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List of Presidents of the United States
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The President of the United States is the elected head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is indirectly elected to a four-year term by the people through the Electoral College.
Since the office was established in 1789, 44 men have served as president. The first, George Washington, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College. Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms in office, and is counted as the nation's 22nd and 24th presidents; the incumbent, Donald Trump, is therefore the 45th president. There are currently five living former presidents. The most recent death of a former president was on December 26, 2006 with the death of Gerald Ford; the most recently serving president to die was Ronald Reagan on June 5, 2004.
William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office, he died 31 days after taking office in 1841. Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest, over twelve years, before dying early in his fourth term in 1945; he is the only president to have served more than two terms. Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected president more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.[1]
Of the elected presidents, four died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Warren G. Harding, and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley and John F. Kennedy), and one resigned (Richard Nixon). John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency during a presidential term, and set the precedent that a vice president who does so becomes the fully functioning president with his own presidency, as opposed to a caretaker president. The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution put Tyler's precedent into law in 1967. It also established a mechanism by which a mid-term vacancy in the vice presidency could be filled. Richard Nixon was the first president to fill a vacancy under this Provision when he appointed Gerald Ford to the office. Later, Ford became the second to do so when he appointed Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him. Previously, a mid-term vacancy was left unfilled.
Throughout most of its history, American politics has been dominated by political parties. The Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties, and at the time it came into force in 1789, there were no parties. Soon after the 1st Congress convened, factions began rallying around dominant Washington Administration officials, such as Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. Greatly concerned about the very real capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. He was, and remains, the only U.S. president never to be affiliated with a political party.[2] Since Washington, every president has been affiliated with a political party at the time they assumed office.
Contents
[hide]
1 Presidents
2 Subsequent public service
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Presidents
Unaffiliated (2) Federalist (1) Democratic-Republican (4) Democratic (15) Whig (4) Republican (19) National Union (2)
Presidency[a]
President
Prior office[b]
Party[c]
Term[d]
Vice President
1 April 30, 1789
[e]
–
March 4, 1797 George Washington
1732–1799
(Lived: 67 years)
[3][4][5] Commander-in-Chief
of the
Continental Army
(1775–1783) Unaffiliated
[2] (1788–89)
1
(1789) John Adams
[f][g]
(1792)
2
(1793)
2 March 4, 1797
–
March 4, 1801 John Adams
1735–1826
(Lived: 90 years)
[6][7][8] 1st
Vice President of the United States Federalist (1796)
3
(1797) Thomas Jefferson
[h]
3 March 4, 1801
–
March 4, 1809 Thomas Jefferson
1743–1826
(Lived: 83 years)
[9][10][11] 2nd
Vice President of the United States Democratic-
Republican (1800)
4
(1801) Aaron Burr
March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1805
(1804)
5
(1805) George Clinton
March 4, 1805 – March 4, 1809
4 March 4, 1809
–
March 4, 1817 James Madison
1751–1836
(Lived: 85 years)
[12][13][14] 5th
United States Secretary of State
(1801–1809) Democratic-
Republican (1808)
6
(1809) George Clinton
March 4, 1809 – April 20, 1812
(Died in office)
Office vacant
(Balance of Clinton's term)
(1812)
7
(1813) Elbridge Gerry
March 4, 1813 – November 23, 1814
(Died in office)
Office vacant
(Balance of Gerry's term)
5 March 4, 1817
–
March 4, 1825 James Monroe
1758–1831
(Lived: 73 years)
[15][16][17] 7th
United States Secretary of State
(1811–1817) Democratic-
Republican (1816)
8
(1817) Daniel D. Tompkins
(1820)
9
(1821)
6 March 4, 1825
–
March 4, 1829 John Quincy Adams
1767–1848
(Lived: 80 years)
[18][19][20] 8th
United States Secretary of State
(1817–1825) Democratic-
Republican (1824)
10
(1825) John C. Calhoun
7 March 4, 1829
–
March 4, 1837 Andrew Jackson
1767–1845
(Lived: 78 years)
[21][22][23] U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Tennessee
(1797–1798 & 1823–1825) Democratic (1828)
11
(1829) John C. Calhoun
[i]
March 4, 1829 – December 28, 1832
(Resigned from office)
Office vacant
(Balance of Calhoun's term)
(1832)
12
(1833) Martin Van Buren
March 4, 1833 – March 4, 1837
8 March 4, 1837
–
March 4, 1841 Martin Van Buren
1782–1862
(Lived: 79 years)
[24][25][26] 8th
Vice President of the United States Democratic (1836)
13
(1837) Richard M. Johnson
9 March 4, 1841
–
April 4, 1841
(Died in office) William Henry Harrison
1773–1841
(Lived: 68 years)
[27][28][29] United States Minister to Colombia
(1828–1829) Whig (1840)
14
(1841)
(1841)
[j] John Tyler
(Succeeded to presidency)
10 April 4, 1841
[k]
–
March 4, 1845 John Tyler
1790–1862
(Lived: 71 years)
[30][31][32] 10th
Vice President of the United States Whig
April 4, 1841 – September 13, 1841 Office vacant
Unaffiliated
September 13, 1841 – March 4, 1845
[l]
11 March 4, 1845
–
March 4, 1849 James K. Polk
1795–1849
(Lived: 53 years)
[33][34][35] 9th
Governor of Tennessee
(1839–1841) Democratic (1844)
15
(1845) George M. Dallas
12
March 4, 1849
–
July 9, 1850
(Died in office) Zachary Taylor
1784–1850
(Lived: 65 years)
[36][37][38] Major General of the 1st Infantry Regiment
United States Army
(1846–1849)
(No prior elected office) Whig (1848)
16
(1849)
(1850)
[j] Millard Fillmore
(Succeeded to presidency)
13 July 9, 1850
[m]
–
March 4, 1853 Millard Fillmore
1800–1874
(Lived: 74 years)
[39][40][41] 12th
Vice President of the United States Whig Office vacant
14 March 4, 1853
–
March 4, 1857 Franklin Pierce
1804–1869
(Lived: 64 years)
[42][43][44] Brigadier General of the 9th Infantry
United States Army
(1847–1848) Democratic (1852)
17
(1853) William R. King
March 4 – April 18, 1853
(Died in office)
Office vacant
(Balance of King's term)
15 March 4, 1857
–
March 4, 1861 James Buchanan
1791–1868
(Lived: 77 years)
[45][46][47] United States Minister to the
Court of St James's
(1853–1856) Democratic (1856)
18
(1857) John C. Breckinridge
16 March 4, 1861
–
April 15, 1865
(Died in office) Abraham Lincoln
1809–1865
(Lived: 56 years)
[48][49][50] U.S. Representative for Illinois' 7th District
(1847–1849) Republican
(National Union)
[n] (1860)
19
(1861) Hannibal Hamlin
March 4, 1861 – March 4, 1865
(1864)
20
(1865)
(1865)
[j] Andrew Johnson
March 4 – April 15, 1865
(Succeeded to presidency)
17 April 15, 1865
–
March 4, 1869 Andrew Johnson
1808–1875
(Lived: 66 years)
[51][52][53] 16th
Vice President of the United States National Union
April 15, 1865 – c. 1868 Office vacant
Democratic
c. 1868 – March 4, 1869
[o]
18
March 4, 1869
–
March 4, 1877 Ulysses S. Grant
1822–1885
(Lived: 63 years)
[54][55][56] Commanding General of the U.S. Army
(1864–1869)
(No prior elected office) Republican (1868)
21
(1869) Schuyler Colfax
March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1873
(1872)
22
(1873) Henry Wilson
March 4, 1873 – November 22, 1875
(Died in office)
Office vacant
(Balance of Wilson's term)
19 March 4, 1877
–
March 4, 1881 Rutherford B. Hayes
1822–1893
(Lived: 70 years)
[57][58][59] 29th & 32nd
Governor of Ohio
(1868–1872 & 1876–1877) Republican (1876)
23
(1877) William A. Wheeler
20 March 4, 1881
–
September 19, 1881
(Died in office) James A. Garfield
1831–1881
(Lived: 49 years)
[60][61][62] U.S. Representative for Ohio's 19th District
(1863–1881) Republican (1880)
24
(1881)
(1881)
[j] Chester A. Arthur
(Succeeded to presidency)
21 September 19, 1881
[p]
–
March 4, 1885 Chester A. Arthur
1829–1886
(Lived: 57 years)
[63][64][65] 20th
Vice President of the United States Republican Office vacant
22 March 4, 1885
–
March 4, 1889 Grover Cleveland
1837–1908
(Lived: 71 years)
[66][67] 28th
Governor of New York
(1883–1885) Democratic (1884)
25
(1885) Thomas A. Hendricks
March 4 – November 25, 1885
(Died in office)
Office vacant
(Balance of Hendricks' term)
23 March 4, 1889
–
March 4, 1893 Benjamin Harrison
1833–1901
(Lived: 67 years)
[68][69][70] U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Indiana
(1881–1887) Republican (1888)
26
(1889) Levi P. Morton
24 March 4, 1893
–
March 4, 1897 Grover Cleveland
1837–1908
(Lived: 71 years)
[66][67] 22nd
President of the United States
(1885–1889) Democratic (1892)
27
(1893) Adlai Stevenson
25 March 4, 1897
–
September 14, 1901
(Died in office) William McKinley
1843–1901
(Lived: 58 years)
[71][72][73] 39th
Governor of Ohio
(1892–1896) Republican (1896)
28
(1897) Garret Hobart
March 4, 1897 – November 21, 1899
(Died in office)
Office vacant
(Balance of Hobart's term)
(1900)
29
(1901)
(1901)
[j] Theodore Roosevelt
March 4 – September 14, 1901
(Succeeded to presidency)
26 September 14, 1901
–
March 4, 1909 Theodore Roosevelt
1858–1919
(Lived: 60 years)
[74][75][76] 25th
Vice President of the United States Republican Office vacant
September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1905
(1904)
30
(1905) Charles W. Fairbanks
March 4, 1905 – March 4, 1909
27 March 4, 1909
–
March 4, 1913 William Howard Taft
1857–1930
(Lived: 72 years)
[77][78][79] 42nd
United States Secretary of War
(1904–1908) Republican (1908)
31
(1909) James S. Sherman
March 4, 1909 – October 30, 1912
(Died in office)
Office vacant
(Balance of Sherman's term)
28 March 4, 1913
–
March 4, 1921 Woodrow Wilson
1856–1924
(Lived: 67 years)
[80][81][82] 34th
Governor of New Jersey
(1911–1913) Democratic (1912)
32
(1913) Thomas R. Marshall
(1916)
33
(1917)
29 March 4, 1921
–
August 2, 1923
(Died in office) Warren G. Harding
1865–1923
(Lived: 57 years)
[83][84][85] U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Ohio
(1915–1921) Republican (1920)
34
(1921)
(1923)
[j] Calvin Coolidge
(Succeeded to presidency)
30 August 2, 1923
[q]
–
March 4, 1929 Calvin Coolidge
1872–1933
(Lived: 60 years)
[86][87][88] 29th
Vice President of the United States Republican Office vacant
August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1925
(1924)
35
(1925) Charles G. Dawes
March 4, 1925 – March 4, 1929
31
March 4, 1929
–
March 4, 1933 Herbert Hoover
1874–1964
(Lived: 90 years)
[89][90][91] 3rd
United States Secretary of Commerce
(1921–1928)
(No prior elected office) Republican (1928)
36
(1929) Charles Curtis
32 March 4, 1933
–
April 12, 1945
(Died in office) Franklin D. Roosevelt
1882–1945
(Lived: 63 years)
[92][93][94] 44th
Governor of New York
(1929–1932) Democratic (1932)
37
(1933) John N. Garner
March 4, 1933 – January 20, 1941
[r]
(1936)
38
(1937)
(1940)
39
(1941) Henry A. Wallace
January 20, 1941 – January 20, 1945
(1944)
40
(1945)
(1945)
[j] Harry S. Truman
January 20 – April 12, 1945
(Succeeded to presidency)
33 April 12, 1945
–
January 20, 1953 Harry S. Truman
1884–1972
(Lived: 88 years)
[95][96][97] 34th
Vice President of the United States Democratic Office vacant
April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1949
(1948)
41
(1949) Alben W. Barkley
January 20, 1949 – January 20, 1953
34
January 20, 1953
–
January 20, 1961 Dwight D. Eisenhower
1890–1969
(Lived: 78 years)
[98][99][100] Supreme Allied Commander Europe
(1949–1952)
(No prior elected office) Republican (1952)
42
(1953) Richard Nixon
(1956)
43
(1957)
35 January 20, 1961
–
November 22, 1963
(Died in office) John F. Kennedy
1917–1963
(Lived: 46 years)
[101][102][103] U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Massachusetts
(1953–1960) Democratic (1960)
44
(1961)
(1963)
[j] Lyndon B. Johnson
(Succeeded to presidency)
36 November 22, 1963
–
January 20, 1969 Lyndon B. Johnson
1908–1973
(Lived: 64 years)
[104][105] 37th
Vice President of the United States Democratic Office vacant
November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1965
(1964)
45
(1965) Hubert Humphrey
January 20, 1965 – January 20, 1969
37 January 20, 1969
–
August 9, 1974
(Resigned from office) Richard Nixon
1913–1994
(Lived: 81 years)
[106][107][108] 36th
Vice President of the United States
(1953–1961) Republican (1968)
46
(1969) Spiro Agnew
January 20, 1969 – October 10, 1973
(Resigned from office)
(1972)
47
(1973)
(1974)
[j]
Office vacant
October 10 – December 6, 1973
Gerald Ford
December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974
(Succeeded to presidency)
38 August 9, 1974
–
January 20, 1977 Gerald Ford
1913–2006
(Lived: 93 years)
[109][110][111] 40th
Vice President of the United States Republican Office vacant
August 9 – December 19, 1974
Nelson Rockefeller
December 19, 1974 – January 20, 1977
39 January 20, 1977
–
January 20, 1981 Jimmy Carter
Born 1924
(93 years old)
[112][113][114] 76th
Governor of Georgia
(1971–1975) Democratic (1976)
48
(1977) Walter Mondale
40 January 20, 1981
–
January 20, 1989 Ronald Reagan
1911–2004
(Lived: 93 years)
[115][116][117] 33rd
Governor of California
(1967–1975) Republican (1980)
49
(1981) George H. W. Bush
(1984)
50
(1985)
41 January 20, 1989
–
January 20, 1993 George H. W. Bush
Born 1924
(93 years old)
[118][119][120] 43rd
Vice President of the United States Republican (1988)
51
(1989) Dan Quayle
42 January 20, 1993
–
January 20, 2001 Bill Clinton
Born 1946
(71 years old)
[121][122][123] 40th & 42nd
Governor of Arkansas
(1979–1981 & 1983–1992) Democratic (1992)
52
(1993) Al Gore
(1996)
53
(1997)
43 January 20, 2001
–
January 20, 2009 George W. Bush
Born 1946
(71 years old)
[124][125] 46th
Governor of Texas
(1995–2000) Republican (2000)
54
(2001) Dick Cheney
(2004)
55
(2005)
44 January 20, 2009
–
January 20, 2017 Barack Obama
Born 1961
(56 years old)
[126][127] U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Illinois
(2005–2008) Democratic (2008)
56
(2009) Joe Biden
(2012)
57
(2013)
45 January 20, 2017
–
Incumbent Donald Trump
Born 1946
(71 years old)
[128][129] Chairman of
The Trump Organization
(1971–2017)
(No prior elected office) Republican (2016)
58
(2017) Mike Pence
Subsequent public service
Four presidents held other high U.S. federal offices after leaving the presidency.
President
Presidency[a]
Subsequent service
John Quincy Adams 6 1825–1829 U.S. Representative from Massachusetts (1831–1848)
Andrew Johnson 17 1865–1869 U.S. Senator from Tennessee (1875)
Grover Cleveland 22 1885–1889 24th President of the United States (1893–1897)
William Howard Taft 27 1909–1913 10th Chief Justice of the United States (1921–1930)
Several presidents campaigned unsuccessfully for other U.S. state or federal elective offices after leaving the presidency.
President
Presidency[a]
Office sought unsuccessfully
John Quincy Adams 6 1825–1829 Governor of Massachusetts (1833)
Martin Van Buren 8 1837–1841 President of the United States (1844)
President of the United States (1848)
Millard Fillmore 13 1850–1853 President of the United States (1856)
Andrew Johnson 17 1865–1869 U.S. Senator from Tennessee (1870)
U.S. Representative from Tennessee (1872)
Ulysses S. Grant 18 1869–1877 President of the United States (1880)
Theodore Roosevelt 26 1901–1909 President of the United States (1912)
Herbert Hoover 31 1929–1933 President of the United States (1940)
Additionally, one former president, John Tyler, served in the government of the Confederate States during the American Civil War. Tyler served in the Provisional Confederate Congress from 1861 to 1862. He was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives in November 1861, but died before he could take his seat.
See also
Acting President of the United States
Founding Fathers of the United States
Historical rankings of presidents of the United States
Lifespan timeline of Presidents of the United States
List of Presidents of the Continental Congress
List of Vice Presidents of the United States
List of United States presidential trips
Biography portal
United States portal
Government of the United States portal
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b c The presidents are numbered according to uninterrupted periods of time served by the same person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Upon the resignation of 37th president Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive. A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period.
Jump up ^ Listed here is the most recent office (either with a U.S. state, the federal government, or a private corporation) held by the individual prior to becoming President.
Jump up ^ Three presidents are counted above with multiple political affiliations: John Tyler (Whig, Unaffiliated), Abraham Lincoln (Republican, National Union), and Andrew Johnson (National Union, Democratic).
Jump up ^ Listed and numbered here are the elections and inaugurations that constitute a presidential term.
Jump up ^ Due to logistical delays, instead of being inaugurated on March 4, 1789, the date scheduled for operations of the federal government under the new Constitution to begin, Washington's first inauguration was held 1 month and 26 days later. As a result, his first term was only 1,404 days long (as opposed to the usual 1,461), and was the shortest term for a U.S. president who neither died in office nor resigned.
Jump up ^ Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted in 1787 and ratified in 1788, nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788–89. When they did develop, during Washington's first term, Adams joined the faction which became the Federalist Party. The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States to be contested on anything resembling a partisan basis.
Jump up ^ Due to logistical delays, Adams assumed the office of Vice President 1 month and 17 days after the March 4, 1789 scheduled start of operations of the new government under the Constitution. As a result, his first term was only 1,413 days long, and was the shortest term for a U.S. vice president who neither died in office nor resigned.
Jump up ^ The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and the only one in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected president, and Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected vice president.
Jump up ^ John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to oppose the Tariff of 1828 and advance the cause of states' rights, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the democratic coalition led by Jackson.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Intra-term extraordinary inauguration.
Jump up ^ John Tyler was sworn in as President on April 6, 1841.
Jump up ^ John Tyler, a former Democrat, ran for vice president on the Whig Party ticket with Harrison in 1840. Tyler's policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party in September 1841.
Jump up ^ Millard Fillmore was sworn in as President on July 10, 1850.
Jump up ^ When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket.
Jump up ^ Democrat Andrew Johnson ran for vice president on the National Union Party ticket with Republican Abraham Lincoln in 1864. Later, while president, Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.
Jump up ^ Chester A. Arthur was initially sworn in as President on September 20, 1881, and then again on September 22.
Jump up ^ Calvin Coolidge was initially sworn in as President on August 3, 1923, and then again on August 21.
Jump up ^ The Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution (ratified on January 23, 1933) moved Inauguration Day from March 4 to January 20, beginning in 1937. As a result, Garner's first term in office was 1 month and 12 days shorter than a normal term.
References
Jump up ^ "The Constitution: Amendments 11–27". U.S. National Archives & Records Administration. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Jamison, Dennis (December 31, 2014). "George Washington's views on political parties in America". The Washington Times. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "George Washington". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "George Washington". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of George Washington". American Presidents: Life Portraits. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "John Adams". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "John Adams". History. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of John Adams". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Thomas Jefferson". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Thomas Jefferson". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Thomas Jefferson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "James Madison". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "James Madison". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of James Madison". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "James Monroe". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "James Monroe". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of James Monroe". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "John Quincy Adams". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "John Quincy Adams". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of John Quincy Adams". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Andrew Jackson". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Andrew Jackson". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Andrew Jackson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Martin Van Buren". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Martin Van Buren". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "William Henry Harrison". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "William Henry Harrison". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of William Henry Harrison". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "John Tyler". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "John Tyler". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of John Tyler". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "James K. Polk". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "James K. Polk". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of James K. Polk". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Zachary Taylor". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Zachary Taylor". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Zachary Taylor". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Millard Fillmore". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Millard Fillmore". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Millard Fillmore". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Franklin Pierce". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Franklin Pierce". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Franklin Pierce". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "James Buchanan". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "James Buchanan". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of James Buchanan". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Abraham Lincoln". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Abraham Lincoln". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Abraham Lincoln". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Andrew Johnson". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Andrew Johnson". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Andrew Johnson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ulysses S. Grant". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ulysses S. Grant". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Ulysses S. Grant". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Rutherford B. Hayes". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rutherford B. Hayes". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Rutherford B. Hayes". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "James Garfield". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "James A. Garfield". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of James Garfield". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chester A. Arthur". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Chester A. Arthur". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Chester A. Arthur". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Grover Cleveland". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Life Portrait of Grover Cleveland". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Benjamin Harrison". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Benjamin Harrison". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Benjamin Harrison". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "William McKinley". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "William McKinley". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of William McKinley". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Theodore Roosevelt". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Theodore Roosevelt". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Theodore Roosevelt". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "William Howard Taft". whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "William Howard Taft". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of William Howard Taft". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Woodrow Wilson". whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Woodrow Wilson". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Woodrow Wilson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Warren G. Harding". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Warren G. Harding". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Warren G. Harding". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Calvin Coolidge". whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Calvin Coolidge". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Calvin Coolidge". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Herbert Hoover". whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Herbert Hoover". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Herbert Hoover". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Franklin D. Roosevelt". whitehouse.gov. March 20, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Franklin D. Roosevelt". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Harry S. Truman". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Harry Truman". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Harry S. Truman". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dwight D. Eisenhower". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dwight D. Eisenhower". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "John F. Kennedy". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "John F. Kennedy". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of John F. Kennedy". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lyndon B. Johnson". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Lyndon B. Johnson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Richard M. Nixon". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Richard M. Nixon". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Richard M. Nixon". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gerald R. Ford". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Gerald Ford". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Gerald R. Ford". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "James Carter". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jimmy Carter". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Jimmy Carter". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ronald Reagan". whitehouse.gov. June 25, 2008. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ronald Reagan". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Ronald Reagan". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "George H. W. Bush". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "George Bush". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of George H.W. Bush". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "William J. Clinton". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bill Clinton". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Bill Clinton". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "George W. Bush". whitehouse.gov. February 25, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "George W. Bush". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Barack Obama". whitehouse.gov. January 20, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Barack Obama". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "President Donald J. Trump". whitehouse.gov. January 20, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Donald Trump". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
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text:
German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Graf Zeppelin after her launching on 8 December 1938
History
Germany
Name: Graf Zeppelin
Namesake: Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin
Builder: Deutsche Werke
Laid down: 28 December 1936
Launched: 8 December 1938
Fate: Sunk as a target ship on 16 August 1947
General characteristics
Class and type: Graf Zeppelin-class aircraft carrier
Displacement: 33,550 long tons (34,088.4 t)
Length: 262.5 m (861 ft 2.6 in)
Beam: 36.2 m (118 ft 9.2 in)
Draft: 8.5 m (27 ft 10.6 in)
Installed power: 200,000 shaft horsepower (149,140.0 kW)
Propulsion: 4 geared turbines
Speed: 33.8 kn (62.6 km/h; 38.9 mph)
Range: 8,000 nmi (14,816.0 km; 9,206.2 mi) at 19 kn (35.2 km/h; 21.9 mph)
Complement: 1,720
Armament:
16 × 15 cm SK C/28 guns
12 × 10.5 cm SK C/33 guns
22 × 3.7 cm SK C/30 guns
28 × 2 cm FlaK guns
Armor:
Belt: 100 mm (3.9 in)
Flight deck: 45 mm (1.8 in)
Main deck: 60 mm (2.4 in)
Aircraft carried:
Proposed complement of 42[1]
1930 proposal: 30 fighters & 12 dive bombers[1]
1939 proposal: 12 fighters & 30 dive bombers[1]
The German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin was the lead ship in a class of two carriers of the same name ordered by the Kriegsmarine. She was the only aircraft carrier launched by Germany and represented part of the Kriegsmarine's attempt to create a well-balanced oceangoing fleet, capable of projecting German naval power far beyond the narrow confines of the Baltic and North Seas. The carrier would have had a complement of 42 fighters and dive bombers.
Construction on Graf Zeppelin began on 28 December 1936, when her keel was laid down at the Deutsche Werke shipyard in Kiel. Named in honor of Graf (Count) Ferdinand von Zeppelin, the ship was launched on 8 December 1938, and was 85% complete by the outbreak of World War II in September 1939. Graf Zeppelin was not completed and was never operational due to shifting construction priorities necessitated by the war. She remained in the Baltic for the duration of the war; with Germany's defeat imminent, the ship's custodian crew scuttled her just outside Stettin in March 1945. The Soviet Union raised the ship in March 1946, and she was ultimately sunk in weapons tests north of Poland 17 months later. The wreck was discovered by a Polish survey ship in July 2006.
Contents
[hide]
1 Design
2 Construction and cancellation
3 Fate after the war
3.1 Discovery in 2006
4 Notes
4.1 Footnotes
4.2 Citations
5 References
6 External links
Design[edit]
Main article: Graf Zeppelin-class aircraft carrier
Projected recognition drawing of Graf Zeppelin had she been completed in September 1942
Graf Zeppelin was 262.5 meters (861.2 ft) long overall; she had a beam of 36.2 m (118.8 ft) and a maximum draft of 8.5 m (27.9 ft). At full combat load, she would have displaced 33,550 long tons (34,088.4 t). The ship's propulsion system consisted of four Brown, Boveri & Cie geared turbines with sixteen oil-fired, ultra-high-pressure LaMont boilers. The power plant was rated at 200,000 shaft horsepower (149,140.0 kW) and a top speed of 33.8 knots (62.6 km/h; 38.9 mph). Graf Zeppelin had a projected cruising radius of 8,000 nautical miles (14,816.0 km; 9,206.2 mi) at a speed of 19 kn (35.2 km/h; 21.9 mph). She would have had a crew of 1760 officers and enlisted men, plus flight crews.[2]
The ship's primary offensive power would have been its aircraft complement. Graf Zeppelin would have carried 42 aircraft as designed: 12 navalized Junkers Ju 87 "Stuka" dive bombers, 10 Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters, and 20 Fieseler Fi 167 torpedo bombers.[3] Later during the construction process, the aerial complement was reworked to consist of thirty Ju 87s and twelve Bf 109s, and the Fi 167s were removed altogether. As designed, Graf Zeppelin was to be fitted with eight 15 cm SK C/28 guns for defense against surface warships. This number was later increased to sixteen. Her anti-aircraft battery consisted of ten 10.5 cm SK C/33 guns—later increased to twelve—twenty-two 3.7 cm SK C/30 guns, and twenty-eight 2 cm guns. The ship's flight deck was protected with up to 45 millimeters (1.8 in) of Wotan Weich steel armor.[a] A 60 mm (2.4 in) thick armored deck was located under the deck to protect the ship's vitals from aerial attacks. Graf Zeppelin had a waterline armor belt that was 100 mm (3.9 in) thick in the central area of the ship.[2]
Construction and cancellation[edit]
The keel for Graf Zeppelin in December 1936
On 16 November 1935, the contract for Flugzeugträger A (Aircraft carrier A)—later christened Graf Zeppelin—was awarded to the Deutsche Werke shipyard in Kiel. Construction of the ship was delayed since Deutsche Werke was working at capacity, and the slipway needed for Graf Zeppelin was occupied by the new battleship Gneisenau, which was launched on 8 December 1936.[5] Work started on Graf Zeppelin on 28 December, when her keel was laid down. She was launched on 8 December 1938, the 24th anniversary of the Battle of the Falkland Islands,[6] and she was christened by Helene von Zeppelin, the daughter of the ship's namesake. At the launching ceremony, Hermann Göring gave a speech.[7] By the end of 1939, she was 85% complete, with a projected completion by the middle of 1940.[8] By September 1939, one carrier-borne wing, Trägergruppe 186, had been formed by the Luftwaffe at Kiel Holtenau, composed of three squadrons equipped with Bf 109s and Ju-87s.[9]
Meanwhile, the German conquest of Norway in April 1940 further eroded any chance of completing Graf Zeppelin. Now responsible for defending Norway's long coastline and numerous port facilities, the Kriegsmarine urgently needed large numbers of coastal guns and anti-aircraft batteries. During a naval conference with Hitler on 28 April 1940, Admiral Erich Raeder proposed halting all work on Graf Zeppelin, arguing that even if she was commissioned by the end of 1940, final installation of her guns would need another ten months or more (her original fire control system had been sold to the Soviet Union under an earlier trade agreement).[10] Hitler consented to the stop work order, allowing Raeder to have Graf Zeppelin's 15 cm guns removed and transferred to Norway. The carrier's heavy flak armament of twelve 10.5 cm guns had already been diverted elsewhere.[11]
In July 1940, Graf Zeppelin was towed from Kiel to Gotenhafen (Gdynia) and remained there for nearly a year. While there, she was used as a storage depot for Germany's hardwood supply.[12] Just before Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the carrier was again moved, this time to Stettin, to safeguard her from Soviet air attacks. By November, the German army had pushed deep enough into Russian territory to remove any further threat of air attack and Graf Zeppelin was returned to Gotenhafen. There, she was used as a store ship for timber.[13]
Graf Zeppelin moored at Stettin in mid-1941
By the time Raeder met with Hitler for a detailed discussion of naval strategy in April 1942, the usefulness of aircraft carriers in modern naval warfare had been amply demonstrated. British carriers had crippled the Italian fleet at Taranto in November 1940, critically damaged the German battleship Bismarck in May 1941 and prevented battleship Tirpitz from attacking two convoys bound for Russia in March 1942. In addition, a Japanese carrier raid on Pearl Harbor had devastated the American battle fleet in December 1941. Raeder, anxious to secure air protection for the Kriegsmarine's heavier surface units, informed Hitler that Graf Zeppelin could be finished in about a year, with another six months required for sea trials and flight training. On 13 May 1942, with Hitler's authorization, the German Naval Supreme Command ordered work resumed on the carrier.[14]
But daunting technical problems remained. Raeder wanted newer planes, specifically designed for carrier use. Reichsmarshall Hermann Göring, head of the Luftwaffe, replied that the already overburdened German aircraft industry could not possibly complete the design, testing and mass production of such aircraft before 1946. Instead, he proposed converting existing aircraft (again the Junkers Ju 87 and Messerschmitt Bf 109) as a temporary solution until newer types could be developed. Training of carrier pilots at Travemünde would also resume.[14]
The converted carrier aircraft were heavier versions of their land-based predecessors and this required a host of changes to Graf Zeppelin's original design: the existing catapults needed modernization; stronger winches were necessary for the arresting gear; the flight deck, elevators and hangar floors also required reinforcement.[15] Changes in naval technology dictated other alterations as well: installation of air search radar sets and antennas; upgraded radio equipment; an armored fighter director cabin mounted on the main mast (which in turn meant a heavier, sturdier mast to accommodate the cabin's added weight); extra armoring for the bridge and fire control center; a new curved funnel cap to shield the fighter director cabin from smoke; replacing the single-mount 20mm AA guns with quadruple Flakvierling 38 guns (with a corresponding increase in ammunition supply) to improve overall AA defense; and additional bulges on either side of the hull to preserve the ship's stability under all this added weight.[16]
The German naval staff hoped all these changes could be accomplished by April 1943, with the carrier's first sea trials taking place in August that year. Towards that end, Chief Engineer Wilhelm Hadeler was reassigned to oversee Graf Zeppelin's completion. Hadeler planned on getting the two inner shafts and their respective propulsion systems operational first, giving the ship an initial speed of 25–26 knots, fast enough for sea trials to commence and for conducting air training exercises. By the winter of 1943–1944 she was expected to be combat-ready.[14]
On the night of 27–28 August 1942, while still moored at Gotenhafen, Graf Zeppelin was the target of the only Allied air attack aimed at her during the war. Three Royal Air Force Avro Lancaster heavy bombers from 106 Squadron were dispatched against the German aircraft carrier, each one carrying a single "Capital Ship" bomb, a 5,600 lb (2,540 kg) device with a shaped charge warhead intended for armored targets.[17] One pilot, who was unable to see the carrier due to haze, dropped his bomb instead on the estimated position of the German battleship Gneisenau. Another believed he had scored a direct hit on Graf Zeppelin, but there is no known record of the ship suffering any damage from a bomb strike that night.[18]
Graf Zeppelin in drydock in March 1943
On 5 December 1942, Graf Zeppelin was towed back to Kiel and placed in a floating drydock. It seemed she might well see completion after all, but by late January 1943 Hitler had become so disenchanted with the Kriegsmarine, especially with what he perceived as the poor performance of its surface fleet, that he ordered all of its larger ships taken out of service and scrapped. Raeder was shortly relieved of command and replaced with the Commander of Submarines Karl Dönitz. Though Admiral Dönitz eventually persuaded Hitler to void most of the order, work on all new surface ships and even those nearing completion was halted, including Graf Zeppelin.[19][20] On 30 January 1943, all major work on the ship ceased, though some limited, temporary work continued until March.[12]
In April 1943 Graf Zeppelin was again towed eastward, first to Gotenhafen, then to the roadstead at Swinemünde and finally berthed at a back-water wharf in the Parnitz River, two miles (3 km) from Stettin, where she had been briefly docked in 1941. There she languished for the next two years with only a 40-man custodial crew in attendance.[21] When Red Army forces neared the city in April 1945, the ship's Kingston valves were opened, flooding her lower spaces and settling her firmly into the mud in shallow water. A ten-man engineering squad then rigged the vessel's interior with demolition and depth charges in order to hole the hull and destroy vital machinery. At 6pm on 25 April 1945, just as the Soviets entered Stettin, commander Wolfgang Kähler radioed the squad to detonate the explosives. Smoke billowing from the carrier's funnel confirmed the charges had gone off, rendering the ship useless to her new owners for many months to come.[22]
Fate after the war[edit]
Bow view of a model of Graf Zeppelin, at the Aeronauticum.
The carrier's history and fate after Germany's surrender was unknown outside the Soviet Union for decades after the war. The Soviets could not repair the ship in the length of time specified by the terms of the Allied Tripartite Commission, so she was designated a "Category C" ship. This classification required that she would be destroyed or sunk in deep water by 15 August 1946.[23] Instead, the Soviets decided to salvage the damaged ship and it was refloated in March 1946. A number of speculations from Western historians about the ship's fate arose in the decades after the end of the war. According to German historian Erich Gröner, after the Soviets raised the scuttled ship, they towed her to Leningrad. While en route, she reportedly struck a mine off Finland during a storm. After arriving in Leningrad, Graf Zeppelin was broken up for scrap in 1948–1949.[12] Naval historians Robert Gardiner and Roger Chesneau state that the ship was towed out of Stettin in September 1947, but she never arrived in Leningrad; they speculated that a mine sank the ship while she was under tow.[8]
According to Soviet records, on 19 March 1947, the Council of Ministers decreed the destruction of former German ships. The first ship to be sunk, Lützow, was sunk off Swinemunde on 22 July 1947. On 14 August Graf Zeppelin was towed into Swinemunde harbor, and two days later to its final position. It was subjected to five series of controlled explosions of 180 mm (7.1 in) shells and FAB series bombs. The first test imitated a FAB-1000 detonation in the exhaust funnel and lesser bombs below the flight deck. The second in the series was a single FAB-1000 explosion above the flight deck. The third, the fourth and the fifth series imitated penetration of FAB-100, FAB-250 and FAB-500 bombs at flight deck, hangar deck and gun battery deck levels. These bombs were placed in cutouts in their target decks to imitate the effects of dive bombing. Graf Zeppelin remained afloat, and Admiral Yury Rall ordered a torpedo strike. A torpedo fired from an Elco PT boat exploded in the anti-torpedo bulge but did not penetrate the belt armor. A torpedo fired by the destroyer Slavny penetrated the unprotected hull section below the bow elevator; Graf Zeppelin sank 25 minutes later.[24]
Discovery in 2006[edit]
The exact position of the wreck was unknown for decades. On 12 July 2006, the research vessel RV St. Barbara, a ship belonging to the Polish oil company Petrobaltic, found a 265-meter-long (869 ft) wreck 55 km (34 mi) north of Władysławowo, which they thought was most likely Graf Zeppelin. The wreck rests at a depth of more than 80 m (260 ft) below the surface. After the wreck was located, the Polish Navy began a two-day survey of the wreckage to confirm its identity. Using remote-controlled underwater robots, they concluded that they were "99% certain" it was Graf Zeppelin.[25][26]
Notes[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin.
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Wotan Weich"—"Wotan soft"—was a type of steel armor developed by the German navy. It had a breaking strength of 65–75 kilograms/square millimeters and expanded up to 25 percent. "Wotan Hart"—"Wotan Hard"—was more rigid and had a breaking strength of 85–96 kg/mm2 and expanded up to 20 percent.[4]
Citations[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Chesneau, pp. 76–77
^ Jump up to: a b Gröner, p. 71
Jump up ^ Reynolds, p. 44
Jump up ^ Gröner, p. x
Jump up ^ Breyer, p. 11
Jump up ^ Gardiner & Chesneau, p. 226
Jump up ^ Israel, pp. 67–69
^ Jump up to: a b Gardiner & Chesneau, p. 227
Jump up ^ Whitley (1984), p. 164
Jump up ^ Schenk, p. 143
Jump up ^ Whitley (1985), p. 30
^ Jump up to: a b c Gröner, p. 72
Jump up ^ Schenk, p. 157
^ Jump up to: a b c Reynolds, p. 47
Jump up ^ Barker, p. 283
Jump up ^ Whitley (1985), p. 31
Jump up ^ Lake, p. 50
Jump up ^ Marshall, p. 21
Jump up ^ Mann & Jörgensen, pp. 139–141
Jump up ^ Whitley (1985), p. 32
Jump up ^ Reynolds, p. 48
Jump up ^ Kuzin & Litinskii, p. 161
Jump up ^ Rohwer & Monakov, p. 199
Jump up ^ Shirokorad, pp. 108–112.
Jump up ^ "'Nazi aircraft carrier' located". BBC News. 28 July 2006.
Jump up ^ Boyes, Roger (27 July 2006). "Divers find Hitler's aircraft carrier". The Times. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
References[edit]
Barker, Lt. Cmdr Edward L. (March 1954). "War Without Aircraft Carriers". Proceedings. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute Proceedings. OCLC 61522996.
Burke, Stephen (Sep 2007). Without Wings: The Story of Hitler's Aircraft Carrier. Victoria: Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-4251-2216-7.
Breyer, Siegfried (1989). Graf Zeppelin: The German Aircraft Carrier. Atglen: Schiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0887402429.
Chesneau, Roger (1998). Aircraft Carriers of the World, 1914 to the Present An Illustrated Encyclopedia. London: Brockhampton Press. p. 288. ISBN 1-86019-875-9.
Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-790-9.
Israel, Ulrich H.-J. (1994). Graf Zeppelin: Einziger Deutscher Flugzeugträger. Hamburg: Verlag Koehler/Mittler. ISBN 3782206029.
Kuzin, V. P.; Litinskii, D. Iu. (2008). "Avianosets "Graf Zeppelin"—boevoi trofei Krasnoi Armii [Aircraft Carrier Graf Zeppelin—Battle Trophy of the Red Army]". Warship International. Toledo: International Naval Research Organization. 45 (2): 161–165. ISSN 0043-0374. OCLC 1647131.
Lake, Jon (2002). Lancaster Squadrons 1942-43. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 1-84176-313-6.
Mann, Chris; Jörgensen, Christer (2003). Hitler's Arctic War: the German campaigns in Norway, Finland, and the USSR, 1940–1945. New York, NY: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-0-312-31100-1.
Marshall, Francis L. (1994). Sea Eagles: The Operational History of the Messerschmitt Bf 109T. Walton on Thames: Air Research Publications. ISBN 1871187230.
Reynolds, Clark G. (January 1967). "Hitler's Flattop: The End of the Beginning". Proceedings. United States Naval Institute Proceedings. OCLC 61522996.
Rohwer, Jürgen; Monakov, Mikhail S. (2001). Stalin's Ocean-going Fleet. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 0714648957.
Schenk, Peter (2008). "German Aircraft Carrier Developments". Warship International. Toledo: International Naval Research Organization. 45 (2): 129–158. ISSN 0043-0374. OCLC 1647131.
Shirokorad, Alexander (2004). Флот, который уничтожил Хрущёв (Flot, kotoryi unichtozhil Khruschev (in Russian). Moscow: AST publishers. ISBN 5-9602-0027-9.
Whitley, M.J. (July 1984). Warship 31: Graf Zeppelin, Part 1. VIII. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-85177-354-0.
Whitley, M.J. (1985). Warship 33: Graf Zeppelin, Part 2. IX. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-984-7.
External links[edit]
Launching Ceremony of the Graf Zeppelin
[show]
Graf Zeppelin-class aircraft carriers
Graf Zeppelin
B
List of Kriegsmarine ships
[show]
v
t
e
Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in April 1945
Shipwrecks
1 Apr: Awa Maru
2 Apr: USS Dickerson, U-321
3 Apr: Brummer, USS S-16, U-1221, U-2542, U-3505
4 Apr: USS Dickerson, U-237, U-749, U-3003
5 Apr: U-242, USS S-17
6 Apr: Amatsukaze, USS Bush, USS Colhoun, USS Leutze, USS Morris, USS Newcomb, USS Witter
7 Apr: Asashimo, Hamakaze, Isokaze, Isuzu, Kasumi, USS LST-447, Oldenburg, USS PGM-18, U-1195, Yahagi, Yamato
8 Apr: U-774, U-1001
9 Apr: Admiral Scheer, U-677, U-747, U-804, U-843, U-982, U-1065, U-2509, U-2514, U-3512
10 Apr: U-878, Weser
12 Apr: USS Mannert L. Abele, U-486
13 Apr: U-1024
14 Apr: Belgian Airman, U-235, U-1206
15 Apr: U-103, U-285, U-1063, U-1235
16 Apr: HMCS Esquimalt, Lützow, USS Pringle, U-78, U-880, U-1274
17 Apr: Goya
19 Apr: Aquila, U-251, U-548, U-879
21 Apr: U-636
22 Apr: USS Swallow, U-518
23 Apr: USS Eagle Boat 56, U-183
24 Apr: USS Frederick C. Davis, U-108, U-546
25 Apr: Graf Zeppelin, TA 32, U-326
28 Apr: U-56
29 Apr: U-56, U-286, U-307, U-1017
30 Apr: HMS Goodall, TA 43, U-879, U-1107
Unknown date: USS Snook, U-246, U-325, U-396, U-398, U-548, U-857, U-1055
Other incidents
2 Apr: USS Dickerson
5 Apr: USS Thornton
6 Apr: USS Defense, USS Emmons, USS Mullany, USS Rodman
12 Apr: USS Lindsey, U-1024. USS Zellars
14 Apr: USS Sigsbee
15 Apr: HMS Ekins, USS Laffey
16 Apr: USS Bryant, Goya, USS Harding
19 Apr: USS Tolman
27 Apr: HMS Redmill
30 Apr: U-3525
1944 1945 1946
March 1945 May 1945
[show]
v
t
e
Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1947
Shipwrecks
5 Jan: Varvassi
13 Mar: Empire Jonquil
22 Mar: Empire Contamar
3 Apr: Stancliffe
16 Apr: Grandcamp, High Flyer, Wilson B. Keene
23 Apr: Samtampa, HMS Warspite
29 Apr: HMS Witherington
8 May: Muirchú
13 May: General Botha
17 May: USS Oklahoma
22 May: USS Mallard
31 May: Berlin
4 Jun: Emperor
June (unknown date): Ourang Medan
17 Jul: Ramdas
21 Jul: Nascopie
22 Jul: Lützow
31 Jul: USS Chewink
16 Aug: Graf Zeppelin
18 Aug: Rovena
25 Aug: USS S-24
6 Sep: Matagalpa
13 Sep: HMAS Warrnambool
6 Oct: USS Crittenden
21 Oct: U-190
11 Nov: Aqueity
20 Nov: U-234
28 Nov: U-530
Unknown date: Ponaganset, U-858, U-889
Other incidents
1 Jan: Jan Steen
19 Jan: Wanganella
21 Jan: HMS Bonaventure
17 Mar: RFA Wave Laird
28 Mar: Clio
5 Apr: Empire Chamois
14 Apr: Queen Elizabeth
16 Apr: Texas City disaster
18 Jul: Exodus
8 Sep: Ocean Vigour
1946 1948
Coordinates: 55°31′03″N 18°17′09″E / 55.51750°N 18.28583°E / 55.51750; 18.28583
Authority control
GND: 4198900-4
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values: Graf Zeppelin (hegazkin-ontzia) – Basque

values: ناو هواپیمابر گراف زپلین – Persian

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values: Graf Zeppelin (repülőgép-hordozó) – Hungarian

values: グラーフ・ツェッペリン (空母) – Japanese

values: Graf Zeppelin (tàu sân bay Đức) – Vietnamese

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