westminster Abbey, which is in English, reads simply:[44]
ANNE OF CLEVES QUEEN OF ENGLAND BORN 1515 * DIED 1557
She also has the distinction of being the last of Henry VIII's wives to die,[4] as she outlived Henry's last wife, Catherine Parr, by 9 years. She was not the longest-lived, however, since Catherine of Aragon was 50 at the time of her death.[42]
Literature[edit]
Anne is the subject of three biographies: Julia Hamilton's Anne of Cleves (1972), and Mary Saaler's Anne of Cleves: Fourth Wife of Henry VIII (1995), and Elizabeth Norton's Anne of Cleves: Henry VIII's Discarded Bride (2009). Retha Warnicke has written an academic study on Anne's marriage called The Marrying of Anne of Cleves. Royal Protocol in Early Modern England (2000).
Anne of Cleves appears as a character in many historical novels about Henry's reign. In The Fifth Queen (1906) by Ford Madox Ford she is portrayed as a sensible, practical woman who happily settles for an annulment in return for the material benefits it brings. Anne of Cleves is the main character of My Lady of Cleves (1946) by Margaret Campbell Barnes. About a third of The Boleyn Inheritance (2006) by Philippa Gregory is recounted from Anne's point of view, covering the period of Henry VIII's marriages to her and to her successor Catherine Howard. The book concludes with Anne living away from court, and avoiding the execution ceremonies of Howard and of Jane Boleyn, sister-in-law to one of Henry's queens and lady-in-waiting to all the others, including Anne. Gregory includes Anne in a non-fictional review of the period at the end of the book.
Anne and her Holbein portrait in the Louvre are the focus of the novel Amenable Women (2009) by Mavis Cheek.[45] Anne and Catherine Howard are the subject of The Queen's Mistake by Diane Haeger (2009), while Anne and Jane Seymour are covered in Volume 3 of Dixie Atkins's tetralogy A Golden Sorrow (2010). D. Lawrence-Young authored a biographical novel "Anne of Cleves - Henry's Luckiest Wife" published by GMTA/Celestial Press. N.C. USA, 2013.
In film and television[edit]
The role of Anne of Cleves was played by Elsa Lanchester in The Private Life of Henry VIII, which was released in 1933. Lanchester's husband Charles Laughton played Henry VIII and won an Academy Award for his portrayal. The film received a Best Picture nomination; the first for a picture made outside the U.S.
Rick Wakeman composed the piece "Anne of Cleves" for his 1973 album, The Six Wives of Henry VIII
Anne of Cleves was played by Elvi Hale in the episode Anne of Cleves in the 1971 television series The Six Wives of Henry VIII. This series portrays Anne as a personally naive yet politically clever woman who convinces Henry against consummating the union so that he can get out of his alliance with the Germans should the need arise. When Anne's predictions prove true, it is she who suggests becoming "the King's beloved sister".
Pia Girard played Anne of Cleves in the 2003 ITV series Henry VIII.
The role of Anne of Cleves was played by actress and singer Joss Stone in the Showtime cable television series The Tudors. The series downplays Anne's naiveté and exaggerates her popularity so as to provide a foil for the immature, unpopular Catherine Howard. The series also has an anachronistically svelte Henry engaging in an affair with Anne after his marriage to Catherine Howard, realizing too late that he "like[s] her after all."
In 2014, 2015, an episode of Horrible Histories and its reboot called "Ridiculous Romances" and "Horrid Henry VIII" featured Martha Howe-Douglas and Katherine Jakeways, portraying Anne of Cleves.
Ancestry[edit]
showAncestors of Anne of Cleves
16. Adolph I, Duke of Cleves
8. John I, Duke of Cleves
17. Marie of Burgundy
4. John II, Duke of Cleves
18. John II, Count of Nevers
9. Elizabeth of Nevers
19. Jacqueline d'Ailly
2. John III, Duke of Cleves
20. Louis I, Landgrave of Hesse
10. Henry III, Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg
21. Anna of Saxony
5. Mathilde of Hesse
22. Philip I, Count of Katzenelnbogen
11. Anna of Katzenelnbogen
23. Anna of Württemberg
1. Anne of Cleves
24. William VIII of Jülich, Count of Ravensberg
12. Gerhard VII, Duke of Jülich-Berg
25. Adelheid of Tecklenburg
6. William IV, Duke of Jülich-Berg
26. Bernard II, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
13. Sophie of Saxe-Lauenburg
27. Adelheid of Pomerania
3. Maria of Jülich-Berg
28. Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg
14. Albert III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg
29. Elisabeth of Bavaria-Landshut
7. Sibylle of Brandenburg
30. Frederick II, Elector of Saxony
15. Anna of Saxony
31. Margarete of Austria
Footnotes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Weir 2009, p. 155.
^ Jump up to: a b Norton 2010, p. 108.
Jump up ^ Warnicke 2000, p. 252.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Norton 2010, p. 165.
^ Jump up to: a b Norton 2010, p. 7.
Jump up ^ At the time, the area was in the Duchy of Berg.
Jump up ^ Norton 2010, pp. 12–13.
Jump up ^ Fraser 1992, p. 364.
Jump up ^ "Trinity College, University of Cambridge". BBC Your Paintings.
Jump up ^ Norton 2010, pp. 10-11.
Jump up ^ Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII 15: 1540 no. 22.
Jump up ^ Hall 1809, pp. 836–837.
^ Jump up to: a b Warnicke 2000, p. 138.
Jump up ^ "Anne of Cleves – Not Love at First Sight" The History Jar retrieved February 6, 2017
Jump up ^ Wriothesley 1875, pp. 109–110.
Jump up ^ Warnicke 2000, p. 132.
Jump up ^ Warnicke 2000, p. 146.
Jump up ^ Schofield 2011, p. 361.
Jump up ^ Elton 1991, p. 157.
Jump up ^ Warnicke 2000, p. 77.
Jump up ^ Lehmberg 1977, p. 127.
Jump up ^ Weir 2007, p. 412.
Jump up ^ Strype I(II) 1822, pp. 450–463.
Jump up ^ Strype I(II) 1822, p. 461.
Jump up ^ "Holbein en Angleterre". Amateur d'Art, par Lunettes Rouge (in French). La Vie–Le Monde Group. 29 November 2006. Retrieved 4 January 2014. .
Jump up ^ Boutell 1863, p. 243.
Jump up ^ Farquhar 2001, p. 77.
Jump up ^ Weir 2007, p. 498.
Jump up ^ Acts of the Privy Council 2, pp. 82–83, 471-472.
Jump up ^ Ellis 1817, pp. 131–132.
Jump up ^ Norton 2010, p. 153.
Jump up ^ Whitelock 2010, p. 192.
Jump up ^ Norton 2010, pp. 144–145.
Jump up ^ Porter 2007, pp. 256, 260–261.
Jump up ^ Porter 2007, p. 260 According to Antoine de Noailles, Elizabeth and Anne followed Mary into the Abbey.
Jump up ^ Norton 2010, p. 146.
Jump up ^ Weir 2007, p. 388.
Jump up ^ Norton 2010, p. 151.
^ Jump up to: a b Norton 2010, p. 154.
^ Jump up to: a b Fraser 1992, p. 504.
Jump up ^ Norton 2010, pp. 158-161.
^ Jump up to: a b Norton 2010, p. 161.
Jump up ^ Machyn 1968, pp. 145-146.
Jump up ^ Google Images
Jump up ^ Annis. "Amenable Women by Mavis Cheek". HistoricalNovels.info. Retrieved 2 April 2012. ; "Amenable Women, Mavis Cheek". Faber & Faber. Archived from the original on 15 May 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
References[edit]
Boutell, Charles (1863). A Manual of Heraldry, Historical and Popular. London: Winsor and Newton.
Dasent, John Roche, ed. (1890). "Acts of the Privy Council". British-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
Ellis, Henry (1817). "Extracts from the Proceedings of Privy Council from the Year 1545 to the Year 1558". Archaeologia: or Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Antiquity. XVIII. London: Society of Antiquaries of London.
Elton, G. R. (1991). England Under the Tudors. London and New York: Routledge.
Farquhar, Michael (2001). A Treasury of Royal Scandals: The Shocking True Stories of History's Wickedest, Weirdest, Most Wanton Kings, Queens, Tsars, Popes, and Emperors (hardback). New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-7394-2025-9.
Fraser, Antonia (2002). The Wives of Henry VIII. London: Phoenix. ISBN 9781842126332.
Hall, Edward (1809). Hall's chronicle; containing the history of England, during the reign of Henry the Fourth, and the succeeding monarchs, to the end of the reign of Henry the Eighth, in which are particularly described the manners and customs of those periods. London: Printed for J. Johnson; F. C. and J. Rivington; T. Payne; Wilkie and Robinson; Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme; Cadell and Davies; and J. Mawman.
"Henry VIII: January 1540, 1-10". Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII. 15: 1540. British-history.ac.uk. 1896. pp. 1–19. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
Lehmberg, Stanford E. (1977). The Later Parliaments of Henry VIII: 1536-1547. London, New York and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
Machyn, Henry (1968). Nichols, John Gough, ed. The Diary of Henry Machyn, Citizen and Merchant-Taylor of London, from A.D. 1550 to A.D. 1563. Camden Society. Series I. 42. New York ; London: AMS Press.
Norton, Elizabeth (2010). Anne of Cleves: Henry VIII's Discarded Bride. Stroud: Amberley. ISBN 9781445601830.
Porter, Linda (2007). Mary Tudor: The First Queen. London: Piatkus. ISBN 978-0-7499-0982-6.
Schofield, John (2011). The Rise & Fall of Thomas Cromwell: Henry VIII's Most Faithful Servant. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-5866-3.
Strype, John (1822). Ecclesiastical Memorials, Relating Chiefly to Religion and the Reformation of it, and the Emergencies of the Church of England, under King Henry VIII, King Edward VI and Queen Mary I. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Warnicke, Retha M. (2000). The Marrying of Anne of Cleves: Royal Protocol in Early Modern England (hardback). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521770378.
Weir, Alison (2009). Britain's Royal Families:The Complete Genealogy. London: Vintage. ISBN 9780099539735.
Weir, Alison (2007). The Six Wives of Henry VIII. London: Vintage. ISBN 9780099523628.
Whitelock, Anna (2010). Mary Tudor: England's First Queen. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781400066094.
Wriothesley, Charles (1875). Hamilton, William Douglas, ed. "A Chronicle Of England During The Reigns Of The Tudors: From A.D. 1485 To 1559". Camden Society. New Series. London: Camden Society.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Anne of Cleves.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anne of Cleves.
A quick overview of Anne's life, including a portrait gallery
A more in-depth examination of Anne's political career
More information on Anne's life after her annulment
A Google Earth biography tour of the Six Wives of Henry VIII on the Google Earth Community
Anne of Cleves
House of La Marck
Born: 22 September 1515 Died: 16 July 1557
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Cribbage
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the pocket billiards game of the same name, see Cribbage (pool).
This article is written like a manual or guidebook. Please help rewrite this article from a descriptive, neutral point of view, and remove advice or instruction. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Cribbage
Modern style wooden loop board with coloured pegs
Origin
England
Alternative names
Crib
Family
Matching
Players
2 (variations for 3–6)
Skills required
Strategy, tactics, counting
Cards
52
Deck
Standard 52-card deck
Play
Clockwise
Card rank (highest to lowest)
K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 A
Playing time
15–30 min.
Related games
Noddy
Cribbage, or crib, is a card game traditionally for two players, but commonly played with three, four or more, that involves playing and grouping cards in combinations which gain points. Cribbage has several distinctive features: the cribbage board used for score-keeping, the eponymous crib, box, or kitty (in parts of Canada)—a separate hand counting for the dealer—two distinct scoring stages (the play and the show) and a unique scoring system including points for groups of cards that total fifteen.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Rules
2.1 The deal
2.2 The play
2.3 The show
2.4 Muggins
2.5 Match
3 Cribbage board
4 Strategies
4.1 Throwing your hand
4.2 Throwing defensively to the crib
4.2.1 Player's crib
4.2.2 Opponent's crib
4.3 The play
4.4 Home to deal
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
History[edit]
According to John Aubrey, cribbage was created by the English poet Sir John Suckling in the early 17th century, as a derivation of the game "noddy". While noddy has disappeared, crib has survived, virtually unchanged, as one of the most popular games in the English-speaking world.[1] The objective of the game is to be the first player to score a target number of points, typically 61 or 121. Points are scored for card combinations that add up to fifteen, and for pairs, triples, quadruples, runs and flushes.
Cribbage holds a special place among American submariners, serving as an "official" pastime. The wardroom of the oldest active submarine in the United States Pacific Fleet carries the personal cribbage board of World War II submarine commander and Medal of Honor recipient Rear Admiral Dick O'Kane on board, and upon the boat's decommissioning the board is transferred to the next oldest boat.[2]
Rules[edit]
Main article: Rules of cribbage
A game of cribbage being played.
Play proceeds through a succession of "hands", each hand consisting of a "deal", "the play" and "the show". At any time during any of these stages, if a player reaches the target score (usually 121), play ends immediately with that player being the winner of the game. This can even happen during the deal, since the dealer scores if a Jack is cut as the starter.
The deal[edit]
The players cut for first deal, and the person who cuts the lowest card deals. The dealer shuffles and deals five or six cards to each player, depending on the number of players. For two players, each is dealt six cards; for three or four players, each is dealt five cards. In the case of three players, a single card is dealt face down in the centre of the table to start the crib. Once the cards have been dealt, each player chooses four cards to retain, then discards the other one or two face-down to form the "crib" (also called the box), which will be used later by the dealer.[3] At this point, each player's hand and the crib will contain exactly four cards. The player on the dealer's left cuts the deck and the dealer reveals the top card, called the "starter" or the "cut".[4] If this card is a Jack, the dealer scores two points for "his heels".
The play[edit]
Starting with the player on the dealer's left, each player in turn lays one card face up on the table in front of him or her, stating the count—that is, the cumulative value of the cards that have been laid (for example, the first player lays a five and says "five", the next lays a six and says "eleven", and so on)—without the count going above 31. The cards are not laid in the centre of the table as, at the end of the "play," each player needs to pick up the cards they have laid.
Players score points during the play. For causing the count to reach exactly fifteen a player scores two points and play continues. Completing a pair (two of a kind) scores two points; three or four of a kind are counted as multiple pairs: completing three of a kind is the same as three different pairs, or 6 points, and four of a kind is 6 different kinds of pairs, or 12 points. A run of three or more cards (consecutively played, but not necessarily in order) scores the number of cards in the run.
If a player cannot play without causing the count to exceed 31, he calls "Go". Continuing with the player on his left, the other player(s) continue(s) the play until no one can play without the count exceeding 31. A player is obliged to play a card unless there is no card in his or her hand that can be played without the count exceeding 31 (one cannot voluntarily pass). Once 31 is reached or no one is able to play, the player who played the last card scores one point if the count is still under 31 and two if it is exactly 31. The count is then reset to zero and those players with cards remaining in their hands repeat the process starting with the player to the left of the player who played the last card. When all players have played all of their cards the game proceeds to the "show".
Players choose the order in which to lay their cards in order to maximize their scores; experienced players refer to this as either good or poor "pegging" or "pegsmanship". If one player reaches the target (usually 61 or 121), the game ends immediately and that player wins. When the scores are level during a game, the players' pegs will be side by side, and it is thought that this gave rise to the phrase "level pegging".[5]
The show[edit]
Once the play is complete, each player in turn, starting with the player on the left of the dealer, displays his hand on the table and scores points based on its content in conjunction with the starter card. Points are scored for combinations of cards totalling fifteen, runs, pairs (multiple pairs are scored pair by pair, but may be referred to as three or four of a kind), a flush and having a Jack of the same suit as the starter card ("one for his nob [or nobs or nibs]", sometimes called the "right" Jack). A four-card flush scores four and cannot include the cut or starter; a five-card flush scores five.
The dealer scores his hand last and then turns the cards in the crib face up. These cards are then scored by the dealer as an additional hand, also in conjunction with the starter card. Unlike the dealer's own hand, the crib cannot score a four-card flush, but it can score a five-card flush with the starter.
All scores from 0 to 29 are possible, with the exception of 19, 25, 26 and 27.[6] Players may refer colloquially to a hand scoring zero points as a “nineteen hand”.[7]
Muggins[edit]
Muggins (also known as cut-throat) is a commonly used but optional rule, which must be announced before game play begins. If a player fails to claim her or his full score on any turn, the opponent may call out "Muggins" and peg any points overlooked by the player.[8]
Match[edit]
A match (much like tennis) consists of more than one game, often an odd number. The match points are scored on the cribbage board using the holes reserved for match points. On a spiral board, these are often at the bottom of the board in a line with 5 or 7 holes. On a conventional board, they are often in the middle of the board or at the top or bottom.
In a two-player game of cribbage, a player scores one match point for winning a game. Their opponent will start as dealer in the next game. If a player skunks their opponent (reaches 121 points before their opponent scores 91 points), that player wins two match points for that game. If a player double skunks their opponent (reaches 121 points before their opponent reaches 61), they score three or four match points for the game, depending on local convention.[9] If a player triple skunks their opponent (reaches 121 points before their opponent reaches 31 points), they automatically win the match. Double and triple skunks are not included in the official rules of cribbage play and are optional. There are several different formats for scoring match points.
Match point scoring
Scoring Variation
Points for a normal win
Points for skunking opponent
Points for double skunking opponent
Points for triple skunking opponent
Official Tournament rules (American Cribbage Congress) 2 points 3 points no extra points no extra points
Long Match scoring 3 points 4 points no extra points no extra points
Free play rules 1 point 2 points 3 or 4 points no extra points
Free play rules with triple skunk 1 points 2 points 4 points Automatic win of match
Cribbage board[edit]
Traditional wooden board layout with wooden pegs
Modern 120-hole board
Visually, cribbage is known for its scoring board—a series of holes ("streets") on which the score is tallied with pegs (also known as "spilikins").[10] Scores can be kept on a piece of paper, but a cribbage board is almost always used, since scoring occurs throughout the game, not just at the conclusion of hands as in most other card games. Points are registered as having been scored by "pegging" along the crib board. Two pegs are used in a leapfrog fashion, so that if a player loses track during the count one peg still marks the previous score. Some boards have a "game counter" with many additional holes for use with a third peg to count the games won by each side.
There are several designs of crib board:
The classic design is a flat wooden board approximately 250–300 mm (10–12 in) by 70–80 mm (3–4 in) and 10–20 mm (0.4–0.8 in) deep. There are two sets of 60 holes (30 'out' and 30 'back') divided into 5 point sections, see picture above. A pegging-out hole in the middle at each end allows the board to be used in either direction. One player or team scores on one set of 60 holes and the other player or team scores on the second set. Different arrangements are made for three player games.
A relatively old design is that of an equilateral triangle with two rows of forty holes on each side. These boards did not generally include extra pegging-out holes or holes to count games.
A newer design has three or four rows of 120 holes in a "paperclip" shape (with a pegging-out hole at the end) and is often brightly coloured. It is best suited to games played to 121, though it can also be used for 61-point games.
A tournament long board is used in sanctioned tournaments in the American Cribbage Congress and consists of four rows of 60 pegs (two rows for each player), no number markings or five point segments, and only a mark indicating the skunk line. Movement around the board starts on the outside and ends on the inside. Players start and end in the same hole.
Another common variation is based on features of the highest-scoring cribbage hand. The board takes the form of the number 29 (the highest possible score), with the pegging rows following the contour of the numbers "2" and "9". The design can sometimes include a background image of three fives and a Jack, with the fourth five offset—the "perfect hand" giving that score. The count being 8 combinations of 15 for 16 points, 6 pairs of 2 for 12 points and a matching "nobs" Jack (matching the cut card) for 1 totaling 29.
Each of the four 30-point divisions of the cribbage board (1–30, 31–60, 61–90, and 91–120) is colloquially called a "street". Being at 15 points would be on first street, being at 59 points would be on second street, etc.
Strategies[edit]
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Throwing your hand[edit]
There are certain cards and card combinations that are likely to be beneficial to a hand. They include: pairs, runs and face-value combinations totaling fifteen (especially those that are embedded within runs). Players will try to keep these cards, non-dealers discarding to the crib cards deemed least likely to improve their hand after the cut (and simultaneously unlikely to strengthen their opponent's crib), while the dealer retains the best cards while throwing combinations that will likely maximize points in the crib.
Particularly useful cards, whether for the hand or crib, include:
5s. Even though 5s are most commonly held in the hand (because players know the extent to which a 5 matches their other cards), they are also good in the crib. Four out of every thirteen cards (10–K) are worth ten, so there is a good chance that 5s in the hand or crib will form fifteen-twos.
Two-card combinations of five. The same principle as "5s" applies, with a good possibility of forming runs.
6s, 7s, 8s and 9s. Combinations of these cards produce fifteen-twos and runs. Hands totaling 12, 16, 20, 21 and 24 are often composed of these cards.
4s, 5s and 6s. These total fifteen and simultaneously form a run. Hands totaling 12, 16, 21, 23, and 24 are often composed of these cards.
7s and aces and 4s and 7s. These combine to make fifteens, commonly scoring eight (e.g., 7-7-1-1), and occasionally scoring twenty (7-7-7-1-1) or 24 points (7-7-7-7-1) (6-6-6-6-3) (4-4-4-4-7) (3-3-3-3-9).
3s, 6s and 9s. These also are likely to combine to make fifteens, and can score similarly to the 7s and aces.
Flushes. Flushes, because of their 'dog from every town' nature, frequently contain interesting fifteen-twos and runs, plus their count as a flush.
Jacks. When holding a face card whose denomination does not matter, hold a jack (or throw it to your crib, and refrain from throwing it to your opponent) for its possibility of scoring "nobs".
Consecutive cards. Especially when throwing to one's own crib, consecutive cards (e.g., ace-2, 7-8, jack-queen) have the chance to meet the starter or the opponent's discards to form a run.
Statistically the two cards that will score, on average, the most points in any crib are a pair of 5s, then a 2 and a 3, then a jack and a 5.
Statistically the two cards that will score the lowest points, on average, are the king and the 10.
Throwing defensively to the crib[edit]
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Often a player is confronted with a conundrum: You have good cards to hold but must throw to your opponent cards that are likely to score significantly in his (or her) crib. If you are dealt a hand composed of 10-10-8-7-6-2, your best opportunity to score points is to hold the 8-7-6-2: fifteen four and a run of three make seven. More importantly, this hand can be cut to ten, eleven, twelve, fourteen or sixteen. But to what extent does throwing a pair of 10s mitigate the usefulness of holding the deuce? By throwing a 10-deuce, the likelihood your opponent will score significantly in the crib is reduced, while your hand's possibilities still range from five (two less than thrown the "better" way, offset by throwing two less points to the crib) to twelve. The opponent's largest possible crib, your having thrown a 10-2, is fourteen, whereas throwing a pair of 10s offers the maximal possibility of twenty-two.(10,10,5,5,5)
The answer to this lies in a player's position on the board. Is this the beginning of the game, and is the player willing to chance a loss for a hoped-for big gain? Are you so comfortably ahead that your opponent's crib won't hurt you? Or are you behind so significantly late in the game that you need holes at any cost? These questions, along with personality and perhaps feelings of "luck" good or bad, influence how best to throw a challenging hand.
Here are some short cut rules on what to throw, or not throw into the crib:
Player's crib[edit]
Avoid breaking up a chance for a 4-6 double run.
Avoid breaking up a run of three.
Avoid breaking up a flush.
Opponent's crib[edit]
Avoid throwing a 5 or J into the opponent's crib (OC).
Avoid throwing consecutive cards into the OC.
Avoid throwing a pair into the OC.
Avoid throwing two of the same suit into the OC.
Avoid throwing a (4,A); (8,6); (9,6) or (9,7) into the OC.
The play[edit]
Some of these tactics will only work in a two-player game (with more players it is harder to devise a strategy). The "pone", the player who leads the play, should consider the following:
Initiate play with a three or a four. The opponent cannot make fifteen on the next card played. If the opponent completes a pair, the smart player has planned an offensive rejoinder such as "fifteen for two", e.g., having led a 4 while holding a 7, or playing "trips" (a pair royal). (Opening with a deuce is best when holding a trey, or another deuce. Otherwise you are at risk of giving up a pair at four, and then fifteen-two. Aces are almost always better held until the end of play.)
Play a card from a pair. If an opponent completes the pair for two, the first player can complete a pair royal for six.
Lead from one of two cards totaling five (2 and 3, or 4 and Ace). A "ten" card is a likely response, and allows you to easily score fifteen for two. Also, as the dealer, holding two cards totaling 11 (8 and 3) increases the chance of making 31 for two.
If holding two cards that total fifteen, such as a 6 and a 9, play the 6. If the opponent makes "fifteen for two" with a 9, the first player can play "24 for two" with the 9. (This would not work as well starting with the 9, for the opponent's "fifteen-for-two" with a 6 leaves the pone pairing at twenty-one. If the dealer has a face card, the response is an easy "thirty-one for two".)
If holding a 7 and a 9, or an 8 and a 9, be careful about leading them. While it is common that the opponent will play for the fifteen thus giving the pone a run of three with the 9, it is also common that the dealer's response is for a run of four. For example, pone leads a 7, dealer responds "fifteen for two" with an 8. Pone plays to "twenty-four for three" with a 9, but dealer responds "thirty for four" with a 6, gets a go and ends the series with his ace at "thirty-one for two". More often than not the dealer wins this exchange. (Further, it is equally likely that the dealer plays a 7 rather than a 6 at twenty-four, and summarily announces "thirty-one for five!")
In general:
Do not lead a 5 except in an unusual and tactical situation;[11] it is likely the opponent has a 10 or face card (16 out of 52 cards count as ten: 10, J, Q, K) and can easily make 15 for two points.
If you have a choice between a fifteen-two or pairing, make the fifteen. This prevents your opponent from scoring a possible three-of-a-kind.[12] An exception to this strategy is if you can make a four of a kind.
Holding small cards increases the likelihood of getting "fifteen for two" as well as "thirty-one for two", and often provides an opportunity to play successive cards after getting a "Go" to form a pair or a run.
Avoid making the count twenty-one. There are sixteen cards—30.8% of the deck—with a value of ten, so making the count twenty-one gives an opponent an easy chance for "thirty-one for two".
Home to deal[edit]
Much strategy in cribbage derives from the fact that the first hand counted is the non-dealer's. The dealer may be only two holes from winning and the opponent twenty, but if the pone holds a 3-3-4-5 hand and has cut a 5, the dealer who pegs only a Go will lose. Players use this knowledge to decide when to throw their hands (or play their cards) aggressively or defensively.
The standard cribbage board is laid out in "streets", where players move up the outside and down the inside. Each street comprises thirty holes, and it is universally acknowledged that a good cribbage player getting average hands and pegging intelligently will score about twenty-five points in one pair of turns, i.e., as dealer (a hand and a crib) and as pone (a single hand). Working backward from the end game, it can be seen that when a player deals what should be his final deal of the game, he wants to lie around the corner about six pegs on fourth street (also called the "home stretch"), necessitating twenty-five holes in the final three hands. (At this point of play, the dealer also wants the pone far enough from going out that a single hand and pegging won't end the game to the opponent's advantage.) Being thus positioned, the dealer is said to be "Home to deal", and will play judiciously, scoring only the points needed without allowing the opponent to take over the better position on the board.
Players who "deal short", however, often play more aggressively in an attempt to recoup points sufficient to re-establish the better board position.
See also[edit]
Card game
Cribbage statistics
Cribbage Solitaire and Cribbage Square Solitaire, two solitaire card games based on Cribbage
CrossCribb, a board game in which players try to form intersecting cribbage hands on a five-by-five grid
Hounds and Jackals, an Ancient Egyptian game, which uses a similar board
Kings Cribbage, a game with cribbage hands being constructed crossword-style
Pub games
American Cribbage Congress, sanctioning body for cribbage clubs and tournaments
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Aubrey, John (1898). Andrew Clark, ed. Brief Lives chiefly of Contemporaries set down John Aubrey between the Years 1669 and 1696, Volume II. Clarendon Press. p. 245.
Jump up ^ "USS Los Angeles Embarks With a Piece of Submarine History". US Navy. 16 May 2007.
Jump up ^ Parlett, David (October 1987). The Penguin Book of Card Games. Treasure Press. ISBN 1-85051-221-3.
Jump up ^ "The Mechanics of Playing Cribbage". The American Cribbage Congress. 2004-10-01. Retrieved 2008-03-01.
Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionaries, OxfordWords blog http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2012/11/popular-idioms-explained/ extracted 31 Oct 2014
Jump up ^ Steven S. Lumetta (2007-05-15). "Amusing Cribbage Facts". Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
Jump up ^ Cribbage Corner (2008-05-05). "The nineteen hand at cribbage". Retrieved 2008-05-05.
Jump up ^ "Rule 10. Muggins".
Jump up ^ Cribbage Corner. "Cribbage rules – winning the game". Retrieved 2015-02-23.
Jump up ^ "Spilikin". Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-03-08. One of a number of small pieces or pegs of wood, ivory, bone, or other material, for playing a game, or for counting the score in a game, as in cribbage.
Jump up ^ Cribbage Forum (2000). "Leading a 5". Retrieved 2010-10-19.
Jump up ^ LearnPlayWin (2008). "Cribbage Tips and Strategies from LearnPlayWin". Retrieved 2008-06-20.
Further reading[edit]
Scarne, John (1965). Scarne on Card Games. Dover Publications. pp. 395–404. ISBN 0-486-43603-9.
Wergin, Joe (1980). Win at Cribbage. Oldcastle Books. ISBN 0-948353-97-X.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Cribbage.
American Cribbage Congress
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