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Limestone
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For other uses, see Limestone (disambiguation).
Limestone
Sedimentary rock
Limestone outcrop in the Torcal de Antequera nature reserve of Málaga, Spain
Composition
Calcium carbonate: inorganic crystalline calcite or organic calcareous material
Limestone is a sedimentary rock, composed mainly of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, forams and molluscs. Its major materials are the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
About 10% of sedimentary rocks are limestones. The solubility of limestone in water and weak acid solutions leads to karst landscapes, in which water erodes the limestone over thousands to millions of years. Most cave systems are through limestone bedrock.
Limestone has numerous uses: as a building material, an essential component of concrete (Portland cement), as aggregate for the base of roads, as white pigment or filler in products such as toothpaste or paints, as a chemical feedstock for the production of lime, as a soil conditioner, or as a popular decorative addition to rock gardens.
The first geologist to distinguish limestone from dolomite was Belsazar Hacquet in 1778.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Classification
2.1 Folk classification
2.2 Dunham classification
3 Limestone landscape
4 Uses
4.1 Occupational safety and health
4.1.1 United States
5 Degradation by organisms
6 Gallery
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Description
Limestone quarry at Cedar Creek, Virginia, USA
Cutting limestone blocks at a quarry in Gozo, Malta
Limestone as building material
La Zaplaz formations in the Piatra Craiului Mountains, Romania.
Like most other sedimentary rocks, most limestone is composed of grains. Most grains in limestone are skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral or foraminifera. These organisms secrete shells made of aragonite or calcite, and leave these shells behind when they die. Other carbonate grains comprising limestones are ooids, peloids, intraclasts, and extraclasts.
Limestone often contains variable amounts of silica in the form of chert (chalcedony, flint, jasper, etc.) or siliceous skeletal fragment (sponge spicules, diatoms, radiolarians), and varying amounts of clay, silt and sand (terrestrial detritus) carried in by rivers.
Some limestones do not consist of grains at all, and are formed completely by the chemical precipitation of calcite or aragonite, i.e. travertine. Secondary calcite may be deposited by supersaturated meteoric waters (groundwater that precipitates the material in caves). This produces speleothems, such as stalagmites and stalactites. Another form taken by calcite is oolitic limestone, which can be recognized by its granular (oolite) appearance.
The primary source of the calcite in limestone is most commonly marine organisms. Some of these organisms can construct mounds of rock known as reefs, building upon past generations. Below about 3,000 meters, water pressure and temperature conditions cause the dissolution of calcite to increase nonlinearly, so limestone typically does not form in deeper waters (see lysocline). Limestones may also form in lacustrine[2] and evaporite depositional environments.[3][4]
Calcite can be dissolved or precipitated by groundwater, depending on several factors, including the water temperature, pH, and dissolved ion concentrations. Calcite exhibits an unusual characteristic called retrograde solubility, in which it becomes less soluble in water as the temperature increases.
Impurities (such as clay, sand, organic remains, iron oxide, and other materials) will cause limestones to exhibit different colors, especially with weathered surfaces.
Limestone may be crystalline, clastic, granular, or massive, depending on the method of formation. Crystals of calcite, quartz, dolomite or barite may line small cavities in the rock. When conditions are right for precipitation, calcite forms mineral coatings that cement the existing rock grains together, or it can fill fractures.
Travertine is a banded, compact variety of limestone formed along streams; particularly where there are waterfalls and around hot or cold springs. Calcium carbonate is deposited where evaporation of the water leaves a solution supersaturated with the chemical constituents of calcite. Tufa, a porous or cellular variety of travertine, is found near waterfalls. Coquina is a poorly consolidated limestone composed of pieces of coral or shells.
During regional metamorphism that occurs during the mountain building process (orogeny), limestone recrystallizes into marble.
Limestone is a parent material of Mollisol soil group.
Classification
See also: List of types of limestone
Two major classification schemes, the Folk and the Dunham, are used for identifying limestone and carbonate rocks.
Folk classification
Main article: Folk classification
Robert L. Folk developed a classification system that places primary emphasis on the detailed composition of grains and interstitial material in carbonate rocks. Based on composition, there are three main components: allochems (grains), matrix (mostly micrite), and cement (sparite). The Folk system uses two-part names; the first refers to the grains and the second is the root. It is helpful to have a petrographic microscope when using the Folk scheme, because it is easier to determine the components present in each sample.[5]
Dunham classification
Main article: Dunham classification
The Dunham scheme focuses on depositional textures. Each name is based upon the texture of the grains that make up the limestone. Robert J. Dunham published his system for limestone in 1962; it focuses on the depositional fabric of carbonate rocks. Dunham divides the rocks into four main groups based on relative proportions of coarser clastic particles. Dunham names are essentially for rock families. His efforts deal with the question of whether or not the grains were originally in mutual contact, and therefore self-supporting, or whether the rock is characterized by the presence of frame builders and algal mats. Unlike the Folk scheme, Dunham deals with the original porosity of the rock. The Dunham scheme is more useful for hand samples because it is based on texture, not the grains in the sample.[6]
Limestone landscape
Main article: Karst topography
The Cudgel of Hercules, a tall limestone rock (Pieskowa Skała Castle in the background)
About 10% of all sedimentary rocks are limestones.[7][8]
Limestone is partially soluble, especially in acid, and therefore forms many erosional landforms. These include limestone pavements, pot holes, cenotes, caves and gorges. Such erosion landscapes are known as karsts. Limestone is less resistant than most igneous rocks, but more resistant than most other sedimentary rocks. It is therefore usually associated with hills and downland, and occurs in regions with other sedimentary rocks, typically clays.
Karst topography and caves develop in limestone rocks due to their solubility in dilute acidic groundwater. The solubility of limestone in water and weak acid solutions leads to karst landscapes. Regions overlying limestone bedrock tend to have fewer visible above-ground sources (ponds and streams), as surface water easily drains downward through joints in the limestone. While draining, water and organic acid from the soil slowly (over thousands or millions of years) enlarges these cracks, dissolving the calcium carbonate and carrying it away in solution. Most cave systems are through limestone bedrock. Cooling groundwater or mixing of different groundwaters will also create conditions suitable for cave formation.
Coastal limestones are often eroded by organisms which bore into the rock by various means. This process is known as bioerosion. It is most common in the tropics, and it is known throughout the fossil record (see Taylor and Wilson, 2003).
Bands of limestone emerge from the Earth's surface in often spectacular rocky outcrops and islands. Examples include the Burren in Co. Clare, Ireland; the Verdon Gorge in France; Malham Cove in North Yorkshire and the Isle of Wight,[9] England; the Great Orme in Wales ; on Fårö near the Swedish island of Gotland, the Niagara Escarpment in Canada/United States, Notch Peak in Utah, the Ha Long Bay National Park in Vietnam and the hills around the Lijiang River and Guilin city in China.
The Florida Keys, islands off the south coast of Florida, are composed mainly of oolitic limestone (the Lower Keys) and the carbonate skeletons of coral reefs (the Upper Keys), which thrived in the area during interglacial periods when sea level was higher than at present.
Unique habitats are found on alvars, extremely level expanses of limestone with thin soil mantles. The largest such expanse in Europe is the Stora Alvaret on the island of Öland, Sweden. Another area with large quantities of limestone is the island of Gotland, Sweden. Huge quarries in northwestern Europe, such as those of Mount Saint Peter (Belgium/Netherlands), extend for more than a hundred kilometers.
The world's largest limestone quarry is at Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company in Rogers City, Michigan.[10]
Uses
The Megalithic Temples of Malta such as Ħaġar Qim are built entirely of limestone. They are among the oldest free-standing structures in existence.[11]
Limestone is very common in architecture, especially in Europe and North America. Many landmarks across the world, including the Great Pyramid and its associated complex in Giza, Egypt, were made of limestone. So many buildings in Kingston, Ontario, Canada were, and continue to be, constructed from it that it is nicknamed the 'Limestone City'.[12] On the island of Malta, a variety of limestone called Globigerina limestone was, for a long time, the only building material available, and is still very frequently used on all types of buildings and sculptures. Limestone is readily available and relatively easy to cut into blocks or more elaborate carving.[13] It is also long-lasting and stands up well to exposure. However, it is a very heavy material, making it impractical for tall buildings, and relatively expensive as a building material.
The Great Pyramid of Giza, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World had an outside cover made entirely from limestone.
Riley County Courthouse built of limestone in Manhattan, Kansas, USA
A limestone plate with a negative map of Moosburg in Bavaria is prepared for a lithography print.
Limestone was most popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Train stations, banks and other structures from that era are normally made of limestone. It is used as a facade on some skyscrapers, but only in thin plates for covering, rather than solid blocks. In the United States, Indiana, most notably the Bloomington area, has long been a source of high quality quarried limestone, called Indiana limestone. Many famous buildings in London are built from Portland limestone.
Limestone was also a very popular building block in the Middle Ages in the areas where it occurred, since it is hard, durable, and commonly occurs in easily accessible surface exposures. Many medieval churches and castles in Europe are made of limestone. Beer stone was a popular kind of limestone for medieval buildings in southern England.
Limestone and (to a lesser extent) marble are reactive to acid solutions, making acid rain a significant problem to the preservation of artifacts made from this stone. Many limestone statues and building surfaces have suffered severe damage due to acid rain. Acid-based cleaning chemicals can also etch limestone, which should only be cleaned with a neutral or mild alkaline-based cleaner.
Other uses include:
It is the raw material for the manufacture of quicklime (calcium oxide), slaked lime (calcium hydroxide), cement and mortar.
Pulverized limestone is used as a soil conditioner to neutralize acidic soils (agricultural lime).
Is crushed for use as aggregate—the solid base for many roads as well as in asphalt concrete.
Geological formations of limestone are among the best petroleum reservoirs;
As a reagent in flue-gas desulfurization, it reacts with sulfur dioxide for air pollution control.
Glass making, in some circumstances, uses limestone.
It is added to toothpaste, paper, plastics, paint, tiles, and other materials as both white pigment and a cheap filler.
It can suppress methane explosions in underground coal mines.
Purified, it is added to bread and cereals as a source of calcium.
Calcium levels in livestock feed are supplemented with it, such as for poultry (when ground up).[14]
It can be used for remineralizing and increasing the alkalinity of purified water to prevent pipe corrosion and to restore essential nutrient levels.[15]
Used in blast furnaces, limestone binds with silica and other impurities to remove them from the iron.
It is often found in medicines and cosmetics.
It is used in sculptures because of its suitability for carving.
Occupational safety and health
People can be exposed to limestone in the workplace by inhalation of and eye contact with the dust.
United States
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit (permissible exposure limit) for limestone exposure in the workplace as 15 mg/m3 total exposure and 5 mg/m3 respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 10 mg/m3 total exposure and 5 mg/m3 respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday.[16]
Degradation by organisms
The cyanobacterium Hyella balani can bore through limestone; as can the green alga Eugamantia sacculata and the fungus Ostracolaba implexa.[17]
Gallery
A stratigraphic section of Ordovician limestone exposed in central Tennessee, U.S. The less-resistant and thinner beds are composed of shale. The vertical lines are drill holes for explosives used during road construction.
Thin-section view of a Middle Jurassic limestone in southern Utah, U.S. The round grains are ooids; the largest is 1.2 mm in diameter. This limestone is an oosparite.
Photo and etched section of a sample of fossiliferous limestone from the Kope Formation (Upper Ordovician) near Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.
Biosparite limestone of the Brassfield Formation (Lower Silurian) near Fairborn, Ohio, U.S., showing grains mainly composed of crinoid fragments.
A concretionary nodular (septarian) limestone at Jinshitan Coastal National Geopark, Dalian, China.
See also
Chalk
Coral sand
Kurkar
In Praise of Limestone
Sandstone
References
Jump up ^ Kranjc, Andrej (2006). "Balthasar Hacquet (1739/40-1815), the Pioneer of Karst Geomorphologists". Acta Carsologica. Institute for the Karst Research, Scientific Research Centre, Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. 35 (2). ISSN 0583-6050.
Jump up ^ Roeser, Patricia; Franz, Sven O.; Litt, Thomas (2016-12-01). "Aragonite and calcite preservation in sediments from Lake Iznik related to bottom lake oxygenation and water column depth". Sedimentology. 63 (7): 2253–2277. ISSN 1365-3091. doi:10.1111/sed.12306.
Jump up ^ Trewin, N. H.; Davidson, R. G. (1999). "Lake-level changes, sedimentation and faunas in a Middle Devonian basin-margin fish bed". Journal of the Geological Society. 156 (3): 535–548. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.156.3.0535.
Jump up ^ Oilfield Glossary: Term 'evaporite'. Glossary.oilfield.slb.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-25.
Jump up ^ Folk, R. L. (1974). Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Austin, Texas: Hemphill.
Jump up ^ Dunham, R. J. (1962). "Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional textures". In Ham, W. E. Classification of carbonate rocks. Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Mem. 1. pp. 108–121.
Jump up ^ "Calcite". mine-engineer.com. Retrieved 2008-02-13.
Jump up ^ Limestone (mineral). Archived from the original on 2009-10-31. Retrieved 2008-02-13.
Jump up ^ "Isle of Wight, Minerals" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-10-08.
Jump up ^ Michigan Markers. Michmarkers.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-25.
Jump up ^ Cassar, Joann (2010). 'The use of limestone in historic context'. in Smith, Bernard J. (ed.), "Limestone in the Built Environment: Present-day Challenges for the Preservation of the Past". Geographical Society of London. pp. 16–18. ISBN 1862392943. ISBN 9781862392946.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to the Limestone City". Retrieved 2008-02-13.
Jump up ^ Cassar, Joann (2010). 'The use of limestone in historic context'. in Smith, Bernard J. (ed.), "Limestone in the Built Environment: Present-day Challenges for the Preservation of the Past". Geographical Society of London. pp. 13–23. ISBN 1862392943. ISBN 9781862392946.
Jump up ^ "A Guide to Giving Your Layer Hens Enough Calcium". PoultyOne.
Jump up ^ "Nutrient minerals in drinking-water and the potential health consequences of consumption of demineralized and remineralized and altered mineral content drinking-water: Consensus of the meeting". World Health Organization report.
Jump up ^ "CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Limestone". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-19.
Jump up ^ Henry Lutz Ehrlich; Dianne K Newman (2009). Geomicrobiology, Fifth Edition. pp. 181–182. ISBN 9780849379079.
Further reading
Taylor, P.D. and Wilson, M.A., 2003. Palaeoecology and evolution of marine hard substrate communities. Earth-Science Reviews 62: 1–103.[1]
Folk RL, (1974) Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks, Hemphill Publishing, Austin, Texas
Dunham, R.J., 1962, Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional textures, in Ham W.E. (ed.), Classification of carbonate rocks: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Mem. 1,p. 108–121
Robert S. Boynton – Chemistry and technology of lime and limestone – Wiley (1980) – 578 pages – ISBN 0471027715
External links
Media related to Limestone at Wikimedia Commons
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text:
List of U.S. states by educational attainment
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This article presents a list of U.S. states sorted by educational attainment for persons 25 years of age and older. This table is an estimation based on the responses to the American Community Survey. This survey is a large demographic survey collected throughout the year using mailed questionnaires, telephone interviews, and visits from Census Bureau field representatives to about 3.5 million household addresses annually, regardless of their legal immigration status. The survey does not measure graduation rates from a state's high schools, rather, it measures the percentage of adult residents with a high school diploma.
State
% High school graduate
Rank
% Bachelor's degree
Rank
% Advanced degree
Rank
Montana 92.8% 1 29.5% 20 9.5% 32
Minnesota 92.4% 2 33.7% 10 11.2% 17
Wyoming 92.3% 3 25.7% 40 8.6% 40
Alaska 92.1% 4 28.0% 26 10.1% 27
New Hampshire 92.0% 5 34.9% 8 13.0% 9
Vermont 91.8% 6 36.0% 7 14.3% 6
North Dakota 91.7% 7 27.7% 28 7.6% 48
Maine 91.6% 8 29.0% 22 10.3% 24
Iowa 91.5% 9 26.7% 35 8.5% 41
Utah 91.2% 10 31.1% 15 10.4% 23
Hawaii 91.0% 11 30.8% 17 10.5% 21
Wisconsin 91.0% 11 27.8% 27 9.4% 33
South Dakota 90.9% 13 27.0% 33 8.0% 43
Nebraska 90.7% 14 29.3% 21 9.7% 30
Colorado 90.7% 14 38.1% 2 14.0% 7
Washington 90.4% 16 32.9% 11 12.0% 13
Kansas 90.2% 17 31.0% 16 11.0% 19
Connecticut 89.9% 18 37.6% 4 16.6% 3
Oregon 89.8% 19 30.8% 17 11.5% 15
Massachusetts 89.8% 19 40.5% 1 17.7% 1
Michigan 89.6% 21 26.9% 34 10.5% 21
Idaho 89.5% 22 25.9% 38 8.2% 42
Maryland 89.4% 23 37.9% 3 17.3% 2
District of Columbia 89.3% 54.6% 31.3%
Pennsylvania 89.2% 24 28.6% 24 11.2% 17
Ohio 89.1% 25 26.1% 37 9.7% 30
New Jersey 88.6% 26 36.8% 5 14.0% 7
Delaware 88.4% 27 30.0% 19 12.2% 12
Missouri 88.4% 27 27.1% 32 10.2% 25
Virginia 88.3% 29 36.3% 6 15.4% 4
Texas 87.9% 30 32.3% 12 12.4% 11
Indiana 87.8% 31 24.1% 42 8.7% 38
Oklahoma 86.9% 32 24.1% 42 8.0% 43
Florida 86.9% 32 27.3% 31 9.8% 29
United States 86.7% 29.8% 11.2%
Rhode Island 86.2% 34 31.9% 13 12.8% 10
Arizona 86.0% 35 27.5% 30 10.2% 25
North Carolina 85.8% 36 28.4% 25 9.9% 28
New York 85.6% 37 34.2% 9 14.8% 5
South Carolina 85.6% 37 25.8% 39 9.3% 35
Tennessee 85.5% 39 24.9% 41 9.0% 37
Georgia 85.4% 40 28.8% 23 10.7% 20
Nevada 85.1% 41 23.0% 45 7.9% 45
West Virginia 85.0% 42 19.2% 50 7.4% 50
Arkansas 84.8% 43 21.1% 48 7.5% 49
Alabama 84.3% 44 23.5% 44 8.7% 38
New Mexico 84.2% 45 26.3% 36 11.5% 15
Kentucky 84.2% 45 22.3% 47 9.2% 36
Louisiana 83.4% 47 22.5% 46 7.7% 46
Mississippi 82.3% 48 20.7% 49 7.7% 46
Illinois 81.9% 49 27.6% 29 9.4% 33
California 79.8% 50 31.4% 14 11.6% 14
Puerto Rico 73.0%
Map of states percentage of population 25 years old with Advanced Degree in 2009.
Map of states percentage of population 25 years old with bachelor's degree or Higher in 2009.
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References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bureau, U.S. Census. "2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2017-07-02.
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Viceroy (butterfly)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Viceroy
Typical viceroy, co-mimic of the monarch
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Nymphalidae
Genus: Limenitis
Species: L. archippus
Binomial name
Limenitis archippus
(Cramer, 1776)
The viceroy (Limenitis archippus) is a North American butterfly that ranges through most of the contiguous United States as well as parts of Canada and Mexico. The westernmost portion of its range extends from the Northwest Territories along the eastern edges of the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada mountains, southwards into central Mexico. Its easternmost range extends along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North America from Nova Scotia into Texas.[1]
The viceroy was named the state butterfly of Kentucky in 1990.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Food sources
3 Life stages
4 Evolution of admiral butterflies (Limenitis)
5 Predators and avoidance
5.1 Batesian Mimicry
5.2 The Müllerian Mimicry Dispute
6 Evolution of viceroy mimicry
7 Polymorphism in viceroy butterflies
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Description[edit]
Its wings feature an orange and black pattern, and over most of its range it is a Müllerian mimic[3] with the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus). The viceroy's wingspan is between 53 and 81 mm.[4] It can be distinguished from the monarch by its smaller size and the postmedian black line that runs across the veins on the hindwing.[4]
In Florida, Georgia, and the American Southwest, viceroys share the pattern of the queen (Danaus gilippus) and in Mexico they share the pattern of the soldier (Danaus eresimus). In all three areas, the local Danaus population mimic the coloration of the viceroy species. It was originally believed that the viceroy was a Batesian mimic of the three other species, and presumed edible or only mildly unpalatable to predators, but this has since proven not to be true.[3] In an experiment with both the monarch's and viceroy's wings removed, birds were discovered to think the viceroy was just as unpalatable as the monarchs.[3]
Monarch (left) and viceroy (right) butterflies exhibiting Müllerian mimicry
Food sources[edit]
The caterpillar feeds on trees in the willow family Salicaceae, including willows (Salix), and poplars and cottonwoods (Populus). The caterpillars sequester the salicylic acid in their bodies, which makes them bitter, and upsets predators' stomachs. As further protection, the caterpillars, as well as their chrysalis stage, resemble bird droppings.[5]
Adults are strictly diurnal, flying preferentially in the late morning and early afternoon.[6] Adult viceroys nectar on milkweeds, thistles and other common flowers.[5]
Life stages[edit]
Adult
Caterpillar
Pupa
Evolution of admiral butterflies (Limenitis)[edit]
The world is divided into eight biogeographic areas called ecozones: Palearctic, Nearctic, Afrotropic, Neotropic, Australasia, Indo-Malaya, Oceania, and Antarctica. Palearctic includes most of Eurasia and North Africa while Nearctic includes most of North America. Limenitis butterfly wing patterns are much more diverse in the Nearctic than the Palearctic. Three lineages of mimetic butterflies occur in North America and the evolution of mimicry may have played a large role in the diversification of this group.[7] For butterflies to travel from the Palearctic region to the Nearctic region of the world, the migration must have occurred during a time period when Beringia, the land bridge between Eurasia and North America, was still above water.[8] Based on crude divergence rate calculations,[9] the colonization of the Nearctic Leminitis dates back approximately four million years.[7] Whether the migration event was a single or multiple occurrence event has a significant effect on how we look at the evolution of mimicry. A history of multiple migrations would suggest that speciation occurred before the evolution of mimicry, meaning mimicry was the result of speciation instead of the driver of speciation.
However, much evidence supports that a single event colonization is the best explanation. One theory of Nearctic colonization states that the reason for the colonization was a larvae host plant shift. The position of the poplar admiral (L. populi), a Palearctic species, in a phylogenetic tree confirms that the poplar is the closest existing relative of the Nearctic taxa and is consistent with the theory that the host plant had a large effect on the evolution of North American admirals. Just like the wing-pattern of the Palearctic butterflies has little evidence of divergence, the host plant use of these species also shows no sign of divergence. These species only feed on different species of honeysuckle (Lonicera ssp.) The exception is the poplar that feeds exclusively on aspen (Populus tremulus of the willow family).[7] All North American Limenitis feed on members of the willow family as well, suggesting that an (ancestral host plant shift) expansion of a novel host plant across the Bering land bridge could have driven the colonization of the Nearctic. Species level phylogenies based on the mitochondrial gene COI and the gene EFI-α of Nearctic and Palearctic species also indicate a single colonization of the Nearctic species.[7] The phylogenies produced indicate that a white-banded ancestor similar to the species L. arthemis.[10] established itself in North America and resulted in several major lineages, three of which involved mimicry independently of each other. Given the present monophyly of the Nearctic species, it is likely that a single migration and subsequent expansion of the population was the foundation of the Nearctic butterflies.
Predators and avoidance[edit]
Color warnings in viceroy butterflies have been shaped by natural selection in an evolutionary relationship between prey and predator.[11] The viceroy's main predators – like many other butterflies – consist mostly of birds.
Batesian Mimicry[edit]
The viceroy's wing color ranges from tawny orange (resembling monarchs) in the north to dark mahogany (resembling queens) in the south.[12] It has been argued that selective pressures from predators have given rise to "model switching"[12] in the viceroy, with each subspecies choosing to copy the color pattern of the locally dominant Danaine subspecies. When the monarch's breeding range overlaps with the viceroy, the viceroy will adopt the lighter shades of orange. Towards the south, the viceroy mostly displayed darker orange phenotypes in response to the larger population of queens. It is important to note that the differences between these two morphs is only the color of the wings and the line drawn through the viceroy's lower wings; other features, such as body size and wing-pattern elements, are identical.[12]
It had been long accepted that the viceroy practiced Batesian mimicry, with the monarch and the queen serving as models. Batesian mimicry is a type of defensive behavior in which a palatable species closely resembles unpalatable or toxic species to avoid predation.
Early experiments suggested that the viceroys use Batesian mimicry to defend themselves against predators. In these experiments, birds that had not been exposed to monarchs willingly ate viceroys, but those that had tasted the unpalatable monarch refused to touch the mimic.[13] In addition, when given the choice between a mimic and non-mimic after being exposed to an unpalatable model, avian predators never ate the viceroy mimic.[14]
The Müllerian Mimicry Dispute[edit]
Recent research has argued that the viceroy may be unpalatable to avian predators. If that is the case, then the viceroy butterfly displays Müllerian mimicry, and both viceroy and monarch are co-mimics of each other.[15]
Some literature suggests that the queen-viceroy may not be a good model-mimic pair for Batesian mimicry. Experimental evidence has shown that avian predators express aversion to the queen butterfly after being exposed to viceroys.[16] That the avian predators avoided the queen butterfly implies that the queen does not serve as a model and the viceroy as a parasitic mimic; rather, they may be Müllerian co-mimics.[16]
When avian predators were exposed to butterfly abdomens without the wings, many avian predators rejected the viceroy after a single peck. Furthermore, they exhibited distress behavior similar to that displayed when eating other, known, unpalatable species.[15]
Interestingly, when palatability was measured by looking at avian responses to butterfly abdomen, it was found that the viceroy butterfly was significantly more unpalatable than the queen.[15] The queen-viceroy relationship is too asymmetrical for them to be considered real co-mimics of each other. Instead, mathematical models have suggested that the queen enjoys the benefits of mimicry at the viceroy's expense, and that the model-mimic dynamic between the two should be switched.[15]
In light of this new interpretation, it has been speculated that different food plants in different geographical locations influence the palatability of the viceroy.[16] Further investigation is needed to clarify the relationship between the viceroy and its purported models.
Evolution of viceroy mimicry[edit]
Based on phylogenic evidence, it is known that mimicry in the North American admirals was a driver of speciation. An essential condition for the evolution of mimicry was the presence and abundance of unpalatable models. Mimetic evolution also involved direct selection with the model acting as a "starting block" for the mimic to evolve against.[17] The drive behind this type of evolution must be predation. Eventually, the mimetic population undergoes phenotypic fixation, usually at a point where the wing pattern and colors of the mimic have reached the closest superficial resemblance of its model.[17] As these processes continued, the subspecies divergences began occurring as the mimetic species expanded their geographical range and began mimicking other species of butterfly. Determining what part of the butterfly genome controls wing color and pattern is also a major component that must be taken into account when trying to understand the evolution of mimicry. Each individual stripe or spot on a wing has a distinct identity that can be traced from species to species within a family.[18]
A fascinating feature of pattern genetics is that the dramatic phenotypic changes are primarily due to small changes in the gene that determines the sizes and positions of pattern elements.[18] This discovery is in accord with the principal theory for the evolution of mimicry. The theory proposes that initial mimicry is achieved by a single mutation that has a large effect on the phenotype, which immediately gives the organism some protection, and is then refined by so-called modifier genes with lesser phenotypic effects.[18] Consequently, if the genes for wing pattern and color were normal functioning genes, a single mating would produce several phenyotypically different offspring, making the ability for mimicry to evolve very difficult.
This unique puzzle led to proposal of a possible supergene. A supergene is a tight cluster of loci that facilitate the co-segregation of adaptive variation, providing integrated control of complex adaptive phenotypes.[19] Different genomic rearrangements have tightened the genetic linkage between different color and pattern loci with complete suppression of recombination in experimental crosses in a 400,000 base section containing at least 18 genes.[19] This single supergene locus controls differences in a complex phenotype like wing coloration that can involve modifications of wing pattern, shape, and body color. Mimetic patterns have high fitness correlated to locally abundant wing patterns and low fitness when the offspring have recombinant, non-mimetic phenotypes.[19] This tight-linked area of wing pattern genes explains how mimetic phenotypes are not broken up during recombination during sexual reproduction.
Polymorphism in viceroy butterflies[edit]
Viceroys display geographic color polymorphism, which occurs when the viceroy butterflies are observed having different color forms in different regions of their territory. Color polymorphism is hypothesized to be affected by interaction between the viceroy, monarch and queen's overlapping environments. In the northern areas of their region, where monarchs predominate, viceroys are lighter, while in southern Florida, they are darker due to queens being more abundant than monarchs.[20]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.gardenswithwings.com/butterfly/Viceroy/index.html
Jump up ^ Kentucky State Butterfly, eReferenceDesk
^ Jump up to: a b c Ritland, David B.; Lincoln P. Brower (11 April 1991). "The viceroy butterfly is not a batesian mimic" (abstract). Nature. 350 (6318): 497–498. doi:10.1038/350497a0. Retrieved 2008-03-29.
^ Jump up to: a b Layberry, Ross A.; Hall, Peter W.; J. Donald, Lafontaine. (1998). The Butterflies of Canada. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802078810. cited at "Viceroy (Limenitis archippus) (Cramer, 1776)". Retrieved 4 April 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Hall, Peter W.; Jones, Colin D.; Guidotti, Antonia; Hubley, Brad (2014). The ROM Field Guide to the Butterflies of Ontario. Toronto, Canada: Royal Ontario Museum. pp. 244–245. ISBN 978-0-88854-497-1.
Jump up ^ Fullard, James H.; Nadia Napoleone (August 2001). "Diel flight periodicity and the evolution of auditory defences in the Macrolepidoptera" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 62 (2): 349–368. doi:10.1006/anbe.2001.1753.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mullen, S P (2006). "Wing pattern evolution and the origins of mimicry among North American admiral butterflies (Nymphalide: Limenitis)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 39: 747–758. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.021. PMID 16500119.
Jump up ^ Prudic, K L; Oliver, J C (2008). "Once a Batesian mimic, not always a Batesian mimic: Mimic reverts back to ancestral phenotype when the model is absent". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 275: 1125–1132. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1766.
Jump up ^ Brower, A V Z (1994). "Phylogeny of Heliconius butterflies inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 3: 159–174. doi:10.1006/mpev.1994.1018.
Jump up ^ Mullen, S P; Dopman, E B; Harrison, R G (2008). "Hybrid zone origins, species boundaries, and the evolution of wing-pattern diversity in a polytypic species complex of North American butterflies (Nymphalidae: Limenitis)". Evolution. 62: 1400–1417. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00366.x. PMID 18331459.
Jump up ^ Mallet, James and Moron, Mathieu (1999). Evolution of Diversity in Warning Color and Mimicry: Polymorphism, Shifting Balance and Speciation. Pub Annu Rev Ecol Syst 200x 30:201-33
^ Jump up to: a b c Ritland, David. "Mimicry-related Predation on Two Viceroy Butterfly (Limenitis archippus) Phenotypes". The American Midland Naturalist. 140: 1–20. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(1998)140[0001:mrpotv]2.0.co;2.
Jump up ^ van Zandt Brower, Jane (March 1958). "Experimental Studies of Mimicry in Some North American Butterflies: Part I. The Monarch, Danaus plexippus, and Viceroy, Limenitis archippus archippus". Evolution. 12: 32–47. doi:10.2307/2405902. JSTOR 2405902.
Jump up ^ Platt, Austin P.; Raymond P. Coppinger; Lincoln P. Brower (December 1971). "Demonstration of the Selective Advantage of Mimetic Limenitis Butterflies Presented to Caged Avian Predators". Evolution. 25 (4): 692–701. doi:10.2307/2406950. JSTOR 2406950.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ritland, David B. (August 1995). "Comparative unpalatability of mimetic viceroy butterflies (Limenitis archippus) from four south-eastern United States populations". Oecologia. 103 (3): 327–336. doi:10.1007/bf00328621.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ritland, David B. (June 1991). "Revising a Classic Butterfly Mimicry Scenario: Demonstration of Müllerian Mimicry between Florida Viceroys (Limenitis archippus floridensis) and queens (Danaus gilippus berenice)". Evolution. 45 (4): 918–934. doi:10.2307/2409699.
^ Jump up to: a b Platt, A P (1983). "Evolution of North American admiral butterflies". Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America. 29: 11–22. doi:10.1093/besa/29.3.10.
^ Jump up to: a b c Nijhout, H F (1994). "Developmental perspectives on evolution of butterfly mimicry". BioScience. 44: 148–157. doi:10.2307/1312251.
^ Jump up to: a b c Joron, M; Frezal, L; Jones, R; Chamberlain, N; Lee, S; Haag, C; Whibley, A; Becuwe, M; Baxter, S; Ferguson, L; Wilkinson, P; Salazar, C; Davidson, C; Clark, R; Quail, M; Beasley, H; Glithero, R; Lloyd, C; Sims, S; Jones, M; Rogers, J; Jiggins, C; Constant, R (2011). "Chromosomal rearrangements maintain a polymorphic supergene controlling butterfly mimicry". Nature. 477: 203–207. doi:10.1038/nature10341. PMC 3717454  . PMID 21841803.
Jump up ^ Ritland, David (1998). "Mimicry-Related Predation on Two Viceroy Butterfly (Limenitis Archippus) Phenotypes". The American Midland Naturalist. 1: 1 – via JSTOR.
Further reading[edit]
Glassberg, Jeffrey Butterflies through Binoculars, The West (2001)
Guppy, Crispin S. and Shepard, Jon H. Butterflies of British Columbia (2001)
James, David G. and Nunnallee, David Life Histories of Cascadia Butterflies (2011)
Pelham, Jonathan Catalogue of the Butterflies of the United States and Canada (2008)
Pyle, Robert Michael The Butterflies of Cascadia (2002)
External links[edit]
Insects portal
Lepidoptera portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Limenitis archippus.
Wikispecies has information related to: Limenitis archippus
Description of Viceroy on Butterflies and Moths website
viceroy butterfly on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
Viceroy, Butterflies of Canada
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viceroy_(butterfly)&oldid=804008428"
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Minister of Finance (India)
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Minister of Finance
Emblem of India
Incumbent
Arun Jaitley
since 26 May 2014
Ministry of Finance
Style
The Honourable
Member of
Cabinet
Cabinet Committee on Security
Appointer
President on the advice of the Prime Minister
Inaugural holder
Liaquat Ali Khan
Formation
29 October 1946
The Minister of Finance (or simply, Finance Minister) is the head of the Ministry of Finance of the Government of India. One of the senior-most offices in the Union Cabinet, the finance minister is responsible for the fiscal policy of the government. As part of this, a key duty of the Finance Minister is to present the annual Union Budget in Parliament, which details the government's plan for taxation and spending in the coming financial year. Through the Budget, the finance minister also outlines the allocations to different ministries and departments. Occasionally, he is assisted by the Minister of State for Finance and the lower-ranked Deputy Minister of Finance.
The first Finance Minister of independent India was R. K. Shanmukham Chetty, who also presented its first Budget. The incumbent Arun Jaitley, of the Bharatiya Janata Party, has held office since 26 May 2014. As of September 2017[update], Morarji Desai has presented 10 budgets which is the highest followed by P Chidambaram's 9 and Pranab Mukherjee's 8. Yashwant Sinha, Yashwantrao Chavan and C.D. Deshmukh have presented 7 budgets each while Manmohan Singh and T.T. Krishnamachari have presented 6 budgets.[1] As of February 2018, four Finance Ministers have gone on to become the Prime Minister who are: Morarji Desai, Charan Singh, V. P. Singh and Manmohan Singh.
Lists of finance ministers[edit]
Name
Portrait
Term of office
Political party
(Alliance)
Prime Minister
Liaquat Ali Khan
(Interim government) 29 October 1946 14 August 1947 All-India Muslim League Jawaharlal Nehru
(Vice President of the interim govt)
R. K. Shanmukham Chetty 15 August 1947 1949 Indian National Congress Jawaharlal Nehru
John Mathai 1949 1950
C. D. Deshmukh 29 May 1950[2] 1957
T. T. Krishnamachari 1957 13 February 1958
Jawaharlal Nehru 13 February 1958 13 March 1958
Morarji Desai 13 March 1958 29 August 1963
T. T. Krishnamachari 29 August 1963 1965 Jawaharlal Nehru
Lal Bahadur Shastri
Sachindra Chaudhuri 1965 13 March 1967 Lal Bahadur Shastri
Indira Gandhi
Morarji Desai 13 March 1967 16 July 1969 Indira Gandhi
Indira Gandhi 1970 1971
Yashwantrao Chavan 1971 1975
Chidambaram Subramaniam 1975 1977
Haribhai M. Patel 24 March 1977 24 January 1979 Janata Party Morarji Desai
Charan Singh 24 January 1979 28 July 1979
Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna 28 July 1979 14 January 1980 Janata Party (Secular) Charan Singh
R. Venkataraman 14 January 1980 15 January 1982 Indian National Congress Indira Gandhi
Pranab Mukherjee 15 January 1982 31 December 1984
V. P. Singh 31 December 1984 24 January 1987 Rajiv Gandhi
Rajiv Gandhi 24 January 1987 25 July 1987
N. D. Tiwari 25 July 1987 25 June 1988
Shankarrao Chavan 25 June 1988 2 December 1989
Madhu Dandavate 2 December 1989 10 November 1990 Janata Dal
(National Front) V. P. Singh
Yashwant Sinha 10 November 1990 21 June 1991 Samajwadi Janata Party
(National Front) Chandra Shekhar
Manmohan Singh 21 June 1991 16 May 1996 Indian National Congress P. V. Narasimha Rao
Jaswant Singh 16 May 1996 1 June 1996 Bharatiya Janata Party Atal Bihari Vajpayee
P. Chidambaram 1 June 1996 21 April 1997 Tamil Maanila Congress
(United Front) H. D. Deve Gowda
I.K. Gujral 21 April 1997 1 May 1997 Janata Dal
(United Front) I. K. Gujral
P. Chidambaram 1 May 1997 19 March 1998 Tamil Maanila Congress
(United Front)
Yashwant Sinha 19 March 1998 1 July 2002 Bharatiya Janata Party
(National Democratic Alliance) Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Jaswant Singh 1 July 2002 22 May 2004
P. Chidambaram 22 May 2004 30 November 2008 Indian National Congress
(United Progressive Alliance) Manmohan Singh
Manmohan Singh 30 November 2008 24 January 2009
Pranab Mukherjee 24 January 2009 26 June 2012
Manmohan Singh 26 June 2012 31 July 2012
P. Chidambaram 31 July 2012 26 May 2014
Arun Jaitley 26 May 2014 Incumbent Bharatiya Janata Party
(National Democratic Alliance) Narendra Modi
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Chidambaram is second only to Morarji Desai in presenting Budget". www.businesstoday.in. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
Jump up ^ [1]
External links[edit]
Finance Ministry, Official website
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David Krumholtz
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David Krumholtz
Krumholtz at the 2012 PaleyFest: Fall TV CBS Preview Party
Born
(1978-05-15) May 15, 1978 (age 39)
Queens, New York, U.S.
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1992–present
Spouse(s)
Vanessa Britting (m. 2010)
Children
2
David Krumholtz (born May 15, 1978) is an American actor. He played Charlie Eppes in the CBS drama series Numb3rs. He also played Seth Goldstein in the Harold & Kumar film series and Bernard the Elf in the Santa Clause film series.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Theatre
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Krumholtz was born in Queens, New York City. He is the son of Judy and Michael Krumholtz, a dental assistant and a postal worker respectively. He grew up in a "very working-class, almost poor" Jewish family.[1][2][3] His paternal grandparents had emigrated from Poland,[1] and his mother moved from Hungary to the U.S. in 1956.[4]
Career[edit]
At the age of 13, Krumholtz followed his friends to an open audition for the Broadway play Conversations with My Father (1992). When he tried out, he won the role of Young Charlie, with Judd Hirsch, Tony Shalhoub and Jason Biggs, who was also making his Broadway debut. Soon after his run on Broadway, Krumholtz co-starred in two feature films, Life With Mikey (1993) with Michael J. Fox and Addams Family Values (1993) with Christina Ricci. For his role in Mikey, David was nominated for a 1993 Young Artist Award.[5] Although his work in these two films garnered him critical attention, David is probably best known by children as the sarcastic head elf Bernard from The Santa Clause (1994) and its first sequel The Santa Clause 2 (2002). However, because of his filming schedule on "Numb3rs", which conflicted with the filming schedule on the second sequel, he could not reprise the role of Bernard in The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause (2006).
In 1994, Krumholtz co-starred in his first television series, Monty, with Henry Winkler; the show lasted only a few episodes. Krumholtz later starred in several short-lived series over the years. Along the way, he had the opportunity to work with Jason Bateman (Chicago Sons, 1997), Tom Selleck (The Closer, 1998), Jon Cryer (The Trouble with Normal, 2000), and Rob Lowe (The Lyon's Den, 2003). In 2005, he finally found television success with the CBS series Numbers.[6] Along with his starring roles on television, Krumholtz made guest appearances on ER as schizophrenic patient Paul Sobriki, as well as on Law & Order, Undeclared, Lucky, and Freaks and Geeks.
Krumholtz at the premiere of Serenity in September 2005
He broke out of the children's movie genre with The Ice Storm (1997), directed by Ang Lee, and Slums of Beverly Hills (1998), starring Alan Arkin and Natasha Lyonne. In 1999, David starred as Michael Eckman in the popular teen movie 10 Things I Hate About You with Larisa Oleynik, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Julia Stiles, and Heath Ledger. That same year, he portrayed a completely different teen character – that of Yussel, a young conflicted Jewish man in Liberty Heights (1999).
It was the role of Yussel that brought Krumholtz to the attention of actor and filmmaker Edward Burns, who cast him in the independent film Sidewalks of New York (2001).[1] Playing the romantic and slightly obsessed Benny, Krumholtz was on a path to larger, more complex film roles. His first role as a leading man was in the romantic comedy You Stupid Man (2002), opposite Milla Jovovich. Although never released theatrically in the United States, You Stupid Man, directed by Edward Burns's brother Brian Burns, was released on DVD (2006). Krumholtz carried his first leading role in a released American film when he starred Big Shot: Confessions of a Campus Bookie (2002), which premiered on FX Networks.
Big Shot was a true story based on the Arizona State University basketball fixing scandal in 1994. Krumholtz played Benny Silman, a college student and campus bookmaker, who was jailed for his part in shaving points off key Arizona State basketball games. Benny was unlike any character Krumholtz had played before; and he garnered critical praise for his performance, proving that he was not just a sidekick.[7]
In 2005, Krumholtz played Max in My Suicidal Sweetheart (formerly Max and Grace), once again starring opposite actress Natasha Lyonne. Krumholtz also returned to smaller key roles in the successful films Ray (2004) and Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle (2004). In September 2005, he was seen in Joss Whedon's science fiction film Serenity as "Mr. Universe", a hacker and information broker. Most recently, in early 2006, Krumholtz's 2003 film Kill the Poor screened in New York City at IFC Center and across the country on Comcast's On Demand cable service.
He played Charlie Eppes, a mathematical genius who helped his brother Don (Rob Morrow), an FBI agent, solve crimes using mathematics, on CBS' show Numbers. The cast of Numbers also included Judd Hirsch and Peter MacNicol, who appeared with him in Addams Family Values as a camp counselor. Television critic Matt Roush (TV Guide) called Krumholtz's work on Numbers "probably his best TV work to date".[citation needed] Numbers was officially cancelled by CBS on May 18, 2010.[8]
In 2012, Krumholtz was cast opposite Michael Urie in CBS' comedy TV series Partners[9] but the show was cancelled after six episodes.[10]
Personal life[edit]
He appeared in two documentaries on the Knocked Up DVD (one being staged and the other being genuine). "Gummy: The Sixth Roommate" tells the true story of how David dropped out of the film to play the lead part in a Woody Allen movie in Paris that got canceled before production, and Apatow would not write him back into his script. He would have played one of the main character's five roommates (along with other Freaks and Geeks alumni Seth Rogen, Jason Segel and Martin Starr).[11][12] Friend and fellow Freaks actor Jason Segel appears with him in a short scene in Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny.
On May 22, 2010, Krumholtz married actress Vanessa Britting (born Vanessa Almeda Goonan), at The Plaza Hotel, in New York City; they had been engaged since July 2008.[13] They have a daughter, Pemma Mae Krumholtz, who was born in 2014.[14]
In July 2011, Krumholtz was diagnosed with thyroid cancer, and began a radioactive iodine treatment five months later.[15] At the end of January 2012, he was diagnosed cancer-free.[16]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1993 Life with Mikey Barry Corman
1993 Addams Family Values Joel Glicker
1994 The Santa Clause Bernard the Elf
1997 The Ice Storm Francis Davenport
1998 Slums of Beverly Hills Ben Abromowitz
1999 10 Things I Hate About You Michael Eckman
1999 Liberty Heights Yussel
2000 How to Kill Your Neighbor's Dog Brian Sellars
2001 The Mexican Beck
2001 Sidewalks of New York Benjamin Bazler
2001 Two Can Play That Game Jason
2001 According to Spencer Ezra
2002 Big Shot: Confessions of a Campus Bookie Benny Silman Television film
2002 You Stupid Man Owen
2002 The Santa Clause 2 Bernard the Arch-elf
2002 Cheats Evan Rosengarden
2003 Scorched Max
2003 Kill the Poor Joe Peltz
2004 Looking for Kitty Abe Fiannico
2004 Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle Goldstein
2004 Ray Milt Shaw
2005 My Suicidal Sweetheart Max
2005 Guess Who Jerry MacNamara Uncredited
2005 Serenity Mr. Universe
2006 American Storage Kurt Short film
2006 The Nail Daniel Short film
2006 Bobby Agent Phil
2006 Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny Frat boy #2 Uncredited
2007 Live! Rex
2007 Superbad Benji Austin
2007 Battle for Terra Terrian Commander (voice)
2007 Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story Schwartzberg
2008 Demption Detective Joseph Schneider Short film
2008 Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay Goldstein
2009 I Love You, Man Sydney's buddy #3 Uncredited
2011 Mr. Popper's Penguins Kent
2011 A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas Goldstein
2013 The Big Ask Andrew
2013 This Is the End David Krumholtz
2013 Tuna Getty
2014 The Judge Mike Kattan
2015 I Saw the Light[17] James Dolan
2016 Hail, Caesar! Communist screenwriter #4
2016 Sausage Party Kareem Abdul Lavash (voice)
2016 Casual Encounters Sammy Deetz
2016 Ghost Team Stan
2017 Wonder Wheel Jake
2018 A Futile and Stupid Gesture Time-Life Publisher
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1993 Law & Order Scott Fisher Episode: "Sweeps"
1994 Monty David Richardson 5 episodes
1995 Pig Sty Timmy Episode: "Tess Makes the Man"
1997 Chicago Sons Billy Kulchak 13 episodes
1997 Justice League of America Martin Walters Pilot
1997 Union Square Russell 2 episodes
1998 Closer, TheThe Closer Bruno Verma 10 episodes
2000–2002 ER Paul Sobriki 3 episodes
2000 The Trouble with Normal Bob Wexler 13 episodes
2000 Freaks and Geeks Barry Schweiber Episode: "Noshing and Moshing"
2001–2002 Undeclared Greg 2 episodes
2003 Lucky Tony Episode: "Savant"
2003 The Lyon's Den Jeff Fineman 13 episodes
2005–2010 Numb3rs Charlie Eppes 118 episodes
2007 Wainy Days Ortez Episode: "Tough Guy"
2010 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Dr. Vincent Prochik Episode: "Wet"
2011 The Playboy Club Billy Rosen 7 episodes
2012 Raising Hope Carl 2 episodes
2012 Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23 Patrick Kelly Episode: "Shitagi Nashi..."
2012 The Newsroom Dr. Jacob "Jack" Habib 3 episodes
2012 Partners Joe Goodman 13 episodes
2012 Childrens Hospital Dookie Episode: "Wisedocs"
2013–2014 The League Joel Cocque 2 episodes
2014 Newsreaders Mark Jones Episode: "Motorboating Dads; the Negative $100,000 Question"
2014 Key & Peele Terrorist #3 Episode: "Terrorist Meeting"
2014 Men at Work Myron 5 episodes
2014–2016 The Good Wife Josh Mariner 7 episodes
2015 Forever 1984 Abe Episode: "Punk is Dead"
2015 Gigi Does It Gigi 8 episodes; also co-creator and executive producer
2015 Comedy Bang! Bang! Himself Episode: "David Krumholtz Wears a Blue Zip-Up Jacket and Grey Sneakers"
2015 Master of None Nathan Episode: "Plan B"
2015–2016 Mom Gregory Muchnick 5 episodes
2015–2017 All Hail King Julien Timo / Additional voices 23 episodes
2016 The Interestings Ethan Figman Pilot
2017 All Hail King Julien: Exiled Timo / Additional voices 7 episodes
2017 The Deuce Harvey Wasserman 5 episodes
2017 Difficult People Ray Episode: "Criminal Minds"
2018 Living Biblically Rabbi Ableman
Theatre[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1992–1993 Conversations with My Father Young Charlie Royale Theatre
March 22, 1992 – March 14, 1993
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "JewishJournal.com". JewishJournal.com. Retrieved 2012-08-23.
Jump up ^ Krumholtz, David. "I'm Jewish". Retrieved 30 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Bloom, Nate (November 7, 2011). "Jewish Stars". Cleveland Jewish News.
Jump up ^ "TV2 Videó". Tv2video.hu. Retrieved 2012-08-23.
Jump up ^ http://www.imdbpro.com/
Jump up ^ "CBS 2007 Fall Preview". Retrieved 2007-05-16.
Jump up ^ "DVD Review: Big Shot...Confessions of a Campus Bookie". Currentfilm.com. Retrieved 2012-08-23.
Jump up ^ Joyce Eng (May 18, 2010). "CBS cancels seven series, including Ghost Whisperer, Numb3rs and Cold Case". TV Guide. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello (March 1, 2012). "Scoop: David Krumholtz eyes lead role opposite Michael Urie in CBS comedy pilot Partners". TVLine.com. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich (November 16, 2012). "CBS pulls the plug on Partners". TVLine.com. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Everything is Numb3rs :: Actors always familiar in Judd Apatow's films". Everythingisnumb3rs.eponym.com. 2012-04-15. Archived from the original on 2012-02-09. Retrieved 2012-08-23.
Jump up ^ "Woody casts Paris pic". Time Out London. Archived from the original on 2012-10-01. Retrieved 2012-08-23.
Jump up ^ Wihlborg, Ulrica (May 22, 2010). "David Krumholtz Ties the Knot". People. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Finn, Natalie (7 April 2014). "David Krumholtz Is a Proud Dad, Show Off Newborn Baby Girl—See the Precious Pic!". E! Online. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
Jump up ^ @DaveKrumholtz (December 9, 2011). "David Krumholtz on his cancer diagnosis" (Tweet). Retrieved February 9, 2012 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ http://www.assignmentx.com/2012/interview-partners-star-david-krumholtz-on-his-new-cbs-comedy-series/
Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford (15 October 2014). "Hank Williams Biopic 'I Saw the Light' Rounds Out Cast". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to David Krumholtz.
David Krumholtz on IMDb
David Krumholtz at the Internet Broadway Database
David Krumholtz's channel on YouTube
Interview about Krumholtz's guest appearance on ER
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WorldCat Identities
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LCCN: no00025109
ISNI: 0000 0001 1448 9239
BNF: cb150100691 (data)
BNE: XX1743024
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Krumholtz&oldid=823915289"
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