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Coat of arms of Australia
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The Coat of Arms of Australia
Versions
Escutcheon-only version
Details
Armiger
Elizabeth II in Right of Australia
Adopted
19 September 1912
Crest
Commonwealth Star
Torse
Blue and Gold
Escutcheon
Quarterly of six, the first quarter Argent a Cross Gules charged with a Lion passant guardant between on each limb a Mullet of eight points Or; the second Azure five Mullets, one of eight, two of seven, one of six and one of five points of the first (representing the Constellation of the Southern Cross) ensigned with an Imperial Crown proper; the third of the first a Maltese Cross of the fourth, surmounted by a like Imperial Crown; the fourth of the third, on a Perch wreathed Vert and Gules an Australian Piping Shrike displayed also proper; the fifth also Or a Swan naiant to the sinister Sable; the last of the first, a Lion passant of the second, the whole within a Bordure Ermine; for the Crest on a Wreath Or and Azure A Seven-pointed Star Or, and for Supporters dexter a Kangaroo, sinister an Emu, both proper.
Supporters
Red Kangaroo and Emu
Compartment
Golden Wattle
Motto
Australia
Coat of arms of Australia 1908–1912
Details
Armiger
Monarch in Right of Australia
(Edward VII 1908–1910)
(George V 1910–1912)
Adopted
7 May 1908
Crest
Commonwealth Star
Torse
White and Blue
Supporters
Red Kangaroo and Emu
Compartment
Grassy field proper
Motto
Advance Australia
The coat of arms of Australia is the formal symbol of the Commonwealth of Australia.[1] The first arms were authorised by King Edward VII on 7 May 1908, and the current version by King George V on 19 September 1912, although the 1908 version continued to be used in some contexts, notably appearing on the reverse of the sixpenny coin.
Contents
[hide]
1 Design
2 History
3 Use
4 Coats of arms of states and territories
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Design[edit]
The escutcheon is the focal point of the coat of arms, contained within is the badge of each Australian state, the whole surrounded by an ermine border representing the federation of the states:.[1]
State
Badge
Description
New South Wales
the cross of St. George with lion
and stars
Victoria
an Imperial Crown and Southern Cross
Queensland
a blue Maltese Cross and Crown
South Australia
the Australian piping shrike
Western Australia
a black swan
Tasmania
a red walking lion
In the top half, from left to right, the states represented are: New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland. In the bottom half, from left to right: South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania. Above the shield is the seven-pointed Commonwealth Star or Star of Federation above a blue and gold wreath, forming the crest. Six of the points on the star represent the original six states, while the seventh point represents the combined territories and any future states of Australia. In its entirety the shield represents the federation of Australia.
The Red Kangaroo and Emu that support the shield have never been designated as official animal emblems of the nation.[2] They owe their unofficial recognition to the fact that they are native Australian fauna (found only on that continent), and likely chosen because they are the most well-known native Australian animals large enough to be positioned together in scale holding up the shield. They were chosen to symbolise a nation moving forward, based on the fact that neither animal can move backwards easily – i.e. symbolising progress. It has been claimed [3] that the kangaroo is, and must be seen to be, male.
In the background is wreath of Golden Wattle, the official national floral emblem, though the representation of the species is not botanically accurate.[4] At the bottom of the coat of arms is a scroll that contains the name of the nation. Neither the wreath of wattle nor the scroll are technically part of the design, because they are not described on the Royal Warrant that grants the armorial design.[2]
History[edit]
Bowman Flag 1806 depicts the emu and kangaroo as supporters
An 1899 suggested version, and the Australian Federation Flag
Following the federation of Australia, the first official coat of arms of Australia was granted by King Edward VII on 7 May 1908.[5] The original design is thought to have been inspired by the 1805 Bowman Flag, which showed a coat of arms of the rose, shamrock and thistle supported by a kangaroo and emu.[6]
It consisted of a shield in the centre, the seven pointed star on a wreath as the crest above it, and a kangaroo and an emu using its foot to help the kangaroo to support the shield, all on a bed of green grass with a scroll containing the motto "Advance Australia". The selection of the kangaroo, the emu and the words, "Advance Australia" was tied together symbolically. The shield had a white background, with a red cross of Saint George, blue lines outside the cross, and a blue border containing six inescutcheons featuring a red chevron on white, representing the six states. The Scottish Patriotic Association was vocally opposed to the shield's design, noting that it should display the Union Flag to represent British and Irish settlers. These arms were used by the government and appeared on the sixpence coin from 1910 until 1963, and the threepence, shilling and florin from 1910 to 1936.
The 1908 arms were redesigned in 1911, and officially granted by George V on 19 September 1912. The redesign of the coat of arms spurred much debate in Parliament. The Member for Wentworth, Willie Kelly, said:
"The emu and kangaroo are so built that they hardly fit into the heraldic atmosphere, and I think we make ourselves ridiculous when we endeavour to carry on the traditions of the Old World with some of the wild creations of our Australian fauna."[7]
Despite objections, the kangaroo and emu now not having its leg up remained the shield bearers in the new coat of arms and were modified to appear more realistic. The principal reason for the redesign was the concern that Australia's states were not individually represented; that was achieved by showing each state's heraldic badge on the shield. The new coat of arms removed the bed of grass beneath the shield and changed the scroll to read simply "Australia". The colours in the wreath were also changed from blue and white to blue and gold. A background of two sprays of Golden Wattle was added, but it has never been an official part of the armorial bearings,[2] even though the Golden Wattle was proclaimed Australia's national flower on 19 August 1988 by the Governor-General Sir Ninian Stephen.[8]
Use[edit]
The Commonwealth Coat of Arms is the formal symbol of the Commonwealth of Australia that signifies Commonwealth authority and ownership. The Arms are used by Australian Government departments and agencies, statutory and non-statutory authorities, the Parliament and Commonwealth courts and tribunals. Senators and Federal Members of the Australian Parliament may also use the Arms in the course of their duties as Parliamentarians.[1] The coat of arms should never be used where it could wrongly imply a formal guarantee, sponsorship or endorsement by the Commonwealth.[9] Use of the arms by private citizens or organisations is rarely permitted; however, there are provisions for use by sporting bodies and in educational publications. Use of the coat of arms without permission may be in breach of Sections 53 (c) (d) and (e) of the Trade Practices Act 1974, Section 145.1 of the Criminal Code Act 1995 or Section 39(2) of the Trade Marks Act 1995.[10] The import of goods bearing the arms is also illegal according Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulations.
There is a full colour version and nine heraldically correct official versions exist for single-colour reproduction.
The coat of arms is the basis of the Queen's Personal Australian Flag, and since 1973 a slightly modified version has formed the basis of the Great Seal of Australia.
The coat of arms is used as badge of rank for Warrant Officers Class 1 (Army) and Warrant Officer (Navy and Air Force). A more stylised version is used as a badge of rank for Warrant Officer of the Navy, Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army and Warrant Officer of the Air Force.
Coats of arms of states and territories[edit]
New South Wales
Victoria
Queensland
South Australia
Western Australia
Tasmania
Australian Capital Territory
Norfolk Island
Northern Territory
See also[edit]
Australia portal
National colours of Australia
Coat of arms of Hobart
Flag of Australia
Aboriginal flag
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Australian Government Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2014). Commonwealth Coat of Arms information and Guidelines.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Coat of Arms". About Australia. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "The House with Annabel Crabb, ABC TV". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Australian Coat of Arms". WorldWideWattle. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
Jump up ^ The Armorial Ensigns of the Commonwealth of Australia 1980. Commonwealth of Australia ISBN 0-642-04793-6
Jump up ^ Letter from William Gullick to Atlee Hunt, 10 July 1908
Jump up ^ Hansard, House of Representatives, 31 October 1912
Jump up ^ "Floral Emblems of Australia". Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Use of the Commonwealth Coat of Arms General Guidelines Archived 19 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ It's an Honour – Commonwealth Coat of Arms
External links[edit]
Official website with more information
National Archives of Australia. Papers relating to the Commonwealth Coat of Arms
Online Exhibition commemorating the Centenary of the NSW Coat of Arms 1906–2006 The designer of the NSW Coat of Arms, William Gullick, was also involved in the creation of the Australian Coat of Arms

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text:
Enclosed R
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Ⓡ" redirects here. For the political party with that symbol, see Republican Party (United States). For other uses, see R (disambiguation).
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Enclosed R
Punctuation
apostrophe ’ '
brackets [ ] ( ) { } ⟨ ⟩
colon :
comma , ، 、
dash ‒ – — ―
ellipsis … ... ⋯ ᠁ ฯ
exclamation mark !
full stop, period .
guillemets ‹ › « »
hyphen ‐
hyphen-minus -
question mark ?
quotation marks ‘ ’ “ ” ' ' " "
semicolon ;
slash, stroke, solidus / ⧸ ⁄
Word dividers
interpunct ·
space
General typography
ampersand &
asterisk *
at sign @
backslash \
basis point ‱
bullet •
caret ^
dagger † ‡ ⹋
degree °
ditto mark ”
equals sign =
inverted exclamation mark ¡
inverted question mark ¿
komejirushi, kome, reference mark ※
multiplication sign ×
number sign, pound, hash #
numero sign №
obelus ÷
ordinal indicator º ª
percent, per mil % ‰
plus, minus + −
plus-minus, minus-plus ± ∓
pilcrow ¶
prime ′ ″ ‴
section sign §
tilde ~
underscore, understrike _
vertical bar, pipe, broken bar | ‖ ¦
Intellectual property
copyright ©
copyleft 🄯
sound-recording copyright ℗
registered trademark ®
service mark ℠
trademark ™
Currency
currency sign ¤
currency symbols

؋ ₳  ฿ ₿  ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢  $ ₫ ₯ ֏  ₠ €  ƒ ₣  ₲  ₴  ₭  ₺ ₾  ₼ ℳ ₥  ₦  ₧ ₱ ₰ £  元 圆 圓 ﷼ ៛ ₽ ₹ ₨  ₪  ৳ ₸ ₮  ₩  ¥ 円
Uncommon typography
asterism ⁂
fleuron, hedera ❧
index, fist ☞
interrobang ‽
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tie ⁀
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Enclosed R or circled Latin R (Ⓡ or ⓡ) is a typographical symbol. As one of many enclosed alphanumerics, the symbol is an "R" within a circle. Its most notable usage is as the registered trademark symbol (®), however, that has a different unicode because some fonts place the RTM symbol in superscript by default, but not enclosed R.
Encodings[edit]
The symbols can be generated with the unicode definitions U+24C7 Ⓡ Circled Latin capital letter R (HTML Ⓡ) and U+24E1 ⓡ CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER R (HTML ⓡ)
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The letter R
General
Rhotic consonants (R-like sounds)
Pronunciation of English /r/
Rhoticity in English
R-colored vowel
Rhotacism
Guttural R
Linking and intrusive R
Pronunciations
Voiceless alveolar trill [r̥]
Voiced alveolar trill [r]
Voiced alveolar or postalveolar approximant [ɹ]
Voiceless alveolar flap [ɾ̥]
Voiced alveolar flap [ɾ]
Voiced alveolar lateral flap [ɺ]
Voiced retroflex approximant [ɻ]
Voiced retroflex flap [ɽ]
Voiced retroflex trill [ɽɽ]
Voiceless velar fricative [x]
Voiced velar fricative [ɣ]
Voiceless uvular trill [ʀ̥]
Voiced uvular trill [ʀ]
Voiceless uvular fricative [χ]
Voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]
Voiced pharyngeal fricative [ʕ]
Voiceless glottal fricative [h]
Voiced glottal fricative [ɦ]
Variations
Ꝛꝛ (R rotunda)
Ꞃꞃ (Insular)
Ɽɽ (R with tail)
Ɍɍ (R with stroke)
Ʀʀ
Ȑȑ
Ŕŕ
Ŗŗ
Řř
Ȓȓ
Ṙṙ
Ṛṛ
R̄r̄
Ṝṝ
Ṟṟ
Rd
Rh
Rl
Rn
Rr
Rt
Rnd
ᚱ (Raidô)
ℝ (Real number)
® (Registered trademark symbol)
Ⓡ (Enclosed R)
℞ (Medical prescription)

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Lindley Murray
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the grammarian and textbook author. For the tennis player, see Lindley Murray (tennis).
This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (April 2017)
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Lindley Murray
Born
(1745-03-27)27 March 1745
Harper Tavern, Pennsylvania
Died
16 February 1826(1826-02-16) (aged 80)
Holgate
Nationality
American
Occupation
Grammarian
Known for
English Grammar
Spouse(s)
Hannah Dobson (m. 1767)
Lindley Murray (27 March 1745 – 16 February 1826), was an American Quaker who moved to England and became a writer and grammarian.
Contents
1 Early life
2 Later life
3 Family
4 Works
5 See also
6 References
7 Sources
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Lindley Murray was born at Harper Tavern, Pennsylvania, on 27 March 1745. His father, Robert Murray, a member of an old Quaker family, was one of the leading New York merchants. Murray was the eldest of twelve children, all of whom he survived, although he was puny and delicate in childhood. When six years old, he was sent to school in Philadelphia, but soon left to accompany his parents to North Carolina, where they lived until 1753. They then moved to New York, where Murray was sent to a good school, but proved a 'heedless boy'. Contrary to his inclinations, he was placed when only fourteen in his father's counting-house. In spite of endeavors to foster in him the commercial spirit, the lad's interests were mainly concentrated in science and literature. Collecting his books, he escaped to Burlington, New Jersey, entered a boarding-school, and started to study French. His retreat was discovered, he was brought back to New York, and allowed a private tutor. His father still desired him to apply himself to commerce, but he stated arguments in favor of a literary profession so ably in writing that his father's lawyer advised him to let the lad study law.[1]
Four years later Murray was called to the bar, and practiced as counsel and attorney in the province of New York. At the age of twenty-two he married, and in 1770 came to England, whither his father had preceded him, but Lindley returned in 1771 to New York. Here his practice became both large and lucrative, in spite of his conscientious care to 'discourage litigation, and to recommend a peaceable settlement of differences.' On the outbreak of hostilities in America, Murray went with his wife to Long Island, where four years were spent in fishing, sailing, and shooting. On the declaration of independence he returned to New York, and was so successful that he retired in 1783 to a beautiful place on the Hudson.[1]
Later life[edit]
As Murray's health was failing, he decided to try the English climate. In 1784, he left America and never returned. The remainder of his life was spent in literary pursuits at Holgate, near York.[1] For the last sixteen years of his life, Murray's physical condition, likely the result of Post-Polio Syndrome, confined him to his house. Charles Monaghan's 1998 biography, The Murrays of Murray Hill, long considered a standard work, has been recently (2011) succeeded by Fens-de Zeeuw's authoritative work on Murray's life and language use, in which several earlier misconceptions are set straight.
His library became noted for its theological and philological treasures. He studied botany, and his garden was said to exceed in variety the Royal Gardens at Kew. The summer house in which his grammars were composed still remains. Murray's first published work, The Power of Religion on the Mind, York, 1787, 20th edition 1842, was twice translated into French. To the 8th edition (1795) was added 'Extracts from the Writings of divers Eminent Men representing the Evils of Stage Plays, &c.,' published separately 1789 and 1799.[1]
His attention was then drawn to the want of suitable lesson-books for a Friends' school for girls in York, and in 1795 he published his English Grammar. The manuscript petition from the teachers requesting him to prepare it has been preserved. The work became rapidly popular; it went through nearly fifty editions, was edited, abridged, simplified, and enlarged in England and America, and for a long time was used in schools to the exclusion of all other grammar-books. See History of English grammars.
In 1816, an edition corrected by the author was issued in 2 vols. 8vo. An 'Abridgment' of this version by Murray, issued two years later, went through more than 120 editions of ten thousand each. It was printed at the New England Institution for the Blind in embossed characters, Boston, 1835, and translated into Marathi, Bombay, 1837. English Exercises followed (1797), with A Key (27th edit. London, 1847), and both works were in large demand. Murray's English Reader, Sequel, and Introduction, issued respectively 1799, 1800, and 1801 (31st edit. 1836), were equally successful, as well as the Lecteur Francais, 1802, and Introduction to the Lecteur Francais, 1807. An English Spelling Book, 1804, reached forty-four editions, and was translated into Spanish (Cadiz, 1841). Of a First Book for Children the 150th thousand, with portrait and woodcuts, was issued in 1859.
The sales of the Grammar, Exercises, Key, and Lecteur Francais brought Murray in each case £700, and he devoted the whole sum to philanthropic objects. The copyright of his religious works he presented to his publishers. By his will, a sum of money for the purchase and distribution of religious literature was vested in trustees in America. When the Retreat for the Insane was founded at York by William Tuke in 1792, Murray did his utmost to second Tuke's efforts to introduce a humane system of treatment.[1]
He was a recorded minister of the York monthly meeting for eleven years, when 'his voice failed and he asked permission to resign. For the last 16 years of his life he never left the house. He died on 16 January 1826, aged 80.[1]
Family[edit]
Murray married, on 22 June 1767, Hannah Dobson, who died 25 Septembter 1834. They had no children.[1]
Works[edit]
Extracts from the Writings of Divers Eminent Authors, of Different Religious Denominations; and at Various Periods of Time, Representing the Evils and Pernicious Effects of Stage Plays, and Other Vain Amusements. 1787
The Power of Religion on the Mind In Retirement, Sickness, and at Death; Exemplified in the Testimonies and Experience of Men Distinguished by Their Greatness, Learning, or Virtue. 1787
English Grammar Adapted to the Different Classes of Learners. With an Appendix, Containing Rules and Observations, for Assisting the More Advanced Students to Write with Perspicuity and Accuracy. By Lindley Murray. 1795. 1824 edition
English Exercises: Adapted to the Grammar Lately Published by L. Murray: Consisting of Exemplifications of the Parts of Speech, Instances of False Orthography, Violations of the Rules of Syntax, Defects in Punctuation, and Violations of the Rules Respecting Perspicuity and Accuracy: Designed for the Benefit of Private Learners, As Well As for the Use of Schools. 1797
The Beauties of Prose and Verse Selected from the Most Eminent Authors. 1798
The English Reader: or, Pieces in Prose and Poetry, Selected from the Best Writers Designed to Assist Young Persons to Read with Propriety and Effect; to Improve Their Language and Sentiments; and to Inculcate Some of the Most Important Principles of Piety and Virtue. : With a Few Preliminary Observations on the Principles of Good Reading. 1799.
Sequel to The English Reader Or, Elegant Selections in Prose and Poetry. Designed to Improve the Highest Class of Learners in Reading; ... By Lindley Murray. 1800
See also[edit]
Robert Murray (merchant)
Murray Hill, Manhattan
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Smith 1894.
Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, Charlotte Fell (1894). "Murray, Lindley". In Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. 39. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
Sources[edit]
Claus Bernet (2010). "Lindley Murray". In Bautz, Traugott. Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). 31. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 943–958. ISBN 978-3-88309-544-8.
Lyda Fens-de Zeeuw (2011). Lindley Murray (1745–1826), Quaker and Grammarian. Utrecht: Lot Dissertation Series.
"Murray, Lindley." American Authors 1600–1900. The H. W. Wilson Company, New York, 1938
worldcat.org Accessed June 28, 2007
Pennsylvania Historical Markers site[permanent dead link]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons. Wikisource
External links[edit]
Murray's English Reader various formats available at the Internet Archive
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb13327218t (data)
GND: 119393859
ISNI: 0000 0001 0867 3611
LCCN: n81058312
NLA: 35370115
SNAC: w66696rh
SUDOC: 035654759
VIAF: 7533774
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lindley_Murray&oldid=833946843"
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