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History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent
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Grand Anicut dam on river Kaveri (1st-2nd Century CE) is one of the oldest water-regulation structures in the world still in use.[1]
Indian agriculture began by 9000 BCE as a result of early cultivation of plants, and domestication of crops and animals.[2] Settled life soon followed with implements and techniques being developed for agriculture.[3][4] Double monsoons led to two harvests being reaped in one year.[5] Indian products soon reached the world via existing trading networks and foreign crops were introduced to India.[5][6] Plants and animals—considered essential to their survival by the Indians—came to be worshiped and venerated.[7]
The middle ages saw irrigation channels reach a new level of sophistication in India and Indian crops affecting the economies of other regions of the world. Land and water management systems were developed with an aim of providing uniform growth.[8][9] Despite some stagnation during the later modern era the independent Republic of India was able to develop a comprehensive agricultural programme.[10][11]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early history
1.1 Neolithic
1.2 Indus Valley Civilisation
2 Iron Age India (1500 BCE – 200 CE)
3 Early Common Era – High Middle Ages (200–1200 CE)
4 Late Middle Ages (1200–1526 CE)
5 Mughal Era (1526–1757 CE)
6 Colonial British Era (1757–1947 CE)
7 Republic of India (1947 CE onwards)
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Sources
Early history[edit]
Neolithic[edit]
In the period of the Neolithic revolution, roughly 8000-4000 BCE, agriculture was far from the dominant mode of support for human societies.[12] Agro pastoralism in India included threshing, planting crops in rows—either of two or of six—and storing grain in granaries.[3][13] Barley and wheat cultivation—along with the rearing of cattle, sheep and goat—was visible in Mehrgarh by 8000-6000 BCE.[3][14]
According to Gangal et al. (2014), there is strong archeological and geographical evidence that neolithic farming spread from the Near East into north-west India.[15][16][note 1] Yet, Jean-Francois Jarrige argues for an independent origin of Mehrgarh. Jarrige notes the similarities between Neolithic sites from eastern Mesopotamia and the western Indus valley, which are evidence of a "cultural continuum" between those sites. Nevertheless, Jarrige concludes that Mehrgarh has an earlier local background," and is not a "'backwater' of the Neolithic culture of the Near East."[31] Singh et al. (2016) investigated the distribution of J2a-M410 and J2b-M102 in South Asia, which "suggested a complex scenario that cannot be explained by a single wave of agricultural expansion from Near East to South Asia,"[16] but also note that "regardless of the complexity of dispersal, NW region appears to be the corridor for entry of these haplogroups into India."[16]
By the 5th millennium BCE agricultural communities became widespread in Kashmir.[3] Zaheer Baber (1996) writes that 'the first evidence of cultivation of cotton had already developed'.[14] Cotton was cultivated by the 5th millennium BCE-4th millennium BCE.[32] The Indus cotton industry was well developed and some methods used in cotton spinning and fabrication continued to be practiced till the modern Industrialisation of India.[33]
A variety of tropical fruit such as mango and muskmelon are native to the Indian subcontinent.[5] The Indians also domesticated hemp, which they used for a number of applications including making narcotics, fiber, and oil.[34] The farmers of the Indus Valley, which thrived in modern-day Pakistan and North India, grew peas, sesame, and dates.[34] Sugarcane was originally from tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia.[35] Different species likely originated in different locations with S. barberi originating in India and S. edule and S. officinarum coming from New Guinea.[35]
Wild rice cultivation appeared in the Belan and Ganges valley regions of northern India as early as 4530 BCE and 5440 BCE respectively.[36] Rice was cultivated in the Indus Valley Civilisation.[37] Agricultural activity during the second millennium BC included rice cultivation in the Kashmir and Harrappan regions.[36] Mixed farming was the basis of the Indus valley economy.[37] Denis J. Murphy (2007) details the spread of cultivated rice from India into South-east Asia:[38]
Several wild cereals, including rice, grew in the Vindhyan Hills, and rice cultivation, at sites such as Chopani-Mando and Mahagara, may have been underway as early as 7000 BP. The relative isolation of this area and the early development of rice farming imply that it was developed indigenously....Chopani-Mando and Mahagara are located on the upper reaches of the Ganges drainage system and it is likely that migrants from this area spread rice farming down the Ganges valley into the fertile plains of Bengal, and beyond into south-east Asia.
Indus Valley Civilisation[edit]
Irrigation was developed in the Indus Valley Civilisation by around 4500 BCE.[39] The size and prosperity of the Indus civilisation grew as a result of this innovation, which eventually led to more planned settlements making use of drainage and sewers.[39] Sophisticated irrigation and water storage systems were developed by the Indus Valley Civilisation, including artificial reservoirs at Girnar dated to 3000 BCE, and an early canal irrigation system from circa 2600 BCE.[40] Archaeological evidence of an animal-drawn plough dates back to 2500 BC in the Indus Valley Civilisation.[4]
Outside of the Indus Valley area of influence there are 2 regions with distinct agricultures dating back to around 2800-1500 BCE. These are the Deccan Plateau and an area within the modern states of Orissa and Bihar. Within the Deccan the ashmound tradition developed c.2800 BCE. This is characterised by large mounds of burn cattle dung and other materials. The people of the ashmound tradition grew millets and pulses, some of which were domesticated in this part of India, for example, Brachiaria ramosa, Setaria verticillata, Vigna radiata and Macrotyloma uniflorum. They also herded cattle, sheep and goat and were largely engaged in pastoralism (Fuller 2006, 'Dung mounds and Domesticators'). In the east of India Neolithic people grew rice and pulses, as well as keeping cattle, sheep and goat. By 1500 BCE a distinct agriculture focused on summer crops, including Vigna and Panicum milliaceum was developed.
Iron Age India (1500 BCE – 200 CE)[edit]
See also: Vedic period and Iron Age India
Gupta (2004) finds it likely that summer monsoons may have been longer and may have contained moisture in excess than required for normal food production.[41] One effect of this excessive moisture would have been to aid the winter monsoon rainfall required for winter crops.[41] In India, both wheat and barley are held to be Rabi (winter) crops and—like other parts of the world—would have largely depended on winter monsoons before the irrigation became widespread.[41] The growth of the Kharif crops would have probably suffered as a result of excessive moisture.[41] Jute was first cultivated in India, where it was used to make ropes and cordage.[42] Some animals—thought by the Indians as being vital to their survival—came to be worshiped.[7] Trees were also domesticated, worshiped, and venerated—Pipal and Banyan in particular.[7] Others came to be known for their medicinal uses and found mentifganern 7a75on in the holistic medical system Ayurveda.[7] The History of Agriculture by Britannica Educational Publishing[43] holds that:
In the later Vedic texts (c. 3000 -2500 BP) there are repeated references to agricultural technology and practices, including iron implements; the cultivation of...cereals, vegetables, and fruits; the use of meat and milk...and animal husbandry. Farmers plowed the soil...broadcast seeds, and used a certain sequence of cropping and fallowing. Cow dung provided fertilizer, and irrigation was practiced...
The Mauryan Empire (322–185 BCE) categorised soils and made meteorological observations for agricultural use.[44] Other Mauryan facilitation included construction and maintenance of dams, and provision of horse-drawn chariots—quicker than traditional bullock carts.[5] The Greek diplomat Megasthenes (c. 300 BC)—in his book Indika— provides a secular eyewitness account of Indian agriculture:[5]
India has many huge mountains which abound in fruit-trees of every kind, and many vast plains of great fertility. . . . The greater part of the soil, moreover, is under irrigation, and consequently bears two crops in the course of the year. . . . In addition to cereals, there grows throughout India much millet . . . and much pulse of different sorts, and rice also, and what is called bosporum [Indian millet]. . . . Since there is a double rainfall [i.e., the two monsoons] in the course of each year . . . the inhabitants of India almost always gather in two harvests annually.
Early Common Era – High Middle Ages (200–1200 CE)[edit]
The Tamil people cultivated a wide range of crops such as rice, sugarcane, millets, black pepper, various grains, coconuts, beans, cotton, plantain, tamarind and sandalwood.[45] Jackfruit, coconut, palm, areca and plantain trees were also known.[45] Systematic ploughing, manuring, weeding, irrigation and crop protection was practiced for sustained agriculture.[46] Water storage systems were designed during this period.[1] Kallanai (1st-2nd century CE), a dam built on river Kaveri during this period, is considered to be one of the oldest water-regulation structures in the world still in use.[1]
Spice trade involving spices native to India—including cinnamon and black pepper—gained momentum as India started shipping spices to the Mediterranean.[6] Roman trade with India followed as detailed by the archaeological record and the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.[6] Chinese sericulture attracted Indian sailors during the early centuries of the common era.[6] Crystallised sugar was discovered by the time of the Guptas (320-550 CE),[47] and the earliest reference of candied sugar come from India.[48] The process was soon transmitted to China with traveling Buddhist monks.[48] Chinese documents confirm at least two missions to India, initiated in 647 CE, for obtaining technology for sugar-refining.[49] Each mission returned with results on refining sugar.[49] Indian spice exports find mention in the works of Ibn Khurdadhbeh (850), al-Ghafiqi (1150), Ishak bin Imaran (907) and Al Kalkashandi (fourteenth century).[50]
Noboru Karashima's research of the agrarian society in South India during the Chola Empire (875-1279) reveals that during the Chola rule land was transferred and collective holding of land by a group of people slowly gave way to individual plots of land, each with their own irrigation system.[51] The growth of individual disposition of farming property may have led to a decrease in areas of dry cultivation.[8] The Cholas also had bureaucrats which oversaw the distribution of water—-particularly the distribution of water by tank-and-channel networks to the drier areas.[8]
Late Middle Ages (1200–1526 CE)[edit]
The construction of water works and aspects of water technology in Medieval India is described in Arabic and Persian works.[52] The diffusion of Indian and Persian irrigation technologies gave rise to an irrigation systems which brought about economic growth and growth of material culture.[52] Agricultural 'zones' were broadly divided into those producing rice, wheat or millets.[5] Rice production continued to dominate Gujarat and wheat dominated north and central India.[5]
Sugar mills appeared in India shortly during this era. Evidence for the use of a draw bar for sugar-milling appears at Delhi in 1540, but may date back earlier, and was mainly used in the northern Indian subcontinent. Geared sugar rolling mills later appeared in Mughal India, using the principle of rollers as well as worm gearing, by the 17th century.[53]
Mughal Era (1526–1757 CE)[edit]
Indian agricultural production increased under the Mughal Empire,[54] during which India's population growth accelerated.[55] A variety of crops were grown, including food crops such as wheat, rice, and barley, and non-food cash crops such as cotton, indigo and opium. By the mid-17th century, Indian cultivators begun to extensively grow two new crops from the Americas, maize and tobacco.[54]
Land management was particularly strong during the regime of Akbar the Great (reigned 1556-1605), under whom scholar-bureaucrat Todarmal formulated and implemented elaborated methods for agricultural management on a rational basis.[9] Indian crops—such as cotton, sugar, and citric fruits—spread visibly throughout North Africa, Islamic Spain, and the Middle East.[56] Though they may have been in cultivation prior to the solidification of Islam in India, their production was further improved as a result of this recent wave, which led to far-reaching economic outcomes for the regions involved.[56]
The Mughal administration emphasized agrarian reform, which began under the Sur emperor Sher Shah Suri, the work of which Akbar adopted and furthered with more reforms. The civil administration was organized in a hierarchical manner on the basis of merit, with promotions based on performance.[57] The Mughal government funded the building of irrigation systems across the empire, which produced much higher crop yields and increased the net revenue base, leading to increased agricultural production.[54]
A major Mughal reform introduced by Akbar was a new land revenue system called zabt. He replaced the tribute system, previously common in India and used by Tokugawa Japan at the time, with a monetary tax system based on a uniform currency.[58] The revenue system was biased in favour of higher value cash crops such as cotton, indigo, sugar cane, tree-crops, and opium, providing state incentives to grow cash crops, in addition to rising market demand.[59] Under the zabt system, the Mughals also conducted extensive cadastral surveying to assess the area of land under plow cultivation, with the Mughal state encouraging greater land cultivation by offering tax-free periods to those who brought new land under cultivation.[60]
Indian agriculture was advanced compared to Europe at the time, such as the common use of the seed drill among Indian peasants before its adoption in European agriculture.[61] While the average peasant across the world was only skilled in growing very few crops, the average Indian peasant was skilled in growing a wide variety of food and non-food crops, increasing their productivity.[62] Indian peasants were also quick to adapt to profitable new crops, such as maize and tobacco from the New World being rapidly adopted and widely cultivated across Mughal India between 1600 and 1650. Bengali peasants rapidly learned techniques of mulberry cultivation and sericulture, establishing Bengal Subah as a major silk-producing region of the world.[59]
The History of Agriculture by Britannica Educational Publishing[63] details the many crops introduced to India during this period of extensive global discourse:
Cultivation of tobacco, introduced by the Portuguese spread rapidly. The Malabār Coast was the home of spices, especially black pepper, that had stimulated the first European adventures in the East. Coffee had been imported from Abyssinia and became a popular beverage in aristocratic circles by the end of the century. Tea, which was to become the commoner's drink and a major export, was yet undiscovered, though it was growing wild in the hills of Assam. Vegetables were cultivated mainly in the vicinity of towns. New species of fruit, such as the pineapple, papaya, and cashew nut, also were introduced by the Portuguese. The quality of mango and citrus fruits was greatly improved.
According to evidence cited by the economic historians Immanuel Wallerstein, Irfan Habib, Percival Spear, and Ashok Desai, per-capita agricultural output and standards of consumption in 17th-century Mughal India was on-par with or higher than in 17th-century Europe and early 20th-century British India.[64] The increased agricultural productivity led to lower food prices; compared to Britain, the price of grain was about one-half in South India and one-third in Bengal, in terms of silver, in the 18th century.[65]
Colonial British Era (1757–1947 CE)[edit]
Sutlej Valley from Rampur ca. 1857. A number of irrigation canals are located on the Sutlej river.
Few Indian commercial crops—such as Cotton, indica, opium, wheat, and rice—made it to the global market under the British Raj in India.[66] The second half of the 19th century saw some increase in land under cultivation and agricultural production expanded at an average rate of about 1% per year by the later 19th century.[67] Due to extensive irrigation by canal networks Punjab, Narmada valley, and Andhra Pradesh became centres of agrarian reforms. Roy (2006) comments on the Influence of the world wars on the Indian agricultural system:[67]
Agricultural performance in the interwar period (1918–1939) was dismal. From 1891 to 1946, the annual growth rate of all crop output was 0.4 %, and food-grain output was practically stagnant. There were significant regional and intercrop differences, however, nonfood crops doing better than food crops. Among food crops, by far the most important source of stagnation was rice. Bengal had below-average growth rates in both food and nonfood crop output, whereas Punjab and Madras were the least stagnant regions. In the interwar period, population growth accelerated while food output decelerated, leading to declining availability of food per head. The crisis was most acute in Bengal, where food output declined at an annual rate of about 0.7 % from 1921 to 1946, when population grew at an annual rate of about 1 %.
The British regime in India did supply the irrigation works but rarely on the scale required. Community effort and private investment soared as market for irrigation developed. Agricultural prices of some commodities rose to about three times between 1870-1920.[67]
A rich source of the state of Indian agriculture in the early British era is a report prepared by a British engineer, Thomas Barnard, and his Indian guide, Raja Chengalvaraya Mudaliar, around 1774. This report contains data of agricultural production in about 800 villages in the area around Chennai in the years 1762 to 1766. This report is available in Tamil in the form of palm leaf manuscripts at Thanjavur Tamil University, and in English in the Tamil Nadu State Archives. A series of articles in The Hindu newspaper in the early 1990s authored by researchers at The Centre for Policy Studies [1] led by Shri Dharampal highlight the impressive production statistics of Indian farmers of that era.
Republic of India (1947 CE onwards)[edit]
Bhakra Dam (completed 1963) is the largest dam in India.
Special programmes were undertaken to improve food and cash crops supply.[68] The Grow More Food Campaign (1940s) and the Integrated Production Programme (1950s) focused on food and cash crops supply respectively.[68] Five-year plans of India—oriented towards agricultural development—soon followed.[68] Land reclamation, land development, mechanisation, electrification, use of chemicals—fertilisers in particular, and development of agriculture oriented 'package approach' of taking a set of actions instead of promoting single aspect soon followed under government supervision.[69] The many 'production revolutions' initiated from 1960s onwards included Green Revolution in India, Yellow Revolution (oilseed: 1986-1990), Operation Flood (dairy: 1970-1996), and Blue Revolution (fishing: 1973-2002) etc.[70] Following the economic reforms of 1991, significant growth was registered in the agricultural sector, which was by now benefiting from the earlier reforms and the newer innovations of Agro-processing and Biotechnology.[71][72]
Due to the growth and prosperity that followed India's economic reforms a strong middle class emerged as the main consumer of fruits, dairy, fish, meat and vegetables—a marked shift from the earlier staple based consumption.[73] Since 1991, changing consumption patterns led to a 'revolution' in 'high value' agriculture while the need for cereals is experienced a decline.[73] The per capita consumption of cereals declined from 192 to 152 kilograms from 1977 to 1999 while the consumption of fruits increased by 553%, vegetables by 167%, dairy products by 105%, and non-vegetarian products by 85% in India's rural areas alone.[74] Urban areas experienced a similar increase.[74]
Agricultural exports continued to grow at well over 10.1% annually through the 1990s.[75] Contract farming—which requires the farmers to produce crops for a company under contract—and high value agricultural product increased.[76] Contract farming led to a decrease in transaction costs while the contract farmers made more profit compared to the non-contract workforce.[77] However, small landholding continued to create problems for India's farmers as the limited land resulted in limited produce and limited profits.[75]
Some Indian farmers.
The 1991 reforms also contributed to a rise in suicides by indebted farmers in India following crop failures (e.g. Bt cotton). Various studies identify the important factors as the withdrawal of government support, insufficient or risky credit systems, the difficulty of farming semi-arid regions, poor agricultural income, absence of alternative income opportunities, a downturn in the urban economy which forced non-farmers into farming, and the absence of suitable counseling services.[78][79][80]
Since independence, India has become one of the largest producers of wheat, edible oil, potato, spices, rubber, tea, fishing, fruits, and vegetables in the world.[81] The Ministry of Agriculture oversees activities relating to agriculture in India. Various institutions for agriculture related research in India were organised under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (est. 1929). Other organisations such as the National Dairy Development Board (est. 1965), and National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (est. 1982) aided the formation of cooperatives and improved financing.
The contribution of agriculture in employing India's male workforce decreased from 75.9% in 1961 to 60% in 1999–2000.[82] Dev (2006) holds that 'there were about 45 million agricultural labor households in the country in 1999–2000.'[83] These households recorded the highest incidence of poverty in India from 1993 to 2000.[84] The green revolution introduced high yielding varieties of crops which also increased the usage of fertilisers and pesticides.[85] About 90% of the pesticide usage in India is accounted for by DDT and Lindane (BHC/HCH).[86] There has been a shift to organic agriculture particularly for exported commodities.[87]
During 2003-04, agriculture accounted for 22% of India's GDP and employed 58 per cent of the country's workforce.[88] India is the world's largest producer of milk, fruits, cashew nuts, coconuts, ginger, turmeric, banana, sapota, pulses, and black pepper.[88] India is the second largest producer of groundnut, wheat, vegetables, sugar and fish in the world.[88] India is also the third largest producer of tobacco and rice, the fourth largest producer of coarse grains, the fifth largest producer of eggs, and the seventh largest producer of meat.[88]
See also[edit]
Agriculture in India
Fishing in India
Livestock in India
Forestry in India
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Gangal et al. (2014):[15] "There are several lines of evidence that support the idea of connection between the Neolithic in the Near East and in the Indian subcontinent. The prehistoric site of Mehrgarh in Baluchistan (modern Pakistan) is the earliest Neolithic site in the north-west Indian subcontinent, dated as early as 8500 BCE.[18][17]

Neolithic domesticated crops in Mehrgarh include more than 90% barley and a small amount of wheat. There is good evidence for the local domestication of barley and the zebu cattle at Mehrgarh [19],[18] [20],[19] but the wheat varieties are suggested to be of Near-Eastern origin, as the modern distribution of wild varieties of wheat is limited to Northern Levant and Southern Turkey [21].[20] A detailed satellite map study of a few archaeological sites in the Baluchistan and Khybar Pakhtunkhwa regions also suggests similarities in early phases of farming with sites in Western Asia [22].[21] Pottery prepared by sequential slab construction, circular fire pits filled with burnt pebbles, and large granaries are common to both Mehrgarh and many Mesopotamian sites [23].[22] The postures of the skeletal remains in graves at Mehrgarh bear strong resemblance to those at Ali Kosh in the Zagros Mountains of southern Iran [19].[18] Clay figurines found in Mehrgarh resemble those discovered at Zaghe on the Qazvin plain south of the Elburz range in Iran (the 7th millennium BCE) and Jeitun in Turkmenistan (the 6th millennium BCE) [24].[23] Strong arguments have been made for the Near-Eastern origin of some domesticated plants and herd animals at Jeitun in Turkmenistan (pp. 225–227 in [25]).[24]

The Near East is separated from the Indus Valley by the arid plateaus, ridges and deserts of Iran and Afghanistan, where rainfall agriculture is possible only in the foothills and cul-de-sac valleys [26].[25] Nevertheless, this area was not an insurmountable obstacle for the dispersal of the Neolithic. The route south of the Caspian sea is a part of the Silk Road, some sections of which were in use from at least 3,000 BCE, connecting Badakhshan (north-eastern Afghanistan and south-eastern Tajikistan) with Western Asia, Egypt and India [27].[26] Similarly, the section from Badakhshan to the Mesopotamian plains (the Great Khorasan Road) was apparently functioning by 4,000 BCE and numerous prehistoric sites are located along it, whose assemblages are dominated by the Cheshmeh-Ali (Tehran Plain) ceramic technology, forms and designs [26].[25] Striking similarities in figurines and pottery styles, and mud-brick shapes, between widely separated early Neolithic sites in the Zagros Mountains of north-western Iran (Jarmo and Sarab), the Deh Luran Plain in southwestern Iran (Tappeh Ali Kosh and Chogha Sefid), Susiana (Chogha Bonut and Chogha Mish), the Iranian Central Plateau (Tappeh-Sang-e Chakhmaq), and Turkmenistan (Jeitun) suggest a common incipient culture [28].[27] The Neolithic dispersal across South Asia plausibly involved migration of the population ([29][28] and [25], pp. 231–233).[24] This possibility is also supported by Y-chromosome and mtDNA analyses [30],[29] [31]."[30]
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^ Jump up to: a b c http://gatematerial.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/encyclopaedia-of-india-vol-1_-_a-d.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b c Kumar, 143
Jump up ^ Kumar, 144-145
Jump up ^ Kumar, 145-148
Jump up ^ Kumar, 148
Jump up ^ Balakrishnan P et al (2008) Agricultural Growth in India since 1991 Reserve Bank of India, Mumbai
^ Jump up to: a b Gulati, 14
^ Jump up to: a b Gulati, 14-15
^ Jump up to: a b Gulati, 15
Jump up ^ Gulati, 15-16
Jump up ^ Gulati, 16
Jump up ^ Guillaume P. Gruère, Purvi Mehta-Bhatt and Debdatta Sengupta (2008). "Bt Cotton and Farmer Suicides in India: Reviewing the Evidence" (PDF). International Food Policy Research Institute.
Jump up ^ Nagraj, K. (2008). "Farmers suicide in India: magnitudes, trends and spatial patterns" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Mishra, Srijit (2007). "Risks, Farmers' Suicides and Agrarian Crisis in India: Is There A Way Out?" (PDF). Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR).
Jump up ^ Indian agriculture, Indian Embassy to Armenia.
Jump up ^ Dev, 17
Jump up ^ Dev, 18
Jump up ^ Dev, 19
Jump up ^ Pimentel & Pimentel (1990)
Jump up ^ Ray etc. (1985)
Jump up ^ Bhattacharyya & Chakraborty (2005)
^ Jump up to: a b c d Indian agriculture, Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry.
Sources[edit]
Agarwal, Ankit (2011), "Theory of Optimum Utilisation of Resources in agriculture during the Gupta Period", History Today 12, New Delhi, ISSN 2249-748X.
Baber, Zaheer (1996), The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilisation, and Colonial Rule in India, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-7914-2919-9.
Bhattacharyya, P.; Chakraborty, G. (2005). "Current status of organic farming in India and other countries". Indian Journal of Fertilisers. 1 (9): 111–123.
Balambal, V. (1998), Studies in the History of the Sangam Age, Kalinga Publications.
Dev, S. M. (2006), "Agricultural Labor and Wages since 1950", Encyclopedia of India (vol. 1) edited by Stanley Wolpert, pp. 17–20, Thomson Gale, ISBN 0-684-31350-2.
Donkin, Robin A. (2003), Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices Up to the Arrival of Europeans, Diane Publishing Company, ISBN 0-87169-248-1.
Gangal, Kavita; Sarson, Graeme R.; Shukurov, Anvar (2014), "The Near-Eastern Roots of the Neolithic in South Asia", PLoS ONE, 9 (5): e95714, Bibcode:2014PLoSO...995714G, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095714, PMC 4012948  , PMID 24806472
Gulati, A. (2006), "Agricultural Growth and Diversification since 1991", Encyclopedia of India (vol. 1) edited by Stanley Wolpert, pp. 14–17, Thomson Gale, ISBN 0-684-31350-2.
Gupta, Anil K. (2004), "Origin of agriculture and domestication of plants and animals linked to early Holocene climate amelioration", Current Science, 87 (1), Indian Academy of Sciences.
Harris, David R. & Gosden, C. (1996), The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia: Crops, Fields, Flocks And Herds, Routledge, ISBN 1-85728-538-7.
Kahn, Charles (2005), World History: Societies of the Past, Portage & Main Press, ISBN 1-55379-045-6.
Kieschnick, John (2003), The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-09676-7.
Krebs, Robert E. & Krebs, Carolyn A. (2003), Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Ancient World, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-313-31342-3.
Kumar, R. (2005), "Land Records-Issues and Innovations: A case study of Bhojpur, Bihar", Computerisation of land records edited by Wajahat Habibullah & Manoj Ahuja, Sage Publications, ISBN 0-7619-3347-6.
Lal, R (2001). "Thematic evolution of ISTRO: transition in scientific issues and research focus from 1955 to 2000". Soil and Tillage Research. 61 (1-2): 3–12 [3]. doi:10.1016/s0167-1987(01)00184-2.
Murphy, Denis J. (2007), People, Plants and Genes: The Story of Crops and Humanity, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-920713-5.
Palat, R. A. (1995), "Historical Transformations in Agrarian systems Based on Wet-Rice Cultivation: Toward an Alternative Model of Social Change", Food and Agrarian Orders in the World-Economy edited by Philip McMichael, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-313-29399-6.
Possehl, Gregory L. (1996), "Mehrgarh", Oxford Companion to Archaeology edited by Brian Fagan, Oxford University Press.
George A. Grierson (1885). Bihar Peasant Life. Bengal Secretariat Press, Calcutta.
Pillay, J.K. (1972), Educational system of the ancient Tamils, Madras.
Pimentel, D.; Pimentel, M. (1990). "Comment: Adverse Environmental Consequences of the Green Revolution". Population and Development Review. 16: 329–332. doi:10.2307/2808081.
Ray (1985). "Pesticides – environmental problem". Science and Culture. 57: 363–371.
Rodda & Ubertini (2004), The Basis of Civilisation-Water Science?, International Association of Hydrological Science, ISBN 1-901502-57-0.
Roy, T. (2006), "Agricultural Prices and Production, 1757–1947", Encyclopedia of India (vol. 1) edited by Stanley Wolpert, pp. 20–22, Thomson Gale, ISBN 0-684-31350-2.
Shaffer, Lynda (2000), "Southernisation", Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History edited by Michael Adas, Temple University Press, ISBN 1-56639-832-0.
Sharpe, Peter (1998), Sugar Cane: Past and Present, Southern Illinois University.
Siddiqui, Iqtidar Husain (1986). "Water Works and Irrigation System in India during Pre-Mughal Times". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 29 (1): 52–77. doi:10.2307/3632072.
Singh, Vijay P. & Yadava, R. N. (2003), Water Resources System Operation: Proceedings of the International Conference on Water and Environment, Allied Publishers, ISBN 81-7764-548-X.
Singh, Sakshi (2016), "Dissecting the influence of Neolithic demic diffusion on Indian Y-chromosome pool through J2-M172 haplogroup", Sci. Rep., 6: 19157, Bibcode:2016NatSR...619157S, doi:10.1038/srep19157, PMC 4709632  , PMID 26754573
Smith, C. Wayne (2000), Sorghum: Origin, History, Technology, and Production, John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 0-471-24237-3.
Stein, Burton (1998), A History of India, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-20546-2.
Thulasamma, L. (2006), "Technical Change in Agriculture, 1952–2000", Encyclopedia of India (vol. 4) edited by Stanley Wolpert, pp. 143–148, Thomson Gale, ISBN 0-684-31353-7.
Venkata Subramanian, T.K. (1988), Environment and urbanisation in early Tamilakam, Thanjavur: Tamil University.
Wisseman, S. U. & Williams, W. S. (1994), Ancient Technologies and Archaeological Materials, Routledge, ISBN 2-88124-632-X.
[hide]
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Navicular bone
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the bone in the human wrist/hand formerly called navicular, see scaphoid bone.
Navicular bone
Bones of the human foot, with Navicularis labeled at upper left in image.
Details
Identifiers
Latin
os naviculare
Dorlands
/Elsevier
o_07/12598543
TA
A02.5.12.001
FMA
24499
Anatomical terms of bone
[edit on Wikidata]
The navicular bone /nəˈvɪkjʊlər/ is a small bone found in the feet of most mammals.
Contents
[hide]
1 Human anatomy
1.1 Clinical significance
2 Horse anatomy
3 See also
4 Notes
5 External links
Human anatomy[edit]
The navicular bone in humans is one of the tarsal bones, found in the foot. Its name derives from the human bone's resemblance to a small boat, caused by the strongly concave proximal articular surface. The term navicular bone or hand navicular bone was formerly used for the scaphoid bone,[1] one of the carpal bones of the wrist.
The navicular bone in humans is located on the medial side of the foot, and articulates proximally with the talus, distally with the three cuneiform bones, and laterally with the cuboid.
It is the last of the foot bones to start ossification and does not tend to do so until the end of the third year in girls and the beginning of the fourth year in boys, although a large range of variation has been reported.[2]
Navicular bone. Superior view.
Navicular bone. Inferior view.
Fracture of the navicular bone
The tibialis posterior is the only muscle that attaches to the navicular bone. The main portion of the muscle inserts into the tuberosity of the navicular bone.[3] An accessory navicular bone may be present in 2–14% of the general population.[4][5][6]
Clinical significance[edit]
The human navicular is not a commonly broken bone.
Horse anatomy[edit]
Main article: Navicular syndrome
The horse has a sesamoid bone called the navicular bone, located within the hoof, that lies on the palmar aspect of the coffin joint between the second phalanx and third phalanx (coffin bone). The navicular bone in the horse is supported by the distal sesamoidean impar ligament and two collateral sesamoidean ligaments. The navicular bursa is located between the flexor surface of the navicular bone and the deep digital flexor tendon, which runs between the bursa and the distal phalanx.[7] The central tarsal bone in the hock of the horse is homologous and analogous to the navicular bone of the human foot, and thus the navicular bone in the horse is a different structure from the eponymously labeled bone in humans.[8]
The navicular region is an important structure in relation to lameness, particularly in the front feet, and is involved with a significant disease process called navicular disease or navicular syndrome. Recently much of the original literature concerning navicular disease has been called into question, particularly the significance of radiographic changes as a sole diagnostic criterion.[9] Navicular syndrome may be responsible for as much as 1/3 of all cases of lameness in horses, but radiographic changes in the navicular bone do not always provide a definitive diagnosis. Newer imaging techniques have shown that damage to the soft tissues in the region may be significant contributors to lameness and that multiple causes may result in visible lameness.[7]
See also[edit]
Bone terminology
Terms for anatomical location
Equine forelimb anatomy
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Navicular bone.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Gray's Anatomy, 6b. The Hand. 1. The Carpus. 4". 1918. Retrieved December 2009. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ Louise Scheuer & Sue Black (2004). The Juvenile Skeleton.
Jump up ^ Bojsen-Møller, Finn; Simonsen, Erik B.; Tranum-Jensen, Jørgen (2001). Bevægeapparatets anatomi [Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus] (in Danish) (12th ed.). p. 293. ISBN 978-87-628-0307-7.
Jump up ^ "Top Rated Foot Surgeons - Foot & Ankle Institute in Baltimore- Mercy".
Jump up ^ "Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics".
Jump up ^ www.mynameiskaan.com. "Macrorad Teleradiology Case Report - SYMPTOMATIC ACCESSORY NAVICULAR BONE".
^ Jump up to: a b R. Wayne Waguespack, DVM, MS, DACVS R. Reid Hanson, DVM, DACVS, DACVECC (December 2010). "Navicular Syndrome in Equine Patients: Anatomy, Causes, and Diagnosis" (PDF). Surgical Views. Auburn University. Retrieved 11 January 2013. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Chapter 32, FRACTURE AND LUXATION OF THE TARSUS AND METATARSUS "Textbook of Small Animal Orthopaedics" written by Charles D. Newton, D.V.M., M.S. and David M. Nunamaker, V.M.D. J.B. Lippincott Company, 1985.
Jump up ^ Citing Clinical Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual for Veterinary Technicians, Colville, Thomas and Bassert, Joanna M. 2008 Publ. Mosby/Elsevier, Canada. "Navicular Bone - The distal sesamoid bone of the horse. The navicular bone is located deep in the hoof behind the joint between the middle and distal phalanges."
External links[edit]
3D printable navicular bone model, free download in STL format (Embodi3D.com)
[hide]
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Bones of the human leg
Femur
upper extremity
head
fovea
neck
greater trochanter
fossa
lesser trochanter
intertrochanteric line
intertrochanteric crest
quadrate tubercle
shaft
linea aspera
upper medial: merges with intertrochanteric line
upper intermediate: pectineal line
upper lateral: gluteal tuberosity / third trochanter
lower extremity
adductor tubercle
patellar surface
epicondyles
lateral
medial
condyles
lateral
medial
intercondylar fossa
Tibia
upper extremity
Gerdy's tubercle
condyles
lateral
medial
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posterior
anterior
intercondylar eminence
lateral tubercle
medial tubercle
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tuberosity
soleal line
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Fibula
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Other
patella
apex
Foot
Tarsus
calcaneus
sustentaculum tali
calcaneal tubercle
talus
navicular
cuboid
cuneiform
medial
intermediate
lateral
Metatarsals
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Other
Phalanges
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navicular_bone&oldid=810034140"
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Tarsal bones
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Kelly Kapoor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Kelly Kapoor
First appearance
"Diversity Day"
Last appearance
"Finale"
Created by
Greg Daniels
Portrayed by
Mindy Kaling
Information
Gender
Female
Occupation
Customer Service Representative, Dunder Mifflin, Scranton
Title
Kelly Kapoor
Family
Roopa Kapoor (sister)
Neepa Kapoor (sister)
Tiffany Kapoor (sister)
Unnamed Sister (deceased)
Spouse(s)
Ravi (Season 8–Season 9)
Ryan Howard (On and off relationship but get back together in series finale)
Nationality
American
Kelly Rajnigandha Kapoor (February 5, 1980) is a fictional character from the US television series The Office. She is played by Mindy Kaling, who is also a writer and producer for the show.
Slate magazine called the character one of the reasons to look forward to the return of the show in fall 2007.[1]
Kaling left the cast and crew after its 8th season to become the creator and star of The Mindy Project, another show produced by Universal Television.[2] She had a guest role in the 9th-season premiere,[3] and the series finale.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Biography
3 Seasons 1–2
4 Seasons 3–4
5 Seasons 5–6
6 Season 7
7 Season 8–9
8 References
Overview[edit]
Kelly Kapoor is a customer service representative at the Scranton branch of fictitious paper distributor Dunder Mifflin. Kelly is the office chatterbox, usually on topics that a teenager might discuss, such as boys, dating, and celebrity gossip. She has said that she wants to get married, and that she cannot wait to "get pregnant and have babies." Her closest counterpart in the British series is Donna, although they are not similar in terms of personality.
Biography[edit]
Kelly is an Indian American although she frequently makes incorrect statements about her heritage or religion. Her parents were brought together through an arranged marriage and she has three living sisters, as well as another who died.
She tends to engage in long-winded, one-sided conversations on relatively trivial subjects, often to the chagrin of Toby Flenderson, with whom she shares the annex, situated off the main office. Sometimes, it appears that Kelly plays dumb, as evidenced by a conspiratorial wink to the camera in "Boys and Girls." She enjoys shopping, especially online, as seen in "The Coup" and in "Dunder Mifflin Infinity" and she also loves clothing, as seen in "The Coup" and "Women's Appreciation."
Kelly spent a year in a juvenile hall for stealing her ex-boyfriend's father's boat.
Seasons 1–2[edit]
Kelly is portrayed in Season 1 very differently than later in the series. Rather than being loquacious and adolescent, she is just a mild-mannered employee who is just another target of branch Manager Michael Scott's stereotypes. She is first featured in the episode "Diversity Day," where Michael conducts a diversity training seminar for his employees. When Michael suggests everyone state a race they are sexually attracted to, Dwight immediately responds "White and Indian," which gets a curious (and rather alarmed) look from her. Kelly leaves to go to a customer meeting and comes back in the middle of a game where everyone in the room has to put a card with a specific race on their forehead (with the race being unknown to themselves), and then must treat everyone as if they were the race on their card. Michael, frustrated that no one is playing properly, attempts to demonstrate how to play, by approaching Kelly as she walks into the room and speaking in a stereotypical Indian accent. He starts to get offensive, mentioning various Indian stereotypes, such as convenience stores and trying to offer her "some of my googi googi," to which Kelly responds by slapping him and walking away.[5]
Kelly's race subjects her to embarrassing and insulting references from Michael. For instance, she wins the "Spicy Curry" award at the 8th Annual Dundie Awards. She angrily questions an evasive Michael about why she got the award. She dresses up as Dorothy from The Wizard of Oz on Halloween, which prompts Michael to say, "Interesting take on Dorothy" followed by his suggesting that she wear a soccer uniform and dress like Jess Bhamra, a character of Indian descent in Bend It Like Beckham.
During the company "Christmas Party," Kelly gives a possibly inebriated kiss to Dwight, possibly due to his comment in "Diversity Day," although this plot line did not develop (Dwight was already dating Angela). Instead, Kelly was involved in a wildly uneven relationship with Ryan Howard, the office temp. She hinted (often with little subtlety) that she wanted to marry him and have children as soon as possible, though he was strongly opposed to it and was not especially interested in her. The relationship was often rocky, as Kelly suffocated Ryan with her almost aggressively perky behavior. She tells Jim in "The Carpet" that she likes Beyoncé, pink (the color), Pink (the singer), basically anything that is awesome, hot dogs, and snowcones. In the episode "Take Your Daughter To Work Day," we see Kelly's manipulative side, after she witnessed Stanley's teenage daughter shadowing Ryan. Kelly lies and tells Stanley that Ryan flirted with the teenager, after which Stanley berates Ryan. In the season finale "Casino Night," Ryan wearily admits to Jim that he is still dating Kelly.[6]
Seasons 3–4[edit]
At the Hindu Diwali festival, Kelly's parents criticize her choice in Ryan for not being committed to marriage and family and for not making enough money ("Diwali"); they suggest that she go for a particular, more successful man of Indian descent. When Jim Halpert sees Kelly for the first time after the merger between the Stamford and Scranton branches, he asks her what has been going on in her life, to which Kelly responds by gossiping excitedly about Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes's daughter Suri and Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie's daughter Shiloh; when Jim reaffirms his question of what has been going on with her life, she blankly replies that she just told him. She joins Pam and Karen's party in "A Benihana Christmas" with Ryan.
Hurt by Ryan's comments in "Business School," Michael moves Ryan's desk next to Kelly's as a form of punishment. Kelly is excited by the move, though she and Ryan bicker (and passionately make up) frequently. In "The Negotiation," Kelly reveals that Ryan once laughed at her during a date when a boy on a Ferris wheel spilled his milkshake on her. Ryan just replies "Well, that was funny; that's why." She also questions Ryan's bravery, mentioning that he once called her for help when he thought there was a "murderer" in his apartment. All this bickering makes Toby wonder in a talking head interview if Michael purposely put Ryan and Kelly together next to him just to punish him. Toby comments, "If he did... genius."
Despite her often frivolous and immature behavior, Kelly is seen in a rare professional capacity in "Product Recall." She trains Oscar, Angela, and Kevin for taking customer service phone calls after an obscene watermark is printed on Dunder Mifflin paper, prompting too many complaint calls for Kelly alone to answer. She is very enthusiastic about this new task, and mentions that sometimes when she is bored she will make up a name for herself or talk in an accent (such as imitating Bridget Jones) while on the phone. Unlike Angela, who cannot bring herself to follow Kelly's advice and say "I'm sorry" to irate customers, Kelly demonstrates notable skill at soothing the angry callers.
In "The Job," Ryan abruptly ends his relationship with Kelly after receiving a promotion to the corporate headquarters. According to a short NBC advertisement that aired after the season, Kelly spent much of the summer crying, and her days in the office were spent under her desk not speaking or associating with anyone.[7]
Kelly spends most of season four getting over her breakup with Ryan and beginning a new relationship with Darryl Philbin. In "Dunder Mifflin Infinity," Kelly attempts to reunited with Ryan by telling him she is pregnant with his child. Kelly is overjoyed when Ryan agrees to have dinner with her, but the plan backfires when he learns that she is not actually pregnant. When he confronts her about it, she does not understand why the lie would upset him and is surprised and upset when he refuses to date her again. Ryan later asks Corporate to have her job outsourced to India.
A relationship sparks with warehouse foreman Darryl, after he protects Kelly from Dwight's anger over her purchasing paper online while he was trying to beat the website in sales. She delightedly confesses that she did not really need paper; she just loves the cute and friendly seeming website because she gets to hear the sound effect and the text that says "Thanks for shopping with Dunder Mifflin!"
In the episode "Money," Kelly and Darryl kiss in the conference room in front of Ryan, confirming their relationship. Kelly does not seem to have forgiven Ryan, however, during a grammar discussion of objective and subjective case, Kelly complains that Ryan used her "as an object." Darryl seems at times much less enthusiastic about the relationship, evoking Ryan's previous attitude toward Kelly. He declines to go on a date with her in favor of spending time with his daughter, and when Kelly presents him with an ultimatum (her or his daughter), he does not change his mind. However, he complains in a talking head interview that Kelly primarily seems interested in him when Ryan is around. He also gives her some rare straight talk, showing that he can view their relationship in a mature way. A bemused Kelly tells the cameras, "Darryl Philbin is the most complicated man that I have ever met. I mean who says exactly what they're thinking? What kind of game is that?"
In the episodes "Local Ad" and "The Deposition," it becomes clearer that Kelly and Darryl are dating. In the latter episode, Kelly becomes confrontational and insulting towards Pam when Darryl keeps beating Jim at ping-pong. Pam finally gets fed up and challenges Kelly to a game. However, it becomes clear immediately that Kelly and Pam are evenly matched at ping-pong, as they both are abysmal.
In "Goodbye, Toby," Kelly shows that she still bears a grudge against Ryan, who has been arrested on charges of fraud. She describes in detail how she looks forward to visiting Ryan in prison, where the other inmates would be sure to check her out and tell Ryan that they wish they had an ex-girlfriend as hot as her.[8]
Seasons 5–6[edit]
In season five, Ryan seems to have a renewed interest in Kelly. However, she is still dating Darryl. In "Customer Survey," she changes Jim and Dwight's customer survey scores because they did not attend her America's Got Talent wrap party. They explain this to Michael, however he lets her off the hook after she had stated both that she was raped and loved Michael's tie. He says that he can relate to her because he often had trouble getting people to come to his parties as well. Michael comments that she often says she was raped when she is caught in a problem. She pretends to start crying, but they both end up laughing. In "Business Trip," Ryan moves back to the annex with Kelly in preparation for Pam's return. Kelly says she has no intention of getting back together with Ryan given the way he treated her, but the two are later seen passionately kissing. Ryan helps Kelly send a message to Darryl saying their relationship is over, and Darryl responds saying "it's cool." Kelly is overjoyed while Ryan is shocked and Darryl happily walks to his truck. Kelly and Ryan confirm that they are dating again. In the next episode, Ryan allegedly takes a trip to Thailand so they break up again. A confused Kelly agrees to give him money and have sex with him one more time before he goes.
Later, in "The Duel," after Angela remarks of her delight that two men are fighting over her, Kelly responds, "I guess people have fewer choices as they get older." In "Lecture Circuit Part 1" Dwight finds out from her personal record that she was in juvenile hall for almost two years, the reason being that she stole her boyfriend's dad's boat after he broke up with her. In Blood Drive, when she notices how upset Michael is, she sits with him, until it is closing time. When Michael quits his job, Kelly shows interest in her new boss, Charles, as does Angela. Kelly quickly befriends the new receptionist, Erin.[9] As of the beginning of season six, she is once again dating Ryan.
Season 7[edit]
In the season 7 premiere "Nepotism," Kelly is encouraged by Dwight to attend the minority executive training program from Yale. Dwight originally encouraged her in hopes to become her svengali but later regrets his decision.
In "Counseling," Kelly is the one who comes up with the idea that Dwight should Pretty Woman the Steamtown Mall, but when Jim says that it is a good idea, she does not remember what she said. In a talking-head interview, she admits to the camera that she knows she talks a lot, so she's learned to tune herself out.
In "Sex Ed," she considers Meredith "gross" for having genital herpes. In a deleted scene, she asks Jim to open up a jar of Fluff for her. While Jim is having trouble opening it, Kelly rambles about how she's not sure if Ryan is capable of true love, because he told her if he was stuck in heaven and she was stuck in hell, he would not live with her in hell. When Jim is unable to open the jar, he hands it back to her, to which she responds with "you're just gonna hand it back to me?"
In the beginning of "The Sting," when Oscar rides into the office on his bicycle that is the same model as Lance Armstrong's, Kelly says she feels awkward because she is on Sheryl Crow's side (referring to their breakup). Later, when Michael announces to the office that rival salesman Danny Cordray has been hired as their new traveling manager, Kelly mumbles "F**k me."
In "The Search," during the cold open, Ryan and Kelly announced to the office that they were getting a divorce, having married over a week earlier on the spur of the moment. They said the break-up was mutual, but after getting little reaction to their news, Ryan declared that the split was not amicable. After the divorce Ryan and Kelly continued to date.
Season 8–9[edit]
In Season 8, wanting to get Kelly away from Ryan, Pam sets her up with Cece's pediatrician, Ravi. When Ryan forces her to choose between the two, she chooses Ravi.
At the beginning of Season 9, it was revealed that Kelly and Ravi got engaged and moved to Miami, Ohio. Kelly quit her job at Dunder-Mifflin, mistakenly believing she was moving to Miami, Florida, with Ravi.
In "Finale," it is revealed that Kelly is married to Ravi but she leaves him when Ryan returns, and they reunite. Ryan originally had a baby named Drake who had been left with him by its mother who Ryan had been dating, but he leaves him with Ravi when he and Kelly run away together. Both Kaling and Novak returned as guests for the series finale.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Plotz, David (September 21, 2007). "Oh, How We've Missed You!". Slate. Retrieved 2007-09-23.
Jump up ^ Dan Snierson (September 25, 2012). "Mindy Kaling on The Mindy Project, leaving The Office, and the show title that could have been". Retrieved 2013-02-08.
Jump up ^ "Office S09E01". Zap2it. Tribune Company. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
Jump up ^ Rick Porter (January 17, 2013). "The Office plans a long goodbye, featuring Mindy Kaling and more familiar faces". Zap2it. Tribune Company. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
Jump up ^ Season 1[vague]
Jump up ^ Season 2[vague]
Jump up ^ Season 3[vague]
Jump up ^ Season 4[vague]
Jump up ^ Season 5[vague]
[hide]
v
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e
The Office (U.S. series)
Episodes
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Webisodes
The Accountants
Kevin's Loan
The Outburst
Blackmail
Subtle Sexuality
The Mentor
The 3rd Floor
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Michael Scott
Dwight Schrute
Jim Halpert
Pam Beesly
Ryan Howard
Andy Bernard
Robert California
Secondary
Jan Levinson
Roy Anderson
Stanley Hudson
Kevin Malone
Meredith Palmer
Angela Martin
Oscar Martinez
Phyllis Vance
Kelly Kapoor
Toby Flenderson
Creed Bratton
Darryl Philbin
Erin Hannon
Gabe Lewis
Holly Flax
Nellie Bertram
Pete Miller
Clark Green
Recurring
Todd Packer
David Wallace
Other
Dunder Mifflin
Awards
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelly_Kapoor&oldid=826523584"
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