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Field goal
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This article is about field goals in gridiron football. For field goals in rugby league and rugby union, see Field goal (rugby). For field goals in basketball, see Field goal (basketball).
Execution of a field goal.
A field goal (FG) is a means of scoring in American football and Canadian football. To score a field goal the team in possession of the ball must place kick, or drop kick, the ball through the goal, i.e., between the uprights and over the crossbar. American football requires that a field goal must only come during a play from scrimmage, while Canadian football retains open field kicks and thus field goals may be scored at any time from anywhere on the field and by any player. The vast majority of field goals, in both codes, are placed kicked. Drop kicked field goals were common in the early days of Gridiron football but are almost never done in modern times. In most leagues, a successful field goal awards three points (a notable exception is in six-man football where, due to the difficulty of making a successful field goal because of the small number of players available to stop the opposing team from attempting a block, a field goal is worth four points).
A field goal may also be scored through a fair catch kick, but this is extremely rare. Since a field goal is worth only three points, as opposed to a touchdown, which is worth six points, it is usually only attempted in specific situations (see Strategy).
The goal structure consists of a horizontal crossbar suspended 10 feet (3.0 m) above the ground, with two vertical goalposts 18 feet 6 inches (5.64 m) apart extending vertically from each end of the crossbar.[1] In American football the goals are centered on each end line; in Canadian football the goals are centered on each goal line.
Contents
[hide]
1 Strategy
2 How field goals are kicked
3 Successful field goals
4 Missed field goals
5 Blocked field goals
6 History
7 Longest field goal records
7.1 NFL
7.2 CFL
7.3 College football
7.4 U Sports
7.5 High school
7.6 Independent amateur
7.7 Independent Women's Football League
8 Longest missed field goal return records
8.1 NFL
8.2 CFL
8.3 NCAA
8.4 U Sports
9 References
10 External links
Strategy[edit]
As a field goal is worth only three points, while a touchdown scores at least six (which usually becomes seven with a successful conversion, and potentially 8 with a two-point conversion), teams will generally attempt a field goal only in the following situations:
It is fourth down (third down in Canadian rules), especially if the offense is more than a yard or two from a new first down, and within about 45 yards of the goal posts.
In the first half, there is enough time remaining to execute only one more play.
In the second half, there is enough time remaining to execute only one more play, and the team on offense needs three points to win or tie (four points in a few leagues given special circumstances).
The game is in overtime, and a FG is the quickest, easiest, and least risky way to end the match.
Except in desperate situations, a team will generally attempt field goals only when keeping a drive alive is unlikely, and its kicker has a significant chance of success, as a missed field goal results in a turnover at the spot of the kick (in the NFL) or at the line of scrimmage (in the NCAA). In American high school rules and Canadian football, where a missed field goal is treated the same as a punt, most teams still opt not to attempt field goals from very long range since field goal formations are not conducive to covering kick returns. Even under ideal conditions, the best professional kickers historically had difficulty making kicks longer than 50 yards consistently (the NFL record is 64 yards and the CFL record, 62 yards).[2] If a team chooses not to attempt a field goal on their last down, they can punt to the other team. A punt cannot score any points in American football unless the receiving team touches the ball first and the kicking team recovers it (though it can result in a single in Canadian football), but it may push the other team back toward its own end.
The longest field goal kick in NFL history is 64 yards, a record set by Matt Prater on December 8, 2013. The previous record was 63, originally set by Tom Dempsey and then matched by Jason Elam, Sebastian Janikowski, and David Akers. High school, college and most professional football leagues offer only a three-point field goal; however, some professional leagues have encouraged more rare kicks through four-point field goals. NFL Europe encouraged long field goals of 50 yards or more by making those worth four points instead of three (much like Australian rules' Super Goal or basketball's three-point line), a rule since adopted by the Stars Football League. Similarly, the sport of arena football sought (unsuccessfully) to repopularize the drop kick by making that worth four points; it failed, since only one kicker (Brian Mitchell) was able to do it with any semblance of proficiency. (In six-man football, where there is no offensive line, all field goals are worth four points instead of the usual three.)
The overall field goal percentage during the 2010 NFL season was 82.3. In comparison, Jan Stenerud, one of only two pure kickers in the Pro Football Hall of Fame (along with Ray Guy), had a career field goal percentage of 66.8 from 1967 to 1985.[2]
How field goals are kicked[edit]
Play media
Video of a successful field goal try.
When a team decides to attempt a field goal, it will generally line up in a very tight formation, with all but two players lined up along or near the line of scrimmage: the placekicker and the holder. The holder is usually the team's punter or backup quarterback.[citation needed] Instead of the regular center, a team may have a dedicated long snapper trained especially to snap the ball on placekick attempts and punts.
The holder usually lines up seven to eight yards behind the line of scrimmage, with the kicker a few yards behind him. Upon receiving the snap, the holder holds the ball against the ground vertically, with the stitches away from the kicker. The kicker begins his approach during the snap, so the snapper and holder have little margin for error. A split-second mistake can disrupt the entire attempt.
Texas A&M attempts to kick a field goal against the Citadel in 2006.
The measurement of a field goal's distance is from the goalpost to the point where the ball was positioned for the kick by the holder. In American football, where the goalpost is located at the back of the end zone (above the end line), the ten yards of the end zone are added to the yard line distance at the spot of the hold.
In the early days of the sport, placekickers approached the ball straight on, with the toe making first contact with the ball. The technique of kicking the ball "soccer-style", by approaching the ball at an angle and kicking it with the instep, was introduced by kicker Pete Gogolak in the 1960s.[3] The Hungarian-born Gogolak, reflecting his roots in European soccer, observed that kicking the ball at an angle could cover more distance than kicking straight on; today, the soccer-style kick is now universal; the last straight on kicker in the NFL was Mark Moseley, who last played in 1986.
Successful field goals[edit]
If there is any time left in the half, the method of resuming play after a successful field goal varies between leagues.
National Football League
The scored-against team receives a kickoff.[4]
National Collegiate Athletic Association
The scored-against team receives a kickoff.[5]
National Federation of High Schools
The scored-against team can choose to either receive a kickoff or kick off themselves. (In practice, almost all choose to receive.)
Canadian Football League
The scored-against team may elect to either kick off, receive a kickoff, or scrimmage from the 35-yard line. The option of scrimmaging from the 35-yard line, first instituted in 1975. was eliminated in 2009, but the change proved unpopular and was reinstated the following year.
Football Canada
The scored-against team may elect to scrimmage the ball at its own 35-yard line, kick off from its own 35-yard line, or require the scoring team to kick off from its 45-yard line.[6]
Missed field goals[edit]
A missed field goal is said to be "no good" if the kicked ball does not cross between the uprights and/or over the crossbar of the goal posts. If it misses to the posts' left it may be called "wide left" and "wide right" if it misses to the posts' right. A field goal attempt may be described as "short" if it does not have sufficient distance to go over the cross bar. Some commentators will only describe a field goal attempt as being short if it appears to have been aimed correctly while others will describe an attempt appearing to lack both accuracy and distance as being both wide and short.
If a field goal attempt is missed and does not go out of bounds, a defensive player may catch the ball and return it, like a punt or kickoff. This type of play usually occurs during an extremely long field goal attempt due to the distance the defense must travel to reach the returner. If there is a significant likelihood of a miss and the strategic game situation warrants it, the defense places a player downfield, in or near their end zone, to catch the ball. The risk in this is that the return man may be tackled deep in his own territory, at a considerably worse position than he could have gotten by letting the ball go dead (see below); furthermore, should the returner fumble the ball, the kicking team can recover it and gain a new set of downs (the advantage is that the kicking team is lined up very close together to stop kick blockers, and not spread across the field like a kickoff or punt team, and is therefore in poor position to defend the return). Thus, teams will usually return a kick only towards the end of a half (when the kick will be the final play) or in a particularly desperate situation.
If a ball caroms off one of the goal posts or the crossbar, but lands in the field of play, the ball is considered dead and cannot be returned. (This is not the case in arena football, where large "rebound nets" surround the goal posts for the explicit purpose of keeping the ball in play.) However, if the ball caroms off one of the goal posts or the crossbar and continues into the goal, the score counts.
Situations where the defense does not return a missed field goal vary between leagues and levels of play:
National Football League
Missed field goals attempted from the defending team's 20-yard line or closer result in the defense taking possession at their 20-yard line. Missed field goals attempted from behind the 20-yard line result in the opposing team taking possession at the spot of the kick. (Until 1994, the opposing team would take possession at the line of scrimmage, unless the kick was attempted from inside the 20-yard line, in which case the opposing team would take possession at the 20-yard line.)
NCAA
The opposing team takes possession at the line of scrimmage rather than at the spot of the kick. If the line of scrimmage is inside the 20-yard line, the opposing team takes possession at the 20.[citation needed]
High school
Under NFHS (high school) rules, a field goal attempt is no different from any other scrimmage kick (punt, drop kick). If the field goal attempt is no good and enters the end zone it is a touchback. If the ball becomes dead on the field the defensive team will next put the ball in play from that point. If a field goal is blocked behind the line of scrimmage either team may pick it up and return it (see below).
Canadian football
If the defense does not return a missed field goal out of the end zone, or if a missed field goal attempt goes out the back of end zone, then the kicking team scores a single point. This sometimes results in the team on defense stationing their punter behind the goal posts to punt the ball out of the end zone, in case of a missed field-goal attempt, to preserve a victory or tie. Also, a missed field goal may be played by any onside player on the kicking team, (onside players being the kicker and anyone behind him at the time of the kick). It is risky to have anyone positioned behind the kicker when the ball is being kicked since those player(s) would be unable to help prevent the defending players from blocking the kick; however, on occasion teams might intentionally miss a field goal in hope of recovering the ball in the end zone for a touchdown. Returning a missed field goal is much more likely in Canadian football than in American rules for a few reasons. First, since the goal posts are on the goal line in front of a 20-yard end zone (rather than at the back of a 10-yard end zone), a missed field goal is much less likely to go out of bounds while in the air. Also, not returning the ball out of the end zone results in the defense conceding a single point, which may be crucial in a close game. Moreover, the wider field of the Canadian game makes the average return longer (in terms of yardage). However, many Canadian football coaches judge that conceding a single and taking possession at the 35-yard line is preferable to returning a missed field goal and avoiding a single at the cost of poor field position.
Blocked field goals[edit]
The San Francisco 49ers block a field goal attempt by Philadelphia Eagles kicker David Akers on October 12, 2008, and return it for a touchdown.
The Fresno State Bulldogs block a Texas A&M field goal attempt.
Occasionally, the defense will succeed in blocking a field goal. If a blocked field goal is in or behind the neutral zone, it is treated like a fumble and can be advanced by either team. Beyond the neutral zone, a blocked kick is treated like a punt and can be advanced only by the defense, unless a defensive player fumbles the ball, after which an offensive player can advance it.
History[edit]
In the early days of football, kicking was highly emphasized. In 1883, the scoring system was devised, with field goals counting for 5 points, and touchdowns and conversions worth 4 apiece. In 1897, the touchdown was raised to 5 points while the conversion was lowered to 1 point. Field goals were devalued to 4 points in 1904, and then to the modern 3 points in 1909. The touchdown was changed to 6 points in 1912 in American football; the Canadian game followed suit in 1956.
The spot of the conversion has also changed through the years. In 1924, NCAA rules spotted the conversion at the 3-yard line, before moving it back to the 5-yard line in 1925. In 1929, the spot was moved up to the 2-yard line, which the NFL had done until 2014. In 1968, the NCAA diverged from the NFL rules in moving the spot back to the original 3-yard line. Canadian rules originally spotted the conversion at the 5-yard line, which remains closer than in the American code as the goalposts are at the front of the end zone. In 2015, to make conversion kicks harder, the NFL and CFL moved the spot of the kick to the 15 and 25-yard lines, respectively. In addition, the CFL moved the spot for a two-point conversion up to the 3-yard line to entice more teams to go for 2 points as opposed to one.
The goalposts were originally located on the goal line; this led to many injuries and sometimes interfered with play. The NCAA moved the goal posts to the rear of the end zone in 1927. The NFL (still following NCAA rules at the time) followed suit, but moved the posts back to the goal line starting in the 1932 NFL Playoff Game, a change made necessary by the size of the indoor Chicago Stadium and kept when the NFL rules stopped mirroring the NCAA rules in 1933. The NFL kept the post at the goal line until 1974, when they were moved back to the rear of the end zone. This was partly a result of the narrowed hashmark distance made in 1972, which had made for easier field-goal angles. The Canadian game still has posts on the goal line.
The width of the goalposts and the hashmarks have also varied throughout the years. In 1959, the NCAA goalposts were widened to 23 feet 4 inches (7.11 m), the standard width for high school posts today. In 1991, the college goalposts were reduced in width to 18 ft 6 in (5.64 m), matching the NFL. For the 1991 and 1992 seasons, this meant potentially severe angles for short field goal attempts, since the hashmark width remained at 53 ft 4 in (16.26 m). In 1993, the NCAA narrowed the distance between the hashmarks to 40 ft (12.19 m), matching what was the width of hashmarks in the NFL from 1945 through 1971; the NFL narrowed the hashmarks in 1972 to goalpost width at 18.5 feet (5.64 m). In the CFL, the hashmarks are 51 feet (16 m), but the field is 195 feet (59 m) in width, 35 feet (11 m) wider than the American field.
The NFL increased the height of the uprights above the crossbar to 20 feet (6.10 m) in 1966 and 30 feet (9.14 m) in 1974. In 2014, they were raised five feet to 35 feet (10.67 m) after the adoption of a proposal by New England Patriots head coach Bill Belichick.[7]
The "slingshot" goalpost, with a single post curving to support the crossbar, was invented by Jim Trimble and Joel Rottman in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[8] The first were built by Alcan and displayed at Expo 67,[8][9] the World's fair in Montreal. The NFL had standardized the goalposts in 1966 and adopted the slingshot for the 1967 season;[8] the NCAA later adopted the same rule, but later allowed the use of "offset" goalposts, with two posts rather than one (which were the norm prior to the invention of the "slingshot" goalposts). The CFL was the first league to use the new goalposts; they made their debut in the 2nd game of the CFL's Eastern Conference final in 1966 (which was played at Montreal's Autostade as Landsdowne Park [now TD Place Stadium], the home of Ottawa Rough Riders, was undergoing renovations), and were used in the Grey Cup the next week at Vancouver's Empire Stadium. Three schools in Division I FBS currently use dual-support posts: Florida State, LSU, and Washington State. A special exemption was allowed by the NFL for the New Orleans Saints to use the offset goalposts during the 2005 season, when they used LSU's stadium for home games after Hurricane Katrina.
Goalposts at the professional level today are sometimes equipped with a camera mounted to the stanchion immediately behind the center of the crossbar. Since these cameras are both above and slightly behind the crossbar, a field goal attempt will be judged good if it strikes this equipment.
In 1989, the NCAA banned the kicking tee for field goals and extra points, requiring kicks from the ground.[10][11]
During the 2011 NFL season, a record 90 field goals of 50 yards or longer were made.[12] In 2012, this record was increased to 92 field goals of 50 yards or longer.[12]
Longest field goal records[edit]
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As recorded in Guinness World Records:
The record for a field goal at any level is 69 yards. It was kicked by Ove Johansson of the Abilene Christian University Wildcats in the 1976 game against East Texas State University Lions (now Texas A&M University–Commerce) in Shotwell Stadium, Abilene, Texas.[13]
NFL[edit]
The longest field goal made was 64 yards by Matt Prater of the Denver Broncos on December 8, 2013.[14] The longest field goal attempt in an NFL game was 76 yards by Sebastian Janikowski on September 28, 2008.[15]
In the history of the NFL regular season, only 18 field goals have been made from at least 60 yards:[16]
Distance
Kicker
Team
Result
Opposition
Date
Notes
Location
Elevation
Weather
64 yards Matt Prater Denver Broncos 51–28 Tennessee Titans December 8, 2013 End of 1st half Sports Authority Field at Mile High 5,280 ft (1,610 m) 13 °F; Sunny; Wind: S at 3 mph; Humidity: 72%
63 yards Tom Dempsey New Orleans Saints 19–17 Detroit Lions November 8, 1970 Born with a stub for a right foot. Game-winning kick as time expired. Detroit kicker Errol Mann had kicked a field goal with :08 remaining to give Lions the lead. Tulane Stadium 16 ft (4.9 m)
63 yards Jason Elam Denver Broncos 37–24 Jacksonville Jaguars October 25, 1998 First field goal to tie record; soccer-style kicker Mile High Stadium 5,280 ft (1,610 m)
63 yards Sebastian Janikowski Oakland Raiders 23–20 Denver Broncos September 12, 2011 Left-footed Sports Authority Field at Mile High 5,280 ft (1,610 m) Light rain early
63 yards David Akers San Francisco 49ers 30–22 Green Bay Packers September 9, 2012 Left-footed; end of first half; ball bounced off crossbar before crossing the plane Lambeau Field 640 ft (200 m) 70 °F; Mostly Cloudy; Wind: N at 7 mph; Humidity: 43%
62 yards Matt Bryant Tampa Bay Buccaneers 23–21 Philadelphia Eagles October 22, 2006 Game-winning kick as time expired Raymond James Stadium 35 ft (11 m)
62 yards Stephen Gostkowski New England Patriots 33–8 Oakland Raiders November 19, 2017 Right-footed; kicked as time expired at the end of the first half Azteca Stadium 7,280 ft (2,220 m) 63 °F; Mostly Cloudy
61 yards Sebastian Janikowski Oakland Raiders 9–23 Cleveland Browns December 27, 2009 Left-footed FirstEnergy Stadium 580 ft (180 m)
61 yards Jay Feely Arizona Cardinals 16–19 (OT) Buffalo Bills October 14, 2012 Right-footed; longest game-tying field goal with 1:09 remaining in the 4th quarter, missed a 38-yard field goal that would have won the game at the end of regulation University of Phoenix Stadium 1,150 ft (350 m) Retractable roof closed
61 yards Justin Tucker Baltimore Ravens 18–16 Detroit Lions December 16, 2013 Right-footed; game-winning field goal with 43 seconds remaining; sixth field goal of the game Ford Field 601 ft (183 m)[17] Dome
61 yards Greg Zuerlein St. Louis Rams 18–21 (OT) Minnesota Vikings November 8, 2015 Right-footed TCF Bank Stadium 869 ft (265 m) 58 °F (14 °C); sunny
61 yards Jake Elliott Philadelphia Eagles 27–24 New York Giants September 24, 2017 Right-footed; game winning kick as time expired. Second game of NFL career. NFL rookie record for longest made field goal. Lincoln Financial Field 39 ft (12 m) 91 °F (33 °C); sunny
60 yards Steve Cox Cleveland Browns 9–12 Cincinnati Bengals October 21, 1984 Straight-ahead kick; on AstroTurf Riverfront Stadium 490 ft (150 m)
60 yards Morten Andersen New Orleans Saints 17–20 Chicago Bears October 27, 1991 Left-footed; on AstroTurf; first 60-yard kick done indoors Louisiana Superdome Sea level Dome
60 yards Rob Bironas Tennessee Titans 20–17 Indianapolis Colts December 3, 2006 Right-footed; game winner with six seconds remaining LP Field 400 ft (120 m)
60 yards Dan Carpenter Miami Dolphins 10–13 Cleveland Browns December 5, 2010 End of 1st half Sun Life Stadium 5 ft (1.5 m) 77 °F (25 °C), wind SW at 14 mph (23 km/h)
60 yards Greg Zuerlein St. Louis Rams 19–13 Seattle Seahawks September 30, 2012 In his rookie season; longest field goal in third quarter; also kicked a 58-yard field goal in the first quarter Edward Jones Dome 466 ft (142 m) Dome
60 yards Chandler Catanzaro Arizona Cardinals 18–33 Buffalo Bills September 25, 2016 Longest field goal in career New Era Field 600 ft (180 m)
Prior to Dempsey's 1970 kick, the longest field goal in NFL history was a 56-yard field goal by Bert Rechichar in 1953. A 55-yard field goal, achieved by a drop kick, was recorded by Paddy Driscoll in 1924, and stood as the unofficial record until that point; some sources indicate a 54-yarder by Glenn Presnell in 1934 as the record, due to the inability to precisely verify Driscoll's 55-yarder.
In a pre-season NFL game between the Denver Broncos and the Seattle Seahawks on August 29, 2002, Ola Kimrin kicked a 65-yard field goal.[18] However, because pre-season games are not counted toward official records, this accomplishment is not the official record.
CFL[edit]
62 yards, Paul McCallum, Saskatchewan Roughriders vs. Edmonton Eskimos, October 27, 2001[19]
60 yards, Dave Ridgway, Saskatchewan Roughriders vs. Winnipeg Blue Bombers, September 6, 1987[19]
College football[edit]
69 yards, Ove Johansson, Abilene Christian vs. East Texas State on October 16, 1976. (NAIA)
67 yards, Tom Odle, Fort Hays State vs. Washburn, 1988. (NCAA)
67 yards, Joe Williams, Wichita State vs. Southern Illinois, 1978. (NCAA Division I)
67 yards, Russell Erxleben, Texas vs. Rice, 1977. (NCAA Division I)
67 yards, Steve Little, Arkansas vs. Texas, 1977.[20] (NCAA Division I)
65 yards, J. T. Haxall, Princeton vs. Yale, 1882.
All of the above kicks were successful with the use of a kicking tee, which was banned by the NCAA after the 1988 season.
65 yards, Martin Gramatica, Kansas State vs. Northern Illinois, 1998 - without a tee [21]
The longest known drop-kicked field goal in college football was a 62-yard kick from Pat O'Dea, an Australian kicker who played on the Wisconsin Badgers football team. O'Dea's kick took place in a blizzard against Northwestern on November 15, 1898.[22]
U Sports[edit]
The longest field goal in U Sports football history is 59 yards, by Niko Difonte of Calgary Dinos, playing against the UBC Thunderbirds on November 11, 2017. The field goal was the final and winning play of the 81st Hardy Cup.[23][24]
High school[edit]
68 yards, Dirk Borgognone, Reno High School vs. Sparks High School (Nevada), September 27, 1985[25][26]
67 yards, Austin Rehkow, Central Valley High School (Spokane Valley, Washington) vs. Shadle Park High School (Spokane, Washington), October 18, 2012, game-tying FG with :02 left in 4th quarter (CV would go on to win 62-55). [27][28] (tied with two others)
62 yards, David Rosenbaum, Woodrow Wilson High School (Washington, D.C.) vs. Spingarn High School, October 3, 2003. While no records are kept, considered to be the longest extra point scored. Penalties due to excessive celebration, unsportsmanlike conduct, and taunting.[29]
Independent amateur[edit]
68 yards, Fabrizio Scaccia, Treasure Coast Bobcats (FL), March 29, 2009[30] (world record for a kick without the aid of a tee, which was banned for field goal and extra point attempts in the NCAA in 1989)
Independent Women's Football League[edit]
44 yards, Sarah Oliver, California Quake vs. New Mexico Menace, April 26, 2008.[31]
Longest missed field goal return records[edit]
NFL[edit]
Field goal returns are rare in the NFL, since an attempt with sufficient distance that misses the uprights will automatically be dead. Returns are possible when a field goal is short, but in that case returners will usually down the ball so as to scrimmage from the spot of the kick. Normally, a return will only be attempted when there is not enough time left in the half to run a play from scrimmage. Nevertheless, four field goals have been returned for at least 107 yards in the 21st century:
Distance returned
Returner
Team
Opposing kicker
Opposing team
Distance attempted
Date
Location
109 yards[32] Antonio Cromartie San Diego Chargers Ryan Longwell Minnesota Vikings 58 yards November 4, 2007 Metrodome
108 yards[33] Devin Hester Chicago Bears Jay Feely New York Giants 52 yards November 12, 2006 Giants Stadium
108 yards[34] Nathan Vasher Chicago Bears Joe Nedney San Francisco 49ers 52 yards November 13, 2005 Soldier Field
107 yards[35] Chris McAlister Baltimore Ravens Jason Elam Denver Broncos 57 yards September 30, 2002 Ravens Stadium
CFL[edit]
Because the goalposts in Canadian football are on the goal line, and because downing the ball in the end zone results in the kicking team scoring a single point, field goal returns are much more common. The longest missed field goal return in the CFL is 131 total yards. Against the Montreal Alouettes on August 22, 1958, the Toronto Argonauts' Boyd Carter ran 15 yards, then threw a lateral to Dave Mann, who then returned it for the final 116 yards.[36] This return, which started 21 yards behind the goal line, was during the era of 25-yard end zones (which made the maximum theoretical missed field return distance 134 yards in those days) and therefore cannot be met or exceeded on the modern field with 20-yard end zones. Since the shortening of the end zones in the CFL in 1986, a field goal has been returned for the maximum 129 yards on two occasions: by Tristan Jackson of the Saskatchewan Roughriders on July 14, 2012 [37] and by Trent Guy of the Montreal Alouettes on September 23, 2012.[38]
NCAA[edit]
In NCAA college football, only five missed field goals returns for touchdowns have ever been returned 100 yards or more:[39]
September 17, 1966: Don Guest (California Golden Bears), 108-yard return for a touchdown after a failed 47-yard field goal attempt by Washington State.[39]
September 28, 1968: Richie Luzzi (Clemson Tigers), 108-yard return for a touchdown after a failed 47-yard field goal attempt by Georgia.[40]
September 7, 2013: Odell Beckham Jr. (LSU Tigers), 109-yard return for a touchdown after a failed 59-yard field goal attempt by UAB.[39]
November 30, 2013: Chris Davis, Jr. (Auburn Tigers), 109-yard return for a touchdown after what would have been a tie-breaking 57-yard field goal attempt by Alabama fell short as time expired, what some writers and fans call the greatest play in college football history.[41][42][43][44]
September 3, 2016: Brandon Wilson (Houston Cougars), 109-yard return for a touchdown after a failed 53-yard field goal attempt by Oklahoma.[45]
U Sports[edit]
In U Sports football, like in the CFL, the longest possible missed field goal return is 129 yards, and this has occurred three times.[24]
Jeremy Botelho of the Manitoba Bisons playing against the Simon Fraser Clansmen on September 11, 2009
Jedd Gardner of the Guelph Gryphons playing against the McMaster Marauders on October 8, 2010
Tunde Adeleke of the Carleton Ravens playing against the Ottawa Gee-Gees on October 5, 2013
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Jump up ^ Jenks, Jayson. (2012). [2] Central Valley's Austin Rehkow kicks state-record 67-yard field goal. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Brown, Nathan. (2012). [3] Austin Rehkow Incredible RECORD 67-Yard Field Goal!!!
Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/2003/oct/04/sports/sp-hs62xp5
Jump up ^ "Faces in the Crowd." Sports Illustrated (April 20, 2009).
Jump up ^ Catherine B Vivo (2008-05-02), Quake - #81 Sarah "Ollie" Oliver Field Goal Record 04-26-08, retrieved 2016-11-16
Jump up ^ "San Diego's Cromartie sets NFL record with 109-yard FG return". Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Hester's record return pushes Bears past sleeping Giants". Associated Press. ESPN. November 12, 2006. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Vasher's 108-yard return lifts Bears over 49ers". Associated Press. ESPN. November 13, 2005. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ravens beat Broncos in every way possible". Associated Press. ESPN. September 30, 2002. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 13, 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-13.
Jump up ^ http://cfl.ca/video/index/id/76119
Jump up ^ http://cfl.ca/article/hes-the-guy-129-yard-touchdown-seals-win-for-als
^ Jump up to: a b c "How rare is missed field goal returned for touchdown?". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. December 2, 2013. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Low, Chris (August 1, 2011). "Yards to Glory, SEC version". ESPN. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bacon, John (December 2, 2013). "Auburn-Alabama: The Greatest Play in College Football History?". Here&Now. Retrieved December 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Vaccaro, Mike (November 30, 2013). "Auburn-Alabama is greatest ending in sports history". New York Post. Retrieved December 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ DeMarchi, John (December 2, 2013). "Is the 2013 Iron Bowl (Alabama vs. Auburn) the Most Dramatic Finish to a Football Game of All-Time?". Huffington Post. Retrieved December 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Lupica, Mike (December 1, 2013). "End of Auburn vs. Alabama is one second in college football that will be talked about forever". New York Daily News. Retrieved December 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Oklahoma vs. Houston - Play-By-Play - September 3, 2016 - ESPN". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
External links[edit]
Official NFL Field Goal Records
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Jean Louisa Kelly
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Jean Kelly" redirects here. For other uses, see Jean Kelly (disambiguation).
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Jean Louisa Kelly
Kelly in October 2009
Born
March 9, 1972 (1972-03-09) (age 45)
Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S.
Occupation
Actress, singer
Years active
1989–present
Notable work
Uncle Buck (1989)
Yes, Dear (2000–06)
Spouse(s)
James Pitaro (m. 1997)
Website
jeanlouisakelly.com
Jean Louisa Kelly (born March 9, 1972) is an American actress. After making her film debut as Tia Russell in Uncle Buck (1989) alongside John Candy, she appeared in a wide range of other films including The Fantasticks (1995) and Mr. Holland's Opus (1995). From 2000 to 2006, she was known for portraying Kim Warner on the CBS sitcom Yes, Dear.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
2 Personal life
3 Filmography
3.1 Film
3.2 Television
4 Notes
5 External links
Career[edit]
Before attending college, she already had roles in the original Broadway cast of Sondheim's Into the Woods[2] (as Snow White and understudy to Red Riding Hood) and as Tia Russell in the film Uncle Buck with John Candy. She also took roles in college productions, including with the Barnard College Gilbert and Sullivan Society.[3]
After graduation from college, Kelly became well known in the mid-1990s for a series of television commercials she did for MCI long distance,[2] in which she played a telephone operator who challenged AT&T. In 1995, she starred as Louisa in the musical film The Fantasticks with Joey McIntyre and Joel Grey, although the film was shelved until 2000. The same year, she appeared in her most prominent role since Tia, as Rowena Morgan, the muse for the title character of Mr. Holland's Opus. Other films followed in the 1990s. Later starring roles in films have included Landfall (2001) and Little Red Light (2003). Kelly appeared Off Broadway at the York Theatre as the title role in Paul McKibbins and B.T. McNicholl's The It Girl, based on the 1927 movie It. She also appeared in the York's "Mufti" series as Lois Lane in It's a Bird, It's a Plane, It's Superman.
In 1996, Kelly voiced the title role in the second season of the animated series Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders. After several made-for-TV movies, Kelly's broadest exposure came from her roles in situation comedies, first guest starring in such shows as Mad About You, and then as a cast member of the short-lived NBC version of Cold Feet. From 2000 to 2006, she starred as Kim Warner on the long-running sitcom Yes, Dear.[4] On April 30, 2006, she guest starred in the ABC drama Grey's Anatomy[5] and has continued to guest star in television dramas.
In 2010, she was cast in a guest starring role in an episode of the television spy drama Burn Notice—playing a widow who had been swindled out of her life savings by a con man.
She currently appears as Bernice Pope in the Yahoo production of Sin City Saints.[6]
She released an album of children's music called Color of Your Heart in 2013.[7][8] On April 14, 2015 she released a collection of original songs in a five-song EP called Willing.[9]
Personal life[edit]
Kelly was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, the daughter of Wendy I and J. Joseph Kelly III.[3][10][11] Her father was a high school English teacher and her mother taught piano. She attended Easton High School, located in Easton, Maryland.[2] Kelly graduated in 1994 from Columbia University's Columbia College with a B.A. in English.[3]
She married James Pitaro in 1997.[11]
As of 2010, Kelly resides in Los Angeles. She is close friends with Jennifer Garner,[12] having hosted the baby shower for Garner's daughter Violet Anne Affleck and interviewed Garner for Self magazine in 2005.[volume & issue needed]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1989 Uncle Buck Tia Russell
1992 American Shaolin Maria
1995 Fantasticks, TheThe Fantasticks Luisa Bellamy
1995 Mr. Holland's Opus Rowena Morgan
1998 Origin of the Species Laura
1999 Stranger in the Kingdom, AA Stranger in the Kingdom Athena Allen
2001 Landfall Marguerite Harris
2003 Little Red Light Amanda Meyer Short film
2010 Locked Away Chloe
2010 Public Access Nancy Short film
2014 1000 to 1: The Cory Weissman Story Tina Weissman Video
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1994 Breathing Lessons Daisy Movie
1994 One More Mountain Mary Graves Movie
1995 Tad Julia Taft Movie
1996 Harvest of Fire Rachel Movie
1996 Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders Princess Gwenevere (voice) Main role (10 episodes)
1997 Homicide: Life on the Street Sarah Langdon Episode: "Kaddish"
1997 Stolen Women: Captured Hearts Sarah White Movie
1998 Ruby Bridges Jane Coles Movie
1998 Day Lincoln Was Shot, TheThe Day Lincoln Was Shot Lucy Lambert Hale Movie
1998 Law & Order Coral Galvin Episode: "Scrambled"
1998/99 Mad About You Diane 3 episodes
1999 Cyberstalking, TheThe Cyberstalking Holly Moon Movie
1999 Cold Feet Shelley Sullivan Main role (8 episodes)
2000–06 Yes, Dear Kim Warner Main role (122 episodes)
2001 Ally McBeal Lisa Episode: "The Ex-Files"
2006 Grey's Anatomy Rose Ward Episode: "Blues for Sister Someone"
2008 Ghost Whisperer Jennifer Quinlan / Nora Sutherland Episode: "First Do No Harm"
2008 Eli Stone Julie Lazer Episode: "Heal the Pain"
2008 Gary Unmarried Beth Episode: "Gary and Allison Brooks"
2009 Surviving Suburbia Melissa Mann Episode: "Desperate Housewife"
2009 Three Gifts, TheThe Three Gifts Cherie Green Movie
2010 Glades, TheThe Glades Becky Episode: "A Perfect Storm"
2010 Burn Notice Emily Episode: "Blind Spot"
2010–13 Hero Factory Natalie Breez / Operator Recurring role; 6 episodes
2011 Paul the Male Matchmaker Darla 2 episodes
2011 CSI: Miami Amy Wells Episode: "Stoned Cold"
2012 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Sheila DeMarcus Episode: "Code Blue Plate Special"
2013 Chance at Romance Roz Hallmark Channel TV movie
2013 The Good Mother Rachel Lifetime TV Movie
2014 Zoe Gone Det. Patricia Henderson Lifetime movie
2015 Sin City Saints Bernice Pope Yahoo Studios
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Yes Woman". people.com. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "College Grad Is Someone to Watch", Columbia University Record, Vol. 21, No. 19, March 8, 1996.
^ Jump up to: a b c "About Me". jeanlouisakelly.com. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Yes, Dear". TV.com. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Grey's Anatomy - Season 2, Episode 23: Blues for Sister Someone - TV.com". TV.com. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "A LIFE OF SONG: Jean Louisa Kelly On Her Career, Inspirations and New EP!". Icon vs. Icon. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "iTunes - Music - Color of Your Heart by Jean Louisa Kelly". iTunes. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Yes, Dear' Actress Jean Louisa Kelly Branches Into Music With Charming Children's Collection". yahoo.com. 22 November 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "iTunes - Music - Willing EP by Jean Louisa Kelly". iTunes. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kelly, Jean Louisa 1972– - Dictionary definition of Kelly, Jean Louisa 1972– - Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary". Retrieved 23 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jean Louisa Kelly, James A. Pitaro". 25 May 1997. Retrieved 23 March 2017 – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ "Actress Jean Louisa Kelly gives birth to second child – a daughter – Moms & Babies – Celebrity Babies and Kids - Moms & Babies - People.com". PEOPLE.com. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean Louisa Kelly.
Official website
Self magazine interview transcript (June 2005)
March 1996 article in the Columbia University Record
Jean Louisa Kelly on IMDb
Jean Kelly at the Internet Broadway Database
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 39024644
LCCN: no2001041989
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Louisa_Kelly&oldid=782292816"
Categories:
1972 births
Actresses from Los Angeles
Actresses from Massachusetts
American child actresses
American Congregationalists
American female singers
American film actresses
American musical theatre actresses
American people of Irish descent
American television actresses
Columbia University alumni
Living people
Actors from Worcester, Massachusetts
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
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Elements of art
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A work of art can be analyzed by considering a variety of aspects of it individually. These aspects are often called the elements of art. A commonly used list of the main elements include form, shape, line, color, value, space and texture.
Contents
1 Form
2 Line
3 Color
4 Space
5 Texture
6 Value
7 Shape
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Form[edit]
The form of a work is its shape, including its volume or perceived volume. A three-dimensional artwork has depth as well as width and height. Three-dimensional form is the basis of sculpture.[1] However, two-dimensional artwork can achieve the illusion of form with the use of perspective and/or shading or modelling techniques.[2][3] Formalism is the analysis of works by their form or shapes in art history or archeology.
Line[edit]
Lines and curves are marks that span a distance between two points (or the path of a moving point). As an element of visual art, line is the use of various marks, outlines, and implied lines during artwork and design. A line has a width, direction, and length.[1] A line's width is most times called its "thickness". Lines are sometimes called "strokes", especially when referring to lines in digital artwork.
Color[edit]
Color is the element of art that is produced when light, striking an object, is reflected back to the eye.[1] There are three properties to color. The first is hue, which simply means the name we give to a color (red, yellow, blue, green, etc.). The second property is intensity, which refers to the vividness of the color. A color's intensity is sometimes referred to as its "colorfulness", its "saturation", its "purity" or its "strength".The third and final property of color is its value, meaning how light or dark it is.[4] The terms shade and tint refer to value changes in colors. In painting, shades are created by adding black to a color, while tints are created by adding white to a color.[2]
Space[edit]
Space is any conducive area that an artist provides for a particular purpose.[1] Space includes the background, foreground and middle ground, and refers to the distances or area(s) around, between, and within things. There are two kinds of space: negative space and positive space.[5] Negative space is the area in between, around, through or within an object. Positive spaces are the areas that are occupied by an object and/or form.
Texture[edit]
Texture, another element of art, is used to describe how something feels or looks. There are many forms of texture; the two main forms are actual and visual.
Visual texture is strictly two-dimensional and is perceived by the eye that makes it seem like the texture.
Actual texture (tactile texture) is one not only visible, but can be felt. It rises above the surface transitioning it from two-dimensional to three-dimensional.
Some Examples: Furry, Bumpy, Smooth, Rough, Soft, Hard... etc...
Value[edit]
Value is the degree of lightness and darkness in a color. The difference in values is called contrast. Value can relate to shades, where a color gets darker by adding black to it, or tints, where a color gets lighter by adding white to it. White is considered the lightest value whereas black is the darkest. The middle value between these extremes is also known as a half-tone, all of which can be found on a value scale. [6]
Shape[edit]
Shape refers to a 2-dimensional, enclosed area. Shapes could be geometric, such as squares, circles, triangles etc. or organic and curvaceous.
See also[edit]
Design elements and principles
Gestalt laws of grouping
Style (visual arts)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Understanding Formal Analysis". Getty. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Elements and Principles of Design". IncredibleArt.org. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "What Are the Elements of Art?". About.com. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "What is Value in Art?".
Jump up ^ "Vocabulary: Elements of Art, Principles of Art" (PDF). Oberlin. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Friedman, Marina. "Value Drawing- The Key to Realism". The Drawing Source. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
External links[edit]
The elements of art at getty.edu
Line and Form (1900) by Walter Crane at Project Gutenberg
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elements_of_art&oldid=865969339"
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