text:
Olivia d'Abo
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Olivia d'Abo
Olivia d'Abo in July 2010
Born
Olivia Jane d'Abo
(1969-01-22) 22 January 1969 (age 48)
London, England, United Kingdom
Occupation
Actress, singer, songwriter, voice artist
Years active
1984–present
Spouse(s)
Patrick Leonard (m. 2002; div. 2012)
Children
1
Website
www.oliviadabo.net
Olivia Jane d'Abo (/ˈdɑːboʊ/; born 22 January 1969)[1] is an English-American actress, singer and songwriter. She is known for her role as Karen Arnold, Kevin Arnold's rebellious teenage hippie sister on The Wonder Years (1988–93), and recurring villain Nicole Wallace in Law & Order: Criminal Intent.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Acting career
2.2 Music career
2.3 Podcast appearances
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Video games
5 Theatre
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
D'Abo was born on 22 January 1969 in London, England, the daughter of Maggie London, an English model and actress, and Mike d'Abo, an English singer and member of 1960s group Manfred Mann.[2] She has an older brother, as well as two half-brothers and one half-sister: elder brother Ben, younger half-brother Bruno, and younger sibling twins Ella and Louis (born July 2007) on her father's side. Olivia and Ben both attended high school in the U.S. at Los Feliz Hills School (formerly "The Apple School") in Los Angeles and d'Abo attended Pacoima Junior High School in Pacoima, California.
She is the first cousin once removed of her father's cousin Maryam d'Abo,[3] the actress best known for her performance as Kara Milovy in the 1987 James Bond film The Living Daylights. Olivia and Maryam bought a house together in Los Angeles when Olivia was 19.[4]
Career[edit]
Acting career[edit]
D'Abo's film debut was the supporting role of Princess Jehnna in Conan the Destroyer, released in June 1984. Two months later, she appeared in the supporting role of the peasant girl Paloma in Bolero (1984). She performed a full frontal nudity scene in Bolero (filmed April 1983)[5] at the age of 14, standing in a tub while Bo Derek washes her.
D'Abo held the contract role of Karen Arnold in the ABC comedy-drama The Wonder Years for the show's first four seasons, from 1988 to 1991, with two guest star appearances in the show's final two seasons. In 1992, she guest starred in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "True Q" as Amanda Rogers.
D'Abo made five appearances recurring villain Nicole Wallace in the NBC police procedural drama Law & Order: Criminal Intent between 2002 and 2008. She reprised the character in the 2013 episode "The Catacombes" of the French crime series Jo, a show created by René Balcer, who also created Criminal Intent.
D'Abo played Abby Carter, the ex-wife of Sheriff Jack Carter, in two 2007 episodes of the Sci-Fi Channel series Eureka. She has had numerous supporting roles in other television series and films, such as The Spirit of '76 (1990), Greedy (1994), The Big Green (1995) and The Twilight Zone (2002). On stage, she appeared in the 2005 Broadway production of The Odd Couple with Matthew Broderick and Nathan Lane.
In animation, D'Abo is the voices of Sonya Blade in Mortal Kombat: Defenders of the Realm (1996); Melanie Walker/Ten in Batman Beyond (1999–2000); Star Sapphire in Justice League (2001); and Morgaine le Fey in Justice League Unlimited (2004); Tak in Invader Zim (2001–2002); Jane Porter in The Legend of Tarzan; Jedi Master Luminara Unduli in Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008); Carol Ferris in Green Lantern: First Flight (2009); and Natalia Romanoff in Ultimate Avengers and Ultimate Avengers 2: Rise of the Black Panther (both 2006).
In February 2013, D'Abo began filming for Project Fedora (working title), a video game that combines live-action footage with 3D graphics.
Music career[edit]
D'Abo is a singer-songwriter, guitarist and pianist.[6] She has composed and performed for various soundtracks. Her single "Broken" is from the movie Loving Annabelle. Her debut album Not TV was released in July 2008.[7]
D'Abo also performed backing vocals for Julian Lennon's Help Yourself, and a duet with Seal's "Broken". She also co-wrote the song "Love Comes from the Inside" with Italian singer Laura Pausini, which was featured on Pausini's English language debut From the Inside.
Podcast appearances[edit]
In October 2015, d'Abo started a weekly podcast called Every Friday with Dan and Olivia co-hosting the show with Dan Miles of the Friends of Dan Music Podcast.[citation needed]
D'Abo appeared on Ken Reid's TV Guidance Counselor podcast on 8 July 2016.[citation needed]
Personal life[edit]
D'Abo was engaged to actor Thomas Jane from 1998 to 2001. They worked in several projects together, including The Velocity of Gary and Jonni Nitro, of which Jane directed the last two episodes. She later married music producer and songwriter Patrick Leonard in August 2002. Leonard filed for divorce at Los Angeles County Superior Court in November 2012, citing irreconcilable differences, and revealing the couple had separated in August 2011. She has one child, Oliver, born in 1995. D'Abo also wrote and performed the title theme to Jonni Nitro. She was formerly engaged to the singer Julian Lennon.[8]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1984 Conan the Destroyer Princess Jehnna
1984 Bolero Paloma
1986 Flying Robin Crew
1986 Mission Kill Rebel Girl
1986 Bullies Becky Cullen
1988 Into the Fire Liette
1989 Beyond the Stars Mara Simons
1989 Another Chance
1990 Spirit of '76, TheThe Spirit of '76 Chanel-6
1993 Point of No Return Angela
1993 Bank Robber Selina
1993 Wayne's World 2 Betty Jo
1994 Last Good Time, TheThe Last Good Time Charlotte Zwicki
1994 Greedy Molly Richardson
1994 Clean Slate Judy
1994 Pom Poko Koharu (voice)
1995 Big Green, TheThe Big Green Miss Anna Montgomery
1995 Kicking and Screaming Jane
1995 Live Nude Girls Chris
1997 Hacks Lynn
1998 Velocity of Gary * * (Not His Real Name), TheThe Velocity of Gary * * (Not His Real Name) Veronica
1999 Soccer Dog: The Movie Elena
1999 Texas Funeral, AA Texas Funeral Charlotte
1999 Seven Girlfriends Hannah
2000 Jonni Nitro Jonni Nitro
2000 It Had to Be You Tracy Meltempi
2001 Enemy, TheThe Enemy Sgt. Penny Johnson
2002 Tarzan & Jane Jane Porter (voice)
2003 Animatrix, TheThe Animatrix Rox (voice) Segment: "Matriculated"
2006 Ultimate Avengers Black Widow (Natalia Romanova) (voice) Direct-to-video
2006 Ultimate Avengers 2 Black Widow (Natalia Romanova) (voice) Direct-to-video
2007 Dante's Inferno Beatrice (voice)
2007 Poor Kid's Guide to Success, AA Poor Kid's Guide to Success Lisa Maerd
2008 Awakening Fire, TheThe Awakening Fire Narrator Short film
2009 Green Lantern: First Flight Carol Ferris (voice) Direct-to-video
2012 Justice League: Doom Star Sapphire (voice) Direct-to-video
2012 Nuclear Family Dr. Hughes
2013 Impirioso Luccia Rosso
2013 The Devil's Violinist Primrose Blackston
2014 Presumed Dead in Paradise Patricia Ashland
2014 Sleeping Beauty Queen Tambria
2015 Stolen from the Suburbs Milena
2015 Robo-Dog Miranda Austin
2015 Unbelievable!!!!! Female Larrisha Post-production
2015 A Christmas Eve Miracle Sharron Holden Post-production
2016 Blue Weekend Lisa Crawford Post-production
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1985 Not My Kid Television movie; uncredited role
1985 Growing Pains Wendy Episode: "Superdad"
1986 Growing Pains Terry Episode: "Employee of the Month"
1987 One Big Family Joy Fairbanks Episode: "Joy to the Hattons"
1987 Really Weird Tales Tippy Television movie; segment: "All's Well that Ends Strange"
1988 Simon & Simon Allison Tyner / Angel Episode: "Shadows"
1988 Crash Course Maria Abeja Television movie
1988 Tour of Duty Leslie Episode: "Soldiers"
1988 Bronx Zoo, TheThe Bronx Zoo Terri Avila Episode: "Behind Closed Doors"
1988–93 Wonder Years, TheThe Wonder Years Karen Arnold Main role; 84 episodes
1991 Legend of Prince Valiant, TheThe Legend of Prince Valiant Vesta / Jasmine / Lady Ilene (voice) Episodes: "The Tree", "The Secret of Perilous Garde"
1992 Midnight's Child Anna Bergman Television movie
1992 Star Trek: The Next Generation Amanda Rogers Episode: "True Q"
1993 For Love and Glory Emily Doyle Television movie
1995 Single Guy, TheThe Single Guy Deliah Episode: "Pilot"
1996 Mortal Kombat: Defenders of the Realm Sonya Blade (voice) Main voice role; 13 episodes
1997 Dad's Week Off Cherice Television movie
1997 Single Guy, TheThe Single Guy Marie Episode: "Vegas Finale"
1998 Adventures from the Book of Virtues Anne Sullivan (voice) Episode: "Patience"
1998 Wild Thornberrys, TheThe Wild Thornberrys Jao (voice) Episode: "Only Child"
1998 Fantasy Island Florence Jenkins Episode: "Secret Self"
1999 Party of Five Perry Marks Episodes: "Fragile", "I'll Show You Mine", "Haunted"
1999 Batman Beyond Ten / Melanie Walker (voice) Episodes: "Dead Man's Hand", "Once Burned"
2000 Batman Beyond Ten / Melanie Walker (voice) Episode: "King's Ransom"
2000 3rd Rock from the Sun Andrea Episode: "Dick Solomon's Day Off"
2001 Triangle, TheThe Triangle Allison Wright 3 episodes
2001–03 Legend of Tarzan, TheThe Legend of Tarzan Jane Porter (voice) Main voice role; 35 episodes
2002 Twilight Zone, TheThe Twilight Zone Shannon Episodes: "The Lineman": Parts 1 & 2"
2002 Invader Zim Tak (voice) Episode: "TAK: The Hideous New Girl"
2002 Law & Order: Criminal Intent Elizabeth Hitchens / Nicole Wallace Episode: "Anti-Thesis"
2002 Justice League Star Stapphire / Morgaine le Fey / Model (voice) Recurring voice role; 6 episodes
2003 Alias Emma Wallace Episode: "Double Agent"
2003 Law & Order: Criminal Intent Elizabeth Hitchens / Nicole Wallace Episode: "A Person of Interest"
2004 Law & Order: Criminal Intent Elizabeth Hitchens / Nicole Wallace Episode: "Great Barrier"
2004 Justice League Unlimited Morgaine le Fey (voice) Episode: "Kid Stuff"
2005 Law & Order: Criminal Intent Nicole Wallace Episode: "Grow"
2006 Invader Zim Tak's Computer / Ship (voice) 2 episodes
2007 Eureka Dr. Abby Carter Episodes: "Unpredictable", "Games People Play"
2008 Law & Order: Criminal Intent Nicole Wallace Episode: "Frame"
2008–09 Star Wars: The Clone Wars Luminara Unduli (voice) Recurring role; 7 episodes
2010 Batman: The Brave and the Bold Elasti-Girl (voice) Episode: "The Last Patrol!"
2011 Generator Rex Five (voice) 3 episodes
2011 We Have Your Husband Olivia Television movie
2012 Nuclear Family Doctor Hughes Television movie
2013 Jo Madeleine Haynes Episode: "The Catacombes"
2013 Elementary Nigella Mason Episode: "The Marchioness"
2014 Psych Dierdre Episode: "Lock, Stock, Some Smoking Barrels and Burton Guster's Goblet of Fire"
2014 Presumed Dead in Paradise Patricia Ashland Television movie
2015 When Duty Calls Commander Kathryn Chapman Television movie
2016 Inspired to Kill Charlie Television movie
Video games[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1997 Titanic Explorer Various
2005 Medal of Honor: European Assault Manon du Champs
2005 Neopets: The Darkest Faerie Jerdana / Aisha Peasant
2009 Star Wars: The Clone Wars – Republic Heroes Luminara Unduli [9]
2011 Green Lantern: Rise of the Manhunters Queen Aga'po
2014 Elder Scrolls Online Additional voices
2014 Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham Star Sapphire
2015 Infinite Crisis Gaslight Catwoman [10][11]
Theatre[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1990 It's a Girl Linda Bragg Odyssey Theatre
1993 Scenes from an Execution Supporta Mark Taper Forum
2005–06 Odd Couple, TheThe Odd Couple Gwendolyn Pigeon Brooks Atkinson Theatre
2010 It's Just Sex Joan Two Roads Theatre
2010–11 Cyrano de Bergerac Roxane Ruskin Theatre
2011 Entertaining Mr. Sloane Kath The Actor's Company
References[edit]
Jump up ^ a. England & Wales, Birth Index: 1837–1983 database on-line Original data: General Register Office. England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes. London, England: General Register Office. Lists Olivia Jane d'Abo on the index of births registered in Jan–Mar. 1969.
b. Olivia d'Abo Official Site Bio
Jump up ^ "Olivia d'Abo Biography". Filmreference.com. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
Jump up ^ d'Abo, Olivia (21 December 2015). "Olivia d'Abo confirms she is the cousin of Maryam d'Abo (Dec 21, 2015)". Twitter. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Sanz, Cynthia; Sheff, Vicki (21 May 1990). "D'abo, Teen Rebel of Wonder Years, Handles Fame and a Romance with Julian Lennon Just Like a Grown-Up". People. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bolero (1984) - Box office / business". IMDb.
Jump up ^ Not TV album blurb at Inner Knot Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Stafford, Charity. "Not TV - Olivia d'Abo - Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards - AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Lampert, Nicole (5 November 2011). "John Lennon's son Julian fears Yoko Ono and Paul McCartney are trying to obliterate him from history | Mail Online". Daily Mail. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Krome Studios (6 October 2009). Star Wars: The Clone Wars – Republic Heroes. LucasArts. Scene: Closing credits, 2:30 in, Voice Talent.
Jump up ^ Turbine, Inc. Infinite Crisis. Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. Scene: Credits, Voice Over Talent.
Jump up ^ "Infinite Crisis Credits".
External links[edit]
Official website
Olivia d'Abo on IMDb
Olivia d'Abo at AllMovie
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 11576230
LCCN: n96083951
ISNI: 0000 0000 3032 3995
GND: 1035256703
BNF: cb141679458 (data)
MusicBrainz: 210aa281-b8a5-464f-bea8-b7382aec82c4
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olivia_d%27Abo&oldid=804250178"
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text:
Troy Shondell
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Troy Shondell
Shondell in 1962
Background information
Birth name
Gary Wayne Schelton
Born
(1939-05-14)May 14, 1939
Fort Wayne, Indiana, U.S.
Died
January 7, 2016(2016-01-07) (aged 76)
Picayune, Mississippi, U.S.
Genres
Rock and roll, swamp rock
Occupation(s)
Singer, songwriter
Instruments
Vocals
Years active
1957–2010s
Labels
Liberty Records (US)
London Records (UK)
Gary Wayne Schelton[1] (May 14, 1939 – January 7, 2016), known by his stage name Troy Shondell, was an American vocalist, who achieved a modicum of fame and recognition in the early 1960s. He became a transatlantic one-hit wonder, by releasing a single that made the record charts in both the US and the UK.[2][3] The song, "This Time" (or sometimes billed as "This Time (We're Really Breaking Up)" ) sold over one million records, earning gold disc status.[4] In a single year, sales were over three million copies.[1]
Biography[edit]
Shondell was born in 1939, raised in Fort Wayne, Indiana,[5] and educated at Valparaiso and Indiana universities. He wrote his first song at age 14, which was recorded by Little Anthony & the Imperials. Shondell also learned to play five musical instruments.[4] His professional music career started as a teenager. Mercury Records released his first single, "My Hero", from The Chocolate Soldier, which he recorded in 1958 under the name Gary Shelton, which was close to his real name, Gary Schelton.[1]
He followed the next year with "Kissin' at the Drive-In", a rockabilly song that went on to become a drive-in theater standard. Still performing as Gary Shelton, he seemed to be on his way, at least in the Midwest. Chicago's Brass Rail, a major nightclub that usually hosted jazz and blues acts, brought him in for its first foray into rock and roll. The successful gig stretched to 16 weeks.[1] In 1959, Mark Records released "The Trance" and "Goodbye Little Darlin'". These sold well in the Midwest and a few other areas, but neither made it into the Hot 100's Top 40. The singer cited his father as a major influence, among others. A song he wrote about his father's death in 1960 from a heart attack, "Still Loving You", became a country hit when it was recorded by Bob Luman. His father's demise caused his career to falter, and he briefly returned to help run the family business.[1]
Around this time, he began using a new stage name, Troy Shondell, partly because of the popularity of actor Troy Donahue. In April 1961, he recorded "This Time", a song written by Chips Moman and first recorded by Thomas Wayne.[6] The record was released during the last week in June on the tiny Gaye label and picked up by the small Los Angeles Goldcrest label, selling ten thousand copies during the first week. Six weeks after being released and played in Chicago, Shondell flew to Los Angeles and signed with Liberty Records. "This Time" finally hit the Billboard charts the third week of September and landed in the Top 10 five weeks later at its number six peak, and it stayed in the charts for a total of thirteen weeks.[1][2] The track reached no. 22 in the UK Singles Chart at the end of that year.[3] The song was covered by Shakin' Stevens on the 1981 Epic album Shaky (album).
"Tears From An Angel" was his follow-up recording, released in March 1962. No further chart action was forthcoming, and Shondell quietly slipped away from the music industry the following year, despite his third single "Na-Ne-No", being produced by Phil Spector. However, in 1963, Tommy Jackson changed the name of his high school band from "Tom and the Tornados" to "The Shondells" in honor of Shondell (one of his musical idols).[1] Jackson became "Tommy James" and international fame followed for the act. Chicago band the Ides of March originally named themselves the Shon-dells, also in tribute to Troy. Shortly before their debut single, "You Wouldn't Listen", was released, the label found out that James had been using the name first, so they were forced to change it. In 1968, Shondell became a songwriter for Acuff-Rose Music in Nashville, Tennessee, and the first recording artist for TRX Records, a branch of Hickory Records, for whom Shondell recorded some gramophone record discs until 1969, when he went into the music publishing field. In October 1969, Shondell was appointed as Assistant Regional Director for ASCAP's Southern Regional Office in Nashville.[4]
In 2001, Shondell still performed at shows and other events. Along with Jimmy Clanton, Ronnie Dove, and Ray Peterson, Shondell was a member of the Masters of Rock 'n' Roll.[1] On October 2, 2007, Shondell traveled to Collins, Mississippi, to deliver a musical tribute to his fallen rock and roll colleague Dale Houston, who, with musical partner Grace Broussard, had reached no. 1 in 1963 with "I'm Leaving It Up to You" as the musical duo Dale & Grace. Shondell died from complications of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease on January 7, 2016.[7]
See also[edit]
List of people from Fort Wayne, Indiana
List of 1960s one-hit wonders in the United States
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Linda Seida (1944-05-14). "Troy Shondell | Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 2014-01-31.
^ Jump up to: a b "Troy Shondell | Awards". AllMusic. 1944-05-14. Retrieved 2014-01-31.
^ Jump up to: a b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 497. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c Murrells, Joseph (1978). The Book of Golden Discs (2nd ed.). London: Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 140. ISBN 0-214-20512-6.
Jump up ^ "Famous Birthdays on 14th May". HistoryOrb.com. Retrieved 2014-01-31.
Jump up ^ Bob Leszczak, Encyclopedia of Pop Music Aliases, 1950-2000, p.320
Jump up ^ "Troy Shondell, Singer of 'This Time (We're Really Breaking Up),' Dies at 76". Billboard. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 56332939
LCCN: no2004107382
GND: 135170648
MusicBrainz: c5cc2fad-ac7b-4437-bdd5-694b2ba7fc5e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Troy_Shondell&oldid=797892140"
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Warren Court
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Supreme Court of the United States
Warren Court
Vinson Court ←
→ Burger Court
Chief Justice Earl Warren
October 5, 1953 – June 23, 1969
(15 years, 261 days)
Seat
Supreme Court Building
Washington, D.C.
No. of positions
9
Warren Court decisions
The Warren Court was the period in the history of the Supreme Court of the United States during which Earl Warren served as Chief Justice. Warren replaced the deceased Fred M. Vinson as Chief Justice in 1953, and Warren remained in office until he retired in 1969. Warren was succeeded as Chief Justice by Warren Burger.
Warren led a liberal majority that used judicial power in dramatic fashion, to the consternation of conservative opponents. The Warren Court expanded civil rights, civil liberties, judicial power, and the federal power in dramatic ways.[1]
The court was both applauded and criticized for bringing an end to racial segregation in the United States, incorporating the Bill of Rights (i.e. including it in the 14th Amendment Due Process clause), and ending officially sanctioned voluntary prayer in public schools. The period is recognized as the highest point in judicial power that has receded ever since, but with a substantial continuing impact.[2][3]
Prominent members of the Court during the Warren era besides the Chief Justice included Justices William J. Brennan, Jr., William O. Douglas, Hugo Black, Felix Frankfurter, and John Marshall Harlan II.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Warren's leadership
2 Vision
3 Historically significant decisions
4 Warren's role
4.1 Decisions
4.1.1 Brown (1954)
4.1.2 Reapportionment
4.1.3 Due process and rights of defendants (1963–66)
4.1.4 First Amendment
5 Membership
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Warren's leadership
One of the primary factors in Warren's leadership was his political background, having served two and a half terms as Governor of California (1943–1953) and experience as the Republican candidate for vice president in 1948 (as running mate of Thomas E. Dewey). Warren brought a strong belief in the remedial power of law. According to historian Bernard Schwartz, Warren's view of the law was pragmatic, seeing it as an instrument for obtaining equity and fairness. Schwartz argues that Warren's approach was most effective "when the political institutions had defaulted on their responsibility to try to address problems such as segregation and reapportionment and cases where the constitutional rights of defendants were abused."[5]
A related component of Warren's leadership was his focus on broad ethical principles, rather than narrower interpretative structures. Describing the latter as "conventional reasoning patterns," Professor Mark Tushnet suggests Warren often disregarded these in groundbreaking cases such as Brown v. Board of Education, Reynolds v. Sims and Miranda v. Arizona, where such traditional sources of precedent were stacked against him. Tushnet suggests Warren's principles "were philosophical, political, and intuitive, not legal in the conventional technical sense."[6]
Warren's leadership was characterized by remarkable consensus on the court, particularly in some of the most controversial cases. These included Brown v. Board of Education, Gideon v. Wainwright, and Cooper v. Aaron, which were unanimously decided, as well as Abington School District v. Schempp and Engel v. Vitale, each striking down religious recitations in schools with only one dissent. In an unusual action, the decision in Cooper was personally signed by all nine justices, with the three new members of the Court adding that they supported and would have joined the Court's decision in Brown v. Board.[7]
Fallon says that, "Some thrilled to the approach of the Warren Court. Many law professors were perplexed, often sympathetic to the Court's results but skeptical of the soundness of its constitutional reasoning. And some of course were horrified."[8]
Vision
Professor John Hart Ely in his book Democracy and Distrust famously characterized the Warren Court as a "Carolene Products Court." This referred to the famous Footnote Four in United States v. Carolene Products in which the Supreme Court had suggested that heightened judicial scrutiny might be appropriate in three types of cases:
those where a law was challenged as a deprivation of a specifically enumerated right (such as a challenge to a law because it denies "freedom of speech," a phrase specifically included in the Bill of Rights);
those where a challenged law made it more difficult to achieve change through normal political processes;
and those where a law impinged on the rights of "discrete and insular minorities."
The Supreme Court as it was composed between 1958 and 1962. Top (l-r): Charles E. Whittaker, John M. Harlan, William J. Brennan, Jr., Potter Stewart. Bottom (l-r): William O. Douglas, Hugo L. Black, Earl Warren, Felix Frankfurter, Tom C. Clark.
The Warren Court's doctrine may be seen as proceeding aggressively in these general areas: its aggressive reading of the first eight amendments in the Bill of Rights (as "incorporated" against the states by the Fourteenth Amendment); its commitment to unblocking the channels of political change ("one-man, one-vote"), and its vigorous protection of the rights of racial minority groups. The Warren Court, while in many cases taking a broad view of individual rights, generally declined to read the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment broadly, outside of the incorporation context (see Ferguson v. Skrupa, but see also Griswold v. Connecticut). The Warren Court's decisions were also strongly nationalist in thrust, as the Court read Congress's power under the Commerce Clause quite broadly and often expressed an unwillingness to allow constitutional rights to vary from state to state (as was explicitly manifested in Cooper v. Aaron).
Professor Rebecca Zietlow argues that the Warren Court brought an expansion in the "rights of belonging," which she characterizes as "rights that promote an inclusive vision of who belongs to the national community and facilitate equal membership in that community." Zietlow notes that both critics and supporters of the Warren Court attribute to it this shift, whether as a matter of imposing its countermajoritarian will or as protecting the rights of minorities. Zietlow also challenges the notion of the Warren Court as "activist," noting that even at its height the Warren Court only invalidated 17 acts of Congress between 1962 and 1969, as compared to the more "conservative" Rehnquist Court which struck down 33 acts of Congress between 1995 and 2003.[9]
Archibald Cox, who as Solicitor General from 1961 to 1965 saw the Court up close, summarized "that the responsibility of government for equality among men, the openness of American society to change and reform, and the decency of the administration of criminal justice received both creative and enduring impetus from the work of the Warren Court."[10]
Historically significant decisions
Main article: List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court
Important decisions during the Warren Court years included decisions holding segregation policies in public schools (Brown v. Board of Education) and anti-miscegenation laws unconstitutional (Loving v. Virginia); ruling that the Constitution protects a general right to privacy (Griswold v. Connecticut); that states are bound by the decisions of the Supreme Court and cannot ignore them (Cooper v. Aaron); that public schools cannot have official prayer (Engel v. Vitale) or mandatory Bible readings (Abington School District v. Schempp); the scope of the doctrine of incorporation (Mapp v. Ohio, Miranda v. Arizona) was dramatically increased; reading an equal protection clause into the Fifth Amendment (Bolling v. Sharpe); holding that the states may not apportion a chamber of their legislatures in the manner in which the United States Senate is apportioned (Reynolds v. Sims); and holding that the Constitution requires active compliance (Gideon v. Wainwright).
Racial segregation: Brown v. Board of Education, Bolling v. Sharpe, Cooper v. Aaron, Gomillion v. Lightfoot, Griffin v. County School Board, Green v. School Board of New Kent County, Lucy v. Adams, Loving v. Virginia
Voting, redistricting, and malapportionment: Baker v. Carr, Reynolds v. Sims, Wesberry v. Sanders
Criminal procedure: Brady v. Maryland, Mapp v. Ohio, Miranda v. Arizona, Escobedo v. Illinois, Gideon v. Wainwright, Katz v. United States, Terry v. Ohio
Free speech: New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, Brandenburg v. Ohio, Yates v. United States, Roth v. United States, Jacobellis v. Ohio, Memoirs v. Massachusetts, Tinker v. Des Moines School District
Establishment Clause: Engel v. Vitale, Abington School District v. Schempp
Free Exercise Clause: Sherbert v. Verner
Right to privacy and reproductive rights: Griswold v. Connecticut
Cruel and unusual punishment: Trop v. Dulles, Robinson v. California
Warren's role
Warren took his seat January 11, 1954, on a recess appointment by President Eisenhower; the Senate confirmed him six weeks later. Despite his lack of judicial experience, his years in the Alameda County district attorney's office and as state attorney general gave him far more knowledge of the law in practice than most other members of the Court had. Warren's greatest asset, what made him in the eyes of many of his admirers "Super Chief," was his political skill in manipulating the other justices. Over the years his ability to lead the Court, to forge majorities in support of major decisions, and to inspire liberal forces around the nation, outweighed his intellectual weaknesses. Warren realized his weakness and asked the senior associate justice, Hugo L. Black, to preside over conferences until he became accustomed to the drill. A quick study, Warren soon was in fact, as well as in name, the Court's chief justice.[11]
When Warren joined the Court in 1954 all the justices had been appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt or Truman, and all were committed New Deal liberals. They disagreed about the role that the courts should play in achieving liberal goals. The Court was split between two warring factions. Felix Frankfurter and Robert H. Jackson led one faction, which insisted upon judicial self-restraint and insisted courts should defer to the policymaking prerogatives of the White House and Congress. Hugo Black and William O. Douglas led the opposing faction that agreed the court should defer to Congress in matters of economic policy, but felt the judicial agenda had been transformed from questions of property rights to those of individual liberties, and in this area courts should play a more central role. Warren's belief that the judiciary must seek to do justice, placed him with the latter group, although he did not have a solid majority until after Frankfurter's retirement in 1962.[12]
Decisions
Warren was a more liberal justice than anyone had anticipated.[13] Warren was able to craft a long series of landmark decisions because he built a winning coalition. When Frankfurter retired in 1962 and President John F. Kennedy named labor union lawyer Arthur Goldberg to replace him, Warren finally had the fifth vote for his liberal majority. William J. Brennan, Jr., a liberal Democrat appointed by Eisenhower in 1956, was the intellectual leader of the faction that included Black and Douglas. Brennan complemented Warren's political skills with the strong legal skills Warren lacked. Warren and Brennan met before the regular conferences to plan out their strategy.[14]
Brown (1954)
Brown v. Board of Education 347 U.S. 483 (1954) banned the segregation of public schools. The very first case put Warren's leadership skills to an extraordinary test. The Legal Defense Fund of the NAACP (a small legal group formed for tax reasons[15] from the much better known NAACP) had been waging a systematic legal fight against the "separate but equal" doctrine enunciated in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and finally had challenged Plessy in a series of five related cases, which had been argued before the Court in the spring of 1953. However the justices had been unable to decide the issue and asked to rehear the case in fall 1953, with special attention to whether the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause prohibited the operation of separate public schools for whites and blacks.[16]
While all but one justice personally rejected segregation, the self-restraint faction questioned whether the Constitution gave the Court the power to order its end. Warren's faction believed the Fourteenth Amendment did give the necessary authority and were pushing to go ahead. Warren, who held only a recess appointment, held his tongue until the Senate, dominated by southerners, confirmed his appointment. Warren told his colleagues after oral argument that he believed segregation violated the Constitution and that only if one considered African Americans inferior to whites could the practice be upheld. But he did not push for a vote. Instead, he talked with the justices and encouraged them to talk with each other as he sought a common ground on which all could stand. Finally he had eight votes, and the last holdout, Stanley Reed of Kentucky, agreed to join the rest. Warren drafted the basic opinion in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) and kept circulating and revising it until he had an opinion endorsed by all the members of the Court.[17]
The unanimity Warren achieved helped speed the drive to desegregate public schools, which came about under President Richard M. Nixon. Throughout his years as Chief, Warren succeeded in keeping all decisions concerning segregation unanimous. Brown applied to schools, but soon the Court enlarged the concept to other state actions, striking down racial classification in many areas. Congress ratified the process in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Warren did compromise by agreeing to Frankfurter's demand that the Court go slowly in implementing desegregation; Warren used Frankfurter's suggestion that a 1955 decision (Brown II) include the phrase "all deliberate speed."[18]
The Brown decision of 1954 marked, in dramatic fashion, the radical shift in the Court's – and the nation's – priorities from issues of property rights to civil liberties. Under Warren the courts became an active partner in governing the nation, although still not coequal. Warren never saw the courts as a backward-looking branch of government.
The Brown decision was a powerful moral statement. His biographer concludes, "If Warren had not been on the Court, the Brown decision might not have been unanimous and might not have generated a moral groundswell that was to contribute to the emergence of the civil rights movement of the 1960s.[19] Warren was never a legal scholar on a par with Frankfurter or a great advocate of particular doctrines, as were Black and Douglas.[20] Instead, he believed that in all branches of government common sense, decency, and elemental justice were decisive, not stare decisis (that is, reliance on previous Court decisions), tradition, or the text of the Constitution. He wanted results that in his opinion reflected the best American sentiments. He felt racial segregation was simply wrong, and Brown, whatever its doctrinal defects, remains a landmark decision primarily because of Warren's interpretation of the equal protection clause.[21]
Reapportionment
The one man, one vote cases (Baker v. Carr and Reynolds v. Sims) of 1962–1964, had the effect of ending the over-representation of rural areas in state legislatures, as well as the under-representation of suburbs. Central cities – which had long been underepresented – were now losing population to the suburbs and were not greatly affected.
Warren's priority on fairness shaped other major decisions. In 1962, over the strong objections of Frankfurter, the Court agreed that questions regarding malapportionment in state legislatures were not political issues, and thus were not outside the Court's purview. For years underpopulated rural areas had deprived metropolitan centers of equal representation in state legislatures. In Warren's California, Los Angeles County had only one state senator. Cities had long since passed their peak, and now it was the middle class suburbs that were underrepresented. Frankfurter insisted that the Court should avoid this "political thicket" and warned that the Court would never be able to find a clear formula to guide lower courts in the rash of lawsuits sure to follow. But Douglas found such a formula: "one man, one vote."[22]
In the key apportionment case Reynolds v. Sims (1964)[23] Warren delivered a civics lesson: "To the extent that a citizen's right to vote is debased, he is that much less a citizen," Warren declared. "The weight of a citizen's vote cannot be made to depend on where he lives. This is the clear and strong command of our Constitution's Equal Protection Clause." Unlike the desegregation cases, in this instance, the Court ordered immediate action, and despite loud outcries from rural legislators, Congress failed to reach the two-thirds needed pass a constitutional amendment. The states complied, reapportioned their legislatures quickly and with minimal troubles. Numerous commentators have concluded reapportionment was the Warren Court's great "success" story.[24]
Due process and rights of defendants (1963–66)
In Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963) the Court held that the Sixth Amendment required that all indigent criminal defendants receive publicly funded counsel (Florida law at that time required the assignment of free counsel to indigent defendants only in capital cases); Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966) required that certain rights of a person interrogated while in police custody be clearly explained, including the right to an attorney (often called the "Miranda warning").
While most Americans eventually agreed that the Court's desegregation and apportionment decisions were fair and right, disagreement about the "due process revolution" continues into the 21st century. Warren took the lead in criminal justice; despite his years as a tough prosecutor, always insisted that the police must play fair or the accused should go free. Warren was privately outraged at what he considered police abuses that ranged from warrantless searches to forced confessions.
Warren’s Court ordered lawyers for indigent defendants, in Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), and prevented prosecutors from using evidence seized in illegal searches, in Mapp v. Ohio (1961). The famous case of Miranda v. Arizona (1966) summed up Warren's philosophy.[25] Everyone, even one accused of crimes, still enjoyed constitutionally protected rights, and the police had to respect those rights and issue a specific warning when making an arrest. Warren did not believe in coddling criminals; thus in Terry v. Ohio (1968) he gave police officers leeway to stop and frisk those they had reason to believe held weapons.
Conservatives angrily denounced the "handcuffing of the police."[26] Violent crime and homicide rates shot up nationwide in the following years; in New York City, for example, after steady to declining trends until the early 1960s, the homicide rate doubled in the period from 1964 to 1974 from just under 5 per 100,000 at the beginning of that period to just under 10 per 100,000 in 1974. Controversy exists about the cause, with conservatives blaming the Court decisions, and liberals pointing to the demographic boom and increased urbanization and income inequality characteristic of that era. After 1992 the homicide rates fell sharply.[27]
First Amendment
The Warren Court also sought to expand the scope of application of the First Amendment. The Court's decision outlawing mandatory school prayer in Engel v. Vitale (1962) brought vehement complaints by conservatives that echoed into the 21st century.[28]
Warren worked to nationalize the Bill of Rights by applying it to the states. Moreover, in one of the landmark cases decided by the Court, Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), the Warren Court affirmed a constitutionally protected right of privacy, emanating from the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, also known as substantive due process.[29] This decision was fundamental, after Warren's retirement, for the outcome of Roe v. Wade and consequent legalization of abortion.
With the exception of the desegregation decisions, few decisions were unanimous. The eminent scholar Justice John Marshall Harlan II took Frankfurter's place as the Court's self-constraint spokesman, often joined by Potter Stewart and Byron R. White. But with the appointment of Thurgood Marshall, the first black justice (as well as the first non-white justice), and Abe Fortas (replacing Goldberg), Warren could count on six votes in most cases.[30]
Membership
The Warren Court began when President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren, the incumbent governor of California, to replace Fred Vinson as Chief Justice of the United States. The court began with Warren, Hugo Black, Stanley Forman Reed, Felix Frankfurter, William O. Douglas, Robert H. Jackson, Harold Hitz Burton, Tom C. Clark, and Sherman Minton. Jackson died in 1954 and Minton retired in 1956, and they were replaced by John Marshall Harlan II and William Brennan. Another vacancy happened when Reed retired in 1957, and was replaced by Charles Evans Whittaker, and then Burton retired in 1958, with Eisenhower appointing Potter Stewart in his place. When Frankfurter and Whittaker retired in 1962, it gave President John F. Kennedy a chance to appoint two new members: Byron White and Arthur Goldberg. However, President Lyndon B. Johnson encouraged Goldberg to resign in 1965 to become Ambassador of the United Nations, and nominated Abe Fortas to take his place. Clark retired in 1967, and Johnson appointed Thurgood Marshall to the court.
Chief Justice Associate Justice
See also
Supreme Court of the United States
History of the Supreme Court of the United States
Living Constitution
References
Jump up ^ Sunstein, Cass Breyer's Judicial Pragmatism University of Chicago Law School. November, 2005. pg. 3-4. ("To many people, the idea of judicial deference to the elected branches lost much of its theoretical appeal in the 1950s and 1960s, when the Supreme Court, under the leadership of Chief Justice Earl Warren, was invalidating school segregation (Brown v. Bd. of Educ.), protecting freedom of speech (Brandenburg v. Ohio) striking down poll taxes (Harper v. Bd. of Elections), requiring a rule of one person, one vote (Reynolds v. Sims), and protecting accused criminals against police abuse (Miranda v. Arizona)."
Jump up ^ Sunstein at 4 ("Is it possible to defend the Warren Court against the charge that its decisions were fatally undemocratic? The most elaborate effort came from John Hart Ely, the Warren Court's most celebrated expositor and defender, who famously argued for what he called a "representation-reinforcing" approach to judicial review. Like Thayer, Ely emphasized the central importance for democratic self-rule. But Ely famously insisted that if self-rule is really our lodestar, then unqualified judicial deference to legislatures is utterly senseless. Some rights, Ely argued, are indispensable to self-rule, and the Court legitimately protects those rights not in spite of democracy but in its name. The right to vote and the right to speak are the central examples. Courts promote democracy when they protect those rights.")
Jump up ^ Sunstein at 4 ("Ely went much further. He argued that some groups are at a systematic disadvantage in the democratic process, and that when courts protect 'discrete and insular minorities,' they are reinforcing democracy too.")
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Bernard (1996) The Warren Court: A Retrospective Oxford University Press, pg. 5. ISBN 0-19-510439-0 (preview)
Jump up ^ Schwartz (1996), pg. 6.
Jump up ^ Tushnet, Mark The Warren Court: in Historical and Political Perspective. (1996). pp 40-42.
Jump up ^ Introduction to Cooper v. Aaron
Jump up ^ Richard H. Fallon, The Dynamic Constitution: An Introduction to American Constitutional Law (2005) p 23
Jump up ^ Zietlow, Rebecca E. (January 23, 2007). "The Judicial Restraint of the Warren Court (and Why it Matters)". Retrieved November 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Chief Justice Warren". Harvard Law Review. 83 (1): 1–5, 1. November 1969. Retrieved April 1, 2016 – via Heinonline.org.
Jump up ^ White (1982) pp 159-61
Jump up ^ Michael R. Belknap, The Supreme Court under Earl Warren, 1953-1969 (2005) pp. 13-14
Jump up ^ In later years Eisenhower remarked several times that making Warren the Chief Justice was a mistake. He probably had the criminal cases in mind, not Brown. See David. A. Nichols, Matter of Justice: Eisenhower and the Beginning of the Civil Rights Revolution (2007) pp 91-93
Jump up ^ Powe (2000)
Jump up ^ See "Biographies: NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc., Teaching Judicial History, fjc.gov"
Jump up ^ See Smithsonian, “Separate is Not Equal: Brown v. Board of Education’’
Jump up ^ For text see BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)
Jump up ^ Robert L. Carter, "The Warren Court and Desegregation," Michigan Law Review, Vol. 67, No. 2 (Dec., 1968), pp. 237-248 in JSTOR
Jump up ^ White, Earl Warren, a public life (1982) p. 208
Jump up ^ White, Earl Warren, a public life (1982) p. 161
Jump up ^ Patterson, Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy (2001)
Jump up ^ James A. Gazell, "One Man, One Vote: Its Long Germination," The Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 3 (Sep., 1970), pp. 445-462 in JSTOR
Jump up ^ See REYNOLDS v. SIMS, 377 U.S. 533 (1964)
Jump up ^ Robert B. McKay, "Reapportionment: Success Story of the Warren Court." Michigan Law Review, Vol. 67, No. 2 (Dec., 1968), pp. 223-236 in JSTOR
Jump up ^ See MIRANDA v. ARIZONA, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)
Jump up ^ Ronald Kahn and Ken I. Kersch, eds. The Supreme Court and American Political Development (2006) online at p. 442
Jump up ^ Thomas Sowell, The Vision of the Anointed: Self-congratulation as a Basis for Social Policy (1995) online at p. 26-29
Jump up ^ See ENGEL v. VITALE, 370 U.S. 421 (1962)
Jump up ^ See Griswold v. Connecticut (No. 496) 151 Conn. 544, 200 A.2d 479, reversed
Jump up ^ Michal R. Belknap, The Supreme Court under Earl Warren, 1953-1969 (2005)
Further reading
Atkins, Burton M. and Terry Sloope. "The 'New' Hugo Black and the Warren Court," Polity, Apr 1986, Vol. 18#4 pp 621–637; argues that in the 1960s Black moved to the right on cases involving civil liberties, civil rights, and economic liberalism.
Ball, Howard, and Phillip Cooper. "Fighting Justices: Hugo L. Black and William O. Douglas and Supreme Court Conflict," American Journal of Legal History, Jan 1994, Vol. 38#1 pp 1–37
Belknap, Michal, The Supreme Court Under Earl Warren, 1953-1969 (2005), 406pp excerpt and text search
Eisler, Kim Isaac. The Last Liberal: Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. and the Decisions That Transformed America (2003)
Hockett, Jeffrey D. "Justices Frankfurter and Black: Social Theory and Constitutional Interpretation," Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 107#3 (1992), pp. 479–499 in JSTOR
Horwitz, Morton J. The Warren Court and the Pursuit of Justice (1999) excerpt and text search
Lewis, Anthony. "Earl Warren" in Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel, eds. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Volume: 4. (1997) pp 1373–1400; includes all members of the Warren Court. online edition
Marion, David E. The Jurisprudence of Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. (1997)
Patterson, James T. Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy (2001) online edition
Powe, Lucas A.. The Warren Court and American Politics (2002) excerpt and text search
Scheiber, Harry N. Earl Warren and the Warren Court: The Legacy in American and Foreign Law (2006)
Schwartz, Bernard. The Warren Court: A Retrospective (1996) excerpt and text search
Schwartz, Bernard. "Chief Justice Earl Warren: Super Chief in Action." Journal of Supreme Court History 1998 (1): 112-132
Silverstein, Mark. Constitutional Faiths: Felix Frankfurter, Hugo Black, and the Process of Judicial Decision Making (1984)
Tushnet, Mark. The Warren Court in Historical and Political Perspective (1996) excerpt and text search
Urofsky, Melvin I. "William O. Douglas and Felix Frankfurter: Ideology and Personality on the Supreme Court," History Teacher, Nov 1990, Vol. 24#1 pp 7–18
Wasby, Stephen L. "Civil Rights and the Supreme Court: A Return of the Past," National Political Science Review, July 1993, Vol. 4, pp 49–60
White, G. Edward. Earl Warren (1982), biography by a leading scholar
External links
The Legacy of the Warren Court, Time Magazine, 4 July 1969
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Seat 4
Seat 6
Seat 8
Seat 9
Seat 10
All
Former locations
Old City Hall, Philadelphia
Old Supreme Court Chamber, U.S. Capitol
Old Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol
Related
United States Solicitor General
United States Reports
Lawyers' Edition
Amicus curiae
Article III, U.S. Constitution
Original jurisdiction
Burial places of justices
The Court in fiction
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Chief Justices of the United States
John Jay (1789–1795; cases)
John Rutledge (1795; cases)
Oliver Ellsworth (1796–1800; cases)
John Marshall (1801–1835; cases)
Roger B. Taney (1836–1864; cases)
Salmon P. Chase (1864–1873; cases)
Morrison Waite (1874–1888; cases)
Melville Fuller (1888–1910; cases)
Edward Douglass White (1910–1921; cases)
William Howard Taft (1921–1930; cases)
Charles Evans Hughes (1930–1941; cases)
Harlan F. Stone (1941–1946; cases)
Fred M. Vinson (1946–1953; cases)
Earl Warren (1953–1969; cases)
Warren E. Burger (1969–1986; cases)
William Rehnquist (1986–2005; cases)
John Roberts (2005–present; cases)
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