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Succession to the British throne
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The Sovereign's Throne in the House of Lords, from which the speech is delivered at State Openings of Parliament
Succession to the British throne is determined by descent, gender (for people born before October 2011), legitimacy, and religion. Under common law, the Crown is inherited by a sovereign's children or by a childless sovereign's nearest collateral line. The Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701 restrict succession to the throne to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover that are in "communion with the Church of England".[1] Spouses of Roman Catholics were disqualified from 1689 until the law was amended in 2015. Protestant descendants of those excluded for being Roman Catholics are eligible.[2]
Queen Elizabeth II is the sovereign, and her heir apparent is her eldest son, Charles, Prince of Wales. Next in line after him is Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, the Prince of Wales's elder son. Third in line is Prince George, the eldest child of the Duke of Cambridge, followed by his sister, Princess Charlotte and younger brother, Prince Louis. Sixth in line is Prince Henry, Duke of Sussex, the younger son of the Prince of Wales. Any of the first six in line marrying without the sovereign's consent would be disqualified from succession.
The first four individuals in the line of succession who are over 21, and the sovereign's consort, may be appointed Counsellors of State. Counsellors of State perform some of the sovereign's duties in the United Kingdom while he or she is out of the country or temporarily incapacitated. Otherwise, individuals in the line of succession need not have specific legal or official roles.
The United Kingdom is one of the 16 Commonwealth realms. Each of those countries has the same person as monarch and the same order of succession. In 2011, the prime ministers of the realms agreed unanimously to adopt a common approach to amending the rules on the succession to their respective Crowns so that absolute primogeniture would apply for persons born after the date of the agreement, instead of male-preference primogeniture, and the ban on marriages to Roman Catholics would be lifted, but the monarch would still need to be in communion with the Church of England. After the necessary legislation had been enacted in accordance with each realm's constitution, the changes took effect on 26 March 2015.
Contents
[hide]
1 Current line of succession
2 History
2.1 England
2.2 Scotland
2.3 After the union of the crowns
2.3.1 Stuarts
2.3.2 Hanoverians and Windsors
2.4 Commonwealth realms
3 Current rules
3.1 Marriages
3.2 Religion
3.3 Treason
4 Accession
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Sources
9 External links
Current line of succession
First six in line[n 1] from 23 April 2018
1. The Prince of Wales
2. The Duke of Cambridge
3. Prince George of Cambridge
4. Princess Charlotte of Cambridge
5. Prince Louis of Cambridge
6. The Duke of Sussex
No official, complete version of the line of succession is currently maintained. The exact number, in remoter collateral lines, of the persons who would be eligible is uncertain. In 2001, American genealogist William Addams Reitwiesner compiled a list of 4,973 living descendants of the Electress Sophia in order of succession, but did so disregarding Roman Catholic status.[3] When updated in January 2011, the number was more than 5,000.[4]
The annotated list below covers the first part of this line of succession, being limited to descendants of the sons of George V (the present Queen's grandfather). The order of the first seventeen numbered in the list is given on the official website of the British Monarchy;[1] other list numbers and exclusions are explained by annotations (Notes and sources below) and footnotes. Persons named in italics are unnumbered either because they are deceased or because sources report them to be excluded from the succession.
King George V (1865–1936)
King Edward VIII (1894–1972)
King George VI (1895–1952)
Queen Elizabeth II (born 1926)
(1) Charles, Prince of Wales (b. 1948) B D W
(2) Prince William, Duke of Cambridge (b. 1982) B D W
(3) Prince George of Cambridge (b. 2013) B D W
(4) Princess Charlotte of Cambridge (b. 2015) B D W
(5) Prince Louis of Cambridge (b. 2018) B D
(6) Prince Henry, Duke of Sussex (Prince Harry) (b. 1984) B D W
(7) Prince Andrew, Duke of York (b. 1960) B D W
(8) Princess Beatrice of York (b. 1988) B D W
(9) Princess Eugenie of York (b. 1990) B D W
(10) Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex (b. 1964) B D W
(11) James, Viscount Severn (b. 2007) B D W
(12) Lady Louise Windsor (b. 2003) B D W
(13) Anne, Princess Royal (b. 1950) B D W
(14) Peter Phillips (b. 1977) B D W
(15) Savannah Phillips (b. 2010) B D W
(16) Isla Phillips (b. 2012) B D W
(17) Zara Tindall (née Phillips; b. 1981) B D W
(18) Mia Tindall (b. 2014) D W
(19) Unnamed daughter (b. 2018)[5]
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (1930–2002) 1952
(20) David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon (b. 1961) D W
(21) Charles Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley (b. 1999) D W
(22) Lady Margarita Armstrong-Jones (b. 2002) D W
(23) Lady Sarah Chatto (née Armstrong-Jones; b. 1964) D W
(24) Samuel Chatto (b. 1996) D W
(25) Arthur Chatto (b. 1999) D W
Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (1900–1974) 1952
(26) Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester (b. 1944) D W
(27) Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster (b. 1974) D W
(28) Xan Windsor, Lord Culloden (b. 2007) D W
(29) Lady Cosima Windsor (b. 2010) D W
(30) Lady Davina Lewis (née Windsor; b. 1977) D W
(31) Senna Lewis (b. 2010) D W
(32) Tāne Lewis (b. 2012) W
(33) Lady Rose Gilman (née Windsor; b. 1980) D W
(34) Lyla Gilman (b. 2010) D W
(35) Rufus Gilman (b. 2012) W
Prince George, Duke of Kent (1902–1942)
(36) Prince Edward, Duke of Kent (b. 1935) D W
(37) George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews (b. 1962) M D W
Edward Windsor, Lord Downpatrick (b. 1988) X D W
Lady Marina Charlotte Windsor (b. 1992) X W [n 2]
(38) Lady Amelia Windsor (b. 1995) D W
Lord Nicholas Windsor (b. 1970) X D W
(39) Albert Windsor (b. 2007) D W [n 3]
(40) Leopold Windsor (b. 2009) D W
(41) Louis Windsor (b. 2014) D W
(42) Lady Helen Taylor (née Windsor; b. 1964) D W
(43) Columbus Taylor (b. 1994) D W
(44) Cassius Taylor (b. 1996) D W
(45) Eloise Taylor (b. 2003) D W
(46) Estella Taylor (b. 2004) D W
(47) Prince Michael of Kent (b. 1942) M W
(48) Lord Frederick Windsor (b. 1979) W
(49) Maud Windsor (b. 2013) W
(50) Isabella Windsor (b. 2016)
(51) Lady Gabriella Windsor (b. 1981) W
(52) Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy (b. 1936) W
(53) James Ogilvy (b. 1964) W
(54) Alexander Ogilvy (b. 1996) W
(55) Flora Ogilvy (b. 1994) W
(56) Marina Ogilvy (b. 1966) W
(57) Christian Mowatt (b. 1993) W
(58) Zenouska Mowatt (b. 1990) W
Notes and sources
Mark
Source for listing or note on exclusion from succession
1952 Succession published on the accession of Queen Elizabeth II in 1952 [6]
B Listed by the official website of the British Monarchy, "Succession", retrieved 27 April 2018.
D Listed on Debrett's website (as of 27 April 2018): "The Line of Succession"
W Listed by Whitaker's Almanack 2015, London: Bloomsbury, ISBN 978-1-4729-0929-9, p. 22
M These people had been excluded through marriage to a Roman Catholic. This exclusion was repealed on 26 March 2015, restoring them to the line of succession, when the Perth Agreement came into effect.
X Excluded as Roman Catholics. This exclusion is not affected by changes subsequent to the Perth Agreement.
History
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The current succession law in the United Kingdom evolved from succession law in both England and Scotland. Originally in both countries, there were no fixed rules governing succession to the throne. The individual could have relied on inheritance, statute, election (by Parliament or by another body), nomination (by a reigning sovereign in his or her will), conquest or prescription (de facto possession of the Crown). It was often unclear which of these bases should take precedence; often, the outcome depended not on the legal strength of the claims, but on the political or military power of the claimants.
However, over time, the default rule became male primogeniture: later monarchs coming to the throne by exception to this rule went to great lengths to explain and justify going against these rules, and to prove their rivals illegitimate. Eventually, Parliament asserted control of succession.
England
In 1485, Henry Tudor, a female-line descendant of a legitimated branch of the royal house of Lancaster, the House of Beaufort, assumed the English crown as Henry VII, after defeating Richard III, who was killed at the battle of Bosworth when leading a charge against Henry's standard. Richard was the last king of the House of York, and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty. Henry declared himself king retroactively from 21 August 1485, the day before his victory over Richard at Bosworth Field,[7] and caused Richard's Titulus Regius to be repealed and expunged from the Rolls of Parliament.[8] After Henry's coronation in London in October that year, his first parliament, summoned to meet at Westminster in November, enacted that "the inheritance of the crown should be, rest, remain and abide in the most royal person of the then sovereign lord, King Henry VII, and the heirs of his body lawfully coming."[9]
Henry VII was followed by his son, Henry VIII. Though his father descended from the Lancastrians, Henry VIII could also claim the throne through the Yorkist line, as his mother Elizabeth was the sister and heiress of Edward V. In 1542 Henry also assumed the title King of Ireland; this would pass down with the monarchs of England, and later Great Britain, until the Acts of Union 1800 merged the separate crowns into that of the United Kingdom.
Henry VIII's numerous marriages led to several complications over succession. Henry VIII was first married to Catherine of Aragon, by whom he had a daughter named Mary. His second marriage, to Anne Boleyn, resulted in a daughter named Elizabeth. Henry VIII had a son, Edward, by his third wife, Jane Seymour. An Act of Parliament passed in 1533 declared Mary illegitimate; another passed in 1536 did the same for Elizabeth. Though the two remained illegitimate, an Act of Parliament passed in 1544 allowed reinserting them, providing further "that the King should and might give, will, limit, assign, appoint or dispose the said imperial Crown and the other premises … by letters patent or last will in writing." Mary and Elizabeth, under Henry VIII's will, were to be followed by descendants of the King's deceased sister Mary Tudor, Duchess of Suffolk (he, however, excluded his niece Frances Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk). This will also excluded from the succession the descendants of Henry's eldest sister Margaret Tudor, who were the rulers of Scotland.
Queen Elizabeth I enthroned in Parliament
When Henry VIII died in 1547, the young Edward succeeded him, becoming Edward VI. Edward VI was the first Protestant Sovereign to succeed to the rule of England. He attempted to divert the course of succession in his will to prevent his Catholic half-sister, Mary, from inheriting the throne. He excluded Mary and Elizabeth, settling on the Duchess of Suffolk's daughter, Lady Jane Grey. Jane was also originally excluded on the premise that no woman could reign over England. Nonetheless, the will, which originally referred to Jane's heirs-male, was amended to refer to Jane and her heirs-male. Upon Edward VI's death in 1553, Jane was proclaimed Queen of England and Ireland. She was not universally recognised and after nine days she was overthrown by the popular Mary. As Henry VIII's will had been approved by an Act of Parliament in 1544, Edward's contravening will was unlawful and ignored.
Mary was succeeded by her half-sister, Elizabeth, who broke with the precedents of many of her predecessors, and refused to name an heir. Whilst previous monarchs (including Henry VIII) had specifically been granted authority to settle uncertain successions in their wills, the Treasons Act 1571 asserted that Parliament had the right to settle disputes, and made it treason to deny Parliamentary authority. Wary of threats from other possible heirs, Parliament further passed the Act of Association 1584, which provided that any individual involved in attempts to murder the Sovereign would be disqualified from succeeding. (The Act was repealed in 1863.)
Scotland
The House of Stewart (later Stuart) had ruled in Scotland since 1371. It had followed strict rules of primogeniture until the deposition and exile of Mary I in 1567; even then she was succeeded by her son, James VI.
After the union of the crowns
Stuarts
Elizabeth I of England and Ireland was succeeded by King James VI of Scotland, her first cousin twice removed, even though his succession violated Henry VIII's will, under which Lady Anne Stanley, heiress of Mary Tudor, Duchess of Suffolk, was supposed to succeed. James asserted that hereditary right was superior to statutory provision, and as King of Scotland was powerful enough to deter any rival. He reigned as James I of England and Ireland, thus effecting the Union of the Crowns, although England and Scotland remained separate sovereign states until 1707. His succession was rapidly ratified by Parliament.[10]
Principal members of the house of Stuart following the 1603 Union of the Crowns.
James's eldest surviving son and successor, Charles I, was overthrown and beheaded in 1649. The monarchy itself was abolished. A few years later, it was replaced by the Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell, effectively a monarch with the title of Lord Protector rather than King. Cromwell had the right to name his own successor, which he exercised on his deathbed by choosing his son, Richard Cromwell. Richard was ineffective, and was quickly forced from office. Shortly afterwards, the monarchy was restored, with Charles I's son Charles II as King.
After the death of her last child in 1700, Princess Anne became the last individual left in the line of succession determined by the Bill of Rights.
James II and VII, a Roman Catholic, followed his brother Charles II, despite efforts in the late 1670s to exclude him in favour of Charles's illegitimate Protestant son, the Duke of Monmouth. James was deposed when his Protestant opponents forced him to flee from England in 1688. Parliament then deemed that James had, by fleeing the realms, abdicated the thrones and offered the Crowns not to the King's infant son James but to his Protestant daughter Mary and to her husband William, who as James's nephew was the first person in the succession not descended from him. The two became joint Sovereigns (a unique circumstance in British history) as William III of England and Ireland (and II of Scotland) and Mary II of England, Scotland and Ireland. William had insisted on this unique provision as a condition of his military leadership against James.
The English Bill of Rights passed in 1689 determined succession to the English, Scottish and Irish Thrones. First in the line were the descendants of Mary II. Next came Mary's sister Princess Anne and her descendants. Finally, the descendants of William by any future marriage were added to the line of succession. Only Protestants were allowed to succeed to the Thrones, and those who married Roman Catholics were excluded.
After Mary II died in 1694, her husband continued to reign alone until his own death in 1702. The line of succession provided for by the Bill of Rights was almost at an end; William and Mary never had any children, and Princess Anne's children had all died. Therefore, Parliament passed the Act of Settlement. The Act maintained the provision of the Bill of Rights whereby William would be succeeded by Princess Anne and her descendants, and thereafter by his own descendants from future marriages. The Act, however, declared that they would be followed by James I & VI's granddaughter Sophia, Electress Dowager of Hanover (the daughter of James's daughter Elizabeth Stuart), and her heirs. As under the Bill of Rights, non-Protestants and those who married Roman Catholics were excluded.
Electress Sophia of Hanover (1630–1714)
Upon William's death, Anne became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland. Because the Parliament of England settled on Sophia as Anne's heir-presumptive without consulting Scottish leaders, the Estates of Scotland retaliated by passing the Scottish Act of Security. The Act provided that, upon the death of Anne, the Estates would meet to select an heir to the throne of Scotland, who could not be the same person as the English Sovereign unless numerous political and economic conditions were met. Anne originally withheld the Royal Assent, but was forced to grant it when the Estates refused to raise taxes and sought to withdraw troops from the Queen's army. England's Parliament responded by passing the Alien Act 1705, which threatened to cripple Scotland's economy by cutting off trade with them. Thus, Scotland had little choice but to unite with England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707; the Crown of the new nation (along with the Crown of Ireland) was subject to the rules laid down by the English Act of Settlement.
Hanoverians and Windsors
Benjamin Harris's Protestant Tutor, a primer popular for decades and the source for the New England Primer. Edition of 1713. Hanoverian propaganda extended to books for children's education.
Anne was predeceased by Sophia, Electress Dowager of Hanover, and was therefore succeeded by the latter's son, who became George I in 1714.
Attempts were made in the risings of 1715 and 1745 to restore Stuart claimants to the Throne, supported by those who recognised the Jacobite succession. The House of Hanover nonetheless remained undeposed, and the Crown descended in accordance with the appointed rules. In 1801, following the Acts of Union 1800, the separate crowns of Great Britain and Ireland were merged and became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Between 1811 and 1820, when George III was deemed unfit to rule, the Prince of Wales (later George IV) acted as his regent. Some years later the Regency Act 1830 made provision for a change in the line of succession had a child been born to William IV after his death, but this event did not come about.
George VI receiving homage at his coronation in 1937
In 1936 Edward VIII abdicated 11 months after he succeeded to the throne immediately on his father's death. Edward was proclaimed King in January 1936,[11] and opened (for the only time) Parliament in November 1936. Edward VIII had desired to marry Wallis Simpson, a divorcee, but the Church of England, of which the British Sovereign is Supreme Governor, would not authorize the marriage of divorcees. Consequently, Parliament passed His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936, by which Edward VIII ceased to be Sovereign "immediately upon" his royal assent as King being signified in Parliament on 11 December. The Act provided that he and his descendants, if any, were not to have any "right, title or interest in or to the succession to the Throne". Edward died childless in 1972.
Edward's abdication was "a demise of the Crown" (in the words of the Act), and the Duke of York, his brother who was then next in the line, immediately succeeded to the throne and to its "rights, privileges, and dignities", taking the regnal name George VI. He in turn was succeeded in 1952 by his own elder daughter, Elizabeth II. By that time the monarch of the United Kingdom no longer reigned in the greater part of Ireland (which had become a republic in 1949), but was the monarch of a number of independent sovereign states (Commonwealth realms).
Commonwealth realms
Further information: Perth Agreement
Elizabeth II at her coronation in 1953, passing to the left of the Coronation Chair
Each of the Commonwealth realms has the same person as monarch and, to maintain that arrangement, they have agreed to continue the same line of succession; some realms do so through domestic succession laws, while others stipulate whoever is monarch of the United Kingdom will also be monarch of that realm. In February 1952, on her accession, Elizabeth II was proclaimed as sovereign separately throughout her realms. In October 2011, the heads of government of all 16 realms agreed unanimously at a meeting held in Perth, Australia, to proposed changes to the royal succession laws that would see the order of succession for people born after 28 October 2011 governed by absolute primogeniture—wherein succession passes to an individual's children according to birth order, regardless of gender—instead of male-preference primogeniture. They also agreed to lift a ban on those who marry Roman Catholics. The ban on Catholics themselves was retained to ensure that the monarch would be in communion with the Church of England.[12] The changes came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015, after legislation was made according to each realm's constitution.[13][14]
Following the changes coming into effect, the positions of the first 27 in line remained unchanged, including Princess Anne and her children and grandchildren, until the birth of Princess Charlotte of Cambridge on 2 May 2015. The first to be affected by the changes, on the day they came into effect in March, were the children of Lady Davina Lewis—her son Tāne (born 2012) and her daughter Senna (born 2010)—who were reversed in the order of succession, becoming 29th and 28th in line respectively.[15]
Current rules
The Bill of Rights and the Act of Settlement (restated by the Acts of Union) still govern succession to the throne. They were amended in the United Kingdom by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013, which was passed mainly "to make succession to the Crown not depend on gender" and "to make provision about Royal Marriages" (according to its long title), thereby implementing the Perth Agreement in the UK and in those realms that, by their laws, have as their monarch automatically whoever is monarch of the UK. Other realms passed their own legislation.
Anyone ineligible to succeed is treated as if they were "dead". That individual's descendants are not also disqualified, unless they are personally ineligible.
Marriages
The Act of Settlement 1701 provides that Protestant "heirs of the body" (that is, legitimate descendants) of Sophia, Electress of Hanover, are eligible to succeed to the throne, unless otherwise disqualified. The meaning of heir of the body is determined by the common law rules of male preference primogeniture (the "male-preference" criterion is no longer applicable, in respect of succession to the throne, to persons born after 28 October 2011), whereby older children and their descendants inherit before younger children, and a male child takes precedence over a female sibling.[16] Children born out of wedlock and adopted children are not eligible to succeed. Illegitimate children whose parents subsequently marry are legitimated, but remain ineligible to inherit the Crown.[n 4]
The Royal Marriages Act 1772 (repealed by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013) further required descendants of George II to obtain the consent of the reigning monarch to marry. (The requirement did not apply to descendants of princesses who married into foreign families, as well as, from 1936, any descendants of Edward VIII,[n 5] of which there are none.) The Act provided, however, that if a dynast older than twenty-five years notified the Privy Council of his or her intention to marry without the consent of the Sovereign, then he or she may have lawfully done so after one year, unless both houses of Parliament expressly disapproved of the marriage. A marriage that contravened the Royal Marriages Act was void, and the resulting offspring illegitimate and thus ineligible to succeed, though the succession of the dynast who failed to obtain consent was not itself affected. This also had the consequence that marriage to a Roman Catholic without permission was void, so that the dynast was not disqualified from succeeding on account of being married to a Roman Catholic. Thus when the future George IV attempted to marry the Roman Catholic Maria Fitzherbert in 1785 without obtaining permission from George III he did not disqualify himself from inheriting the throne in due course.[2] A marriage voided by the 1772 act prior to its repeal remains void "for all purposes relating to the succession to the Crown" under the 2013 act.[17]
The constitutional crisis arising from Edward VIII's decision to marry a divorcee in 1936 led to His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936, which provided that Edward VIII and his descendants would have no claim to the throne.[18] The Act is no longer applicable, because Edward died in 1972 without issue.
Under the 2013 Succession to the Crown Act, the first six persons in line to the throne must obtain the sovereign's approval before marrying.[17] Marriage without the Sovereign's consent disqualifies the person and the person's descendants from the marriage from succeeding to the Crown,[17] but the marriage is still legally valid.
Religion
Rules relating to eligibility established by the Bill of Rights are retained under the Act of Settlement. The preamble to the Act of Settlement notes that the Bill of Rights provides "that all and every person and persons that then [at the time of the Bill of Right's passage] were, or afterwards should be reconciled to, or shall hold communion with the See or Church of Rome, or should profess the popish religion, or marry a papist, should be excluded."[19] The Act of Settlement continues, providing "that all and every Person and Persons who shall … is, are or shall be reconciled to or shall hold Communion with the See or Church of Rome or shall profess the Popish religion or shall marry a papist shall be subject to such Incapacities"[20] as the Bill of Rights established.
The clause precludes a Roman Catholic from succeeding to the throne. The monarch is required to be in communion with the Church of England.[1]
The Act of Settlement further provided that anyone who married a Roman Catholic was ineligible to succeed. The Act did not require that the spouse be Anglican; it only barred those who marry Roman Catholics. Since the passage of the Act it has been determined (in the case of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent) that an individual is not barred because his or her spouse later converts to Roman Catholicism after their marriage. The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 removed the bar on individuals married to Roman Catholics, though not on Roman Catholics themselves.
Treason
Under the Treason Act 1702 and the Treason (Ireland) Act 1703, it is treason to "endeavour to deprive or hinder any person who shall be the next in succession to the crown ... from succeeding ... to the imperial crown of this realm". Since the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, the maximum penalty has been life imprisonment.
Accession
The Accession Council normally meets in St James's Palace to proclaim the new sovereign.
In the Commonwealth realms, upon the death of a sovereign, the heir apparent or heir presumptive succeeds to the throne immediately, with no need for confirmation or further ceremony.[21][n 6] Nevertheless, the Accession Council meets and decides upon the making of the accession proclamation, which by custom has for centuries been ceremonially proclaimed in public places, in London, York, Edinburgh and other cities. The anniversary is observed throughout the sovereign's reign as Accession Day, including royal gun salutes in the United Kingdom.[23]
Formerly, a new sovereign proclaimed his or her own accession. But on the death of Elizabeth I an Accession Council met to proclaim the accession of James I to the throne of England. James was then in Scotland and reigning as King James VI of Scotland. This precedent has been followed since. Now, the Accession Council normally meets in St James's Palace. Proclamations since James I's have usually been made in the name of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, the Privy Council, the Lord Mayor, Aldermen and citizens of the City of London and "other principal Gentlemen of quality", though there have been variations in some proclamations. The proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II was the first to make mention of representatives of members of the Commonwealth.
Upon his or her accession, a new sovereign is required by law to make and subscribe several oaths. The Bill of Rights of 1689 first required the sovereign to make a public declaration of non-belief in Roman Catholicism.[n 7] This declaration, known as the Accession Declaration, is required to be taken at either the first meeting of parliament of his or her reign (i.e. during the State Opening of Parliament) or at his or her coronation, whichever occurs first. The current wording of this declaration was adopted in 1910 as the previous wording was deemed to be controversial and overtly anti-Catholic. Rather than denouncing Roman Catholicism, the sovereign now declares him or herself to be a Protestant and that he or she will "uphold and maintain" the Protestant succession.[24] In addition to the Accession Declaration, the new sovereign is required by the Acts of Union 1707 to make an oath to "maintain and preserve" the Church of Scotland.[25] This oath is normally made at the sovereign's first meeting of the Privy Council following his or her accession. According to the Regency Act 1937, should the sovereign be under the age of 18, such oaths and declarations required to be taken by the sovereign shall be made upon his attainment of that age.[26]
After a period of mourning,[27] the new sovereign is usually consecrated and crowned in Westminster Abbey. Normally, the Archbishop of Canterbury officiates, though the sovereign may designate any other bishop of the Church of England. A coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign; for example, Edward VIII was never crowned, yet during his short reign was the undoubted king.
See also
Biography portal
Royalty portal
United Kingdom portal
Accession Declaration Act 1910
Alternative successions of the English crown
British prince
British princess
Family tree of the British royal family
Jacobite succession
List of descendants of George V
List of heirs to the British throne
List of heirs to the English throne
List of heirs of Scotland
List of monarchs in the British Isles
Patrilineal descent of Elizabeth II
Posthumous birth
Royal Succession Act 2013 (New Zealand)
Royal Succession Bills and Acts
Succession to the Crown Act 2013 (United Kingdom)
Succession to the Crown Act 2015 (Australia)
Succession to the Throne Act, 2013 (Canada)
Perth Agreement 2011 and other articles, linked directly or indirectly – Wikipedia book
Notes
Jump up ^ Succession to the Crown Act 2013, s. 3: "A person who (when the person marries) is one of the 6 persons next in the line of succession to the Crown must obtain the consent of Her Majesty before marrying."
Jump up ^ Most sources, including Whitaker's Almanack, exclude her as a confirmed Catholic, but Debrett's includes her in line.
Jump up ^ Albert and Leopold Windsor were listed on The Official Website of the British Monarchy until 2015 and in the 2013 edition of Whitaker's Almanack as following Estella Taylor (b 2004) and eligible to succeed; MSN News, Debrett's and Whitaker's Almanack 2015 lists them after Lady Amelia Windsor and before Lady Helen Taylor. They were baptised as Catholics, and are not listed in line in editions of Whitaker's earlier than 2012.
Jump up ^ Neither the Legitimacy Act 1926 nor the Legitimacy Act 1959 changed the Law of Succession.
Jump up ^ Per the His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936.
Jump up ^ A letter from Tony Newton as Lord President of the Council to Tony Benn indicated this was the effect of the Act of Settlement after Benn had indicated he intended to block the next accession at the Privy Council.[22]
Jump up ^ This declaration was similar to what members of both Houses of Parliament were originally required to take by the Test Acts. Eventually, by the time it was changed in 1910, the monarch was the only one left required to make the declaration.
References
^ Jump up to: a b c "Succession". Official website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Bogdanor (1995), p. 55.
Jump up ^ Reitwiesner, W. A. "Persons eligible to succeed to the British Throne as of 1 Jan 2001". wargs.com. Archived from the original on 18 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Lewis, David. "Persons eligible to succeed to the British Throne as of 1 Jan 2011". wargs.com. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011.
Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-44537478
Jump up ^ "Line of succession to the throne". The Sydney Morning Herald. 7 February 1952. p. 6.
Jump up ^ Chrimes, S. B. (1999). Henry VII. Yale University Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780300078831.
Jump up ^ "Rotuli Parliamentorum A.D. 1485 1 Henry VII".
Jump up ^ Smith, G. Barnett (1892). History of the English Parliament. Ward, Lock, Bowden & Co. p. 298.
Jump up ^ "Succession to the Crown Act 1603".
Jump up ^ UPI, London, 21 January 1936http://www.upi.com/Archives/1936/01/21/Prince-of-Wales-proclaimed-King-Edward-VIII/7807693511214/]
Jump up ^ "Girls equal in British throne succession". BBC News. 28 October 2011.
Jump up ^ The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 (Commencement) Order 2015 legislation.gov.uk
Jump up ^ Clegg, Nick (26 March 2015). "Commencement of Succession to the Crown Act 2013: Written statement". UK Parliament.
Jump up ^ "What do the new royal succession changes mean?". Royal Central. 26 March 2015.[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Blackstone (1765).
^ Jump up to: a b c "Succession to the Crown Act 2013". UK Parliament. Section 3.
Jump up ^ His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936, section 2
Jump up ^ Act of Settlement, preamble
Jump up ^ Act of Settlement, section 2
Jump up ^ "Accession". Official website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Bogdanor (1995), p. 45.
Jump up ^ "Gun Salutes". Official website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Accession Declaration Act 1910, schedule
Jump up ^ Union with Scotland Act 1706, article XXV. "...And Lastly that after the Decease of Her Present Majesty (whom God long preserve) the Soveraign succeeding to her in the Royal Government of the Kingdom of Great Britain shall in all time comeing at his or her accession to the Crown Swear and Subscribe That they shall inviolably maintain and preserve the foresaid settlement of the True Protestant Religion with the Government Worship Discipline Right and Priviledges of this Church as above established by the Laws of this Kingdom in prosecution of the Claim of Right..."
Jump up ^ Regency Act 1937, section 1(2)
Jump up ^ "Coronation". Official website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Sources
Blackstone, William (1765). "Chapter 3: Of The King, and His Title". Commentaries on the Laws of England, Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Bogdanor, Vernon (1995). The Monarchy and the Constitution. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-829334-7.
Bryant, A. (1975). A Thousand Years of British Monarchy. London: Collins.
Cox, Noel (1999). "The Law of Succession to the Crown in New Zealand". Waikato Law Review. 7: 49–72.
External links
Text of the Bill of Rights 1689
Text of the Act of Settlement 1701
Full text of the Succession to the Crown Act 2013.
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Succession to the British throne
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Succession Act 1533
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text:
Northeast Frontier Railway zone
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Northeast Frontier Railway
3-Northeast Frontier Railway
Locale
Assam, Nagaland, West Bengal, Tripura, Sikkim, Manipur, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Bihar
Dates of operation
January 15, 1958; 59 years ago (1958-01-15)–
Predecessor
North Eastern Railway
Headquarters
Maligaon, Guwahati
Website
North East Frontier Railway website
The Northeast Frontier Railway abbreviated as N.F. Railway, is one of the 17 railway zones in India. Headquartered in Maligaon, Guwahati in the state of Assam, it is responsible for rail operations in the entire Northeast and parts of West Bengal and Bihar.
Contents
[hide]
1 Divisions
2 History
3 Operational area
3.1 Major sections
4 Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
5 Railway Stations
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
9 Further reading
Divisions[edit]
Northeast Frontier Railway is divided into 5 divisions:
Katihar
Alipurduar
Lumding
Rangiya
Tinsukia
Each of these divisions is headed by a Divisional Railway Manager, a Senior Administrative Grade officer of the rank of Joint Secretary to Government of India.
Guwahati Railway Station
The departmental setup at headquarters level and divisional setup in the field assists the General Manager in running the railways. Various departments namely engineering, mechanical, electrical, signal & telecom, operations, commercial, safety, accounts, security, personal and medical are headed by a Senior Administrative Grade / Higher Administrative Grade officer, provide technical and operational support to the divisions in train operations.
History[edit]
Alipurduar Railway Junction Station
In 1881, railway first came to Assam when Assam Railway and Trading Company set up metre gauge track. The 65-km-long metre gauge line from Dibrugarh to Margherita was constructed mainly for transportation of tea and coal. This company later started the first passenger train in Assam by the name of Dibru Sadiya Railway. The North Eastern Railway was formed on 14 April 1952 by amalgamating two railway systems: the Assam Railway and Oudh and Tirhut Railway. Later, it was bifurcated into two railway zones on 15 January 1958, the North Eastern Railway (India) and the Northeast Frontier Railway.[1] to better serve the needs of the northeastern states. Railway service was established in Tripura in 1964,[2] but it was limited to Dharmanagar and Kailasahar. The northeastern state capital came on India's rail map with the advent of the railways in the subcontinent in 1853 and the foundation stone of the 119 km Kumarghat–Agartala railway project was laid in 1996 by the former Prime Minister H. D. Deve Gowda. Following which railways were built in Agartala the capital city of Tripura after slightly more than a decade[3] as passengers became more predominant in the region and railways were a mark of success in the state. Agartala expects better and faster trains in the upcoming coming decade.
Operational area[edit]
Map of Northeast Frontier Railway zone railway lines
Agartala Railway Station
Dibrugarh railway station
The area of Northeast Frontier Railway operations is characterized by exceptional beauty and at the same time by some of the most arduous terrain. This difficult terrain limits the rail network expansion, and the only state with a decent rail network is Assam. The network is not broad gauge in many parts and the rail lines are antiquated with speeds at some sections being limited to a maximum of 30 km/h (19 mph). Before the Saraighat Bridge was constructed, passengers had to get down on the Amingaon side of the Brahmaputra and take a ferry across to Pandu Junction from where they could resume their journey. The majority of the tracks have been converted to BG and electrification is in process starting from Katihar till Guwahati.
Major sections[edit]
Few major sections under Northeast Frontier Railway zone are:
Eklakhi–Balurghat branch line
New Bongaigaon–Guwahati section
New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section
Rangia-Murkongselek section
Guwahati–Lumding section
Lumding–Dibrugarh section
Lumding–Sabroom section
Silchar–Sabroom section
Darjeeling Himalayan Railway[edit]
Main article: Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
Darjeeling to Ghoom Heritage Narrow Gauge Train
The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway is maintained and governed under the responsibility of Katihar division .It ascends 6,850 feet (2,090 m) from New Jalpaiguri (Siliguri); the climb begins at Sukna, continues uninterruptedly to Ghum (7,407 ft or 2,258 m) and descends the final 5 miles (8.0 km) to Darjeeling. After independence, India's partition resulted in the isolation of the Northeast region. Consequently, the DHR was merged into Assam Railways, it was closed for the construction of the Assam–Bengal link line and one of its extension lines to Kishanganj was converted to metre gauge. DHR's other extension line to Kalimpong was washed away due to floods. On reopening, the DHR was merged with North Eastern Railway in 1952 and later into Northeast Frontier Railway in 1958.
The DHR achieved worldwide fame for many reasons such as:
A gateway to the Himalayas
The tiny four-wheeled steam locomotives of the 19th century
The curves, loops, "Z"s and steep grades crisscrossing the road
An interest in DHR all along has ensured that it continues to operate notwithstanding very heavy losses. The steam locomotive is an icon of this Railway. Tindharia workshop has kept 13 locomotives surviving, some of which are over 100 years old and the youngest is about 70 years old.
Timeline of DHR:
20 January 1948: Purchased by the Government of India
26 January 1948: Transferred to Assam Rail Link
26 January 1950: Transferred to Assam Railway
14 January 1952: Transferred to North Eastern Railway
15 January 1958: Transferred to Northeast Frontier Railway
Jan Shatabdi Express
Kaziranga Express
Mahananda Express
Railway Stations[edit]
Bihar
West Bengal
Meghalaya
Manipur
Assam
Mizoram
Tripura
Arunachal Pradesh
See also[edit]
Railways in India portal
All India Station Masters' Association (AISMA)
Zones and divisions of Indian Railways
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rao, M.A. (1988). Indian Railways, New Delhi: National Book Trust, pp.42-4
Jump up ^ "Agartala now on India's rail map". iGovernment › Infrastructure. igovernment.in. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
Jump up ^ railways came to Agartala
External links[edit]
Northeast Frontier Railway
Indian Railways Online (official site)
Indian Railways Fan Club
IR. Online Tickets
N F Railway (construction)
Northeast Frontier Railway Recruitment
[hide]
v
t
e
Indian Railways
Authority
Ministry of Railways
Railway Board
Zones
Central Railway
East Central Railway
East Coast Railway
Eastern Railway
North Central Railway
North Eastern Railway
North Western Railway
Northeast Frontier Railway
Northern Railway
South Central Railway
South East Central Railway
South Eastern Railway
South Western Railway
Southern Railway
West Central Railway
Western Railway
Konkan Railway
Production
units
Chittaranjan Locomotive Works, Chittaranjan
Diesel Locomotive Works, Varanasi
Diesel-Loco Modernisation Works, Patiala
Integral Coach Factory, Chennai
Rail Coach Factory, Raebareli
Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala
Rail Wheel Factory, Bengaluru
Rail Wheel Plant, Bela
Railway
depots
Diesel
Ernakulam
Erode
Golden Rock
Gooty
Guntakal
Kalyan
Mhow
Pune
Samastipur
Ratlam
Vatwa
Bandra Marshalling Yard
Bhagat ki Kothi
Abu Road
Phulera
Kurla
Itarsi
Tughlakabad
Raipur
Tondiarpet
Kazipet
Maula Ali
Krishnarajapuram
Vishakhapatnam
Shakurbasti
Ludhiana
Lucknow
Mughalsarai
Jhansi
Gwalior
Agra
Izzatnagar
Malda Town
Siliguri
Howrah
Andal
Burdwan
Jamalpur
Patratu
Samastipur
Kharagpur
Bondamunda
Bokaro Steel City
Neral
Electric
Ajni
Bhusawal
Kalyan
Angul
Visakhapatnam
Mughal Sarai
Asansol
Howrah
Jhansi
Gonda
Ghaziabad
Khanalampura
Ludhiana
Vijayawada
Kazipet
Lalaguda
Bhilai
Bokaro Steel City
Bondamunda
Santragachi
Tatanagar
Arakkonam
Erode
Royapuram
Itarsi
New Katni
Tuglakabad
Valsad
Vadodara
Gomoh
MEMU
Kollam
Vadodara
Bhilai
Rajahmundry
Asansol
Palakkad
EMU Car Shed
Mumbai Central
Kandivali
Virar
Rajahmundry
Sanpada
Kalwa
Tambaram
Avadi
Maula Ali
Ghaziabad
Gholsapur
Barasat
Bandel
Howrah
Sealdah
Sonarpur
Tikiapara
Panskura
Kharagpur
Kurla
Shakurbasti
Subsidiaries
BWE
BSC
Braithwaite & Co.
CCI
Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India
High Speed Rail Corporation of India
IRFC
IRCTC
Ircon International
KRC
MRVC
RVNL
RailTel
RITES
Autonomous
organisations
CORE
COFMOW
RDSO
CRIS
RRCB
RLDA
Training
institutes
Indian Railway Institute of Civil Engineering
Indian Railway Institute of Electrical Engineering
Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
Indian Railway Institute of Signal Engineering and Telecommunications
Indian Railway Institute of Transportation Management
RPF Academy
Railway Staff College
Main/suburban lines
Chennai Suburban Railway
Chennai MRTS
Delhi Suburban Railway
Howrah–Allahabad–Mumbai line
Howrah–Chennai main line
Howrah–Delhi main line
Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line
Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line
Hyderabad MMTS
Kolkata Suburban Railway
Mumbai–Chennai line
Mumbai Suburban Railway
New Delhi–Chennai main line
New Delhi–Mumbai main line
Pune Suburban Railway
Passenger trains
Antyodaya Express
AC Express
Express trains
Fast Passenger
Double Decker Express
Duronto
Garib Rath Express
Gatimaan Express
Humsafar Express
Intercity Express
Jan Sadharan Express
Jan Shatabdi Express
Kavi Guru Express
Mahamana Express
Premium Express (Suvidha Express)
Rajdhani Express
Rajya Rani Express
Shatabdi Express
Sampark Kranti Express
Superfast Express
Tejas Express
Uday Express
Vivek Express
Yuva Express
Special trains
Lifeline Express
Red Ribbon Express
Sanskriti Express
Science Express
Luxury trains
Deccan Odyssey
Fairy Queen
Maharajas' Express
Palace on Wheels
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Further reading[edit]
Dutta, Arup Kumar (2002). Indian Railways, the final frontier: genesis and growth of the North-East Frontier Railway. Guwahati: Northeast Frontier Railway. LCCN 2003308231.

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text:
Smoking ban in England
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Since 1 July 2007 smoking has been banned in all enclosed public places in England including pubs, bars and restaurants.
A smoking ban in England, making it illegal to smoke in all enclosed work places in England, came into force on 1 July 2007 as a consequence of the Health Act 2006. Similar bans had already been introduced by the rest of the United Kingdom: in Scotland on 26 March 2006, Wales on 2 April 2007 and Northern Ireland on 30 April 2007.
Contents
1 Before the smoking ban
2 Passage of the law
3 Following the passing of the law
4 Exemptions from the law
5 Public transport
6 Policing of the ban
7 Opposition to the ban
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Before the smoking ban[edit]
Before the ban many businesses voluntarily introduced bans on smoking mainly as a result of public feedback. The pub chain Wetherspoons was the first major chain to introduce a complete ban on indoor smoking.[1]
Tobacco advertising had been banned in England gradually starting with a ban on Television Advertising of cigarettes in 1965 to a complete ban on all Tobacco Advertising in 2005.
Passage of the law[edit]
On 16 November 2004 a Public Health white paper proposed a smoking ban in almost all public places in England and Wales. Smoking restrictions would be phased in, with a ban on smoking in NHS and government buildings by 2006, in enclosed public places by 2007, and pubs, bars and restaurants (except pubs not serving food) by the end of 2008.[2]
On 26 October 2005, after external challenge and debates within the Cabinet, the government announced that it would continue with its plans. All workplaces, including restaurants and pubs selling food, would have to comply by summer 2007[3] However, there was widespread criticism from all sides of the argument on this, with a number of MPs threatening to try to overturn the bill. Many representatives of the licensed trade told the Government that only a total ban would work, and over 90 MPs signed a motion demanding this, with over 100 signing a petition for a free vote on the issue. It was reported on 24 November that Chief Medical Officer Liam Donaldson nearly quit over the partial ban, but decided to stay to champion a total ban.[4] On the same day, the government released the results of the public consultation, after Cancer Research UK demanded them under the Freedom of Information Act, which revealed that nearly 9 out of 10 respondents wanted a total ban.[4]
On 11 January 2006, the government further announced that it would give MPs a free vote on an amendment to the Health Bill, submitted by the Health select committee, to instigate a comprehensive smoke-free workplace regulations. Health Secretary Patricia Hewitt voted in favour of the amendment and, in so doing, voted against her own Department's then publicly stated policy (i.e. the proposed partial regulations). All other parties had offered free votes on the issue which was debated on 14 February, with three options: the present compromise, a total ban, or an exemption for members' clubs only.
On 14 February 2006, the House of Commons first voted on the amendment to the original compromise plan, to extend the ban to all enclosed public places except private members' clubs. The amendment was carried with a large majority. MPs then voted on a further amendment to ban smoking in all enclosed public places including private members' clubs. Again this amendment gained significant support and was carried with a large majority. This therefore replaced the earlier successful amendment which would have allowed smoking only in private members' clubs. The legislation was passed by the House of Lords, allowing a total smoking ban in enclosed public places to come into force in England.
Political opposition did not entirely disappear at this point, the House of Lords Economic Affairs Committee accused the Government of overreacting to the threat posed by passive smoking and said that the smoking ban was symptomatic of MPs' failure to understand risk[5] on 7 June 2006.
The ban came into force on 1 July 2007, as announced on 30 November 2006 by former Secretary of State for Health Patricia Hewitt, who called it "a huge step forward for public health".[3]
Following the passing of the law[edit]
Many pubs provide smoking areas outdoors, where smoking remains generally permitted.
A smoking shelter outside an office building in England. Since 2007 such shelters have become commonplace at workplaces.
On 30 June 2010, the recently formed Coalition Government announced that it would not be reviewing the ban.[6] An attempt in October 2010 by Conservative MP David Nuttall to amend the law to exempt private members' clubs and pubs from the smoking ban was defeated in the House of Commons on its first reading.[7]
Exemptions from the law[edit]
While the ban affects almost all indoor workplaces,[8] some exemptions were provided:[9]
designated hotel rooms
designated rooms in nursing homes
designated rooms in prisons
designated rooms in offshore oil rigs
designated rooms in mental health units (until 1 July 2008)
specialist tobacconists in relation to sampling cigars and/or pipe tobacco.
An exemption was also theoretically possible within the Palace of Westminster,[10] as for other Royal Palaces, although members of the House of Commons and the House of Lords agreed to observe the spirit of the ban and restrict any smoking within the grounds of Parliament to four designated outside areas.[11]
Smoking is permitted in a private residence, although not in areas used as a shared work-space. In flats with communal entrances or shared corridors, these must be smoke-free.
University halls of residence presented some dilemmas in practice as regards defining what is public and private. Several universities have imposed a blanket ban on smoking including halls of residence.[12]
Public transport[edit]
As part of the implementation of the smoking ban, Transport for London announced that smoking would be no longer permitted on taxis, private hire vehicles and all London Buses premises, including all bus stop shelters.[13]
The Association of Train Operating Companies and Network Rail introduced an extended ban on smoking covering all railway property including all National Rail station platforms whether enclosed or not.[14] The ban has since been extended to cover the use of Electronic cigarettes.[15] Smoking on board trains was banned in 2005 when both GNER and First Caledonian Sleeper withdrew smoking accommodation from their services.[16][17]
The Tyne and Wear Metro was the first public transport system to ban in its entirety which has been enforced since the system first opened in 1980.[18]
Policing of the ban[edit]
The ban is enforced by Environmental Health Officers in England, who issue warnings and offer advice before resorting to punitive measures and have had to issue a low frequency of fines since the law came into force. However, there were some objectors who generated higher-profile legal cases, for instance Hugh Howitt, also known as Hamish Howitt, the landlord of the Happy Scots Bar in Blackpool who was the first landlord to be prosecuted for permitting smoking in a smoke-free place under his control. On 2 August 2007, Howitt appeared before Blackpool Magistrates' Court and pleaded not guilty to 12 counts of failing to stop people smoking in his pub. On 2 December 2008, Howitt effectively had his premises licence revoked, after an appeal by Blackpool Council was upheld; he was not allowed to appeal, and Howitt had to close the Delboys Bar following the decision.[19][20]
There have been some incidents of violence perpetrated by people refusing to obey the ban, in one of which a former heavyweight boxer, James Oyebola, was shot in the head after he asked a customer at a nightclub to stop smoking[21] and later died of his injuries.[22] However, the view of enforcement authorities is that the smoke-free workplace regulations are simple to understand, popular, and as a result largely 'self-policing'. For a short while, bars in the UK that offered shisha (the smoking of flavoured tobacco through a pipe) were still allowed to provide their services inside the establishment, however the ban covered this area in late 2007 leading to a rapid decline in shisha bars.
A legal blunder by Stoke-on-Trent City Council meant that, while the smoking ban still applied in the city, the council were unable to issue fines to people caught flouting the law until 16 July 2007.[23] The blunder caused the city to briefly be dubbed Smoke-on-Trent.[24]
Opposition to the ban[edit]
A group calling themselves "Freedom To Choose", launched a campaign for a judicial review of the smoke-free workplace regulations[25] claiming a breach of the Human Rights Act 1998, as it does not respect the right to privacy of people who wish to smoke in public.[26] Supporters of the regulations put forward counter-arguments positing that the rights of smokers to indulge in their habit cease as soon as it negatively affects other people in the vicinity.[27] In 2010 pub landlord Nick Hogan was jailed for an offence related to the smoking ban.[28] In 2012 it was reported that "Five years after the introduction of the smoking ban in England, almost seven out of 10 licensees want the legislation amended to allow for separate smoking rooms in pubs".[29]
See also[edit]
Smoking in the United Kingdom
List of smoking bans
Smokeasy
FOREST
Action on Smoking and Health
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Wetherspoon pubs ban smoking". BBC Online. BBC News. 24 January 2005. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Smoking ban proposed for England". BBC News. 16 November 2004. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Smoke ban bill details released". BBC News. 27 October 2005. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Chief medic considered quitting". BBC News. 24 November 2005. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
Jump up ^ https://www.webcitation.org/5tkNlefMT?url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/health/article672477.ece
Jump up ^ "BBC News - 'No plans' for smoking ban review". Bbc.co.uk. 1 July 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Smoking ban exemptions bid defeated | News". Thisislondon.co.uk. Archived from the original on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Smoke-free (Premises and Enforcement) Regulations 2006". Opsi.gov.uk. 16 July 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Smoke-free (Exemptions and Vehicles) Regulations 2007". Opsi.gov.uk. 16 July 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Parliamentary Privilege First Report". The Stationery Office. 4 September 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "MPs 'smoking in Commons toilets'". BBC News. 5 July 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Part 3B Section 13.1". .warwick.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Smoking ban: impact on London's transport network". tfl.gov.uk. Transport for London. 6 June 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Smoke Free Law and Vehicles". Smoke Free England. Smoke Free England. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Saul, Heather (12 August 2015). "Rail companies ban e-cigarettes from trains and stations". Independent. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "End of the line for train smoking". BBC News (London). BBC News. 29 August 2005. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "First ScotRail withdraws smoking on Caledonian Sleeper service ahead of £1million refurbishment". First Scotrail. First Group. 28 August 2005. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "How Metro was built". Tyne and Wear Metro. Nexus. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Wilmore, James (2 December 2008). "Blackpool smoke ban rebel loses licence". The Publican. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Fielding, Paul (5 December 2008). "Bar shuts as smoking rebel loses court fight". Blackpool Gazette. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Boxer shot over club smoking row". BBC News. 24 July 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Boxer shot in smoking row dies". BBC News. 27 July 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Council error stubs out smoke ban". BBC. BBC News. 11 July 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Edwards, Kathryn (11 July 2007). "Smoke-on-Trent reignites debate". BBC. BBC Stoke. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Freedom To Choose". Freedom2choose.info. 12 October 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Swindon Advertiser (19 June 2007). "Non-smoking landlord braced for High Court ban battle". Retrieved 2 July 2007.
Jump up ^ Chris Melville (1 July 2007). "Smoking ban: why did we have to wait for so long?". eurosong.net. Retrieved 2 July 2007.
Jump up ^ The Daily Mail (27 February 2010). "Pub landlord is first person in Britain to be jailed over smoking ban". Retrieved 14 April 2012.
Jump up ^ The Publican's Morning Advertiser (3 July 2012). "Smoking ban: Majority of licensees want smoking legislation amended for pubs". Retrieved 7 September 2012.
External links[edit]
NHS Smokefree website (focused on Quiting)
Archived NHS Smokefree website (Contains signage, and more legal info than the current site)
Video clips
Discussing the ban with TV GP Dr Chris Steel
David Cameron discussing the ban
Smokefree England TV advert
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List of social movements
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Social movements are groupings of individuals or organizations which focus on political or social issues.
This list excludes the following:
Artistic movements: see list of art movements.
Independence movements: see lists of active separatist movements and list of historical separatist movements
Revolutionary movements: see List of revolutions and rebellions
Religious and spiritual movements: see List of religions and spiritual traditions and List of new religious movements
List of movements[edit]
Social movements portal
9/11 Truth movement
Adverse Childhood Experiences movement
Animal rights movement
Anti-Apartheid Movement
Anti-bullying movement
Anti-consumerism
Anti-jock movement
Anti-nuclear movement
Anti-psychiatry movement
Anti-war movement
Anti-globalization movement
Anti-vaccination movement
Black Consciousness Movement
Black Lives Matter
Black Panther movement
Black Power movement
Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions
Brights movement
Charismatic Movement
Chicano Movement
Children's rights movement
Civil rights movement
Civil disobedience movement
Conservation movement
Counterculture movement
Cooperative movement
Cultural movement
Disability rights movement
Ecofeminism
Economy for the Common Good
Effective altruism
Environmental justice movement
Environmental movement
Ethiopian movement
Fair trade movement
Farm-to-table movement
Farm Worker Movement
Feminist movement
Free culture movement
Free love
Free software movement
Free Speech Movement
Gay rights movement
Gerakan Harapan Baru (New Hope Movement in Malaysia)
Global justice movement
Health at Every Size
Hippie movement
Human rights movement
Idle No More movement
India Against Corruption
Indigenous peoples movement
Indigenous movements in the Americas
Ku Klux Klan
Labor movement
Landless Peoples Movement (South Africa)
Landless Workers' Movement (MST), the landless workers' movement in Brasil
Lawyers' Movement in Pakistan
Lebensreform
LGBTQ social movements (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender social movements)
Mad Pride
Men's rights movement
Namantar Andolan (Change Movement among Dalits in India)
Narmada Bachao Andolan
Non-cooperation movement
Nonviolence movement
Neurodiversity movement advocating for the right of people who are considered neurally divergent
Occupy movement
Occupy Wall Street
Organic movement
Popular Assembly of the Peoples of Oaxaca
Pro-choice movement
Pro-life movement
Psychiatric survivors movement
Rastafari
Reform movements in the United States
Reproductive justice
Right to life
Rerikhism
Rural People's Movement
Salt March (Otherwise Known as the Salt Satyagraha movement)
Sex-positive movement Movement
Sex Workers' Rights Movement
Slow Food movement
Slow movement
Situationist International
Social democracy
South African Unemployed Peoples' Movement
Student movement
Tea Party movement
Temperance movement
The Zeitgeist Movement
Time to Change
Treatment Action Campaign - movement struggling for HIV/AIDS treatment in South Africa
Umbrella Movement
Veganism
Via Campesina - international peasants movement representing 150 million people, advocating food sovereignty.
Virginism
Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign South African movement struggling against evictions
Women Against War
Women's liberation movement
Women's suffrage movement
Worker's movement
References[edit]
External links[edit]
ASA section on Collective Behavior and Social Movements
Mobilization journal
Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Changejournal
Social Movement Studies: Journal of Social, Cultural and Political Protest
Interface: a Journal For and About Social Movements
Social Movements: A Summary of What Works (pdf)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_social_movements&oldid=808454812"
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