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Love Yourself: Answer
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album by South Korean boy group BTS
Love Yourself 結 'Answer'
Compilation album by BTS
Released
August 24, 2018 (2018-08-24)[1]
Genre
Pop[2]
hip hop[2]
K-pop[3]
Length
1:39:51 (physical)
1:44:11 (digital)
Language
Korean
Label
Big Hit Entertainment
IRIVER[4]
Columbia[5]
Def Jam[5]
Producer
Pdogg
BTS chronology
Love Yourself: Tear
(2018) Love Yourself 結 'Answer'
(2018)
Physical album artwork
Left to right: Versions "S", "E", "L", and "F"
Singles from Love Yourself: Answer
"Idol"
Released: August 24, 2018
Love Yourself 結 'Answer' (stylized as LOVE YOURSELF 結 'Answer') is the third Korean-language[A] compilation album[7] by South Korean boy band BTS. The album was released on August 24, 2018 by Big Hit Entertainment and is available in 4 different versions: S, E, L, and F. The album contains twenty-five tracks (twenty-six for digital version), including seven new songs, with the track "Idol" serving as the lead single. Most tracks are from Love Yourself: Her, and Love Yourself: Tear, including some remixes. The album debuted at number one in South Korea, Canada and the United States, becoming BTS' second chart-topping album in the US market.
Contents
1 Background and release
2 Composition
3 Promotion
4 Critical reception
5 Commercial performance
6 Track listing
7 Charts
7.1 Album
7.2 Singles charted
7.3 Other charted songs
8 Certifications
9 Awards and nominations
10 Release history
11 Notes
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
Background and release[edit]
Answer was first announced on July 16, 2018,[1] with the announcement of the album containing seven new tracks coming the following day.[8] The album was designed as the finale of the Love Yourself series, which connected the story plot of short film Love Yourself 起 Wonder, EP Love Yourself 承 'Her', and studio album Love Yourself 轉 'Tear',[1] forming the "起承轉結 (Kishōtenketsu)" storytelling composition.[9]
Two versions of BTS' Jin in the "Epiphany" comeback trailer, representing a personal journey.[10]
On August 6, Big Hit Entertainment released a Most Beautiful Moment in Life note, part of a series of fictional notes pertaining to the concept of BTS' albums, starting with their 2015 EP The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Part 1. The note, written by BTS member Jin, spoke about him finding a notebook written by his father in the story. The book discussed the father's failures.[11] Three days later, on August 9, the trailer for the album, featuring a new song entitled "Epiphany", was released. The solo, described by Billboard magazine as a "building pop-rock melody",[12] was performed by Jin, and speaks about finding self-love. The song serves as one of the tracks for the album.[13] The trailer was directed by Yong-seok Choi (Lumpens),[14] and portrays multiple versions of Jin in a room, telling the story of a personal journey.[12] Philip Merrill of the Recording Academy described the video as having a "sense of going backward and forward, through time and through different versions of one's self".[10] Discussing Jin's performance of the video, Hong Hye-min of The Korea Times stated that it was as well-acted and emotional, with Jin's "sorrowful, free voice stand[ing] out".[15]
Promotional concept photos presenting four different themes were released on August 13 for the "S" and "E" versions,[16] and August 16 for the "L" and "F" versions.[17] Version "S" contained elements inspired by New Romanticism, with BTS in bright red boxes surrounded by cameras, eyes, hands, and amplifiers. Concept version "E" contained bright pastels, with BTS members in bubbles filled with fantastical nature elements.[18] The second set of teasers, versions "L" and "F", were brighter, with BTS members wearing a mix of retro streetwear and formal blazers and suits. In addition, version "L" contained black-and-white images, collaged with the contrasting bright photographs.[19] The official tracklist was released on August 20, revealing that it would be a compilation album containing songs from Love Yourself: Her and Love Yourself: Tear, with a total of twenty-five tracks.[20] The tracklist also announced remixed version of BTS' previous singles "DNA", "Mic Drop" and "Fake Love".[21] On August 22, 2018, the teaser for "Idol" was released.[22] On August 24, two hours before the release of Love Yourself: Answer, Big Hit Entertainment announced that an alternative version of "Idol" featuring Nicki Minaj will be included in the digital version of the album.[23] Afterwards, the album was released, along with the music video for "Idol".[24] A music video for the Nicki Minaj version of "Idol" was later released on September 6, 2018.[25]
Composition[edit]
Some of the albums themes include empowerment, youth, love, and reflection while the moods exhibited through the album are cathartic, lively, confidence, passion, and yearning among many other things. The genre of the album showcases various types of pop.[26]
Promotion[edit]
BTS arriving at KBS' Music Bank to perform on August 31, 2018.
On August 26, 2018, BTS held a press conference discussing the album, as well as the BTS World Tour: Love Yourself, which began the previous day.[27] They performed "Idol" and "I'm Fine" on various South Korean music shows for the week of August 26 with prerecorded performances airing the following week,[28] including M Countdown, Music Bank, Show! Music Core, and Inkigayo.[29] A shortened version of "Save Me" from The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Forever served as an intro track during the "I'm Fine" performance on M Countdown.[30] BTS performed "Idol" at the second Soribada Best K-Music Awards on August 30, with "Fake Love" sung as an encore performance.[31]
While in the United States for the North American leg of their Love Yourself tour, BTS performed "Idol" on the second semifinal episode of America's Got Talent season thirteen, which aired on September 12.[32][33] The band sang "Idol" on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon and Good Morning America on September 25 and 26 respectively,[34] in addition to a sit-down interview on both shows.[35][36] A bonus performance of "I'm Fine" was also released on The Tonight Show's YouTube channel.[37]
On October 1, 2018, news surfaced that BTS were scheduled to appear on the BBC's The Graham Norton Show on October 12,[38] which was later confirmed by Big Hit Entertainment five days later.[39]
Critical reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
SCMP [40]
AllMusic [41]
Clash Music 9/10[42]
Love Yourself: Answer received positive reviews from critics. Nemo Kim from the South China Morning Post gave the album four stars out of five and said, "[BTS] rappers show[s] their chops on solo tracks, band send[s] a message to Korean youth about self-love, and single Idol sees them don traditional garb and blend pop with ancient percussion as Minaj joins in," praising this album "cements BTS’ place as kings of the genre".[40] In a positive review, Taylor Glasby of Clash magazine described the narrative of the album as a "portray[al] of the fears, mistakes and thoughts we inflict on ourselves" which remain "poignantly relatable". In addition, she said that the narrative serves "to remind us that each person must make their own path, and there’s no one size fits all answer to achieving self-acceptance". However, for "Answer: Love Myself", the track concluding the narrative on the album, Glasby felt that it "lyrically exceeds although plays the instrumental a little too safe".[2] Tamar Herman of Billboard praised the album, calling it a "masterful culmination of years of work and rife with meaning, Answer is undeniably a magnum opus from BTS that that few other artists, boy bands or otherwise, ever can hope to achieve."[3]
Commercial performance[edit]
During the period of July 18 to 24, the first six days of the pre-order period for Love Yourself: Answer, IRIVER reported that the album had sold more than 1.51 million copies, surpassing its predecessor Love Yourself: Tear as the most pre-ordered album in South Korea.[43] It subsequently debuted at number one on the Gaon Album Chart,[44] selling 1,933,450 copies during the last eight days of the month of August.[45][46] The album broke the record for the most monthly sales in the history of the Gaon Chart since its inception in 2010. The record was also previously held by BTS' own Love Yourself: Tear.[46]
In October 2018, Love Yourself: Answer earned the "Double Million Seller" certification from the Korea Music Content Association, for selling over 2 million copies.[47][48] They are the first music act first to do so since the Gaon Chart began music certifications earlier that year.[49]
Love Yourself: Answer debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200, becoming BTS' second number-one album—their second of 2018—and their highest sales week in the country to date.[50] It earned 185,000 album-equivalent units, including 141,000 in pure album sales.[50]
"Idol" became BTS' first-ever song, as well as the first-ever Korean-language song, to reach the top 40 of the UK's Official Singles chart, ranking at number 21.[51] In Ireland, the song reached number 33.[52] Love Yourself: Answer also became BTS' third top-20 album in the United Kingdom, hitting number fourteen on the Official Albums chart.[52]
Track listing[edit]
Credits adapted from Spotify and Apple Music.[53]
CD 1
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
1. "Euphoria" (solo by Jungkook)
Jordan "DJ Swivel" Young
Candace Nicole Sosa
Melanie Joy Fontana
”hitman” bang
Supreme Boi
Adora
RM
Jordan "DJ Swivel" Young 3:49
2. "Trivia 起: Just Dance" (solo by j-hope)
Hiss noise
j-hope
Hiss noise 3:45
3. "Serendipity" (full length edition) (solo by Jimin)
Slow Rabbit
Ray Michael Djan Jr.
Ashton Foster
RM
"hitman" bang
Slow Rabbit 4:37
4. "DNA"
Pdogg
"hitman" bang
KASS
Supreme Boi
SUGA
RM
Pdogg
3:43
5. "보조개" (Bojogae / Dimple) (performed by Jin, Jimin, V, and Jungkook)
Matthew Tishler
Allison Kaplan
RM
Matthew Tishler
Crash Cove
3:16
6. "Trivia 承: Love" (solo by RM)
Slow Rabbit
RM
Hiss noise
Slow Rabbit 3:46
7. "Her" (performed by RM, SUGA, and j-hope)
SUGA
Slow Rabbit
RM
j-hope
SUGA
Slow Rabbit
3:49
8. "Singularity" (solo by V)
Charlie J. Perry
RM
Charlie J. Perry
3:17
9. "Fake Love"
Pdogg
"hitman" bang
RM
Pdogg
4:02
10. "전하지 못한 진심" (featuring Steve Aoki) (Jeonhaji mot-han jinsim / The Truth Untold) (performed by Jin, Jimin, V, and Jungkook)
Steve Aoki
Roland Spreckley
Jake Torrey
Noah Conrad
Annika Wells
RM
Slow Rabbit
Steve Aoki 4:02
11. "Trivia 轉: Seesaw" (solo by SUGA)
Slow Rabbit
SUGA
Slow Rabbit
SUGA
4:06
12. "Tear" (performed by RM, SUGA, and j-hope)
Shin Myung-soo
DOCSKIM
SUGA
RM
j-hope
DOCSKIM 4:45
13. "Epiphany" (solo by Jin)
Slow Rabbit
"hitman" bang
ADORA
Slow Rabbit 4:00
14. "I'm Fine"
Pdogg
Ray Michael Djan
Ashton Foster
Lauren Dyson
RM
Jung Bobby
Yoon Guitar
Jordan "DJ Swivel" Young
Candace Nicole Sosa
SUGA
j-hope
Samantha Harper
Pdogg 4:00
15. "Idol"
Pdogg
Supreme Boi
"hitman" bang
Ali Tamposi
Roman Campolo
RM
Pdogg 3:43
16. "Answer: Love Myself"
Pdogg
Jung Bobby
Jordan "DJ Swivel" Young
Candace Nicole Sosa
RM
SUGA
j-hope
Ray Michael Djan
Ashton Foster
Conor Maynard
Pdogg 4:11
Total length: 1:02:51
CD 2
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
1. "Magic Shop"
Jungkook
Hiss noise
RM
DJ Swivel
Candace Nicole Sosa
ADORA
j-hope
SUGA
Jungkook
Hiss noise
ADORA
4:36
2. "Best of Me"
Andrew Taggart
Pdogg
Ray Michael Djan Jr
Ashton Foster
Sam Klempner
RM
"hitman" bang
SUGA
j-hope
ADORA
Andrew Taggart
Pdogg
3:46
3. "Airplane Pt. 2"
Pdogg
RM
Ali Tamposi
Liza Owens
Roman Campolo
"hitman" bang
SUGA
j-hope
Pdogg 3:39
4. "고민보다 Go" (Gominboda Go / Go Go)
Pdogg
"hitman" bang
Supreme Boi
Pdogg
3:55
5. "Anpanman"
Pdogg
Supreme Boi
"hitman" bang
Pdogg 3:54
6. "Mic Drop"
Pdogg
Supreme Boi
"hitman" bang
j-hope
RM
Pdogg
3:57
7. "DNA" (pedal 2 la mix)
Pdogg
"hitman" bang
KASS
Supreme Boi
Suga
RM
"hitman" bang
DOCSKIM
Khan
Slow Rabbit
4:07
8. "Fake Love" (rocking vibe mix)
Pdogg
"hitman" bang
RM
Slow Rabbit 3:58
9. "Mic Drop" (Steve Aoki remix) (full length edition)
Pdogg
Supreme Boi
"hitman" bang
j-hope
RM
Steve Aoki 5:08
Total length: 37:00
Digital bonus track
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
10. "Idol" (featuring Nicki Minaj)
Pdogg
Supreme Boi
"hitman" bang
Ali Tamposi
Roman Campolo
RM
Onika Maraj
Pdogg 4:20
Charts[edit]
Album[edit]
Chart (2018)
Peak
position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[54]
9
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[55]
14
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[56]
5
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[57]
24
Canadian Albums (Billboard)[58]
1
Danish Albums (Hitlisten)[59]
8
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[60]
5
Estonian Albums Top 40[61]
2
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[62]
5
French Albums (SNEP)[63]
49
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[64]
23
Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[65]
27
Irish Albums (IRMA)[66]
15
Italian Albums (FIMI)[67]
18
Japan Hot Albums (Billboard)[68]
1
Japanese Albums (Oricon)[69]
1
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[70]
11
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[71]
25
Scottish Albums (OCC)[72]
14
South Korean Albums (Gaon)[44]
1
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[73]
7
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[74]
20
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[75]
13
UK Albums (OCC)[76]
14
UK Independent Albums (OCC)[77]
7
US Billboard 200[50]
1
US Independent Albums (Billboard)[78]
1
US World Albums (Billboard)[79]
1
Singles charted[edit]
"Idol" Weekly charts
Other charted songs[edit]
"Euphoria" Weekly charts
"Serendipity" Weekly charts
"Epiphany" Weekly charts
"I'm Fine Weekly charts"
Chart (2018)
Peak
position
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[80]
75
French Downloaded Singles (SNEP)[81]
45
Hungary (Single Top 40)[82]
6
Japan Hot 100 (Billboard Japan)[83]
36
New Zealand Hot Singles (RMNZ)[84]
12
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[85]
47
Singapore (RIAS)[86]
28
South Korea (Gaon)[87]
14
South Korea (Kpop Hot 100)[88]
3
UK Download (OCC)[89]
47
UK Independent Singles(OCC)[90]
3
US Bubbling Under Hot 100 (Billboard)[91]
7
US World Digital Songs (Billboard)[92]
3
"Answer: Love Myself Weekly charts"
Chart (2018)
Peak
position
French Downloaded Singles (SNEP)[93]
69
Hungary (Single Top 40)[94]
15
South Korea (Gaon)[87]
24
South Korea (Kpop Hot 100)[95]
4
UK Download (OCC)[96]
60
US World Digital Songs (Billboard)[97]
6
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
South Korea (KMCA)[98]
2× Million 2,000,000^
Japan (RIAJ)[99]
Gold 100,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2018 Love Yourself: Answer Digital Album of the Year[100] Pending
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Format
Label
South Korea
August 24, 2018
CD
digital download
streaming
Big Hit
IRIVER[4]
United States
Big Hit
Columbia[5]
Japan
Big Hit
Def Jam[5]
Various
Digital download
streaming
Big Hit[7]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Love Yourself: Answer is BTS' second Korean-language compilation album to receive a release outside of Japan. The Best of Bangtan Sonyeondan -Korea Edition-, BTS' second Korean compilation album overall, was released exclusively in Japan.[6]
See also[edit]
List of best-selling albums in South Korea
List of K-pop songs on the Billboard charts
List of K-pop albums on the Billboard charts
List of Gaon Album Chart number ones of 2018
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Rolli, Bryan (July 16, 2018). "BTS Announce New Album 'Love Yourself: Answer' For August Release". Forbes. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Glasby, Taylor (August 27, 2018). "Love Yourself: How BTS Are Re-Writing The History Books". Clash. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Herman, Tamar (August 24, 2018). "BTS Reflect on Life & Love on Uplifting 'Love Yourself: Answer'". Billboard. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Hwang, Ji-young (July 27, 2018). "방탄소년단, 리패키지 국내 선주문 151만장 돌파 [공식]" [BTS, repackage Domestic pre-orders exceeded 151 million [Official]]. Daily Sports (in Korean). Retrieved August 27, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Roger, Friedman (August 25, 2018). "Crazy Rich Asians: South Korean Boy Band BTS First US Release Explodes Gangnam Style, Swamps iTunes Singles, Album Charts". Showbiz411. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "防弾少年団、初ベスト盤が2作品同時発売" [BTS, the first best album is two works released simultaneously] (in Japanese). Tower Records Japan, Inc. November 26, 2016. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Herman, Tamar (August 24, 2018). "BTS' 'Love Yourself: Answer' Is Here: Stream It Now". Billboard. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Park, Jin-young (July 17, 2018). "[공식입장] 방탄소년단, 8월 24일 컴백 확정..러브 유어셀프 시리즈 마무리". Osen (in Korean). Retrieved August 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Herman, Tamar (August 17, 2017). "What To Know About BTS' 'Love Yourself' Series". Billboard. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Merrill, Philip (August 9, 2018). "BTS Begin 'Love Yourself: Answer' With Jin's "Epiphany"". The Recording Academy. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Herman, Tamar (August 6, 2018). "BTS Begins 'Love Yourself: Answer' Promotion With New 'Most Beautiful Moment in Life' Note". Billboard. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Herman, Tamar (August 9, 2018). "BTS' Jin Sings in 'Epiphany' Comeback Trailer Ahead Of 'Love Yourself: Answer' Album". Billboard. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Drysdale, Jennifer (August 9, 2018). "BTS' Jin Takes Center Stage in 'Epiphany' Comeback Trailer Ahead of New Album". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hay, Carla (August 9, 2018). "BTS adds history-making U.S. stadium concert to Love Yourself tour; 'Epiphany' comeback trailer released". AXS. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hong, Hye-min (August 10, 2018). ""사랑하고 싶어"...방탄소년단 진, 리패키지 컴백 트레일러 'Epiphany' 주인공". The Korea Times (in Korean). Retrieved August 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kim, Hye-soo (August 14, 2018). "BTS releases photos for 'Love Yourself: Answer'". The Korea Herald. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Anticipation heightens over BTS' new teaser photos". The Korea Herald. August 17, 2018. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Herman, Tamar (August 13, 2018). "BTS Shares 'Love Yourself: Answer' Teaser Images". Billboard. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Herman, Tamar (August 16, 2018). "BTS Release Additional 'Love Yourself: Answer' Promotional Images". Billboard. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Close, Paris (August 20, 2018). "BTS Reveals Tracklist For 'Love Yourself: Answer'". iHeartRadio. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Herman, Tamar (August 19, 2018). "BTS Unveils Tracklist for 'Love Yourself: Answer' Album". Billboard. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Watch IDOL teaser: BTS gives mesmerising glimpse of Love Yourself: Answer's lead single". Mumbai Mirror. August 22, 2018. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Nicki Minaj Will Feature on BTS' Alternate Version of New Single 'Idol'". Billboard. Retrieved 2018-08-24.
Jump up ^ Drysdale, Jennifer (August 24, 2018). "BTS Drops New Album 'Love Yourself: Answer'". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved August 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Spanos, Brittany (September 6, 2018). "Watch BTS, Nicki Minaj's Vivid New 'Idol' Video". Rolling Stone. Retrieved September 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Yeung, Neil Z. "Love Yourself: Answer". allmusic.com. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
Jump up ^ Jung, Ji-won (August 26, 2018). "역시 방탄소년단, 사흘째 차트 올킬…국내+해외 모두 점령 [Oh!쎈 이슈]". Onsen (in Korean). Retrieved August 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kim, Na-ra (September 5, 2018). "'쇼챔피언' 방탄소년단, 출연 없이 1위…'아이돌' 3관왕 달성" [Show Champion Bangtan without an appearance #1...win 'Idol' triple crown]. My Daily (in Korean). Retrieved September 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hwang, Hye-jin (August 22, 2018). "방탄소년단 컴백 콘서트, 더 안전하게 본다 "공항수준 보안시스템 운영"[뮤직와치]" (in Korean). Retrieved August 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "'엠카운트다운' 방탄소년단 '아이돌'무대 최초공개 "명불허전 퍼포먼스"" ['M Countdown' BTS 'Idol' debut for the first time]. News 1 (in Korean). August 30, 2018. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ Jang, Ji-young (August 30, 2018). "2018 소리바다 어워즈, 대상 등 3관왕 방탄소년단(BTS) "아미 덕분, 너무 감사해" [2018 Soribada Awards, Three Crowns including the Daesang, BTS "Thanks to Army, I'm so grateful."]. Seoul Wire (in Korean). Retrieved August 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ Keveney, Bill (September 5, 2018). "'AGT': Five acts make it to the Season 13 finals and boy band BTS announced as a guest". USA Today. Retrieved September 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hwang, Hye-jin (August 6, 2018). "방탄소년단 측 "美 '아메리카 갓 탤런트' 출연확정, 퍼포먼스 예정"(공식입장)" [BTS "America's Got Talent" Confirmation of Appearance, Expected Performance (Public Admission)]. Newsen (in Korean). Retrieved September 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kim, Deana Gulyn (September 19, 2018). "BTS Will Perform Live In Times Square for "Good Morning America"". MWave. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Reed, Ryan (September 26, 2018). "Watch BTS Show Jimmy Fallon 'Fortnite' Dance Challenge on 'Tonight Show'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pelletiere, Nicole (September 26, 2018). "Global superstars BTS performs live on 'GMA' after history-making UN speech on self-acceptance and confidence". ABC News. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Yoo, Noah; Blais-Billie, Braudie (August 26, 2018). "Watch BTS Perform "I'm Fine" and "Idol" on "Fallon"". Pitchfork. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Shim, Sun-ah (October 1, 2018). "BTS to appear on BBC's 'The Graham Norton Show'". Yonhap News. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Shin, Yeon-kyung. "방탄소년단, 12일 영국 '더 그레이엄 노튼 쇼' 출연…끝없는 글로벌 행보" [BTS appear to appear on the UK's 'The Graham Norton Show' on December 12... endless global track]. MK Sports (in Korean).
^ Jump up to: a b Kim, Nemo (August 24, 2018). "BTS album Love Yourself: Answer review – Suga, J-Hope and Rap Monster solos, Korean drums, Nicki Minaj. BTS Army are gonna love this". South China Morning Post. Retrieved August 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Yeung, Neil Z. "Love Yourself: Answer". allmusic.com. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
Jump up ^ Padin, Malvika. "BTS - Love Yourself: Answer". clashmusic.com. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
Jump up ^ Chyung, Eun-ju (July 25, 2018). "Preorders for BTS' new album top 1.5m in Korea". The Korea Herald. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gaon Album Chart – Week 34, 2018". Gaon Chart (in Korean). Retrieved August 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ Jeon, Hyo-jin (September 6, 2018). "[DA:차트] 숀, 8월 가온차트 3관왕…방탄소년단, 앨범차트 1위" [[DA:Chart] Sean, August Gaon Chart Three Triple Crowns …BTS, #1 on Album Chart]. Sports Donga (in Korean). Retrieved September 6, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Hwang, Mi-hyun (September 6, 2018). "방탄소년단, 발매 8일만에 193만장 판매고 "역대 최고"" [BTS, released 1.93 million copies sold in eight days, "the best ever"]. News 1 Korea (in Korean). Retrieved September 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kim, Yoon-ji (October 11, 2018). "가온차트 "방탄소년단, 더블 밀리언"" [Gaon Chart "BTS, Double Million"]. E Daily (in Korean). Retrieved October 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hwang, Ji-young (October 11, 2018). "가온차트 "방탄소년단, 단일앨범 200만장…더블 밀리언 인증"" [Gaon Chart "BTS, 2 Million Single Albums "Double Million Authentication"]. Daily Sports (in Korean). Retrieved October 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Gaon Certification". Gaon Chart (in Korean). April 20, 2018. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Caulfield, Keith (September 2, 2018). "BTS Scores Second No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With 'Love Yourself: Answer'". Billboard. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ McIntyre, Hugh (August 31, 2018). "BTS Has Just Become The First K-Pop Act To Chart A Top 40 Hit In The U.K." Forbes. Retrieved September 7, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b White, Jack (August 31, 2018). "BTS become first ever K-pop group to enter the Official Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 7, 2018.
Jump up ^
"Love Yourself 結 'Answer' by BTS on Spotify". Spotify. Retrieved August 24, 2018.
"Love Yourself 結 'Answer' by BTS on Apple Music". Apple Music. Retrieved August 24, 2018.
"LOVE YOURSELF 結 'Answer'". music.naver.com. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
Jump up ^ "Australiancharts.com – BTS – Love Yourself %26%2332080%3B 'Answer'". Hung Medien. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – BTS – Love Yourself %26%2332080%3B 'Answer'" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved September 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – BTS – Love Yourself %26%2332080%3B 'Answer'" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved September 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – BTS – Love Yourself %26%2332080%3B 'Answer'" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Canadian Albums". FYIMusicNews. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Hitlisten.NU – Album Top-40 Uge 35, 2018". Hitlisten. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – BTS – Love Yourself %26%2332080%3B 'Answer'" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ "EESTI TIPP-40 MUUSIKAS: Lõuna-Korea BTS ründab jäll" (in Estonian). Eesti Ekspress. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "BTS: Love Yourself: Answer" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved September 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums – SNEP (Week 35, 2018)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – BTS – Love Yourself 結 'Answer'" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemez-lista – 2018. 35. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved September 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ariana's Sweetener claims second week at Irish Number 1". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Album – Classifica settimanale WK 35 (dal 2018-08-24 al 2018-08-30)" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Japan Hot Albums". Billboard JAPAN (in Japanese). Retrieved September 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "【オリコン】BTS (防弾少年団)、通算4作目のアルバム首位". ORICON NEWS. September 11, 2018. Retrieved September 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "NZ Top 40 Albums Chart". Recorded Music NZ. September 3, 2018. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ "VG-lista – Topp 40 Album uke 36, 2018". VG-lista. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Albumes – Semana 36: del 31.8.2018 al 6.9.2018" (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sverigetopplistan – Sveriges Officiella Topplista". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved August 31, 2018. Click on "Veckans albumlista".
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – BTS – Love Yourself %26%2332080%3B 'Answer'". Hung Medien. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. September 7, 2018. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "BTS Chart History (Independent Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "WORLD ALBUMS". billboard.com. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Hot 100: September 8, 2018". Billboard. Retrieved September 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 35, 2018)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved September 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Single (track) Top 40 lista". zene.slagerlistak.hu. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Japan Hot 100". billboard-japan.com. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "NZ Hot Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. September 3, 2018. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". officialcharts.com. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
Jump up ^ ""Singapore Top 30 Digital Streaming Chart Week 35"" (PDF). Recording Industry Association (Singapore). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 16, 2018. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Digital Chart – Week 35 of 2018" (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. Retrieved September 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "kpop hot 100". billboard.co.kr. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Downloads Chart Top 100: September 8, 2018". OCC. Retrieved September 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50". officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
Jump up ^ "BTS Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Benjamin, Jeff. "BTS Breaks Their Own Record for Most Simultaneous Hits on World Digital Song Sales Chart". billboard.com. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 35, 2018)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved September 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Single (track) Top 40 lista". zene.slagerlistak.hu. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
Jump up ^ "kpop hot 100". billboard.co.kr. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Downloads Chart Top 100: September 8, 2018". OCC. Retrieved September 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Benjamin, Jeff. "BTS Breaks Their Own Record for Most Simultaneous Hits on World Digital Song Sales Chart". billboard.com. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "가온 인증 (Gaon Certification)" (in Korean). Korea Music Content Association. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Japanese album certifications – BTS – LOVE YOURSELF 轉 'Answer'" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved October 9, 2018. Select 2018年9月 on the drop-down menu
Jump up ^ "2018 MBC Plus X Genie Music Awards Announces Nominees + Voting Begins". Soompi. October 1, 2018.
External links[edit]
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DNA ligase
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DNA ligase
DNA ligase repairing chromosomal damage
Identifiers
EC number
6.5.1.1
CAS number
9015-85-4
Databases
IntEnz
IntEnz view
BRENDA
BRENDA entry
ExPASy
NiceZyme view
KEGG
KEGG entry
MetaCyc
metabolic pathway
PRIAM
profile
PDB structures
RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene Ontology
AmiGO / QuickGO
[show]Search
PMC
articles
PubMed
articles
NCBI
proteins
ligase I, DNA, ATP-dependent
Identifiers
Symbol
LIG1
Entrez
3978
HUGO
6598
OMIM
126391
RefSeq
NM_000234
UniProt
P18858
Other data
Locus
Chr. 19 [1]
ligase III, DNA, ATP-dependent
Identifiers
Symbol
LIG3
Entrez
3980
HUGO
6600
OMIM
600940
RefSeq
NM_002311
UniProt
P49916
Other data
Locus
Chr. 17 q11.2-q12
DNA ligase is a specific type of enzyme, a ligase, (EC 6.5.1.1) that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond. It plays a role in repairing single-strand breaks in duplex DNA in living organisms, but some forms (such as DNA ligase IV) may specifically repair double-strand breaks (i.e. a break in both complementary strands of DNA). Single-strand breaks are repaired by DNA ligase using the complementary strand of the double helix as a template,[1] with DNA ligase creating the final phosphodiester bond to fully repair the DNA.
DNA ligase is used in both DNA repair and DNA replication (see Mammalian ligases). In addition, DNA ligase has extensive use in molecular biology laboratories for recombinant DNA experiments (see Applications in molecular biology research). Purified DNA ligase is used in gene cloning to join DNA molecules together to form recombinant DNA.
Contents
[hide]
1 Ligase mechanism
2 Types of ligases
2.1 E. coli DNA ligase
2.2 T4 DNA ligase
2.3 Mammalian ligases
2.4 Thermostable ligases
3 Measurement of ligase activity
4 Applications in molecular biology research
5 History
6 Disorders
6.1 Xeroderma pigmentosum
6.2 Ataxia-telangiectasia
6.3 Fanconi Anemia
6.4 Bloom syndrome
7 As a drug target
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Ligase mechanism[edit]
The mechanism of DNA ligase is to form two covalent phosphodiester bonds between 3' hydroxyl ends of one nucleotide ("acceptor"), with the 5' phosphate end of another ("donor"). Two ATP molecules are consumed for each phosphodiester bond formed. AMP is required for the ligase reaction, which proceeds in four steps:
1. Reorganization of activity site such as nicks in DNA segments or Okazaki fragments etc.
2. Adenylation (addition of AMP) of a lysine residue in the active center of the enzyme, pyrophosphate is released;
3. Transfer of the AMP to the 5' phosphate of the so-called donor, formation of a pyrophosphate bond;
4. Formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 5' phosphate of the donor and the 3' hydroxyl of the acceptor.[2]
A pictorial example of how a ligase works (with sticky ends)
Ligase will also work with blunt ends, although higher enzyme concentrations and different reaction conditions are required.
Types of ligases[edit]
E. coli DNA ligase[edit]
The E. coli DNA ligase is encoded by the lig gene. DNA ligase in E. coli, as well as most prokaryotes, uses energy gained by cleaving nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to create the phosphodiester bond.[3] It does not ligate blunt-ended DNA except under conditions of molecular crowding with polyethylene glycol, and cannot join RNA to DNA efficiently.
T4 DNA ligase[edit]
The DNA ligase from bacteriophage T4 is the ligase most-commonly used in laboratory research.[4] It can ligate cohesive or "sticky" ends of DNA, oligonucleotides, as well as RNA and RNA-DNA hybrids, but not single-stranded nucleic acids. It can also ligate blunt-ended DNA with much greater efficiency than E. coli DNA ligase. Unlike E. coli DNA ligase, T4 DNA ligase cannot utilize NAD and it has an absolute requirement for ATP as a cofactor. Some engineering has been done to improve the in vitro activity of T4 DNA ligase; one successful approach, for example, tested T4 DNA ligase fused to several alternative DNA binding proteins and found that the constructs with either p50 or NF-kB as fusion partners were over 160% more active in blunt-end ligations for cloning purposes than wild type T4 DNA ligase.[5] A typical reaction for inserting a fragment into a plasmid vector would use about 0.01 (sticky ends) to 1 (blunt ends) units of ligase. The optimal incubation temperature for T4 DNA ligase is 16 °C.
Mammalian ligases[edit]
In mammals, there are four specific types of ligase.
DNA ligase I: ligates the nascent DNA of the lagging strand after the Ribonuclease H has removed the RNA primer from the Okazaki fragments.
DNA ligase III: complexes with DNA repair protein XRCC1 to aid in sealing DNA during the process of nucleotide excision repair and recombinant fragments. Of the all known mammalian DNA ligases, only Lig III has been found to be present in mitochondria.
DNA ligase IV: complexes with XRCC4. It catalyzes the final step in the non-homologous end joining DNA double-strand break repair pathway. It is also required for V(D)J recombination, the process that generates diversity in immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor loci during immune system development.
DNA ligase II: appears to be used in repair. It is formed by alternative splicing of a proteolytic fragment of DNA ligase III and does not have its own gene, therefore it is often considered to be virtually identical to DNA ligase III.
DNA ligase from eukaryotes and some microbes uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) rather than NAD.[3]
Thermostable ligases[edit]
Derived from a thermophilic bacterium, the enzyme is stable and active at much higher temperatures than conventional DNA ligases. Its half-life is 48 hours at 65°C and greater than 1 hour at 95°C. Ampligase DNA Ligase has been shown to be active for at least 500 thermal cycles (94°C/80°C) or 16 hours of cycling.10 This exceptional thermostability permits extremely high hybridization stringency and ligation specificity.[6]
Measurement of ligase activity[edit]
There are at least three different units used to measure the activity of DNA ligase:[7]
Weiss unit - the amount of ligase that catalyzes the exchange of 1 nmole of 32P from inorganic pyrophosphate to ATP in 20 minutes at 37°C. This is the one most commonly used.
Modrich-Lehman unit - this is rarely used, and one unit is defined as the amount of enzyme required to convert 100 nmoles of d(A-T)n to an exonuclease-III resistant form in 30 minutes under standard conditions.
Many commercial suppliers of ligases use an arbitrary unit based on the ability of ligase to ligate cohesive ends. These units are often more subjective than quantitative and lack precision.
Applications in molecular biology research[edit]
Main article: Ligation (molecular biology)
DNA ligases have become indispensable tools in modern molecular biology research for generating recombinant DNA sequences. For example, DNA ligases are used with restriction enzymes to insert DNA fragments, often genes, into plasmids.
Controlling the optimal temperature is a vital aspect of performing efficient recombination experiments involving the ligation of cohesive-ended fragments. Most experiments use T4 DNA Ligase (isolated from bacteriophage T4), which is most active at 37 °C.[8] However, for optimal ligation efficiency with cohesive-ended fragments ("sticky ends"), the optimal enzyme temperature needs to be balanced with the melting temperature Tm of the sticky ends being ligated,[9] the homologous pairing of the sticky ends will not be stable because the high temperature disrupts hydrogen bonding. A ligation reaction is most efficient when the sticky ends are already stably annealed, and disruption of the annealing ends would therefore result in low ligation efficiency. The shorter the overhang, the lower the Tm.
Since blunt-ended DNA fragments have no cohesive ends to anneal, the melting temperature is not a factor to consider within the normal temperature range of the ligation reaction. The limiting factor in blunt end ligation is not the activity of the ligase but rather the number of alignments between DNA fragment ends that occur. The most efficient ligation temperature for blunt-ended DNA would therefore be the temperature at which the greatest number of alignments can occur. The majority of blunt-ended ligations are carried out at 14-25 °C overnight. The absence of stably annealed ends also means that the ligation efficiency is lowered, requiring a higher ligase concentration to be used.[9]
A novel use of DNA ligase can be seen in the field of nano chemistry, specifically in DNA origami. DNA based self-assembly principles have proven useful for organizing nanoscale objects, such as biomolecules, nanomachines, nanoelectronic and photonic component. Assembly of such nano structure requires the creation of an intricate mesh of DNA molecules. Although DNA self-assembly is possible without any outside help using different substrates such as provision of catatonic surface of Aluminium foil, DNA ligase can provide the enzymatic assistance that is required to make DNA lattice structure from DNA over hangs.[10]
History[edit]
The first DNA ligase was purified and characterized in 1967 by the Gellert, Lehman, Richardson, and Hurwitz laboratories.[11] It was first purified and characterized by Weiss and Richardson using a six-step chromatographic-fractionation process beginning with elimination of cell debris and addition of streptomycin, followed by several Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose column washes and a final phosphocellulose fractionation. The final extract contained 10% of the activity initially recorded in the E. coli media; along the process it was discovered that ATP and Mg++ were necessary to optimize the reaction. The common commercially available DNA ligases were originally discovered in bacteriophage T4, E. coli and other bacteria.[12]
Disorders[edit]
Genetic deficiencies in human DNA ligases have been associated with clinical syndromes marked by immunodeficiency, radiation sensitivity, and developmental abnormalities, [11] LIG4 syndrome (Ligase IV syndrome) is a rare disease associated with mutations in DNA ligase 4 and interferes with dsDNA break-repair mechanisms. Ligase IV syndrome causes immunodeficiency in individuals and is commonly associated with microcephaly and marrow hypoplasia.[13] A list of prevalent diseases caused due to lack of or malfunctioning of DNA ligase are as follows.
Xeroderma pigmentosum[edit]
Xeroderma pigmentosum, which is commonly known as XP, is an inherited condition characterized by an extreme sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight. This condition mostly affects the eyes and areas of skin exposed to the sun. Some affected individuals also have problems involving the nervous system.[14]
Ataxia-telangiectasia[edit]
Mutations in the ATM gene cause ataxia-telangiectasia. The ATM gene provides instructions for making a protein that helps control cell division and is involved in DNA repair. This protein plays an important role in the normal development and activity of several body systems, including the nervous system and immune system. The ATM protein assists cells in recognizing damaged or broken DNA strands and coordinates DNA repair by activating enzymes that fix the broken strands. Efficient repair of damaged DNA strands helps maintain the stability of the cell's genetic information. Affected children typically develop difficulty walking, problems with balance and hand coordination, involuntary jerking movements (chorea), muscle twitches (myoclonus), and disturbances in nerve function (neuropathy). The movement problems typically cause people to require wheelchair assistance by adolescence. People with this disorder also have slurred speech and trouble moving their eyes to look side-to-side (oculomotor apraxia).[15]
Fanconi Anemia[edit]
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare, inherited blood disorder that leads to bone marrow failure. FA prevents bone marrow from making enough new blood cells for the body to work normally. FA also can cause the bone marrow to make many faulty blood cells. This can lead to serious health problems, such as leukemia.[16]
Bloom syndrome[edit]
Bloom syndrome results in skin that is sensitive to sun exposure, and usually the development of a butterfly-shaped patch of reddened skin across the nose and cheeks. A skin rash can also appear on other areas that are typically exposed to the sun, such as the back of the hands and the forearms. Small clusters of enlarged blood vessels (telangiectases) often appear in the rash; telangiectases can also occur in the eyes. Other skin features include patches of skin that are lighter or darker than the surrounding areas (hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation respectively). These patches appear on areas of the skin that are not exposed to the sun, and their development is not related to the rashes.
As a drug target[edit]
In recent studies, human DNA ligase I was used in Computer-aided drug design to identify DNA ligase inhibitors as possible therapeutic agents to treat cancer.[17] Since excessive cell growth is a hallmark of cancer development, targetes chemotherapy that disrupts the functioning of DNA ligase can impede adjuvant cancer forms. Furthermore, it has been shown that DNA ligase can be broadly divided into two categories namely, ATP dependent and NAD+ dependent. Previous research has shown that although NAD+-dependent DNA ligases have been discovered in sporadic cellular or viral niches outside the bacterial domain of life, there is no instance in which a NAD+-dependent ligase is present in a eukaryal organism. The narrow phylogenetic distribution, unique substrate specificity, and distinctive domain structure of NAD+ depandant compared with ATP-dependent human DNA ligases recommend the NAD+ ligases as targets for the development of new antibacterial drugs.[11]
See also[edit]
DNA end
Lagging strand
DNA replication
Okazaki fragment
DNA polymerase
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pascal JM, O'Brien PJ, Tomkinson AE, Ellenberger T (November 2004). "Human DNA ligase I completely encircles and partially unwinds nicked DNA". Nature. 432 (7016): 473–8. doi:10.1038/nature03082. PMID 15565146.
Jump up ^ Lehman IR (November 1974). "DNA ligase: structure, mechanism, and function". Science. 186 (4166): 790–7. doi:10.1126/science.186.4166.790. PMID 4377758.
^ Jump up to: a b Foster JB, Slonczewski J (2010). Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Second ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-93447-2.
Jump up ^ "Ligases" (PDF). Enzyme Resources Guide. Promega Corporation. pp. 8–14.
Jump up ^ Wilson RH, Morton SK, Deiderick H, Gerth ML, Paul HA, Gerber I, Patel A, Ellington AD, Hunicke-Smith SP, Patrick WM (July 2013). "Engineered DNA ligases with improved activities in vitro". Protein Engineering, Design & Selection. 26 (7): 471–8. doi:10.1093/protein/gzt024. PMID 23754529.
Jump up ^ "Ampligase- Thermostable DNA Ligase". www.epibio.com. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
Jump up ^ Russell DW, Sambrook J (2001). "Chapter 1: Plasmids and Their Usefulness in Molecular Cloning". Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. 1 (3rd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. pp. 1–159. ISBN 978-0-87969-577-4.
Jump up ^ Baneyx F, Lucotte G (1993). Introduction to Molecular Cloning Techniques. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-471-18849-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Tabor S (May 2001). "DNA ligases". Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. Chapter 3: Unit 3.14. doi:10.1002/0471142727.mb0314s08. ISBN 978-0-471-14272-0. PMID 18265223.
Jump up ^ Bhanjadeo MM, Nayak AK, Subudhi U (2017). "Surface-assisted DNA self-assembly: An enzyme-free strategy towards formation of branched DNA lattice". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 485 (2): 492–498. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.02.024. PMID 28189681.
^ Jump up to: a b c Shuman S (June 2009). "DNA ligases: progress and prospects". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (26): 17365–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.R900017200. PMC 2719376  . PMID 19329793.
Jump up ^ Weiss B, Richardson CC (April 1967). "Enzymatic breakage and joining of deoxyribonucleic acid, I. Repair of single-strand breaks in DNA by an enzyme system from Escherichia coli infected with T4 bacteriophage". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 57 (4): 1021–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.57.4.1021. PMC 224649  . PMID 5340583.
Jump up ^ Altmann T, Gennery AR (October 2016). "DNA ligase IV syndrome; a review". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 11 (1): 137. doi:10.1186/s13023-016-0520-1. PMC 5055698  . PMID 27717373.
Jump up ^ "xeroderma pigmentosum". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
Jump up ^ "ataxia-telangiectasia". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
Jump up ^ "What Is Fanconi Anemia?". NHLBI, NIH. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
Jump up ^ Tomkinson AE, Howes TR, Wiest NE (June 2013). "DNA ligases as therapeutic targets". Translational Cancer Research. 2 (3). PMC 3819426  . PMID 24224145.
External links[edit]
DNA Ligase: PDB molecule of the month
Davidson College General Information on Ligase
OpenWetWare DNA Ligation Protocol
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Molecular and Cellular Biology portal
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