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Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79
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AD 79 eruption of Mount Vesuvius
The Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum (c. 1821) by John Martin
Volcano
Mount Vesuvius
Date
August 24–25 (probable), AD 79
Type
Vesuvian
Location
Campania, Italy
40°49′N 14°26′E / 40.817°N 14.433°E / 40.817; 14.433Coordinates: 40°49′N 14°26′E / 40.817°N 14.433°E / 40.817; 14.433
VEI
5
Impact
Buried the Roman settlements of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Oplontis and Stabiae.
Mount Vesuvius, a stratovolcano in modern-day Italy, erupted in 79 AD in one of the most catastrophic volcanic eruptions in European history. Historians have learned about the eruption from the eyewitness account of Pliny the Younger, a Roman administrator and poet.[1] The event is the namesake for the Vesuvian type of volcanic eruptions.
Mount Vesuvius violently spewed forth a deadly cloud of super-heated tephra and gases to a height of 33 km (21 mi), ejecting molten rock, pulverized pumice and hot ash at a massive rate of 1.5 million tons per second, ultimately releasing 100,000 times the thermal energy of the Hiroshima-Nagasaki bombings.[2] Several Roman settlements were obliterated and buried underneath massive pyroclastic surges and ashfall deposits, the best known being Pompeii and Herculaneum.[1][2]
The total inhabitants of both cities were 16,000–20,000; the remains of over 1,500 people have been found at Pompeii and Herculaneum, but the overall death toll is still unclear.
Contents
[hide]
1 Precursors and foreshocks
2 Nature of the eruption
2.1 Stratigraphic studies
2.2 Magnetic studies
3 Two Plinys
3.1 Pliny the Younger
3.2 Pliny the Elder
4 Casualties from the eruption
5 Date of the eruption
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Precursors and foreshocks[edit]
The Last Day of Pompeii. Painting by Karl Brullov, 1830–1833
The AD 79 eruption was preceded by a powerful earthquake seventeen years before on February 5, AD 62, which caused widespread destruction around the Bay of Naples, and particularly to Pompeii.[3] Some of the damage had still not been repaired when the volcano erupted.[4] The deaths of 600 sheep from "tainted air" in the vicinity of Pompeii, reported by Seneca the Younger, leads volcanologist Haraldur Sigurdsson to compare them to similar deaths of sheep in Iceland from pools of volcanic carbon dioxide and to speculate that the earthquake of AD 62 was related to new activity by Mount Vesuvius.[5]
Another smaller earthquake took place in AD 64; it was recorded by Suetonius in his biography of Nero,[6] and by Tacitus in Annales because it took place while Nero was in Naples performing for the first time in a public theatre.[7] Suetonius recorded that the emperor continued singing through the earthquake until he had finished his song, while Tacitus wrote that the theatre collapsed shortly after being evacuated.
The Romans grew accustomed to minor earth tremors in the region; the writer Pliny the Younger wrote that they "were not particularly alarming because they are frequent in Campania". Small earthquakes started taking place on 20 August 79,[4] becoming more frequent over the next four days, but the warnings were not recognized.[8]
Nature of the eruption[edit]
Reconstructions of the eruption and its effects vary considerably in the details but have the same overall features. The eruption lasted for two days. The morning of the first day, August 22, was perceived as normal by the only eyewitness to leave a surviving document, Pliny the Younger, who at that point was staying at Misenum, on the other side of the Bay of Naples about 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the volcano, which may have prevented him from noticing the early signs of the eruption. He was not to have any opportunity, during the next two days, to talk to people who had witnessed the eruption from Pompeii or Herculaneum (indeed he never mentions Pompeii in his letter), so he would not have noticed early, smaller fissures and releases of ash and smoke on the mountain, if such had occurred earlier in the morning. Around 1:00 P.M., Mount Vesuvius violently erupted, spewing up a high-altitude column from which ash and pumice began to fall, blanketing the area. Rescues and escapes occurred during this time. At some time in the night or early the next day, August 23, pyroclastic flows in the close vicinity of the volcano began. Lights seen on the mountain were interpreted as fires. People as far away as Misenum fled for their lives. The flows were rapid-moving, dense, and very hot, knocking down wholly or partly all structures in their path, incinerating or suffocating all population remaining there and altering the landscape, including the coastline. These were accompanied by additional light tremors and a mild tsunami in the Bay of Naples. By evening of the second day, the eruption was over, leaving only haze in the atmosphere through which the sun shone weakly.
Pliny the Younger wrote an account of the eruption:
Broad sheets of flame were lighting up many parts of Vesuvius; their light and brightness were the more vivid for the darkness of the night... it was daylight now elsewhere in the world, but there the darkness was darker and thicker than any night.[9]
Stratigraphic studies[edit]
Pompeii and Herculaneum, as well as other cities affected by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. The black cloud represents the general distribution of ash, pumice and cinders. Modern coast lines are shown; Pliny the Younger was at Misenum.
According to a stratigraphic study (a study of the layers of ash) by Sigurdsson, Cashdollar, and Sparks, published in 1982, and now a standard reference, the eruption of Vesuvius of AD 79 unfolded in two phases:[10] a Vesuvian eruption that lasted eighteen to twenty hours and produced a fall of pumice and ashes southward of the volcano that accumulated up to depths of 2.8 m (9.2 ft) at Pompeii, followed by pyroclastic surges or nuées ardentes in the second Peléan phase that reached as far as Misenum but was concentrated to the west and northwest. Two pyroclastic surges engulfed Pompeii, burning and asphyxiating any living beings who had remained behind. Herculaneum and Oplontis received the brunt of the surges and were buried in fine pyroclastic deposits, pulverized pumice and lava fragments.
In an article published in 2002, Sigurdsson and Casey elaborate on the stratigraphic evidence based on excavations and surveys up until then. In this interpretation, the quasi-initial explosion (not quite initial) produced a column of ash and pumice ranging between 15 km (9.3 mi) and 30 km (19 mi) high, which, due to northwest winds, rained on Pompeii to the southeast but not on Herculaneum upwind. The eruption is viewed as primarily phreatomagmatic; that is, the chief energy supporting the blast column came from the escape of steam generated by the magma, created from seawater seeping over time into the deep-seated faults of the region, that came into interaction with magma and heat.
Subsequently, the cloud collapsed as the gases densified and lost their capability to support their solid contents, releasing it as a pyroclastic surge, which first reached Herculaneum, not Pompeii. Additional explosions reinstituted the column. The eruption alternated between Vesuvian and Peléan six times. Surges 4 and 5 are believed by the authors to have destroyed and buried Pompeii.[11] Surges are identified in the deposits by dune and cross-bedding formations, which are not produced by fallout.
The authors suggest that the first ash falls are to be interpreted as early-morning, low-volume explosions not seen from Misenum, causing Rectina to send her messenger on a ride of several hours around the Bay of Naples, then passable, providing an answer to the paradox of how the messenger might miraculously appear at Pliny's villa so shortly after a distant eruption that would have prevented him.
Magnetic studies[edit]
Inside the crater of Vesuvius
A 2006 study by Zanella, Gurioli, Pareschi, and Lanza used the magnetic characteristics of over 200 samples of lithic, roof-tile, and plaster fragments collected from pyroclastic deposits in and around Pompeii to estimate the equilibrium temperatures of the deposits.[12] The deposits were placed by pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) resulting from the collapses of the Plinian column. The authors argue that fragments over 2–5 cm (0.8–2 in) were not in the current long enough to acquire its temperature, which would have been much higher, and therefore they distinguish between the depositional temperatures, which they estimated, and the emplacement temperatures, which in some cases based on the cooling characteristics of some types and fragment sizes of rocks they believed they also could estimate. Final figures are considered to be those of the rocks in the current just before deposition.[13]
All crustal rock contains some iron or iron compounds, rendering it ferromagnetic, as do Roman roof tiles and plaster. These materials may acquire a residual field from a number of sources. When individual molecules, which are magnetic dipoles, are held in alignment by being bound in a crystalline structure, the small fields reinforce each other to form the rock's residual field.[14] Heating the material adds internal energy to it. At the Curie temperature, the vibration of the molecules is sufficient to disrupt the alignment; the material loses its residual magnetism and assumes whatever magnetic field might be applied to it only for the duration of the application. The authors term this phenomenon unblocking. Residual magnetism is considered to "block out" non-residual fields.
A rock is a mixture of minerals, each with its own Curie temperature; the authors therefore looked for a spectrum of temperatures rather than a single temperature. In the ideal sample, the PDC did not raise the temperature of the fragment beyond the highest blocking temperature. Some constituent material retained the magnetism imposed by the Earth's field when the item was formed. The temperature was raised above the lowest blocking temperature and therefore some minerals on recooling acquired the magnetism of the Earth as it was in AD 79. The overall field of the sample was the vector sum of the fields of the high-blocking material and the low-blocking material.
This type of sample made possible estimation of the low unblocking temperature. Using special equipment that measured field direction and strength at various temperatures, the experimenters raised the temperature of the sample in increments of 40 °C (70 °F) from 100 °C (210 °F) until it reached the low unblocking temperature.[15] Deprived of one of its components, the overall field changed direction. A plot of direction at each increment identified the increment at which the sample's resultant magnetism had formed.[16] That was considered to be the equilibrium temperature of the deposit. Considering the data for all the deposits of the surge arrived at a surge deposit estimate. The authors discovered that the city, Pompeii, was a relatively cool spot within a much hotter field, which they attributed to interaction of the surge with the "fabric" of the city.[17]
The investigators reconstruct the sequence of volcanic events as follows. On the first day of the eruption a fall of white pumice containing clastic fragments of up to 3 centimetres (1 in) fell for several hours.[18] It heated the roof tiles to 120–140 °C (250–280 °F).[19] This period would have been the last opportunity to escape. Subsequently, a second column deposited a grey pumice with clastics up to 10 cm (4 in), temperature unsampled, but presumed to be higher, for 18 hours. These two falls were the Plinian phase. The collapse of the edges of these clouds generated the first dilute PDCs, which must have been devastating to Herculaneum, but did not enter Pompeii.
Early in the morning of the second day the grey cloud began to collapse to a greater degree. Two major surges struck and destroyed Pompeii. Herculaneum and all its population no longer existed. The emplacement temperature range of the first surge was 180–220 °C (360–430 °F), minimum temperatures; of the second, 220–260 °C (430–500 °F). The depositional temperature of the first was 140–300 °C (280–570 °F). Upstream and downstream of the flow it was 300–360 °C (570–680 °F).[20]
The variable temperature of the first surge was due to interaction with the buildings. Any population remaining in structural refuges could not have escaped, as the city was surrounded by gases of incinerating temperatures. The lowest temperatures were in rooms under collapsed roofs. These were as low as 100 °C (210 °F), the boiling point of water.[21] The authors suggest that elements of the bottom of the flow were decoupled from the main flow by topographic irregularities and were made cooler by the introduction of ambient turbulent air. In the second surge the irregularities were gone and the city was as hot as the surrounding environment.
During the last surge, which was very dilute, one meter more of deposits fell over the region.[22]
Two Plinys[edit]
Pompeii, with Vesuvius towering above
The only surviving eyewitness account of the event consists of two letters by Pliny the Younger, who was 17 at the time of the eruption,[23] to the historian, Tacitus.[24] Observing the first volcanic activity from Misenum across the Bay of Naples from the volcano, approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) away, the elder Pliny launched a rescue fleet and went himself to the rescue of a personal friend. His nephew declined to join the party. One of the nephew's letters relates what he could discover from witnesses of his uncle's experiences.[25] In a second letter the younger Pliny details his own observations after the departure of his uncle.[26]
Pliny the Younger[edit]
Further information: Pliny the Younger
The two men saw an extraordinarily dense cloud rising rapidly above the mountain:[25]
I cannot give you a more exact description of its appearance than by comparing to a pine tree; for it shot up to a great height in the form of a tall trunk, which spread out at the top as though into branches. [...] Occasionally it was brighter, occasionally darker and spotted, as it was either more or less filled with earth and cinders.
These events and a request by messenger for an evacuation by sea prompted the elder Pliny to order rescue operations in which he sailed away to participate. His nephew attempted to resume a normal life, continuing to study, and bathing, but that night a tremor awoke him and his mother, prompting them to abandon the house for the courtyard. At another tremor near dawn the population abandoned the village. After still a third "the sea seemed to roll back upon itself, and to be driven from its banks", which is evidence for a tsunami. There is, however, no evidence of extensive damage from wave action.
The early light was obscured by a black cloud through which shone flashes, which Pliny likens to sheet lightning, but more extensive. The cloud obscured Point Misenum near at hand and the island of Capraia (Capri) across the bay. Fearing for their lives the population began to call to each other and move back from the coast along the road. Pliny's mother requested him to abandon her and save his own life, as she was too corpulent and aged to go further, but seizing her hand he led her away as best he could. A rain of ash fell. Pliny found it necessary to shake off the ash periodically to avoid being buried. Later that same day the ash stopped falling and the sun shone weakly through the cloud, encouraging Pliny and his mother to return to their home and wait for news of Pliny the Elder. The letter compares the ash to a blanket of snow. Evidently the earthquake and tsunami damage at that location were not severe enough to prevent continued use of the home.
Pliny the Elder[edit]
Further information: Pliny the Elder
Pliny's uncle Pliny the Elder was in command of the Roman fleet at Misenum, and had meanwhile decided to investigate the phenomenon at close hand in a light vessel. As the ship was preparing to leave the area, a messenger came from his friend Rectina (wife of Tascius) living on the coast near the foot of the volcano, explaining that her party could only get away by sea and asking for rescue.[27] Pliny ordered the immediate launching of the fleet galleys to the evacuation of the coast. He continued in his light ship to the rescue of Rectina's party.[27]
He set off across the bay but in the shallows on the other side encountered thick showers of hot cinders, lumps of pumice, and pieces of rock. Advised by the helmsman to turn back he stated "Fortune favors the brave" and ordered him to continue on to Stabiae (about 4.5 km or 2.8 mi from Pompeii), where Pomponianus was.[27] Pomponianus had already loaded a ship with possessions and was preparing to leave, but the same onshore wind that brought Pliny's ship to the location had prevented anyone from leaving.[27]
Pliny and his party saw flames coming from several parts of the mountain, which Pliny and his friends attributed to burning villages. After staying overnight, the party was driven from the building by an accumulation of material which threatened to block all egress.[27] They woke Pliny, who had been napping and emitting loud snoring. They elected to take to the fields with pillows tied to their heads to protect them from rockfall. They approached the beach again but the wind had not changed. Pliny sat down on a sail that had been spread for him and could not rise even with assistance when his friends departed, escaping ultimately by land.[28] Very likely, he had collapsed and died, which is the most popular explanation of why his friends abandoned him, although Suetonius offers an alternative story of his ordering a slave to kill him to avoid the pain of incineration. How the slave would have escaped to tell the tale remains a mystery. There is no mention of such an event in his nephew's letters.
In the first letter to Tacitus his nephew suggested that his death was due to the reaction of his weak lungs to a cloud of poisonous, sulphurous gas that wafted over the group.[27] However, Stabiae was 16 km (9.9 mi) from the vent (roughly where the modern town of Castellammare di Stabia is situated) and his companions were apparently unaffected by the fumes, and so it is more likely that the corpulent Pliny died from some other cause, such as a stroke or heart attack.[29] An asthmatic attack is also not out of the question. His body was found with no apparent injuries on the next day, after dispersal of the plume.
Casualties from the eruption[edit]
The skeleton called the "Ring Lady" unearthed in Herculaneum
Along with Pliny the Elder, the only other notable casualties of the eruption to be known by name were Agrippa (a son of the Jewish princess Drusilla and the procurator Antonius Felix) and his wife.[30]
By 2003 around 1,044 casts made from impressions of bodies in the ash deposits had been recovered in and around Pompeii, with the scattered bones of another 100.[31] The remains of about 332 bodies have been found at Herculaneum (300 in arched vaults discovered in 1980).[32] What percentage these numbers are of the total dead or the percentage of the dead to the total number at risk remain completely unknown.
In May 2018 a cast made from an impression of a horse, found in a villa on the northern outskirts of Pompei was displayed by Pompei officials.[33]
Thirty-eight percent of the 1044 were found in the ash fall deposits, the majority inside buildings. These are thought to have been killed mainly by roof collapses, with the smaller number of victims found outside buildings probably killed by falling roof slates or by larger rocks thrown out by the volcano. This differs from modern experience, since over the last four hundred years only around 4% of victims have been killed by ash falls during explosive eruptions. The remaining 62% of remains found at Pompeii were in the pyroclastic surge deposits,[31] and thus were probably killed by them. It was initially believed that due to the state of the bodies found at Pompeii and the outline of clothes on the bodies it was unlikely that high temperatures were a significant cause. But in 2010, studies indicated that during the fourth pyroclastic surge – the first surge to reach Pompeii – temperatures reached 300 °C (572 °F). Volcanologist Giuseppe Mastrolorenzo, who led the study, noted that "(It was) enough to kill hundreds of people in a fraction of a second". In reference as to why the bodies were frozen in suspended action, "The contorted postures are not the effects of a long agony, but of the cadaveric spasm, a consequence of heat shock on corpses."[34]
Herculaneum, which was much closer to the crater, was saved from tephra falls by the wind direction, but was buried under 23 metres (75 ft) of material deposited by pyroclastic surges. It is likely that most, or all, of the known victims in this town were killed by the surges, particularly given evidence of high temperatures found on the skeletons of the victims found in the arched vaults, and the existence of carbonised wood in many of the buildings.
These people were all caught on the former seashore by the first surge and died of thermal shock but not of carbonization, although some were partly carbonized by later and hotter surges. The arched vaults were most likely boathouses, as the crossbeams in the overhead were probably for the suspension of boats. No boats have been found, indicating they may have been used for the earlier escape of some of the population. The rest were concentrated in the chambers at a density of as high as 3 persons per square meter. As only 85 metres (279 ft) of the coast have been excavated, the casualties waiting to be excavated may well be as high as the thousands.[35]
Date of the eruption[edit]
The year of the eruption is pinned to AD 79 by references in contemporary Roman writers, a number of them apart from Pliny the Younger, and has never been seriously questioned. It is determined by the well-known events of the reign of Titus. Vespasian died that year. When Titus visited Pompeii to give orders for the relief of the displaced population, he was the sole ruler. In the year after the eruption, AD 80, he faced another disaster, a great fire at Rome.
The time of year is stated once in one historical document, the first letter of Pliny the Younger to Tacitus,[25] where it appears as "nonum kal. Septembres". This seems to be an abbreviation of a standard date, to be interpreted as "the ninth day before the Kalends of September", which in the Julian calendar, in general use by then, would have been eight days before September 1, that is August 24 (the Romans counted September 1 as one of the nine).
August 24 is not necessarily the date given by Pliny. It represents an editorial collusion to use the manuscript text of Pliny's letters in the Medicean Laurentian Library, which also appears in the edition printed by Aldus Manutius (1508) and in all recensions since then, even though the numerous other Pliny manuscripts, as well as the works of other authors, offer many alternative dates.[36]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Andrew Wallace-Hadrill (October 15, 2010). "Pompeii: Portents of Disaster". BBC History. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Science: Man of Pompeii". Time. October 15, 1956. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ Martini, Kirk (September 1998). "Chapter 2: Identifying Potential Damage Events". Patterns of Reconstruction at Pompeii. Pompeii Forum Project, Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities (IATH), University of Virginia.
^ Jump up to: a b Jones, Rick (28 September 2007). "Visiting Pompeii – AD 79 – Vesuvius explodes". Current Archeology. London: Current Publishing. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Sigurdsson 2002, p. 35 on Seneca the Younger, Natural Questions, 6.1, 6.27.
Jump up ^ Suetonius, C. Tranquillus (1914) [121]. "20". The Life of Nero. The Lives of the Caesars. Loeb Classical Library, William P. Thayer.
Jump up ^ Tacitus, Publius Cornelius (1864–1877) [117]. "Book 15.22". The Annals. Modern Library, The Internet Sacred Text Archive.
Jump up ^ The dates of the earthquakes and of the eruption are contingent on a final determination of the time of year, but there is no reason to change the relative sequence.
Jump up ^ "Pliny the Younger, Epistulae VI.16 & VI.20". Ancient Literature. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
Jump up ^ Sigurdsson, Haraldur; Cashdollar, Stanford; Sparks, R. Stephen J. (January 1982). "The Eruption of Vesuvius in A. D. 79: Reconstruction from Historical and Volcanological Evidence". American Journal of Archaeology. American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 86, No. 1. 86 (1): 39–51. doi:10.2307/504292. JSTOR 504292.
Jump up ^ Sigurdsson 2002, pp. 42–43.
Jump up ^ Zanella 2007, p. 5.
Jump up ^ Zanella 2007, p. 6.
Jump up ^ Zanella 2007, p. 10.
Jump up ^ Zanella 2007, p. 8.
Jump up ^ Zanella 2007, pp. 9–10.
Jump up ^ Zanella 2007, p. 1.
Jump up ^ Zanella 2007, p. 3.
Jump up ^ Zanella 2007, p. 12.
Jump up ^ Zanella 2007, p. 13.
Jump up ^ Zanella 2007, p. 14.
Jump up ^ Zanella 2007, p. 15.
Jump up ^ His 18th year by Roman reckoning, as they counted the first 12 months as the first year.
Jump up ^ C. Plinii Caecilii Secundi. "Liber Sextus; 16 & 20". Epistularum. The Latin Library.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pliny the Younger (1909). Eliot, Charles W., ed. "Letters LXV. To Tacitus". The Harvard Classics. IX Part 4. New York: Bartleby.
Jump up ^ Pliny the Younger (1909). Eliot, Charles W., ed. "Letters LXVI. To Cornelius Tacitus". The Harvard Classics. IX Part 4. New York: Bartleby.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Pliny the Younger. "VI.16 To Tacitus". Letters.
Jump up ^ Richard V. Fisher and volunteers. "Derivation of the name "Plinian"". The Volcano Information Center, Department of Geological Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ Janick, Jules (2002). "Lecture 19: Greek, Carthaginian, and Roman Agricultural Writers". History of Horticulture. Purdue University. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ Josephus, Flavius. "xx.7.2". Jewish Antiquities. Also known to have been mentioned in a section now lost.
^ Jump up to: a b Giacomelli, Lisetta; Perrotta, Annamaria; Scandone, Roberto; Scarpati, Claudio (September 2003). "The eruption of Vesuvius of 79 AD and its impact on human environment in Pompei" (PDF). Episodes. 26. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Soprintendenza archeologica di Pompei (2007). "Pompeii, Stories from an eruption: Herculaneum". Chicago: The Field Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on March 18, 2009. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Pompeii dig unearths ancient racehorse". Nine News. Nine Digital Pty Ltd. 12 May 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Valsecchi, Maria Cristina (November 2, 2010). "Pompeiians Flash-Heated to Death—'No Time to Suffocate'". National Geographic News.
Jump up ^ Sigurdsson & Carey 2002, pp. 55–57.
Jump up ^ Rolandi 2008, p. 94.
References[edit]
Rolandi, G.; Paone, A.; De Lascio, M.; Stefani, G. (2008). "The 79 AD eruption of Somma: the relationship between the date of the eruption and the southeast tephra dispersion". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 169: 87–98. Bibcode:2008JVGR..169...87R. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.08.020.
Sigurdsson, Haraldur (2002). "Mount Vesuvius before the Disaster". In Jashemski, Wilhelmina Mary Feemster; Meyer, Frederick Gustav. The natural history of Pompeii. Cambridge UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp. 29–36.
Sigurdsson, Haraldur; Carey, Steven (2002). "The Eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79". In Jashemski, Wilhelmina Mary Feemster; Meyer, Frederick Gustav. The natural history of Pompeii. Cambridge UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp. 37–64.
Zanella, E.; Gurioli, L.; Pareschi, M.T.; Lanza, R. (2007). "Influences of urban fabric on pyroclastic density currents at Pompeii (Italy): Part II: temperature of the deposits and hazard implications" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 112 (112): B05214. Bibcode:2007JGRB..112.5214Z. doi:10.1029/2006JB004775.
External links[edit]
AD79 Destruction and Rediscovery Information on the eruption, the locations destroyed and subsequent rediscovery.
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Ek Tha Tiger
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Ek Tha Tiger
Theatrical release poster
Hindi
एक था टाइगर
Directed by
Kabir Khan
Produced by
Aditya Chopra
Screenplay by
Kabir Khan
Neelesh Misra
Story by
Aditya Chopra
Starring
Salman Khan
Katrina Kaif
Ranvir Shorey
Girish Karnad
Narrated by
Ranvir Shorey
Music by
Original songs :
Sohail Sen
Guest Composers :
Sajid-Wajid
Background Score :
Julius Packiam
Cinematography
Aseem Mishra
Edited by
Rameshwar S. Bhagat
Production
company
Yash Raj Films
Release date
15 August 2012 (2012-08-15)
Running time
133 minutes[1]
Country
India
Language
Hindi
Budget
₹75 crore[2]
Box office
₹320 crore[3]
Ek Tha Tiger (English: Once There was a Tiger) is a 2012 Indian romantic spy thriller film directed by Kabir Khan and produced by Aditya Chopra of Yash Raj Films. It stars Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif, and features Ranvir Shorey, Girish Karnad, Roshan Seth and Gavie Chahal in supporting roles.[4] The film was the third collaboration of Kabir Khan with Yash Raj Films after Kabul Express (2006) and New York (2009). The plot centers on an Indian spy (RAW) code-named Tiger who falls in love with a Pakistani spy (ISI) during an investigation and how Tiger's ideology and principles change over time.
It is the first installment of the Tiger film series. A sequel titled Tiger Zinda Hai, will be released on 22 December 2017.[5]
Pre-production of Ek Tha Tiger started in the second half of 2010 after the script had been completed. Principal photography commenced on September 2011 and ended in June 2012. The film was shot in five countries.[6] Initially scheduled for a release on June 2012, the film's release was delayed and it opened on 15 August 2012, coinciding with India's Independence Day was holiday which celebrates on 65th anniversary to the marked.[7]
Critics gave Ek Tha Tiger generally mixed reviews with most of the praises given for its action, cinematography and music.[8] The film opened to extremely strong box office collections[9] and became the second Bollywood film to gross over ₹3 billion (US$47 million) worldwide with a gross of ₹3.20 billion (US$50 million).[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Casting
3.2 Filming
4 Marketing
5 Release
6 Critical reception
6.1 India
6.2 Overseas
7 Box office
7.1 Domestic
7.2 Overseas
7.3 Records
8 Soundtrack
8.1 Track list
8.2 Critical reception of the soundtrack
9 Accolades
10 Home media
11 Sequel
12 References
13 External links
Plot[edit]
An agent code-named "Tiger" (Salman Khan) – India's top spy and an officer of the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) – is conducting a mission in northern Iraq. Tiger is forced to kill one of his own men who has defected to Pakistan's spy agency Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). He subsequently kills many ISI agents in his escape from Iraq. Tiger returns to India and reports to his boss, Shenoy (Girish Karnad), in New Delhi. He is immediately sent on a mission to Dublin to observe a scientist of Indian origin, Professor Anwar Jamaal Kidwai (Roshan Seth), who teaches at Trinity College and is suspected of sharing his findings with the Pakistan defence establishment. Fellow RAW agent Gopi (Ranvir Shorey) accompanies Tiger on this mission. Tiger meets the scientist but fails to spend enough time for his observance and instead begins to spend time with the scientist's caretaker Zoya (Katrina Kaif), who is studying at a local dance academy. He tries to befriend Zoya to extract information, but begins to discover his human side as he grows closer to her. Tiger is attacked and robbed at his residence by a person suspected to be an ISI agent. Despite several warnings from Gopi to not let any personal feelings get in the way of the mission, Tiger falls in love with Zoya. Tiger asks Zoya for a date and there they both came to know about their feelings for each other. Before telling her his feelings, during a visit to dance academy, Tiger discovers that Zoya is an ISI agent and refuses to commit treason on Pakistan when he asks. Instead of killing Zoya, Tiger lets her go.
Some time later, Tiger and Zoya meet again at a UN Foreign Minister's Meeting in Istanbul when Zoya signals to him using a cryptic message. They decide to leave everything for their love and fool their respective agencies by taking a flight to Cuba, having told their agencies that they are in Kazakhstan. Some years later, their agencies trace Zoya and Tiger due to a CCTV recording. They track them down in Havana, Cuba, and the ISI agents catch Zoya. Tiger meets Gopi, who is searching for him for RAW, and having lied to Gopi that both Tiger and Zoya intend to return to India and cooperate with RAW, convinces Gopi to save Zoya from the ISI agents. Instead of returning to India, the pair trick Gopi and escape aboarding an aeroplane. Tiger calls Shenoy, who tells him that RAW will find both spies. Tiger tells Shenoy that they will only return when Pakistan and India no longer need ISI and RAW. In the epilogue, several images of Tiger and Zoya in cities including Venice, Cape Town, Zurich and London are shown, where sightings of them have been reported. But neither agencies could catch them.
Cast[edit]
Salman Khan as Avinash Singh Rathore "Tiger" / Manish Chandra , a RAW Agent
Katrina Kaif as Zoya
Ranvir Shorey as Gopi
Girish Karnad as Shenoy
Roshan Seth as Professor Anwar Jamaal Kidwai
Gavie Chahal as Captain Abrar
Samar Jai Singh as Rabinder
Production[edit]
Casting[edit]
Initially, Kabir Khan was announced to be the director,[10] but after finalising the story, Kabir approached Shah Rukh Khan with the script. Although initially liking the script, Khan didn't agree to the movie due to date issues.[11] The film's script had been completed by November 2010,[12] and underwent changes in February 2012.[13] In May 2011, reports said that Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif would work together on a film titled Ek Tha Tiger.[10] It was Khan's first venture with Yash Raj Films and his fourth opposite Kaif.[10] Before starting the film, Khan postponed a project titled Sher Khan by his brother Sohail Khan.[14] His fee for the venture was ₹320 million (US$5.0 million).[15] The film was also one of Katrina's first in the action genre.[16] Ranvir Shorey was signed for a supporting role.[17] On 3 May, a photograph shoot was held with the lead actors.[12] Later, Punjabi actor Gavie Chahal signed to play a character named Abrar in Ek Tha Tiger; his Bollywood debut.[18]
Filming[edit]
Initial reports said that principal photography would start by 5 July 2011, but Yash Raj Films' spokesperson Rafiq Gangjee said that the film had been delayed because of production requirements.The first scheduled shooting began on 10 August in Dublin.[19] After a postponement when Khan went to the US for surgery for Trigeminal neuralgia, shooting resumed on 10 September 2011.[20] Filming took place at Dublin's Trinity College. Stunt directors of The Bourne Identity were hired for the action sequences.[21] Some action sequences were also shot in the city.[22] During filming in Dublin, the Irish film crew held a demonstration about filming conditions and payment, which halted the shooting temporarily .[23] The second round on filming took place in Istanbul and lasted two months.[24] In February 2012, the film's cast and crew went to Havana to shoot for a month.[25] There, Khan shot a cameo scene for a local tourism company. The sets used in the film were featured in the advertisement.[26] Problems with the script caused the postponement of the film's planned shoot in Hong Kong.[27] Afterwards, a three-day filming schedule was completed in Delhi.[28] Filming ended in June 2012 after the last schedule was shot in Bangkok.[29] Khan had to undergo a fitness program titled 'Dirty Running' over 30 days for his action sequences.[30] Kaif played her role without makeup.[31]
Marketing[edit]
Salman Khan, Katrina Kaif at the launch of Ek Tha Tiger's first song "Mashallah"
The first-look poster was released in August 2011,[32] and the first teaser was released on 10 May 2012 along with the film Ishaqzaade.[33][34] The theatrical trailer received more than 1 million views within 2 days of its release, making it the most-viewed trailer for a Bollywood film.[35] Promotional tours visited New Delhi, Ahmedabad,[36] and Lucknow.[37] The makers secured a marketing deal with soft drink company Thumbs up and engaged in a consumer promotion in New Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Lucknow, Kanpur, Allahabad, Agra, Meerut and Ghaziabad.[38]
As part of the promotion, a series of comic books based on the film, and also using characters from the film Hum Tum, were launched in July 2012 and continued until the Diwali festival.[39] The first book was titled 'Ek Tha Tiger – Mahasagar Ki Suraksha'. Post release, the comics failed to generate a positive word-of-mouth. Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama commended the comics' design but said that the main story failed to meet his expectations of a deeper plot, exciting narrative and a tighter script.[40]
Release[edit]
Ek Tha Tiger was released worldwide on 15 August 2012 – Indian Independence day. It was screened in 3300 screens nationally, which at that time was the most ever for a Bollywood film until Dabangg 2 was released in 3700 screens.[41] Ek Tha Tiger was released in 550 screens overseas.[42] Around 60 percent of the first weekend's sales had been booked in advance before the release.[43] Some multiplexes increased their ticket prices for the film.[44] Ek Tha Tiger was not released in Pakistan – a major market for Bollywood films – because the Pakistani censors decided that it shows the country in negative light.[45] Director Kabir Khan had earlier said that it was not an anti-Pakistan film.[46] After its worldwide success, the film was released in Japan on 7 March 2013 by Japan's Nikkatsu Corporation, with a grand premiere in Tokyo. 30 prints were released in Japan, which will increase to 70, making it the widest Japanese release for a Hindi film.[47][48]
Critical reception[edit]
India[edit]
Ek Tha Tiger received mixed reviews from Indian critics. Rajeev Masand of CNN-IBN gave the film 2.5 stars out of 5, and wrote, "despite its obvious flaws, 'Ek Tha Tiger' is extremely far from unwatchable. At best, it's a good, satisfying watch. Just don't go in with very high expectations."[49] Jahanavi Samant of Mid Day gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and said, "Ek Tha Tiger is unable to decide whether it is a spy action film or a love saga."[50]
Overseas[edit]
Outside India, the film received a positive to mixed reception. Ronnie Scheib of Variety wrote, "Kaif displays some impressive moves in her action-heroine debut, while Salman Khan's thinking-on-his-feet immediacy adds depth to his usual macho muscle. Local audiences will no doubt derive a special thrill from the onscreen reunion of stars Khan and Kaif, once an offscreen item. Slickly produced 'Tiger' profits greatly from Aseem Mishra's gorgeous location lensing."[51] Tuhin of Gulf News said, "The camerawork is outright bad, with the body doubles' faces very visible during the action scenes. Kaif, who has tried her hand at the stunts, is, however, fairly convincing. Though the pace could have been faster, it is a delight to watch Khan and Kaif together, resulting in a great Eid offering for Salman Khan's fans".[52] The New York Times gave a mixed review, praising the action scenes but criticising the characters' romance, saying, "Tiger and Zoya both make good kung fu street fighters, but as spies they're unconvincing, and as lovers they're cookie-cutter bland. Their loyalty to each other is never really in question and only tepidly tested, so the theme of my enemy, myself, remains unexplored."[53] According to French journalist Marjolaine Gout, the movie is "a roaring fairy tale where the damsel in distress fights back with fists and thighs" and called it a "visual and comic feast". She gave it 3.5 stars out of 5.[54]
Box office[edit]
It became the highest grossing Bollywood film of 2012 and the third highest of all time.[55]
Domestic[edit]
Ek Tha Tiger opened with 100% occupancy at multiplexes and single-screen cinemas and it broke records with capacity audiences, the widest release ever. It collected around ₹335 million (US$5.2 million), on its first day of release; a 40% increase on the previous record, which was ₹210 million (US$3.3 million) nett approx set by Agneepath (2011).[56][57][58] On its second day in the single screens across India it collected around ₹145 million (US$2.3 million).[59] and on its third day it collected around ₹121 million (US$1.9 million), taking its total collections in its first three days to ₹579 million (US$9.0 million), a new record for the weekend.[60] The film's collections grew on Saturday and Sunday, and it collected ₹941 million (US$15 million) in its extended five-day weekend.[61] Ek Tha Tiger collected ₹1,433 million (US$22 million) in its extended first week of nine days, and ₹295 million (US$4.6 million) nett in its second week to make a 16-day total of ₹1.79 billion (US$28 million).[62][63] During its third week, the film collected ₹95.0 million (US$1.5 million), ₹30 million (US$470,000) in its fourth week and ₹09.5 million (US$150,000) in fifth to make a total of ₹1.99 billion (US$31 million) in eight weeks.[64] Its final distributor share of ₹1.06 billion (US$17 million) is the highest ever in Bollywood as of 29 November 2012.[65][66]
Overseas[edit]
Ek Tha Tiger had strong collections in overseas markets despite not being released in Pakistan. The movie collected around ₹363 million (US$5.7 million) in five days.[67] It has collected around US$10.50 million near the end of its run overseas.[68][69][70] Ek Tha Tiger is one of the highest-grossing Bollywood films in overseas markets.
Records[edit]
After its release, Ek Tha Tiger broke several records. After its box office opening it collected ₹32 crore (US$5.0 million) in the first day and became the highest opening collection in the history of Indian cinema and the biggest single-day collection ever.[58] The film also broke the record for opening weekend net gross (first 3 days of release), opening week net gross (first 5 days of release) and entered the '100 Crore Club; the fastest in 5 days of release, breaking Salman Khan's own record set by Bodyguard in 7 Days.[71] After collecting ₹3.35 billion (US$52 million) worldwide, the film became the third highest-grossing Bollywood film of all time and the second Bollywood film to gross over ₹3 billion (US$47 million) worldwide, exceeded only by 3 Idiots and Dhoom 3.[3]
Soundtrack[edit]
Ek Tha Tiger
Soundtrack album by Sohail Sen & Sajid-Wajid
Released
20 July 2012 (2012-07-20)
Recorded
2011–2012
Studio
YRF Studios
Mumbai, India
Genre
Soundtrack
Latin
World
Pop
Length
31:27
Label
YRF Music
Producer
Sohail Sen
Sajid-Wajid
Julius Packiam
Sohail Sen chronology
From Sydney with Love
(2012)From Sydney with Love2012 Ek Tha Tiger
(2012) Gunday
(2014)Gunday2014
Sajid-Wajid chronology
Teri Meri Kahaani
(2012) Teri Meri Kahaani2012 Ek Tha Tiger
(2012) Ek Tha Tiger2012 Kamaal Dhamaal Malamaal
(2012) Kamaal Dhamaal Malamaal2012
Singles from Ek Tha Tiger
"Mashallah"
Released: 12 July 2012
All songs, except one composed by Sajid–Wajid, are composed by Sohail Sen. The film score was composed by Julius Packiam, who included an instrumental track on the soundtrack. Initially, Pritam was signed to compose the songs for Ek Tha Tiger and the film's first digital poster credited him as such.[72] However, he opted out of the film because of date clashes with another Yash Raj project, Dhoom 3.[73] Neelesh Misra wrote the lyrics.[74] A song titled Jaaniyan, which had vocals by Pakistani singer Bilawal Baloch, was reported to have been leaked from the film's soundtrack. Yash Raj Films officials denied the news, and said that the album was in no danger of being leaked.[75] "Mashallah", sung by Wajid Ali and Shreya Ghoshal, was released as a single on 12 July 2012.[76]
Track list[edit]
No.
Title
Lyrics
Singer(s)
Length
1. "Mashallah" (Music by: Sajid-Wajid) Kausar Munir Wajid & Shreya Ghoshal 4:45
2. "Lapaata" Anvita Dutt K. K. & Palak Muchhal 4:16
3. "Banjaara" Neelesh Misra Sukhwinder Singh 4:35
4. "Saiyaara" Kausar Munir Mohit Chauhan & Tarannum Mallik 4:13
5. "Tiger's Theme" (Music by: Julius Packiam) – Instrumental 3:17
6. "Mashallah (Remix)" (Remix by: Joshilay) Kausar Munir Wajid & Shreya Ghoshal 3:24
7. "Laapta (Remix)" (Remix by: Joshilay) Anvita Dutt K. K. & Palak Muchhal 3:30
8. "Banjaara (Remix)" (Remix by: Joshilay) Neelesh Misra Sukhwinder Singh 3:27
Total length: 31:27
Critical reception of the soundtrack[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Satyajit (Glamsham)[77]
Indo-Asian News Service (CNN-IBN)[78]
Purva Desai (The Times of India)[79]
Devesh Sharma (Filmfare)[80]
Joginder Tuteja (Bollywood Hungama)[81]
The soundtrack album of Ek Tha Tiger received unanimously positive reviews. Satyajit of Glamsham gave the album 4/5, saying, "Ek Tha Tiger roars with multi-cultured international musical feel, a musician delight that primarily targets classy listeners. Unlike massy tracks of Dabangg, Wanted, Ready or Bodyguard, it has more classy appeal attached to it and all credits goes to composer's skillfulness in catching every aura, genre and format."[77] Indo-Asian News Service posting on CNN-IBN gave the album 4/5 and said that it "offers the listener the romantic and action flavour of the movie. This one's definitely an entertaining affair with an array of sounds for music lovers."[78] Purva Desai of The Times of India also gave the album 4/5 and said that it was "[a] good effort by Sohail Sen and Sajid-Wajid because the album is fresh and sounds new, where the music composers have made an attempt to incorporate world sounds. The music is so different from Kabir Khan's earlier films like Kabul Express and New York which makes the music of Ek Tha Tiger a welcome surprise!"[79] Devesh Sharma of Filmfare gave the soundtrack 4/5, stating that "[w]e are used to pulsating music in Salman Khan starrers, so this album is a tad disappointing in that sense." and also that "The songs have a situational feel and let's hope they look better on screen than they sound."[80] Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama gave the album 3.5/5 and wrote, "[t]he music of Ek Tha Tiger is good though one expected it to have gone all the way further up." and that "In case of Ek Tha Tiger, there isn't any composition that puts you off. In fact what is noticeable is the fact that the overall sound of the album remains more or less consistent."[81]
Accolades[edit]
List of positive awards and nominations
Ceremony
Category
Recipient
Result
People's Choice Awards India 2012[82] Favourite Movie Ek tha Tiger Won
Favourite Movie Actor Salman Khan
Favourite Movie Actress Katrina Kaif
Favourite Action Movie Actor Salman Khan
Favourite Song of The Year Mashallah
Favourite Action Movie Ek Tha Tiger Nominated
3rd BIG Star Entertainment Awards[83] BIG Star Most Entertaining FILM OF THE YEAR Kabir Khan/Aditya Chopra Won
BIG Star Most Entertaining Actor in a Thriller Film – Male Salman Khan
BIG Star Most Entertaining Actor in an Action Film – Female Katrina Kaif
BIG Star Most Entertaining Music Sajid-Wajid/Sohail Sen
BIG Star Most Entertaining Actor in an Action Role – Male Salman Khan Nominated
BIG Star Most Entertaining Actor in a Romantic Film – Male
BIG Star Most Entertaining Actor (Film) – Male
BIG Star Most Entertaining Actor in a Thriller Film – Female Katrina Kaif
BIG Star Most Entertaining Actor in a Romantic Film – Female
BIG Star Most Entertaining Thriller Film Kabir Khan/Aditya Chopra
BIG Star Most Entertaining Action Film
BIG Star Most Entertaining Director – Film Kabir Khan
List of negative awards and nominations
Distributor
Date aired
Category
Recipient
Result
Reference
Golden Kela Awards January 2013 Worst Director Kabir Khan Pending [84]
Baawra Ho Gaya Hai Ke Award Ek Tha Tiger
(along with other films)
Ghanta Awards 8 February 2013 Worst Actor Salman Khan
(with Dabangg 2) Won [85]
Worst Actress Katrina Kaif
(with Jab Tak Hai Jaan) Nominated
Home media[edit]
Ek Tha Tiger was released on DVD in all regions on 25 September 2012,[86] and on Blu-ray Disc – which features Dolby TrueHD 96k upsampling and Dolby Surround 7.1 with English and Arabic subtitles – on 9 October 2012.[87][88] The film's director Kabir Khan said, "Ek Tha Tiger is the first movie to be mastered with Dolby's advanced 96k upsampling technology on a Blu-ray disc".[89]
Sequel[edit]
Main article: Tiger Zinda Hai
A second film "Tiger Zinda Hai" was announced in January 2017 and was in production in March 2017. The film is scheduled to release on 22 December 2017. The sequel is said to be based on true stories.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "EK THA TIGER (12A) – BBFC". BBFC. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ek Tha Tiger: It's Salman's show all the way". IBNLive.com. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Bollywood's Top Worldwide Earners". Koimoi. Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ek Tha Tiger". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive: It's official! Katrina Kaif opposite Salman Khan in 'Tiger Zinda Hai'". DNA India. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Harshikaa Udasi (4 August 2012). "Arts / Cinema : Spy Story". The Hindu. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ek Tha Tiger – Box Office Mojo". Glamsham. Retrieved 9 September 2012. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Ek Tha Tiger Movie Reviews". ReviewGang.
Jump up ^ "Ek Tha Tiger Collects 10 Crore in Week Three". Boxofficeindia.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c IE Agencies (11 August 2011). "Salman-Katrina team up for YRF's 'Ek Tha Tiger'". Indian Express. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "YRF offers profit to Salman". The Times of India. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Salman Khan, Katrina Kaif's Ek Tha Tiger: A Hero's Film". Sawf News. 4 May 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Smitha (13 February 2012). "Salman Khan changes the script of Kabir Khan's Ek Tha Tiger". Oneindia.in. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Salman Khan Gets Caged For 'Ek Tha Tiger'". Sawf news. 16 July 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Salman Khan on Bodyguard's success: 'It's no big deal. You can't go mad about these things.'". India Today. 9 September 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Katrina Kaif: 'Ek Tha Tiger stunts were electrifying'". Digital Spy. 5 March 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Dipti Nagpaul-D'Souza (6 April 2012). "A Long Wait". Indian Express. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Upasana Mantri (14 August 2012). "Gavie to debut in Bollywood with 'Ek Tha Tiger'". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Salman Khan delays Ek Tha Tiger?". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Salman to resume shooting of Ek Tha Tiger from September 10". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif to go back to college". Bollywood Hungama News Network. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Tushar Joshi (12 September 2011). "Salman Khan begins shooting for Ek Tha Tiger". The Times of India. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Times News Network (23 September 2011). "Salman, Katrina having tough time in Ireland?". The Times of India. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Smitha (24 October 2011). "Salman Khan, Katrina Kaif free from danger in Turkey". Oneindia.in. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif in Cuba for Ek Tha Tiger shooting". India Today. 17 February 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Bollywood Hungama News Network (22 February 2011). "Salman Khan shoots ad for Cuban tourism". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Finicky Salman knows best". India Today. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "3 Khans in Delhi". The Times of India. 29 November 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Salman, Katrina bond on Ek Tha Tiger sets". Hindustan Times. 7 June 2012. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Richa Bhatia (21 July 2012). "For 'Ek Tha Tiger' Salman learns dirty running". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Subhash K Jha (25 May 2011). "Katrina goes de-glam for Ek Tha Tiger". The Times of India. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Spotted: Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif at the airport". Mid Day. 23 May 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ek Tha Tiger–teaser trailer". Koimoi. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Salman scoring very high with his looks in Ek Tha Tiger trailer". India Today. 11 May 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ek Tha Tiger trailer receives terrific response on webfilm". India Today. 29 June 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Deepika Sahu (6 August 2012). "Ek Tha Tiger's a swift, nice & clean film: Salman Khan". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Salman Khan in Lucknow to promote 'Ek Tha Tiger'". The Times of India. 12 August 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Thums Up's toofani association with 'Ek Tha Tiger'". Best Media Info. 10 August 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "WATCH: Salman Khan's 'animated' avatar in Ek Tha Tiger". Hindustan Times. 26 July 2012. Archived from the original on 14 August 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Comic book Review: Ek Tha Tiger – Dhoom Redux 893". Bollywood Hungama. 10 August 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Bharti Dubey (14 August 2012). "Salman Khan's Ek Tha Tiger gets 'extraordinary' advance booking". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Salman Khan's Ek Tha Tiger grosses Rs184.83 crore, second Bollywood film to do so". Economic Times. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ek Tha Tiger set for a roaring opening". Rediff. 14 August 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Indo-Asian News Service (14 August 2012). "Ek Tha Tiger review". India Today. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Zee News Bureau (17 August 2012). "No release for 'Ek Tha Tiger' in Pakistan". Zee News. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ek Tha Tiger is not anti-Pakistan: Kabir Khan". Hindustan Times. 12 July 2012. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ek Tha Tiger Releases in Japan". Boxofficeindia.com. Archived from the original on 11 March 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ek Tha Tiger premieres in Japan". Indiatoday. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Masand: 'Ek Tha Tiger' is far from unwatchable". Retrieved 16 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Janhavi Samant. "Meow goes the Tiger". Mid Day.
Jump up ^ SCHEIB, RONNIE. "Ek Tha Tiger review". variety. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Review: Ek Tha Tiger". gulfnews. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Saltz, Rachel (17 August 2012). "MOVIE REVIEW; Ek Tha Tiger". The New York Times. p. 13. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Gout, Marjolaine (20 August 2012). "Ek Tha Tiger review" (in French). Ecranlarge.com/Digiside. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Top Ten All Time Worldwide Grossers: EK THA TIGER 335 Crore Plus". boxofficeindia.com. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
Jump up ^ First Day Comparison: Chennai Express v Ek Tha Tiger. Bowoffice India. 10 August 2013
Jump up ^ "Ek Tha Tiger Takes Box Office Collections to a New High". Boxofficeindia.com. 16 August 2012. Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "EK THA TIGER First Day Territorial Breakdown". Boxofficeindia.com. 16 August 2012. Archived from the original on 22 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "EK THA TIGER Second Day Territorial Breakdown". Boxofficeindia.com. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "EK THA TIGER Third Day Territorial Breakdown". Boxofficeindia.com. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "EK THA TIGER Extended Weekend Territorial Breakdown". Boxofficeindia.com. Archived from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ek Tha Tiger Week One Territorial Breakdown". Boxofficeindia.com. 27 August 2012. Archived from the original on 29 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ek Tha Tiger Collects 300 Crore in Two Weeks". Boxofficeindia.com. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Three Idiots V Ek Tha Tiger Five Weeks Business". Boxofficeindia.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Top Ten 2012 Lifetime Grossers". boxofficeindia.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "All INDIA Distributor Shares 2012: Diwali Releases Combined Equal Ek Tha Tiger". Boxofficeindia.com. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ek Tha Tiger is Excellent Overseas". Boxofficeindia.com. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
Jump up ^ What Will Be The Opening Business Of Krrish 3? Boxoffice India. 29 October 2013
Jump up ^ "Top Ten Overseas: EK THA TIGER Sixth". Boxofficeindia.com. 30 August 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ek Tha Tiger To Close at Around $120 Million in Overseas". Boxofficeindia.Com. Archived from the original on 31 August 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ek Tha Tiger Heads For 40 Crore Second Week". Boxofficeindia.com. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Boxofficeindia.com (1 October 2011). "Sohail Sen Replaces Pritam". Boxofficeindia.com. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Pritam chooses Dhoom 3 over Ek Tha Tiger". Bollywood Hungama News Network. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Vijayakar, Rajiv (23 September 2011). "Hot tracks". Indian Express. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Tuteja, Joginder (11 November 2011). "That ain't our song: YRF". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "On-Spot: 'Ek Tha Tiger' song launch". MSN India. 12 July 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Satyajit (28 July 2012). "Music Review : Ek Tha Tiger". Glamsham. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Indo-Asian News Service (28 July 2012). "Music Review: 'Ek Tha Tiger' offers variety". CNN-IBN. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Purva Desai (21 July 2012). "Ek Tha Tiger: Music Review". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Devesh Sharma (2 August 2012). "Music Review: Ek Tha Tiger". Filmfare. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Joginder Tuteja (19 July 2012). "Ek Tha Tiger". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards 2012". Retrieved 10 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "3rd Annual BIG Star Entertainment Awards Nominations". Pinkvilla. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Golden Kela Awards 2012 Nominations". Hindustan Times. 17 December 2012. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ghanta Awards Nominations". Ghanta Awards. 9 January 2013. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ek Tha Tiger (2012) (Hindi Movie / Bollywood Film / Indian Cinema DVD) (2012)". Amazon.
Jump up ^ "Ek Tha Tiger (Blu-Ray) (2012)". Amazon. Amazon. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Blu_ray_landing". Yashrajfilms.com. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Yash Raj Films Launches Ek Tha Tiger Blu-ray with the Latest Dolby Technology". Hindifilmnews.com. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
External links[edit]
Bollywood portal
Official website
Ek Tha Tiger at Box Office Mojo
Ek Tha Tiger on IMDb
Ek Tha Tiger at Rotten Tomatoes
Ek Tha Tiger at Bollywood Hungama
Tiger Zinda Hai Song at Tigerzindahaisongdownload.com
[show]
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Other
Noorie (1979)
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[show]
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Ek Tha Tiger (2012)
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Ek Tha Tiger (Android game)
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Related
Hum Tum (2003)
Hum Tum: The War Begins! (2012)
Yomics World
List of films released by Yash Raj Films
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text:
Comin' to Your City
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the album. For the song, see Comin' to Your City (song).
Comin' to Your City
Studio album by Big & Rich
Released
November 15, 2005
Recorded
2005
Genre
Country
Length
48:42
Label
Warner Bros. Nashville
Warner Music Group
Producer
Big Kenny
John Rich
Paul Worley
Big & Rich chronology
Big & Rich's Super Galactic Fan Pak (EP)
(2004)Big & Rich's Super Galactic Fan Pak (EP)2004 Comin' to Your City
(2005) Rolling Stone Original (EP)
(2005)Rolling Stone Original (EP)2005
Singles from Comin' to Your City
"Comin' to Your City"
Released: September 12, 2005
"Never Mind Me"
Released: January 30, 2006
"8th of November"
Released: May 26, 2006
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic [1]
Entertainment Weekly C−[2]
Slant [3]
Comin' to Your City is the second studio album by the country music duo Big & Rich, released in 2005. It features the hit singles "Comin' to Your City", "Never Mind Me", and "8th of November", which peaked at number 21, number 34, and number 18 on the Hot Country Songs charts, respectively. Target offered an exclusive deluxe edition of the album which featured a bonus DVD of Big & Rich's performance at the 2005 CMA Music Festival.[4]
The title track has become the official theme song of College Gameday, albeit with different lyrics that talk about specific college football teams. Cowboy Troy appears in the revamped version and the corresponding video.[5] The track "I Pray for You" was one of the first songs which Big Kenny and John Rich wrote together. Prior to the duo's inception, both singers included it on their respective solo albums (Big Kenny's Live a Little and Rich's Underneath the Same Moon), which were both recorded in 1999, with the former released in 2005 and the latter in 2006. Rich's solo rendition was also released as a single in 2000, peaking at No. 58 on the country charts.
Contents
[hide]
1 Track listing
2 Personnel
2.1 Big & Rich
2.2 Additional musicians
3 Chart performance
3.1 Album
3.2 Singles
4 Certifications
5 References
Track listing[edit]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1. "The Freak Parade" Big Kenny, John Rich 1:09
2. "Comin' to Your City" Kenny, Rich 3:27
3. "Soul Shaker" Kenny, Rich, Rodney Clawson 3:05
4. "Never Mind Me" Kenny, Rich, Clawson 3:27
5. "Caught Up in the Moment" Kenny, Rich 3:42
6. "Leap of Faith" Kenny, Rich 4:58
7. "I Pray for You" Kenny, Rich 3:59
8. "Filthy Rich" Kenny, Rich, Bill McDavid, Freddy Powers, Sonny Throckmorton 3:09
9. "Jalapeño" Rich 2:58
10. "20 Margaritas" Kenny 2:48
11. "Blow My Mind" Kenny 3:35
12. "Slow Motion" Kenny, Rich 3:26
13. "8th of November" (spoken intro: Kris Kristofferson) Kenny, Rich 6:17
14. "Our America" (guest vocals: Gretchen Wilson and Cowboy Troy) Traditional, arr. by Big & Rich, Gretchen Wilson, Paul Worley 2:42
Total length: 48:42
In later presses of the album, "8th of November" was split into two tracks: one for Kris Kristofferson's opening and another for the song itself.
Personnel[edit]
Big & Rich[edit]
Big Kenny – vocals
John Rich – vocals, acoustic guitar
Additional musicians[edit]
Max Abrams – saxophone
Sam Bacco – percussion (track 14)
Brian Barnett – drums (all tracks except 4, 9, 10), percussion (track 3)
Dennis Burnside – keyboards (track 2), synthesizer (track 5)
Eric Darken – percussion (track 14)
Mike Johnson – steel guitar
Wayne Killius – drums (track 4, 9, 10)
Howard Laravea – Hammond B-3 organ (track 4), synthesizer (track 4), piano (track 10)
Carig Nelson – bass guitar (track 14)
Matt Pierson – bass guitar (track 10)
Mike Rojas – keyboards (track 1), piano (tracks 6, 8, 13), synthesizer (tracks 6, 11, 13), Hammond B-3 organ (track 11, 12), Wurlitzer (track 12)
Ethan Pilzer – bass guitar (track 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13)
Ron Sobro – percussion (track 14)
Adam Shoenfeld – electric guitar (all tracks)
Justin Tockett – bass guitar (track 2, 4, 5, 9)
Paul Worley – electric guitar (tracks 1, 3, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13)
Jonathan Yudkin – fiddle, banjo, mandolin, Dobro, cello, harp, octophone
Strings on Track 14 performed by the Nashville String Machine, conducted by Carl Gorodetzky, arranged by Dennis Burnside:
Carl Gorodetzky, Pamela Sixfin, Conni Ellisor, Alan Umstead, David Davidson, David Angell, Catherine Umstead, Cate Myer, Zeneba Bowers, Erin Hall, Denise Baker, Carolyn Bailey, Gerald Greer, chris teal, Janet Askey, Karen Winkleman – violins
Gary Vanosdale, Kathryn Plummer, Monisa Angell, Kris Wilkinson – violas
John Catchings, Felix Wang, Sarighani Reist Acro – cellos
Chart performance[edit]
Album[edit]
Chart (2005)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums 3
U.S. Billboard 200 7
Singles[edit]
Year
Single
Peak chart positions
US Country
[6]
US
[7]
US
Pop
[8]
2005 "Comin' to Your City" 21 72 62
2006 "Never Mind Me" 34 — —
"8th of November" 18 94 —
"—" denotes releases that did not chart
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
United States (RIAA)[9]
Platinum
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Comin' to Your City review". Allmusic. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Browne, David (November 14, 2005). "Comin' to Your City review". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Keefe, Jonathan. "Big & Rich: Comin' to Your City". Slant. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Comin-Limited-Edition-Version-Unreleased/dp/B002LZ4IUK/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1371841056&sr=8-1&keywords=comin+to+your+city+deluxe
Jump up ^ Video on YouTube
Jump up ^ "Big & Rich Album & Song Chart History (Country Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Big & Rich Album & Song Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "allmusic ((( Big & Rich > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles )))". Allmusic. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Big & Rich – Comin' to Your City". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
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