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Platinum
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This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see Platinum (disambiguation).
Platinum, 78Pt
General properties
Pronunciation
/ˈplætɪnəm/ PLAT-in-ǝm
Appearance
silvery white
Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard)
7002195084000000000♠195.084(9)[1]
Platinum in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Pd
↑
Pt
↓
Ds
iridium ← platinum → gold
Atomic number (Z)
78
Group, period
group 10, period 6
Block
d-block
Element category
transition metal
Electron configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1
Electrons per shell
2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1
Physical properties
Phase (at STP)
solid
Melting point
2041.4 K (1768.3 °C, 3214.9 °F)
Boiling point
4098 K (3825 °C, 6917 °F)
Density (near r.t.)
21.45 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)
19.77 g/cm3
Heat of fusion
22.17 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization
510 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity
25.86 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa)
1
10
100
1 k
10 k
100 k
at T (K)
2330 (2550) 2815 3143 3556 4094
Atomic properties
Oxidation states
6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −3 (a mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity
Pauling scale: 2.28
Ionization energies
1st: 870 kJ/mol
2nd: 1791 kJ/mol
Atomic radius
empirical: 139 pm
Covalent radius
136±5 pm
Van der Waals radius
175 pm
Spectral lines
Miscellanea
Crystal structure
face-centered cubic (fcc)
Speed of sound thin rod
2800 m/s (at r.t.)
Thermal expansion
8.8 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity
71.6 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity
105 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering
paramagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility
+201.9·10−6 cm3/mol (290 K)[2]
Tensile strength
125–240 MPa
Young's modulus
168 GPa
Shear modulus
61 GPa
Bulk modulus
230 GPa
Poisson ratio
0.38
Mohs hardness
3.5
Vickers hardness
400–550 MPa
Brinell hardness
300–500 MPa
CAS Number
7440-06-4
History
Discovery
Antonio de Ulloa (1748)
Main isotopes of platinum
Isotope
Abundance
Half-life (t1/2)
Decay mode
Product
190Pt
0.012% 6.5×1011 y α 186Os
192Pt
0.782% stable
193Pt
syn 50 y ε 193Ir
194Pt
32.864% stable
195Pt
33.775% stable
196Pt
25.211% stable
198Pt
7.356% stable
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Platinum is a chemical element with symbol Pt and atomic number 78. It is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, silverish-white transition metal. Its name is derived from the Spanish term platina, meaning "little silver".[3][4]
Platinum is a member of the platinum group of elements and group 10 of the periodic table of elements. It has six naturally occurring isotopes. It is one of the rarer elements in Earth's crust, with an average abundance of approximately 5 μg/kg. It occurs in some nickel and copper ores along with some native deposits, mostly in South Africa, which accounts for 80% of the world production. Because of its scarcity in Earth's crust, only a few hundred tonnes are produced annually, and given its important uses, it is highly valuable and is a major precious metal commodity.
Platinum is one of the least reactive metals. It has remarkable resistance to corrosion, even at high temperatures, and is therefore considered a noble metal. Consequently, platinum is often found chemically uncombined as native platinum. Because it occurs naturally in the alluvial sands of various rivers, it was first used by pre-Columbian South American natives to produce artifacts. It was referenced in European writings as early as 16th century, but it was not until Antonio de Ulloa published a report on a new metal of Colombian origin in 1748 that it began to be investigated by scientists.
Platinum is used in catalytic converters, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts and electrodes, platinum resistance thermometers, dentistry equipment, and jewelry. Being a heavy metal, it leads to health problems upon exposure to its salts; but due to its corrosion resistance, metallic platinum has not been linked to adverse health effects.[5] Compounds containing platinum, such as cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin, are applied in chemotherapy against certain types of cancer.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Characteristics
1.1 Physical
1.2 Chemical
1.3 Isotopes
1.4 Occurrence
2 Compounds
2.1 Halides
2.2 Oxides
2.3 Other compounds
3 History
3.1 Early uses
3.2 European discovery
3.3 Means of malleability
4 Production
5 Applications
5.1 Catalyst
5.2 Standard
5.3 As an investment
5.4 Other uses
5.5 Symbol of prestige
6 Health problems
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Characteristics[edit]
Physical[edit]
Pure platinum is a lustrous, ductile, and malleable, silver-white metal.[7] Platinum is more ductile than gold, silver or copper, thus being the most ductile of pure metals, but it is less malleable than gold.[8][9] The metal has excellent resistance to corrosion, is stable at high temperatures and has stable electrical properties. Platinum reacts with oxygen slowly at very high temperatures.[10] It reacts vigorously with fluorine at 500 °C (932 °F) to form platinum tetrafluoride.[11] It is also attacked by chlorine, bromine, iodine, and sulfur. Platinum is insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acid, but dissolves in hot aqua regia (nitric acid hydrochloride), to form chloroplatinic acid, H2PtCl6.[12]
Its physical characteristics and chemical stability make it useful for industrial applications.[13] Its resistance to wear and tarnish is well suited to use in fine jewellery.
Chemical[edit]
See also: Platinum group
Platinum being dissolved in hot aqua regia
The most common oxidation states of platinum are +2 and +4. The +1 and +3 oxidation states are less common, and are often stabilized by metal bonding in bimetallic (or polymetallic) species. As is expected, tetracoordinate platinum(II) compounds tend to adopt 16-electron square planar geometries. Although elemental platinum is generally unreactive, it dissolves in hot aqua regia to give aqueous chloroplatinic acid (H2PtCl6):[14]
Pt + 4 HNO3 + 6 HCl → H2PtCl6 + 4 NO2 + 4 H2O
As a soft acid, platinum has a great affinity for sulfur, such as on dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); numerous DMSO complexes have been reported and care should be taken in the choice of reaction solvent.[15]
In 2007, Gerhard Ertl won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for determining the detailed molecular mechanisms of the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide over platinum (catalytic converter).[16]
Isotopes[edit]
Main article: Isotopes of platinum
Platinum has six naturally occurring isotopes: 190Pt, 192Pt, 194Pt, 195Pt, 196Pt, and 198Pt. The most abundant of these is 195Pt, comprising 33.83% of all platinum. It is the only stable isotope with a non-zero spin; with a spin of 1/2, 195Pt satellite peaks are often observed in 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy (i.e., Pt-phosphine and Pt-alkyl complexes). 190Pt is the least abundant at only 0.01%. Of the naturally occurring isotopes, only 190Pt is unstable, though it decays with a half-life of 6.5×1011 years, causing an activity of 15 Bq/kg of natural platinum. 198Pt can undergo alpha decay, but its decay has never been observed (the half-life is known to be longer than 3.2×1014 years); therefore, it is considered stable. Platinum also has 31 synthetic isotopes ranging in atomic mass from 166 to 202, making the total number of known isotopes 37. The least stable of these is 166Pt, with a half-life of 300 µs, whereas the most stable is 193Pt with a half-life of 50 years. Most platinum isotopes decay by some combination of beta decay and alpha decay. 188Pt, 191Pt, and 193Pt decay primarily by electron capture. 190Pt and 198Pt are predicted to have energetically favorable double beta decay paths.[17]
Occurrence[edit]
A native platinum nugget, Kondyor mine, Khabarovsk Krai
Platinum is an extremely rare metal,[18] occurring at a concentration of only 0.005 ppm in Earth's crust.[19][20] It is sometimes mistaken for silver. Platinum is often found chemically uncombined as native platinum and as alloy with the other platinum-group metals and iron mostly. Most often the native platinum is found in secondary deposits in alluvial deposits. The alluvial deposits used by pre-Columbian people in the Chocó Department, Colombia are still a source for platinum-group metals. Another large alluvial deposit is in the Ural Mountains, Russia, and it is still mined.[12]
In nickel and copper deposits, platinum-group metals occur as sulfides (e.g. (Pt,Pd)S), tellurides (e.g. PtBiTe), antimonides (PdSb), and arsenides (e.g. PtAs2), and as end alloys with nickel or copper. Platinum arsenide, sperrylite (PtAs2), is a major source of platinum associated with nickel ores in the Sudbury Basin deposit in Ontario, Canada. At Platinum, Alaska, about 17,000 kg (550,000 ozt) had been mined between 1927 and 1975. The mine ceased operations in 1990.[21] The rare sulfide mineral cooperite, (Pt,Pd,Ni)S, contains platinum along with palladium and nickel. Cooperite occurs in the Merensky Reef within the Bushveld complex, Gauteng, South Africa.[22]
In 1865, chromites were identified in the Bushveld region of South Africa, followed by the discovery of platinum in 1906.[23] In 1924, the geologist Hans Merensky discovered a large supply of platinum in the Bushveld Igneous Complex in South Africa. The specific layer he found, named the Merensky Reef, contains around 75% of the world's known platinum.[24][25] The large copper–nickel deposits near Norilsk in Russia, and the Sudbury Basin, Canada, are the two other large deposits. In the Sudbury Basin, the huge quantities of nickel ore processed make up for the fact platinum is present as only 0.5 ppm in the ore. Smaller reserves can be found in the United States,[25] for example in the Absaroka Range in Montana.[26] In 2010, South Africa was the top producer of platinum, with an almost 77% share, followed by Russia at 13%; world production in 2010 was 192,000 kg (423,000 lb).[27]
Large platinum deposits are present in the state of Tamil Nadu, India.[28]
Platinum exists in higher abundances on the Moon and in meteorites. Correspondingly, platinum is found in slightly higher abundances at sites of bolide impact on Earth that are associated with resulting post-impact volcanism, and can be mined economically; the Sudbury Basin is one such example.[29]
Compounds[edit]
Halides[edit]
Hexachloroplatinic acid mentioned above is probably the most important platinum compound, as it serves as the precursor for many other platinum compounds. By itself, it has various applications in photography, zinc etchings, indelible ink, plating, mirrors, porcelain coloring, and as a catalyst.[30]
Treatment of hexachloroplatinic acid with an ammonium salt, such as ammonium chloride, gives ammonium hexachloroplatinate,[14] which is relatively insoluble in ammonium solutions. Heating this ammonium salt in the presence of hydrogen reduces it to elemental platinum. Potassium hexachloroplatinate is similarly insoluble, and hexachloroplatinic acid has been used in the determination of potassium ions by gravimetry.[31]
When hexachloroplatinic acid is heated, it decomposes through platinum(IV) chloride and platinum(II) chloride to elemental platinum, although the reactions do not occur stepwise:[32]
(H3O)2PtCl6·nH2O ⇌ PtCl4 + 2 HCl + (n + 2) H2O
PtCl4 ⇌ PtCl2 + Cl2
PtCl2 ⇌ Pt + Cl2
All three reactions are reversible. Platinum(II) and platinum(IV) bromides are known as well. Platinum hexafluoride is a strong oxidizer capable of oxidizing oxygen.
Oxides[edit]
Platinum(IV) oxide, PtO2, also known as Adams' catalyst, is a black powder that is soluble in potassium hydroxide (KOH) solutions and concentrated acids.[33] PtO2 and the less common PtO both decompose upon heating.[7] Platinum(II,IV) oxide, Pt3O4, is formed in the following reaction:
2 Pt2+ + Pt4+ + 4 O2− → Pt3O4
Other compounds[edit]
Unlike palladium acetate, platinum(II) acetate is not commercially available. Where a base is desired, the halides have been used in conjunction with sodium acetate.[15] The use of platinum(II) acetylacetonate has also been reported.[34]
Several barium platinides have been synthesized in which platinum exhibits negative oxidation states ranging from −1 to −2. These include BaPt, Ba
3Pt
2, and Ba
2Pt.[35] Caesium platinide, Cs
2Pt, a dark-red transparent crystalline compound[36] has been shown to contain Pt2−
anions.[37] Platinum also exhibits negative oxidation states at surfaces reduced electrochemically.[38] The negative oxidation states exhibited by platinum are unusual for metallic elements, and they are attributed to the relativistic stabilization of the 6s orbitals.[37]
Zeise's salt, containing an ethylene ligand, was one of the first organometallic compounds discovered. Dichloro(cycloocta-1,5-diene)platinum(II) is a commercially available olefin complex, which contains easily displaceable cod ligands ("cod" being an abbreviation of 1,5-cyclooctadiene). The cod complex and the halides are convenient starting points to platinum chemistry.[15]
Cisplatin, or cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) is the first of a series of square planar platinum(II)-containing chemotherapy drugs, including carboplatin and oxaliplatin. These compounds are capable of crosslinking DNA, and kill cells by similar pathways to alkylating chemotherapeutic agents.[39] (Side effects of cisplatin include nausea and vomiting, hair loss, tinnitus, hearing loss, and nephrotoxicity.)[40][41]
The hexachloroplatinate ion
The anion of Zeise's salt
Dichloro(cycloocta-1,5-diene)platinum(II)
Cisplatin
History[edit]
Early uses[edit]
Archaeologists have discovered traces of platinum in the gold used in ancient Egyptian tombs and hieroglyphs as early as 1200 BC. However, the extent of early Egyptians' knowledge of the metal is unclear. It is quite possible they did not recognize there was platinum in their gold.[42]
The metal was used by pre-Columbian Americans near modern-day Esmeraldas, Ecuador to produce artifacts of a white gold-platinum alloy. They employed a relatively sophisticated system of powder metallurgy. The platinum used in such objects was not the pure element, but rather a naturally occurring mixture of the platinum group metals, with small amounts of palladium, rhodium, and iridium.[43]
European discovery[edit]
The first European reference to platinum appears in 1557 in the writings of the Italian humanist Julius Caesar Scaliger as a description of an unknown noble metal found between Darién and Mexico, "which no fire nor any Spanish artifice has yet been able to liquefy".[44] From their first encounters with platinum, the Spanish generally saw the metal as a kind of impurity in gold, and it was treated as such. It was often simply thrown away, and there was an official decree forbidding the adulteration of gold with platinum impurities.[43]
This alchemical symbol for platinum was made by joining the symbols of silver (moon) and gold (sun).
Antonio de Ulloa is credited in European history with the discovery of platinum.
In 1735, Antonio de Ulloa and Don Jorge Juan y Santacilia saw Native Americans mining platinum while the Spaniards were travelling through Colombia and Peru for eight years. Ulloa and Juan found mines with the whitish metal nuggets and took them home to Spain. Antonio de Ulloa returned to Spain and established the first mineralogy lab in Spain and was the first to systematically study platinum, which was in 1748. His historical account of the expedition included a description of platinum as being neither separable nor calcinable. Ulloa also anticipated the discovery of platinum mines. After publishing the report in 1748, Ulloa did not continue to investigate the new metal. In 1758, he was sent to superintend mercury mining operations in Huancavelica.[44]
In 1741, Charles Wood,[45] a British metallurgist, found various samples of Colombian platinum in Jamaica, which he sent to William Brownrigg for further investigation.
In 1750, after studying the platinum sent to him by Wood, Brownrigg presented a detailed account of the metal to the Royal Society, stating that he had seen no mention of it in any previous accounts of known minerals.[46] Brownrigg also made note of platinum's extremely high melting point and refractoriness toward borax.[clarification needed] Other chemists across Europe soon began studying platinum, including Andreas Sigismund Marggraf,[47] Torbern Bergman, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, William Lewis, and Pierre Macquer. In 1752, Henrik Scheffer published a detailed scientific description of the metal, which he referred to as "white gold", including an account of how he succeeded in fusing platinum ore with the aid of arsenic. Scheffer described platinum as being less pliable than gold, but with similar resistance to corrosion.[44]
Means of malleability[edit]
Carl von Sickingen researched platinum extensively in 1772. He succeeded in making malleable platinum by alloying it with gold, dissolving the alloy in hot aqua regia, precipitating the platinum with ammonium chloride, igniting the ammonium chloroplatinate, and hammering the resulting finely divided platinum to make it cohere. Franz Karl Achard made the first platinum crucible in 1784. He worked with the platinum by fusing it with arsenic, then later volatilizing the arsenic.[44]
Because the other platinum-family members were not discovered yet (platinum was the first in the list), Scheffer and Sickingen made the false assumption that due to its hardness—which is slightly more than for pure iron—platinum would be a relatively non-pliable material, even brittle at times, when in fact its ductility and malleability are close to that of gold. Their assumptions could not be avoided because the platinum they experimented with was highly contaminated with minute amounts of platinum-family elements such as osmium and iridium, amongst others, which embrittled the platinum alloy. Alloying this impure platinum residue called "plyoxen" with gold was the only solution at the time to obtain a pliable compound, but nowadays, very pure platinum is available and extremely long wires can be drawn from pure platinum, very easily, due to its crystalline structure, which is similar to that of many soft metals.[48]
In 1786, Charles III of Spain provided a library and laboratory to Pierre-François Chabaneau to aid in his research of platinum. Chabaneau succeeded in removing various impurities from the ore, including gold, mercury, lead, copper, and iron. This led him to believe he was working with a single metal, but in truth the ore still contained the yet-undiscovered platinum-group metals. This led to inconsistent results in his experiments. At times, the platinum seemed malleable, but when it was alloyed with iridium, it would be much more brittle. Sometimes the metal was entirely incombustible, but when alloyed with osmium, it would volatilize. After several months, Chabaneau succeeded in producing 23 kilograms of pure, malleable platinum by hammering and compressing the sponge form while white-hot. Chabeneau realized the infusibility of platinum would lend value to objects made of it, and so started a business with Joaquín Cabezas producing platinum ingots and utensils. This started what is known as the "platinum age" in Spain.[44]
Production[edit]
An aerial photograph of a platinum mine in South Africa. South Africa produces 80% of the world production and has most of the world's known platinum deposits.
Time trend of platinum production[49]
Platinum, along with the rest of the platinum-group metals, is obtained commercially as a by-product from nickel and copper mining and processing. During electrorefining of copper, noble metals such as silver, gold and the platinum-group metals as well as selenium and tellurium settle to the bottom of the cell as "anode mud", which forms the starting point for the extraction of the platinum-group metals.[50]
If pure platinum is found in placer deposits or other ores, it is isolated from them by various methods of subtracting impurities. Because platinum is significantly denser than many of its impurities, the lighter impurities can be removed by simply floating them away in a liquid. Platinum is paramagnetic, whereas nickel and iron are both ferromagnetic. These two impurities are thus removed by running an electromagnet over the mixture. Because platinum has a higher melting point than most other substances, many impurities can be burned or melted away without melting the platinum. Finally, platinum is resistant to hydrochloric and sulfuric acids, whereas other substances are readily attacked by them. Metal impurities can be removed by stirring the mixture in either of the two acids and recovering the remaining platinum.[51]
One suitable method for purification for the raw platinum, which contains platinum, gold, and the other platinum-group metals, is to process it with aqua regia, in which palladium, gold and platinum are dissolved, whereas osmium, iridium, ruthenium and rhodium stay unreacted. The gold is precipitated by the addition of iron(II) chloride and after filtering off the gold, the platinum is precipitated as ammonium chloroplatinate by the addition of ammonium chloride. Ammonium chloroplatinate can be converted to platinum by heating.[52] Unprecipitated hexachloroplatinate(IV) may be reduced with elemental zinc, and a similar method is suitable for small scale recovery of platinum from laboratory residues.[53] Mining and refining platinum has environmental impacts.[54]
Applications[edit]
Cutaway view of a metal-core catalytic converter
Of the 218 tonnes of platinum sold in 2014, 98 tonnes were used for vehicle emissions control devices (45%), 74.7 tonnes for jewelry (34%), 20.0 tonnes for chemical production and petroleum refining (9.2%), and 5.85 tonnes for electrical applications such as hard disk drives (2.7%). The remaining 28.9 tonnes went to various other minor applications, such as medicine and biomedicine, glassmaking equipment, investment, electrodes, anticancer drugs, oxygen sensors, spark plugs and turbine engines.[55]
Catalyst[edit]
The most common use of platinum is as a catalyst in chemical reactions, often as platinum black. It has been employed as a catalyst since the early 19th century, when platinum powder was used to catalyze the ignition of hydrogen. Its most important application is in automobiles as a catalytic converter, which allows the complete combustion of low concentrations of unburned hydrocarbons from the exhaust into carbon dioxide and water vapor. Platinum is also used in the petroleum industry as a catalyst in a number of separate processes, but especially in catalytic reforming of straight-run naphthas into higher-octane gasoline that becomes rich in aromatic compounds. PtO2, also known as Adams' catalyst, is used as a hydrogenation catalyst, specifically for vegetable oils.[30] Platinum also strongly catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen[56] and it is used in fuel cells[57] as a catalyst for the reduction of oxygen.[58]
Standard[edit]
Prototype International Meter bar
From 1889 to 1960, the meter was defined as the length of a platinum-iridium (90:10) alloy bar, known as the International Prototype Meter bar. The previous bar was made of platinum in 1799. The International Prototype Kilogram remains defined by a cylinder of the same platinum-iridium alloy made in 1879.[59]
The standard hydrogen electrode also uses a platinized platinum electrode due to its corrosion resistance, and other attributes.[60]
As an investment[edit]
1,000 cubic centimeters of 99.9% pure platinum, worth about US$696,000 at 29 Jun 2016 prices[61]
Main articles: Platinum as an investment and Platinum coin
Platinum is a precious metal commodity; its bullion has the ISO currency code of XPT. Coins, bars, and ingots are traded or collected. Platinum finds use in jewellery, usually as a 90–95% alloy, due to its inertness. It is used for this purpose for its prestige and inherent bullion value. Jewellery trade publications advise jewellers to present minute surface scratches (which they term patina) as a desirable feature in attempt to enhance value of platinum products.[62][63]
In watchmaking, Vacheron Constantin, Patek Philippe, Rolex, Breitling, and other companies use platinum for producing their limited edition watch series. Watchmakers appreciate the unique properties of platinum, as it neither tarnishes nor wears out (the latter quality relative to gold).[64]
Average price of platinum from 1992 to 2012 in US$ per troy ounce (~$20/g)[65]
The price of platinum, like other industrial commodities, is more volatile than that of gold. In 2008, the price of platinum dropped from $2,252 to $774 per oz,[66] a loss of nearly 2/3 of its value. By contrast, the price of gold dropped from ~$1,000 to ~$700/oz during the same time frame, a loss of only 1/3 of its value.
During periods of sustained economic stability and growth, the price of platinum tends to be as much as twice the price of gold, whereas during periods of economic uncertainty,[67] the price of platinum tends to decrease due to reduced industrial demand, falling below the price of gold. Gold prices are more stable in slow economic times, as gold is considered a safe haven. Although gold is used in industrial applications, its demand is not so driven by industrial uses. In the 18th century, platinum's rarity made King Louis XV of France declare it the only metal fit for a king.[68]
Other uses[edit]
In the laboratory, platinum wire is used for electrodes; platinum pans and supports are used in thermogravimetric analysis because of the stringent requirements of chemical inertness upon heating to high temperatures (~1000 °C). Platinum is used as an alloying agent for various metal products, including fine wires, noncorrosive laboratory containers, medical instruments, dental prostheses, electrical contacts, and thermocouples. Platinum-cobalt, an alloy of roughly three parts platinum and one part cobalt, is used to make relatively strong permanent magnets.[30] Platinum-based anodes are used in ships, pipelines, and steel piers.[12]
Symbol of prestige[edit]
See also: Platinum album and Platinum (color)
An assortment of native platinum nuggets
Platinum's rarity as a metal has caused advertisers to associate it with exclusivity and wealth. "Platinum" debit and credit cards have greater privileges than "gold" cards.[69] "Platinum awards" are the second highest possible, ranking above "gold", "silver" and "bronze", but below diamond. For example, in the United States, a musical album that has sold more than 1 million copies will be credited as "platinum", whereas an album that has sold more than 10 million copies will be certified as "diamond".[70] Some products, such as blenders and vehicles, with a silvery-white color are identified as "platinum". Platinum is considered a precious metal, although its use is not as common as the use of gold or silver. The frame of the Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, manufactured for her coronation as Consort of King George VI, is made of platinum. It was the first British crown to be made of this particular metal.[71]
Health problems[edit]
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, short-term exposure to platinum salts may cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, and long-term exposure may cause both respiratory and skin allergies. The current OSHA standard is 2 micrograms per cubic meter of air averaged over an 8-hour work shift.[72] The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) for platinum as 1 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday.[73]
Platinum-based antineoplastic agents are used in chemotherapy, and show good activity against some tumors.
As platinum is a catalyst in the manufacture of the silicone rubber and gel components of several types of medical implants (breast implants, joint replacement prosthetics, artificial lumbar discs, vascular access ports, etc.), the possibility that platinum could enter the body and cause adverse effects has merited study. The Food and Drug Administration and other institutions have reviewed the issue and found no evidence to suggest toxicity in vivo.[74][75]
See also[edit]
List of countries by platinum production
Mixed metal oxide electrode
Platinum in Africa
Platinum nanoparticle
Iron–platinum nanoparticle
Platinum print
2000s commodities boom
The Platinum group
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Further reading[edit]
Young, Gordon (November 1983). "The Miracle Metal—Platinum". National Geographic. Vol. 164 no. 5. pp. 686–706. ISSN 0027-9358. OCLC 643483454.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Platinum.
Look up platinum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Platinum at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
Nuclides and Isotopes Fourteenth Edition: Chart of the Nuclides, General Electric Company, 1989.
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Platinum Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
"The PGM Database".
"A balanced historical account of the sequence of discoveries of platinum; illustrated".
"Johnson Matthey Technology Review: A free, quarterly journal of research exploring science and technology in industrial applications (formerly published as Platinum Metals Review)".
"Platinum-Group Metals Statistics and Information". United States Geological Survey.
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text:
The Lady in Red (Chris de Burgh song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"The Lady in Red"
Single by Chris de Burgh
from the album Into the Light
B-side
"Borderline"
"The Ecstasy of Flight (I Love the Night)"
Released
20 June 1986
Format
7" vinyl
12" vinyl
Genre
Soft rock[1]
Length
4:17
Label
A&M
Songwriter(s)
Chris de Burgh
Producer(s)
Paul Hardiman
Chris de Burgh singles chronology
"Fire on the Water"
(1986) "The Lady in Red"
(1986) "Fatal Hesitation"
(1986)
"Fire on the Water"
(1986) "The Lady in Red"
(1986) "Fatal Hesitation"
(1986)
"The Lady in Red" is a song by British-Irish singer-songwriter Chris de Burgh. It was released in June 1986 as the second single from the album Into the Light. The song was responsible for introducing de Burgh's music to a mainstream audience worldwide.
Contents
[hide]
1 Creation
2 Critical reception and impact
3 Music video
4 Chart performance
4.1 Weekly charts
4.2 Year-end charts
5 Alternate versions
6 In other media
7 References
8 External links
Creation[edit]
The song was written in reference to (though not specifically about) his wife Diane and was released on the album Into the Light. On the British TV series This Is Your Life, de Burgh said that the song was inspired by the memory of when he first saw Diane, and how men so often cannot even remember what their wives were wearing when they first met.[2]
Critical reception and impact[edit]
The song was a massive hit across the world, quickly becoming de Burgh's best-selling single and his signature song, transforming him from a cult artist into a household name in many countries. It reached the number one position in Canada, the UK, Ireland, the Flanders region of Belgium and Norway. It also reached number three in the United States during the spring of 1987. The song also propelled its parent album Into The Light to the number two position in the United Kingdom and success in other markets. The song was de Burgh's third UK hit single and the first to reach the top 40.[3]
The song tends to divide public opinion and it was voted the tenth most annoying song of all time in a poll commissioned by Dotmusic in 2000. It was one of only two singles in the top ten which were not novelty songs.[4] It was also voted the third worst song of the 1980s by readers of Rolling Stone.[5] It was chosen as the sixth worst love song of all time by Gigwise, who said "it is destined to grate on you at weddings forever more".[6] In a 2001 poll of more than 50,000 Channel 4 viewers and readers of The Observer, the song was voted the fourth most hated UK number-one single.[7]
Neil Norman of The Independent argued in 2006: "Only James Blunt has managed to come up with a song more irritating than Chris de Burgh's 'Lady in Red'. The 1986 mawkfest – according to De Burgh – has reduced many famous people to tears including Diana, Princess of Wales, Fergie and Mel Smith. The less emotionally impressionable, meanwhile, adopt Oscar Wilde's view on the death of Little Nell – that it would take a heart of stone to listen to 'Lady in Red' and not laugh."[8]
Music video[edit]
The music video is a studio performance, with animation at the beginning and at the end of the song. It features a curly-haired woman in red who depicts the song's lyrics.
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1986–87)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[9] 2
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[10] 7
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[11] 1
Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[12] 5
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[13] 1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[14] 6
France (IFOP)[15] 67
Germany (Official German Charts)[16] 5
Ireland (IRMA)[17] 1
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[18] 6
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[19] 4
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[20] 6
Norway (VG-lista)[21] 1
South Africa (Springbok Radio)[22] 1
Spain (AFYVE)[23] 4
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[24] 3
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[25] 18
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[26] 1
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[27] 2
US Billboard Hot 100[28] 3
US Cash Box[29] 2
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1986)
Position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[30] 24
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[31] 12
Canada (RPM Top 100 Singles)[32] 3
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[33] 32
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[34] 28
Chart (1987)
Position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[30] 72
Canada (RPM Top 100 Singles)[35] 70
South Africa (Springbok Radio)[36] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[37] 21
US Cash Box[38] 25
[show]Order of precedence
Preceded by
"Ti sento" by Matia Bazar Belgian VRT Top 30 Flanders number-one single (first run)
13 September 1986 (1 week) Succeeded by
"Ti sento" by Matia Bazar
Belgian VRT Top 30 Flanders number-one single (second run)
27 September 1986 – 4 October 1986 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"The Final Countdown" by Europe
Belgian Ultratop 50 Flanders number-one single
27 September 1986 – 4 October 1986 (2 weeks)
Preceded by
"Spirit in the Sky" by Doctor & the Medics Canadian number-one single
19 October 1986 – 1 November 1986 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"True Colors" by Cyndi Lauper
Preceded by
"Papa Don't Preach" by Madonna Irish Singles Chart number-one single
10 July 1986 – 21 August 1986 (7 weeks) Succeeded by
"I Want to Wake Up with You" by Boris Gardiner
UK Singles Chart number-one single
27 July 1986 – 16 August 1986 (3 weeks)
Preceded by
"Dancing on the Ceiling" by Lionel Richie Norwegian number-one single
1 September 1986 – 29 september 1986 (5 weeks) Succeeded by
"I've Been Losing You" by a-ha
Preceded by
"Moja Krew" by Republika Polish number-one single
30 August 1986 – 6 September 1986 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"Do Ani" by Kult
Preceded by
"Venus" by Bananarama South African number-one single
21 November 1986 – 16 January 1987 (9 weeks) Succeeded by
"Walk Like an Egyptian" by The Bangles
Preceded by
"Say You, Say Me" by Lionel Richie
1986 South African best-selling single of the year
1987 Succeeded by
"Never Gonna Give You Up" by Rick Astley
1988
Alternate versions[edit]
In 1987, de Burgh released a Spanish language adaptation of "The Lady in Red" entitled "La Dama de Ayer" (literally "the lady of yesterday") as a 7" single in Spain.
In other media[edit]
It also appears in the 1988 movie Working Girl.[39]
The song appears briefly in the 2000 film adaptation of American Psycho.[40]
In the 2004 comedy film DodgeBall: A True Underdog Story.[41]
It was used for the Steve Johnson and Kayla Brady characters on the daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives during the late 1980s.[42]
Andy Williams released a version in 2007 on his album, I Don't Remember Ever Growing Up.[43]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Coyle, Colin (5 July 2009). "Chris De Burgh cancels Iran gig". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lady In Red by Chris de Burgh". Songfacts. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ "Birdie Song tops hall of shame". BBC News Online. 24 July 2000. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Readers' Poll: The 10 Worst Songs of the 1980s". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "The 20 Worst Love Songs of All Time". Gigwise. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Arlidge, John (7 January 2001). "'Imagine' top song ever". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Norman, Neil (29 October 2006). "Chris de Burgh: Great hands, shame about the voice". The Independent. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Billboard – Hits Of The World". Billboard. 98 (50): 56. 13 December 1986. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Chris de Burgh – The Lady in Red" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Chris de Burgh – The Lady in Red" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 8843." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 0743." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Nyman, Jake (2005). Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN 951-31-2503-3.
Jump up ^ "InfoDisc : Tous les Titres par Artiste" (in French). InfoDisc. Select "Chris DeBurgh" from the artist drop-down menu. Archived from the original on 19 May 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Chris de Burgh – The Lady in Red". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Lady in Red". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Chris de Burgh − The Lady in Red search results" (in Dutch) Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Chris de Burgh – The Lady in Red" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Chris de Burgh – The Lady in Red". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Chris de Burgh – The Lady in Red". VG-lista. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 – 1989 Acts (D)". Rock.co.za. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Chris de Burgh – The Lady in Red". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Chris de Burgh – The Lady in Red". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Chris de Burgh – Chart history" Billboard Adult Contemporary for Chris de Burgh. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
Jump up ^ "Chris de Burgh – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Chris de Burgh. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
Jump up ^ "CASH BOX Top 100 Singles – Week ending MAY 30, 1987". Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. . Cash Box.
^ Jump up to: a b "Forum – ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts – Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts – 1980s". Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
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Jump up ^ "Top Singles – Volume 45, No. 14, December 27, 1986". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1986" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 1986" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Hung Medien. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top Singles – Volume 47, No. 12, December 26, 1987". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 20 Hit Singles of 1987". Rock.co.za. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits for 1987". The Longbored Surfer. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
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Jump up ^ Roos, Henrietta (2017). Soap Opera Super Couples: The Great Romances of Daytime Drama. McFarland – via Amazon Kindle.
Jump up ^ "Andy Williams – I Don't Remember Ever Growing Up". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
External links[edit]
"The Lady in Red" at Discogs (list of releases)
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
"La Dama de Ayer" at Discogs
American Attitude – Lady In Red (Live Cover Version)
[show]
v
t
e
Chris de Burgh
Studio albums
Far Beyond These Castle Walls (1975)
Spanish Train and Other Stories (1975)
At the End of a Perfect Day (1977)
Crusader (1979)
Eastern Wind (1980)
The Getaway (1982)
Man on the Line (1984)
Into the Light (1986)
Flying Colours (1988)
Power of Ten (1992)
This Way Up (1994)
Beautiful Dreams (1995)
Quiet Revolution (1999)
Timing Is Everything (2002)
The Road to Freedom (2004)
The Storyman (2006)
Footsteps (2008)
Moonfleet & Other Stories (2010)
Footsteps 2 (2011)
Home (2012)
The Hands of Man (2014)
A Better World (2016)
Compilation albums
Best Moves (1981)
The Very Best of Chris de Burgh (1984)
Spark to a Flame: The Very Best of Chris de Burgh (1989)
The Love Songs (1997)
The Ultimate Collection (2000)
Notes from Planet Earth – The Ultimate Collection (2001)
Gold (2007)
Now and Then (2008)
Songs
"A Spaceman Came Travelling"
"Don't Pay the Ferryman"
"The Lady in Red"
"Missing You"
Related
Discography
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lady_in_Red_(Chris_de_Burgh_song)&oldid=800858843"
Categories:
1986 singles
1986 songs
A&M Records singles
Chris de Burgh songs
Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
Number-one singles in Norway
Number-one singles in Poland
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Songs written by Chris de Burgh
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Ultratop 50 Singles (Flanders) number-one singles
Hidden categories:
CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)
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Use dmy dates from February 2014
Articles with hAudio microformats
Singlechart usages for Austria
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Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary
Singlechart called without artist
Singlechart called without song
Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles
Singlechart usages for Germany2
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Singlechart usages for Dutch40
Singlechart usages for Dutch100
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