text:
Running of the Bulls
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Running of the Bulls (encierro)
The bull run in Pamplona
Dates
6–14 July
Location(s)
Pamplona and other
Monument in Pamplona
Runners surround the bulls on Estafeta Street
The Running of the Bulls (in Spanish: encierro, from the verb encerrar, "to corral, to enclose") is a practice that involves running in front of a small group of cattle, typically six, of the toro bravo breed that have been let loose on a course of a sectioned-off subset of a town's streets.[1]
The most famous running of the bulls is held during the nine-day festival of Sanfermines in honour of Saint Fermin in Pamplona,[2] although they are also traditionally held in other places such as towns and villages across Spain, Portugal, in some cities in Mexico,[3] and southern France during the summer.
The origin of this event comes from the need to transport the bulls from the fields outside the city, where they were bred, to the bullring, where they would be killed in the evening.[4] During this 'run', youngsters would jump among them to show off their bravado. In Pamplona and other places, the six bulls in the event are still those that will feature in the afternoon bullfight of the same day.
Spanish tradition says the true origin of the run began in northeastern Spain during the early 14th century. While transporting cattle in order to sell them at the market, men would try to speed the process by hurrying their cattle using tactics of fear and excitement. After years of this practice, the transportation and hurrying began to turn into a competition, as young adults would attempt to race in front of the bulls and make it safely to their pens without being overtaken. When the popularity of this practice increased and was noticed more and more by the expanding population of Spanish cities, a tradition was created and stands to this day.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Pamplona bull run
1.1 Fence
1.2 Preliminaries
1.3 The running
1.4 Injuries, fatalities and medical attention
1.5 Dress code
1.6 Media
2 Other examples
2.1 Bous al carrer
2.2 Occitan area of France
2.3 Stamford Bull Run
2.4 Mock bull runs
3 Opposition
4 Further reading
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Pamplona bull run[edit]
Saint Fermin, honored in Pamplona
Pamplona, 7 July 2005. People climb to the fences as the bulls run by and cross the Town Hall Plaza.
The Pamplona[2] encierro is the most popular in Spain and has been broadcast live by RTVE, the public Spanish national television channel, for over 30 years.[6] It is the highest profile event of the San Fermin festival, which is held every year from 6–14 July.[2] The first bull running is on 7 July, followed by one on each of the following mornings of the festival, beginning every day at 8 am. Among the rules to take part in the event are that participants must be at least 18 years old, run in the same direction as the bulls, not incite the bulls, and not be under the influence of alcohol.[7][8]
Fence[edit]
In Pamplona, a set of wooden fences are erected to direct the bulls along the route and to block off side streets. A double wooden fence is used in those areas where there is enough space, while in other parts the buildings of the street act as barriers. The gaps in the barricades are wide enough for a human to slip through but narrow enough to block a bull. The fence is composed of approximately three thousand separate pieces of wood. Some parts of the fence remain in place for the duration of the fiesta, while others are placed and removed each morning.[9] Spectators can only stand behind the second fence, whereas the space between the two fences is reserved for security and medical personnel and also to participants who need cover during the event.[8]
Preliminaries[edit]
Police barrier at the beginning of the running stops people until the first rocket is fired.
The encierro begins with runners singing a benediction. It is sung three times, each time being sung both in Spanish and Basque. The benediction is a prayer given at a statue of Saint Fermin, patron of the festival and the city, to ask the saint's protection and can be translated into English as "We ask Saint Fermin, as our Patron, to guide us through the encierro and give us his blessing". The singers finish by shouting "Viva San Fermín!, Gora San Fermin!" ("Long live Saint Fermin", in Spanish and Basque).[7] Most runners dress in the traditional clothing of the festival which consists of a white shirt and trousers with a red waistband ("faja") and neckerchief ("pañuelo"). Also some of them hold the day's newspaper rolled to draw the bulls' attention from them if necessary.[7]
The running[edit]
Pamplona, 2007. Bulls following some runners enter the bull ring from the callejón, where the event ends. The bulls can be seen in the foreground and background of the picture.
A first rocket is set off at 8 a.m. to alert the runners that the corral gate is open. A second rocket signals that all six bulls have been released. The third and fourth rockets are signals that all of the herd has entered the bullring and its corral respectively, marking the end of the event.[7] The average duration between the first rocket and the end of the encierro is two minutes, 30 seconds.[7]
The encierro is usually composed of the six bulls to be fought in the afternoon, six steers that run in herd with the bulls, and three more steers that follow the herd to encourage any reluctant bulls to continue along the route. The function of the steers, who run the route daily, is to guide the bulls to the bullring.[7] The average speed of the herd is 24 km/h (15 mph).[7]
The length of the run is 875 meters (957 yards). It goes through four streets of the old part of the city (Santo Domingo, Ayuntamiento, Mercaderes and Estafeta) via the Town Hall Square and the short section "Telefónica" (named for the location of the old telephone office at end of Calle Estafeta) just before entering into the bullring through its callejón (tunnel).[2] The fastest part of the route is up Santo Domingo and across the Town Hall Square, but the bulls often became separated at the entrance to Estafeta Street as they slowed down. One or more would slip going into the turn at Estafeta ("la curva"), resulting in the installation of anti-slip surfacing, and now most of the bulls negotiate the turn onto Estafeta and are often ahead of the steers. This has resulted in a quicker run. Runners are not permitted in the first 50 meters of the encierro, which is an uphill grade where the bulls are much faster.[citation needed]
Injuries, fatalities and medical attention[edit]
Two injured runners are treated by medical services.
Every year, between 50 and 100 people are injured during the run.[7] Not all of the injuries require taking the patients to the hospital: in 2013, 50 people were taken by ambulance to Pamplona's hospital, with this number nearly doubling that of 2012.[10]
Goring is much less common but potentially life threatening. In 2013, for example, six participants were gored along the festival, in 2012, only four runners were injured by the horns of the bulls with exactly the same number of gored people in 2011, nine in 2010 and 10 in 2009; with one of the latter killed.[10][11] As most of the runners are male, only 5 women have been gored since 1974. Before that date, running was prohibited for women.[12]
Another major risk is runners falling and piling up (a "montón") at the entrance of the bullring, which acts as a funnel as it is much narrower than the previous street. In such cases injuries come both from asphyxia and contusions to those in the pile and from goring if the bulls crush into the pile. This kind of blocking of the entrance has occurred at least ten times in the history of the run, the last occurring in 2013 and the first dating back to 1878. A runner died of suffocation in one such pile up in 1977.[13]
Overall, since record-keeping began in 1910, 15 people have been killed in the bull running of Pamplona, most of them due to being gored.[7] To minimize the impact of injuries every day 200 people collaborate in the medical attention. They are deployed in 16 sanitary posts (every 50 metres on average), each one with at least a physician and a nurse among their personnel. Most of these 200 people are volunteers, mainly from the Red Cross. In addition to the medical posts, there are around 20 ambulances. This organization makes it possible to have a gored person stabilized and taken to a hospital in less than 10 minutes.[14]
15 Deaths since 1910 in the bull run of Pamplona[7]
Year
Name
Age
Origin
Location
Cause of death
1924 Esteban Domeño 22 Navarre, Spain Telefónica Goring[15]
1927 Santiago Zufía 34 Navarre, Spain Bullring Goring[15]
1935 Gonzalo Bustinduy 29 San Luis Potosí, Mexico Bullring Goring[15]
1947 Casimiro Heredia 37 Navarre, Spain Estafeta Goring[15]
1947 Julián Zabalza 23 Navarre, Spain Bullring Goring[15]
1961 Vicente Urrizola 32 Navarre, Spain Santo Domingo Goring[15]
1969 Hilario Pardo 45 Navarre, Spain Santo Domingo Goring[15]
1974 Juan Ignacio Eraso 18 Navarre, Spain Telefónica Goring[15]
1975 Gregorio Gorriz 41 Navarre, Spain Bullring Goring[15]
1977 José Joaquín Esparza 17 Navarre, Spain Bullring Suffocated in a pile-up.[7]
1980 José Antonio Sánchez 26 Navarre, Spain Town Hall Square Goring[15]
1980 Vicente Risco 29 Badajoz, Spain Bullring hit[15]
1995 Matthew Peter Tassio 22 Glen Ellyn, Illinois, USA Town Hall Square Goring[16]
2003 Fermín Etxeberria 62 Navarre, Spain Mercaderes Hit by a horn[17]
2009 Daniel Jimeno Romero 27 Alcalá de Henares, Spain Telefónica Goring[18][19]
Dress code[edit]
Runners at the Pamplona bull run in typical attire
Though there is no formal dress code, the very common and traditional attire is white pants, white shirt with a red scarf around the waist and a red handkerchief around the neck. Another common dress practice, seen as a risk by some but as a daring depiction of courage by others is dressing in a conspicuous manner. Many runners that want to be seen wear colors other than white, a common alternate color choice is blue. Others include large logos on their shirt to capture the attention of the bulls. In the age of social media explosion, this is also thought to be a way to highlight someone in a photo.[20]
Media[edit]
Hemingway drank in the Café Iruña, established 1888 in Pamplona/Iruña
The encierro of Pamplona has been depicted many times in literature, television or advertising, but became known worldwide partly because of the descriptions of Ernest Hemingway in books The Sun Also Rises and Death in the Afternoon. The cinema pioneer Louis Lumière filmed the run in 1899.[21]
The event is the basis for a chapter in James Michener's 1971 novel The Drifters.
The run is depicted in the 1991 Billy Crystal film City Slickers, where the character "Mitch" (Crystal) is gored (non-fatally) from behind by a bull during a vacation with the other main characters.
The run appears in the 2011 Bollywood movie Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara, directed by Zoya Akhtar, as the final dare in the bucket list of the three bachelors who have to overcome their ultimate fear; death. At first, the trio run part of the route. They stop at the square, but then recover their nerve, and continue to the end. The completion of the run depicts their freedom as they learn that surviving a mortal danger can bring joy.
Running with Bulls, a 2012 documentary of the festival filmed by Construct Creatives and presented by Jason Farrel, depicts the pros and cons of the controversial tradition.[22]
Since 2014, the Esquire Channel has broadcast the running of the bulls as a show in the US,[23] with both live commentary and then a recorded 'round up' later in the day by NBCSN commentators the Men in Blazers, including interviews with noted participants such as Madrid-born runner David Ubeda,[24] former US Special Forces soldier turned filmmaker Dennis Clancey,[25] the historic New York-born runner Joe Distler[26] and former British bullfighter and author Alexander Fiske-Harrison.[27]
In 2014, the eBook guide, Fiesta: How To Survive The Bulls Of Pamplona, caused headlines around the world when one of the contributors was gored by a bull soon after its publication.[28] (See Further Reading section below.)
Other examples[edit]
Fire bull and children running from it (Tudela, Navarre)
Although the most famous running of the bulls is that of San Fermín,[2] they are held in towns and villages across Spain, Portugal, and in some cities in southern France during the summer. Examples are the bull run of San Sebastián de los Reyes, near Madrid, at the end of August which is the most popular of Spain after Pamplona, the bull run of Cuéllar, considered as the oldest of Spain since there are documents of its existence dating back to 1215, the Highland Capeias of the Raia in Sabugal, Portugal, with horses leading the herd crossing old border passes out of Spain and using the medieval 'Forcåo', or the bull run of Navalcarnero held at night.
Other encierros have also caused fatalities.[29]
Bous al carrer[edit]
Bous al carrer at Albocàsser
Bous al carrer, correbou or correbous (meaning in Catalan, bulls in the street) is a typical festivity in many villages in the Valencian region, Terres de l'Ebre, Catalonia and Fornalutx, Mallorca. Another similar tradition is soltes de vaques, where cows are used instead of bulls. Even though they can take place all along the year, they are most usual during local festivals (normally in August). Compared to encierros, animals are not directed to any bullring.
These festivities are normally organized by the youngsters of the village, as a way for showing their courage and ability with the bull. Some sources consider this tradition a masculine initiation rite to adulthood.[30]
Occitan area of France[edit]
An abrivado at Calvisson. The guardians are demonstrating their skill in turn a group of at least four bulls through a 360 degree turn
A bandido at Calvisson. Contact has been made with the bull: but it has not yet been stopped.
Numerous bull running events happen in France in the region around Sommières, in accordance with the Camargues tradition, in which no bull gets hurt. For instance in Calvisson, the annual event takes place around 20 July over a period of five days. There are four events: the Abrivado where over ten bulls are run together through the street guided by a group of twelve 'gardians' mounted on white Camargues horses, an Encierro where one bull is released outside the foyer and finds his own way back to the pen, the Bandido where one bull is run accompanied through the streets, and the Bandido de nuit which is the same thing but after dark. Boys and men run with the bulls and try and separate them from the horses, stop them, and physically turn them away from the horses. [31]
Stamford Bull Run[edit]
Main article: Stamford Bull Run
The English town of Stamford, Lincolnshire was host to the Stamford Bull Run for almost 700 years until it was abandoned in 1837.[32] According to local tradition, the custom dated from the time of King John when William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey, saw two bulls fighting in the meadow beneath. Some butchers came to part the combatants and one of the bulls ran into the town, causing a great uproar. The earl, mounting his horse, rode after the animal, and enjoyed the sport so much, that he gave the meadow in which the fight began, to the butchers of Stamford, on condition that they should provide a bull, to be run in the town every 13 November, for ever after. As of 2013 the bull run had been revived as a ceremonial, festival-style community event.
Mock bull runs[edit]
A variation is the nightly "fire bull" where balls of flammable material are placed on the horns. Currently the bull is often replaced by a runner carrying a frame on which fireworks are placed and dodgers, usually children, run to avoid the sparks.
In 2008, Red Bull Racing driver David Coulthard and Scuderia Toro Rosso driver Sébastien Bourdais performed a version of a 'bull running' event in Pamplona, Spain, with the Formula One cars chasing 500 runners through the actual Pamplona route.[33]
"Running of the Bulls" in the French Quarter of New Orleans
The Big Easy Rollergirls roller derby team has performed a version of annual bull run in New Orleans, Louisiana since 2007. The team, dressed as bulls, skates after runners through the French Quarter. In 2012, there were 14,000 runners and over 400 "bulls" from all over the country, with huge before- and after-parties.[34][35][36]
In Ballyjamesduff, Ireland, an annual "Pig Run" is held with small pigs. It looks just like mini-encierro but with pigs instead of bulls.
In Dewey Beach, Delaware, the Starboard bar[37] sponsors an annual Running of the Bull [sic], in which hundreds of red and white-clad beachgoers are chased down the shore by a single "bull" (two people in a costume).
In Rangiora, New Zealand, an annual "Running of the Sheep" is held, in which 1000–2000 sheep are released down the main street of the small farming town.
The Running of the Bulls UK is a pub crawl event that takes place on London's Hampstead Heath and uses fast runners in place of bulls.
In 2014, Pamplona inaugurated a series of running events in June, the San Fermin Marathon, of a full marathon (42.195 km), half marathon (21.097 km), or 10 km road race that concludes with the final 900m of each race using the encierro route, runners crossing the finish line inside the bullring.[38]
Opposition[edit]
Many opponents argue that bulls are mentally injured by the harassment and voicing of both participants and spectators, and some of animals may also die because of the stress, especially if they are roped or bring flares in their horns (bou embolat version).[39] Despite all this, the festivities seem to have wide popular support in their villages[40]
Many animal rights activists oppose the event. PETA activists created the "running of the nudes", a demonstration done two days before the beginning of San Fermín in Pamplona. By marching naked, they protested the festival and the following bullfight, arguing the bulls are tortured for entertainment.[41]
The city of San Miguel de Allende, Mexico, cancelled its Sanmiguelada running of the bulls after 2006, citing public disorder associated with the event.[42] After the event was cancelled in San Miguel, the city of Salvatierra, also in the state of Guanajuato, picked up the event. It is now called La Marquesada and the three-day event is held during the last weekend of the month of September or first weekend of October.
Further reading[edit]
Alexander Fiske-Harrison, ed. (2016). Fiesta: How To Survive The Bulls Of Pamplona (3 ed.). Mephisto Press.
Bill Hillmann (2015). Mozos: A Decade Running with the Bulls of Spain. Chicago, Illinois: Curbside Splendor Publishing. ISBN 978-1-9404-3053-9.
See also[edit]
Bou embolat – version with bulls bringing flares in their horns
Bullfighting
Bull-leaping
Correbous
Jallikattu – a similar tradition in Tamil Nadu, India
Spanish-style bullfighting
References[edit]
Some links may contain graphic content where marked.
Jump up ^ Fiske-Harrison, Alexander (Editor) Fiesta: How To Survive The Bulls Of Pamplona, Mephisto Press, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Sanfermin guide. Running of the bulls". Kukuxumusu. 2007. Archived from the original on 5 May 2008. Retrieved 21 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "Bull-run hits liquor-fueled town", 2 February 2009. "The tradition, enacted in a handful of Mexican towns, traces its roots back to the centuries-old Pamplona bull-run in Mexico's former colonial power." Retrieved 4 March 2009.
Jump up ^ According to the Mayor of Pamplona in his foreword to the book Fiesta: How To Survive The Bulls Of Pamplona
Jump up ^ Events, Live World. "Running of the Bulls 2011 Live Stream, Pamplona San Fermin Festival Webcam Feed". PRLog.
Jump up ^ "27 añllj ghjzest in a penises en TVE". RTVE. 2008. Retrieved 21 July 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "The Bull Run". Ayuntamiento de Pamplona (Council of Pamplona). Archived from the original on 29 May 2008. Retrieved 21 July 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sección quinta". Bando San Fermin 2014. Ayuntamiento de Pamplona. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Encierro bullrun San Fermin festival Sanfermines tourist information on Navarre". Government of Navarre. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Gorka Alonso (15 July 2013). "Los encierros se saldan con 50 heridos trasladados y 6 corneados" (in Spanish). Noticias de Navarra. Archived from the original on 16 July 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Los encierros de 2012 dejan cuatro heridos por asta, los mismos que en 2011" (in Spanish). Diario de Noticias. 14 July 2012. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
Jump up ^ E.F.E Pamplona (14 July 2013). "Quinta mujer corneada en los encierros de San Fermín" (in Spanish). Diario de Navarra. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Javier Doria (13 July 2013). "Montón en el encierro de Sanfermines, un peligro con historia" (in Spanish). El País. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Especialistas destacan que el dispositivo sanitario de los encierros "no se puede mejorar" porque es "espectacular"" (in Spanish). Diario de Navarra. 18 June 2009. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Terra Noticias. "La muerte de hoy es la número quince en la historia del encierro" (in Spanish). Noticias.terra.es. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "The last person killed at Pamplona". BBC. 14 July 2005. Retrieved 10 July 2009. ...Matthew Tassio...22 years old and came from Chicago...The...bull...hit him in the abdomen, severed a main artery, sliced through his kidney and punctured his liver
Jump up ^ "Muere el pamplonés Fermín Etxeberria, de 63 años, herido en el encierro del 8 de julio" (in Spanish). DiarioDeNavarra.es. 25 September 2003. Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Bull gores man to death in Spain". BBC. 10 July 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2009. The 27-year-old was gored in the neck on Friday, during the fourth bull run of the week-long San Fermin festival. Daniel Jimeno Romero, from Madrid, had emergency surgery in hospital but died of his injuries. Earlier reports had described the dead man as British....a veteran Spanish bull-runner died after a fall in 2003
Jump up ^ "One dead in the running of the bull's in Pamplona". EncierroSanFermin.com. 10 July 2009. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2009. A runner died in today's running of the bulls in the northern spanish city of Pamplona, the bull running held during the famous San Fermin festivities. The man died after being gored in the neck and lung by a bull of the Jandilla ranch, named "Capuchino".The runner, Daniel Jimeno Romero from Alcalá de Henares (Madrid) was at the end of the street run
Jump up ^ "How to get the most out of your Pamplona Running of the Bulls experience". about.com.
Jump up ^ Encierro de toros in the Spanish-language Auñamendi Encyclopedia.
Jump up ^ Running with Bulls on IMDb
Jump up ^ 'Running Of The Bulls', Esquire TV
Jump up ^ Vadillo, Jose Luis. 'Así son los corredores de elite en San Fermín', El Mundo. 6 July 2015
Jump up ^ Editorial Staff. 'Pamplona, bull running, bull gorings, Esquire TV and poetry from New York', The Pamplona Post. 10 July 2015
Jump up ^ "www.joedistler.com". www.joedistler.com.
Jump up ^ 'Running Of The Bulls 2015: A Democratic Sport Archived 17 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine., Esquire TV
Jump up ^ 'San Fermín So Far – 2014' Archived 15 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. The Pamplona Post, 12 July 2014
Jump up ^ Mari Carmen López del Burgo, aged 48, from Madrid, Spain. "Muere una mujer embestida por un toro en los encierros de Arganda del Rey" (in Spanish). elpais.com. 9 September 2010. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Touristic leaflet. Festes de la Costa Blanca, Diputació Provincial d'Alacant, 2006, Alacant.
Jump up ^ "Taurine traditions". ot-sommieres.com. Office de Tourisme du Pays de Sommières. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Chambers Book of Days (1864),. W. & R. Chambers ltd. 1832. 13 November entry
Jump up ^ "Red Bull to visit Pamplona for Bull running". GPUpdate.net. GPUpdate. 11 June 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Keith I. Marszalek, NOLA.com (24 June 2007). "Big Easy Rollergirls to reinact [sic] famed bull run". Blog.nola.com. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "San Fermín in Nueva Orleans, The Running of the Roller Girls". Laughingsquid.com. 20 July 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Coviello, Will. "Running of the Bulls 2012". Gambit Weekly. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dewey Beach, DE". The Starboard. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Home2018 - EDP San Fermín Marathon". EDP San Fermín Marathon.
Jump up ^ Article sobre la crueltat dels bous al carrer. Archived 12 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. (in Catalan)
Jump up ^ Article sobre la popularitat dels bous al carrer a les terres de l'Ebre. (in Catalan)
Jump up ^ Running of the Nudes. PETA official site.
Jump up ^ "No More Bull (Running, That Is) in San Miguel de Allende," Austin American-Statesman, 24 May 2007. Retrieved 4 March 2009
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Running of the Bulls.
A blog about Pamplona's annual bull-running festival
How to attend or view the Pamplona festival
Student Travel and Party at Running of the Bulls
Google Maps Route Map
hide
v
t
e
Bullfighting
Types, styles,
and events
Bull-leaping
Corraleja
Course landaise
Don Tancredo
Feria (festival)
Feria d'Arles
Jallikattu
Portuguese-style bullfighting
Running of the Bulls
Spanish-style bullfighting
Tōgyū
Toro de fuego
Toro embolado
Tourada à corda
Vaquejada
Sites
Bullrings by country
Colombia
Ecuador
France
Mexico
Peru
Portugal
Spain
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other venues
Route of the Bull
Animals
Bulls
Got
Islero
Miura bull
Murciélago
Spanish Fighting Bull
Ratón
Horses
Andalusian horse
Lusitano
People
Roles
Alguacilillo
Bullfighter
Forcado
Picador
Rejoneador
Rodeo clown
Individual bullfighters
By name
List of bullfighters
List of female bullfighters
Ordóñez family
Romero family
By country
American
British
Colombian
French
Mexican
Peruvian
Portuguese
Puerto Rican
Romanian
Spanish
Equipment
Estoc
Montera
Muleta
Traje de luces
Organizations
Institutions
California Academy of Tauromaquia
Museo Municipal Taurino Francisco Montes
Anti-bullfighting
Animal Welfare Board of India
AnimaNaturalis
Anti-Bullfighting City
CAS International
Equanimal
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)
Media
Films
Books
L'Écho taurin
Mexican Hayride (musical)
Ferdinand the Bull (film)
Ferdinand (film)
Related
Bovine sports
Bous al carrer
Bull wrestling
Camel wrestling
Combat de Reines
Rodeo
Category
Commons
Wiktionary
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Running_of_the_Bulls&oldid=846041467"
Categories:
Bull runners
Animal festival or ritual
Spanish culture
Bull sports
Hidden categories:
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
Webarchive template wayback links
Articles with Catalan-language external links
Use dmy dates from June 2016
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
বাংলা
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
Français
Galego
Hrvatski
Italiano
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
13 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 15 June 2018, at 22:02.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href title

value: td

value: tbody

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Saint_Fermin
mw-redirect
Saint Fermin

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2010)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Injuries, fatalities and medical attention

values:
/wiki/Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re
mw-redirect
Louis Lumière

values:
/wiki/James_Michener
mw-redirect
James Michener

values:
/wiki/Esquire_Channel
mw-redirect
Esquire Channel

values:
/wiki/Valencian_region
mw-redirect
Valencian region

values:
/wiki/Initiation_rite
mw-redirect
Initiation rite

values:
/wiki/John_of_England
mw-redirect
John of England

values:
/wiki/Stress_(psychological)
mw-redirect
Stress (psychological)

values:
/wiki/Bou_embolat
mw-redirect
Bou embolat

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.thebullsofpamplona.com

values: EncierroSanFermin.com (page does not exist)

values: Auñamendi Encyclopedia (page does not exist)

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2328852/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.joedistler.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://thestarboard.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sanferminmarathon.com

values:
nofollow
http://www.runningofthenudes.com/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://thepamplonapost.com

values: Museo Municipal Taurino Francisco Montes

values:
/wiki/Anti-Bullfighting_City
mw-redirect
Anti-Bullfighting City

values: People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals

values:
/wiki/Bous_al_carrer
mw-redirect
Bous al carrer

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: navigation navbox Bullfighting padding:3px

values: Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles with Catalan-language external links

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values:
/wiki/Running_of_the_Bulls
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: ষাঁড়ের সাথে দৌড়ানো – Bangla

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stierlauf
Stierlauf – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entzierro
Entzierro – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encierro
Encierro – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encierro
Encierro – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encierro
Encierro – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encierro
Encierro – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values: Энсьерро – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: Енсијеро – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encierro
Encierro – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Running_of_the_Bulls rootpage-Running_of_the_Bulls skin-vector action-view


text:
Eddie and the Cruisers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Eddie and the Cruisers
Theatrical release poster.
Directed by
Martin Davidson
Produced by
Joseph Brooks
Robert K. Lifton
Screenplay by
Martin Davidson
Arlene Davidson
Based on
The novel by P. F. Kluge
Starring
Tom Berenger
Michael Paré
Music by
John Cafferty
Cinematography
Fred Murphy
Edited by
Priscilla Nedd-Friendly
Production
company
Aurora Productions
Distributed by
Embassy Pictures
Release date
September 23, 1983 (1983-09-23)
Running time
95 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$5 million[1]
Box office
$4,700,000
$11,422,500 (Inflation)
Eddie and the Cruisers is a 1983 American film directed by Martin Davidson with the screenplay written by the director and Arlene Davidson, based on the novel by P. F. Kluge. The film was marketed with the tagline "Rebel. Rocker. Lover. Idol. Vanished."
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Cast notes
4 Production
4.1 Development
4.2 Shooting
5 Soundtrack
6 Reaction
7 Critical reception
8 Re-release
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
Plot[edit]
A television reporter named Maggie Foley (Ellen Barkin) investigates the mysterious disappearance of legendary rock star Eddie Wilson (Michael Paré). Flashbacks dramatize Eddie's life and the rise and fall of his rock and roll band, Eddie and the Cruisers.
The band gets its start at a Somers Point, New Jersey club called Tony Mart's. Not adept at writing lyrics, Eddie hires Frank Ridgeway (Tom Berenger) aka "Wordman" to be the band's keyboard player and lyricist, over the protests of band manager Doc Robbins (Joe Pantoliano) and bassist Sal Amato (Matthew Laurance). Rounding out the Cruisers are saxophonist Wendell Newton (Michael "Tunes" Antunes), background singer and Eddie's girlfriend Joann Carlino (Helen Schneider), and drummer Kenny Hopkins (David Wilson).
The band's first album, Tender Years, became a major hit album. But recording their next album, A Season in Hell, turns out to be a nightmare. Inspired by the bleak, fatalistic poetry of Arthur Rimbaud, Eddie pushes his bandmates beyond their limits, musically and personally. Eddie wants to be great, but bassist Sal replies, "We ain't great. We're just some guys from Jersey." Eddie makes this clear that if the band cannot be great, there is no reason to ever play music again. A Season in Hell is ultimately rejected by Satin Records on the grounds that it is "dark and strange". In the early morning hours, Eddie's car crashes through the railing and over the Stainton Memorial Causeway. Eddie vanishes without a trace, his body never found.
Almost 20 years later, Satin re-releases the band's first album, which charts even higher than it did originally. A television documentary is soon in the works, exploring the mystery of the band's second album, which had disappeared from the vaults of Satin Records the day after Eddie's disappearance. All of the original Cruisers are set to participate in it except Eddie and Wendell Newton, who had died of an overdose in August 1963 at age 37. The others are now living ordinary lives: Sal Amato fronts a Cruisers tribute band. Ridgeway is a high school English teacher in Vineland. Doc works as a radio disc jockey in Asbury Park. Joann is a stage choreographer in Wildwood, and Hopkins works in an Atlantic City casino.
During the documentary interviews, the band expresses a desire to relive the past, even though many of their memories are humiliating. For example, during a concert at Benton College, where Frank was once a student, Eddie ridicules Frank repeatedly by referring to him as "Toby Tyler". The other Cruisers members share similar stories.
Joann is able to complete the one piece of the puzzle that Frank could not: revealing what happened to the band's second album. After storming from the studio, Eddie brought her to the Palace of Depression, a makeshift castle made of garbage and junk that he visited often as a child. She reveals it was in fact she who took the master tapes for the album from Satin Records, hiding them in the Palace of Depression, where she felt they belonged.
Frank and Joann go back to the Palace of Depression to retrieve the master tapes. A mystery man driving a blue '57 Chevy Bel Air convertible identical to Eddie's arrives at the house and calls to Joann. But before she can reach the car, Frank unmasks the impostor, revealing him to be Doc, who was after the master tapes all these years. Moved by his story, Frank and Joann give him the master tapes. Doc drives off into the night vowing that the Cruisers will finally conquer the world this time.
In a surprise reveal at the ending, a bearded, much older looking Eddie is shown alive, watching the ending credits of Foley's documentary tribute to him and the band roll through the window of an appliance store. He smiles serenely, proud to know that his work is finally being heard, and then disappears into the night.
Cast[edit]
Tom Berenger as Frank Ridgeway
Michael Paré as Eddie Wilson
Joe Pantoliano as Doc Robbins
Matthew Laurance as Sal Amato
Helen Schneider as Joann Carlino
David Wilson as Kenny Hopkins
Michael "Tunes" Antunes as Wendell Newton
Ellen Barkin as Maggie Foley
Joanne Collins as Regina Lewis
Cast notes[edit]
Only two cast members, Michael "Tunes" Antunes, the tenor saxophone player for John Cafferty & The Beaver Brown Band, and backup singer Helen Schneider were professional musicians in the fictional band.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Martin Davidson has said that the inspiration for the film came from a desire to "get all my feelings about the music of the last 30 years of rock music into it."[2] He optioned P. F. Kluge's novel with his own money and at great financial risk.[3] He wrote the screenplay with Arlene Davidson and decided to use a Citizen Kane-style story structure. He remembered, "That was in my head: the search."[4]
Davidson made a deal with Time-Life, a company that was going into the movie-making business. However, it quickly left the business after making two films that were not financially successful. He was understandably upset and a couple of days later he went out to dinner and met a secretary who had worked on his first film.[3] He told her what had happened to his film, and she gave his script for Eddie and the Cruisers to her business partners. In a relatively short time, a deal was struck with Aurora and Davidson was given a $6 million budget.
Shooting[edit]
In order to get a credible looking and sounding band for the film, Davidson hired Kenny Vance, one of the original members of Jay and the Americans.[4] He showed Davidson his scrapbook, the places the band performed, the car they drove in, and how they transported their instruments. Vance also told Davidson stories about the band, some of which he incorporated into the script.[4] Tom Berenger has said that he did not try to learn piano for the film but did practice keyboards for hours in his trailer.[5] Matthew Laurance actually learned how to play the bass through rehearsals. Only Michael "Tunes" Antunes, the tenor saxophone player for John Cafferty and the Beaver Brown Band, and Helen Schneider were professional musicians in the cast.[6]
Michael Paré was discovered in a New York City restaurant working as a chef. He said of his role in the film that it was "a thrill I've never experienced. It's a really weird high. For a few moments, you feel like a king, a god. It's scary, a dangerous feeling. If you take it too seriously ..."[5]
Davidson had the actors who played in Eddie's band rehearse as if they were getting ready for a real concert. Pare remembers, "The first time we played together - as a band - was a college concert. An odd thing happened. At first, the extras simply did what they were told. Then, as the music heated up, so did the audience. They weren't play-acting anymore. The screaming, stomping and applause became spontaneous."[6] Davidson recalls, "One by one, kids began standing up in their seats, screaming and raising their hands in rhythmic applause. A few girls made a dash for the stage, tearing at Michael's shirt. We certainly hadn't told them to do that. But we kept the cameras rolling."[6] Additionally, New Jersey musician Southside Johnny was hired as a technical advisor for the film.[7]
Ellen Barkin, who has the small role of the television reporter, Maggie Foley, later said that she "hated" making the film:
That was what we liked to call a "pay the rent" job. It wasn't a script I liked, but I remember my agent at the time saying, "Look, you only have to work two weeks, and they're going to pay you a lot of money. We'll just say it was your first movie and they just didn't release it." I think people were all fucked up on drugs. I don't know. I was a little removed, because I wasn't on the movie the whole time, but it seemed like it was just a mess. Like, when I'd go, I'd think--I like to make a movie where I know who the boss is. I like a big boss. I like a real director. And it seemed like it was just, "Who's driving the ship here? What's going on?"[8]
According to Davidson, when he completed the film, three different studios wanted to distribute it, and he went with Embassy Pictures because they offered him the most money. However, they had no prior experience in distribution and were unable to properly release it in theaters. Davidson remembered, "And six months later, somebody said, 'Your picture is appearing on HBO this weekend,' and I didn't even know."[9]
Soundtrack[edit]
Vance asked Davidson to describe his fictitious band and their music. Initially, Davidson said that the Cruisers sounded like Dion and the Belmonts, but when they meet Frank, they have elements of Jim Morrison and The Doors.[4] However, Davidson did not want to lose sight of the fact that the Cruisers were essentially a Jersey bar band, and he thought of Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band. The filmmaker told Vance to find him someone that could produce music that contained elements of these three bands.[4] Davidson was getting close to rehearsals when Vance called him and said that he had found the band--John Cafferty & The Beaver Brown Band from Providence, Rhode Island.
Davidson met the band and realized that they closely resembled the band as described in the script, right down to a Cape Verdean saxophone player, whom he cast in the film.[10] Initially, Cafferty was only hired to write a few songs for the film, but he did such a good job of capturing the feeling of the 1960s and 1980s that Davidson asked him to score the entire film.[6]
After successful screenings on HBO in 1984, the album suddenly climbed the charts, going quadruple platinum. The studio re-released the soundtrack in the fall of 1984.[11] Nine months after the film was released in theaters, the main song in the film, "On the Dark Side," was the number one song in the country on Billboard's Mainstream, Rock, and Heatseeker charts;[12] and #7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[13][14] Another single from the film, "Tender Years", peaked at #31 on the Billboard Hot 100.[15]
Reaction[edit]
Eddie and the Cruisers was originally intended to open during the summer, but a scheduling error resulted in a September release, when its target audience - teenagers - were back in school.[10] The film had its world premiere at Deauville.[16] Embassy Pictures threw a promotional party for the film at a West Hollywood dance club in September, 1983 where Cafferty and his band played.[2]
The film was a box office flop, receiving many negative to mixed reviews from critics(see below). The film was released in theaters on September 23, 1983 and grossed $1.4 million on its opening weekend. It would go on to make a paltry $4.7 million in North America.[17] The film was pulled from theaters after three weeks and all of the promotional ads pulled after one week.[10]
In the fall of 1984, the single "On the Dark Side" from the soundtrack album suddenly climbed the charts, as the film was rediscovered on cable television and home video, prompting the studio to briefly re-release the album.
Critical reception[edit]
Eddie and the Cruisers was not well received by critics. Roger Ebert gave the film two out of four stars and wrote, "the ending is so frustrating, so dumb, so unsatisfactory, that it gives a bad reputation to the whole movie."[18]
In her review for The New York Times, Janet Maslin wrote, "Some of the details ring uncannily true, like the slick oldies nightclub act that one of the Cruisers is still doing nearly 20 years after Eddie's supposed death. Other aspects of the film are inexplicably wrong. Eddie's music sounds good, but it also sounds a lot like Bruce Springsteen's, and it would not have been the rage in 1963." However, she did praise Paré's performance: "Mr. Paré makes a fine debut; he captures the manner of a hot-blooded young rocker with great conviction, and his lip-synching is almost perfect."[19]
Gary Arnold, in the Washington Post, wrote, "At any rate, it seemed to me that what Eddie and the Cruisers aspired to do was certainly worth doing. The problem is that it finally lacks the storytelling resources to tell enough of an intriguing story about a musical mystery man."[20]
Re-release[edit]
In 1984, Eddie and the Cruisers was discovered by additional audiences during its first pay cable run on HBO.[12] Embassy Pictures re-released the film for one week based on successful summer cable screenings and a popular radio single, but it once again failed to perform at the box office.[21] Looking back, Davidson said, "that picture should have been a theatrical success. There was an audience for it. People still watch it and still tell me about it."[12]
Davidson was offered the job of directing a sequel to the film, but he was not keen on the idea and wanted no participation.[12] The eventual project, which, unlike the first, had had no source novel from Kluge as its basis, was released as Eddie and the Cruisers II: Eddie Lives! in 1989.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Tom Cody, Pleased To Meet Ya! INTERVIEW: Michael Paré talks with TV STORE ONLINE about the cult classic STREETS OF FIRE", TV Store Online October 30, 2013 accessed 23 March 2014
^ Jump up to: a b Deans, Laurie (September 2, 1983). "Movie dogs faking it as fur flies". Globe and Mail.
^ Jump up to: a b Muir 2007, p. 84.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Muir 2007, p. 86.
^ Jump up to: a b Deans, Laurie (September 23, 1983). "Most of the cast just fakes the rock". Globe and Mail.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Eddie and the Cruisers Production Notes". MGM. 1983.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Ellen Barkin on great directors and her favorite roles, from Diner to Buckaroo Banzai" By Sam Fragoso, Random Roles - AV Club Mar 14, 2015 accessed 30 March 2015
Jump up ^ Meyer, Andrea (November 14, 2000). "INTERVIEW: Martin Davidson’s Echo; A Hollywood Vet’s Tale of Dashed Dreams". indieWIRE. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c Muir 2007, p. 87.
Jump up ^ Deans, Laurie (October 5, 1984). "A whole lot of shootin' going on, Western-style". Globe and Mail.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Muir 2007, p. 88.
Jump up ^ Walt Bailey. "Casey Kasem's American Top 40 – 10/27/84". oldradioshows.com. Retrieved 2012-04-02.
Jump up ^ "Casey Kasem's American Top 40 – 11/3/84". oldradioshows.com. Retrieved 2012-04-02.
Jump up ^ "Casey Kasem's American Top 40 – 1/12/85". oldradioshows.com. Retrieved 2012-04-02.
Jump up ^ Chase, Chris (August 5, 1983). "At the Movies". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Eddie and the Cruisers". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (September 23, 1983). "Eddie and the Cruisers". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2009-05-23.
Jump up ^ Maslin, Janet (September 23, 1983). "Early Rock Days, Eddie and the Cruisers". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
Jump up ^ Arnold, Gary (September 30, 1983). "Elusive Eddie". Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Cockrell, Eddie (October 26, 1984). "Insights on Film". Washington Post.
Bibliography[edit]
Muir, John Kenneth. The Rock and Roll Film Encyclopedia. Applause Books, 2007.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Eddie and the Cruisers
Eddie and the Cruisers on IMDb
Eddie and the Cruisers at AllMovie
Eddie and the Cruisers at Rotten Tomatoes
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Martin Davidson
The Lords of Flatbush (1974)
Almost Summer (1978)
Hero at Large (1980)
Eddie and the Cruisers (1983)
Long Gone (1987)
Heart of Dixie (1989)
Hard Promises (1991)
Looking for an Echo (2000)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddie_and_the_Cruisers&oldid=801296588"
Categories:
1983 films
English-language films
1980s drama films
American independent films
American musical drama films
American mystery films
American rock music films
Fictional musical groups
Films about music and musicians
Films based on American novels
Films set in New Jersey
Films shot in New Jersey
Films set in the 1960s
Aurora Productions films
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
Italiano
Polski
Русский
Suomi
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 September 2017, at 21:13.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: colspan class style

attrs: scope style

values:
/wiki/West_Hollywood
mw-redirect
West Hollywood

values:
/wiki/Washington_Post
mw-redirect
Washington Post

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0528984/
external autonumber

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0085475/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.allmovie.com/movie/v15283

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Films about music and musicians

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Eddie_and_the_Cruisers
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Эдди и круизеры (фильм, 1983) – Russian

values: Едді і «Мандрівники» – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Eddie_and_the_Cruisers rootpage-Eddie_and_the_Cruisers skin-vector action-view