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Figaro (Disney)
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Figaro
A Disney pin of Figaro
First appearance
Pinocchio, 1940
Created by
Walt Disney
Voiced by
Mel Blanc (Pinocchio)
Clarence Nash
Frank Welker (currently)
Species
Tuxedo cat
Owner
Geppetto (originally)
Minnie Mouse (formerly)
Mickey Mouse (currently)
Figaro is a fictional cat character who first appeared in Disney's 1940 animated film Pinocchio.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 In the parks
3 Personality
4 WWII mascot
5 Appearances
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Figaro is probably best known as the pet cat of Mister Geppetto and Pinocchio. Figaro was Walt Disney's favorite character in Pinocchio; he loved the kitten so much, he wanted him to appear as much as possible. Once production on Pinocchio was done, Walt made him the pet of Minnie Mouse, replacing Fifi.
He has also starred independently in a number of Disney shorts, as the pet cat of Minnie Mouse, as it was common for Disney characters to be transposed from movies to cartoon shorts. Three of the cartoons he appeared in were his own cartoons; "Figaro and Cleo" (1943), "Bath Day" (1946) and "Figaro and Frankie" (1947). Similar to Pluto, Figaro is one of the few Disney characters who is not anthropomorphized, but just a normal cat. He has a cameo in Disney's Alice in Wonderland as a caterpillar being annoyed by a copper centipede.
In the 1970s Disney mini-comics, Figaro not only "guest-starred" with other Disney characters/comics but had his own column on various Felines as "Figaro's Feline Friends". After nearly a 50-year hiatus of not being in any new Disney cartoons, Figaro, like many other Disney characters of the 1940s and 1950s, was cast as a customer in Disney's House of Mouse. While the video game Kingdom Hearts featured a level taking place inside Monstro's belly and included Pinocchio, Gepetto and Cleo, Figaro was absent (although he does appear in the manga based on the first game). Figaro's most recent appearance has been in several episodes of Mickey Mouse Clubhouse and Minnie's Bow-Toons, as her pet cat. It could possibly be a different cat named Figaro as Cleo, his counterpart, is never seen.
In the parks[edit]
Figaro can be found all over the Disney theme parks, including Pinocchio's Daring Journey and Celebrate A Dreams Come True Parade. At Fantasy Faire in Disneyland, Figaro can be seen sleeping in a window of one of the buildings. He is occasionally awoken by a caged bird that chirps familiar Disney songs.
In the Pinocchio's Village Haus restaurant, he appears in various murals retelling the Pinocchio Story, as well as serving as the namesake of Figaro Fries and appearing over the exit. A design flaw led to the exit signs not being properly centered at Disneyland and Walt Disney World's versions of the restaurant, so Figaro is shown pulling the sign on a rope to fix things. At Disneyland Paris, the problem was corrected and Figaro is shown leaning on the exit sign giving a thumbs up.
His namesake is also used in a shop called Figaro's Clothiers located in the Mediterranean Harbor at Tokyo DisneySea.
Personality[edit]
Figaro is based on and acts like an immature and spoiled little boy. He is easily angered but deep down has a heart of gold. He takes a disliking to many things including, but not limited to, waiting, baths, being made a fool of, dogs and giving Cleo a goodnight kiss.
In the shorts, his character was made less cuddly and more malicious and cat-like. He is a prime rival of Pluto as the two are constantly seen battling each other for different things, most notably Minnie's affections. Figaro usually enjoys tormenting Pluto when no one's around but occasionally learns to make peace with the pup. In recent years, Figaro and Pluto's relationship become a lot less hostile; nowadays, the little kitten looks up to the big dog.
In his modern appearances in Mickey Mouse Clubhouse and Minnie's BowToons, we see his personality change as he becomes more well behaved. He acts as a close friend and confidant to Minnie, often sleeping in her shop while she works. His roles in the show have been minor so far.
His enemies include Monstro, Pete and sometimes Pluto in select shorts.
WWII mascot[edit]
Figaro is the mascot of RAF Ace Ian Gleed's Hawker Hurricanes during, and after, the Battle of Britain and his Spitfire Mk. Vb Trop which he flew while he was in action over the Western Desert and the Mediterranean during the middle of the war.[1]
Appearances[edit]
Pinocchio (1940) (shown here with Cleo and Jiminy Cricket)
Figaro and Cleo (1943)
Victory Vehicles (1943)
First Aiders (1944)
Donald's Crime (1945) (shown rummaging in rubbish bin)
Bath Day (1946)
Figaro and Frankie (1947)
Cat Nap Pluto (1948)
Pluto's Sweater (1949)
Alice in Wonderland (1951, cameo)
Disney's Halloween Treat (1982) (excerpts from Pluto's Sweater and Cat Nap Pluto)
Mickey Mouse Works (1999)
Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999)
Disney's House of Mouse (2001–2003)
Disney's Magical Mirror Starring Mickey Mouse (2002, cameo)
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006–2016)
Minnie's Bow-Toons (2011–2016)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Markus, D. H. "Wing Commander Ian Richard Gleed". Retrieved 2011-06-04.
External links[edit]
Figaro at the INDUCKS
Figaro at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on July 25, 2016.
[show]
v
t
e
Carlo Collodi's The Adventures of Pinocchio
Characters
Pinocchio
Candlewick
The Coachman
The Fairy with Turquoise Hair
Figaro
The Fox and the Cat
Mister Geppetto
The Green Fisherman
Mangiafuoco
Talking Cricket (Jiminy Cricket)
The Terrible Dogfish
Films
The Adventures of Pinocchio (1936)
Pinocchio (1940)
Pinocchio in Outer Space (1965)
Pinocchio (1968)
Pinocchio (1972)
The Adventures of Buratino (1976)
Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night (1987)
Pinocchio (1992)
Pinocchio's Revenge (1996)
The Adventures of Pinocchio (1996)
The New Adventures of Pinocchio (1999)
Geppetto (2000)
A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001)
A Tree of Palme (2002)
Pinocchio (2002)
Pinocchio 3000 (2004)
Hinokio (2005)
Pistachio – The Little Boy That Woodn't (2010)
Pinocchio (2012)
Television
Pinocchio (1957 TV musical)
The New Adventures of Pinocchio (1960)
Pinocchio: The Series (1972 anime series)
The Adventures of Pinocchio (1972 miniseries)
Pinocchio (1976 TV musical)
Piccolino no Bōken (1976)
Pinocchio's Christmas (1980)
Pinocchio (2008 TV film)
Once Upon a Time (2011–present)
Pinocchio (2014 TV series)
Other media
The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Buratino (novel)
Pinocchio's Daring Journey (attraction)
Disney's Pinocchio (video game)
Pinocchio (Fables comics)
Disney songs
Music soundtrack
"When You Wish upon a Star"
"I've Got No Strings"
Stage
The Adventures of Pinocchio (Dove opera)
Disney's My Son Pinocchio: Geppetto's Musical Tale (musical)
Pinocchio (London 2017 musical)
Pinocchio (Boesmans opera)
Related
Land of Toys
Pinocchio paradox
Fontana a Pinocchio
[show]
v
t
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Disney core universe characters
Primary
Mickey Mouse
Minnie Mouse
Pluto
Goofy
Donald Duck
Daisy Duck
Secondary
Pete
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
Clarabelle Cow
Horace Horsecollar
Huey, Dewey, and Louie Duck
José Carioca
Chip 'n' Dale
Panchito Pistoles
Ludwig Von Drake
Scrooge McDuck
Magica De Spell
Darkwing Duck
Gladstone Gander
Gyro Gearloose
Flintheart Glomgold
Max Goof
Humphrey the Bear
Jiminy Cricket
Pete Junior
The Phantom Blot
John D. Rockerduck
Julius the Cat
Groups
The Beagle Boys
Mickey Mouse universe characters
Donald Duck universe characters
Duck family
Clan McDuck
PKNA
DuckTales characters
villains
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figaro_(Disney)&oldid=836858110"
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Coinage of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Hoard of mostly Maurya Empire coins.
Outline of South Asian history
Palaeolithic (2,500,000–250,000 BCE)[show]
Madrasian Culture
Soanian Culture (500,000–250,000 BCE)
Neolithic (10,800–3300 BCE)[show]
Bhirrana Culture (7570–6200 BCE)
Mehrgarh Culture (7000–3300 BCE)
Chalcolithic (3500–1500 BCE)[show]
Jorwe Culture (3500–2000 BCE)
Ahar-Banas Culture (3000–1500 BCE)
Pandu Culture (1600–1500 BCE)
Bronze Age (3300–1300 BCE)[show]
Indus Valley Civilisation (3300–1300 BCE)
– Early Harappan Culture (3300–2600 BCE)
– Mature Harappan Culture (2600–1900 BCE)
– Late Harappan Culture (1900–1300 BCE)
Vedic Civilisation (2000–500 BCE)
– Ochre Coloured Pottery culture (2000–1600 BCE)
– Swat culture (1600–500 BCE)
Iron Age (1300–230 BCE)[show]
Vedic Civilisation (2000–500 BCE)
– Janapadas (1500–600 BCE)
– Black and Red ware culture (1300–1000 BCE)
– Painted Grey Ware culture (1200–600 BCE)
– Northern Black Polished Ware (700–200 BCE)
Pradyota Dynasty (799–684 BCE)
Haryanka Dynasty (684–424 BCE)
Three Crowned Kingdoms (c. 600 BCE–1600 CE)
Maha Janapadas (c. 600–300 BCE)
Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE)
Ror Dynasty (450 BCE–489 CE)
Shishunaga Dynasty (424–345 BCE)
Nanda Empire (380–321 BCE)
Macedonian Empire (330–323 BCE)
Maurya Empire (321–184 BCE)
Seleucid India (312–303 BCE)
Pandya Empire (c. 300 BCE–1345 CE)
Chera Kingdom (c. 300 BCE–1102 CE)
Chola Empire (c. 300 BCE–1279 CE)
Pallava Empire (c. 250 BCE–800 CE)
Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire (c. 250 BCE–c. 500 CE)
Parthian Empire (247 BCE–224 CE)
Middle Kingdoms (230 BCE–1206 CE)[show]
Satavahana Empire (230 BCE–220 CE)
Kuninda Kingdom (200 BCE–300 CE)
Mitra Dynasty (c. 150 BCE–c. 50 BCE)
Shunga Empire (185–73 BCE)
Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BCE–10 CE)
Kanva Empire (75–26 BCE)
Indo-Scythian Kingdom (50 BCE–400 CE)
Indo-Parthian Kingdom (21–c. 130 CE)
Western Satrap Empire (35–405 CE)
Kushan Empire (60–240 CE)
Bharshiva Dynasty (170–350 CE)
Nagas of Padmavati (210–340)
Sasanian Empire (224–651)
Indo-Sassanid Kingdom (230–360)
Vakataka Empire (c. 250–c. 500)
Kalabhras Empire (c. 250–c. 600)
Gupta Empire (280–550)
Kadamba Empire (345–525)
Western Ganga Kingdom (350–1000)
Kamarupa Kingdom (350–1100)
Vishnukundina Empire (420–624)
Maitraka Empire (475–767)
Huna Kingdom (475–576)
Rai Kingdom (489–632)
Kabul Shahi Empire (c. 500–1026)
Chalukya Empire (543–753)
Maukhari Empire (c. 550–c. 700)
Harsha Empire (606–647)
Tibetan Empire (618–841)
Eastern Chalukya Kingdom (624–1075)
Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)
Gurjara-Pratihara Empire (650–1036)
Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)
Pala Empire (750–1174)
Rashtrakuta Empire (753–982)
Paramara Kingdom (800–1327)
Yadava Empire (850–1334)
Chaulukya Kingdom (942–1244)
Western Chalukya Empire (973–1189)
Lohara Kingdom (1003–1320)
Hoysala Empire (1040–1346)
Sena Empire (1070–1230)
Eastern Ganga Empire (1078–1434)
Kakatiya Kingdom (1083–1323)
Karnatas of Mithila (1097-1325)
Zamorin Kingdom (1102–1766)
Kalachuris of Tripuri (675-1210)
Kalachuris of Kalyani (1156–1184)
Sutiya Kingdom (1187-1673)
Deva Kingdom (c. 1200–c. 1300)
Late Medieval Period (1206–1600 CE)[show]
Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526 CE)
– Mamluk Sultanate (1206–1290)
– Khalji Sultanate (1290–1320)
– Tughlaq Sultanate (1320–1414)
– Sayyid Sultanate (1414–1451)
– Lodi Sultanate (1451–1526)
Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826)
Chitradurga Kingdom (1300–1779)
Reddy Kingdom (1325–1448)
Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646)
Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576)
Garhwal Kingdom (1358–1803)
Mysore Kingdom (1399–1947)
Gajapati Kingdom (1434–1541)
Deccan Sultanates (1490–1596)
– Ahmadnagar Sultanate (1490–1636)
– Berar Sultanate (1490–1574)
– Bidar Sultanate (1492–1619)
– Bijapur Sultanate (1492–1686)
– Golkonda Sultanate (1518–1687)
Keladi Kingdom (1499–1763)
Koch Kingdom (1515–1947)
Early Modern Period (1526–1858)[show]
Mughal Empire (1526–1858)
Sur Empire (1540–1556)
Madurai Kingdom (1559–1736)
Thanjavur Kingdom (1572–1918)
Bengal Subah (1576–1757)
Marava Kingdom (1600–1750)
Thondaiman Kingdom (1650–1948)
Maratha Empire (1674–1818)
Sikh Confederacy (1707–1799)
Travancore Kingdom (1729–1947)
Sikh Empire (1799–1849)
Colonial States (1510–1961)[show]
Portuguese India (1510–1961)
Dutch India (1605–1825)
Danish India (1620–1869)
French India (1759–1954)
Company Raj (1757–1858)
British Raj (1858–1947)
Sri Lankan Kingdoms (544 BCE–1948 CE)[show]
Kingdom of Tambapanni (543–505 BCE)
Kingdom of Upatissa Nuwara (505–377 BCE)
Anuradhapura Kingdom (377 BCE–1017 CE)
Kingdom of Ruhuna (200 CE)
Kingdom of Polonnaruwa (300–1310)
Jaffna Kingdom (1215–1624)
Kingdom of Dambadeniya (1220–1272)
Kingdom of Yapahuwa (1272–1293)
Kingdom of Kurunegala (1293–1341)
Kingdom of Gampola (1341–1347)
Kingdom of Raigama (1347–1415)
Kingdom of Kotte (1412–1597)
Kingdom of Sitawaka (1521–1594)
Kingdom of Kandy (1469–1815)
Portuguese Ceylon (1505–1658)
Dutch Ceylon (1656–1796)
British Ceylon (1815–1948)
National histories[show]
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Regional histories[show]
Assam
Balochistan
Bengal
Bihar
Gujarat
Himachal Pradesh
Kabul
Kashmir
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Rajasthan
Maharashtra
Uttar Pradesh
Punjab
Odisha
Sindh
South India
Tamil Nadu
Tibet
Specialised histories[show]
Coinage
Demographics
Dynasties
Economy
Indology
Language
Literature
Maritime
Military
Partition of India
Pakistan studies
Science & Technology
Timeline
v
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Coinage of India, issued by imperial dynasties and middle kingdoms, began anywhere between 6th century BCE to 1st millennium BCE and consisted mainly of copper and silver coins in its initial stage.[1] Scholars remain divided over the origins of Indian coinage.[2]
Cowry shells was first used in India as commodity money.[3] In recent discoveries punched mark 'Mudras' (Coins) of stone have been found in lost city of Dwaraka, which is said to have existed at least 5,000 years ago. The Indus Valley Civilization dates back between 2500 BCE and 1750 BCE.[4] What is known, however, is that metal currency was minted in India well before the Mauryan Empire (322–185 BCE),[5] and as radio carbon dating indicates, before the 5th century BCE.[6]
The practice of minted coins spread to the Indo-Gangetic Plain from West Asia. The coins of this period were called Puranas, Karshapanas or Pana.[7] These earliest Indian coins, however, are unlike those circulated in West Asia, were not disk-shaped but rather stamped bars of metal, suggesting that the innovation of stamped currency was added to a pre-existing form of token currency which had already been present in the Mahajanapada kingdoms of the Indian Iron Age. Mahajanapadas that minted their own coins included Gandhara, Kuntala, Kuru, Panchala, Shakya, Surasena and Surashtra.[8]
The tradition of Indian coinage was further influenced by the coming of Turkic and Mughal invaders in India.[1] The East India Company introduced uniform coinage in the 19th century CE, and these coins were later imitated by the modern nation states of Republic of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh.[9] Numismatics plays a valuable role in determining certain period of Indian history.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Post Maha Janapadas period (600 BCE—200 BCE)
2 Classical period (300 BCE—1100 CE)
2.1 Coins of the Mauryas
2.2 Introduction of cast die-struck technique (end of 3rd century BCE)
2.3 Coins of the Indo-Greeks
2.4 Coins of The Sakas and The Pahlavas (200 BCE—400 CE)
2.5 Coins Of Kanishka and Huvishka (100 CE—200 CE)
2.6 Coinage Of The Guptas Empire (320 CE—480 CE)
2.7 Coinage of The Rajputs (900 CE—1400 CE)
3 Late Middle Ages—Contemporary History (1300 CE—2000 CE)
3.1 The Alf Coins Of King Akbar (1582 CE—1610 CE)
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Post Maha Janapadas period (600 BCE—200 BCE)[edit]
See also: Punch-marked coins
Magadha kingdom, Circa 430-320 BCE, Karshapana.
Magadha Kingdom coin, Circa 350 BCE, Karshapana.
Punch-marked coins are a type of early Coinage of India, dating to between about the 6th and 2nd centuries BCE.
The first coins in India were minted around the 6th century BCE by the Mahajanapadas of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, and certainly before the invasion of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BCE. The coins of this period were punch-marked coins called Puranas, Karshapanas or Pana. Several of these coins had a single symbol, for example, Saurashtra had a humped bull, and Dakshin Panchala had a Swastika, others, like Magadha, had several symbols. These coins were made of silver of a standard weight but with an irregular shape. This was gained by cutting up silver bars and then making the correct weight by cutting the edges of the coin.[10]
They are mentioned in the Manu, Panini, and Buddhist Jataka stories and lasted three centuries longer in the south than the north (600 BCE—300 CE).[11]
Shurasena
Surashtra[12]
Early coins of India (400 BCE—100 CE) were made of silver and copper, and bore animal and plant symbols on them.[1]
Classical period (300 BCE—1100 CE)[edit]
Coins of the Mauryas[edit]
The Mauryan Empire coins were punch marked with the royal standard to ascertain their authenticity.[13] The Arthashastra, written by Kautilya, mentions minting of coins but also indicates that the violation of the Imperial Maurya standards by private enterprises may have been an offence.[13] Kautilya also seemed to advocate a theory of bimetallism for coinage, which involved the use of two metals, copper and silver, under one government.[14]
Maurya Empire coinage
Hoard of mostly Mauryan coins.
Silver punch mark coin of the Maurya empire, with symbols of wheel and elephant. 3rd century BCE.[citation needed]
Mauryan coin with arched hill symbol on reverse.[citation needed]
Mauryan Empire coin. Circa late 4th-2nd century BCE.[citation needed]
Mauryan Empire, Emperor Salisuka or later. Circa 207-194 BCE.[15]
Introduction of cast die-struck technique (end of 3rd century BCE)[edit]
Main article: Post-Mauryan coinage
Ancient Indian Coin from Taxila, India, dating back to the 304-232 BC. One of the earliest style coins from ancient India. On the obverse, it has an Elephant advancing right, and on the reverse, a Lion standing left, with hill to left and swastika above.
Punch marked coins were replaced at the fall of the Maurya Empire by cast, die-struck coins.[16] Each individual coins was first cast by pouring a molten metal, usually copper or silver, into a cavity formed by two molds. These were then usually die-struck while still hot, first on just one side, and then later on the two sides. The coin devices are Indian, but it is thought that this coin technology was introduced from the West, either from the Achaemenid Empire or from the neighboring Greco-Bactrian kingdom.[17]
Coins of the Indo-Greeks[edit]
Silver tetradrachm of Indo-Greek king Philoxenus.
Obv: Helmetted, diademed and draped bust of Philoxenus. Greek legend BASILEOS ANIKETOU PHILOXENOU "Of the Invincible King Philoxenus"
Rev: King on prancing horse in military dress. Kharoshti legend MAHARAJASA APADIHATASA PHILASINASA "Undefeatable King Philoxenus".
Coin of Apollodotus I, with a nandipada taurine symbol on the hump of the zebu bull.
The Indo-Greek kings introduced Greek types, and among them the portrait head, into the Indian coinage, and their example was followed for eight centuries.[18] Every coin has some mark of authority in it, this is what known as "types". It appears on every Greek and Roman coin.[18] Demetrios was the first Bactrian king to strike square copper coins of the Indian type, with a legend in Greek on the obverse, and in Kharoshthi on the reverse.[18] Copper coins, square for the most part, are very numerous. The devices are almost entirely Greek, and must have been engraved by Greeks, or Indians trained in the Greek traditions. The rare gold staters and the splendid tetradrachms of Bactria disappear.[18] The silver coins of the Indo-Greeks, as these later princes may conveniently be called, are the didrachm and the hemidrachm. With the exception of certain square hemidrachms of Apollodotos and Philoxenos, they are all round, are struck to the Persian (or Indian) standard, and all have inscriptions in both Greek and Kharoshthi characters.[18]
Coinage of Indo-Greek kingdom began to increasingly influence coins from other regions of India by the 1st century BCE.[1] By this time a large number of tribes, dynasties and kingdoms began issuing their coins; Prākrit legends began to appear.[1] The extensive coinage of the Kushan empire (1st–3rd centuries CE) continued to influence the coinage of the Guptas (320 to 550 CE) and the later rulers of Kashmir.[1]
During the early rise of Roman trade with India up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from Myos Hormos to India.[19] Gold coins, used for this trade, was apparently being recycled by the Kushan empire for their own coinage. In the 1st century CE, the Roman writer Pliny the Elder complained about the vast sums of money leaving the Roman empire for India:
“ India, China and the Arabian peninsula take one hundred million sesterces from our empire per annum at a conservative estimate: that is what our luxuries and women cost us. For what percentage of these imports is intended for sacrifices to the gods or the spirits of the dead? - Pliny, Historia Naturalis 12.41.84. ”
The trade was particularly focused around the regions of Gujarat, ruled by the Western Satraps, and the tip of the Indian peninsular in Southern India. Large hoards of Roman coins have been found and especially in the busy maritime trading centers of South India.[20] The South Indian kings reissued Roman-like coinage in their own name, either producing their own copies or defacing real ones in order to signify their sovereignty.[21]
Coins of The Sakas and The Pahlavas (200 BCE—400 CE)[edit]
Coin of Indo-Scythian Northern Satrap Rajuvula. Obv. Bust of king and Greek legend. Rev. Athena Alkidemos and Kharoshthi legend chatrapasa apratihatachakrasa rajuvulasa "the Satrap Rajuvula whose discus [cakra] is irresistible".The coins are derived from the Indo-Greek types of Strato II.[22]
During the Indo-Scythians period whose era begins from 200 BCE to 400 CE, a new kind of the coins of two dynasties were very popular in circulation in various parts of the then India and parts of central and northern South Asia (Sogdiana, Bactria, Arachosia, Gandhara, Sindh, Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar).[18] These dynasties were Saka and The Pahlavas.After the conquest of Bactria by the Sakas in 135 BCE there must have been considerable intercourse sometimes of a friendly, sometimes of a hostile character, between them and the Parthians, who occupied the neighboring territory.[18]
Maues, whose coins are found only in the Punjab, was the first king of what may be called the Azes group of princes. His silver is not plentiful; the finest type is that with a "biga" (two-horsed chariot) on the obverse, and this type belongs to a square Hemi drachm, the only square aka silver coin known. His most common copper coins, with an elephant's head on the obverse and a "Caduceus" (staff of the god Hermes) on the reverse are imitated from a round copper coin of Demetrius. On another copper square coin of Maues the king is represented on horseback. This striking device is characteristic both of the Saka and Pahlava coinage; it first appears in a slightly different form on coins of the Indo-Greek Hippostratos; the Gupta kings adopted it for their "horseman" type, and it reappears in Medieval India on the coins of numerous Hindu kingdoms until the 14th century CE.[18]
Coins Of Kanishka and Huvishka (100 CE—200 CE)[edit]
Coin of Kanishka in Greek script, with illustration of the Buddha on the reverse.
Kanishka's copper coinage which came into the scene during 100-200 CE was of two types: one had the usual "standing king" obverse, and on the rarer second type the king is sitting on a throne. At about the same time there was Huvishka's copper coinage which was more varied; on the reverse, as on Kanishka's copper, there was always one of the numerous deities; on the obverse the king was portrayed (1) riding on an elephant, or (2) reclining on a couch, or (3) seated cross-legged, or (4) seated with arms raised.
Coinage Of The Guptas Empire (320 CE—480 CE)[edit]
Silver coin of Chandragupta II of Gupta Empire, in the style of the Western Satrap, with pseudo-Greek script on the obverse, 400 CE.
Gold coins of Chandragupta II of Gupta Empire, 400 CE.
The Gupta Empire produced large numbers of gold coins depicting the Gupta kings performing various rituals, as well as silver coins clearly influenced by those of the earlier Western Satraps by Chandragupta II.[1]
The splendid gold coinage of Guptas, with its many types and infinite varieties and its inscriptions in Sanskrit, are the finest examples of the purely Indian art that we possess.[18] Their era starts from around 320 with Chandragupta I’s accession to the throne.[18]Son of Chandragupta I-Samudragupta, the real founder of the Gupta Empire had coinage made of gold only.[18] There were seven different varieties of coins that appeared during his reign.[18] Out of them the archer type is the most common and characteristic type of the Gupta dynasty coins, which were struck by at least eight succeeding kings and was a standard type in the kingdom.[18]
The silver coinage of Guptas starts with the overthrow of the Western Satraps by Chandragupta II. Kumaragupta and Skandagupta continued with the old type of coins (the Garuda and the Peacock types) and also introduced some other new types.[18] The copper coinage was mostly confined to the era of Chandragupta II and was more original in design. Eight out of the nine types known to have been struck by him have a figure of Garuda and the name of the King on it. The gradual deterioration in design and execution of the gold coins and the disappearance of silver money, bear ample evidence to their curtailed territory.[18] The percentage of gold in Indian coins under the reign of Gupta rulers showed a steady financial decline over the centuries as it decreases from 90% pure gold under Chandragupta I (319-335) to a mere 75-80% under Skandagupta (467).
Coinage of The Rajputs (900 CE—1400 CE)[edit]
The coins of various Rajput princes's ruling in Hindustan and Central India were usually of gold, copper or billon, very rarely silver. These coins had the familiar goddess of wealth, Lakshmi on the obverse. In these coins, the Goddess was shown with four arms than the usual two arms of the Gupta coins; the reverse carried the Nagari legend. The seated bull and horseman were almost invariable devices on Rajput copper and bullion coins.[18]
Late Middle Ages—Contemporary History (1300 CE—2000 CE)[edit]
The Alf Coins Of King Akbar (1582 CE—1610 CE)[edit]
Silver coin of Akbar with inscriptions of the Islamic declaration of faith, the declaration reads: "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."
Political orders in Medieval India were based on a relationship and association of power by which the supreme ruler, especially a monarch was able to influence the actions of the subjects.[23]
In order for the relationship to work, it had to be expressed and communicated in the best possible way. In other words, power was by nature declarative from the point of view of its intelligibility and comprehensibility to the audience and required modes of communication to take effect by means of which sovereign power was articulated in the 16th century India.[23]
An examination was done of a series of coins officially issued and circulated by the Mughal emperor Akbar (r 1556-1605) to illustrate and project a particular view of time, religion, and political supremacy being fundamental and co-existing in nature.
Coins constitute part of the evidence that project the transmission of religious and political ideas in the last quarter of the 16th century.
The word ‘Alf’ refers to the millennium.[23] The following are the extraordinary decisions, though bizarre, were taken by King Akbar.
The date in coins were written in words and not in figures.
If the intention was to refer to the year 1000 (yak hazar) of the Islamic calendar (hijri era) as is traditionally believed, the expression adopted for it (Alf) was unorthodox and eccentric.
Akbar, ultimately and more importantly, commanded Alf to be imprinted on the coins in 990 hijri (1582 CE ), or ten years before the date (1000 hijri) was due.
The order was a major departure and extremely unconventional and eccentric from the norm of striking coins in medieval India. Till the advent of Alf, all gold and silver coins had been stuck with figure of the current hijri year.[23]
Akbar’s courtier and critic, Abdul Badani, presents and explains in brevity the motive for these unconventional decisions while describing the events that took place in 990 hijri (1582 CE):
And having thus convinced himself that the thousand years from the prophethood of the apostle (B’isat I Paighambar) the duration for which Islam [lit. religion] would last was now over, and nothing prevented him from articulating the desires he so secretly held in his heart, and the space became empty of the theologians (ulema) and mystics (mashaikh) who had carried awe and dignity and no need was felt for them: he [Akbar] felt himself at liberty to refute the principles of Islam and to institute new regulations, obsolete and corrupt but considered precious by his pernicious beliefs. The first order, which was given to write the date Alf on coins (Dar Sikka tank half Navisand) and to write the Tarikh-i-Alfi [history of the millennium] from the demise (Rihlat) of the prophet (Badauni II: 301).[23]
The evidence, both textual and numismatic, actually makes it clear that Akbar’s decisions to mint the Alf coins and commission the Tarikh-i-Alfi were based on a new communication and interpretation of the terminal dates of the Islamic millennium.
What the evidence doesn’t explain is the source of the idea as well as the reason for persisting with the same date on the imperial coinage even after the critical year had passed.[23]
Gallery[edit]
Queen Kumaradevi and King Chandragupta I on a coin of their son Samudragupta 380 CE.
Gold coin of Gupta era, depicting a Gupta king holding a bow, 300 CE.
Alf coin of king Akbar
Maratha Empire, Chhatrapati Shivaji, Gold hon, c. 1674-80 CE.
Silver Rupee coin of Rudra Simha of Ahom kingdom, 1696 CE.
Maratha Kingdom of Baroda, Sayaji Rao III, 1870 CE.
Gold coin of Raja Raja Chola I, 985 - 1014 CE.
See also[edit]
History of the rupee
Coinage of Asia
Modern Indian coins
Indian rupee
Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay
Pre-modern coinage in Sri Lanka
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Allan & Stern (2008)
Jump up ^ Dhavalikar (1975)
Jump up ^ Kramer, History Begins at Sumer, pp. 52–55.
Jump up ^ https://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-ancient.html
Jump up ^ Sellwood (2008)
Jump up ^ Dhavalikar, M. K. (1975), "The beginning of coinage in India", World Archaeology, 6 (3): 330-338, Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
Jump up ^ See P.L. Gupta: Coins, New Delhi, National Book Trust, 1996, Chapter II.
Jump up ^ "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Gandhara Janapada". Coinindia.com. Retrieved 2012-05-22. "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Kuntala Janapada". Coinindia.com. Retrieved 2012-05-22. "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Kuru Janapada". Coinindia.com. Retrieved 2012-05-22. "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Panchala Janapada". Coinindia.com. Retrieved 2012-05-22. "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Shakya Janapada". Coinindia.com. Retrieved 2012-05-22. "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Shurasena Janapada". Coinindia.com. Archived from the original on 2012-06-05. Retrieved 2012-05-22. "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Surashtra Janapada". Coinindia.com. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
^ Jump up to: a b Sutherland (2008)
Jump up ^ Śrīrāma Goyala (1994). The Coinage of Ancient India. Kusumanjali Prakashan.
Jump up ^ "Puranas or Punch-Marked Coins (circa 600 BC – circa 300 AD)". Government Museum Chhennai. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
Jump up ^ http://coinindia.com/galleries-surashtra.html Accessed 06/03/2007
^ Jump up to: a b Prasad, 168
Jump up ^ Prasad, 166
Jump up ^ CNG Coins [1]
Jump up ^ Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History Book Review Trust, New Delhi, Popular Prakashan, 1995, p.151 [2]
Jump up ^ The Coins Of India, by Brown, C.J. p.13-20 [3]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Brown C.J (1992)
Jump up ^ "The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. I of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1917".
Jump up ^ Curtin, 100
Jump up ^ Kulke & Rothermund, 108
Jump up ^ The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans, by John M. Rosenfield, University of California Press, 1967 p.135 [4]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Himanshu, P. R. (2006)
References[edit]
Himanshu Prabha Ray (2006), "Coins in India", ISBN 81-85026-73-4.
Allan, J. & Stern, S. M. (2008), coin, Encyclopædia Britannica.
Agrawal, Ashvini (1989), Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-0592-5.
Chaudhuri, K. N. (1985), Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-28542-9.
Curtin, Philip DeArmond etc. (1984), Cross-Cultural Trade in World History, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-26931-8.
Dhavalikar, M. K. (1975), "The beginning of coinage in India", World Archaeology, 6 (3): 330-338, Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
Kulke, Hermann & Rothermund, Dietmar (2004), A History of India, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-32919-1.
Prasad, P.C. (2003), Foreign trade and commerce in ancient India, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 81-7017-053-2.
Sellwood, D. G. J. (2008), coin, Encyclopædia Britannica.
Srivastava, A.L. & Alam, Muzaffar (2008), India, Encyclopædia Britannica.
Sutherland, C. H. V. (2008), coin, Encyclopædia Britannica.
Himanshu, P. R. (2006), Coins in India:Power and Communication, J.J. Bhabha Marg Publication, ISBN 81-85026-73-4.
Brown, C.J. (1992), The Coins of India, Association Press(Y.M.C.A), ISBN 978-81-8090-192-8.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coins of India.
British India Coins Wiki
Persian & Devanagari Legends on Silver Rupees of India
India Coin News & Forums
Indian Coins Encyclopedia
Reserve Bank of India Monetary Museum (RBI)
Oriental Coins Database at Zeno.ru
Indian Coins-Numismatics Forum - Coins of India
CoinIndia: The Virtual Museum of Indian Coins
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