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Mariana Trench
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The deepest part of Earth's oceans, where the Pacific Plate is subducted under the Mariana Plate
This article is about the deep sea trench. For the Canadian band named after the geological formation, see Marianas Trench (band).
Coordinates: 11°21′N 142°12′E / 11.350°N 142.200°E / 11.350; 142.200
Location of the Mariana Trench
The Mariana Trench or Marianas Trench[1] is located in the western Pacific Ocean approximately 200 kilometres (124 mi) east of the Mariana Islands, and has the deepest natural point in the world. It is a crescent-shaped trough in the Earth's crust averaging about 2,550 km (1,580 mi) long and 69 km (43 mi) wide. The maximum known depth is 10,994 metres (36,070 ft) (± 40 metres [130 ft]) at the southern end of a small slot-shaped valley in its floor known as the Challenger Deep.[2] However, some unrepeated measurements place the deepest portion at 11,034 metres (36,201 ft).[3] For comparison: if Mount Everest were dropped into the trench at this point, its peak would still be over 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) under water.[a]
At the bottom of the trench the water column above exerts a pressure of 1,086 bars (15,750 psi), more than 1,000 times the standard atmospheric pressure at sea level. At this pressure, the density of water is increased by 4.96%, so that 95.27 litres of water under the pressure of the Challenger Deep would contain the same mass as 100 litres at the surface. The temperature at the bottom is 1 to 4 °C (34 to 39 °F).[5]
The trench is not the part of the seafloor closest to the centre of the Earth. This is because the Earth is not a perfect sphere; its radius is about 25 kilometres (16 mi) smaller at the poles than at the equator.[6] As a result, parts of the Arctic Ocean seabed are at least 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) closer to the Earth's centre than the Challenger Deep seafloor.
In 2009, the Marianas Trench was established as a United States National Monument.[7]
Xenophyophores have been found in the trench by Scripps Institution of Oceanography researchers at a record depth of 10.6 kilometres (6.6 mi) below the sea surface.[8] On 17 March 2013, researchers from the Scottish Association for Marine Science reported data that suggested microbial life forms thrive within the trench.[9][10]
Contents
1 Names
2 Geology
3 Measurements
3.1 Descents
3.2 Planned descents
4 Life
4.1 Pollution
5 Possible nuclear waste disposal site
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Names[edit]
The Mariana Trench is named for the nearby Mariana Islands (in turn named Las Marianas in honor of Spanish Queen Mariana of Austria, widow of Philip IV of Spain). The islands are part of the island arc that is formed on an over-riding plate, called the Mariana Plate (also named for the islands), on the western side of the trench.
Geology[edit]
The Pacific plate is subducted beneath the Mariana Plate, creating the Mariana trench, and (further on) the arc of the Mariana islands, as water trapped in the plate is released and explodes upward to form island volcanoes and earthquakes .
The Mariana Trench is part of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana subduction system that forms the boundary between two tectonic plates. In this system, the western edge of one plate, the Pacific Plate, is subducted (i.e., thrust) beneath the smaller Mariana Plate that lies to the west. Crustal material at the western edge of the Pacific Plate is some of the oldest oceanic crust on earth (up to 170 million years old), and is therefore cooler and more dense; hence its great height difference relative to the higher-riding (and younger) Mariana Plate. The deepest area at the plate boundary is the Mariana Trench proper.
The movement of the Pacific and Mariana plates is also indirectly responsible for the formation of the Mariana Islands. These volcanic islands are caused by Flux melting of the upper mantle due to release of water that is trapped in minerals of the subducted portion of the Pacific Plate.
Measurements[edit]
Ocean trenches in the western Pacific
See also: Challenger Deep
The trench was first sounded during the Challenger expedition in 1875, using a weighted rope, which recorded a depth of 4,475 fathoms (8,184 metres; 26,850 feet).[11] In 1877, a map was published called Tiefenkarte des Grossen Ozeans ("Deep map of the Great Ocean") by Petermann, which showed a Challenger Tief ("Challenger deep") at the location of that sounding. In 1899, USS Nero, a converted collier, recorded a depth of 5,269 fathoms (9,636 metres; 31,614 feet).[12]
In 1951, Challenger II surveyed the trench using echo sounding, a much more precise and vastly easier way to measure depth than the sounding equipment and drag lines used in the original expedition. During this survey, the deepest part of the trench was recorded when the Challenger II measured a depth of 5,960 fathoms (10,900 metres; 35,760 feet) at 11°19′N 142°15′E / 11.317°N 142.250°E / 11.317; 142.250, known as the Challenger Deep.[13]
In 1957, the Soviet vessel Vityaz reported a depth of 11,034 metres (36,201 ft) at a location dubbed the Mariana Hollow.[3]
In 1962, the surface ship M.V. Spencer F. Baird recorded a maximum depth of 10,915 metres (35,810 ft) using precision depth gauges.
In 1984, the Japanese survey vessel Takuyō (拓洋) collected data from the Mariana Trench using a narrow, multi-beam echo sounder; it reported a maximum depth of 10,924 metres (35,840 ft), also reported as 10,920 metres (35,830 ft) ±10 m (33 ft).[14] Remotely Operated Vehicle KAIKO reached the deepest area of the Mariana Trench and made the deepest diving record of 10,911 metres (35,797 ft) on March 24, 1995.[15]
During surveys carried out between 1997 and 2001, a spot was found along the Mariana Trench that had depth similar to that of the Challenger Deep, possibly even deeper. It was discovered while scientists from the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology were completing a survey around Guam; they used a sonar mapping system towed behind the research ship to conduct the survey. This new spot was named the HMRG (Hawaii Mapping Research Group) Deep, after the group of scientists who discovered it.[16]
On 1 June 2009, sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep by the Simrad EM120 sonar multibeam bathymetry system for deep water, mapping aboard the RV Kilo Moana (mothership of the Nereus vehicle), indicated a spot with a depth of 10,971 metres (35,994 ft). The sonar system uses phase and amplitude bottom detection, with an accuracy of better than 0.2% of water depth across the entire swath (implying that the depth figure is accurate to ± 22 metres (72 ft)).[17][18]
In 2011, it was announced at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting that a US Navy hydrographic ship equipped with a multibeam echosounder conducted a survey which mapped the entire trench to 100 metres (330 ft) resolution.[2] The mapping revealed the existence of four rocky outcrops thought to be former seamounts.[19]
The Mariana Trench is a site chosen by researchers at Washington University and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 2012 for a seismic survey to investigate the subsurface water cycle. Using both ocean-bottom seismometers and hydrophones the scientists are able to map structures as deep as 97 kilometres (60 mi) beneath the surface.[20]
Descents[edit]
The bathyscaphe Trieste (designed by Auguste Piccard), the first manned vehicle to reach the bottom of the Mariana Trench.[21]
Four descents have been achieved. The first was the manned descent by Swiss-designed, Italian-built, United States Navy-owned bathyscaphe Trieste which reached the bottom at 1:06 pm on 23 January 1960, with Don Walsh and Jacques Piccard on board.[13][22] Iron shot was used for ballast, with gasoline for buoyancy.[13] The onboard systems indicated a depth of 11,521 m (37,799 ft), but this was later revised to 10,916 m (35,814 ft).[23] The depth was estimated from a conversion of pressure measured and calculations based on the water density from sea surface to seabed.[22]
This was followed by the unmanned ROVs Kaikō in 1996 and Nereus in 2009. The first three expeditions directly measured very similar depths of 10,902 to 10,916 m (35,768 to 35,814 ft). The fourth was made by Canadian film director James Cameron in 2012. On 26 March, he reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the submersible vessel Deepsea Challenger.[24][25][26]
In July 2015, members of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oregon State University, and the Coast Guard submerged a hydrophone into the deepest part of the Mariana Trench, the Challenger Deep, never having deployed one past a mile. The titanium-shelled hydrophone was designed to withstand the immense pressure 7 miles under.[27] Although researchers were unable to retrieve the hydrophone until November, the data capacity was full within the first 23 days. After months of analyzing the sounds, the experts were surprised to pick up natural and man-made sounds such as boats, earthquakes, a typhoon, and baleen whales.[28] Due to the mission's success, the researchers announced plans to deploy a second hydrophone in 2017 for an extended period of time.
Planned descents[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2018)
As of February 2012[update], at least two other teams are planning piloted submarines to reach the bottom of the Mariana Trench. Triton Submarines, a Florida-based company that designs and manufactures private submarines, plans for a crew of three to take 120 minutes to reach the seabed.[29] DOER Marine, a marine technology company based near San Francisco and set up in 1992, plans for a crew of two or three to take 90 minutes to reach the seabed.[30]
Life[edit]
The expedition conducted in 1960 claimed to have observed, with great surprise because of the high pressure, large creatures living at the bottom, such as a flatfish about 30 cm (12 in) long,[23] and shrimp.[31] According to Piccard, "The bottom appeared light and clear, a waste of firm diatomaceous ooze".[23] Many marine biologists are now skeptical of the supposed sighting of the flatfish, and it is suggested that the creature may instead have been a sea cucumber.[32][33] During the second expedition, the unmanned vehicle Kaikō collected mud samples from the seabed.[34] Tiny organisms were found to be living in those samples.
In July 2011, a research expedition deployed untethered landers, called dropcams, equipped with digital video cameras and lights to explore this region of the deep sea. Amongst many other living organisms, some gigantic single-celled amoebas with a size of more than 10 cm (4 in), belonging to the class of xenophyophores were observed.[35] Xenophyophores are noteworthy for their size, their extreme abundance on the seafloor and their role as hosts for a variety of organisms.
In December 2014, a new species of snailfish was discovered at a depth of 8,145 m (26,722 ft), breaking the previous record for the deepest living fish seen on video.[36]
During the 2014 expedition, several new species were filmed including huge crustaceans known as supergiants. Deep-sea gigantism is the process where species grow larger than their shallow water relatives.[36]
In May 2017, an unidentified type of snailfish was filmed at a depth of 8,178 metres (26,800 ft).[37]
Pollution[edit]
In 2016, a research expedition looked at the chemical makeup of crustacean scavengers collected from a range of 7,841–10,250 metres within the trench. Within these organisms, the researchers found extremely elevated concentrations of PCBs, a chemical toxin banned for its environmental harm in the 1970s, concentrated at all depths within the sediment of the trench.[38]
Possible nuclear waste disposal site[edit]
Like other oceanic trenches, the Mariana Trench has been proposed as a site for nuclear waste disposal,[39][40] in the hope that tectonic plate subduction occurring at the site might eventually push the nuclear waste deep into the Earth's mantle, the second layer of the Earth. However, ocean dumping of nuclear waste is prohibited by international law.[39][40][41] Furthermore, plate subduction zones are associated with very large megathrust earthquakes, the effects of which are unpredictable for the safety of long-term disposal of nuclear wastes within the hadopelagic ecosystem.[40]
See also[edit]
Oceania portal
Marianas Trench Marine National Monument, United States national monument at the trench. This National Monument protects 95,216 square miles (246,610 km2) of submerged lands and waters of the Mariana Archipelago. It includes some of the Mariana Trench, but not the deepest part, the Challenger Deep, which lies just outside the monument area.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Mariana Trench is 10,994 m deep,[2] while Mount Everest is 8,848 m tall.[4] The difference is 2,146 m, or at least no less than 2,104 m, accounting for the combined 42 m uncertainty in the measurements.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "NGA GeoNames Search". National Geospatial Agency. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Scientists map Mariana Trench, deepest known section of ocean in the world". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. 7 December 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mariana Trench". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ "Official height for Everest set". BBC News. 8 April 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
Jump up ^ infoplease.com – The Temperature in the Mariana Trench, read 2012-05-13
Jump up ^ David R. Williams (17 November 2010).Earth Fact Sheet. National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "About the Monument – Mariana Trench". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Jump up ^ "Giant amoeba found in Mariana Trench – 6.6 miles beneath the sea". Los Angeles Times. 26 October 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Choi, Charles Q. (17 March 2013). "Microbes Thrive in Deepest Spot on Earth". LiveScience. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Glud, Ronnie; Wenzhöfer, Frank; Middleboe, Mathias; Oguri, Kazumasa; Turnewitsch, Robert; Canfield, Donald E.; Kitazato, Hiroshi (17 March 2013). "High rates of microbial carbon turnover in sediments in the deepest oceanic trench on Earth". Nature Geoscience. Bibcode:2013NatGe...6..284G. doi:10.1038/ngeo1773. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "About the Mariana Trench – DEEPSEA CHALLENGE Expedition". Deepseachallenge.com. 26 March 2012. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Theberge, A. (24 March 2009). "Thirty Years of Discovering the Mariana Trench". Hydro International. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Mariana Trench – Exploration". marianatrench.com.
Jump up ^ Tani, S. "Continental shelf survey of Japan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Development and Construction of Launcher System of 10000m‐Class Remotely Operated Vehicle KAIKO Mitsubishi Heavy Industry
Jump up ^ Whitehouse, David (16 July 2003). "Sea floor survey reveals deep hole". BBC News. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Daily Reports for R/V KILO MOANA June and July 2009". University of Hawaii Marine Center. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Inventory of Scientific Equipment aboard the R/V KILO MOANA". University of Hawaii Marine Center. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Duncan Geere (7 February 2012). "Four 'bridges' span the Mariana Trench". Wired. Condé Nast Digital. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Seismic Survey at the Mariana Trench Will Follow Water Dragged Down Into the Earth's Mantle". ScienceDaily. 22 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Strickland, Eliza (2012-02-29). "Don Walsh Describes the Trip to the Bottom of the Mariana Trench – IEEE Spectrum". Spectrum.ieee.org. Retrieved 2013-07-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mariana Trench". Earthquake Hazards Program. U.S. Geological Survey. 21 October 2009. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "NOAA Ocean Explorer: History: Quotations: Soundings, Sea-Bottom, and Geophysics". oceanexplorer.noaa.gov.
Jump up ^ AP Staff (25 March 2012). "James Cameron has reached deepest spot on Earth". MSNBC. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Broad, William J. (25 March 2012). "Filmmaker in Submarine Voyages to Bottom of Sea". New York Times. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Than, Ker (25 March 2012). "James Cameron Completes Record-Breaking Mariana Trench Dive". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Schneider, Kate (2016), “Eerie sounds from the bottom of the Earth”, News.com.au.
Jump up ^ Chappell, Bill (4 March 2016). "Deep-Sea Audio Recordings Reveal A Noisy Mariana Trench, Surprising Scientists". The Two-Way: Breaking News from NPR. National Public Radio. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Triton Submarines". Tritonsubs.com. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "DOER Marine". DOER Marine. 20 December 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Bathyscaphe Trieste | Mariana Trench | Challenger Deep". Geology.com. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "James Cameron dives deep for Avatar", Guardian, 18 January 2011
Jump up ^ "James Cameron heads into the abyss", Nature, 19 March 2012
Jump up ^ Woods, Michael; Mary B. Woods (2009). Seven Natural Wonders of the Arctic, Antarctica, and the Oceans. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 13. ISBN 0-8225-9075-1. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Giant amoebas discovered in the deepest ocean trench". Retrieved 26 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Morelle, Rebecca (2014-12-09). "New record for deepest fish". BBC News. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
Jump up ^ "Ghostly fish in Mariana Trench in the Pacific is deepest ever recorded". CBC News. 2017-08-25. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
Jump up ^ Jamieson, Alan J.; Malkocs, Tamas; Piertney, Stuart B.; Fujii, Toyonobu; Zhang, Zulin (2017-02-13). "Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in the deepest ocean fauna". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1. doi:10.1038/s41559-016-0051. ISSN 2397-334X.
^ Jump up to: a b Hafemeister, David W. (2007). Physics of societal issues: calculations on national security, environment, and energy. Berlin: Springer. p. 187. ISBN 0-387-95560-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kingsley, Marvin G.; Rogers, Kenneth H. (2007). Calculated risks: highly radioactive waste and homeland security. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate. pp. 75–76. ISBN 0-7546-7133-X.
Jump up ^ "Dumping and Loss overview". Oceans in the Nuclear Age. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mariana Trench.
Mariana Trench Dive (25 March 2012) – Deepsea Challenger.
Mariana Trench Dive (23 January 1960) – Trieste (Newsreel).
Mariana Trench Dive (50th Anniv) – Trieste – Capt Don Walsh.
Mariana Trench – Maps (Google).
NOAA – Ocean Explorer (Ofc Ocean Exploration & Rsch).
NOAA – Ocean Explorer – Multimedia – Mariana Arc (podcast).
NOAA – Ocean Explorer – Video Playlist – Ring of Fire (2004–2006).
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Procter & Gamble
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"P&G" redirects here. For other uses, see PG.
The Procter & Gamble Company
Type
Public
Traded as
NYSE: PG
DJIA Component
S&P 100 Component
S&P 500 Component
Industry
Consumer goods
Founded
October 31, 1837; 180 years ago (1837-10-31)
Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.
Founders
William Procter
James Gamble
Headquarters
Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.
Area served
Worldwide (except Cuba and North Korea)
Key people
David S. Taylor
Chairman of the Board, President and CEO[1]
Products
Cleaning agents
Personal care products
Beauty Care Products
Personal Healthcare Products
Diagnostics (through SPD Joint Venture)
Brands
See list of brands
Revenue
US$65.29 billion[2] (2016)
Operating income
US$13.44 billion[2] (2016)
Net income
US$10.50 billion[2] (2016)
Total assets
US$127.1 billion[2] (2016)
Total equity
US$57.34 billion[2] (2016)
Number of employees
95,000[2] (2017)
Website
us.pg.com
Procter & Gamble Co. (P&G) is an American multi-national consumer goods corporation headquartered in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio, founded in 1837 by British American William Procter and Irish American James Gamble.[3] It primarily specializes in a wide range of cleaning agents and personal care and hygienics products. Before the sale of Pringles to the Kellogg Company, its product portfolio also included foods, snacks and beverages.[4]
In 2014, P&G recorded $83.1 billion in sales. On August 1, 2014, P&G announced it was streamlining the company, dropping and selling off around 100 brands from its product portfolio in order to focus on the remaining 65 brands,[5] which produced 95% of the company's profits. A.G. Lafley—the company's chairman, president, and CEO until October 31, 2015—said the future P&G would be "a much simpler, much less complex company of leading brands that's easier to manage and operate".[6]
David Taylor is the current president and CEO of Procter & Gamble.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Origins
1.2 International expansion
1.3 Further developments
1.4 Restructuring
2 Operations
2.1 Management and staff
2.2 Employer recognition
2.3 Brands
2.4 Productions
2.5 Sponsorships
3 Controversies
3.1 Price fixing
3.2 Toxic shock syndrome and tampons
3.3 Animal testing
3.4 Other products
3.5 Logo myth
3.6 Human rights violations of palm oil in 2016
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
History[edit]
Origins[edit]
Candlemaker William Procter, born in England, and soapmaker James Gamble, born in Ireland, both emigrated from the United Kingdom. They settled in Cincinnati initially and met when they married sisters Olivia and Elizabeth Norris.[7] Alexander Norris, their father-in-law, called a meeting in which he persuaded his new sons-in-law to become business partners. On October 31, 1837, as a result of the suggestion, Procter & Gamble was created.
In 1858–1859, sales reached $1 million. By that point, about 80 employees worked for Procter & Gamble. During the American Civil War, the company won contracts to supply the Union Army with soap and candles. In addition to the increased profits experienced during the war, the military contracts introduced soldiers from all over the country to Procter & Gamble's products.
In the 1880s, Procter & Gamble began to market a new product, an inexpensive soap that floats in water. The company called the soap Ivory. William Arnett Procter, William Procter's grandson, began a profit-sharing program for the company's workforce in 1887. By giving the workers a stake in the company, he correctly assumed that they would be less likely to go on strike.
The company began to build factories in other locations in the United States because the demand for products had outgrown the capacity of the Cincinnati facilities. The company's leaders began to diversify its products, as well, and in 1911, began producing Crisco, a shortening made of vegetable oils rather than animal fats. As radio became more popular in the 1920s and 1930s, the company sponsored a number of radio programs. As a result, these shows often became commonly known as "soap operas".
International expansion[edit]
The company moved into other countries, both in terms of manufacturing and product sales, becoming an international corporation with its 1930 acquisition of the Thomas Hedley Co., based in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. After this acquisition, Procter & Gamble had their UK Headquarters at 'Hedley House' in Newcastle upon Tyne, until quite recently. Numerous new products and brand names were introduced over time, and Procter & Gamble began branching out into new areas. The company introduced Tide laundry detergent in 1946 and Prell shampoo in 1947. In 1955, Procter & Gamble began selling the first toothpaste to contain fluoride, known as Crest. Branching out once again in 1957, the company purchased Charmin paper mills and began manufacturing toilet paper and other tissue paper products. Once again focusing on laundry, Procter & Gamble began making Downy fabric softener in 1960 and Bounce fabric softener sheets in 1972.[8]
One of the most revolutionary products to come out on the market was the company's disposable Pampers diaper, first test-marketed in 1961, the same year Procter & Gamble came out with Head & Shoulders.[9] Prior to this point, disposable diapers were not popular, although Johnson & Johnson had developed a product called Chux. Babies always wore cloth diapers, which were leaky and labor-intensive to wash. Pampers provided a convenient alternative, albeit at the environmental cost of more waste requiring landfilling.
Further developments[edit]
Procter & Gamble acquired a number of other companies that diversified its product line and significantly increased profits. These acquisitions included Folgers Coffee, Norwich Eaton Pharmaceuticals (the makers of Pepto-Bismol), Richardson-Vicks, Noxell (Noxzema), Shulton's Old Spice, Max Factor, the Iams Company, and Pantene, among others. In 1994, the company made headlines for big losses resulting from levered positions in interest rate derivatives, and subsequently sued Bankers Trust for fraud; this placed their management in the unusual position of testifying in court that they had entered into transactions that they were not capable of understanding. In 1996, P&G again made headlines when the Food and Drug Administration approved a new product developed by the company, Olestra. Also known by its brand name 'Olean', Olestra is a lower-calorie substitute for fat in cooking potato chips and other snacks.
In January 2005, P&G announced the acquisition[10] of Gillette, forming the largest consumer goods company and placing Unilever into second place. This added brands such as Gillette razors, Duracell, Braun, and Oral-B to their stable. The acquisition was approved by the European Union and the Federal Trade Commission, with conditions to a spinoff of certain overlapping brands. P&G agreed to sell its SpinBrush battery-operated electric toothbrush business to Church & Dwight,[11] and Gillette's Rembrandt toothpaste line to Johnson & Johnson.[12] The deodorant brands Right Guard, Soft and Dri, and Dry Idea were sold to Dial Corporation.[13] The companies officially merged on October 1, 2005. Liquid Paper and Gillette's stationery division, Paper Mate, were sold to Newell Rubbermaid. In 2008, P&G branched into the record business with its sponsorship of Tag Records, as an endorsement for TAG Body Spray.[14]
P&G's dominance in many categories of consumer products makes its brand management decisions worthy of study.[15] For example, P&G's corporate strategists must account for the likelihood of one of their products cannibalizing the sales of another.[16]
On August 25, 2009, the Ireland-based pharmaceutical company Warner Chilcott announced they had bought P&G's prescription-drug business for $3.1 billion.[17]
P&G exited the food business in 2012 when it sold its Pringles snack food business to Kellogg's for $2.75 billion after the $2.35 billion deal with former suitor Diamond Foods fell short.[18] The company had previously sold Jif peanut butter, Crisco shortening and oils, and Folgers coffee in separate transactions to Smucker's.
In April 2014, the company sold its Iams pet food business in all markets excluding Europe to Mars, Inc. for $2.9 billion.[19] It sold the European Iams business to Spectrum Brands in December 2014.[20]
Restructuring[edit]
In August 2014, P&G announced it was streamlining the company, dropping around 100 brands and concentrating on the remaining 65, which were producing 95% of the company's profits.[5]
In March 2015, the company announced it was selling its Vicks VapoSteam U.S. liquid inhalant business to Helen of Troy, part of a brand-restructuring operation. This deal was the first health-related divestiture under the brand-restructuring operation.[21]
In July 2015, the company announced the sale of 43 of its beauty brands to Coty, a beauty-product manufacturer, in a US$13 billion deal. It cited sluggish growth of its beauty division as the reason for the divestiture.[22][23][24] The sale was completed on October 3, 2016.[25]
In February 2016, P&G completed the transfer of Duracell to Berkshire Hathaway through an exchange of shares.[26]
In April 2018, Reuters reported that Procter & Gamble would purchase the consumer health division of Merck Group for €3.4 billion euros (£2.96 billion; $4.2 billion).[27]
Operations[edit]
As of July 1, 2016[update], the company structure has been categorized into ten categories and six selling and market organizations.
Categories
Baby Care
Fabric Care
Family Care
Feminine Care
Grooming
Hair Care
Home Care
Oral Care
Personal Health Care
Skin & Personal Care
Selling & Market Organizations
Asia Pacific
Europe
Greater China
India, the Middle East, and Africa (IMEA)
Latin America
North America
Management and staff[edit]
The board of directors of Procter & Gamble currently has 13 members.[28]
Frank Blake
Angela Braly
Amy L. Chang
Kenneth Chenault
Scott Cook
Joseph Jimenez
Terry J. Lundgren
W. James McNerney, Jr.
Nelson Peltz
David S. Taylor
Meg Whitman
Patricia A. Woertz
Ernesto Zedillo
In May 2011, Fortune editor-at-large Patricia Sellers praised P&G's board diversity, as five of the company's 11 current directors are female and have all been on Fortune's annual Most Powerful Women list.[29]
In March 2011, Rajat Gupta resigned from the board after a SEC accusation of Galleon Group insider trading.[30]
In May 2013, Robert A. McDonald announced his retirement and was replaced by A.G. Lafley, who returned as chairman, President, and CEO.[31]
Procter & Gamble is a member of the U.S. Global Leadership Coalition, a Washington, DC-based coalition of over 400 major companies and NGOs that advocates for a larger international affairs budget, which funds American diplomatic and development efforts abroad.[32]
Employer recognition[edit]
Fortune magazine awarded P&G a top spot on its list of "Global Top Companies for Leaders", and ranked the company at 15th place of the "World's Most Admired Companies" list.[33] Chief Executive magazine named P&G the best overall company for leadership development in its list of the "40 Best Companies for Leaders".
In October 2008, P&G was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" by Mediacorp Canada Inc. and was featured in Maclean's newsmagazine. Later that month, P&G was also named one of Greater Toronto's Top Employers, which was announced by the Toronto Star newspaper.[34]
In October 2013, the company was named the fourth-most in-demand employer in the world according to analytic data sourced by Linkedin.[35]
In August 2013, P&G was named the 14th-hardest company to interview for by Glassdoor.[36] In November 2013, Glassdoor also named them as a top 25 company for career opportunities.[37] In February 2014, Glassdoor placed P&G 34th on their annual Best Places to Work list.[38]
In November 2014, P&G came out publicly in support of same-sex marriage in a statement made by William Gipson, P&G's chief global diversity officer.[39]
In November 2015, P&G was named the Careers in Africa Employer of Choice 2015 following a survey of over 13,000 African professionals from across the globe. P&G was also recognised as the most desirable FMCG business to work for in Africa.[40]
In 2016 and 2017, P&G was recognized as one of Forbes World's Most Reputable Companies.[41][42]
Brands[edit]
Main article: List of Procter & Gamble brands
As of 2015, 21 of P&G's brands have more than a billion dollars in net annual sales.[43] Most of these brands—including Bounty, Crest, and Tide—are global products available on several continents. P&G's products are available in North America, Latin America, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand.
P&G's baby, feminine, and family-care division accounted for 29% of the company's total net sales, the highest of all its divisions. The division includes Always, Bounty, Charmin, and Pampers.[44]
According to Advertising Age, Procter & Gamble spent $4.3 billion advertising their various brands in the United States in 2015, making it the top advertiser in the country.[45]
Manufacturing operations are based in these counties:
United States
Canada
Philippines
Mexico
Indonesia
Romania
United Kingdom
France
Germany
Poland[46]
Russia[47]
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
Australia
New Zealand
Brazil
Europe
Japan
India[48]
China
South Korea
Pakistan[49]
Egypt
South Africa
Nigeria[50]
Jordan
Tunisia
Productions[edit]
The P&G production logo from 1986 to 2007
Procter & Gamble produced and sponsored the first radio serial dramas in the 1930s. As the company was known for detergents, the serials became known as "soap operas".[51] With the rise of television in the 1950s and 1960s, most of the new serials were sponsored and produced by the company (including The Guiding Light, which had begun in 1937 as a radio serial, and made the transition to television in 1952). Though the last P&G-produced show, As the World Turns, left the air in 2010, The Young and the Restless, produced by Sony Pictures Television and broadcast on CBS, is still partially sponsored by Procter & Gamble; as of 2017, it is the only remaining daytime drama that is partially sponsored by Procter & Gamble.
These past serials were produced by Procter & Gamble:
Another World
As the World Turns
The Brighter Day
The Catlins
The Edge of Night
The First Hundred Years
From These Roots
Guiding Light
Lovers and Friends / For Richer, for Poorer
Our Private World
Search for Tomorrow
Somerset
Texas
Young Doctor Malone
Procter & Gamble also was the first company to produce and sponsor a prime-time serial, a 1965 spin-off of As the World Turns called Our Private World. In 1979, PGP produced Shirley, a prime-time NBC series starring Shirley Jones, which lasted 13 episodes. They also produced TBS' first original comedy series, Down to Earth, which ran from 1984 to 1987 (110 episodes were produced). They also distributed the syndicated comedy series Throb. In 1985, they produced a game-show pilot called The Buck Stops Here with Taft Entertainment Television in 1985, hosted by Jim Peck; it was not picked up. Procter & Gamble Productions originally co-produced Dawson's Creek with Sony Pictures Television but withdrew before the series premiere due to early press reviews. They also produced the 1991 TV movie A Triumph of the Heart: The Ricky Bell Story, which was co-produced by The Landsburg Company, and continue to produce the People's Choice Awards.
In 2013, PGP rebranded itself as Procter & Gamble Entertainment (PGE) with a new logo and an emphasis on multiple-platform entertainment production.
Sponsorships[edit]
In addition to its self-produced items through PGE, Procter & Gamble also supports many Spanish-language novellas through advertising on all networks: Univisión, Telemundo, Galavision, UniMás, Estrella TV, MundoMax, and Azteca America. Procter & Gamble was one of the first mainstream advertisers on Spanish-language TV during the mid-1980s.[citation needed]
In 2008, P&G expanded into music sponsorship when it joined Island Def Jam to create Tag Records, named after a body spray that P&G acquired from Gillette. In April 2010, after the cancellation of As the World Turns, PGP announced they were phasing out soap opera production and expanding into more family-appropriate programming.[52][53]
Procter & Gamble also gave a $100,000 contract to the winners of Cycles 1 through 3 of Canada's Next Top Model, wherein Andrea Muizelaar, Rebecca Hardy, and Meaghan Waller won the prize.
Procter & Gamble has been a major sponsor of the Summer Olympics since 2012. It sponsored 150 athletes at the London games that year.[54] They have also sponsored the Winter Olympics since 2014. It'll do so at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo besides the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing. The company's sponsorship includes television ads in which Olympic athletes are portrayed as children to convey the sense that the mothers of these athletes still remember them as infants; other ads stress how Olympic mothers stood by their children through years of training all the way through to Olympic success. 2016's ad for the Rio Games notes upheavals as youths by an American gymnast, Chinese swimmer, Brazilian volleyballer, and German distance runner. The ads all make prominent use of the Ludovico Einaudi orchestral track "Divenire" and related such instrumentals.
The company has actively developed or sponsored numerous online communities,[55] e.g. BeingGirl.com (launched in 2000)[56] and Women.com.[55] As of 2000[update], the company had 72 "highly stylized destination sites".[57]
Controversies[edit]
Price fixing[edit]
In April 2011, P&G was fined 211.2 million euros by the European Commission for establishing a price-fixing cartel for washing powder in Europe along with Unilever, who was fined 104 m euros, and Henkel (not fined). Though the fine was set higher at first, it was discounted by 10% after P&G and Unilever admitted running the cartel. As the provider of the tip-off leading to investigations, Henkel was not fined.[58]
Toxic shock syndrome and tampons[edit]
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a disease caused by strains of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Most people have these bacteria living in their bodies as harmless commensals in places such as the nose, skin, and vagina. The disease can strike anyone, not only women, but the disease is often associated with tampons. In 1980, 814 menstrual-related TSS cases were reported; 38 deaths resulted from the disease. The majority of women in these cases were documented as using super-absorbent synthetic tampons, particularly the Rely tampon created by Procter & Gamble.[59] The Rely tampon was so super-absorbent that one by itself could, in fact, hold one woman's entire menstrual period flow.[citation needed] Unlike other tampons made of cotton and rayon, Rely used carboxymethylcellulose and compressed beads of polyester for absorption.
In the summer of 1980, the Centers for Disease Control released a report explaining how these bacterial mechanisms were leading to TSS. They also stated that the Rely tampon was associated with TSS more than any other brand of tampon. In September 1980, Procter & Gamble voluntarily recalled its Rely brand of tampons from the market and agreed to provide for a program to notify consumers. Since the 1980s, reported cases of TSS have dramatically decreased.[60]
Animal testing[edit]
On June 30, 1999, Procter & Gamble announced that it would limit its animal testing practices to its food and drug products which represented less than 20% of its product portfolio.[61] The company invested more than $275 million in the development of alternative testing methods.[62]
Procter & Gamble has received criticism from animal advocacy group PETA for the practice of testing on animals.[63]
Other products[edit]
In 2002, P&G was sued for its ads falsely suggesting to the consumers that the drug Prilosec could cure heartburn in a day.[64] In December 2005, the Pharmaceutical division of P&G was involved in a dispute over research involving its osteoporosis drug Actonel. The case was discussed in the media.[65]
Logo myth[edit]
Former P&G logo
P&G's former logo originated in 1851 as a crude cross that barge workers on the Ohio River painted on cases of P&G star candles to identify them. P&G later changed this symbol into a trademark that showed a man in the moon overlooking 13 stars, said to commemorate the original 13 colonies.[66]
The company received unwanted media publicity in the 1980s due to rumors, spread largely by Amway distributors, that the moon-and-stars logo was a satanic symbol. The accusation was based on a particular passage in the Bible, specifically Revelation 12:1, which states: "And there appeared a great wonder in heaven; a woman clothed with the sun, the moon under her feet and upon her head a crown of 12 stars." P&G's logo consisted of a man's face on the moon surrounded by 13 stars. Some claimed that the logo was a mockery of the heavenly symbol alluded to in the aforementioned verse, thus construing the logo to be satanic. Where the flowing beard meets the surrounding circle, three curls were said to be a mirror image of the number 666, or the reflected number of the beast. At the top and bottom, the hair curls in on itself and was said to be the two horns like those of a ram. The moon-and-stars logo was discontinued in 1985 in a failed attempt to quash the rumors.[67]
These interpretations have been denied by company officials and no evidence linking the company to the Church of Satan or any other occult organization has ever been presented. The company unsuccessfully sued Amway from 1995 to 2003 over rumors forwarded through a company voice-mail system in 1995. In 2007, the company successfully sued individual Amway distributors for reviving and propagating the false rumors.[68] The Church of Satan denies being supported by Procter & Gamble.[69]
Human rights violations of palm oil in 2016[edit]
According to a 2016 report by Amnesty International, palm oil provider Wilmar International, the world's biggest palm oil grower in 2016 and supplier of raw materials to Procter & Gamble, profited from 8 to 14-year-old child labor and forced labor. Some workers were extorted, threatened, or not paid for work. Some workers also suffered severe injuries from toxic banned chemicals.[70]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Leadership Team". Procter & Gamble. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "2016 Earnings Report, The Procter & Gamble Company". The Procter & Gamble Company. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "history_of_innovation". us.pg.com. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Procter & Gamble board meets amid CEO reports". Boston Herald. Associated Press. June 9, 2009. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Coolidge, Alexander (July 10, 2015). "P&G brand sales, restructuring will cut jobs up to 19%". Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Around 100 brands to be dropped by Procter and Gamble to boost sales". Cincinnati News.Net. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Dyer, Davis; Dalzell, Frederick; Olegario, Rowena (2004). Rising Tide: Lessons from 165 Years of Brand Building at Procter & Gamble. Harvard Business School Press. ISBN 1-59139-147-4.
Jump up ^ "Bounce Dryer Sheets" (PDF). Retrieved October 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Davis, Dyer; et al. (May 1, 2004). Rising Tide: Lessons from 165 Years of Brand Building at Procter and Gamble. Harvard Business Press. p. 423. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ writer, By Chris Isidore, CNN/Money senior. "P&G to buy Gillette in $57B stock deal – Jan. 28, 2005". money.cnn.com. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Berman, Dennis K.; Ellison, Sarah (September 14, 2005). "P&G Plans to Sell SpinBrush Unit To Advance Merger". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "P&G sells Rembrandt to Johnson & Johnson". Cincinnati Business Journals. October 24, 2005. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wherrity, Constance (February 21, 2006). "Dial Agrees to Buy P&G Deodorant Brands". Pierce Mattie Public Relations New York blog. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "P&G Must Proceed With Caution". Marketing Doctor Blog. July 10, 2008. Archived from the original on April 10, 2012. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "How To Learn From GE and P&G When The World Is About To Change". Marketing Doctor Blog. June 6, 2008. Archived from the original on June 22, 2012. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ Horstman, Barry M (October 11, 2005). "John G. Smale: He rebuilt P&G – and city, too". The Cincinnati Post. Archived from the original on April 5, 2005.
Jump up ^ Cordieiro, Anjali; Loftus, Peter (August 25, 2009). "Warner Chilcott to pay $3.1 for P&G's drug business". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ Watson, Elaine (February 15, 2012). "P&G sells Pringles to Kellog after Diamond deal loses its luster". The Food Navigator. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Wahba, Phil (April 9, 2014). "P&G selling pet food brands to Mars for $2.9 billion". Reuters. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Spectrum Brands Holdings Completes Acquisition of the European IAMS and Eukanuba Pet Food Business". Business Wire. December 31, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Coolidge, Alexander. "P&G sells health brand". Cincinnati.com. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Oyedele, Akin (July 9, 2015). "Procter & Gamble just sold 43 of its brands for $12.5 billion". Business Insider. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ng, Serena; Dulaney, Chelsey (July 9, 2015). "Procter & Gamble Agrees to Sell Beauty Brands". Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company. Retrieved July 9, 2015. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "P&G confirms names of all 43 brands sold to Coty". Cosmetics Business. July 14, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Coty Completes Merger with P&G Specialty Beauty Business". Business Wire. October 3, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Coolidge, Alexander (March 1, 2016). "Duracell leaves P&G fold". Cincinnati. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-merck-m-a-p-g/pg-to-buy-german-mercks-consumer-health-unit-for-4-2-billion-idUKKBN1HQ0EH
Jump up ^ "Board Composition". Procter & Gamble. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sellers, Patricia (May 5, 2011). "P&G rates an "A" for board diversity". CNN Money. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "P&G Views | P&G News | Events, Multimedia, Public Relations" (Press release). Pg.com. December 31, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "A.G. Lafley Rejoins Procter & Gamble as Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer" (Press release). Pg.com. May 23, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Global Leadership Coalition, Global Trust members". Usglc.org. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Fortune's List of World's Most Admired Companies". Fortune. August 7, 2013. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Reasons for Selection, 2009 Canada's Top 100 Employers Competition".
Jump up ^ "North America's Most InDemand Employers: 2014". linkedin.com.
Jump up ^ "Glassdoor's Top 25 Most Difficult Companies To Interview (2013)". Glassdoor Blog.
Jump up ^ "Top 25 Companies for Career Opportunities". Glassdoor.
Jump up ^ "Best Places to Work". Glassdoor.
Jump up ^ Alexander Coolidge (November 19, 2014). "P&G publicly supports same-sex marriage". Cincinnati.com. Retrieved January 20, 2016. For the first time in its history, Procter & Gamble is openly supporting same-sex marriage. The Cincinnati-based consumer products giant says it embraced gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender employees for more than 20 years. Now, the company says same-sex marriage has become an important enough issue to its workers that it is taking a public stand.
Jump up ^ Alexander Mugan (December 2, 2015). "2015 Careers in Africa Employer of Choice Awards". careersinafrica.com. Retrieved February 19, 2016. The results of the inaugural Careers in Africa Employer of Choice Study, in association with Towers Watson, drawn from more than 13,000 survey responses by African professionals representing every market on the continent, have been revealed.
Jump up ^ Strauss, Karsten. "The World's Most Reputable Companies, 2016". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-03-20.
Jump up ^ Strauss, Karsten. "The World's Most Reputable Companies In 2017". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-03-20.
Jump up ^ Kalogeropoulos, Demitrios (December 27, 2015). "The Procter & Gamble Company's Best Product in 2015". Motley Fool. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "P&G at a glance". Procter & Gamble. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Brunsman, Barrett J. (June 30, 2016). "Three Cincinnati companies among largest advertisers in U.S." Cincinnati Business Courier. American City Business Journals. Retrieved 2016-06-30.
Jump up ^ "Procter & Gamble – Plants in Poland/Fabryki W Polsce". ce.pgcareers.com. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "P&G в России - Компания - P&G". www.pg.com. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Our New Hyderabad Plant Is Off to a Remarkable Start". pg.com.
Jump up ^ "P&G celebrates 25 years of successful operations in Pakistan".
Jump up ^ "New P&G Plant Opens in Nigeria".
Jump up ^ Carter, Bill; Stelter, Brian (December 9, 2009). "CBS Cancels As the World Turns, Procter & Gamble's Last Soap Opera". The New York Times. Retrieved September 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ Levine, Robert (July 7, 2008). "It's American Brandstand: Marketers Underwrite Performers". New York Times. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "P&G Must Proceed With Caution". Marketing Blog. July 10, 2008. Archived from the original on April 10, 2012. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "P&G Sponsors More Than 150 World-Class Athletes at the London 2012 Olympic Games". Procter & Gamble. July 29, 2012. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Michael J. Shaw (October 31, 2002). E-Business Management: Integration of Web Technologies with Business Models. Springer. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-4020-7178-2. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dancing tampons". Wired. July 26, 2000. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ Business 2.0. Imagine Media. November 2000. p. 34. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Unilever and Procter & Gamble in price fixing fine". BBC News. April 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ Mikkelson, Barbara; Mikkelson, David (December 31, 2005). "Tampax Pearl". Snopes.com. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ Mcpherson, Marianne (March 2005). "Sexual Anatomy, Reproduction, and the Menstrual Cycle". Boston Women's Health Book Collective. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ Canedy, Dana (July 1, 1999). "P.& G. to End Animal Tests For Most Consumer Goods". The New York Times. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Animal Welfare and Alternatives". Procter & Gamble. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ Liddick, Don (2006). Eco-terrorism: radical environmental and animal liberation movements. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-275-98535-6. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Over-the-counter Prilosec to debut". October 15, 2003. Retrieved July 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Collated Media Reports". Thejabberwock.org. July 7, 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Procter and Gamble v. Amway 242 F.3d 539". U.S. Court of Appeals, 5th Circuit. February 14, 2001. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ Witt, Howard (April 25, 1985). "Corporate news: Procter symbol succumbs to devilish rumor". Chicago Tribune.
Jump up ^ "Procter & Gamble Wins Satanic Civil Suit". CBS Money Watch. February 11, 2009. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ High Priest, Magus Peter H. Gilmore. "F.A.Q. Conspiracies". churchofsatan.com.
Jump up ^ THE GREAT PALM OIL SCANDAL: LABOUR ABUSES BEHIND BIG BRAND NAMES Amnesty International November 30, 2016
Further reading[edit]
McGuigan, Lee, "Procter & Gamble, Mass Media, and the Making of American Life," Media, Culture, and Society 37 (Sept. 2015), 887–903.
John Kominicki, "James Gamble's Candles And Soap Lit Up Profit: Do It Right: He helped put P&G on an ethical path to top", Los Angeles: Investor's Business Daily, March 6, 2015, p. A3.
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values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: بروكتر وغامبل – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Проктър и Гембъл – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: پروکتر اند گمبل – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: 프록터 앤드 갬블 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: פרוקטר אנד גמבל – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: ಪ್ರಾಕ್ಟರ್ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: Проктер мен Гэмбл – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: プロクター・アンド・ギャンブル – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: பிரொக்டர் அன்ட் கேம்பிள் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: พรอคเตอร์ แอนด์ แกมเบิล – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

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