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Music in Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel
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The use of music was a key component in the fictional Buffyverse established by the TV shows Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel. Many actors of both series are gifted and professional singers/musicians (Anthony Head, James Marsters, Amber Benson, Andy Hallett and Christian Kane to just cite a few).
Contents
[hide]
1 Themes
1.1 Buffy theme
1.2 Angel theme
2 Buffyverse discography
3 Score
3.1 Walter Murphy
3.2 Christophe Beck
3.3 Thomas Wanker
3.4 Robert J. Kral
3.5 Robert Duncan
3.6 Douglas Romayne
4 The Bronze
5 Dingoes Ate My Baby
6 Lorne and Caritas
7 Shy
8 Soundtrack
8.1 Velvet Chain
9 Sarah McLachlan
10 Notes and references
11 External links
11.1 Themes
11.1.1 Darling Violetta
11.1.2 Nerf Herder
11.2 Composers
Themes[edit]
Buffy theme[edit]
The "Buffy theme" is the music played alongside the opening credits of the show. The theme itself has no lyrics; it begins with several notes played by an organ, a signifier for horror in movie culture from the 1930s onwards. This is quickly replaced by upbeat rock music; an electric guitar riff signifies youth culture and a post-modern twist on the horror genre.
The theme was played by the pop punk band Nerf Herder. In an interview they explain how they came to produce the theme:
"They [the Buffy production staff] had hired some famous theme song composer to come up with a theme and they didn’t like the one he came up with so they were kind of on a low budget, and asked local bands to come up with theme song ideas." [1]
In the DVD commentary for "Welcome to the Hellmouth," Whedon explained that part of his decision to go with Nerf Herder's theme was that Alyson Hannigan had made him listen to the band's music.
Nerf Herder later recorded a second version of the theme which was used for the opening titles from season 3 on.

Back in 1999, Nerf Herder lead singer Parry Grip gave the background on the writing of the melody. The original melody was not written specifically for the show; it had been in place before Whedon contacted the band asking them to submit a demo for a theme tune:
“ We did the theme song before the show was on the air. It was a song that had already been written, but we really didn't know where to take it. I had some ideas - it was originally going to have some kind of science fiction theme, which is weird, because we don't do songs like that. I remember having the title of 'Outer Space Rock' or something like that; that was a working thing.[2] ”
"Codo" has a science fiction theme and the lyrics reference an alien and flying objects. Their performances of the song featured outer space themes.
Angel theme[edit]
Darling Violetta is an alternative rock group that performed two songs, "Cure" and "Blue Sun" in the Buffy episode "Faith, Hope & Trick." They cowrote the song with songwriter Holly Knight (Love Is A Battlefield, Obsession. The Best).
The next year, Angel invited bands to submit demos for the theme music to the show. They asked bands to use "dark superhero ideas" and "Cello-rock."[3] Darling Violetta watched pivotal Angel-related episodes of Buffy like "Passion" and "Becoming, Part One" & "Becoming, Part Two" for inspiration along with cowriter and music producer, Holly Knight. Eventually Joss Whedon accepted Holly Knight/Darling Violetta's interpretation of an Angel theme as that most suitable for the show.
The theme has a slower tempo than the Buffy theme. It has heavier use of acoustic instruments such as cello and violin.
In 2005, Holly Knight and the band composed an extended version of the Angel theme called "The Sanctuary Extended Remix," which featured on the soundtrack of the series Live Fast - Die Never.
Joss Whedon and Alexis Denisof sing their own lyrics to the theme song in the DVD commentary to the episode "Spin the Bottle":
Buffyverse discography[edit]
A number of CD releases have been released linked to the Buffyverse:
Buffyverse discography
Release date
Buffy film soundtrack 1992
Buffy album 1999
Once More, with Feeling 2002
Radio Sunnydale 2003
Live Fast, Die Never 2005
Buffy score 2008
Score[edit]
Many people have worked on the scoring of Buffy and Angel. Some of the main composers were:
Walter Murphy[edit]
Main article: Walter Murphy
Murphy was the main composer on Buffy's first season.
Christophe Beck[edit]
Main article: Christophe Beck
Beck was the main composer on Buffy during seasons 2-4. He continued to compose key episodes after such as "The Gift" and "Once More, with Feeling." An album dedicated to his compositions for the show, entitled Buffy the Vampire Slayer: The Score, was released on September 9, 2008.[4]
Memorable tracks include:
"Close Your Eyes" plays during the award-winning "Becoming." This song incorporates the "Buffy/Angel Love Theme" that is used significantly throughout seasons 2 and 3. (This appears on Buffy album.)
"Remembering Jenny" plays after the death of Jenny Calendar ("Passion"). This song also features backing vocals from Anthony Stewart Head who played Rupert Giles on the show.
"Slayer's Elegy" plays during the final assault of "The Wish."
"Loneliness of Six," which plays at the end of "Lovers Walk" as various heartbroken characters walk off in different directions.
"Sacrifice" plays when Buffy sacrifices herself for her sister and for the world ("The Gift"). (This appears on Once More, With Feeling soundtrack along with Beck's suites from "Restless" and "Hush.")
"I'm Game" plays at the end of the penultimate episode of Angel ("Power Play") as the gang decides to go for a surely-suicidal final assault against the Circle of the Black Thorn. "I'm Game" was the theme used throughout the series whenever there was a need for "heroic music," and debuted in the first episode ("City Of"), when Angel decides to fight evil in Los Angeles.
Thomas Wanker[edit]
Main article: Thomas Wanker
The main composer for the majority of the 5th and 6th seasons of Buffy. His work tended to be subtle, and he thrived in "unassuming mysterious underscore."[5] Some of his best work appears in "Shadow" and "Into the Woods," more specifically, the tragic melodies which are used in musical montages shown along with Buffy's and Dawn's coping with their mother's illness, and Riley's feelings of alienation from Buffy.
Robert J. Kral[edit]
Main article: Robert J. Kral
Kral was the main composer for the series Angel, writing the music for 112 episodes for seasons 1 through 5. Initially hired by Christophe Beck for Season 1 with shared credit, Kral was employed by 20th Century Fox directly for Seasons 2 through 5. Kral worked for Beck on initial episodes, with Kral then writing most of the episodes for season one. Kral employed Zoran Boris and Douglas Romayne to write additional music for the final two seasons. The soundtrack Live Fast, Die Never mostly consists of his scores from throughout Angel. Fans were asked via internet and email for their favorite tracks and the resulting poll determined the bulk of the soundtrack released by Rounder, EMI and 20th Century Fox Television.
Memorable music scenes and themes by Kral for Angel include:
"Hero" for the character Doyle
"Darla's Theme" which recurs throughout the series
"Rebellion" for an episode with crossover plots and characters from Buffy
"Home" for Angel's son Connor, as he eventually lives out his life with no memory of his father
"Darla's Sacrifice" for an intense change in the story arc of the series
"Pylea," which features a score style change for several complete episodes in a different "dimension" of medieval style fantasy
"Vespa Chase" featuring a comedic motorcycle chase through Italy
"The End Of The World"
Robert Duncan[edit]
Main article: Robert Duncan (composer)
Duncan is credited as composer for Buffy episodes 7.02 and 7.04-7.22. Memorable tracks have included:
"Chosen," Buffy and Spike's love theme, Faith and Robin's theme, and the theme of Slayer Victory (during the fight in the Hellmouth).
"Every Girl, A Slayer," which plays whilst Buffy proposes her idea to overcome the First.
Douglas Romayne[edit]
Main article: Douglas Romayne
Douglas Romayne was hired by Joss Whedon to score episodes of Buffy season 7. He scored additional music for 33 episodes of Angel seasons four and five for Robert J. Kral. He was Associate Music Director on the Buffy musical "Once More, with Feeling," which was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Music Direction (C. Beck and J. Tobias nominated). He also arranged Joss Whedon's song "Mrs" in "Selfless." Memorable tracks have included:
"In Westbury Field" which plays when Giles is introduced in England ("Lessons")
The suite of "Istanbul" "Just In Time" and "Lesson One" is the score to the opening sequence of the season - from a slayer being chased and murdered in Turkey to Buffy training Dawn to fight vampires to Buffy's worries about the new school ("Lessons")
"On The Mend" which plays when Buffy helps Willow heal from the Gnarl ("Same Time, Same Place")
"Another Way Out" which plays when Angel, Wes, Lilah, Fred and Connor are trying to escape the Beast, set loose at Wolfram and Hart ("Habeas Corpses")
"Chasing Lilah" ("Calvary")
"Cordy's Journey" which plays over a montage of scenes showing that Cordy is possessed ("Inside Out")
"The Hellmouth" which plays when Spike magically appears in Angel's office straight from the Buffy series finale ("Unleashed")
"Puppet Fight" which plays when Angel, transformed into a puppet, has a showdown with evil puppets taking over the lives of children in LA ("Smile Time")
"One Day To Live" which plays while Angel and the gang try to save Fred from dying of a mystical disease ("A Hole in the World")
Music from Buffy, Angel and other television series and films can be heard at Romayne's official website.
The Bronze[edit]
The Bronze is a nightclub in Sunnydale. It hosts live music and serves as a key place which the Scooby Gang spend time for leisure. In the opening episodes, Sprung Monkey and Dashboard Prophets establish that much of the music featured at the club is of the alternative rock and roll, though numerous styles of music are also later heard, such as trip hop, ballad and new wave/electronic music.
The Bronze appears in 66 of the 144 episodes of Buffy. The Bronze acted as a way for the production team to showcase new bands from the Los Angeles area, as well as more well known artists and bands such as Aimee Mann, Cibo Matto and Michelle Branch.
Some key musical moments at the Bronze:
Buffy and Angel dancing to Sophie Zelmani's "I'll Remember You" ("Angel")
Buffy taunting Angel by intimately dancing with Xander to Cibo Matto's "Sugar Water" ("When She Was Bad")
Buffy and Faith flirtatiously dancing to Curve's "Chinese Burn" ("Bad Girls")
Jonathan, the superstar, performs various hits from Royal Crown Revue ("Superstar")
Oz along with the other Scoobies hears the band, "Shy" (a fictional front for the real-life band, T.H.C.), and their lead singer Veruca ("Beer Bad"/"Wild at Heart")
Giles performs 'Giles's Epiphany' along with Christophe Beck and Four Star Mary ("Restless")
Willow and Tara dance together during Melanie Doane's "I Can't Take My Eyes Off You" ("Family")
Michelle Branch plays "Goodbye to You" - A performance which became particularly well noted amongst fans due to the meaning of the episode ("Tabula Rasa" featured the break-up of Willow and Tara; the departure of Giles to England; and the beginning of Buffy and Spike's relationship). The version used on the show was slightly different from the radio version. ("Tabula Rasa")
The Breeders performed in the episode "Him " that aired November 5, 2002.
Angie Hart performs "Blue" with her band Splendid. The song was co-written by Hart and Joss Whedon ("Conversations with Dead People")
Aimee Mann performs "This Is How It Goes" and "Pavlov's Bell" ("Sleeper")
Dingoes Ate My Baby[edit]
Oz's band Dingoes Ate My Baby appeared on the show many times. The name alludes to the widespread news coverage of the death of nine-week-old Azaria Chamberlain in Australia in 1980. The real band that provided the music for Dingoes Ate My Baby was Four Star Mary; the song titles below are Four Star Mary tracks.
Episode
Location
Songs
"Inca Mummy Girl" The Bronze "Fate" & "Shadows"
"Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered" The Bronze "Pain"
"Dead Man's Party" Buffy's House "Never mind," "Pain" & "Sway"
"Homecoming" The Bronze "She knows"
"Band Candy" The Bronze "Violent"
"Revelations" The Bronze "Run"
"Living Conditions" Buffy's dorm room "Pain" (on stereo)
"The Harsh Light of Day" The Bronze "Dilate"
"The Initiative" The Bronze "Fate" (on stereo)
Lorne and Caritas[edit]
Main articles: Lorne & Caritas
Lorne was born in a dimension called Pylea, a world without music. In 1996, he happened upon a dimensional portal and was sucked through it. He landed in Los Angeles and discovered music and culture. Soon after he opened up a karaoke bar, Caritas. He honed the ability to read people's auras when they sang and he could give those people direction.
Some key musical moments include:
The first song from Caritas seen on screen is Lorne singing Gloria Gaynor's "I Will Survive" ("Judgment"). Lorne was seen in many more Season 2 episodes singing at his bar.
In the same episode, Angel, a long-time fan of Barry Manilow, sang "Mandy." When he needed guidance once again he chose Wang Chung's "Everybody Have Fun Tonight" ("Dear Boy").
Cordy, Wes and Gunn drunkenly sing Queen's "We Are The Champions" after they have been sacked from Angel Investigations ("Redefinition").
Darla sings Ella Fitzgerald's "Ill Wind" when asking Lorne for advice. ("The Trial") .
Lindsey McDonald sings "L.A. Song." The music and lyrics written by David Greenwalt ("Dead End"). Eve also sang a little bit of this to Lorne to make sure she didn't have anything to do with what was happening to Fred ("A Hole In The World") .
The last performance seen at Caritas was Patsy Cline's "Crazy" sung by Fred ("That Old Gang of Mine").
After the destruction of Caritas, in the Angel finale, Lorne visits another bar and sings Regina Belle's "If I Ruled The World" ("Not Fade Away").
Shy[edit]
After Veruca makes a brief solo appearance ("Living Conditions"), her band Shy appears in two episodes.[6] Shy performs "Overfire" at The Bronze in "Beer Bad," and plays two other songs, "Dip" and "Need to Destroy" (rehearsal), in "Wild at Heart."[7] Shy's music was actually done by THC, a Los Angeles-based trip hop duo consisting of singer/lyricist Sarah Folkman and producer/composer/musician George Sarah. The three songs featured on Buffy appear on THC's 1999 album Adagio.[8]
Soundtrack[edit]
Velvet Chain[edit]
Main article: The Buffy EP
The Buffy EP was released by Velvet Chain in February 1999, following their appearance in "Never Kill a Boy on the First Date." The title track, "Buffy" is a retelling of the relationship between Buffy and Angel during seasons 1 and 2 of the show. The album also features the songs, "Strong" and "Treason," the two songs the band played during their appearance on the show.
Sarah McLachlan[edit]
Main article: Sarah McLachlan
Sarah McLachlan's music is used twice on Buffy at two key moments (finales of Season 2 and 6).
Full of Grace
In Becoming, Part Two "Full of Grace" plays when Buffy leaves Sunnydale. The song and Buffy's abandonment signify the character reaching an all-time low.
Prayer of St. Francis
At the end of the sixth season in Grave, "Prayer of St. Francis" plays as Buffy climbs out of the ground with Dawn. The song is all about overcoming that which is wrong, and renewal.
"The song, appears in the U.S. version of the Radio Sunnydale (12 songs), but not in the UK one (21 songs).
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Members.lycos.co.uk - Interview with Nerf Herder
Jump up ^ Springer, Matt, "Slayerpalooza," from Buffy the Vampire Slayer magazine #1 (UK, Oct 1999), page 18.
Jump up ^ Websites.cable.ntl.com - Interview with Darling Violetta lead guitarist
Jump up ^ "Buffy the Vampire Slayer: The Score [SOUNDTRACK]". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
Jump up ^ bluntinstrument.org.uk Bluntinstrument.org.uk - Review of Thomas's work on Buffy
Jump up ^ Childs, T. Mike (2004). The Rocklopedia Fakebandica (1st ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0312329440.
Jump up ^ Tracy, Kathleen (2003). The Girl's Got Bite: The Original Unauthorized Guide to Buffy's World (Revised ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 221–2. ISBN 978-0312312589.
Jump up ^ Dial-Driver, Emily; Emmons-Featherston, Sally; Ford, Jim; Taylor, Carolyn Anne (2008). The Truth of Buffy: Essays on Fiction Illuminating Reality (1st ed.). Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company. p. 223. ISBN 978-0786437993.
External links[edit]
Bluntinstrument.org - Buffyverse music
Themes[edit]
Slayageonline.com - Music, Gender, and Identity in Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel
Darling Violetta[edit]
Websites.cable.ntl.com - Interview with Darling Violetta lead singer
Websites.cable.ntl.com - Interview with Darling Violetta lead guitarist
The11thhour.com - Interview with Darling Violetta
Nerf Herder[edit]
Members.lycos.co.uk - Interview with Nerf Herder
Composers[edit]
Bluntinstrument.org - Christophe Beck
Cityofangel.com - Interview with Robert Kral
Bbc.co.uk - Interview with Robert Kral
DouglasRomayne.com - Official site
Buffyfans.com Music Section
Duncanmusic.com - Official site
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Slimey the Worm
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Slimey the Worm is a light and dark orange striped worm that is the pet of Oscar the Grouch on Jim Henson's Muppet show Sesame Street. Introduced in Season 2 (1970–1971), he is played by Martin P. Robinson and is the smallest of all characters on Sesame Street, being only 7 cm (2¾in). His small size does not affect his attitude of being one not to wince at the sight of extreme activities. As Lou Berger, head writer for Sesame Street, put it, "Slimey shows viewers that even the smallest creature can be the most heroic, and that's an important thing for kids to see." Slimey has done many extreme things, including winning a gold medal in the Worm Olympics, skydived from a plane, been shot out of a cannon whilst kissing girlfriend Glo and become the first worm in space. At first Slimey and his family did not talk, communicating by squeaking and wriggling, Slimey would be held up to Oscar's ear to talk to him. He and his family now, however, have digitally enhanced squeaky voices. Slimey's voice is currently provided by Dick Maitland. His birthday is on September 19th.
Contents
[hide]
1 Slimey in space
2 Friends and family
2.1 Oscar the Grouch
2.2 Glo Worm
2.3 Dusty and Eartha
2.4 Sloppy
2.5 Squirmy
2.6 Dirty
3 Episode Appearances
4 Book Appearances
5 References
6 External links
Slimey in space[edit]
In season 29 (1997–1998), Slimey undertook a 6-week journey into space. With his landing on the moon, Sesame Street changed directions from teaching children about basic literacy and numeracy, adding basic science. Slimey was accepted by WASA a parody of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, as part of the lunar program. He then trained rigorously to become an astroworm and was finally chosen as part of the mission's international crew, showing viewers that practice makes perfect. The rocket was launched using Mr. Snuffleupagus' trunk after the smoke from the rocket made him sneeze. The journey went through many troubles including the international crew's crisis but eventually landed on the moon, which was televised live by Kermit the Frog. The rocket ship landed in dramatic fashion, splashing into the water. Fortunately nobody was hurt. Slimey was the first to get out of the rocket ship and therefore became the first worm on the moon. The separation of Slimey and Oscar showed the rarely seen soft side to Oscar. The journey explored concepts such as the distance to the moon and the difference between heavy and light, as well as how scientific exploration occurs, with Slimey and the crew performing experiments and collecting samples. The mission included the song "Slimey to the Moon" sung by the famous Jazz singer Tony Bennett to the tune of "Fly Me to the Moon" by Bart Howard.
Friends and family[edit]
Slimey has many friends, both worm and non-worm, and also a worm family. Listed here are Slimey's main friends and his family.
Oscar the Grouch[edit]
Oscar is Slimey's best friend. Slimey is not only the pet of Oscar the Grouch, but also the only character with whom Oscar admits to liking. Slimey is said to bring out the best in Oscar. The friendship between the two is understood, where they do not express their feelings for each other but act in a manner which shows their strong relationship. Oscar likes Slimey because they share common interests like the love of rain, mud, and soil, and the fact that Slimey doesn't talk to him when he is trying to sleep. The two do many things together, including taking mud baths and just hanging out. In Season 36, Oscar sang the "Worm Workout Song," a parody of the song "YMCA", while Slimey and his worm friends stretched and wiggled. Each night, or at the end of each episode (from season 35 onward) Oscar reads to Slimey chapters from the book Trash Gordon, a parody of the Flash Gordon comic strip. The book involves Gordon fighting many creatures and ends with a review of the letter and number of the day. When Slimey went into space, Oscar was distraught and could not mask missing Slimey, showing that Oscar has a caring side. Oscar's friendship with Slimey demonstrates the difficulties some children find in making friends. Slimey met Oscar in 1971. Oscar went to the park on a rainy day to see the mud puddles and found a mud puddle with a lot of worms playing in it. He then saw a lonely Slimey playing by himself. Slimey saw Oscar and crawled up his shoulder and fell asleep. Feeling sorry for the baby worm Oscar took Slimey home with him.
Glo Worm[edit]
On February 14, 2000 (episode #3882), Valentine's Day, Glo Worm, a volunteer firefighter, entered Sesame Street and became the larva love of Slimey. They both announce their affection for each other but Glo is called away to fight a fire and Baby Bear is put in charge of distracting Slimey as he waits anxiously for his beloved to return. The pair hit it off so well due to their shared fondness of extreme activities, which is illustrated in a scene where they get shot out of a cannon while kissing. Another moment that featured the duo showed the couple dancing to salsa music.
Dusty and Eartha[edit]
Dusty and Eartha are the parents of Slimey and Sloppy. Dusty, the father, is a dark and light striped worm that is personified by the circular black glasses and brown overcoat that he wears. Eartha, the mother, has the same light and dark orange skin as her son, Slimey. She is personified by the long curled eyelashes and country hairstyle commonly sported by women of the 1960s.
Sloppy[edit]
Sloppy, which is short for "Sloppy Jalopy", Oscar's car on which she was born, is the yellow and brown striped baby sister of Slimey. She was born in Season 26 (1994–1995) to Dusty and Eartha to demonstrate the pressures that come with becoming an elder sibling and how to cope with it through Slimey's actions to his new younger sister. This action by Jim Henson has periodically dealt with the theme of becoming an elder sibling as many of the young viewers watching Sesame Street would be going through that change. The most recent version of this is the birth of Curly Bear, the younger sister of Baby Bear in 2003.
Squirmy[edit]
Squirmy is a light blue and dark blue striped worm who personifies a person from the country and is cousin to Slimey and Sloppy. She has only ever been introduced in the book The City Worm and the Country Worm by Linda Hayward, in which Slimey and Squirmy exchange visits, with Slimey going to the country and Squirmy going to the city, or more specifically Sesame Street. In the end both decide that their own environment is best for themselves.
Dirty[edit]
Dirty is a green Detroit Dirt Digger. He belongs to Slimey as of Episode 4157. Oscar takes Slimey to Bug-a-Wee-Bug Shelter to adopt his first pet. Slimey chooses Dirty. After bringing him home Dirty is scared. Oscar and Slimey eventually calm Dirty down by wearing bug hats and singing "Welcome Bug Song". Dirty can write in the dirt.
Episode Appearances[edit]
Here are listed all episodes which revolved around Slimey:
Season 3 1981 to 1982 Episode 176 *Season 18 (1986–1987), Episode 2243 - Slimey found by oscar
Season 22 (1990–1991), Episode 2869 - Slimey And The Worm Scouts.
Season 23 (1991–1992), Episode 2912 - Slimey's First Day Of School.
Season 23 (1991–1992), Episode 2962 - Telly Sings "Picture In Your Head Song" Song To Slimey.
Season 24 (1992-1993), Episode 3061 - The Worm Winter Games.
Season 24 (1992-1993), Episode 3067 - Slimey Flies A Plane.
Season 24 (1992–1993), Episode 3106 - Slimey And His Worm Friends Build A Subway.
Season 24 (1992–1993), Episode 3123 - Adventures Of SuperWorm And Slimey.
Season 25 (1993–1994), Episode 3164 - Slimey's Errands.
Season 25 (1993–1994), Episode 3181 - Slimey Jumps From The Seesaw.
Season 25 (1993–1994), Episode 3200 - Slimey's Birthday.
Season 26 (1994-1995), Episode 3300 - The Worm Summer Games.
Season 26 (1994–1995), Episode 3307 - Slimey's New Sister Sloppy.
Season 29 (1997–1998), Episode 3696 - Slimey Gets A Letter From WASA.
Season 29 (1997–1998), Episode 3698 - Sloppy Misses Slimey.
Season 29 (1997–1998), Episode 3739 - Slimey's Moon Landing Part 1.
Season 29 (1997–1998), Episode 3740 - Slimey's Moon Landing Part 2.
Season 29 (1997–1998), Episode 3785 - Slimey Returns To Sesame Street From The Moon.
Season 31 (2000), Episode 3882 - Slimey Falls In Love With Glo Worm.
Season 37 (2006), Episode 4124 - Slimey Wants To Be A Hero Just Like Trash Gordon.
Season 42 (2011-2012), Episode 4266 - The Big Bad Wolf Huffs And Puffs Slimey.
Book Appearances[edit]
The Sesame Street Dictionary (1980)
A Day in the Life of Oscar the Grouch (1981)
The City Worm and the Country Worm (1983)
Big Bird Goes to the Doctor (1986)
No Cookies 'Til Dinner (1987)
Oscar's Grouch Jamboree (1994)
Zip! Pop! Hop! (1996)
References[edit]

External links[edit]
Slimey on Muppet Wiki, an external wiki
Sciencemag Mooncrawler
Slimey Myspace
Sesame Street Beat Newsletter Archive
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Jeffersonian architecture
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Jefferson's sketch plan for the Rotunda at the University of Virginia
The Rotunda in 2006
Jeffersonian architecture is an American form of Neo-Classicism and/or Neo-Palladianism embodied in the architectural designs of U.S. President and polymath Thomas Jefferson, after whom it is named. These include his home (Monticello), his retreat (Poplar Forest), a college he founded (University of Virginia), and his designs for the homes of friends and political allies (notably Barboursville). Over a dozen private homes bearing his personal stamp still stand today. Jefferson's style was popular in the early American period at about the same time that the more mainstream Greek Revival architecture was also coming into vogue (1790s–1830s) with his assistance.
Contents
[hide]
1 Sources and inspiration
2 Characteristics
2.1 Jeffersonian architectural attributes
3 Monticello
4 Influence
5 List of Jeffersonian buildings
6 Gallery
7 References
8 Bibliography
8.1 Other sources
8.2 Further reading
9 External links
Sources and inspiration[edit]
In colonial Virginia during the 18th century there were no schools of architecture, so Jefferson learned the trade on his own from various books and by studying some of the various classical architectural designs of the day. As a self-taught architect and classicist, he was most heavily influenced by the Italian revivalist architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). His "bible" was Andrea Palladio's The Four Books of Architecture, which taught him the basic principles of classical design.[1][2] Jeffersonian architecture is therefore perhaps best described as "Palladian" in inspiration.[3]
Jefferson was also influenced by architect James Gibbs (1682–1754), and by French Neo-classical buildings, such as the Hôtel de Salm in Paris, when he served as Ambassador to France. While the Jeffersonian style incorporates Palladian proportions and themes, it is at the same time unique to Jefferson's own personal sensibility and the materials available to him in early republican Virginia.[3][4]
Throughout his adult life Jefferson made many architectural drawings and wrote extensively about architectural design. Today there are over 600 pages of architectural documents by Jefferson now housed at the Massachusetts Historical Society and are commonly referred to as the Coolidge Collection.[5]
Characteristics[edit]
Poplar Forest, note the octagonal design
One characteristic which typifies Jefferson's architecture is the use of the octagon and octagonal forms in his designs. Palladio never used octagons, but Jefferson employed them as a design motif—halving them, elongating them, and employing them in whole as with the dome of Monticello, or the entire house at Poplar Forest.
Jeffersonian architectural attributes[edit]
Palladian design (e.g., central core, symmetrical wings)[6]
Portico-and-pediment primary entries
Classical orders and moldings (especially Tuscan)
Piano nobile (main floor elevated above ground level)
Red brick construction
White painted trim
Sand painted columns
Octagons and octagonal forms
Chinese railings
"Suppressed" (hidden) stairs, instead of grand stairways
Monticello[edit]
Main article: Monticello
Monticello
Located just outside Charlottesville, Jefferson’s Virginia home and estate is situated on the summit of an 850-foot (260 m)-high peak in the Southwest Mountains. Its name comes from the Italian for "little mountain." Jefferson began work on his original “Monticello” in 1768. He left his home in 1784 to serve as Minister of the United States to France. During his tenure in Europe, he had an opportunity to see some of the classical buildings with which he had become acquainted from his reading, as well as to discover the "modern" trends in French architecture that were then fashionable in Paris. His decision to remodel his own home may date from this period. In 1794, following his service as the first U.S. Secretary of State (1790–93), Jefferson began rebuilding his manor house based on the ideas he had acquired in Europe. The remodeling continued throughout most of his presidency (1801–09).
Jefferson added a center hallway and a parallel set of rooms to the structure, more than doubling its area. He removed the second full-height story from the original house and replaced it with a mezzanine bedroom floor. The most dramatic element of the new design was an octagonal dome, which he placed above the West front of the building in place of a second-story portico. The room inside the dome was described by a visitor as "a noble and beautiful apartment," but it was rarely used—perhaps because it was hot in summer and cold in winter, or because it could only be reached by climbing a steep and very narrow flight of stairs. The dome room has now been restored to its appearance during Jefferson's lifetime, with "Mars yellow" walls and a painted green floor, although safety regulations about use of the narrow stairs to the upper floors largely preclude visitors to Monticello from seeing the room.[7]
Monticello, along with the nearby University of Virginia, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987.
Influence[edit]
Further information: Neoclassical architecture
Influence of the Lawn
Jefferson's "Academical Village", University of Virginia (1856 engraving)
The Grand Auditorium at the Tsinghua University
In 1803, President Jefferson appointed Benjamin Henry Latrobe as surveyor of public buildings in the United States, thus introducing Greek Revival architecture to the country for the first time. Latrobe went on to design a number of important public buildings in Washington, D.C. and Philadelphia, including work on the United States Capitol and the Bank of Pennsylvania.[8]
Even after Jefferson's style went out of vogue for other public buildings, it continued to have an influence on many Protestant church designs on the East Coast through the mid-20th century. The style is still employed on some Southern college campuses, particularly in Virginia and the Peabody College campus of Vanderbilt University, and it has enjoyed a certain re-emergence among some newer 21st century evangelical church complexes.
The University of Mary Washington, previously the University of Virginia's college for women, is another primary example of Jefferson's architecture.
An example of Jeffersonian architecture outside the United States can be found in one of China's top universities, Tsinghua University in Beijing. The University's "Grand Auditorium" was designed with elements from the Jeffersonian architectural style in the early 20th century.
List of Jeffersonian buildings[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Pavilions III and V, The Lawn, University of Virginia
The Virginia State Capitol in 1865
The University of Alabama Quad (rear view) in 1859; Everything visible was burned in Wilson's Raid (1865) and never rebuilt.
Designed by Jefferson:
Monticello I (1768–1784; demolished)
Monticello (1794–1805)
Poplar Forest (1806–1826)
The Lawn, or "Academical Village" (1817), University of Virginia
Farmington Country Club Main Portico, "Jefferson Room"
Barboursville (Completed ca. 1822; ruins)
The Rotunda, University of Virginia (1822–26; burnt 1895; rebuilt 1898-99)
Jail, Nelson County Courthouse grounds, site is present day Sheriff's Offices.
Directly influenced by Jefferson:
Manor house, Lower Brandon Plantation (1760s; Possibly designed by Jefferson)
Virginia State House (Completed 1788; Design partially credited to Jefferson)
Manor house, Belle Grove Plantation (1794–1797; Consultation by Jefferson)
Manor house, Bremo Plantation (1819; Consultation by Jefferson)
Indirectly influenced by Jefferson:
The old University of Alabama Quad, Tuscaloosa, Alabama (1828) - Destroyed 1865
Belle Mont, Tuscumbia, Alabama (1828)
Ruffner Hall, Longwood University (1907, destroyed 2001, rebuilt 2005)
Various buildings, University of Mary Washington (Post-1908)
"Grand Auditorium", Tsinghua University, Beijing, China (1917)
Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (1875)
Thomas Jefferson Memorial, Washington, D.C. (1939–1943)
Grawemeyer Hall, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky (1926)
Dallas Hall, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, (1912)
Gallery[edit]
Under the dome at Monticello
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Brodie, 1974, pp.87-88
Jump up ^ Berstein, 2003, p. 9
^ Jump up to: a b "Dig Deeper - Building Monticello". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved Aug 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kern, Chris. "Jefferson's Dome at Monticello". Retrieved 2009-07-16.
Jump up ^ Jefferson Architectural Drawings, Massachusetts Historical Society
Jump up ^ The Architectural Ideology of Thomas Jefferson by Ralph G. Giordano (McFarland; 2012)
Jump up ^ Kern, Chris. "Jefferson's Dome at Monticello". Retrieved 2009-07-10.
Jump up ^ Federal Writers' Project (1937), Washington, City and Capital: Federal Writers' Project, Works Progress Administration / United States Government Printing Office, p. 126
Bibliography[edit]
Bernstein, Richard B. (2005) [2003]. Thomas Jefferson.
Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518130-2.
Brodie, Fawn (1974). Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History.
W. W. Norton & Company. p. 594. Url
Wills, Garry (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University. Washington, DC:
National Geographic Directions. ISBN 0792265319. (Describes the campus building by building.)
"The Architectural Ideology of Thomas Jefferson" by Ralph G. Giordano (McFarland 2012)
Other sources[edit]
"Thomas Jefferson Papers: Architectural Drawings, [manuscript], circa 1772-1819".
Massachusetts Historical Society. Retrieved Aug 30, 2013.
Further reading[edit]
Wills, Chuck (2008). Thomas Jefferson: Architect: The Interactive Portfolio.
Running Press; First Edition. p. 92. ISBN 978-0762434381. , Book
External links[edit]
Jefferson's Dome at Monticello
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1776 (1969 musical
1972 film)
Jefferson in Paris (1995 film)
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Hamilton (2015 musical)
Jefferson–Eppes Trophy
Wine bottles controversy
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Peter Jefferson (father)
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John Wayles Eppes (son-in-law)
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Modern architecture »
"The Architectural Ideology of Thomas Jefferson" by Ralph G. Giordano (McFarland 2012)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeffersonian_architecture&oldid=798384097"
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