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Dendrite
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"Dendritic branch" redirects here. For the dendritic cell of the immune system, see Dendritic cell.
This article is about neuronal dendrites in biology. For other uses, see Dendrite (disambiguation).
Structure of a typical neuron
Dendrite
Dendrite
Soma
Axon
Nucleus
Node of
Ranvier
Axon terminal
Schwann cell
Myelin sheath
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Illustrated video explanation of an action potential (~10.5 minutes). The structure of a neuron and the role that dendrites play in mediating action potentials are covered between 0–4:20.
Dendrites (from Greek δένδρον déndron, "tree"), also dendrons, are branched protoplasmic extensions of a nerve cell that propagate the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project. Electrical stimulation is transmitted onto dendrites by upstream neurons (usually their axons) via synapses which are located at various points throughout the dendritic tree. Dendrites play a critical role in integrating these synaptic inputs and in determining the extent to which action potentials are produced by the neuron.[1] Dendritic arborization, also known as dendritic branching, is a multi-step biological process by which neurons form new dendritic trees and branches to create new synapses.[1] The morphology of dendrites such as branch density and grouping patterns are highly correlated to the function of the neuron. Malformation of dendrites is also tightly correlated to impaired nervous system function.[2] Some disorders that are associated with the malformation of dendrites are autism, depression, schizophrenia, Down syndrome and anxiety.
Certain classes of dendrites contain small projections referred to as dendritic spines that increase receptive properties of dendrites to isolate signal specificity. Increased neural activity and the establishment of long-term potentiation at dendritic spines change the size, shape, and conduction. This ability for dendritic growth is thought to play a role in learning and memory formation. There can be as many as 15,000 spines per cell, each of which serves as a postsynaptic process for individual presynaptic axons.[3] Dendritic branching can be extensive and in some cases is sufficient to receive as many as 100,000 inputs to a single neuron.[4]
Dendrites are one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being an axon. Axons can be distinguished from dendrites by several features including shape, length, and function. Dendrites often taper off in shape and are shorter, while axons tend to maintain a constant radius and be relatively long. Typically, axons transmit electrochemical signals and dendrites receive the electrochemical signals, although some types of neurons in certain species lack axons and simply transmit signals via their dendrites.[5] Dendrites provide an enlarged surface area to receive signals from the terminal buttons of other axons, and the axon also commonly divides at its far end into many branches (telodendria) each of which ends in a nerve terminal, allowing for a chemical signal to pass simultaneously to many target cells.[4] Typically, when an electrochemical signal stimulates a neuron, it occurs at a dendrite and causes changes in the electrical potential across the neuron’s plasma membrane. This change in the membrane potential will passively spread across the dendrite but becomes weaker with distance without an action potential. An action potential propagates the electrical activity along the membrane of the neuron's dendrites to the cell body and then afferently down the length of the axon to the axon terminal, where it triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.[4] However, synapses involving dendrites can also be axodendritic, involving an axon signaling to a dendrite, or dendrodendritic, involving signaling between dendrites.[6] An autapse is a synapse in which the axon of one neuron transmits signals to its own dendrites.
There are three main types of neurons; multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar. Multipolar neurons, such as the one shown in the image, are composed of one axon and many dendritic trees. Pyramidal cells are multipolar cortical neurons with pyramid shaped cell bodies and large dendrites called apical dendrites that extend to the surface of the cortex. Bipolar neurons have one axon and one dendritic tree at opposing ends of the cell body. Unipolar neurons have a stalk that extends from the cell body that separates into two branches with one containing the dendrites and the other with the terminal buttons. Unipolar dendrites are used to detect sensory stimuli such as touch or temperature.[6][7][8]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Dendrite development
3 Electrical properties
4 Plasticity
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
The term dendrites was first used in 1889 by Wilhelm His to describe the number of smaller "protoplasmic processes" that were attached to a nerve cell.[9] German anatomist Otto Friedrich Karl Deiters is generally credited with the discovery of the axon by distinguishing it from the dendrites.
Some of the first intracellular recordings in a nervous system were made in the late 1930s by Kenneth S. Cole and Howard J. Curtis. Swiss Rüdolf Albert von Kölliker and German Robert Remak were the first to identify and characterize the axon initial segment. Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley also employed the squid giant axon (1939) and by 1952 they had obtained a full quantitative description of the ionic basis of the action potential, leading the formulation of the Hodgkin–Huxley model. Hodgkin and Huxley were awarded jointly the Nobel Prize for this work in 1963. The formulas detailing axonal conductance were extended to vertebrates in the Frankenhaeuser–Huxley equations. Louis-Antoine Ranvier was the first to describe the gaps or nodes found on axons and for this contribution these axonal features are now commonly referred to as the Nodes of Ranvier. Santiago Ramón y Cajal, a Spanish anatomist, proposed that axons were the output components of neurons.[10] He also proposed that neurons were discrete cells that communicated with each other via specialized junctions, or spaces, between cells, now known as a synapse. Ramón y Cajal improved a silver staining process known as Golgi's method, which had been developed by his rival, Camillo Golgi.[11]
Dendrite development[edit]
During the development of dendrites, several factors can influence differentiation. These include modulation of sensory input, environmental pollutants, body temperature, and drug use.[12] For example, rats raised in dark environments were found to have a reduced number of spines in pyramidal cells located in the primary visual cortex and a marked change in distribution of dendrite branching in layer 4 stellate cells.[13] Experiments done in vitro and in vivo have shown that the presence of afferents and input activity per se can modulate the patterns in which dendrites differentiate.[2]
Little is known about the process by which dendrites orient themselves in vivo and are compelled to create the intricate branching pattern unique to each specific neuronal class. One theory on the mechanism of dendritic arbor development is the Synaptotropic Hypothesis. The synaptotropic hypothesis proposes that input from a presynaptic to a postsynaptic cell (and maturation of excitatory synaptic inputs) eventually can change the course of synapse formation at dendritic and axonal arbors.[14] This synapse formation is required for the development of neuronal structure in the functioning brain. A balance between metabolic costs of dendritic elaboration and the need to cover receptive field presumably determine the size and shape of dendrites. A complex array of extracellular and intracellular cues modulates dendrite development including transcription factors, receptor-ligand interactions, various signaling pathways, local translational machinery, cytoskeletal elements, Golgi outposts and endosomes. These contribute to the organization of the dendrites on individual cell bodies and the placement of these dendrites in the neuronal circuitry. For example, it was shown that β-actin zipcode binding protein 1 (ZBP1) contributes to proper dendritic branching. Other important transcription factors involved in the morphology of dendrites include CUT, Abrupt, Collier, Spineless, ACJ6/drifter, CREST, NEUROD1, CREB, NEUROG2 etc. Secreted proteins and cell surface receptors includes neurotrophins and tyrosine kinase receptors, BMP7, Wnt/dishevelled, EPHB 1-3, Semaphorin/plexin-neuropilin, slit-robo, netrin-frazzled, reelin. Rac, CDC42 and RhoA serve as cytoskeletal regulators and the motor protein includes KIF5, dynein, LIS1. Important secretory and endocytic pathways controlling the dendritic development include DAR3 /SAR1, DAR2/Sec23, DAR6/Rab1 etc. All these molecules interplay with each other in controlling dendritic morphogenesis including the acquisition of type specific dendritic arborization, the regulation of dendrite size and the organization of dendrites emanating from different neurons.[1][15]
Electrical properties[edit]
The structure and branching of a neuron's dendrites, as well as the availability and variation of voltage-gated ion conductance, strongly influences how the neuron integrates the input from other neurons. This integration is both temporal, involving the summation of stimuli that arrive in rapid succession, as well as spatial, entailing the aggregation of excitatory and inhibitory inputs from separate branches.[16]
Dendrites were once thought to merely convey electrical stimulation passively. This passive transmission means that voltage changes measured at the cell body are the result of activation of distal synapses propagating the electric signal towards the cell body without the aid of voltage-gated ion channels. Passive cable theory describes how voltage changes at a particular location on a dendrite transmit this electrical signal through a system of converging dendrite segments of different diameters, lengths, and electrical properties. Based on passive cable theory one can track how changes in a neuron’s dendritic morphology impacts the membrane voltage at the cell body, and thus how variation in dendrite architectures affects the overall output characteristics of the neuron.[17][18]
Electrochemical signals are propagated by action potentials that utilize intermembrane voltage-gated ion channels to transport sodium ions, calcium ions, and potassium ions. Each ion species has its own corresponding protein channel located in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The cell membrane of neurons covers the axons, cell body, dendrites, etc. The protein channels can differ between chemical species in the amount of required activation voltage and the activation duration.[4]
Action potentials in animal cells are generated by either sodium-gated or calcium-gated ion channels in the plasma membrane. These channels are closed when the membrane potential is near to, or at, the resting potential of the cell. The channels will start to open if the membrane potential increases, allowing for sodium or calcium ions to flow into the cell. As more ions enter the cell, the membrane potential continues to rise. The process continues until all of the ion channels are open, causing a rapid increase in the membrane potential that then triggers the decrease in the membrane potential. The depolarizing is caused by the closing of the ion channels that prevent sodium ions from entering the neuron, and they are then actively transported out of the cell. Potassium channels are then activated, and there is an outward flow of potassium ions, returning the electrochemical gradient to the resting potential. After an action potential has occurred, there is a transient negative shift, called the afterhyperpolarization or refractory period, due to additional potassium currents. This is the mechanism that prevents an action potential from traveling back the way it just came.[4][19]
Another important feature of dendrites, endowed by their active voltage gated conductance, is their ability to send action potentials back into the dendritic arbor. Known as back-propagating action potentials, these signals depolarize the dendritic arbor and provide a crucial component toward synapse modulation and long-term potentiation. Furthermore, a train of back-propagating action potentials artificially generated at the soma can induce a calcium action potential (a dendritic spike) at the dendritic initiation zone in certain types of neurons.[citation needed]
Plasticity[edit]
Dendrites themselves appear to be capable of plastic changes during the adult life of animals, including invertebrates. Neuronal dendrites have various compartments known as functional units that are able to compute incoming stimuli. These functional units are involved in processing input and are composed of the subdomains of dendrites such as spines, branches, or groupings of branches. Therefore, plasticity that leads to changes in the dendrite structure will affect communication and processing in the cell. During development dendrite morphology is shaped by intrinsic programs within the cell's genome and extrinsic factors such as signals from other cells. But in adult life, extrinsic signals become more influential and cause more significant changes in dendrite structure compared to intrinsic signals during development. In females, the dendritic structure can change as a result of physiological conditions induced by hormones during periods such as pregnancy, lactation, and following the estrous cycle. This is particularly visible in pyramidal cells of the CA1 region of the hippocampus, where the density of dendrites can vary up to 30%.[2]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Urbanska, M.; Blazejczyk, M.; Jaworski, J. (2008). "Molecular basis of dendritic arborization". Acta neurobiologiae experimentalis. 68 (2): 264–288. PMID 18511961.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tavosanis, G. (2012). "Dendritic structural plasticity". Developmental Neurobiology. 72 (1): 73–86. doi:10.1002/dneu.20951. PMID 21761575.
Jump up ^ Koch, C.; Zador, A. (February 1993). "The Function of Dendritic Spines: Devices Subserving Biochemical Rather Than Electrical Compartmentalization". The Journal of Neuroscience. 13 (2): 413–422. PMID 8426220.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Alberts, Bruce (2009). Essential Cell Biology (3rd ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 978-0-8153-4129-1.
Jump up ^ Yau, K. W. (1976). "Receptive fields, geometry and conduction block of sensory neurones in the central nervous system of the leech". The Journal of Physiology. 263 (3): 513–38. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011643. PMC 1307715  . PMID 1018277.
^ Jump up to: a b Carlson, Neil R. (2013). Physiology of Behavior (11th ed.). Boston: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-205-23939-9.
Jump up ^ Pinel, John P.J. (2011). Biopsychology (8th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. ISBN 978-0-205-83256-9.
Jump up ^ Jan, Y. N.; Jan, L. Y. (2010). "Branching out: Mechanisms of dendritic arborization". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 11 (5): 316–328. doi:10.1038/nrn2836. PMC 3079328  . PMID 20404840.
Jump up ^ Finger, Stanley (1994). Origins of neuroscience : a history of explorations into brain function. Oxford University Press. p. 44. ISBN 9780195146943. OCLC 27151391. The nerve cell with its uninterrupted processes was described by Otto Friedrich Karl Deiters (1834-1863) in a work that was completed by Max Schultze (1825-1874) in 1865, two years after Deiters died of typhoid fever. This work portrayed the cell body with a single chief "axis cylinder" and a number of smaller "protoplasmic processes" (see figure 3.19). The latter would become known as "dendrites", a term coined by Wilhelm His (1831-1904) in 1889.
Jump up ^ Debanne, D; Campanac, E; Bialowas, A; Carlier, E; Alcaraz, G (Apr 2011). "Axon physiology". Physiological Reviews. 91 (2): 555–602. doi:10.1152/physrev.00048.2009. PMID 21527732.
Jump up ^ López-Muñoz, F (October 2006). "Neuron theory, the cornerstone of neuroscience, on the centenary of the Nobel Prize award to Santiago Ramón y Cajal". Brain Research Bulletin. 70 (4–6): 391–405. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.07.010. PMID 17027775.
Jump up ^ McEwen, Bruce S. (2010). "Stress, sex, and neural adaptation to a changing environment: mechanisms of neuronal remodeling". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1204: 38–59. Bibcode:2010NYASA1204...38M. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05568.x. PMC 2946089  . PMID 20840167.
Jump up ^ Borges, S.; Berry, M. (15 July 1978). "The effects of dark rearing on the development of the visual cortex of the rat". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 180 (2): 277–300. doi:10.1002/cne.901800207. PMID 659662.
Jump up ^ Cline, H; Haas, K (Mar 15, 2008). "The regulation of dendritic arbor development and plasticity by glutamatergic synaptic input: a review of the synaptotrophic hypothesis". The Journal of Physiology. 586 (6): 1509–17. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.150029. PMC 2375708  . PMID 18202093.
Jump up ^ Perycz, M.; Urbanska, A. S.; Krawczyk, P. S.; Parobczak, K.; Jaworski, J. (2011). "Zipcode Binding Protein 1 Regulates the Development of Dendritic Arbors in Hippocampal Neurons". Journal of Neuroscience. 31 (14): 5271–5285. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2387-10.2011. PMID 21471362.
Jump up ^ Kandel, Eric R. (2003). Principles of neural science (4th ed.). Cambridge: McGrawHill. ISBN 0-8385-7701-6.
Jump up ^ Koch, Christof (1999). Biophysics of computation : information processing in single neurons. New York [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-510491-9.
Jump up ^ Häusser, Michael (2008). Dendrites (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-856656-5.
Jump up ^ Barnett, MW; Larkman, PM (Jun 2007). "The action potential". Practical Neurology. 7 (3): 192–7. PMID 17515599.
References[edit]
Lorenzo, L. E.; Russier, M; Barbe, A; Fritschy, J. M.; Bras, H (2007). "Differential organization of gamma-aminobutyric acid type a and glycine receptors in the somatic and dendritic compartments of rat abducens motoneurons". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 504 (2): 112–26. doi:10.1002/cne.21442. PMID 17626281.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dendrites.
Histology image: 3_09 at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center - "Slide 3 Spinal cord"
Dendritic Tree - Cell Centered Database
Stereo images of dendritic trees in Kryptopterus electroreceptor organs
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Port mirroring
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Port mirroring is used on a network switch to send a copy of network packets seen on one switch port (or an entire VLAN) to a network monitoring connection on another switch port. This is commonly used for network appliances that require monitoring of network traffic such as an intrusion detection system, passive probe or real user monitoring (RUM) technology that is used to support application performance management (APM). Port mirroring on a Cisco Systems switch is generally referred to as Switched Port Analyzer (SPAN) or Remote Switched Port Analyzer (RSPAN). Other vendors have different names for it, such as Roving Analysis Port (RAP) on 3Com switches.
Network engineers or administrators use port mirroring to analyze and debug data or diagnose errors on a network. It helps administrators keep a close eye on network performance and alerts them when problems occur. It can be used to mirror either inbound or outbound traffic (or both) on single or multiple interfaces.
See also[edit]
Computer networking portal
VLAN access control list (VACL)
External links[edit]
Cisco Systems - Catalyst Switched Port Analyzer (SPAN) Configuration Example
Port mirroring (roving analysis port) - TechTarget, 2014
Port Mirroring - Technopedia

This computer networking article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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I Want Candy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the original song. For the Bow Wow Wow album featuring a version of it, see I Want Candy (album). For the 2007 film, see I Want Candy (film).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"I Want Candy"
Side-A label of the American vinyl single
Single by The Strangeloves
from the album I Want Candy
Released
1965 (U.S.)
Recorded
1965
Length
2:59
Label
Bang
Songwriter(s)
Bert Berns
Bob Feldman
Jerry Goldstein
Richard Gottehrer
Producer(s)
The Strangeloves
The Strangeloves singles chronology
"Love, Love"
(1964) "I Want Candy"
(1965) "Out in the Sun"
(1965)
"Love, Love"
(1964) "I Want Candy"
(1965) "Out in the Sun"
(1965)
"I Want Candy" is a song written and originally recorded by the Strangeloves in 1965 that reached No. 11 in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart.[1] It is a famous example of a song that uses the Bo Diddley beat.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Original version
1.1 Bow Wow Wow version
1.1.1 Charts
1.2 Aaron Carter version
1.2.1 Track listings
1.3 Candy Girls featuring Valerie Malcolm version
1.3.1 Track listings
1.4 Melanie C version
1.4.1 Music video
1.4.2 Formats and track listings
1.4.3 Charts
2 Other cover versions
3 Parodies
4 References
5 External links
Original version[edit]
"I Want Candy" was written by Bert Berns, Bob Feldman, Jerry Goldstein and Richard Gottehrer in 1965. As writer/producers, Feldman, Goldstein and Gottehrer had already scored big hits for other artists, including "My Boyfriend's Back" by the Angels. For this song, the trio took on the moniker of the Strangeloves, and recorded the tune themselves, augmented by studio musicians (co-writer Berns was not involved in the studio recording).
The female vocalist heard half-screaming, half-singing "Baby!" in the middle of the track was an unknown session singer.
Although Feldman, Goldstein and Gottehrer used their real names in the writing and production credits of this single, they claimed the Strangeloves were actually three Australian brothers (and ex-sheep farmers) named Giles, Miles and Niles Strange. Feldman, Goldstein and Gottehrer dressed up in shaggy wigs and exotic clothing for publicity photos as the Strangeloves.
"I Want Candy", the Strangeloves' second single, became a top 10 hit in Canada and hit No. 11 in the US.[1] The record failed to chart in the UK—or in the Strangeloves' so-called "native" country, Australia.
Bow Wow Wow version[edit]
"I Want Candy"
Standard cover art for UK and international vinyl editions
Single by Bow Wow Wow
from the album The Last of the Mohicans
B-side
"King Kong"
Released
1982
Recorded
1982
Genre
New wave
Length
2:46
Label
RCA
Songwriter(s)
Bert Berns
Bob Feldman
Jerry Goldstein
Richard Gottehrer
Producer(s)
Bow Wow Wow
Bow Wow Wow singles chronology
"Go Wild in the Country"
(1982) "I Want Candy"
(1982) "Fools Rush In"
(1982)
"Go Wild in the Country"
(1982) "I Want Candy"
(1982) "Fools Rush In"
(1982)
English new wave group Bow Wow Wow released their version as the first and only single from their EP The Last of the Mohicans. For many in America, "I Want Candy" was their first introduction to young lead singer Annabella Lwin and the band. The song barely scraped the Top 50, but became an enduring new wave classic.[2] The song gave its name to the band's 1982 release, I Want Candy, which was mainly a compilation, but included a couple of new cuts produced by Kenny Laguna (Joan Jett & the Blackhearts).
The popularity of Bow Wow Wow's recording, highly associated with 1980s pop music, is partly due to the memorable video that got heavy play in the early days of MTV.
The Bow Wow Wow recording appeared on two VH1 countdowns:
No. 86 on VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of the '80s"
No. 8 on VH1's "100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the '80s"
Bow Wow Wow's recording is frequently included in collections of '80s pop music and on soundtracks for movies that are set in the '80s, as well as in movies that want to make use of the recording's youthful, carefree tone. The recording appeared on the soundtracks for Blank Check, Private School, Bio-Dome, Daddy Day Care, 200 Cigarettes, High Fidelity, Romy and Michele's High School Reunion, Napoleon Dynamite, The House Bunny and (in the form of a remix by Kevin Shields) Marie Antoinette. It also appeared in The Simpsons episode "The Simpsons Spin-Off Showcase".
The song was set to appear on the PlayStation 2 video game Guitar Hero: Rocks the 80s, but was pulled out of the game for unknown reasons.
The popular Canadian teen drama Degrassi: The Next Generation, which is known for naming each episode after an '80s hit song, named an episode after this song.
The Black Eyed Peas sampled the song for the song "Electric City" on their 2009 album The E.N.D.
Charts[edit]
Chart (1982)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[3] 39
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[4] 30
Ireland (IRMA)[5] 7
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[6] 26
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[7] 23
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[8] 30
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[9] 9
US Billboard Hot 100[10] 62
US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play[10] 36
US Billboard Top Tracks[10] 22
US Cash Box[11] 61
Aaron Carter version[edit]
"I Want Candy"
Single by Aaron Carter
from the album Aaron's Party (Come Get It)
B-side
"Jump, Jump"
Released
2000 (U.S.)
Length
3:16
Label
Jive
Zomba
Songwriter(s)
Bert Berns
Bob Feldman
Jerry Goldstein
Richard Gottehrer
Aaron Carter singles chronology
"Children of the World"
(1999) "I Want Candy"
(2000) "Aaron's Party (Come Get It)"
(2000)
"Children of the World"
(1999) "I Want Candy"
(2000) "Aaron's Party (Come Get It)"
(2000)
Aaron Carter released a cover of "I Want Candy" as his seventh overall single, and the second single from his second album, Aaron's Party (Come Get It) (2000).
This version of "I Want Candy" begins with a phone conversation with a friend about a girl named Candy and features the participation of his brother Nick Carter from the Backstreet Boys. Carter promoted it by performing it on the show Lizzie McGuire. A music video was produced to promote the single, directed by Andrew MacNaughtan.
Chart (2000)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[12] 27
France (SNEP)[13] 46
Germany (Official German Charts)[14] 68
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[15] 27
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[16] 21
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[17] 10
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[18] 31
Track listings[edit]
Single
"I Want Candy" (album version) – 3:13
"I Want Candy" (instrumental) – 3:13
Maxi CD[19]
"I Want Candy" (album version) – 3:13
"I Want Candy" (instrumental) – 3:13
"Jump Jump" – 2:39
Candy Girls featuring Valerie Malcolm version[edit]
"I Want Candy"
Single by Candy Girls featuring Valerie Malcolm
B-side
"Four other remixes"
Released
1996 (UK)
Label
Feverpitch
EMI Records
Songwriter(s)
Bert Berns
Bob Feldman
Jerry Goldstein
Richard Gottehrer
Candy Girls featuring Valerie Malcolm singles chronology
"Wham Bam"
(1995) "I Want Candy"
(1996)
"Wham Bam"
(1995) "I Want Candy"
(1995)
Candy Girls, consisting of Rachel Auburn and Paul Masterson, released a cover of "I Want Candy", which became their third hit single in 1996, peaking at No. 30 in the UK.[20] It was their last release. After releasing this single, the duo split. Masterson went on to have hits as Amen! UK, Clergy, Yomanda, Dorothy and Hi-Gate.
Track listings[edit]
Disc 1[21]
I Want Candy (Radio Edit)
I Want Candy (12" Mix)
I Want Candy (Candy's Disco Dub)
I Want Candy (Jon the Dentist's Mix)
I Want Candy (Beat Barons Mix)
Disc 2
I Want Candy (Radio Edit)
Wham Bam
Fee Fi Fo Fum
Melanie C version[edit]
"I Want Candy"
Single by Melanie C
from the album This Time
B-side
"Already Gone"
Released
2007
Format
Maxi CD
7" vinyl
digital download
Length
3:23
Label
Red Girl
Songwriter(s)
Bert Berns
Bob Feldman
Jerry Goldstein
Richard Gottehrer
Producer(s)
Stephen Hague
Melanie C singles chronology
"The Moment You Believe"
(2007) "I Want Candy"
(2007) "Carolyna"
(2007)
"The Moment You Believe"
(2007) "I Want Candy"
(2007) "Carolyna"
(2007)
Music video
"I Want Candy" on YouTube
"I Want Candy" was the second single to be taken from Melanie C's fourth album This Time, in the UK, Denmark and Italy. The song was also the soundtrack to the movie of the same name, and the video featured Melanie dancing for the first time since the Spice Girls. Melanie split her time between the UK and Europe, where she was promoting "The Moment You Believe", and as a result, the single was not heavily promoted and reached No. 24 — although on the physical chart, the single reached No. 7. "I Want Candy" went on to sell 12,510 copies in the UK, but had better success in Italy (No. 9) and Denmark (No. 12).
Melanie premiered her version of the song during Al Murray's Happy Hour on ITV1 on 24 February 2007. The video was premiered on 2 March 2007 in the UK. The song was released as Italy's and Denmark's first single from the new album, where it reached No. 9 in both countries, while in other European countries, the ballad "The Moment You Believe" was chosen.
Music video[edit]
In the video for "I Want Candy", Melanie C is featured in a skin-tight catsuit, featuring a sexually suggestive dance routine with half-naked bodybuilders in crowd-controller uniforms. The video instantly grabbed the No. 1 spot on YouTube with 200,000 hits in its first day.[22]
Formats and track listings[edit]
These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "I Want Candy" by Melanie C.
UK 7" vinyl single
"I Want Candy"
"Already Gone"
UK Maxi CD single
"I Want Candy" (Single Version) – 3:23
"I Want Candy" (Club Junkies Mix) – 6:37
"I Want Candy" (So-Lo's Electric Vocal Mix) – 5:16
"I Want Candy" (So-Lo's Filtered Disco Dub) – 7:33
"I Want Candy" (Music Video) – 3:22
Italian Maxi CD single
"I Want Candy" (Single Version) – 3:23
"I Want Candy" (Club Junkies Mix) – 6:37
"I Want Candy" (So-Lo's Electric Vocal Mix) – 5:16
"I Want Candy" (So-Lo's Filtered Disco Dub) – 7:33
"Already Gone" – 4:12
"I Want Candy" (Music Video) – 3:22
Charts[edit]
Chart (2007)
Peak
position
Denmark (Tracklisten)[23] 9
Italy (FIMI)[24] 9
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[25] 9
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[26] 24
Other cover versions[edit]
In the UK, the song first hit the UK Singles Chart in 1965, covered by Brian Poole and The Tremeloes, who took it to No 25.[27] This version also peaked at No. 81 in Australia.[28]
Parodies[edit]
In 2013, the experimental electronic group Matmos recorded a version titled "I Want Snowden" (in reference to the NSA leaker Edward Snowden) for The Onion's The A.V. Club.[29]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Cooper, Kim; Smay, David; Austen, Jake (2001). Bubblegum Music is the Naked Truth. Feral House. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-9229-1569-9. They hoodwinked enough American teens with their phony story, "Aboriginal" drums and cheap Beatle wigs in 1965 to send "I Want Candy" to number 11 on the national charts. If only for that one song, the Strangeloves are worthy of discussion. "I Want Candy" is a revelation. a Bo Diddley jungle beat, jazzy guitar line, and massed, aharmonious male vocals sounding like a fraternity at its drunken pinnacle
Jump up ^ Demalon, Tom. "Bow Wow Wow – I Want Candy". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved June 18, 2014. The song, a cover of a Strangeloves hit (...) became an enduring new wave classic.
Jump up ^ "Forum – ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts – CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989". Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Bow Wow Wow – I Want Candy" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – I Want Candy". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Bow Wow Wow - I Want Candy search results" (in Dutch) Dutch Top 40. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Bow Wow Wow – I Want Candy" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Bow Wow Wow – I Want Candy". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Bow Wow Wow – Awards". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "CASH BOX Top 100 Singles – Week ending JULY 3, 1982". Archived from the original on September 20, 2012. . Cash Box.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Aaron Carter – I Want Candy". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Aaron Carter – I Want Candy" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Aaron Carter – I Want Candy". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Aaron Carter - I Want Candy search results" (in Dutch) Dutch Top 40. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Aaron Carter – I Want Candy" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Aaron Carter – I Want Candy". Singles Top 100. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Aaron Carter – I Want Candy Images". Discogs. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ Polyhex
Jump up ^ "Candy Girls Featuring Valerie Malcolm – I Want Candy Images". Discogs. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Home". MelanieC.net. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – Melanie C – I Want Candy". Tracklisten. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – Melanie C – I Want Candy". Top Digital Download. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 535. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ "Forum – ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts – Chart Positions Pre 1989 Part 4". Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ O'Neal, Sean (July 12, 2013). "Matmos covers Bow Wow Wow". The A.V. Club. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
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Aaron Carter
Discography
Songs
Studio albums
Aaron Carter (1997)
Aaron's Party (Come Get It) (2000)
Oh Aaron (2001)
Another Earthquake! (2002)
Compilation albums
Most Requested Hits (2003)
Come Get It: The Very Best of Aaron Carter (2006)
2 Good 2 B True (2006)
EPs
LøVë (2017)
Singles
"Crush on You"
"Shake It"
"Crazy Little Party Girl"
"I'm Gonna Miss You Forever"
"Surfin' USA"
"Let the Music Heal Your Soul"
"Children of the World"
"I Want Candy"
"Aaron's Party (Come Get It)"
"Bounce"
"That's How I Beat Shaq"
"Oh Aaron"
"Not Too Young, Not Too Old"
"I'm All About You"
"Leave It Up to Me"
"Another Earthquake!"
"To All the Girls"
"Summertime"
"Do You Remember"
"She Wants Me"
"Saturday Night"
"Dance with Me"
"Planet Rock"
"Ooh Wee"
"Fool's Gold"
Other songs
"(Have Some) Fun with the Funk"
"Life Is a Party"
"Jump Jump"
"One for the Summer"
"The Clapping Song"
"Iko Iko"
"Leave It Up to Me"
"A.C.'s Alien Nation"
"Go Jimmy Jimmy"
"Through My Own Eyes"
"Get Up on Ya Feet"
DVDs
Aaron's Party: The Videos
Aaron's Party: Live in Concert
Oh Aaron: Live in Concert
Related articles
House of Carters
After Party Tour
Leslie Carter
Nick Carter
Hilary Duff
Lindsay Lohan
Liberty's Kids
[show]
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Bow Wow Wow
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Annabella Lwin
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David Barbarossa
Dave Calhoun
Eshan Khadaroo
Phil Gough
Adrian Young
Devin Beaman
Jimmy Magoon
Dylan Thomas
Studio albums
See Jungle! See Jungle! Go Join Your Gang Yeah, City All Over! Go Ape Crazy!
When the Going Gets Tough, the Tough Get Going
EPs
The Last of the Mohicans
Teenage Queen
Compilation albums
I Want Candy
Singles
"C·30 C·60 C·90 Go"
"Go Wild in the Country"
"I Want Candy"
"Fools Rush In"
"I Started Something"
Related articles
Adam and the Ants
Malcolm McLaren
Chiefs of Relief
Republica
No Doubt
[show]
v
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Melanie C singles
Discography
Northern Star
"Goin' Down"
"Northern Star"
"Never Be the Same Again"
"I Turn to You"
"If That Were Me"
Reason
"Here It Comes Again"
"On the Horizon"
"Melt"
"Yeh Yeh Yeh"
Beautiful Intentions
"Next Best Superstar"
"Better Alone"
"First Day of My Life"
This Time
"The Moment You Believe"
"I Want Candy"
"Carolyna"
"This Time"
"Understand"
The Sea
"Rock Me"
"Think About It"
"Weak"
"Let There Be Love"
Stages
"I Know Him So Well"
Version of Me
"Anymore"
Featured singles
"When You're Gone"
"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother"
"Let's Groove"
Other songs
"Follow Me
"Let's Love"
"I Don't Know How to Love Him"
"Numb"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Want_Candy&oldid=808003407"
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Life Safety Code
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The publication Life Safety Code, known as NFPA 101, is a consensus standard widely adopted in the United States. It is administered, trademarked, copyrighted, and published by the National Fire Protection Association and, like many NFPA documents, is systematically revised on a three-year cycle.
Despite its title, the standard is not a legal code, is not published as an instrument of law, and has no statutory authority in its own right. However, it is deliberately crafted with language suitable for mandatory application to facilitate adoption into law by those empowered to do so.
The bulk of the standard addresses "those construction, protection, and occupancy features necessary to minimize danger to life from the effects of fire, including smoke, heat, and toxic gases created during a fire.".[1] The standard does not address the "general fire prevention or building construction features that are normally a function of fire prevention codes and building codes".[2]
Contents
1 History
2 Ongoing amendment
3 Current code
4 Sample sections
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
The Life Safety Code was originated in 1913 by the Committee on Safety to Life (one of the NFPA's more than 200 committees). As noted in the 1991 Life Safety Code Handbook; "...the Committee devoted its attention to a study of notable fires involving loss of life and to analyzing the causes of that loss of life. This work led to the preparation of standards for the construction of stairways,fire escapes, and similar structures; for fire drills in various occupancies and for the construction and arrangement of exit facilities for factories, schools and other occupancies, which form the basis of the present Code."[3] This study became the basis for two early NFPA publications, "Outside Stairs for Fire Exits" (1916) and "Safeguarding Factory Workers from Fire" (1918).
In 1921 the Committee on Safety to Life expanded and the publication they generated in 1927 became known as the Building Exits Code. New editions were published in 1929, 1934, 1936, 1938, 1942 and 1946.
After a disastrous series of fires between 1942 and 1946, including the Cocoanut Grove Nightclub fire in Boston, which claimed the lives of 492 people and the Winecoff Hotel fire in Atlanta which claimed 119 lives, the Building Exits Code began to be utilized as potential legal legislation. The verbiage of the code, however, was intended for building contractors and not legal statues, so the NFPA decided to re-edit the Code and some revisions appeared in the 1948, 1949, 1951 and 1952 publications. The editions published in 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961 and 1963 refined the verbiage and presentation even further.
In 1955 the NPFA101 was broken into three separate documents, NFPA101B (covering nursing homes) and NFPA101C (covering interior finishes). NFPA101C was revised once in 1956 before both publications were withdrawn and pertinent passages re-incorporated back into the main body.
The Committee on Safety to Life was restructured in 1963 and the first publication in 1966 was a complete revision. The title was changed from Building Exits Code to Code for Safety to Life from Fire in Buildings and Structures. The final revision to all "code language" (legalese) was made and it was decided that the Code would be revised and republished on a three-year schedule. New editions were subsequently published in 1967, 1970, 1973 and 1976.
The Committee was reorganized again in 1977 and the 1981 edition of the Code featured major editorial and structural changes that reflect the organization of the modern Code.
Ongoing amendment[edit]
Codes produced by NFPA are continually updated to incorporate new technologies as well as lessons learned from actual fire experiences.
The fire at The Station nightclub, which claimed the lives 100 and injured more than 200, resulted in swift attention to several amendments specific to nightclubs and large crowds.
Current code[edit]
The Life Safety Code is unusual among safety codes in that it applies to existing structures as well as new structures. When a Code revision is adopted into local law, existing structures may have a grace period before they must comply, but all structures must comply with code. In some cases, the authority having jurisdiction can simply permit previously approved features to be used under specified conditions. In other cases, the local law amends the Code to omit undesired sections prior to its adoption.
When some or all of the Code is adopted as regulations in a jurisdiction, it can be enforced by inspectors from local zoning boards, fire departments, building inspectors, fire marshals or other bodies and authorities having jurisdiction.
In particular, the Life Safety Code deals with hazards to human life in buildings, public and private conveyances and other human occupancies, but only when permanently fixed to a foundation, attached to a building, or permanently moored for human habitation.[4] Regardless of official adoption as regulations, Life Safety Code provides a valuable source for determination of liability in accidents, and many codes and related standards are sponsored by insurance companies.
The Life Safety Code is coordinated with hundreds of other building codes and standards such as National Electrical Code NFPA 70, fuel-gas, mechanical, plumbing (for sprinklers and standpipes), energy and fire codes.
Normally, the Life Safety Code is used by architects and designers of vehicles and vessels used for human occupancy. Since the Life Safety Code is a valuable source for determining liability in accidents, it is also used by insurance companies to evaluate risks and set rates, not to mention assessment of compliance after an incident.
In the United States, the words Life Safety Code and NFPA 101 are registered trademarks of NFPA. All or part of the NFPA's Life Safety Code are adopted as local regulations throughout the country.
Sample sections[edit]
This listing of chapters from the 2009 edition [5] shows the scope of the Code.
Beyond the policies, core definitions and topical requirements of chapters 1–11, chapters 12–42 address the specific requirements for each listed class of occupancy, making reference to Chapters 1–11, as well as other codes.
1. Administration
2. Referenced Publications
3. Definitions
4. General
5. Performance Based Option
6. Classification of Occupancy and Hazard of Contents
7. Means of Egress
8. Features of Fire Protection
9. Building Service and Fire Protection Equipment
10. Interior Finish, Contents and Furnishings
11. Special structures and High Rise Buildings
12. New Assembly Occupancies
13. Existing Assembly Occupancies
14. New Educational Occupancies
15. Existing Educational Occupancies
16 New Day-Care Occupancies
17. Existing Day Care Occupancies
18. New Health Care Occupancies
19. Existing Health Care Occupancies
20. New Ambulatory Health Care Occupancies
21. Existing Ambulatory Health Care Occupancies
22. New Detention and Correctional Occupancies
23. Existing Detention and Correctional Occupancies
24. One- and Two-Family Dwellings
25. Reserved
26. Lodging and Rooming Houses
27. Reserved
28. New Hotels and Dormitories
29. Existing Hotels and Dormitories
30. New Apartment Buildings
31. Existing Apartment Buildings
32. New Residential Board and Care Occupancies
33. Existing Residential Board and Care Facilities
34. Reserved
35. Reserved
36. New Mercantile Occupancies
37. Existing Mercantile Occupancies
38. New Business Occupancies
39. Existing Business Occupancies
40. Industrial Occupancies
41. Reserved
42. Storage Occupancies
43. Building Rehabilitation (first appeared in 2006 Code)
Annex A: Explanatory material
Annex B: Use of elevators for early evacuation
Annex C: Supplemental Evacuation Equipment
The Code and corresponding Handbook also include several supplemental publications including:
Case Histories: Fires Influencing the Life Safety Code
Fire Alarm Systems for Life Safety Code Users (NFPA 72 and related standards)
Brief Introduction to Sprinkler Systems... (NFPA 13)
Fire Test Standards (According to 25 different codes)
Home Security and Fire Safety (crime prevention versus fire safety)
Application of Performance Based Design Concepts
Technical and substantive changes
See also[edit]
Building code
Fire code
Fire Safety Equivalency System
Sanitation code
OSHA
Electrical code
References[edit]
Jump up ^ NFPA 101, Life Safety Code 2006 edition NFPA, 1.1.2
Jump up ^ NFPA 101, Life Safety Code 2006 edition NFPA, 1.1.6
Jump up ^ Life Safety Code Handbook, National Fire Protection Association, 1991. Lathrop, James K. Ed. NFPA
Jump up ^ NFPA 101 Section 11.6
Jump up ^ NFPA 101 Life Safety Code 2009 edition, National Fire Protection Association, July 2008
External links[edit]
NFPA Web Site
NFPA 101 Life Safety Code
States Adopting NFPA 101
United States Access Board
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_Safety_Code&oldid=780498368"
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This page was last edited on 15 May 2017, at 14:04 (UTC).
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