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History of the Mediterranean region
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Bacino del Mediterraneo, dall’Atlante manoscritto del 1582–1584 ca. Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Vittorio Emanuele II, Rome (cart. naut. 2 – cart. naut 6/1-2).
The Mediterranean Sea was the central superhighway of transport, trade and cultural exchange between diverse peoples encompassing three continents: Western Asia, North Africa, and Southern Europe. The history of the cultures and people of the Mediterranean Basin is important for understanding the origin and development of the Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Canaanite, Phoenician, Hebrew, Carthaginian, Greek, Persian, Thracian, Etruscan, Iberian, Roman, Byzantine, Bulgarian, Arab, Ottoman, Christian and Islamic cultures.
Contents
1 Early history
2 Classical antiquity
2.1 Persian period
2.2 Hellenistic period
2.3 Roman–Carthaginian rivalry
2.4 Roman Mare Nostrum
2.5 Byzantine times
3 Middle Ages
3.1 Islamic Golden Age
3.2 Slavery
3.3 Late Middle Ages
4 Modern era
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 Further reading
9 External links
Early history[edit]
Main article: Ancient Near East
Further information: Fertile Crescent, Cradle of civilization, Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, and History of the Levant
The Fertile Crescent in the 2nd millennium BC.
There is evidence of stone tools on Crete, 130,000 years BC,[1][2] which proves that early man was capable of using boats to reach the island.
The cultural stage of civilization (organised society structured around urban centers) first arises in Southwest Asia, as an extension of the Neolithic trend, from as early as the 8th millennium BC, of proto-urban centers such as Çatal Hüyük. Urban civilizations proper begin to emerge in the Chalcolithic, in 5th to 4th millennium Egypt and in Mesopotamia. The Bronze Age arises in this region during the final centuries of the 4th millennium. The urban civilizations of the Fertile Crescent now have writing systems and develop bureaucracy, by the mid-3rd millennium leading to the development of the earliest Empires. In the 2nd millennium, the eastern coastlines of the Mediterranean are dominated by the Hittite and Egyptian empires, competing for control over the city states in the Levant (Canaan).
The Bronze Age collapse is the transition from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age, expressed by the collapse of palace economies of the Aegean and Anatolia, which were replaced after a hiatus by the isolated village cultures of the Dark Age period in history of the ancient Near East. Some have gone so far as to call the catalyst that ended the Bronze Age a "catastrophe".[3] The Bronze Age collapse may be seen in the context of a technological history that saw the slow, comparatively continuous spread of iron-working technology in the region, beginning with precocious iron-working in what is now Romania in the 13th and 12th centuries.[4] The cultural collapse of the Mycenaean kingdoms, the Hittite Empire in Anatolia and Syria, and the Egyptian Empire in Syria and Israel, the scission of long-distance trade contacts and sudden eclipse of literacy occurred between 1206 and 1150 BC. In the first phase of this period, almost every city between Troy and Gaza was violently destroyed, and often left unoccupied thereafter (for example, Hattusas, Mycenae, Ugarit). The gradual end of the Dark Age that ensued saw the rise of settled Neo-Hittite Aramaean kingdoms of the mid-10th century BC, and the rise of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
While the cultural advances during the Bronze Age had mostly been confined to the eastern parts of the Mediterranean, with the Iron Age, the entire coastal region surrounding the Mediterranean now becomes involved, significantly due to the Phoenician expansion from the Levant, beginning in ca. the 12th century. Fernand Braudel remarked in The Perspective of the World that Phoenicia was an early example of a "world-economy" surrounded by empires. The high point of Phoenician culture and sea power is usually placed ca. 1200–800 BC. Many of the most important Phoenician settlements had been established long before this: Byblos, Tyre, Sidon, Simyra, Arwad, and Berytus, all appear in the Amarna tablets.
The Phoenicians and the Assyrians transported elements of the Late Bronze Age culture of the Near East to Iron Age Greece and Italy, but also further afield to Northwestern Africa and to Iberia, initiating the beginning of Mediterranean history now known as Classical Antiquity. They notably spread alphabetic writing, which would become the hallmark of the Mediterranean civilizations of the Iron Age, in contrast to the cuneiform writing of Assyria and the logographic system in the Far East (and later the abugida systems of India).
Classical antiquity[edit]
Greek colonies during the 8th and 7th centuries BC.
Two of the most notable Mediterranean civilizations in classical antiquity were the Greek city states and the Phoenicians. The Greeks expanded throughout the Black Sea and south through the Red Sea. The Phoenicians spread through the western Mediterranean reaching North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. From the 6th century BC up to including the 5th century BC, many of the significant Mediterranean peoples were under Persian rule, making them dominate the Mediterranean during these years. Both the Phoenicians and some of the Greek city states in Asia Minor provided the naval forces of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Persian dominance ended after the Greco-Persian War in the 5th century BC and Persia was crippled by Macedonia in the 4th century BC.
Persian period[edit]
Further information: Achaemenid Empire
From the 6th century BC up to including the first half of the 4th century BC, many of the significant Mediterranean peoples came under Achaemenid Persian rule, making them dominate the Mediterranean during all these years. The empire, founded by Cyrus the Great, would include Macedonia, Thrace, modern day Bulgaria, Egypt, Anatolia, the Phoenician lands, the Levant, and many other basin regions of the Mediterranean later on.[5][6][7] Darius the Great (Darius I) is to be credited as the first Achaemenid king to invest in a Persian fleet.[8] Even by then no true "imperial navy" had existed either in Greece or Egypt. Persia would become the first empire, under Darius, to inaugurate and deploy the first regular imperial navy.[8] Both the Phoenicians and the Greeks provided the bulk of the naval forces of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, alongside the Cypriots and Egyptians.[9] Full Persian dominance in the Mediterranean ended after the Greco-Persian War in the 5th century BC, and Persia eventually lost all her influence in the Mediterranean in the late 4th century BC following Alexander's conquests.
Hellenistic period[edit]
Further information: Hellenistic period, Hellenistic civilization, Ancient Carthage, and Roman Republic
The Mediterranean region in 220 BC.
In the northernmost part of ancient Greece, in the ancient kingdom of Macedonia, technological and organizational skills were forged with a long history of cavalry warfare. The hetairoi (Companion cavalry) was considered the strongest of their time.[10] Under Alexander the Great, this force turned east, and in a series of decisive battles, it routed the Persian forces and took over as the dominant empire of the Mediterranean. Their Macedonia empire included present-day Greece, Bulgaria, Egypt, the Phoenician lands and many other basin regions of the Mediterranean and Asia Minor.
The major centres of the Mediterranean at the time became part of Alexander's empire as a result. His empire quickly disintegrated, and the Middle East, Egypt, and Greece were soon again independent. Alexander's conquests spread Greek knowledge and ideas throughout the region.
Roman–Carthaginian rivalry[edit]
See also: Punic Wars, Roman Republic, Ancient Carthage, and Carthage
These eastern powers soon began to be overshadowed by those farther west. In North Africa, the former Phoenician colony of Carthage rose to dominate its surroundings with an empire that contained many of the former Phoenician holdings. However, it was a city on the Italian Peninsula, Rome, that would eventually dominate the entire Mediterranean basin. Spreading first through Italy, Rome defeated Carthage in the Punic Wars, despite Hannibal's famous efforts against Rome in the Second Punic War.
After the Third Punic War, Rome then became the leading force in the Mediterranean region. The Romans soon spread east, taking Greece, and the Greek heritage played an important role in the Roman Empire. By this point the coastal trading cultures were thoroughly dominant over the inland river valleys that had once been the heart of the great powers. Egyptian power moved from the Nile cities to the coastal ones, especially Alexandria. Mesopotamia became a fringe border region between the Roman Empire and the Persians.
Roman Mare Nostrum[edit]
The Mare nostrum, surrounded by Roman territory in c. 400 AD.
Further information: Mare Nostrum and Roman Empire
When Augustus founded the Roman Empire, the Mediterranean sea began to be called Mare Nostrum (Latin: "Our Sea") by the Romans. Their empire was centered on this sea and all the area was full of commerce and naval development. For the first time in history, an entire sea (the Mediterranean) was free of piracy. For several centuries, the Mediterranean was a "Roman Lake", surrounded on all sides by the empire.
The empire began to crumble, however, in the fifth century and Rome collapsed after 476 CE.
Byzantine times[edit]
Main article: Byzantine Empire
The Eastern Roman or Byzantine empire began its domination of the Levant during its wars with neighbouring Sassanid Persia. The century-long rule saw a general decline in economy.[citation needed] The Byzantines lost territory on Mediterranean land regularly, but remained superior in the Mediterranean sea for centuries of the empires' span. In the first quarter of the 7th century AD, the Byzantines lost swaths of the Mediterranean region to Sassanid Persia during the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, though regained the lost territories by the end of the war. Ultimately, Byzantine domination in the region was forever finished by the Arabs and later the Turks, who came into the scene.
Middle Ages[edit]
Islamic Golden Age[edit]
Further information: Islamic Golden Age, Muslim conquests, Caliphate, Byzantine Empire, and First Bulgarian Empire
The expansion of the Caliphate in the Mediterranean region from 622 to 750 AD.
Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632
Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661
Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750
Another power was rising in the east, that of Islam, whilst the Byzantine Roman and Sassanid Persian empires were both weakened by centuries of stalemate warfare during the Roman-Persian Wars. In a series of rapid Muslim conquests, the Arab armies, motivated by Islam and led by the Caliphs and skilled military commanders such as Khalid ibn al-Walid, swept through most of the Middle East; reducing Byzantine lands by more than half and completely engulfing the Persian lands.
The Arab invasions disrupted the trade relations between Western and Eastern Europe while cutting the trade route with Oriental lands. This however had the indirect effect of promoting the trade across the Caspian Sea. The export of grains from Egypt was re-routed towards the Eastern world. Oriental goods like silk and spices were carried from Egypt to ports like Venice and Constantinople by sailors and Jewish merchants. The Viking raids further disrupted the trade in western Europe and brought it to a halt. However, the Norsemen developed the trade from Norway to the White Sea, while also trading in luxury goods from Spain and the Mediterranean. The Byzantines in the mid-8th century retook control of the area around the north-eastern part of the Mediterranean. Venetian ships from the 9th century armed themselves to counter the harassment by Arabs while concentrating trade of oriental goods at Venice.[11]
In Anatolia, the Muslim expansion was blocked by the still capable Byzantines with the help of the Bulgarians. The Byzantine provinces of Roman Syria, North Africa, and Sicily, however, could not mount such a resistance, and the Muslim conquerors swept through those regions. At the far west, they crossed the sea taking Visigothic Hispania before being halted in southern France by the Franks. At its greatest extent, the Arab Empire controlled 3/4 of the Mediterranean region, the only other empire besides the Roman Empire to control most of the Mediterranean Sea.[12] Much of North Africa became a peripheral area to the main Muslim centers in the Middle East, but Al Andalus and Morocco soon broke from this distant control and became highly advanced societies in their own right.
Between 831 and 1071, the Emirate of Sicily was one of the major centres of Islamic culture in the Mediterranean. After its conquest by the Christian Normans, the island developed its own distinct culture with the fusion of Latin and Byzantine influences. Palermo remained a leading artistic and commercial centre of the Mediterranean well into the Middle Ages.
The Fatimids maintained trade relations with the Italian city-states like Amalfi and Genoa before the Crusades, according to the Cairo Geniza documents. A document dated 996 mentions Amalfian merchants living in Cairo. Another letter states that the Genoese had traded with Alexandria. The caliph al-Mustansir had allowed Amalfian merchants to reside in Jerusalem about 1060 in place of the Latin hospice.[13]
Europe was reviving, however, as more organized and centralized states began to form in the later Middle Ages after the Renaissance of the 12th century. Motivated by religion and dreams of conquest, the kings of Europe launched a number of Crusades to try to roll back Muslim power and retake the holy land. The Crusades were unsuccessful in this goal, but they were far more effective in weakening the already tottering Byzantine Empire that began to lose increasing amounts of territory to the Seljuk Turks and later to the Ottoman Turks. They also rearranged the balance of power in the Muslim world as Egypt once again emerged as a major power in the eastern Mediterranean.
The Crusades led to flourishing of trade between Europe and the outremer region.[14] Genoa, Venica and Pisa created colonies in regions controlled by the Crusaders and came to control the trade with the Orient. These colonies also allowed them to trade with the Eastern world. Though the fall of the Crusader states and attempts at banning of trade relations with Muslim states by the Popes temporarily disrupted the trade with the Orient, it however continued.[15]
Slavery[edit]
Slavery was a strategic and very important part of all Mediterranean societies during the Middle Ages. The threat of becoming a slave was a constant fear for peasants, fishermen and merchants. Those with money or who had financial backing only feared the lack of support, should they be threatened with abduction for ransom.
There were several things which could happen to people in the Mediterranean region of the Middle Ages:
1. When Corsairs, pirate, Barbary corsairs, French corsairs or commerce raiders plied their trade, a peasant, fisherman or coastal villager, who had no financial backing, could be abducted or sold to slave traders, or adversaries, who made large profits on an international market;
2. If the captive was wealthy or had influential supporters, the captive could be ransomed. This would be the most advantageous plan, since the money exchange was immediate and direct, not long and drawn out as in the slave market business;
3. The captive could be used immediately by the corsair for labour on the ship rather than traded. In battles during this era, prisoners of war were often captured and used as slaves.
Emperors would take large numbers of prisoners, parade them through the capital, hold feasts in honour of their capture and parade diplomats in front of them as a display of victory.[16]
Late Middle Ages[edit]
Further information: Republic of Genoa, Republic of Venice, Republic of Ragusa, Crown of Aragon, Crown of Castile, and Ottoman Empire
Genoese (red) and Venetian (green) maritime trade routes in the Mediterranean.
The Italian "Repubbliche Marinare" (Maritime Republics) of Venice, Genoa, Amalfi and Pisa developed their own "empires" in the Mediterranean shores. The Islamic states had never been major naval powers, and trade from the east to Europe was soon in the hands of Italian traders, especially the Genoese and the Venetians, who profited immensely from it. The Republic of Pisa and later the Republic of Ragusa used diplomacy to further trade and maintained a libertarian approach in civil matters to further sentiment in its inhabitants.
The republic of Venice got to dominate the eastern mediterranean shores after the Fourth Crusade.[17]
Between 1275 and 1344 a struggle for the control of the Strait of Gibraltar took place. Featuring the Marinid Sultanate, the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, the Crown of Castile, the Crown of Aragón, the Kingdom of Portugal and the Republic of Genoa, it was characterized by changing alliances between the main actors.[18] The iberian cities of Tarifa, Ceuta, Algeciras or Ronda and the African port of Ceuta were at stake.[18] The Western Mediterranean sea was dominated by the Crown of Aragon: thanks to their possessions of Sicily, the Kingdom of Naples, the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Balearic Islands, the Duchy of Athens the Duchy of Neopatria, and several northern African cities.
In 1347 the Black Death spread from Constantinople across the mediterranean basin.[19]
Ottoman power continued to grow, and in 1453, the Byzantine Empire was extinguished with the fall of Constantinople. The Ottomans already controlled Greece, Bulgaria and much of the Balkans and soon also began to spread through North Africa. North Africa had grown wealthy from the trade across the Sahara Desert, but the Portuguese, who, along with other Christian powers, had been engaged in a long campaign to evict the Muslims from Iberia, had found a method to circumvent this trade by trading directly with West Africa. This was enabled by a new type of ships, the caravel, that made trade in the rough Atlantic waters profitable for the first time. The reduction in the Saharan trade weakened North Africa, and made them an easy target for the Ottomans.
Ceuta was ultimately taken by the Kingdom of Portugal in 1415, searching to undermine Castilian, Aragonese, and Genoese interests in the area.[20]
During the Middle Ages, rival Christian and Muslim kingdoms forbade the trade of particular goods to enemy kingdoms including weaponry and other contraband items. The popes forbade the export of these commodities to the Islamic world. The Ottomans too forbade the export of weapons and other strategic items, declaring them memnu eşya or memnu olan to Christian states even in peace treaties, however friendly states could import some of the prohibited goods through capitulations. Despite these prohibitions, trade of contraband occurred on both sides. The European merchants traded in illegal goods with Muslims. The Ottomans were unable to suppress the trade with smuggling being undertaken mainly in the winter when the Ottoman Navy stationed at the Istanbul Arsenal was unable to stop Ottoman and non-Ottoman vessels from indulging in the trade.[21]
Modern era[edit]
Further information: Ottoman Empire, Portuguese Empire, Spanish Empire, and Italian Empire
Ottoman Empire territories acquired between 1300 and 1683.
Greatest extent of Italian control of the Mediterranean littoral and seas (within green line & dots) in summer/fall 1942. Allied-controlled areas in red.
The growing naval prowess of the European powers confronted further rapid Ottoman expansion in the region when the Battle of Lepanto checked the power of the Ottoman navy. However, as Braudel argued forcefully, this only slowed the Ottoman expansion instead of ending it. The prized island of Cyprus became Ottoman in 1571. The last resistance in Tunisia ended in 1574 and almost a generation long siege in Crete pushed Venetians out of this strategic island in 1669.
A balance of power was then established between Spain and Ottoman Empire until the 18th century, each dominating their respective half of Mediterranean, reducing Italian navies as naval powers increasingly more irrelevant. Furthermore, the Ottoman Empire had succeeded in their objective of extending Muslim rule across the North African coast.
The development of long range seafaring had an influence upon the entire Mediterranean. While once all trade from the east had passed through the region, the circumnavigation of Africa allowed gold, spices, and dyes to be imported directly to the Atlantic ports of western Europe. The Americas were also a source of extreme wealth to the western powers, from which some of the Mediterranean states were largely cut off.
The base of European power thus shifted northward and the once wealthy Italy became a peripheral area dominated by foreigners. The Ottoman Empire also began a slow decline that saw its North African possessions gain de facto independence and its European holdings gradually reduced by the increasing power of Austria and Russia.
By the nineteenth century the European States were vastly more powerful, and began to colonize North Africa. France spread its power south by taking Algeria in 1830 and later Tunisia. Britain gained control of Egypt in 1882. Italy conquered Libya from the Ottomans in 1911. Greece achieved independence in 1832. The Ottoman Empire finally collapsed in the First World War, and its holdings were carved up among France and Britain. The rump state of the wider Ottoman Empire became the independent state of Turkey in 1923. Yugoslavia was created from the former Austro-Hungarian empire at the end of the First World War.
During the first half of the twentieth century the Mediterranean was at the center of the expansion of the Kingdom of Italy, and was one of the main areas of battle during World War II between the Axis and the Allies. Post-world war period was marked by increasing activity in the Eastern Mediterranean, where naval actions formed part of ongoing Arab-Israeli conflict and Turkey had occupied the northern part of Cyprus. Cold War tensions split the Mediterranean into pro-American and pro-Soviet factions, with Turkey, Greece, Spain, Italy and France being NATO members. Syria was socialist and a pro-Soviet regime, offering the Soviets a port for their navy from an agreement in 1971. Yugoslavia was Communist but in neither the Soviet nor American camps. Egypt tilted towards the Soviets during the time of Nasser but then turned towards American influence during the time of Sadat. Israel and Egypt both received massive American military aid. American naval power made the Mediterranean a base for the United States Sixth Fleet during the Cold war.
Today, the Mediterranean Sea is the southern border of the European Union and represents one of the largest area by Trade in the World. The Maltese prime minister described the Mediterranean sea as a "cemetery" due to the large amounts of migrants who drown there.[22] Following the 2013 Lampedusa migrant shipwreck, the Italian government, has decided to strengthen the national system for the patrolling of the Mediterranean Sea by authorizing Operation Mare Nostrum, a military and humanitarian operation in order to rescue the migrants and arrest the traffickers of immigrants.[23]
See also[edit]
Eastern Mediterranean
History of Anatolia
History of North Africa
History of the Levant
History of Western civilization
Life zones of the Mediterranean region
Mediterranean Basin
Union for the Mediterranean
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wilford, John Noble. "Discovery Dates Seafaring 100,000-Plus Years Ago". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
Jump up ^ "Hominids Went Out of Africa on Rafts". Wired.com. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
Jump up ^ Drews, Robert (1995). The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe CA 1200 B.C. United States: Princeton University Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-691-02591-9.
Jump up ^ See A. Stoia and the other essays in M.L. Stig Sørensen and R. Thomas, eds., The Bronze Age—Iron Age Transition in Europe (Oxford) 1989, and T.H. Wertime and J.D. Muhly, The Coming of the Age of Iron (New Haven) 1980.
Jump up ^ The Oxford Classical Dictionary by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth,ISBN 0-19-860641-9,"page 1515,"The Thracians were subdued by the Persians by 516"
Jump up ^ Joseph Roisman, Ian Worthington A Companion to Ancient Macedonia pp. 342–345, John Wiley & Sons, 7 July 2011 ISBN 144435163X
Jump up ^ "A Companion to Ancient Macedonia". Books.google.com. p. 345. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Kaveh Farrokh (2007). Shadows in the desert: ancient Persia at war. Osprey Publishing. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-84603-108-3.
Jump up ^ Kaveh Farrokh (2007). Shadows in the desert: ancient Persia at war. Osprey Publishing. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-84603-108-3.
Jump up ^ Diodorus Siculus, Arrian
Jump up ^ Couper, Alastair (2015). The Geography of Sea Transport. Routledge. p. 33 — 37. ISBN 978-1317351504.
Jump up ^ Subhi Y. Labib (1969), "Capitalism in Medieval Islam", The Journal of Economic History 29 (1), p. 79-96 [80].
Jump up ^ Balard, Michel (2003). Bull, Marcus Graham; Edbury, Peter; Phillips, Jonathan, eds. The Experience of Crusading, Volume 2 — Defining the Crusader Kingdom. Cambridge University Press. pp. 23–35. ISBN 978-0-5217-8151-0.
Jump up ^ Housley, Norman (2006). Contesting the Crusades. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 152–54. ISBN 978-1-4051-1189-8.
Jump up ^ Brundage, James (2004). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 273. ISBN 978-1-1359-4880-1.
Jump up ^ Tolan, John; Veinstein, Gilles; Henry Laurens (2013). "Europe and the Islamic World: A History". Princeton University Press. pp. 67–68. ISBN 978-0-691-14705-5.
Jump up ^ Banaji 2007, p. 62-63.
^ Jump up to: a b López 1996–1997, p. 405.
Jump up ^ Sola 2006, p. 46.
Jump up ^ Banaji 2007, pp. 49; 63–64.
Jump up ^ Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters. Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. p. 145. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ "Migrant deaths prompt calls for EU action". Aljazeera.com. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-07-18. Retrieved 2014-08-01. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
Bibliography[edit]
Banaji, Jairus (2007). "Islam, the Mediterranean and the Rise of Capitalism" (PDF). Historical Materialism. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. 15: 47–74. ISSN 1465-4466.
López, María Dolores (1996–1997). "De nuevo sobre la "guerra del Estrecho" la contribución financiera del reino de Valencia en la última fase del conflicto (1332–1344)" (PDF). Anales de la Universidad de Alicante. Historia medieval. Alicante: University of Alicante (11): 405–416. ISSN 0212-2480.
Sola, Emilio (2006). "The Mediterranean, dynamic centre of the 14th century". In María Jesús Viguera Molins (Coord.). Ibn Khaldun: The Mediterranean in the 14th Century: Rise and Fall of Empires. Foundation José Manuel Lara. pp. 40–49. ISBN 84-96556-34-4.
Further reading[edit]
Abulafia, David (2011). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-532334-4.
Braudel, Fernand. The Mediterranean in the Age of Philip II. 2 vol 1972), the classic history by the leader of the French Annales School; excerpt and text search vol 1; excerpt and text search vol 2
John A. Marino, "The Exile and His Kingdom—The Reception of Braudel’s Mediterranean," Sixteenth Century Journal (2003) 34#4
Burke, III, Edmund. "Toward a Comparative History of the Modern Mediterranean, 1750–1919," Journal of World History (2012) 23#4 pp. 907–939 | DOI: 10.1353/jwh.2012.0133
Chambers, Iain. Mediterranean Crossings: The Politics of an Interrupted Modernity (Duke University Press, 2008).
Horden, Peregrine and Nicholas Purcell. The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2000.
Horden, Peregrine and Purcell, Nicholas. "The Mediterranean and 'the New Thalassology'" American Historical Review (2006) 111#3 pp 722–740 online
Rogerson, Barnaby. The Last Crusaders: The Hundred-Year Battle for the Center of the World (Overlook Press; 2010) 482 pages. Traces power struggles in the Mediterranean between 1450 and 1590.
Thiollet, Jean-Pierre. Je m'appelle Byblos.
Philip V. Bohlman, Marcello Sorce Keller, and Loris Azzaroni (eds.), Musical Anthropology of the Mediterranean: Interpretation, Performance, Identity, Bologna, Edizioni Clueb – Cooperativa Libraria Universitaria Editrice, 2009.
Schlicht, Alfred, "Die Araber und Europa" Stuttgart 2008 (Kohlhammer)
Broodbank, Cyprian (2013). The Making of the Middle Sea: A History of the Mediterranean from the Beginning to the Emergence of the Classical World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199999783.
External links[edit]
Ancient Mediterranean Civilizations Timeline (10000 BC to 700 AD)
Ancient Mediterranean History Encyclopedia
History of the Mediterranean at historyworld.net
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text:
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The page lists individuals who have won three or more gold medals at the Olympics.
Contents
[hide]
1 List of most Olympic gold medals over career
1.1 Timeline
2 List of most career gold medals in individual events
3 See also
4 References
List of most Olympic gold medals over career[edit]
This is a partial list of multiple Olympic gold medalists, listing people who have won four or more Olympic gold medals. Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included. (If they were, Ray Ewry would be second on the list with 10 gold). It includes top-three placings in 1896 and 1900, before medals were awarded for top-three placings. For simplicity, when an athlete has won medals for more than one nation, only the last nation he or she represented is mentioned here. The Olympics listed for each athlete only include games in which they won medals. See the particular article on the athlete for more details on when and for what nation an athlete competed. More medals are available in some events than others, and the number of events in which medals are available overall has changed over time.
Names in Bold denote people that have competed in the most recent Olympics, namely 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics and 2016 Rio Summer Olympics.
No.
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Years
Games
Gender
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1
Phelps, MichaelMichael Phelps United States Swimming 2004–2016 Summer M 23 3 2 28
2
Latynina, LarisaLarisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956–1964 Summer F 9 5 4 18
3
Nurmi, PaavoPaavo Nurmi Finland Athletics 1920–1928 Summer M 9 3 0 12
4
Spitz, MarkMark Spitz United States Swimming 1968–1972 Summer M 9 1 1 11
5
Lewis, CarlCarl Lewis United States Athletics 1984–1996 Summer M 9 1 0 10
6
Bjørgen, MaritMarit Bjørgen Norway Cross-country skiing 2002–2018 Winter F 8 4 3 15
7
Bjørndalen, Ole EinarOle Einar Bjørndalen Norway Biathlon 1998–2014 Winter M 8 4 1 13
8
Dæhlie, BjørnBjørn Dæhlie Norway Cross-country skiing 1992–1998 Winter M 8 4 0 12
Fischer, BirgitBirgit Fischer East Germany
Germany Canoeing 1980–2004 Summer F 8 4 0 12
10
Kato, SawaoSawao Kato Japan Gymnastics 1968–1976 Summer M 8 3 1 12
Thompson, JennyJenny Thompson United States Swimming 1992–2004 Summer F 8 3 1 12
12
Biondi, MattMatt Biondi United States Swimming 1984–1992 Summer M 8 2 1 11
13
Bolt, UsainUsain Bolt Jamaica Athletics 2008–2016 Summer M 8 0 0 8
Ewry, RayRay Ewry United States Athletics 1900–1908 Summer M 8 0 0 8
15
Andrianov, NikolaiNikolai Andrianov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1972–1980 Summer M 7 5 3 15
16
Shakhlin, BorisBoris Shakhlin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956–1964 Summer M 7 4 2 13
17
Čáslavská, VěraVěra Čáslavská Czechoslovakia Gymnastics 1960–1968 Summer F 7 4 0 11
18
Chukarin, ViktorViktor Chukarin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952–1956 Summer M 7 3 1 11
19
Gerevich, AladárAladár Gerevich Hungary Fencing 1932–1960 Summer M 7 1 2 10
20
Mangiarotti, EdoardoEdoardo Mangiarotti Italy Fencing 1936–1960 Summer M 6 5 2 13
21
Werth, IsabellIsabell Werth Germany Equestrian 1992–2016 Summer F 6 4 0 10
22
Lochte, RyanRyan Lochte United States Swimming 2004–2016 Summer M 6 3 3 12
23
Felix, AllysonAllyson Felix United States Athletics 2004–2016 Summer F 6 3 0 9
Van Innis, HubertHubert Van Innis Belgium Archery 1900–1920 Summer M 6 3 0 9
Yegorova, LyubovLyubov Yegorova Unified Team
Russia Cross-country skiing 1992–1994 Winter F 6 3 0 9
26
Nakayama, AkinoriAkinori Nakayama Japan Gymnastics 1968–1972 Summer M 6 2 2 10
27
Vezzali, ValentinaValentina Vezzali Italy Fencing 1996–2012 Summer F 6 1 2 9
28
Fredriksson, GertGert Fredriksson Sweden Canoeing 1948–1960 Summer M 6 1 1 8
29
Hoy, ChrisChris Hoy Great Britain Cycling 2000–2012 Summer M 6 1 0 7
Kenny, JasonJason Kenny Great Britain Cycling 2008–2016 Summer M 6 1 0 7
31
Scherbo, VitalyVitaly Scherbo Unified Team
Belarus Gymnastics 1992–1996 Summer M 6 0 4 10
32
Ahn Hyun-Soo
Viktor Ahn South Korea
Russia Short track speed skating 2006–2014 Winter M 6 0 2 8
Klimke, ReinerReiner Klimke United Team of Germany
West Germany Equestrian 1964–1988 Summer M 6 0 2 8
34
Kovács, PálPál Kovács Hungary Fencing 1936–1960 Summer M 6 0 1 7
35
Kárpáti, RudolfRudolf Kárpáti Hungary Fencing 1948–1960 Summer M 6 0 0 6
Nadi, NedoNedo Nadi Italy Fencing 1912–1920 Summer M 6 0 0 6
Otto, KristinKristin Otto East Germany Swimming 1988 Summer F 6 0 0 6
Skoblikova, LidiaLidia Skoblikova Soviet Union Speed skating 1960–1964 Winter F 6 0 0 6
Van Dyken, AmyAmy Van Dyken United States Swimming 1996–2000 Summer F 6 0 0 6
40
Wüst, IreenIreen Wüst Netherlands Speed skating 2006–2018 Winter F 5 5 1 11
41
Ono, TakashiTakashi Ono Japan Gymnastics 1952–1964 Summer M 5 4 4 13
42
Osburn, CarlCarl Osburn United States Shooting 1912–1924 Summer M 5 4 2 11
43
Hall, Jr., GaryGary Hall, Jr. United States Swimming 1996–2004 Summer M 5 3 2 10
Keleti, ÁgnesÁgnes Keleti Hungary Gymnastics 1952–1956 Summer F 5 3 2 10
45
Comăneci, NadiaNadia Comăneci Romania Gymnastics 1976–1980 Summer F 5 3 1 9
Thorpe, IanIan Thorpe Australia Swimming 2000–2004 Summer M 5 3 1 9
47
Ritola, VilleVille Ritola Finland Athletics 1924–1928 Summer M 5 3 0 8
48
Astakhova, PolinaPolina Astakhova Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956–1964 Summer F 5 2 3 10
49
Pechstein, ClaudiaClaudia Pechstein Germany Speed skating 1992–2006 Winter F 5 2 2 9
50
Lipă, ElisabetaElisabeta Lipă Romania Rowing 1984–2004 Summer F 5 2 1 8
51
Endo, YukioYukio Endo Japan Gymnastics 1960–1968 Summer M 5 2 0 7
Fourcade, MartinMartin Fourcade France Biathlon 2014–2018 Winter M 5 2 0 7
Peirsol, AaronAaron Peirsol United States Swimming 2000–2008 Summer M 5 2 0 7
54
Tsukahara, MitsuoMitsuo Tsukahara Japan Gymnastics 1968–1976 Summer M 5 1 3 9
55
Adrian, NathanNathan Adrian United States Swimming 2008–2016 Summer M 5 1 2 8
Wiggins, BradleyBradley Wiggins Great Britain Cycling 2000–2016 Summer M 5 1 2 8
57
Egerszegi, KrisztinaKrisztina Egerszegi Hungary Swimming 1988–1996 Summer F 5 1 1 7
Jager, TomTom Jager United States Swimming 1984–1992 Summer M 5 1 1 7
Lazutina, LarisaLarisa Lazutina Unified Team
Russia Cross-country skiing 1992–1998 Winter F 5 1 1 7
Lee, Willis A.Willis A. Lee United States Shooting 1920 Summer M 5 1 1 7
Thunberg, ClasClas Thunberg Finland Speed skating 1924–1928 Winter M 5 1 1 7
Vollmer, DanaDana Vollmer United States Swimming 2004–2016 Summer F 5 1 1 7
Winkler, Hans GünterHans Günter Winkler United Team of Germany
West Germany Equestrian 1956–1976 Summer M 5 1 1 7
Wu Minxia China Diving 2004–2016 Summer F 5 1 1 7
65
Alsgaard, ThomasThomas Alsgaard Norway Cross-country skiing 1994–2002 Winter M 5 1 0 6
Heida, AntonAnton Heida United States Gymnastics 1904 Summer M 5 1 0 6
Kim, NellieNellie Kim Soviet Union Gymnastics 1976–1980 Summer F 5 1 0 6
Kozák, DanutaDanuta Kozák Hungary Canoeing 2008–2016 Summer F 5 1 0 6
Ledecky, KatieKatie Ledecky United States Swimming 2012–2016 Summer F 5 1 0 6
Lilloe-Olsen, OleOle Lilloe-Olsen Norway Shooting 1920–1924 Summer M 5 1 0 6
Schollander, DonDon Schollander United States Swimming 1964–1968 Summer M 5 1 0 6
72
Blair, BonnieBonnie Blair United States Speed skating 1988–1994 Winter F 5 0 1 6
Damian, GeorgetaGeorgeta Damian Romania Rowing 2000–2008 Summer F 5 0 1 6
Franklin, MissyMissy Franklin United States Swimming 2012–2016 Summer F 5 0 1 6
Lane, AlfredAlfred Lane United States Shooting 1912–1920 Summer M 5 0 1 6
Redgrave, SteveSteve Redgrave Great Britain Rowing 1984–2000 Summer M 5 0 1 6
Weissmuller, JohnnyJohnny Weissmuller United States Swimming, Water polo 1924–1928 Summer M 5 0 1 6
Zou Kai China Gymnastics 2008–2012 Summer M 5 0 1 6
79
Chen Ruolin China Diving 2008–2016 Summer F 5 0 0 5
Davydova, AnastasiaAnastasia Davydova Russia Synchronized swimming 2004–2012 Summer F 5 0 0 5
Fisher, MorrisMorris Fisher United States Shooting 1920–1924 Summer M 5 0 0 5
Heiden, EricEric Heiden United States Speed skating 1980 Winter M 5 0 0 5
Ishchenko, NataliaNatalia Ishchenko Russia Synchronized swimming 2008–2016 Summer F 5 0 0 5
Romashina, SvetlanaSvetlana Romashina Russia Synchronized swimming 2008–2016 Summer F 5 0 0 5
85
Smetanina, RaisaRaisa Smetanina Soviet Union
Unified Team Cross-country skiing 1976–1992 Winter F 4 5 1 10
86
Popov, AlexanderAlexander Popov Unified Team
Russia Swimming 1992–2000 Summer M 4 5 0 9
87
Torres, DaraDara Torres United States Swimming 1984–2008 Summer F 4 4 4 12
88
Ender, KorneliaKornelia Ender East Germany Swimming 1972–1976 Summer F 4 4 0 8
Fraser, DawnDawn Fraser Australia Swimming 1956–1964 Summer F 4 4 0 8
90
Jernberg, SixtenSixten Jernberg Sweden Cross-country skiing 1956–1964 Winter M 4 3 2 9
Tourischeva, LudmillaLudmilla Tourischeva Soviet Union Gymnastics 1968–1976 Summer F 4 3 2 9
92
Groß, RiccoRicco Groß Germany Biathlon 1992–2006 Winter M 4 3 1 8
Miez, GeorgesGeorges Miez Switzerland Gymnastics 1924–1936 Summer M 4 3 1 8
Olsen, OttoOtto Olsen Norway Shooting 1920–1924 Summer M 4 3 1 8
Svendsen, Emil HegleEmil Hegle Svendsen Norway Biathlon 2010–2018 Winter M 4 3 1 8
96
Patzaichin, IvanIvan Patzaichin Romania Canoeing 1968–1984 Summer M 4 3 0 7
97
Nemov, AlexeiAlexei Nemov Russia Gymnastics 1996–2000 Summer M 4 2 6 12
98
Kramer, SvenSven Kramer Netherlands Speed skating 2006–2018 Winter M 4 2 3 9
99
Aamodt, Kjetil AndréKjetil André Aamodt Norway Alpine skiing 1992–2006 Winter M 4 2 2 8
de Bruijn, IngeInge de Bruijn Netherlands Swimming 2000–2004 Summer F 4 2 2 8
Fischer, SvenSven Fischer Germany Biathlon 1994–2006 Winter M 4 2 2 8
Kulakova, GalinaGalina Kulakova Soviet Union Cross-country skiing 1972–1980 Winter F 4 2 2 8
Lezak, JasonJason Lezak United States Swimming 2000–2012 Summer M 4 2 2 8
Matthes, RolandRoland Matthes East Germany Swimming 1968–1976 Summer M 4 2 2 8
Schmitt, AllisonAllison Schmitt United States Swimming 2008–2016 Summer F 4 2 2 8
106
Ballangrud, IvarIvar Ballangrud Norway Speed skating 1928–1936 Winter M 4 2 1 7
Liberg, EinarEinar Liberg Norway Shooting 1908–1924 Summer M 4 2 1 7
108
Delfino, GiuseppeGiuseppe Delfino Italy Fencing 1952–1964 Summer M 4 2 0 6
d'Oriola, ChristianChristian d'Oriola France Fencing 1948–1956 Summer M 4 2 0 6
Gaudin, LucienLucien Gaudin France Fencing 1920–1928 Summer M 4 2 0 6
Grevers, MattMatt Grevers United States Swimming 2008–2012 Summer M 4 2 0 6
Guo Jingjing China Diving 2000–2008 Summer F 4 2 0 6
Jong-oh, JinJin Jong-oh South Korea Shooting 2004–2016 Summer M 4 2 0 6
Korbut, OlgaOlga Korbut Soviet Union Gymnastics 1972–1976 Summer F 4 2 0 6
Kostelić, JanicaJanica Kostelić Croatia Alpine skiing 2002–2006 Winter F 4 2 0 6
Kuske, KevinKevin Kuske Germany Bobsleigh 2002–2018 Winter M 4 2 0 6
117
Trillini, GiovannaGiovanna Trillini Italy Fencing 1992–2008 Summer F 4 1 3 8
118
Daniels, CharlesCharles Daniels United States Swimming 1904–1908 Summer M 4 1 2 7
Kitajima, KosukeKosuke Kitajima Japan Swimming 2004–2012 Summer M 4 1 2 7
Spooner, LloydLloyd Spooner United States Shooting 1920 Summer M 4 1 2 7
Trickett, LibbyLibby Trickett Australia Swimming 2004–2012 Summer F 4 1 2 7
122
Domracheva, DaryaDarya Domracheva Belarus Biathlon 2010–2018 Winter F 4 1 1 6
Ignat, DoinaDoina Ignat Romania Rowing 1992–2008 Summer F 4 1 1 6
Kim Soo-Nyung South Korea Archery 1988–2000 Summer F 4 1 1 6
Novikova-Belova, ElenaElena Novikova-Belova Soviet Union Fencing 1968–1976 Summer F 4 1 1 6
Rose, MurrayMurray Rose Australia Swimming 1956–1960 Summer M 4 1 1 6
Sidyak, ViktorViktor Sidyak Soviet Union Fencing 1968–1980 Summer M 4 1 1 6
Svan, GundeGunde Svan Sweden Cross-country skiing 1984–1988 Winter M 4 1 1 6
van Moorsel, LeontienLeontien van Moorsel Netherlands Cycling 2000–2004 Summer F 4 1 1 6
Wagner-Augustin, KatrinKatrin Wagner-Augustin Germany Canoeing 2000–2012 Summer F 4 1 1 6
Wang Meng China Short track speed skating 2006–2010 Winter F 4 1 1 6
132
Ainslie, BenBen Ainslie Great Britain Sailing 1996–2012 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Artemov, VladimirVladimir Artemov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1988 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Ashford, EvelynEvelyn Ashford United States Athletics 1984–1992 Summer F 4 1 0 5
Evans, JanetJanet Evans United States Swimming 1988–1992 Summer F 4 1 0 5
Ferguson, IanIan Ferguson New Zealand Canoeing 1984–1988 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Fonst, RamónRamón Fonst Cuba Fencing 1900–1904 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Fu Mingxia China Diving 1992–2000 Summer F 4 1 0 5
Grishin, YevgenyYevgeny Grishin Soviet Union Speed skating 1956–1964 Winter M 4 1 0 5
Hefford, JaynaJayna Hefford Canada Ice hockey 1998–2014 Winter F 4 1 0 5
Klochkova, YanaYana Klochkova Ukraine Swimming 2000–2004 Summer F 4 1 0 5
Kolehmainen, HannesHannes Kolehmainen Finland Athletics 1912–1920 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Koss, Johann OlavJohann Olav Koss Norway Speed skating 1992–1994 Winter M 4 1 0 5
Lange, AndréAndré Lange Germany Bobsleigh 2002–2010 Winter M 4 1 0 5
Louganis, GregGreg Louganis United States Diving 1976–1988 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Muratov, ValentinValentin Muratov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952–1956 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Naber, JohnJohn Naber United States Swimming 1976 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Nykänen, MattiMatti Nykänen Finland Ski jumping 1984–1988 Winter M 4 1 0 5
Pahud de Mortanges, CharlesCharles Pahud de Mortanges Netherlands Equestrian 1924–1936 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Sheppard, MelMel Sheppard United States Athletics 1908–1912 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Szabo, EcaterinaEcaterina Szabo Romania Gymnastics 1984 Summer F 4 1 0 5
Tikhonov, AlexanderAlexander Tikhonov Soviet Union Biathlon 1968–1980 Winter M 4 1 0 5
Wang Nan China Table tennis 2000–2008 Summer F 4 1 0 5
Wickenheiser, HayleyHayley Wickenheiser Canada Ice hockey 1998–2014 Winter F 4 1 0 5
Williams, VenusVenus Williams United States Tennis 2000–2016 Summer F 4 1 0 5
Zátopek, EmilEmil Zátopek Czechoslovakia Athletics 1948–1952 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Zimyatov, NikolayNikolay Zimyatov Soviet Union Cross-country skiing 1980–1984 Winter M 4 1 0 5
158
Kulcsár, GyőzőGyőző Kulcsár Hungary Fencing 1964–1976 Summer M 4 0 2 6
159
Beerbaum, LudgerLudger Beerbaum West Germany
Germany Equestrian 1988–2016 Summer M 4 0 1 5
Biles, SimoneSimone Biles United States Gymnastics 2016 Summer F 4 0 1 5
Boron, KathrinKathrin Boron Germany Rowing 1992–2008 Summer F 4 0 1 5
Chun Lee-Kyung South Korea Short track speed skating 1994–1998 Winter F 4 0 1 5
Edwards, TeresaTeresa Edwards United States Basketball 1984–2000 Summer F 4 0 1 5
Geisenberger, NatalieNatalie Geisenberger Germany Luge 2010–2018 Winter F 4 0 1 5
Hurley, MarcusMarcus Hurley United States Cycling 1904 Summer M 4 0 1 5
Li Xiaopeng China Gymnastics 2000–2008 Summer M 4 0 1 5
Olsen, JonJon Olsen United States Swimming 1992–1996 Summer M 4 0 1 5
Pozdnyakov, StanislavStanislav Pozdnyakov Unified Team
Russia Fencing 1992–2004 Summer M 4 0 1 5
Richards-Ross, SanyaSanya Richards-Ross United States Athletics 2004–2012 Summer F 4 0 1 5
Susanu, VioricaViorica Susanu Romania Rowing 2000–2008 Summer F 4 0 1 5
Zampori, GiorgioGiorgio Zampori Italy Gymnastics 1912–1924 Summer M 4 0 1 5
172
Ammann, SimonSimon Ammann Switzerland Ski jumping 2002–2010 Winter M 4 0 0 4
Arlt, TobiasTobias Arlt Germany Luge 2014–2018 Winter M 4 0 0 4
Bird, SueSue Bird United States Basketball 2004–2016 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Blankers-Koen, FannyFanny Blankers-Koen Netherlands Athletics 1948 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Catchings, TamikaTamika Catchings United States Basketball 2004–2016 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Cologna, DarioDario Cologna Switzerland Cross-country skiing 2010–2018 Winter M 4 0 0 4
Cuthbert, BettyBetty Cuthbert Australia Athletics 1956–1964 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Darnyi, TamásTamás Darnyi Hungary Swimming 1988–1992 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Deng Yaping China Table tennis 1992–1996 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Dillard, HarrisonHarrison Dillard United States Athletics 1948–1952 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Elvstrøm, Paul BertPaul Bert Elvstrøm Denmark Sailing 1948–1960 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Ermakova, AnastasiaAnastasia Ermakova Russia Synchronized swimming 2004–2008 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Farah, MohamedMohamed Farah Great Britain Athletics 2012–2016 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Fuchs, JenőJenő Fuchs Hungary Fencing 1908–1912 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Icho, KaoriKaori Icho Japan Wrestling 2004–2016 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Johnson, MichaelMichael Johnson United States Athletics 1992–2000 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Korzeniowski, RobertRobert Korzeniowski Poland Athletics 1996–2004 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Kraenzlein, AlvinAlvin Kraenzlein United States Athletics 1900 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Krayzelburg, LennyLenny Krayzelburg United States Swimming 2000–2004 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Krovopuskov, ViktorViktor Krovopuskov Soviet Union Fencing 1976–1980 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Leslie, LisaLisa Leslie United States Basketball 1996–2008 Summer F 4 0 0 4
McCormick, PatPat McCormick United States Diving 1952–1956 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Oerter, AlAl Oerter United States Athletics 1956–1968 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Ouellette, CarolineCaroline Ouellette Canada Ice hockey 2002–2014 Winter F 4 0 0 4
Owens, JesseJesse Owens United States Athletics 1936 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Pavesi, CarloCarlo Pavesi Italy Fencing 1952–1960 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Pinsent, MatthewMatthew Pinsent Great Britain Rowing 1992–2004 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Radmilovic, PauloPaulo Radmilovic Great Britain Water polo, Swimming 1908–1920 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Saint Cyr, HenriHenri Saint Cyr Sweden Equestrian 1952–1956 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Salnikov, VladimirVladimir Salnikov Soviet Union Swimming 1980–1988 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Schuhmann, CarlCarl Schuhmann Germany Gymnastics, Wrestling 1896 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Taurasi, DianaDiana Taurasi United States Basketball 2004–2016 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Trott, LauraLaura Trott Great Britain Cycling 2012–2016 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Uphoff, NicoleNicole Uphoff West Germany
Germany Equestrian 1988–1992 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Virén, LasseLasse Virén Finland Athletics 1972–1976 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Wassberg, ThomasThomas Wassberg Sweden Cross-country skiing 1980–1988 Winter M 4 0 0 4
Wendl, TobiasTobias Wendl Germany Luge 2014–2018 Winter M 4 0 0 4
Williams, SerenaSerena Williams United States Tennis 2000–2012 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Wöckel, BärbelBärbel Wöckel East Germany Athletics 1976–1980 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Yining, ZhangZhang Yining China Table tennis 2004–2008 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Timeline[edit]
This is a progressive list of Olympians that have held the record for most titles won. It includes titles won in 1896 and 1900, before gold medals were awarded for first place. All record-holders have competed at Summer Games rather than Winter Games.
Michael Phelps, holder of the record for the most Olympic gold medals, with one of his medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Gold medals
Date
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Record gold-medal event
Earlier gold-medal events
Gender
1[1]
1896-04-06 James Connolly United States Athletics Triple jump — M
Robert Garrett United States Athletics Discus M
1896-04-07 Ellery Clark United States Athletics Long jump M
Thomas Burke United States Athletics 400 metres M
2[1]
Robert Garrett United States Athletics Shot put see above M
1896-04-09 Edwin Flack Australia Athletics 800 metres 1896 - 1 M
Fritz Hofmann, Konrad Böcker, Alfred Flatow, Gustav Flatow, Georg Hilmar, Fritz Manteuffel, Karl Neukirch, Richard Röstel, Gustav Schuft, Carl Schuhmann, Hermann Weingärtner Germany Gymnastics Team horizontal bar 1896 - 1 M
3[1]
Carl Schuhmann Germany Gymnastics Vault see previous M
Hermann Weingärtner Germany Gymnastics Horizontal bar see above M
1896-04-10 Alfred Flatow Germany Gymnastics Parallel bars see above M
4
1896-04-11[1] Carl Schuhmann Germany Wrestling Greco-Roman see above M
1900-07-16 Alvin Kraenzlein United States Athletics 200 metre hurdles 1900 - 1, 2, 3 M
1904-08-05 Marcus Hurley United States Cycling 1 mile 1904 - 1, 2, 3 M
1904-08-29 Ray Ewry United States Athletics Standing long jump 1900 - 1, 2, 3 M
5
1904-08-31 Standing high jump
6
1904-09-03 Standing triple jump
7
1908-07-20 Athletics Standing long jump
8
1908-07-23 Standing high jump
1924-07-13 Paavo Nurmi Finland Athletics Team cross-country 1920 - 1, 2, 3
1924 - 4, 5, 6, 7 M
9
1928-07-29 Athletics 10000 metres
1964-10-23 Larisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics Floor exercise 1956 - 1, 2, 3, 4
1960 - 5, 6, 7
1964 - 8 F
1972-09-04 Mark Spitz United States Swimming 4 × 100 metre medley relay 1968 - 1, 2
1972 - 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 M
1996-07-29 Carl Lewis United States Athletics Long jump 1984 - 1, 2, 3, 4
1988 - 5, 6
1992 - 7, 8 M
2008-08-12 Michael Phelps United States Swimming 200 metre freestyle 2004 - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
2008 - 7, 8
M
10
2008-08-13 200 metre butterfly
11
4 × 200 metre freestyle relay
12
2008-08-15 200 metre individual medley
13
2008-08-16 100 metre butterfly
14
2008-08-17 4 × 100 metre medley relay
15
2012-07-31 Swimming 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay
16
2012-08-02 200 metre individual medley
17
2012-08-03 100 metre butterfly
18
2012-08-04 4 × 100 metre medley relay
19
2016-08-07 Swimming 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay
20
2016-08-09 200 metre butterfly
21
4 × 200 metre freestyle relay
22
2016-08-11 200 metre individual medley
23
2016-08-13 4 × 100 metre medley relay
List of most career gold medals in individual events[edit]
This list currently includes all Olympians with three or more gold medals won as individuals (not as part of a team of two or more).
No.
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Years
Games
Gender
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1
Phelps, MichaelMichael Phelps United States Swimming 2004–2016 Summer M 13 2 1 16
2
Ewry, RayRay Ewry United States Athletics 1900–1908 Summer M 8 0 0 8
3
Čáslavská, VěraVěra Čáslavská Czechoslovakia Gymnastics 1964–1968 Summer F 7 1 0 8
Lewis, CarlCarl Lewis United States Athletics 1984–1996 Summer M 7 1 0 8
5
Latynina, LarisaLarisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956–1964 Summer F 6 5 3 14
6
Andrianov, NikolaiNikolai Andrianov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1972–1980 Summer M 6 3 3 12
7
Dæhlie, BjørnBjørn Dæhlie Norway Cross-country skiing 1992–1998 Winter M 6 3 0 9
Nurmi, PaavoPaavo Nurmi Finland Athletics 1920–1928 Summer M 6 3 0 9
9
Shakhlin, BorisBoris Shakhlin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956–1964 Summer M 6 2 2 10
10
Bolt, UsainUsain Bolt Jamaica Athletics 2008–2016 Summer M 6 0 0 6
Skoblikova, LidiaLidia Skoblikova Soviet Union Speed skating 1960–1964 Winter F 6 0 0 6
12
Bjørgen, MaritMarit Bjørgen Norway Cross-country skiing 2002–2018 Winter F 5 3 2 10
13
Bjørndalen, Ole EinarOle Einar Bjørndalen Norway Biathlon 1998–2014 Winter M 5 3 1 9
Chukarin, ViktorViktor Chukarin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952–1956 Summer M 5 3 1 9
Kato, SawaoSawao Kato Japan Gymnastics 1968–1976 Summer M 5 3 1 9
16
Comăneci, NadiaNadia Comăneci Romania Gymnastics 1976–1980 Summer F 5 1 1 7
Egerszegi, KrisztinaKrisztina Egerszegi Hungary Swimming 1988–1996 Summer F 5 1 1 7
Fredriksson, GertGert Fredriksson Sweden Canoeing 1948–1960 Summer M 5 1 1 7
Thunberg, ClasClas Thunberg Finland Speed skating 1924–1928 Winter M 5 1 1 7
20
Scherbo, VitalyVitaly Scherbo Unified Team
Belarus Gymnastics 1992–1996 Summer M 5 0 4 9
21
Blair, BonnieBonnie Blair United States Speed skating 1988–1994 Winter F 5 0 1 6
22
Heiden, EricEric Heiden United States Speed skating 1980 Winter M 5 0 0 5
23
Wüst, IreenIreen Wüst Netherlands Speed skating 2006–2018 Winter F 4 4 1 9
24
Yegorova, LyubovLyubov Yegorova Unified Team
Russia Cross-country skiing 1992–1994 Winter F 4 3 0 7
25
Aamodt, Kjetil AndréKjetil André Aamodt Norway Alpine skiing 1992–2006 Winter M 4 2 2 8
Nakayama, AkinoriAkinori Nakayama Japan Gymnastics 1968–1972 Summer M 4 2 2 8
Pechstein, ClaudiaClaudia Pechstein Germany Speed skating 1992–2006 Winter F 4 2 2 8
28
Ballangrud, IvarIvar Ballangrud Norway Speed skating 1928–1936 Winter M 4 2 1 7
29
Fourcade, MartinMartin Fourcade France Biathlon 2010–2018 Winter M 4 2 0 6
Jin Jong-oh South Korea Shooting 2004–2016 Summer M 4 2 0 6
Kostelić, JanicaJanica Kostelić Croatia Alpine skiing 2002–2006 Winter F 4 2 0 6
Van Innis, HubertHubert Van Innis Belgium Archery 1900–1920 Summer M 4 2 0 6
33
de Bruijn, IngeInge de Bruijn Netherlands Swimming 2000–2004 Summer F 4 1 1 6
Keleti, ÁgnesÁgnes Keleti Hungary Gymnastics 1952–1956 Summer F 4 1 1 6
Spitz, MarkMark Spitz United States Swimming 1968–1972 Summer M 4 1 1 6
van Moorsel, LeontienLeontien van Moorsel Netherlands Cycling 2000–2004 Summer F 4 1 1 6
37
Ainslie, BenBen Ainslie Great Britain Sailing 1996–2012 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Evans, JanetJanet Evans United States Swimming 1988–1992 Summer F 4 1 0 5
Grishin, YevgenyYevgeny Grishin Soviet Union Speed skating 1956–1964 Winter M 4 1 0 5
Heida, AntonAnton Heida United States Gymnastics 1904 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Klochkova, YanaYana Klochkova Ukraine Swimming 2000–2004 Summer F 4 1 0 5
Koss, Johann OlavJohann Olav Koss Norway Speed skating 1992–1994 Winter M 4 1 0 5
Louganis, GregGreg Louganis United States Diving 1976–1988 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Popov, AlexanderAlexander Popov Unified Team
Russia Swimming 1992–2000 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Zátopek, EmilEmil Zátopek Czechoslovakia Athletics 1948–1952 Summer M 4 1 0 5
46
Ahn Hyun-Soo
Viktor Ahn South Korea
Russia Short track speed skating 2006–2014 Winter M 4 0 2 6
47
Hurley, MarcusMarcus Hurley United States Cycling 1904 Summer M 4 0 1 5
Matthes, RolandRoland Matthes East Germany Swimming 1968–1976 Summer M 4 0 1 5
49
Ammann, SimonSimon Ammann Switzerland Ski jumping 2002–2010 Winter M 4 0 0 4
Cologna, DarioDario Cologna Switzerland Cross-country skiing 2010–2018 Winter M 4 0 0 4
Darnyi, TamásTamás Darnyi Hungary Swimming 1988–1992 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Elvstrøm, Paul BertPaul Bert Elvstrøm Denmark Sailing 1948–1960 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Farah, MohamedMohamed Farah Great Britain Athletics 2012–2016 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Fu Mingxia China Diving 1992–2000 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Hoy, ChrisChris Hoy Great Britain Cycling 2004–2012 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Icho, KaoriKaori Icho Japan Wrestling 2004–2016 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Kitajima, KosukeKosuke Kitajima Japan Swimming 2004–2008 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Kolehmainen, HannesHannes Kolehmainen Finland Athletics 1912–1920 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Korzeniowski, RobertRobert Korzeniowski Poland Athletics 1996–2004 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Kraenzlein, AlvinAlvin Kraenzlein United States Athletics 1900 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Ledecky, KatieKatie Ledecky United States Swimming 2012–2016 Summer F 4 0 0 4
McCormick, PatPat McCormick United States Diving 1952–1956 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Oerter, AlAl Oerter United States Athletics 1956–1968 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Otto, KristinKristin Otto East Germany Swimming 1988 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Virén, LasseLasse Virén Finland Athletics 1972–1976 Summer M 4 0 0 4
66
Enke, KarinKarin Enke East Germany Speed skating 1980–1988 Winter F 3 4 1 8
Niemann-Stirnemann, GundaGunda Niemann-Stirnemann Germany Speed skating 1992–1998 Winter F 3 4 1 8
68
Ono, TakashiTakashi Ono Japan Gymnastics 1952–1960 Summer M 3 3 4 10
69
Jernberg, SixtenSixten Jernberg Sweden Cross-country skiing 1956–1964 Winter M 3 3 1 7
70
Kuzmina, AnastasiyaAnastasiya Kuzmina Slovakia Biathlon 2010–2018 Winter F 3 3 0 6
Ritola, VilleVille Ritola Finland Athletics 1924–1928 Summer M 3 3 0 6
72
Nemov, AlexeiAlexei Nemov Russia Gymnastics 1996–2000 Summer M 3 2 5 10
73
Eyser, GeorgeGeorge Eyser United States Gymnastics 1904 Summer M 3 2 1 6
Holmann, KnutKnut Holmann Norway Canoeing 1992–2000 Summer M 3 2 1 6
Rose, RalphRalph Rose United States Athletics 1904–1912 Summer M 3 2 1 6
Sáblíková, MartinaMartina Sáblíková Czech Republic Speed skating 2010–2018 Winter F 3 2 1 6
77
Dibiasi, KlausKlaus Dibiasi Italy Diving 1964–1976 Summer M 3 2 0 5
Hackl, GeorgGeorg Hackl West Germany
Germany Luge 1988–2002 Winter M 3 2 0 5
Kramer, SvenSven Kramer Netherlands Speed skating 2006–2018 Winter M 3 2 0 5
Miez, GeorgesGeorges Miez Switzerland Gymnastics 1928–1936 Summer M 3 2 0 5
Peirsol, AaronAaron Peirsol United States Swimming 2000–2008 Summer M 3 2 0 5
Schumann, RalfRalf Schumann East Germany
Germany Shooting 1988–2008 Summer M 3 2 0 5
Yang, SunSun Yang China Swimming 2012–2016 Summer M 3 2 0 5
Tomba, AlbertoAlberto Tomba Italy Alpine skiing 1988–1994 Winter M 3 2 0 5
85
Grøttumsbråten, JohanJohan Grøttumsbråten Norway Nordic combined, Cross-country skiing 1924–1932 Winter M 3 1 2 6
Joyner-Kersee, JackieJackie Joyner-Kersee United States Athletics 1984–1996 Summer F 3 1 2 6
Rhode, KimKim Rhode United States Shooting 1996–2016 Summer F 3 1 2 6
88
Daniels, CharlesCharles Daniels United States Swimming 1904–1908 Summer M 3 1 1 5
Domracheva, DaryaDarya Domracheva Belarus Biathlon 2010–2018 Winter F 3 1 1 5
Gould, ShaneShane Gould Australia Swimming 1972 Summer F 3 1 1 5
Li Ning China Gymnastics 1984 Summer M 3 1 1 5
Schneider, VreniVreni Schneider Switzerland Alpine skiing 1988–1994 Winter F 3 1 1 5
Silivaş, DanielaDaniela Silivaş Romania Gymnastics 1988 Summer F 3 1 1 5
Štukelj, LeonLeon Štukelj Yugoslavia Gymnastics 1924–1936 Summer M 3 1 1 5
Thorpe, IanIan Thorpe Australia Swimming 2000–2004 Summer M 3 1 1 5
van den Hoogenband, PieterPieter van den Hoogenband Netherlands Swimming 2000–2004 Summer M 3 1 1 5
Vezzali, ValentinaValentina Vezzali Italy Fencing 1996–2012 Summer F 3 1 1 5
Wang Meng China Short track speed skating 2006–2010 Winter F 3 1 1 5
99
Artemov, VladimirVladimir Artemov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1988 Summer M 3 1 0 4
Bekele, KenenisaKenenisa Bekele Ethiopia Athletics 2004–2008 Summer M 3 1 0 4
Campriani, NiccolòNiccolò Campriani Italy Shooting 2012–2016 Summer M 3 1 0 4
Compagnoni, DeborahDeborah Compagnoni Italy Alpine skiing 1992–1998 Winter F 3 1 0 4
Ender, KorneliaKornelia Ender East Germany Swimming 1972–1976 Summer F 3 1 0 4
Flanagan, JohnJohn Flanagan United States Athletics 1900–1908 Summer M 3 1 0 4
Fonst, RamónRamón Fonst Cuba Fencing 1900–1904 Summer M 3 1 0 4
Fraser, DawnDawn Fraser Australia Swimming 1956–1964 Summer F 3 1 0 4
Grafström, GillisGillis Grafström Sweden Figure skating 1920–1932 Both M 3 1 0 4
Groß, MichaelMichael Groß West Germany Swimming 1984–1988 Summer M 3 1 0 4
Gustafson, TomasTomas Gustafson Sweden Speed skating 1984–1988 Winter M 3 1 0 4
Hillman, HarryHarry Hillman United States Athletics 1904–1908 Summer M 3 1 0 4
Höfl-Riesch, MariaMaria Höfl-Riesch Germany Alpine skiing 2010–2014 Winter F 3 1 0 4
Hosszú, KatinkaKatinka Hosszú Hungary Swimming 2016 Summer F 3 1 0 4
Karelin, AlexanderAlexander Karelin Soviet Union
Unified Team
Russia Wrestling 1988–2000 Summer M 3 1 0 4
Kenny, JasonJason Kenny Great Britain Cycling 2008–2016 Summer M 3 1 0 4
Kim, NellieNellie Kim Soviet Union Gymnastics 1976–1980 Summer F 3 1 0 4
Krämer, IngridIngrid Krämer United Team of Germany Diving 1960–1964 Summer F 3 1 0 4
Nykänen, MattiMatti Nykänen Finland Ski jumping 1984–1988 Winter M 3 1 0 4
Press, TamaraTamara Press Soviet Union Athletics 1960–1964 Summer F 3 1 0 4
Prinstein, MyerMyer Prinstein United States Athletics 1900–1904 Summer M 3 1 0 4
Rose, MurrayMurray Rose Australia Swimming 1956–1960 Summer M 3 1 0 4
Saneyev, ViktorViktor Saneyev Soviet Union Athletics 1968–1980 Summer M 3 1 0 4
Schenk, ArdArd Schenk Netherlands Speed skating 1968–1972 Winter M 3 1 0 4
Szabo, EcaterinaEcaterina Szabo Romania Gymnastics 1984 Summer F 3 1 0 4
van Grunsven, AnkyAnky van Grunsven Netherlands Equestrian 1996–2008 Summer F 3 1 0 4
Yoshida, SaoriSaori Yoshida Japan Wrestling 2004–2016 Summer F 3 1 0 4
Zelezny, JanJan Železný Czechoslovakia
Czech Republic Athletics 1988–2000 Summer M 3 1 0 4
127
Dibaba, TiruneshTirunesh Dibaba Ethiopia Athletics 2004–2016 Summer F 3 0 3 6
128
Kirvesniemi, Marja-LiisaMarja-Liisa Kirvesniemi Finland Cross-country skiing 1984–1994 Winter F 3 0 2 5
Seizinger, KatjaKatja Seizinger Germany Alpine skiing 1992–1998 Winter F 3 0 2 5
130
Biles, SimoneSimone Biles United States Gymnastics 2016 Summer F 3 0 1 4
Dimas, PyrrosPyrros Dimas Greece Weightlifting 1992–2004 Summer M 3 0 1 4
Frigerio, UgoUgo Frigerio Italy Athletics 1920–1932 Summer M 3 0 1 4
Sheridan, MartinMartin Sheridan United States Athletics 1904–1908 Summer M 3 0 1 4
Smith, MichelleMichelle Smith Ireland Swimming 1996 Summer F 3 0 1 4
Zou Kai China Gymnastics 2008–2012 Summer M 3 0 1 4
136
Alsgaard, ThomasThomas Alsgaard Norway Cross-country skiing 1994–2002 Winter M 3 0 0 3
Andersen, HjalmarHjalmar Andersen Norway Speed skating 1952 Winter M 3 0 0 3
Armstrong, KristinKristin Armstrong United States Cycling 2008–2016 Summer F 3 0 0 3
Ballanger, FéliciaFélicia Ballanger France Cycling 1996–2000 Summer F 3 0 0 3
Bennett, BrookeBrooke Bennett United States Swimming 1996–2000 Summer F 3 0 0 3
Blankers-Koen, FannyFanny Blankers-Koen Netherlands Athletics 1948 Summer F 3 0 0 3
Burton, MikeMike Burton United States Swimming 1968–1972 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Cuthbert, BettyBetty Cuthbert Australia Athletics 1956–1964 Summer F 3 0 0 3
Estanguet, TonyTony Estanguet France Canoeing 2000–2012 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Hahn, ArchieArchie Hahn United States Athletics 1904 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Haug, ThorleifThorleif Haug Norway Cross-country skiing 1924 Winter M 3 0 0 3
Henie, SonjaSonja Henie Norway Figure skating 1928–1936 Winter F 3 0 0 3
Houser, BudBud Houser United States Athletics 1924–1928 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Ivanov, VyacheslavVyacheslav Ivanov Soviet Union Rowing 1956–1964 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Johansson, IvarIvar Johansson Sweden Wrestling 1932–1936 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Johnson, MichaelMichael Johnson United States Athletics 1992–2000 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Kakhiashvili, KakhiKakhi Kakhiashvili
Kakiasvilis, AkakiosAkakios Kakiasvilis Unified Team
Greece Weightlifting 1992–2000 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Karppinen, PerttiPertti Karppinen Finland Rowing 1976–1984 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Kazankina, TatyanaTatyana Kazankina Soviet Union Athletics 1976–1980 Summer F 3 0 0 3
Killy, Jean-ClaudeJean-Claude Killy France Alpine skiing 1968 Winter M 3 0 0 3
Lemming, EricEric Lemming Sweden Athletics 1908–1912 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Lightbody, JamesJames Lightbody United States Athletics 1904 Summer M 3 0 0 3
López, MijaínMijaín López Cuba Wrestling 2008–2016 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Masson, PaulPaul Masson France Cycling 1896 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Medved, AlexanderAlexander Medved Soviet Union Wrestling 1964–1972 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Meyer, DebbieDebbie Meyer United States Swimming 1968 Summer F 3 0 0 3
Mutlu, HalilHalil Mutlu Turkey Weightlifting 1996–2004 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Nadi, NedoNedo Nadi Italy Fencing 1912–1920 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Nomura, TadahiroTadahiro Nomura Japan Judo 1996–2004 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Owens, JesseJesse Owens United States Athletics 1936 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Papp, LászlóLászló Papp Hungary Boxing 1948–1956 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Pérec, Marie-JoséMarie-José Pérec France Athletics 1992–1996 Summer F 3 0 0 3
Sailer, ToniToni Sailer Austria Alpine skiing 1956 Winter M 3 0 0 3
Saitiev, BuvaisarBuvaisar Saitiev Russia Wrestling 1996–2008 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Salnikov, VladimirVladimir Salnikov Soviet Union Swimming 1980–1988 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Savón, FélixFélix Savón Cuba Boxing 1992–2000 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Snell, PeterPeter Snell New Zealand Athletics 1960–1964 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Stevenson, TeófiloTeófilo Stevenson Cuba Boxing 1972–1980 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Stoch, KamilKamil Stoch Poland Ski jumping 2014–2018 Winter M 3 0 0 3
Süleymanoğlu, NaimNaim Süleymanoğlu Turkey Weightlifting 1988–1996 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Timmer, MarianneMarianne Timmer Netherlands Speed skating 1998–2006 Winter F 3 0 0 3
van Gennip, YvonneYvonne van Gennip Netherlands Speed skating 1988 Winter F 3 0 0 3
Wehling, UlrichUlrich Wehling East Germany Nordic combined 1972–1980 Winter M 3 0 0 3
Weissmuller, JohnnyJohnny Weissmuller United States Swimming 1924–1928 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Westergren, CarlCarl Westergren Sweden Wrestling 1920–1932 Summer M 3 0 0 3
White, ShaunShaun White United States Snowboarding 2006–2018 Winter M 3 0 0 3
Wiggins, BradleyBradley Wiggins Great Britain Cycling 2004–2012 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Zimyatov, NikolayNikolay Zimyatov Soviet Union Cross-country skiing 1980–1984 Winter M 3 0 0 3
See also[edit]
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event
List of multiple Olympic medalists
List of multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games
List of multiple Olympic medalists in one event
List of multiple Paralympic gold medalists
All-time Olympic Games medal table
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Coubertin, Pierre de; Timoleon J. Philimon; N. G. Politis; Ch. Anninos (1897). "Second Part: The Olympic Games in 1896" (PDF). The Olympic Games, B.C. 776 – A.D. 1896 (PDF)|format= requires |url= (help). IOC official Olympic reports. translated by A. v. K. London: Grevel. pp. 55–81 (passim). Retrieved 2008-08-13. (note: the source gives dates in the Julian calendar; this table uses the Gregorian calendar)
"Winners". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2007-04-03.
"databaseOlympics.com". databaseSports.com. Archived from the original on 2007-03-18. Retrieved 2007-03-20.
See also references in the articles on each athlete.
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Olympics and Paralympics statistics
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All-time Olympic Games medal table
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Multiple medalists
Multiple Olympic medalists
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Multiple gold medalists
Multiple Olympic gold medalists
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Multiple Paralympic gold medalists
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Other statistics
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Most appearances at Olympic Games
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Athletes at both the Summer and Winter Olympics
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values: Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's long jump

values: Cycling at the 1904 Summer Olympics – 1 mile

values: Cycling at the 1904 Summer Olympics – 1/2 mile

values: Cycling at the 1904 Summer Olympics – 1/4 mile

values: Cycling at the 1904 Summer Olympics – 1/3 mile

values: Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's standing long jump

values: Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's standing high jump

values: Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's standing long jump

values: Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's standing triple jump

values: Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's standing high jump

values: Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's standing triple jump

values: Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's standing long jump

values: Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's standing high jump

values: Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics - Men's team cross-country

values: Athletics at the 1920 Summer Olympics - Men's 10000 metres

values: Athletics at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's individual cross country

values: Athletics at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's team cross country

values: Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics - Men's 1500 metres

values: Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics - Men's 3000 metre team race

values: Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics - Men's 5000 metres

values: Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's individual cross country

values: Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics - Men's 10000 metres

values: Soviet Union at the 1964 Summer Olympics

values: Gymnastics at the 1964 Summer Olympics - Women's floor exercise

values: Gymnastics at the 1964 Summer Olympics - Women's team competition

values: United States at the 1972 Summer Olympics

values: Swimming at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 x 100 metre medley relay

values: Swimming at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 x 100 metre freestyle relay

values: Swimming at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 x 200 metre freestyle relay

values: Swimming at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre butterfly

values: Swimming at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 x 100 metre freestyle relay

values: Swimming at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre freestyle

values: Swimming at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterfly

values: Swimming at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 x 200 metre freestyle relay

values: Swimming at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre freestyle

values: United States at the 1996 Summer Olympics

values: Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics - Men's long jump

values: Athletics at the 1984 Summer Olympics - Men's 100 metres

values: Athletics at the 1984 Summer Olympics - Men's long jump

values: Athletics at the 1984 Summer Olympics - Men's 200 metres

values: Athletics at the 1984 Summer Olympics - Men's 4 x 100 metre relay

values: Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics - Men's 100 metres

values: Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics - Men's long jump

values: Athletics at the 1992 Summer Olympics - Men's long jump

values: Athletics at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay

values: United States at the 2008 Summer Olympics

values: Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre freestyle

values: Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre individual medley

values: Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre butterfly

values: Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay

values: Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre individual medley

values: Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterfly

values: Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay

values: Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre individual medley

values: Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay

values: Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre butterfly

values: Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay

values: Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre individual medley

values: Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterfly

values: Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay

values: Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay

values: Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre individual medley

values: Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterfly

values: Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay

values: Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay

values: Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre butterfly

values: Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay

values: Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre individual medley

values: Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay

values: Edit section: List of most career gold medals in individual events

values:
/wiki/Daniela_Siliva%C5%9F
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Daniela Silivaş

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/wiki/Michael_Gro%C3%9F
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Michael Groß

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/wiki/Alexander_Karelin
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Alexander Karelin

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Akakios Kakiasvilis

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James Lightbody

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/wiki/Alexander_Medved
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Alexander Medved

values: List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games

values: List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event

values: List of multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games

values: List of multiple Olympic medalists in one event

values: List of multiple Paralympic gold medalists

values: List of multiple Winter Olympic medallists

values: List of multiple Paralympic gold medalists at a single Games

values: List of athletes with Olympic medals in different sports

values: List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games

values: List of medal sweeps in Olympic athletics

values: List of athletes who competed in both the Summer and Winter Olympic games

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values: Category:Lists of Olympic gold medalists

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values: قائمة الحاصلين على ميداليات أولمبية متعددة – Arabic

values:
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values: Seznam sportovců podle získaných medailí na letních olympijských hrách – Czech

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values: Liste der erfolgreichsten Sommerolympioniken – German

values: Anexo:Deportistas con más medallas olímpicas de oro – Spanish

values: فهرست برندگان چند مدال طلای المپیک – Persian

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values: Sportifs les plus médaillés aux Jeux olympiques – French

values: 올림픽 다관왕 목록 – Korean

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values: Atleti con il maggior numero di medaglie olimpiche – Italian

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values: Tala da reng Menikuang Dakal a Gintung Medalia keng Olympics – Pampanga

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values: Többszörös olimpiai aranyérmesek listája – Hungarian

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values: Lijst van succesvolste medaillewinnaars op de Olympische Zomerspelen – Dutch

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values: オリンピックで多数の金メダルを獲得した選手一覧 – Japanese

values: زیادھ اولمپک میڈل جتن والے – Western Punjabi

values: Multimedaliści igrzysk olimpijskich – Polish

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values: Atletas mais medalhados nos Jogos Olímpicos – Portuguese

values: Список многократных чемпионов Олимпийских игр – Russian

values: Олимпиада хас даҕаны төгүллээх чөмпүйүөннэрэ – Sakha

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values: Олимпијци са највише златних медаља – Serbian

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values: Olimpijci sa najviše zlatnih medalja – Serbo-Croatian

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values: Medaljstatistik inom olympiska spelen – Swedish

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values: Birden fazla altın Olimpiyat madalyası kazananlar listesi – Turkish

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values: Список багаторазових чемпіонів Олімпійських ігор – Ukrainian

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values: Danh sách vận động viên giành nhiều huy chương vàng Thế vận hội – Vietnamese

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values: 获得多个奥运会金牌的运动员列表 – Chinese

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