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Grace Kelly (song)
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"Grace Kelly"
Single by Mika
from the album Life in Cartoon Motion
B-side
"Over My Shoulder", "Satellite"
Released
8 January 2007
Format
Digital download
CD single
12" single
7" single
Recorded
2006
Length
3:05
Label
Island, Casablanca
Songwriter(s)
Mica Penniman, Jodi Marr, John Merchant, Dan Warner
Producer(s)
Greg Wells
Mika singles chronology
"Relax, Take It Easy"
(2006) "Grace Kelly"
(2007) "Love Today"
(2007)
"Relax, Take It Easy"
(2006) "Grace Kelly"
(2007) "Love Today"
(2007)
"Grace Kelly" is a song by the British singer Mika, released for download on 9 January 2007. It also appears on Mika's 2007 album Life in Cartoon Motion. Produced and mixed by Greg Wells, the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number three and the UK Official Download Chart at number one. One week later, it jumped to the top of the UK Singles Chart. The track was number one on the UK Singles Chart for five weeks, and ended 2007 as the year's third biggest-selling single in that country.[1] In the US, "Grace Kelly" was made available for digital download on 16 January 2007. This song was also #89 on MTV Asia's list of Top 100 Hits of 2007.[2] It was designed to be a mocking satire of musicians who try to reinvent themselves to be popular.
The song is titled after Academy Award-winning American film and stage actress, and Princess of Monaco, Grace Kelly. The bit of dialogue used in the song is from the film The Country Girl. Mika claims the song was inspired after a bad experience with a record company executive, in which he was told to be more like Craig David.[3] The lyric "So I try a little Freddie" is a reference to Queen's Freddie Mercury, to whose singing voice Mika's has been compared.[4] On at least one occasion, Mika confirmed that he used the main melody from Figaro's famous aria Largo al factotum in the opera The Barber of Seville by Gioachino Rossini.[5] Mika performed the song at the MTV Europe Music Awards 2007 in Munich, and at the 2008 BRIT Awards at the Earls Court Exhibition Centre, London where it was nominated for Best British Single.[6] The song has sold over 630,000 copies in the UK as stated by the Official Charts Company.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and composition
2 Critical reception
3 Accolades
4 Live performances and covers
5 Parodies
6 Appears in...
7 Music video
8 Track listing
9 Official versions
10 Chart performance
11 Charts
11.1 Weekly charts
11.2 Year-end charts
11.3 Decade-end charts
12 Certifications
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
Background and composition[edit]
"The comparisons to Freddie Mercury are fine. They started long before I made the record - I've even referred to it in Grace Kelly." "Grace Kelly was written after these musicians were trying to mold me into what I should be. I was really angry and so I wrote the song and mailed them the lyrics. They didn't call me back, but two years later it's come full circle."
—Mika says in an interview on BBC.[7]
Mika wrote the song after he felt frustrated with record label executives that wanted him to change his sound to fit the common pop mold. In the song, Mika points out how he can pretend to be anyone he likes to win approval - in this case the glamorous actress Grace Kelly. He wrote the song after the record company told him that they wanted to model his look and sound on Craig David, who was popular at the time in the UK. Mika rejected this idea and wrote "Grace Kelly" as a way of expressing his individuality.[7] The song's melody is based on the aria "Largo al factotum" in the opera The Barber of Seville by Gioachino Rossini.[7]
Critical reception[edit]
The song received positive reviews from music critics. Heather Phares from AllMusic wrote a positive review for the song, stating that "Mika's singles are his most charming moments, including the instant sunshine of "Grace Kelly," which crams tap-dancing rhythms, filmic dialogue, Elton's pianos, Freddie's vocal harmonies, and Brian May's guitars into just over three minutes."[8] Christian John Wikane from PopMatters wrote an extensive article about the comparisons between Mika and Freddie Mercury, writing that "he sounds a lot like Mercury and wears the influence like a badge of honor, even name-checking the late front man of Queen in the first verse. Mika vacillates between the affected theatricality of Mercury’s full-throttled voice and his own strong falsetto, where he earnestly implores "Why don’t you like me?" no less than 12 times.[9]
Beth Johnson from Entertainment Weekly wrote that "Nothing quite matches the crystal-shattering exuberance of hit Grace Kelly."[10] John Murphy from musicOMH wrote that "It's big, joyous, dumb pop, and the only danger with it is that you'll be utterly sick of it fast."[11] Lizzie Enever from BBC Music was direct, writing that "Grace Kelly is a great pop song - it's catchy, you can't help singing along and it grates on you after a few days when you can't get it out of your head but you still go back for more - flawless credentials."[12] Graham Griffith, also from About.com, wrote that the song "is an outrageously irresistible and infectious pop gem."[13] Dom Passantino from Stylus Magazine criticized the track, writing that "it seems to suggest the boy has some level for musicals, being as it is all Broadway flittering and hackneyed attempts at conveying a story with its lyrics. But here’s the problem: he's got no tales to tell, just a tab at his local make-up supplier. "Am I too dirty, am I too flirty?" he sings at one point."[14]
Accolades[edit]
At the 2007 World Music Awards, Mika won for Best Selling British Artist, Best Selling New Artist, Best Selling Male Entertainer, and World's Best Selling Pop Rock Male Artist.[7]
Live performances and covers[edit]
Top 50 contestant of American Idol, Josiah Leming performed a rendition of the song in Hollywood for the judges, which received great praise.
A version by Mika appears on the 2007 compilation album, The Saturday Sessions: The Dermot O'Leary Show.
Mika performed this song on series 4 episode 3 of The Friday Night Project on 19 January 2007. James Nesbitt was the host that night.
The Whiffenpoofs performed the song on The Sing-Off on 6 December 2010.
Parodies[edit]
Rory Bremner recorded a parody version to illustrate the problems of UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown.
Scott Mills impersonated Mika and sang lyrics of the song in a prank call to a real estate agency.
Appears in...[edit]
The Hills
Ugly Betty
A Turkish Coca-Cola advertisement
An Israeli advertisement of "Misdar Zihoi"
A trailer for Disney Cinemagic
A trailer for I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry
A trailer for The Ugly Truth
The 1996 episode of Silent Witness "Lost Child" as a 27-year-old transforms himself into a schoolboy.
An advertisement for Neighbours
What Happens in Vegas...
Dead Set
Doctor Who episode "The Pirate Loop"
The Sarah Jane Adventures episode "The Mark of the Berserker"
An episode of Celebrity Big Brother
An advertisement of Confessions of a Shopaholic
Fall 2007 episodes of Corazón de Otoño
The European Nintendo DS version of Band Hero
A German first season trailer for Weeds
The adult-oriented Wii game We Dare, as a cover version
FC Barcelona's official video for Thierry Henry in Barca Legends series.
Music video[edit]
The music video for the song "Grace Kelly" was directed by Sophie Muller and starred Mika and Holly Muller. The video was filmed in early November 2006 and has been nominated for numerous worldwide awards. The instrumental introduction in the video is an extract of the acoustic version of the song found on certain releases of the album.
Track listing[edit]
Australian CD single
"Grace Kelly" – 3:08
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Radio Edit) – 3:20
"Over My Shoulder" – 4:44
"Grace Kelly" (Video)
UK CD single
"Grace Kelly" – 3:08
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Radio Edit) – 3:20
"Over My Shoulder" – 4:44
Limited edition 7" vinyl
"Grace Kelly" – 3:07
"Satellite" – 4:15
UK 12" vinyl
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Full Vocal Remix) – 6:46
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Dub Remix) – 6:40
"Grace Kelly" (Tom Neville Full Vocal Remix) – 6:48
"Grace Kelly" (Tom Neville Dub Remix) – 7:08
Official versions[edit]
"Grace Kelly" – 3:07
"Grace Kelly" (Acoustic Version) – 3:07
"Grace Kelly" (Bimbo Jones Remix Edit) – 3:00
"Grace Kelly" (Bimbo Jones Remix) - 6:26
"Grace Kelly" (Les Grandes Gueules Version) - 3:07
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Radio Edit) – 3:20
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Full Vocal Remix) – 6:46
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Dub Remix) – 6:40
"Grace Kelly" (Pull Tiger Tail Remix) – 4:26
"Grace Kelly" (Tom Neville Full Vocal Remix) – 6:48
"Grace Kelly" (Tom Neville Dub Remix) – 7:08
Chart performance[edit]
It reached number one in the United Kingdom and in Ireland. The song was only the second single ever to top the UK chart without selling a physical copy ("Crazy" by Gnarls Barkley was the first).[7] In the US market, it peaked at number 57 on the Billboard Hot 100. The December 2007 Observer Music Monthly asked Mika how it felt getting to #1 in the UK with this song. He replied: "Very unreal. It still feels unreal. It's just a song I wrote in my room. By the time I'd written 'Grace Kelly' everything in my life had been called into question. Trying to find out what I was going to do with my life, trying to be a musician, to be independent, to give myself the remote chance of any kind of a relationship. I was just sorting every thing out in my head. That song sums it all up."[7] It went to #1 on the United Kingdom, Czech Republic, Ireland, Italy, Norway and Turkey singles charts.[7] The song was 82 in the French physical charts but number 2 in digital ones, and has more than 50,000 sales in the country. The song is one of the most commercial songs of all the times and has more than 5 millions sales
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2007)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[15]
2
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[16]
3
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[17]
2
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[18]
1
Brazil (ABPD)[19]
36
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[20]
3
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[21]
4
Denmark (Tracklisten)[22]
1
Europe (European Hot 100 Singles)[23]
2
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[24]
5
France (SNEP)[25]
3
Germany (Official German Charts)[26]
4
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[27]
3
Ireland (IRMA)[28]
1
Italy (FIMI)[29]
1
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[30]
4
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[31]
4
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[32]
2
Norway (VG-lista)[33]
1
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[34]
1
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[35]
4
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[36]
9
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[37]
2
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[38]
1
US Billboard Hot 100[39]
57
Venezuela Pop Rock (Record Report)[40]
2
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2007)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[41]
7
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[42]
7
Belgium (Flanders)[43]
4
Belgium (Wallonia)[44]
1
France (Airplay Chart)[45]
81
Germany (Official German Charts)[46]
21
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[47]
22
Ireland (IRMA)[48]
3
Italy (FIMI)[49]
10
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[50]
6
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[51]
16
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[52]
30
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[53]
9
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[54]
3
Decade-end charts[edit]
Chart (2000–2009)
Position
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[55] 64
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[56]
Platinum 70,000^
Belgium (BEA)[57]
Platinum 30,000*
Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[58]
Platinum 30,000^
Germany (BVMI)[59]
Gold 150,000^
Italy (FIMI)[60]
Gold 10,000*
Sweden (GLF)[61]
Gold 20,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[62]
Gold 15,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[63]
Platinum 630,238[64]
United States (RIAA)[65]
Gold 500,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
See also[edit]
List of number-one hits in Denmark
List of number-one singles of 2007 (Ireland)
List of number-one hits of 2007 (Italy)
List of number-one hits in Norway
List of number-one singles from the 2000s (UK)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Top 40 Singles of the Year 2007". BBC Music. Retrieved 2007-12-27
Jump up ^ MTV Asia. "Top 100 Hits List" Archived 22 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 2007-12-27
Jump up ^ Times UK - "Oh, Mika, you're so fine". Retrieved 2009-5-15
Jump up ^ "BBC NEWS - Entertainment - Sound of 2007: Mika". Retrieved 25 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Mika in "Taratata" TV Show (part 2) on YouTube
Jump up ^ "The BRITs 2008" Brits.co.uk. Retrieved 6 November 2012
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Grace Kelly by Mika Songfacts". Songfacts. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Phares, Heather. "Life in Cartoon Motion - Mika | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Wikane, Christian John (26 March 2007). "Mika: Life in Cartoon Motion < PopMatters". PopMatters. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Beth (30 March 2007). "Life in Cartoon Motion Review | Music Reviews and News - | EW.com". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Murphy, John (5 February 2007). "Mika - Life In Cartoon Motion | album reviews | musicOMH". MusicOMH. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Ennever, Lizzie (2 February 2007). "BBC - Music - Review of Mika - Life In Cartoon Motion". BBC. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "MIKA - Life in Cartoon Motion". About.com. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Passantino, Don (6 February 2007). "Mika - Life in Cartoon Motion - Review - Stylus Magazine". Stylus Magazine. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Mika – Grace Kelly". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Mika – Grace Kelly" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Mika – Grace Kelly" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Mika – Grace Kelly" (in French). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Brazil" (PDF). ABPD. October 6, 2001. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mika Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 200735 into search.
Jump up ^ "Mika – Grace Kelly Hitlisten.nu" (in Danish). Tracklisten.
Jump up ^ "Mika – Chart history" European Hot 100 for Mika.
Jump up ^ "Mika: Grace Kelly" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Mika – Grace Kelly" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Mika Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 5, 2007". Irish Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – Mika – Grace Kelly". Top Digital Download.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Mika" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Mika – Grace Kelly" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Mika – Grace Kelly". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Mika – Grace Kelly". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 4 February 2007.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 200718 into search.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Mika – Grace Kelly". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Mika – Grace Kelly". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Mika: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Mika Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Pop Rock" (in Spanish). Record Report. 27 April 2007. Archived from the original on 2 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Top 100 Singles 2007". Retrieved 25 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Hung, Steffen. "Jahreshitparade 2007 - austriancharts.at". Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "ultratop.be - ULTRATOP BELGIAN CHARTS". Retrieved 25 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "ultratop.be - ULTRATOP BELGIAN CHARTS". Retrieved 25 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Snepmusique.com, le site du Snep". 1 October 2013. Archived from the original on 1 October 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Offizielle Deutsche Charts - Offizielle Deutsche Charts". Retrieved 25 February 2017.
Jump up ^ lightmedia.hu. "Éves összesített listák - Archívum - Hivatalos magyar slágerlisták". Retrieved 25 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "IRMA - best of 2007". Retrieved 25 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hit Parade Italia - Top Annuali Single: 2007". Retrieved 25 February 2017.
Jump up ^ fhttp://www.top40.nl/pdf/top100/top100-2007.pdf
Jump up ^ "The Official New Zealand Music Chart". Retrieved 25 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "www.sverigetopplistan.se - Årslista Singlar - År 2007". 5 December 2014. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Hung, Steffen. "Swiss Year-End Charts 2007 - swisscharts.com". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2007.pdf
Jump up ^ Radio 1 Official Chart of the Decade, as broadcast on BBC Radio 1 on Tuesday 29 December 2009, presented by Nihal
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2007 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – 2007". Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Danish single certifications – Mika – Grace Kelly". IFPI Denmark. Retrieved 9 January 2015. Click on næste to go to page 29 if certification from official website
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Mika; 'Grace Kelly')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Mika – Grace Kelly" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 2007" (PDF) (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden.
Jump up ^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (Mika; 'Grace Kelly')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Mika – Grace Kelly". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 9 January 2015. Enter Grace Kelly in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ http://www.musicweek.com/businessanalysis/read/official-charts-analysis-florence-the-machine-beats-wolf-alice-to-no-1-by-528-sales/062171
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Mika – Grace Kelly". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 9 January 2015. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
Soundfires.com Review of "Grace Kelly" at Archive.is (archived 2007-11-22)
[hide]
v
t
e
Mika
Studio albums
Life in Cartoon Motion
The Boy Who Knew Too Much
The Origin of Love
No Place in Heaven
Compilation albums
Songbook Vol. 1
Extended plays
Dodgy Holiday
Songs for Sorrow
Singles
"Relax, Take It Easy"
"Grace Kelly"
"Love Today"
"Big Girl (You Are Beautiful)"
"Happy Ending"
"Lollipop"
"We Are Golden"
"Rain"
"Blame It on the Girls"
"Kick Ass (We Are Young)"
"Elle me dit"
"Celebrate"
"Underwater"
"Origin of Love"
"Popular Song"
"Live Your Life"
"Stardust" (featuring Chiara)
"Boum Boum Boum"
"Talk About You"
"Good Guys"
"Staring At The Sun"
Featured singles
"Everybody Hurts"
Concert tours
Dodgy Holiday Tour (2007–2008)
1955 Tour (2009–2010)
Imaginarium Tour (2010)
DVDs
Live in Cartoon Motion
Live Parc Des Princes Paris
Related articles
Discography
"Gave It All Away"
"Gang Bang"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grace_Kelly_(song)&oldid=811707728"
Categories:
2007 singles
Mika (singer) songs
Music videos directed by Sophie Muller
Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
Number-one singles in Denmark
Number-one singles in Italy
Number-one singles in Norway
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Number-one singles in Turkey
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Popular songs based on classical works
Songs written by Mika (singer)
Song recordings produced by Greg Wells
Songs written by Jodi Marr
2007 songs
Island Records singles
Casablanca Records singles
Cultural depictions of Grace Kelly
Songs about women
Songs about actors
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RNA
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see RNA (disambiguation).
A hairpin loop from a pre-mRNA. Highlighted are the nucleobases (green) and the ribose-phosphate backbone (blue). Note that this is a single strand of RNA that folds back upon itself.
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along with lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but unlike DNA it is more often found in nature as a single-strand folded onto itself, rather than a paired double-strand. Cellular organisms use messenger RNA (mRNA) to convey genetic information (using the letters G, U, A, and C to denote the nitrogenous bases guanine, uracil, adenine, and cytosine) that directs synthesis of specific proteins. Many viruses encode their genetic information using an RNA genome.
Some RNA molecules play an active role within cells by catalyzing biological reactions, controlling gene expression, or sensing and communicating responses to cellular signals. One of these active processes is protein synthesis, a universal function where RNA molecules direct the assembly of proteins on ribosomes. This process uses transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to deliver amino acids to the ribosome, where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) then links amino acids together to form proteins.
Contents
[hide]
1 Comparison with DNA
2 Structure
3 Synthesis
4 Types of RNA
4.1 Overview
4.2 In length
4.3 In translation
4.4 Regulatory RNAs
4.5 In RNA processing
4.6 RNA genomes
4.7 In reverse transcription
4.8 Double-stranded RNA
4.9 Circular RNA
5 Key discoveries in RNA biology
6 Evolution
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Comparison with DNA[edit]
Bases in an RNA molecule.
Three-dimensional representation of the 50S ribosomal subunit. Ribosomal RNA is in ochre, proteins in blue. The active site is a small segment of rRNA, indicated in red.
The chemical structure of RNA is very similar to that of DNA, but differs in three main ways:
Unlike double-stranded DNA, RNA is a single-stranded molecule[1] in many of its biological roles and has a much shorter chain of nucleotides.[2] However, RNA can, by complementary base pairing, form intrastrand (i.e., single-strand) double helixes, as in tRNA.
While DNA contains deoxyribose, RNA contains ribose[3] (in deoxyribose there is no hydroxyl group attached to the pentose ring in the 2' position). These hydroxyl groups make RNA less stable than DNA because it is more prone to hydrolysis.
The complementary base to adenine in DNA is thymine, whereas in RNA, it is uracil, which is an unmethylated form of thymine.[4]
Like DNA, most biologically active RNAs, including mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNAs, and other non-coding RNAs, contain self-complementary sequences that allow parts of the RNA to fold[5] and pair with itself to form double helices. Analysis of these RNAs has revealed that they are highly structured. Unlike DNA, their structures do not consist of long double helices, but rather collections of short helices packed together into structures akin to proteins. In this fashion, RNAs can achieve chemical catalysis (like enzymes).[6] For instance, determination of the structure of the ribosome—an enzyme that catalyzes peptide bond formation—revealed that its active site is composed entirely of RNA.[7]
Structure[edit]
Main article: Nucleic acid structure
Watson-Crick base pairs in a siRNA (hydrogen atoms are not shown)
Each nucleotide in RNA contains a ribose sugar, with carbons numbered 1' through 5'. A base is attached to the 1' position, in general, adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or uracil (U). Adenine and guanine are purines, cytosine and uracil are pyrimidines. A phosphate group is attached to the 3' position of one ribose and the 5' position of the next. The phosphate groups have a negative charge each, making RNA a charged molecule (polyanion). The bases form hydrogen bonds between cytosine and guanine, between adenine and uracil and between guanine and uracil.[8] However, other interactions are possible, such as a group of adenine bases binding to each other in a bulge,[9] or the GNRA tetraloop that has a guanine–adenine base-pair.[8]
Chemical structure of RNA
An important structural feature of RNA that distinguishes it from DNA is the presence of a hydroxyl group at the 2' position of the ribose sugar. The presence of this functional group causes the helix to mostly adopt the A-form geometry,[10] although in single strand dinucleotide contexts, RNA can rarely also adopt the B-form most commonly observed in DNA.[11] The A-form geometry results in a very deep and narrow major groove and a shallow and wide minor groove.[12] A second consequence of the presence of the 2'-hydroxyl group is that in conformationally flexible regions of an RNA molecule (that is, not involved in formation of a double helix), it can chemically attack the adjacent phosphodiester bond to cleave the backbone.[13]
Secondary structure of a telomerase RNA.
RNA is transcribed with only four bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil),[14] but these bases and attached sugars can be modified in numerous ways as the RNAs mature. Pseudouridine (Ψ), in which the linkage between uracil and ribose is changed from a C–N bond to a C–C bond, and ribothymidine (T) are found in various places (the most notable ones being in the TΨC loop of tRNA).[15] Another notable modified base is hypoxanthine, a deaminated adenine base whose nucleoside is called inosine (I). Inosine plays a key role in the wobble hypothesis of the genetic code.[16]
There are more than 100 other naturally occurring modified nucleosides.[17] The greatest structural diversity of modifications can be found in tRNA,[18] while pseudouridine and nucleosides with 2'-O-methylribose often present in rRNA are the most common.[19] The specific roles of many of these modifications in RNA are not fully understood. However, it is notable that, in ribosomal RNA, many of the post-transcriptional modifications occur in highly functional regions, such as the peptidyl transferase center and the subunit interface, implying that they are important for normal function.[20]
The functional form of single-stranded RNA molecules, just like proteins, frequently requires a specific tertiary structure. The scaffold for this structure is provided by secondary structural elements that are hydrogen bonds within the molecule. This leads to several recognizable "domains" of secondary structure like hairpin loops, bulges, and internal loops.[21] Since RNA is charged, metal ions such as Mg2+ are needed to stabilise many secondary and tertiary structures.[22]
The naturally occurring enantiomer of RNA is D-RNA composed of D-ribonucleotides. All chirality centers are located in the D-ribose. By the use of L-ribose or rather L-ribonucleotides, L-RNA can be synthesized. L-RNA is much more stable against degradation by RNase.[23]
Like other structured biopolymers such as proteins, one can define topology of a folded RNA molecule. This is often done based on arrangement of intra-chain contacts within a folded RNA, termed as circuit topology.
Synthesis[edit]
Synthesis of RNA is usually catalyzed by an enzyme—RNA polymerase—using DNA as a template, a process known as transcription. Initiation of transcription begins with the binding of the enzyme to a promoter sequence in the DNA (usually found "upstream" of a gene). The DNA double helix is unwound by the helicase activity of the enzyme. The enzyme then progresses along the template strand in the 3’ to 5’ direction, synthesizing a complementary RNA molecule with elongation occurring in the 5’ to 3’ direction. The DNA sequence also dictates where termination of RNA synthesis will occur.[24]
Primary transcript RNAs are often modified by enzymes after transcription. For example, a poly(A) tail and a 5' cap are added to eukaryotic pre-mRNA and introns are removed by the spliceosome.
There are also a number of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases that use RNA as their template for synthesis of a new strand of RNA. For instance, a number of RNA viruses (such as poliovirus) use this type of enzyme to replicate their genetic material.[25] Also, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is part of the RNA interference pathway in many organisms.[26]
Types of RNA[edit]
See also: List of RNAs
Overview[edit]
Structure of a hammerhead ribozyme, a ribozyme that cuts RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the RNA that carries information from DNA to the ribosome, the sites of protein synthesis (translation) in the cell. The coding sequence of the mRNA determines the amino acid sequence in the protein that is produced.[27] However, many RNAs do not code for protein (about 97% of the transcriptional output is non-protein-coding in eukaryotes[28][29][30][31]).
These so-called non-coding RNAs ("ncRNA") can be encoded by their own genes (RNA genes), but can also derive from mRNA introns.[32] The most prominent examples of non-coding RNAs are transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), both of which are involved in the process of translation.[4] There are also non-coding RNAs involved in gene regulation, RNA processing and other roles. Certain RNAs are able to catalyse chemical reactions such as cutting and ligating other RNA molecules,[33] and the catalysis of peptide bond formation in the ribosome;[7] these are known as ribozymes.
In length[edit]
According to the length of RNA chain, RNA includes small RNA and long RNA.[34] Usually, small RNAs are shorter than 200 nt in length, and long RNAs are greater than 200 nt long.[35] Long RNAs, also called large RNAs, mainly include long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and mRNA. Small RNAs mainly include 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 5S rRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), microRNA (miRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA), tRNA-derived small RNA (tsRNA)[36] and small rDNA-derived RNA (srRNA).[37]
In translation[edit]
Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries information about a protein sequence to the ribosomes, the protein synthesis factories in the cell. It is coded so that every three nucleotides (a codon) corresponds to one amino acid. In eukaryotic cells, once precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) has been transcribed from DNA, it is processed to mature mRNA. This removes its introns—non-coding sections of the pre-mRNA. The mRNA is then exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it is bound to ribosomes and translated into its corresponding protein form with the help of tRNA. In prokaryotic cells, which do not have nucleus and cytoplasm compartments, mRNA can bind to ribosomes while it is being transcribed from DNA. After a certain amount of time the message degrades into its component nucleotides with the assistance of ribonucleases.[27]
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a small RNA chain of about 80 nucleotides that transfers a specific amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation. It has sites for amino acid attachment and an anticodon region for codon recognition that binds to a specific sequence on the messenger RNA chain through hydrogen bonding.[32]
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the catalytic component of the ribosomes. Eukaryotic ribosomes contain four different rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S and 5S rRNA. Three of the rRNA molecules are synthesized in the nucleolus, and one is synthesized elsewhere. In the cytoplasm, ribosomal RNA and protein combine to form a nucleoprotein called a ribosome. The ribosome binds mRNA and carries out protein synthesis. Several ribosomes may be attached to a single mRNA at any time.[27] Nearly all the RNA found in a typical eukaryotic cell is rRNA.
Transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) is found in many bacteria and plastids. It tags proteins encoded by mRNAs that lack stop codons for degradation and prevents the ribosome from stalling.[38]
Regulatory RNAs[edit]
Several types of RNA can downregulate gene expression by being complementary to a part of an mRNA or a gene's DNA.[39][40] MicroRNAs (miRNA; 21-22 nt) are found in eukaryotes and act through RNA interference (RNAi), where an effector complex of miRNA and enzymes can cleave complementary mRNA, block the mRNA from being translated, or accelerate its degradation.[41][42]
While small interfering RNAs (siRNA; 20-25 nt) are often produced by breakdown of viral RNA, there are also endogenous sources of siRNAs.[43][44] siRNAs act through RNA interference in a fashion similar to miRNAs. Some miRNAs and siRNAs can cause genes they target to be methylated, thereby decreasing or increasing transcription of those genes.[45][46][47] Animals have Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNA; 29-30 nt) that are active in germline cells and are thought to be a defense against transposons and play a role in gametogenesis.[48][49]
Many prokaryotes have CRISPR RNAs, a regulatory system similar to RNA interference.[50] Antisense RNAs are widespread; most downregulate a gene, but a few are activators of transcription.[51] One way antisense RNA can act is by binding to an mRNA, forming double-stranded RNA that is enzymatically degraded.[52] There are many long noncoding RNAs that regulate genes in eukaryotes,[53] one such RNA is Xist, which coats one X chromosome in female mammals and inactivates it.[54]
An mRNA may contain regulatory elements itself, such as riboswitches, in the 5' untranslated region or 3' untranslated region; these cis-regulatory elements regulate the activity of that mRNA.[55] The untranslated regions can also contain elements that regulate other genes.[56]
In RNA processing[edit]
Uridine to pseudouridine is a common RNA modification.
Many RNAs are involved in modifying other RNAs. Introns are spliced out of pre-mRNA by spliceosomes, which contain several small nuclear RNAs (snRNA),[4] or the introns can be ribozymes that are spliced by themselves.[57] RNA can also be altered by having its nucleotides modified to nucleotides other than A, C, G and U. In eukaryotes, modifications of RNA nucleotides are in general directed by small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNA; 60–300 nt),[32] found in the nucleolus and cajal bodies. snoRNAs associate with enzymes and guide them to a spot on an RNA by basepairing to that RNA. These enzymes then perform the nucleotide modification. rRNAs and tRNAs are extensively modified, but snRNAs and mRNAs can also be the target of base modification.[58][59] RNA can also be methylated.[60][61]
RNA genomes[edit]
Like DNA, RNA can carry genetic information. RNA viruses have genomes composed of RNA that encodes a number of proteins. The viral genome is replicated by some of those proteins, while other proteins protect the genome as the virus particle moves to a new host cell. Viroids are another group of pathogens, but they consist only of RNA, do not encode any protein and are replicated by a host plant cell's polymerase.[62]
In reverse transcription[edit]
Reverse transcribing viruses replicate their genomes by reverse transcribing DNA copies from their RNA; these DNA copies are then transcribed to new RNA. Retrotransposons also spread by copying DNA and RNA from one another,[63] and telomerase contains an RNA that is used as template for building the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes.[64]
Double-stranded RNA[edit]
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is RNA with two complementary strands, similar to the DNA found in all cells. dsRNA forms the genetic material of some viruses (double-stranded RNA viruses). Double-stranded RNA such as viral RNA or siRNA can trigger RNA interference in eukaryotes, as well as interferon response in vertebrates.[65][66][67][68]
Circular RNA[edit]
Recently, it was shown that there is a single stranded covalently closed, i.e. circular form of RNA expressed throughout the animal and plant kingdom (see circRNA). circRNAs are thought to arise via a "back-splice" reaction where the spliceosome joins a downstream donor to an upstream acceptor splice site. So far the function of circRNAs is largely unknown, although for few examples a microRNA sponging activity has been demonstrated.
Key discoveries in RNA biology[edit]
Further information: History of RNA biology
Robert W. Holley, left, poses with his research team.
Research on RNA has led to many important biological discoveries and numerous Nobel Prizes. Nucleic acids were discovered in 1868 by Friedrich Miescher, who called the material 'nuclein' since it was found in the nucleus.[69] It was later discovered that prokaryotic cells, which do not have a nucleus, also contain nucleic acids. The role of RNA in protein synthesis was suspected already in 1939.[70] Severo Ochoa won the 1959 Nobel Prize in Medicine (shared with Arthur Kornberg) after he discovered an enzyme that can synthesize RNA in the laboratory.[71] However, the enzyme discovered by Ochoa (polynucleotide phosphorylase) was later shown to be responsible for RNA degradation, not RNA synthesis. In 1956 Alex Rich and David Davies hybridized two separate strands of RNA to form the first crystal of RNA whose structure could be determined by X-ray crystallography.[72]
The sequence of the 77 nucleotides of a yeast tRNA was found by Robert W. Holley in 1965,[73] winning Holley the 1968 Nobel Prize in Medicine (shared with Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall Nirenberg). In 1967, Carl Woese hypothesized that RNA might be catalytic and suggested that the earliest forms of life (self-replicating molecules) could have relied on RNA both to carry genetic information and to catalyze biochemical reactions—an RNA world.[74][75]
During the early 1970s, retroviruses and reverse transcriptase were discovered, showing for the first time that enzymes could copy RNA into DNA (the opposite of the usual route for transmission of genetic information). For this work, David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco and Howard Temin were awarded a Nobel Prize in 1975. In 1976, Walter Fiers and his team determined the first complete nucleotide sequence of an RNA virus genome, that of bacteriophage MS2.[76]
In 1977, introns and RNA splicing were discovered in both mammalian viruses and in cellular genes, resulting in a 1993 Nobel to Philip Sharp and Richard Roberts. Catalytic RNA molecules (ribozymes) were discovered in the early 1980s, leading to a 1989 Nobel award to Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman. In 1990, it was found in Petunia that introduced genes can silence similar genes of the plant's own, now known to be a result of RNA interference.[77][78]
At about the same time, 22 nt long RNAs, now called microRNAs, were found to have a role in the development of C. elegans.[79] Studies on RNA interference gleaned a Nobel Prize for Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 2006, and another Nobel was awarded for studies on the transcription of RNA to Roger Kornberg in the same year. The discovery of gene regulatory RNAs has led to attempts to develop drugs made of RNA, such as siRNA, to silence genes.[80]
Evolution[edit]
In March 2015, complex DNA and RNA nucleotides, including uracil, cytosine and thymine, were reportedly formed in the laboratory under outer space conditions, using starter chemicals, such as pyrimidine, an organic compound commonly found in meteorites. Pyrimidine, like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), is one of the most carbon-rich compounds found in the Universe and may have been formed in red giants or in interstellar dust and gas clouds.[81]
See also[edit]
RNA origami
Biomolecular structure
Macromolecule
DNA
History of RNA Biology
List of RNA Biologists
Transcriptome
References[edit]
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values: حمض نووي ريبوزي – Arabic

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