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Electron configuration
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Electron atomic and molecular orbitals
A Bohr diagram of lithium
In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals.[1] For example, the electron configuration of the neon atom is 1s2 2s2 2p6.
Electronic configurations describe each electron as moving independently in an orbital, in an average field created by all other orbitals. Mathematically, configurations are described by Slater determinants or configuration state functions.
According to the laws of quantum mechanics, for systems with only one electron, an energy is associated with each electron configuration and, upon certain conditions, electrons are able to move from one configuration to another by the emission or absorption of a quantum of energy, in the form of a photon.
Knowledge of the electron configuration of different atoms is useful in understanding the structure of the periodic table of elements. This is also useful for describing the chemical bonds that hold atoms together. In bulk materials, this same idea helps explain the peculiar properties of lasers and semiconductors.
Contents
[hide]
1 Shells and subshells
2 Notation
3 Energy—ground state and excited states
4 History
5 Atoms: Aufbau principle and Madelung rule
5.1 Periodic table
5.2 Shortcomings of the Aufbau principle
5.3 Ionization of the transition metals
5.4 Other exceptions to Madelung's rule
6 Electron configuration in molecules
6.1 Electron configuration in solids
7 Applications
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Shells and subshells[edit]
See also: Electron shell
s (ℓ=0)
p (ℓ=1)
m=0
m=0
m=±1
s
pz
px
py
n=1
n=2
Electron configuration was first conceived under the Bohr model of the atom, and it is still common to speak of shells and subshells despite the advances in understanding of the quantum-mechanical nature of electrons.
An electron shell is the set of allowed states that share the same principal quantum number, n (the number before the letter in the orbital label), that electrons may occupy. An atom's nth electron shell can accommodate 2n2 electrons, e.g. the first shell can accommodate 2 electrons, the second shell 8 electrons, and the third shell 18 electrons. The factor of two arises because the allowed states are doubled due to electron spin—each atomic orbital admits up to two otherwise identical electrons with opposite spin, one with a spin +1/2 (usually denoted by an up-arrow) and one with a spin −1/2 (with a down-arrow).
A subshell is the set of states defined by a common azimuthal quantum number, ℓ, within a shell. The values ℓ = 0, 1, 2, 3 correspond to the s, p, d, and f labels, respectively. For example, the 3d subshell has n = 3 and ℓ = 2. The maximum number of electrons that can be placed in a subshell is given by 2(2ℓ+1). This gives two electrons in an s subshell, six electrons in a p subshell, ten electrons in a d subshell and fourteen electrons in an f subshell.
The numbers of electrons that can occupy each shell and each subshell arise from the equations of quantum mechanics,[2] in particular the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that no two electrons in the same atom can have the same values of the four quantum numbers.[3]
Notation[edit]
See also: Atomic orbital
Physicists and chemists use a standard notation to indicate the electron configurations of atoms and molecules. For atoms, the notation consists of a sequence of atomic subshell labels (e.g. for phosphorus the sequence 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p) with the number of electrons assigned to each subshell placed as a superscript. For example, hydrogen has one electron in the s-orbital of the first shell, so its configuration is written 1s1. Lithium has two electrons in the 1s-subshell and one in the (higher-energy) 2s-subshell, so its configuration is written 1s2 2s1 (pronounced "one-s-two, two-s-one"). Phosphorus (atomic number 15) is as follows: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3.
For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used. The electron configuration can be visualized as the core electrons, equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, and the valence electrons: each element in a period differs only by the last few subshells. Phosphorus, for instance, is in the third period. It differs from the second-period neon, whose configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6, only by the presence of a third shell. The portion of its configuration that is equivalent to neon is abbreviated as [Ne], allowing the configuration of phosphorus to be written as [Ne] 3s2 3p3 rather than writing out the details of the configuration of neon explicitly. This convention is useful as it is the electrons in the outermost shell that most determine the chemistry of the element.
For a given configuration, the order of writing the orbitals is not completely fixed since only the orbital occupancies have physical significance. For example, the electron configuration of the titanium ground state can be written as either [Ar] 4s2 3d2 or [Ar] 3d2 4s2. The first notation follows the order based on the Madelung rule for the configurations of neutral atoms; 4s is filled before 3d in the sequence Ar, K, Ca, Sc, Ti. The second notation groups all orbitals with the same value of n together, corresponding to the "spectroscopic" order of orbital energies that is the reverse of the order in which electrons are removed from a given atom to form positive ions; 3d is filled before 4s in the sequence Ti4+, Ti3+, Ti2+, Ti+, Ti.
The superscript 1 for a singly occupied subshell is not compulsory; for example aluminium may be written as either [Ne] 3s2 3p1 or [Ne] 3s2 3p. It is quite common to see the letters of the orbital labels (s, p, d, f) written in an italic or slanting typeface, although the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommends a normal typeface (as used here). The choice of letters originates from a now-obsolete system of categorizing spectral lines as "sharp", "principal", "diffuse" and "fundamental" (or "fine"), based on their observed fine structure: their modern usage indicates orbitals with an azimuthal quantum number, l, of 0, 1, 2 or 3 respectively. After "f", the sequence continues alphabetically "g", "h", "i"... (l = 4, 5, 6...), skipping "j", although orbitals of these types are rarely required.[4][5]
The electron configurations of molecules are written in a similar way, except that molecular orbital labels are used instead of atomic orbital labels (see below).
Energy—ground state and excited states[edit]
The energy associated to an electron is that of its orbital. The energy of a configuration is often approximated as the sum of the energy of each electron, neglecting the electron-electron interactions. The configuration that corresponds to the lowest electronic energy is called the ground state. Any other configuration is an excited state.
As an example, the ground state configuration of the sodium atom is 1s22s22p63s1, as deduced from the Aufbau principle (see below). The first excited state is obtained by promoting a 3s electron to the 3p orbital, to obtain the 1s22s22p63p configuration, abbreviated as the 3p level. Atoms can move from one configuration to another by absorbing or emitting energy. In a sodium-vapor lamp for example, sodium atoms are excited to the 3p level by an electrical discharge, and return to the ground state by emitting yellow light of wavelength 589 nm.
Usually, the excitation of valence electrons (such as 3s for sodium) involves energies corresponding to photons of visible or ultraviolet light. The excitation of core electrons is possible, but requires much higher energies, generally corresponding to x-ray photons. This would be the case for example to excite a 2p electron to the 3s level and form the excited 1s22s22p53s2 configuration.
The remainder of this article deals only with the ground-state configuration, often referred to as "the" configuration of an atom or molecule.
History[edit]
Niels Bohr (1923) was the first to propose that the periodicity in the properties of the elements might be explained by the electronic structure of the atom.[6] His proposals were based on the then current Bohr model of the atom, in which the electron shells were orbits at a fixed distance from the nucleus. Bohr's original configurations would seem strange to a present-day chemist: sulfur was given as 2.4.4.6 instead of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 (2.8.6).
The following year, E. C. Stoner incorporated Sommerfeld's third quantum number into the description of electron shells, and correctly predicted the shell structure of sulfur to be 2.8.6.[7] However neither Bohr's system nor Stoner's could correctly describe the changes in atomic spectra in a magnetic field (the Zeeman effect).
Bohr was well aware of this shortcoming (and others), and had written to his friend Wolfgang Pauli to ask for his help in saving quantum theory (the system now known as "old quantum theory"). Pauli realized that the Zeeman effect must be due only to the outermost electrons of the atom, and was able to reproduce Stoner's shell structure, but with the correct structure of subshells, by his inclusion of a fourth quantum number and his exclusion principle (1925):[8]
It should be forbidden for more than one electron with the same value of the main quantum number n to have the same value for the other three quantum numbers k [l], j [ml] and m [ms].
The Schrödinger equation, published in 1926, gave three of the four quantum numbers as a direct consequence of its solution for the hydrogen atom:[2] this solution yields the atomic orbitals that are shown today in textbooks of chemistry (and above). The examination of atomic spectra allowed the electron configurations of atoms to be determined experimentally, and led to an empirical rule (known as Madelung's rule (1936),[9] see below) for the order in which atomic orbitals are filled with electrons.
Atoms: Aufbau principle and Madelung rule[edit]
The Aufbau principle (from the German Aufbau, "building up, construction") was an important part of Bohr's original concept of electron configuration. It may be stated as:[10]
a maximum of two electrons are put into orbitals in the order of increasing orbital energy: the lowest-energy orbitals are filled before electrons are placed in higher-energy orbitals.
The approximate order of filling of atomic orbitals, following the arrows from 1s to 7p. (After 7p the order includes orbitals outside the range of the diagram, starting with 8s.)
The principle works very well (for the ground states of the atoms) for the first 18 elements, then decreasingly well for the following 100 elements. The modern form of the Aufbau principle describes an order of orbital energies given by Madelung's rule (or Klechkowski's rule). This rule was first stated by Charles Janet in 1929, rediscovered by Erwin Madelung in 1936,[9] and later given a theoretical justification by V.M. Klechkowski[11]
Orbitals are filled in the order of increasing n+l;
Where two orbitals have the same value of n+l, they are filled in order of increasing n.
This gives the following order for filling the orbitals:
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p, (8s, 5g, 6f, 7d, 8p, and 9s)
In this list the orbitals in parentheses are not occupied in the ground state of the heaviest atom now known (Og, Z = 118).
The Aufbau principle can be applied, in a modified form, to the protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus, as in the shell model of nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry.
Periodic table[edit]
Electron configuration table
The form of the periodic table is closely related to the electron configuration of the atoms of the elements. For example, all the elements of group 2 have an electron configuration of [E] ns2 (where [E] is an inert gas configuration), and have notable similarities in their chemical properties. In general, the periodicity of the periodic table in terms of periodic table blocks is clearly due to the number of electrons (2, 6, 10, 14...) needed to fill s, p, d, and f subshells.
The outermost electron shell is often referred to as the "valence shell" and (to a first approximation) determines the chemical properties. It should be remembered that the similarities in the chemical properties were remarked on more than a century before the idea of electron configuration.[12] It is not clear how far Madelung's rule explains (rather than simply describes) the periodic table,[13] although some properties (such as the common +2 oxidation state in the first row of the transition metals) would obviously be different with a different order of orbital filling.
Shortcomings of the Aufbau principle[edit]
The Aufbau principle rests on a fundamental postulate that the order of orbital energies is fixed, both for a given element and between different elements; in both cases this is only approximately true. It considers atomic orbitals as "boxes" of fixed energy into which can be placed two electrons and no more. However, the energy of an electron "in" an atomic orbital depends on the energies of all the other electrons of the atom (or ion, or molecule, etc.). There are no "one-electron solutions" for systems of more than one electron, only a set of many-electron solutions that cannot be calculated exactly[14] (although there are mathematical approximations available, such as the Hartree–Fock method).
The fact that the Aufbau principle is based on an approximation can be seen from the fact that there is an almost-fixed filling order at all, that, within a given shell, the s-orbital is always filled before the p-orbitals. In a hydrogen-like atom, which only has one electron, the s-orbital and the p-orbitals of the same shell have exactly the same energy, to a very good approximation in the absence of external electromagnetic fields. (However, in a real hydrogen atom, the energy levels are slightly split by the magnetic field of the nucleus, and by the quantum electrodynamic effects of the Lamb shift.)
Ionization of the transition metals[edit]
The naïve application of the Aufbau principle leads to a well-known paradox (or apparent paradox) in the basic chemistry of the transition metals. Potassium and calcium appear in the periodic table before the transition metals, and have electron configurations [Ar] 4s1 and [Ar] 4s2 respectively, i.e. the 4s-orbital is filled before the 3d-orbital. This is in line with Madelung's rule, as the 4s-orbital has n+l = 4 (n = 4, l = 0) while the 3d-orbital has n+l = 5 (n = 3, l = 2). After calcium, most neutral atoms in the first series of transition metals (Sc-Zn) have configurations with two 4s electrons, but there are two exceptions. Chromium and copper have electron configurations [Ar] 3d5 4s1 and [Ar] 3d10 4s1 respectively, i.e. one electron has passed from the 4s-orbital to a 3d-orbital to generate a half-filled or filled subshell. In this case, the usual explanation is that "half-filled or completely filled subshells are particularly stable arrangements of electrons".
The apparent paradox arises when electrons are removed from the transition metal atoms to form ions. The first electrons to be ionized come not from the 3d-orbital, as one would expect if it were "higher in energy", but from the 4s-orbital. This interchange of electrons between 4s and 3d is found for all atoms of the first series of transition metals.[15] The configurations of the neutral atoms (K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, ...) usually follow the order 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, ...; however the successive stages of ionization of a given atom (such as Fe4+, Fe3+, Fe2+, Fe+, Fe) usually follow the order 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 3d, 4s, ...
This phenomenon is only paradoxical if it is assumed that the energy order of atomic orbitals is fixed and unaffected by the nuclear charge or by the presence of electrons in other orbitals. If that were the case, the 3d-orbital would have the same energy as the 3p-orbital, as it does in hydrogen, yet it clearly doesn't. There is no special reason why the Fe2+ ion should have the same electron configuration as the chromium atom, given that iron has two more protons in its nucleus than chromium, and that the chemistry of the two species is very different. Melrose and Eric Scerri have analyzed the changes of orbital energy with orbital occupations in terms of the two-electron repulsion integrals of the Hartree-Fock method of atomic structure calculation.[16] More recently Scerri has argued that contrary to what is stated in the vast majority of sources including the title of his previous article on the subject, 3d orbitals rather than 4s are in fact preferentially occupied.[17]
Similar ion-like 3dx4s0 configurations occur in transition metal complexes as described by the simple crystal field theory, even if the metal has oxidation state 0. For example, chromium hexacarbonyl can be described as a chromium atom (not ion) surrounded by six carbon monoxide ligands. The electron configuration of the central chromium atom is described as 3d6 with the six electrons filling the three lower-energy d orbitals between the ligands. The other two d orbitals are at higher energy due to the crystal field of the ligands. This picture is consistent with the experimental fact that the complex is diamagnetic, meaning that it has no unpaired electrons. However, in a more accurate description using molecular orbital theory, the d-like orbitals occupied by the six electrons are no longer identical with the d orbitals of the free atom.
Other exceptions to Madelung's rule[edit]
There are several more exceptions to Madelung's rule among the heavier elements, and as atomic number increases it becomes more and more difficult to find simple explanations such as the stability of half-filled subshells. It is possible to predict most of the exceptions by Hartree–Fock calculations,[18] which are an approximate method for taking account of the effect of the other electrons on orbital energies. For the heavier elements, it is also necessary to take account of the effects of Special Relativity on the energies of the atomic orbitals, as the inner-shell electrons are moving at speeds approaching the speed of light. In general, these relativistic effects[19] tend to decrease the energy of the s-orbitals in relation to the other atomic orbitals.[20] The table below shows the ground state configuration in terms of orbital occupancy, but it does not show the ground state in terms of the sequence of orbital energies as determined spectroscopically. For example, in the transition metals, the 4s orbital is of a higher energy than the 3d orbitals; and in the lanthanides, the 6s is higher than the 4f and 5d. The ground states can be seen in the Electron configurations of the elements (data page).
Electron shells filled in violation of Madelung's rule[21] (red)
Period 4
Period 5
Period 6
Period 7
Element
Z
Electron Configuration
Element
Z
Electron Configuration
Element
Z
Electron Configuration
Element
Z
Electron Configuration
Lanthanum 57 [Xe] 6s2 5d1 Actinium 89 [Rn] 7s2 6d1
Cerium 58 [Xe] 6s2 4f1 5d1 Thorium 90 [Rn] 7s2 6d2
Praseodymium 59 [Xe] 6s2 4f3 Protactinium 91 [Rn] 7s2 5f2 6d1
Neodymium 60 [Xe] 6s2 4f4 Uranium 92 [Rn] 7s2 5f3 6d1
Promethium 61 [Xe] 6s2 4f5 Neptunium 93 [Rn] 7s2 5f4 6d1
Samarium 62 [Xe] 6s2 4f6 Plutonium 94 [Rn] 7s2 5f6
Europium 63 [Xe] 6s2 4f7 Americium 95 [Rn] 7s2 5f7
Gadolinium 64 [Xe] 6s2 4f7 5d1 Curium 96 [Rn] 7s2 5f7 6d1
Terbium 65 [Xe] 6s2 4f9 Berkelium 97 [Rn] 7s2 5f9
Scandium 21 [Ar] 4s2 3d1 Yttrium 39 [Kr] 5s2 4d1 Lutetium 71 [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d1 Lawrencium 103 [Rn] 7s2 5f14 7p1
Titanium 22 [Ar] 4s2 3d2 Zirconium 40 [Kr] 5s2 4d2 Hafnium 72 [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d2 Rutherfordium 104 [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d2
Vanadium 23 [Ar] 4s2 3d3 Niobium 41 [Kr] 5s1 4d4 Tantalum 73 [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d3 Dubnium 105 [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d3
Chromium 24 [Ar] 4s1 3d5 Molybdenum 42 [Kr] 5s1 4d5 Tungsten 74 [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d4 Seaborgium 106 [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d4
Manganese 25 [Ar] 4s2 3d5 Technetium 43 [Kr] 5s2 4d5 Rhenium 75 [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d5 Bohrium 107 [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d5
Iron 26 [Ar] 4s2 3d6 Ruthenium 44 [Kr] 5s1 4d7 Osmium 76 [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d6 Hassium 108 [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d6
Cobalt 27 [Ar] 4s2 3d7 Rhodium 45 [Kr] 5s1 4d8 Iridium 77 [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d7
Nickel 28 [Ar] 4s2 3d8 or
[Ar] 4s1 3d9 (disputed)[22] Palladium 46 [Kr] 4d10 Platinum 78 [Xe] 6s1 4f14 5d9
Copper 29 [Ar] 4s1 3d10 Silver 47 [Kr] 5s1 4d10 Gold 79 [Xe] 6s1 4f14 5d10
Zinc 30 [Ar] 4s2 3d10 Cadmium 48 [Kr] 5s2 4d10 Mercury 80 [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10
The electron-shell configuration of elements beyond hassium has not yet been empirically verified, but they are expected to follow Madelung's rule without exceptions until element 120.[23]
Electron configuration in molecules[edit]
In molecules, the situation becomes more complex, as each molecule has a different orbital structure. The molecular orbitals are labelled according to their symmetry,[24] rather than the atomic orbital labels used for atoms and monatomic ions: hence, the electron configuration of the dioxygen molecule, O2, is written 1σg2 1σu2 2σg2 2σu2 3σg2 1πu4 1πg2,[25][26] or equivalently 1σg2 1σu2 2σg2 2σu2 1πu4 3σg2 1πg2.[1] The term 1πg2 represents the two electrons in the two degenerate π*-orbitals (antibonding). From Hund's rules, these electrons have parallel spins in the ground state, and so dioxygen has a net magnetic moment (it is paramagnetic). The explanation of the paramagnetism of dioxygen was a major success for molecular orbital theory.
The electronic configuration of polyatomic molecules can change without absorption or emission of a photon through vibronic couplings.
Electron configuration in solids[edit]
In a solid, the electron states become very numerous. They cease to be discrete, and effectively blend into continuous ranges of possible states (an electron band). The notion of electron configuration ceases to be relevant, and yields to band theory.
Applications[edit]
The most widespread application of electron configurations is in the rationalization of chemical properties, in both inorganic and organic chemistry. In effect, electron configurations, along with some simplified form of molecular orbital theory, have become the modern equivalent of the valence concept, describing the number and type of chemical bonds that an atom can be expected to form.
This approach is taken further in computational chemistry, which typically attempts to make quantitative estimates of chemical properties. For many years, most such calculations relied upon the "linear combination of atomic orbitals" (LCAO) approximation, using an ever-larger and more complex basis set of atomic orbitals as the starting point. The last step in such a calculation is the assignment of electrons among the molecular orbitals according to the Aufbau principle. Not all methods in calculational chemistry rely on electron configuration: density functional theory (DFT) is an important example of a method that discards the model.
For atoms or molecules with more than one electron, the motion of electrons are correlated and such a picture is no longer exact. A very large number of electronic configurations are needed to exactly describe any multi-electron system, and no energy can be associated with one single configuration. However, the electronic wave function is usually dominated by a very small number of configurations and therefore the notion of electronic configuration remains essential for multi-electron systems.
A fundamental application of electron configurations is in the interpretation of atomic spectra. In this case, it is necessary to supplement the electron configuration with one or more term symbols, which describe the different energy levels available to an atom. Term symbols can be calculated for any electron configuration, not just the ground-state configuration listed in tables, although not all the energy levels are observed in practice. It is through the analysis of atomic spectra that the ground-state electron configurations of the elements were experimentally determined.
See also[edit]
Born–Oppenheimer approximation
Electron configurations of the elements (data page)
Periodic table (electron configurations)
Atomic orbital
Energy level
Term symbol
Molecular term symbol
HOMO/LUMO
Group (periodic table)
d electron count
Extended periodic table – discusses the limits of the periodic table
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "configuration (electronic)".
^ Jump up to: a b In formal terms, the quantum numbers n, ℓ and mℓ arise from the fact that the solutions to the time-independent Schrödinger equation for hydrogen-like atoms are based on spherical harmonics.
Jump up ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "Pauli exclusion principle".
Jump up ^ Weisstein, Eric W. (2007). "Electron Orbital". wolfram.
Jump up ^ Ebbing, Darrell D.; Gammon, Steven D. (2007-01-12). General Chemistry. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-618-73879-3.
Jump up ^ Bohr, Niels (1923). "Über die Anwendung der Quantumtheorie auf den Atombau. I". Zeitschrift für Physik. 13: 117. Bibcode:1923ZPhy...13..117B. doi:10.1007/BF01328209.
Jump up ^ Stoner, E.C. (1924). "The distribution of electrons among atomic levels". Philosophical Magazine (6th Ser.). 48 (286): 719–36. doi:10.1080/14786442408634535.
Jump up ^ Pauli, Wolfgang (1925). "Über den Einfluss der Geschwindigkeitsabhändigkeit der elektronmasse auf den Zeemaneffekt". Zeitschrift für Physik. 31: 373. Bibcode:1925ZPhy...31..373P. doi:10.1007/BF02980592. English translation from Scerri, Eric R. (1991). "The Electron Configuration Model, Quantum Mechanics and Reduction" (PDF). Br. J. Phil. Sci. 42 (3): 309–25. doi:10.1093/bjps/42.3.309.
^ Jump up to: a b Madelung, Erwin (1936). Mathematische Hilfsmittel des Physikers. Berlin: Springer.
Jump up ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "aufbau principle".
Jump up ^ Wong, D. Pan (1979). "Theoretical justification of Madelung's rule". Journal of Chemical Education. 56 (11): 714–18. Bibcode:1979JChEd..56..714W. doi:10.1021/ed056p714.
Jump up ^ The similarities in chemical properties and the numerical relationship between the atomic weights of calcium, strontium and barium was first noted by Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner in 1817.
Jump up ^ Scerri, Eric R. (1998). "How Good Is the Quantum Mechanical Explanation of the Periodic System?" (PDF). Journal of Chemical Education. 75 (11): 1384–85. Bibcode:1998JChEd..75.1384S. doi:10.1021/ed075p1384. Ostrovsky, V.N. (2005). "On Recent Discussion Concerning Quantum Justification of the Periodic Table of the Elements". Foundations of Chemistry. 7 (3): 235–39. doi:10.1007/s10698-005-2141-y.
Jump up ^ Electrons are identical particles, a fact that is sometimes referred to as "indistinguishability of electrons". A one-electron solution to a many-electron system would imply that the electrons could be distinguished from one another, and there is strong experimental evidence that they can't be. The exact solution of a many-electron system is a n-body problem with n ≥ 3 (the nucleus counts as one of the "bodies"): such problems have evaded analytical solution since at least the time of Euler.
Jump up ^ There are some cases in the second and third series where the electron remains in an s-orbital.
Jump up ^ Melrose, Melvyn P.; Scerri, Eric R. (1996). "Why the 4s Orbital is Occupied before the 3d". Journal of Chemical Education. 73 (6): 498–503. Bibcode:1996JChEd..73..498M. doi:10.1021/ed073p498.
Jump up ^ Scerri, Eric R. (2013). "The trouble with the Aufbau Principle". Education in Chemistry (November): 24–26.
Jump up ^ Meek, Terry L.; Allen, Leland C. (2002). "Configuration irregularities: deviations from the Madelung rule and inversion of orbital energy levels". Chem. Phys. Lett. 362 (5–6): 362–64. Bibcode:2002CPL...362..362M. doi:10.1016/S0009-2614(02)00919-3.
Jump up ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "relativistic effects".
Jump up ^ Pyykkö, Pekka (1988). "Relativistic effects in structural chemistry". Chem. Rev. 88 (3): 563–94. doi:10.1021/cr00085a006.
Jump up ^ Miessler, G. L.; Tarr, D. A. (1999). Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall. p. 38.
Jump up ^ Scerri, Eric R. (2007). The periodic table: its story and its significance. Oxford University Press. pp. 239–240. ISBN 0-19-530573-6.
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 1-4020-3555-1.
Jump up ^ The labels are written in lowercase to indicate that they correspond to one-electron functions. They are numbered consecutively for each symmetry type (irreducible representation in the character table of the point group for the molecule), starting from the orbital of lowest energy for that type.
Jump up ^ Levine I.N. Quantum Chemistry (4th ed., Prentice Hall 1991) p.376 ISBN 0-205-12770-3
Jump up ^ Miessler G.L. and Tarr D.A. Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed., Prentice Hall 1999) p.118 ISBN 0-13-841891-8
References[edit]
Scerri, Eric R. (2007). The Periodic Table—Its Story and Its Significance. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-530573-6.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electron configurations.
What does an atom look like? Configuration in 3D
The trouble with the aufbau principle Eric Scerri, Education in Chemistry, 7 November 2013
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Roger (American Dad!)
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This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Roger
American Dad! character
First appearance
"Pilot"
Created by
Seth MacFarlane
Voiced by
Seth MacFarlane
Information
Aliases
List[show]
Meredith Fields
Stan's Uncle Roger
Tearjerker
Cecilia Takaro
Raider Dave
Samantha Kingsbury
The Legman
Scotch Bingington
Applebee McFridays
Sidney Huffman
Chilly
Arbuckle T. Boone
Braf Zachland
Jeannie Gold
Sholanda Dykes
Mr. Deliver
Jeremy Neederhoff
Abigail Lemonparty
Dr. Penguin
Lazlo Morphine
Martin Sugar
Krispy Kreme McDonald
Jean Louise Finch
Kevin Ramage
Sweeps McCulloch
Clive Trotter
Tom Yabo
Dimitri Krotchliknioff
Fantasia Lopez
Roland Chang
Spartacus Vanderhill
Chex LeMeneux
Bing Cooper
Roy Rogers McFreely
Laura Vanderbooben
Luke Fondleberg
Reaganomics Lamborghini
Alicia Wilkner
Sgt. Pepper
Cuss Mustard
Ace Chapman
Jenny Fromdabloc
Winfrey Smith
Bob Danalou
Max Jets
Jerry Jets
Kevin Bacon
Parker Peters
Genevieve Vavance
Ricky Spanish
Billy Jesusworth
Trish
Dan Andsome Handsome
Clip Clop
Professor Jordan Edelstein
Warren Beanstalk
Ruby Zeldastein
Emmylou Sugarbean
Ace Crouton
Skylar Montessori
Madeleine Carpal Tunnel
Burt Jarvis
Frankie Marconi
Morris Buttermaker
Horse Renoir
Professor Baxter
Captain François Dubonais
LeVar Crush
Marmalade the cat
Maurice Barnes
Uncle Kappy
Tony O'Chat
Ragi-Baba
Cosworth Smith
Jaureka Ziegler
Numerous other unnamed
Species
Alien
Gender
Male
Occupation
Various (depending on alias)
Roger is a fictional character in the adult animated sitcom American Dad!, voiced by Seth MacFarlane. The character was created and designed by Seth MacFarlane. Roger is a centuries-year-old grey space alien living with the Smith family, around whom the show revolves. Having lived on Earth since crashing in Roswell, New Mexico in 1947, Roger came to live with the Smiths after rescuing main character Stan Smith at Area 51 four years prior to the beginning of the series.[1][2]
Roger began the series as a sensitive pushover who is often taken advantage of, cheated, and ridiculed. Over time, the character has become a textbook psychopath, exhibiting increasingly cruel, selfish, devious, and depraved behavior,[1][3] although the Smith family are curiously oblivious to his nature despite being his most frequent victims. In early episodes of the show, Roger is disallowed from leaving the Smith house in order to conceal his being an alien.[4] This restriction is soon abandoned and Roger begins adopting disguises and fictitious personas in order to have a life outside the house.
Roger's personas have become a major plot device, with his myriad alter egos frequently being the subject or facilitator of an episode's main story or subplot. This also helps to amplify his pansexuality and androgynous nature, which varies dependent on the plot situation and persona he has adopted. Aside from catalyzing the plot or subplot with his various personas, and despite his increasingly evident self-interest, he often serves to counsel the show's main characters, by humorously affirming or bluntly disregarding their opinions.
When voicing the character, MacFarlane speaks in a swish accent intended to resemble Paul Lynde (who played Uncle Arthur in Bewitched).[5] In 2014, Roger was voted "Gayest Cartoon Character of All Time" in a first-ever March Madness style competition held by Logo TV.[6]
Contents
1 Character
1.1 History
1.2 Roger's disguises
2 Potential film adaptation
3 References
Character[edit]
Roger is selfish, cranky, depraved, cynical, devious and cruel but deeply sensitive. Having his feelings hurt usually spurs the creation of his egos and schemes. Roger typically displays a lighthearted, carefree temperament while at the same time engaging in his freakish grossness, outrageous malice, and rascally shenanigans.[1][3][7] Crude and brazen, Roger has no qualms with randomly saying and doing whatever is on his mind, having little to no sympathy for anyone who might suffer as a result of his actions, and regularly misleading and finagling others to achieve his desired ends. However, according to the episode "Frannie 911", Roger is not this unpleasant by nature; his species of alien must let all unpleasantries out, for if they don't, it will turn into poison and kill them.
History[edit]
Also according to "Frannie 911", Roger has been on earth for over 60 years, having arrived in 1947 as a result of being tricked,[8] led to believe she was "The Decider" in whose hands the fate of mankind rested. Earlier, after causing his aunt’s spaceship to crash, Roger lived with a family of pioneer fur trappers that died travelling on the Oregon Trail in the episode OreTron Trail. There is also the possibility, he or another member of his race came to earth in early antiquity, as in the first episode of the 13th season a stone carving is shown depicting an alien looking like Roger squatting above a pyramid with two Egyptians presumably praising him and hieroglyph characters surrounding them. In the episode "Naked to the Limit, One More Time" however, it is evidenced that Roger remains on Earth by will, the episode revealing that he can simply call for his aliens' spaceship to return him to his birth planet if he so desires.
Details on Roger's actual family and pre-Earth life have yet to be shown on the series. Although in the episode "Lost in Space", a brief clip revealed that prior to Roger's life on Earth, he was involved in a homosexual romantic relationship with another member of his alien race, Zing; however, Roger cheated on Zing, blatantly making out with a human male in front of him. It's also been revealed that Roger has lived on Earth for many years prior to his life spent with the Smith family.
Roger came into contact with the Smith family when he saved Stan's life back when Roger was a fugitive of Area 51 (four years prior to the show's beginnings). Feeling he owed Roger a life debt because of this, Stan rescued him from government capture and allowed him to live in his home. Stan has allowed this in defiance of his employer, the CIA. Roger now covertly lives in the Smith home. Roger uses the Smith's attic as his hideout/room/bar.
Roger's disguises[edit]
After Stan took Roger in for saving his life, he felt that it would endanger him and the rest of his family if it were to be discovered that Roger is an alien and living with them. Consequently, Stan disallowed him from leaving the house when the series first began, even in disguise. Confined to the house in the first couple of seasons, Roger was miserable and malcontent.[4] However, Roger is able to skillfully use disguises to exist in the outside world, which has become a major plot device in later episodes. Adding to this, he's created countless alter egos to go along with them.[7]
Roger has, however, abused this practice, leading numerous lives and outrageously deceiving numerous people. In fact, some of Roger's characters are in prison, while others are widely despised, and others somehow have full-fledged human families and are even married; several of his characters somehow have birth children while others are graduates of Howard University. Roger also uses several of these personas to act in a criminal manner, as several of his alter egos have been seen to engage in robbery, sexual assault, police corruption, identity theft, drug trafficking, child abuse and with one persona even admitting to being wanted "for a series of prostitute murders".
Despite his numerous disguises consisting of only a different set of garment and hair with no effort to disguise his gray skin, non-human face and body features (with some exceptions, like additional body weight, facial hair or wrinkles), Roger has been capable of deceiving virtually every single person he interacts with without ever being discovered as an alien; not even by Stan's colleagues from CIA, who according to him, have "an entire floor" looking for Roger. The Smith family is the only exception; however, for each member of the family there is one individual alter ego they can not recognize as Roger. On top of that, Roger has been sent to the hospital several times over the course of the series, and medical personnel, for some reason, have never found out that he's not a human.[9]
Potential film adaptation[edit]
At Comic-Con 2013 on July 20, Mike Barker revealed that an American Dad! film centering on Roger and set on his birth planet may take place in the future. Barker did not announce any specifics as it relates to the nature and type of film he and the rest of the show's creators had in mind for the series; however, he strongly suggested that a film is where the show's staff and creators would like to take things. Barker further hinted that an American Dad! film may already be in the works and partially written.[10]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Roger Video | Movie Clips & Character Interview". Ovguide.com. Archived from the original on 2013-05-21. Retrieved 2013-04-09.
Jump up ^ McEwen, Lauren (2012-10-08). "'American Dad': One of the most sophisticated mainstream shows on African American culture - The Root DC Live". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2013-02-22.
^ Jump up to: a b Todd VanDerWerff September 28, 2012 (2012-09-28). "Comedy Showrunners Week: American Dad's co-creators on the show's weird evolution | TV | Interview". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
^ Jump up to: a b AWN. "American Dad Touchdown | AWN |". AWN. Retrieved 2013-06-22.
Jump up ^ "A Chat with Seth MacFarlane". Bullz-eye.com. 2007-05-21. Retrieved 2010-01-30.
Jump up ^ Nichols, James (2014-04-08). "Roger Of 'American Dad' Crowned LOGO's 'Gayest Cartoon Of All Time'". www.huffingtonpost.com. The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
^ Jump up to: a b McFarland, Kevin (February 18, 2013). ""Naked To The Limit, One More Time" | American Dad | TV Club | TV". The A.V. Club. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "American Dad Scripts". American Dad Scripts. Archived from the original on 2013-01-04. Retrieved 2013-06-22.
Jump up ^ "American Dad!" Roger Passes the Bar (TV Episode 2014), retrieved 2017-06-21
Jump up ^ ' + data.results.personName + ' (2013-07-20). "Comic-Con 2013: 'American Dad' Season 10 guest stars include Zooey Deschanel, Alison Brie and Mariah Carey - Zap2it". Blog.zap2it.com. Archived from the original on 2013-08-22. Retrieved 2013-08-17.
show
v
t
e
American Dad!
Characters
Stan Smith
Francine Smith
Steve Smith
Hayley Smith
Roger
Klaus
Episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
Season 2
"All About Steve"
"Stan of Arabia: Part 1"
"Stan of Arabia: Part 2"
"Stannie Get Your Gun"
"Finances with Wolves"
Season 3
"Camp Refoogee"
"The American Dad After School Special"
"Lincoln Lover"
Season 4
"The Vacation Goo"
"Surro-Gate"
"Tearjerker"
Season 5
"The One That Got Away"
"Pulling Double Booty"
Season 6
"In Country...Club"
"Moon Over Isla Island"
"My Morning Straitjacket"
"G-String Circus"
"Rapture's Delight"
"Don't Look a Smith Horse in the Mouth"
"Cops and Roger"
"Bully for Steve"
Season 7
"Best Little Horror House in Langley Falls"
"Stan's Food Restaurant"
"White Rice"
"For Whom the Sleigh Bell Tolls"
"Fart-Break Hotel"
"Stanny Boy and Frantastic"
"A Piñata Named Desire"
"You Debt Your Life"
"I Am the Walrus"
"Jenny Fromdabloc"
"Home Wrecker"
"Flirting with Disaster"
Season 8
"Hot Water"
"Hurricane!"
"A Ward Show"
"Virtual In-Stanity"
"The Scarlett Getter"
"Ricky Spanish"
"Toy Whorey"
Season 9
"National Treasure 4: Baby Franny: She's Doing Well: The Hole Story"
"The Missing Kink"
"Lost in Space"
"Da Flippity Flop"
Season 10
"Minstrel Krampus"
Season 11
"Blagsnarst, a Love Story"
Season 12
Season 13
"The Two Hundred"
Season 14
Season 15
Related
Night of the Hurricane
Family Guy
The Cleveland Show
Animation Domination
show
v
t
e
Seth MacFarlane
Filmography
Awards
Series created
Family Guy (1999–2003; 2005–present)
American Dad! (2005–present)
The Cleveland Show (2009–2013)
The Orville (2017–present)
Films directed
Ted (2012)
A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014)
Ted 2 (2015)
Studio albums
Music Is Better Than Words (2011)
Holiday for Swing (2014)
No One Ever Tells You (2015)
In Full Swing (2017)
Novels
A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014)
Characters
Peter Griffin
Brian Griffin
Stewie Griffin
Glenn Quagmire
Stan Smith
Roger
See also
Fuzzy Door Productions
The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve
Rachael MacFarlane
"Everybody Needs a Best Friend"
Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy
Night of the Hurricane
'
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_(American_Dad!)&oldid=866277483"
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Justin Timberlake scored his first Billboard Hot 100 number-one single with "SexyBack", which stayed at the top spot for seven straight weeks.
The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the United States. Published by Billboard magazine, the data are compiled by Nielsen SoundScan based collectively on each single's weekly physical and digital sales, and airplay. In 2006, 18 singles reached the top of the chart, the most number-ones in a chart year since 1991.[1][2] A 19th single, Mariah Carey's "Don't Forget About Us", started its run at number one in 2005.
In 2006, 19 acts achieved their first U.S. number-one single, either as a lead artist or featured guest, including Akon, Ali & Gipp, Chamillionaire, D4L, Daniel Powter, Fergie, James Blunt, Justin Timberlake, Krayzie Bone, Ne-Yo, Nelly Furtado, Paul Wall, Rihanna, Shakira, Slim Thug, Taylor Hicks, T.I., Timbaland and Wyclef Jean. Pop singer Justin Timberlake and R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles each had two number-one singles in this year.[1] During the year, eight collaboration singles topped the chart, breaking the record set in 2003 and 2004, both of which had seven.[3]
Knowles' "Irreplaceable" is the longest-running single of 2006, beginning its run atop the chart for 10 consecutive weeks in late December to late February 2007.[4][5] "Irreplaceable" became the 20th single to score at least 10 weeks at number one since the era of longer-running singles began in 1992.[a][6] Other singles with extended chart runs include Timberlake's "SexyBack",[7] which stayed at number one for seven straight weeks, and Nelly Furtado's "Promiscuous" for six weeks. Knowles' "Check on It" and pop singer Daniel Powter's "Bad Day" both topped the chart for five weeks.
Powter's "Bad Day" is the best-performing single this year, topping the Billboard Top Hot 100 Hits of 2006.[8] "Hips Don't Lie" gave Shakira a number-one single credit, her first since she began her recording career in 1996. The feat made her the first Colombian recording artist to have topped the Billboard Hot 100.[9] In 2006, Powter and Furtado were the only Canadian recording acts to have reached the summit of the chart.[9]
Contents
1 Chart history
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
5 Additional sources
Chart history
Colombian Singer Shakira earned her first number one single in the United States with "Hips Don't Lie".
Nelly Furtado gained her first Billboard Hot 100 number-one single with "Promiscuous", which stayed at the top spot for six consecutive weeks.
Singer Fergie earned her first number one single London Bridge in U.S.
Canadian Pop singer Daniel Powter earned his first number one single Bad Day in U.S., and stayed at the top for five consecutive weeks.
Key
Indicates best-performing single of 2006
Issue date
Song
Artist(s)
Reference(s)
January 7 "Don't Forget About Us" Mariah Carey [10]
January 14 "Laffy Taffy" D4L [11]
January 21 "Grillz" Nelly featuring Paul Wall, Ali & Gipp [12]
January 28 [13]
February 4 "Check on It" Beyoncé featuring Slim Thug [14]
February 11 [15]
February 18 [16]
February 25 [17]
March 4 [18]
March 11 "You're Beautiful" James Blunt [19][20]
March 18 "So Sick" Ne-Yo [21]
March 25 [22]
April 1 "Temperature" Sean Paul [23]
April 8 "Bad Day" Daniel Powter [24]
April 15 [25]
April 22 [26]
April 29 [27]
May 6 [28]
May 13 "SOS" Rihanna [29]
May 20 [30]
May 27 [31]
June 3 "Ridin'" Chamillionaire featuring Krayzie Bone [32]
June 10 [33]
June 17 "Hips Don't Lie" Shakira featuring Wyclef Jean [34]
June 24 [35]
July 1 "Do I Make You Proud" Taylor Hicks [36][37]
July 8 "Promiscuous" Nelly Furtado featuring Timbaland [38]
July 15 [39]
July 22 [40]
July 29 [41]
August 5 [42]
August 12 [43]
August 19 "London Bridge" Fergie [44]
August 26 [45]
September 2 [46]
September 9 "SexyBack" Justin Timberlake [47]
September 16 [48]
September 23 [49]
September 30 [50]
October 7 [51]
October 14 [52]
October 21 [53]
October 28 "Money Maker" Ludacris featuring Pharrell [54]
November 4 [55]
November 11 "My Love" Justin Timberlake featuring T.I. [56]
November 18 [57]
November 25 [58]
December 2 "I Wanna Love You" Akon featuring Snoop Dogg [59]
December 9 [60]
December 16 "Irreplaceable" Beyoncé [61]
December 23 [62]
December 30 [63]
See also
2006 in music
List of number-one hits (United States)
Top Hot 100 Hits of 2006
Notes
[a] ^ Longer-running singles refer to number-one singles that spent at least 10, either consecutive or non-consecutive, weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100.
References
^ Jump up to: a b Bronson, Fred (2006-12-07). "Chart Beat: Solo Spotlight". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
Jump up ^ Bronson, Fred (2007-12-27). "Chart Beat: 'Low' Rida". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-13.
Jump up ^ Bronson, Fred (2006-12-02). "Chart Beat Chat: Let's Work Together". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
Jump up ^ Bronson, Fred (2007-10-25). "Chart Beat: Still Cranked After All These Weeks". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
Jump up ^ Bronson, Fred (2007-06-28). "Chart Beat: Jolly Brolley". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
Jump up ^ Bronson, Fred (2007-02-16). "Chart Beat Chat: The Long and Winding Hits". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
Jump up ^ Moss, Corey (2006-10-13). "Should Justin Timberlake Be Worried About A SexyBacklash?". MTV. Retrieved 2009-03-02.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary. "Best Of The 2000s: Part 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2010-01-23.
^ Jump up to: a b Bronson, Fred (2006-07-07). "Chart Beat Chat". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-02-15.
Jump up ^ Hasty, Katie (2006-12-29). "Carey's 'Forget' No. 1 Again". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-01-05). "D4L's 'Taffy' Dethrones Mariah On Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-01-12). "Nelly Nabs Fourth Hot 100 No. 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-01-19). "Nelly's 'Grillz' Grabs Second Week At No. 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-01-26). "Beyoncé, Slim Thug Battle Their Way To No. 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-02-02). "Beyoncé Still No. 1, 'High School' Breaks Record". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-02-09). "Beyoncé Begins Third Week At No. 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-02-16). "'Check On It' Nets Fourth Week At No. 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-02-23). "No Budging Beyoncé From Hot 100 No. 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Jonathan (2006-03-01). "James Blunt Soars To No. 1 On Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-03-02). "Blunt Leapfrogs Beyoncé To Claim No. 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-03-09). "Ne-Yo Completes Chart Takeover With 'So Sick'". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-03-16). "Ne-Yo Extends Chart Domination With 'So Sick'". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-03-23). "Paul's 'Temperature' Rises To The Top". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-03-30). "Good 'Day': Powter Powers To Hot 100 No. 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-04-06). "Powter's 'Day' Reigns Again On Singles Chart". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-04-13). "Powter Stays Hot, Chili Peppers Sizzle On Charts". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-04-20). "No Stopping Powter On Singles Charts". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-04-27). "Charts: Powter Stays Hot, Bon Jovi Scores With Country". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-05-04). "Rihanna's 'SOS' Rockets To No. 1 On Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-05-11). "Rihanna Stays Strong On Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-05-18). "Rihanna's 'SOS' Signals 3rd Week At No. 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-05-25). "Chamillionaire 'Rides' To Top Of Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-06-01). "Chamillionaire Retains Top Spot On Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hasty, Katie (2006-06-08). "Digital Explosion Drives Shakira's 'Hips' To No. 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hasty, Katie (2006-06-15). "Shakira's 'Hips' Still Shaking At No. 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hasty, Katie (2006-06-21). "Hicks Heads Straight To No. 1 On Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-06-22). "Hicks Dethrones Shakira On Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-06-29). "Furtado Earns Second No. 1 Of The Week". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-07-06). "Furtado Remains No. 1 With 'Promiscuous'". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Jonathan (2006-07-13). "Third Week Is No. 1 Charm For Furtado's 'Promiscuous'". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-07-20). "Furtado's 'Promiscuous' Stays Strong On Charts". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-07-27). "FFurtado's 'Promiscuous' Still Sizzling On Charts". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-08-03). "Furtado Still No. 1 But Beyonce, Fergie Heat Up". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-08-10). "Fergie's 'Bridge' Steamrolls To No. 1 On Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-08-17). "Fergie's 'Bridge' Earns Second Week At No. 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-08-24). "Fergie's 'Bridge' Remains Sturdy At No. 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-08-31). "Timberlake Brings 'Sexy' Back To No. 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-09-07). "Timberlake Still 'Sexy' At No. 1 On Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-09-14). "Timberlake's 'Sexy' Fends Off Fergie For No. 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Jonathan (2006-09-21). "All Timberlake, All The Time On Billboard Charts". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-09-28). "Timberlake Still Unstoppable On Billboard Charts". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-10-05). "Timberlake Still Tops, Akon Sets Hot 100 Record". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-09-12). "Timberlake Still 'Sexy' At No. 1, New Single Keeps Climbing". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-09-19). "Ludacris Leapfrogs Timberlake To Overtake Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-10-26). "Ludacris Holds Off Akon, Timberlake To Remain No. 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-11-02). "Timberlake Scores Second Straight Hot 100 No. 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-11-09). "Timberlake, T.I. Remain No. 1 With 'My Love'". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hope, Clover (2006-11-16). "Timberlake, T.I. Still No. 1 On Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Jonathan (2006-11-23). "Akon Locks Down Top Two Slots On Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Jonathan (2006-11-30). "'Smack' Attack: Akon Adds More No. 1s To His Arsenal". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hasty, Katie (2006-12-07). "Beyonce 'Irreplaceable' At No. 1 On Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
Jump up ^ Hasty, Katie (2006-12-14). "Beyonce's 'Irreplaceable' Secures Second Week At No. 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
Jump up ^ Hasty, Katie (2006-12-21). "Beyonce Begins Third Week Atop The Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
Additional sources
Fred Bronson's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits, 5th Edition (ISBN 0-8230-7677-6)
Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2008, 12 Edition (ISBN 0-89820-180-2)
Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The 2000s (ISBN 0-89820-182-9)
Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard's online archive services and print editions of the magazine.
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