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Monopoly (game)
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This article is about the board game. For the economic term, see Monopoly. For other uses, see Monopoly (disambiguation).
"Go to Jail" redirects here. For the 1983 video game, see Automonopoli.
Monopoly
The Fast-Dealing Property Trading Game
The Monopoly logo (2008–present)
Designer(s)
Elizabeth Magie[1][2]
Charles Darrow
Publisher(s)
Hasbro
Parker Brothers
Waddingtons
Winning Moves
Publication date
February 6, 1935; 83 years ago (1935-02-06)
Genre(s)
Board game
Players
Some versions 2–6
Other versions 2–10
Setup time
5–10 minutes
Playing time
60–240 minutes (1–4 hours) [average]
Random chance
High (dice rolling, card drawing)
Skill(s) required
Negotiation
Resource management
Strategy
An English edition of Monopoly
Monopoly is a board game where players roll two six-sided dice to move around the game board, buying and trading properties, and develop them with houses and hotels. Players collect rent from their opponents, with the goal being to drive them into bankruptcy. Money can also be gained or lost through Chance and Community Chest cards, and tax squares; players can end up in jail, which they cannot move from until they have met one of several conditions. The game has numerous house rules and hundreds of different editions exist, in addition to many spin-offs and related media; Monopoly has become a part of international popular culture, having been locally licensed in more than 103 countries and printed in more than thirty-seven languages.
Monopoly is derived from The Landlord's Game, which was created by Elizabeth Magie in the United States in 1903 as a way to demonstrate that an economy which rewards wealth creation is better than one in which monopolists work under few constraints[1] and to promote the economic theories of Henry George and in particular his ideas about taxation.[3] It was first published by Parker Brothers in 1935. The game is named after the economic concept of monopoly—the domination of a market by a single entity. It is owned and produced by the American game and toy company Hasbro.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early history
1.2 Origin
1.3 1936–1970
1.4 1970s–80s
1.5 Hasbro ownership
2 Board
2.1 U.S. versions
2.2 UK version
2.3 Post-2005 variations
2.3.1 Monopoly Here and Now
2.3.2 Monopoly Empire
3 Equipment
3.1 Cards
3.2 Deeds
3.3 Dice
3.4 Houses and hotels
3.5 Money
3.5.1 International currencies
3.5.2 Extra currency
3.5.3 Electronic banking
3.6 Tokens
3.6.1 Classic
3.6.2 Special editions
4 Rules
4.1 Official rules
4.1.1 Chance/Community Chest
4.1.2 Jail
4.1.3 Properties
4.1.4 Mortgaging
4.1.5 Bankruptcy
4.2 Official Short Game rules
4.3 House rules
5 Strategy
5.1 End game
6 Related games
6.1 Add-ons
6.1.1 Stock Exchange
6.1.2 Playmaster
6.1.3 Get Out of Jail and Free Parking Minigames
6.1.4 Speed Die
6.2 Spin-offs
6.3 Video games
6.4 Gambling games
7 Media
7.1 Commercial promotions
7.2 Television game show
7.3 Films
8 Tournaments
8.1 U.S. National Championship
8.2 World Championship
9 Variants
9.1 Games by locale or theme
9.2 Unauthorized and parody games
9.3 World editions
9.4 Deluxe editions
10 Reception
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
History[edit]
Further information: History of the board game Monopoly
Early history[edit]
Elizabeth Magie's 1904 board design
The history of Monopoly can be traced back to 1903,[1][4] when American anti-monopolist Elizabeth Magie created a game through which she hoped to be able to explain the single tax theory of Henry George. It was intended as an educational tool to illustrate the negative aspects of concentrating land in private monopolies. Magie took out a patent in 1904. Her game, The Landlord's Game, was self-published, beginning in 1906.[5]
A series of variant board games based on her concept was developed from 1906 through the 1930s that involved both the process of buying land for its development, and also the sale of any undeveloped property. Cardboard houses were added and rents were increased as they were added. Magie again patented the game in 1923.[6]
According to an advertisement placed in The Christian Science Monitor, Charles Todd of Philadelphia recalled the day in 1932 when his childhood friend, Esther Jones, and her husband Charles Darrow came to their house for dinner. After the meal, the Todds introduced Darrow to The Landlord's Game, which they then played several times together. At that point the game was entirely new to Darrow, and he asked the Todds for a written set of the rules. After that night, Darrow went on to utilize this by distributing the game himself as Monopoly – an act for which the Todds refused to speak to Darrow ever again.[7]
After Darrow had excellent sales during the Christmas season of 1934, the Parker Brothers bought the game's copyrights from Darrow.[8] After finding Darrow was not the sole inventor of the game, Parker bought the rights to Magie's patent.[9]
Origin[edit]
By 1933, a variation on The Landlord's Game called Monopoly was the basis of the board game later sold by Parker Brothers. It was first sold by Parker Brothers beginning on February 6, 1935.[10] Several people, mostly in the midwestern United States and near the East Coast, contributed to the game's design and evolution, and this is when the game's design took on the 4×10 space-to-a-side layout and familiar cards were produced. Cartoonist F. O. Alexander is credited with creating the "Go to Jail" Officer Edgar Mallory, Jake the Jailbird, and mascot Milburn Pennybags characters.[11] U. S. patent number US 2026082 A was issued to Charles Darrow on December 31, 1935 for the game board design and was assigned to Parker Brothers Inc.[12] The original version of the game in this format was based on the streets of Atlantic City, New Jersey.
1936–1970[edit]
In 1936, Parker Brothers began licensing the game for sale outside the United States. In 1941, the British Secret Intelligence Service had John Waddington Ltd., the licensed manufacturer of the game in the United Kingdom, create a special edition for World War II prisoners of war held by the Nazis.[13] Hidden inside these games were maps, compasses, real money, and other objects useful for escaping. They were distributed to prisoners by British secret service-created fake charity groups.[14]
1970s–80s[edit]
Economics professor Ralph Anspach published a game Anti-Monopoly in 1973, and was sued for trademark infringement by Parker Brothers in 1974. The case went to trial in 1976. Anspach won on appeals in 1979, as the 9th Circuit Court determined that the trademark Monopoly was generic, and therefore unenforceable.[15] The United States Supreme Court declined to hear the case, allowing the appellate court ruling to stand. This decision was overturned by the passage of Public Law 98-620 in 1984.[16][17] With that law in place, Parker Brothers and its parent company, Hasbro, continue to hold valid trademarks for the game Monopoly. However, Anti-Monopoly was exempted from the law and Anspach later reached a settlement with Hasbro and markets his game under license from them.[18]
The research that Anspach conducted during the course of the litigation was what helped to bring the game's history before Charles Darrow into the spotlight.
Hasbro ownership[edit]
In 1991, Hasbro acquired Parker Bros. and thus Monopoly.[19] Prior to the Hasbro acquisition, Parker Bros. acted as a publisher only issuing two versions at a time, a regular and deluxe. Thus Hasbro moved to create and license other versions and involve the public in varying the game.[20] A new wave of licensed products began in 1994, when Hasbro granted a license to USAopoly to begin publishing a San Diego Edition of Monopoly,[19][21] which has since been followed by over a hundred more licensees include Winning Moves Games (since 1995) and Winning Solutions, Inc. (since 2000) in the United States.
In 2003, the company held a national tournament on a chartered train going from Chicago to Atlantic City (see § U.S. National Championship).[20] Also in 2003, Hasbro sued the maker of Ghettopoly[22] and won.[citation needed] In 2005, the company sued RADGames over their Super Add-On accessory board game that fit in the center of the board.[23] In January 2017, Hasbro invited Internet users to vote on a new set of game pieces, with this new regular edition to be issued in March 2017.[24]
Board[edit]
The original Monopoly board patent
The Monopoly game-board consists of forty spaces containing twenty-eight properties—twenty-two streets (grouped into eight color groups), four railroads, and two utilities—three Chance spaces, three Community Chest spaces, a Luxury Tax space, an Income Tax space, and the four corner squares: GO, (In) Jail/Just Visiting, Free Parking, and Go to Jail.[25]
U.S. versions[edit]
There have been some changes to the board since the original. Not all of the Chance and Community Chest cards as printed in the 1935 patent were used in editions from 1936/1937 onwards,[26] and graphics with the Mr. Monopoly character (then known as "Rich Uncle Pennybags") were added in that same time-frame.[27] A graphic of a chest containing coins was added to the Community Chest spaces, as were the flat purchase prices of all of the properties. Traditionally, the Community Chest cards were yellow (although they sometimes were printed on blue stock) with no decoration or text on the back, and the Chance cards were orange, likewise with no text or decoration on the back.[27]
Hasbro commissioned a major graphic redesign to the U.S. Standard Edition of the game in 2008, with some minor revisions. Among the changes: the colors of Mediterranean and Baltic Avenues (which changed from purple to brown), the colors of the GO square (which changed from red to black), the adoption of a flat $200 Income Tax (formerly the player's choice of $200 or 10% of their total holdings, which they may not calculate until after making their final decision); originally the amount was $300 but changed a year after the game's debut,[28] and increased $100 Luxury Tax amount (upped from $75). There were also changes to the Chance and Community Chest cards; for example, the "poor tax" and "grand opera opening" cards became "speeding fine" and "it is your birthday", respectively; though their effects remained the same, and the player must pay only $50 instead of $150 for the school tax. In addition, a player now gets $50 instead of $45 for sale of stock, and the Advance to Illinois Avenue card now has the added text regarding a player collecting $200 if they pass Go on the way there.[29]
2014 U.S. Monopoly box
All of the Chance and Community Chest cards received a graphic upgrade in 2008 as part of the graphic refresh of the game. Mr. Monopoly's classic line illustration was also now usually replaced by renderings of a 3D Mr. Monopoly model. The backs of the cards have their respective symbols, with Community Chest cards in blue, and Chance cards in orange.[29]
In the U.S. versions shown below, the properties are named after locations in (or near) Atlantic City, New Jersey.[30] Atlantic City's Illinois Avenue was renamed Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. in the 1980s. St. Charles Place no longer exists, as the now-defunct Showboat Casino Hotel was developed where it once ran.[31]
There are different versions that have since been then created based on various current consumer interests such as: Dogopoly, Catopoly, Bugopoly, and various TV/movie versions among others.
show
Standard (American Edition) Monopoly board layout as of September 2008
Free Parking
Kentucky Avenue
$220 Chance
?
Indiana Avenue
$220 Illinois Avenue
$240 B&O Railroad
$200 Atlantic Avenue
$260 Ventnor Avenue
$260 Water Works
$150 Marvin Gardens
$280 Go To Jail
New York Avenue
$200
MONOPOLY
Pacific Avenue
$300
Tennessee Avenue
$180 North Carolina Avenue
$300
Community Chest Community Chest
St. James Place
$180 Pennsylvania Avenue
$320
Pennsylvania Railroad
$200 Short Line
$200
Virginia Avenue
$160 Chance
?
States Avenue
$140 Park Place
$350
Electric Company
$150 Luxury Tax
(pay $100)
St. Charles Place
$140 Boardwalk
$400
In Jail/Just Visiting Connecticut Avenue
$120 Vermont Avenue
$100 Chance
?
Oriental Avenue
$100 Reading Railroad
$200 Income Tax
(pay $200) Baltic Avenue
$60 Community Chest Mediter-
ranean Avenue
$60 Collect $200 salary as you pass
GO

Marvin Gardens, the farthest yellow property, is a misspelling of its actual name, Marven Gardens. The misspelling was introduced by Charles and Olive Todd, who taught the game to Charles Darrow, and passed on when their homemade Monopoly board was copied by Darrow and thence to Parker Brothers. The Todds also changed the Atlantic City Quakers' Arctic Avenue to Mediterranean, and shortened the Shore Fast Line to the Short Line.[32] It was not until 1995 that Parker Brothers acknowledged the misspelling of Marvin Gardens, formally apologizing to the residents of Marven Gardens.[33]
Short Line refers to the Shore Fast Line, a streetcar line that served Atlantic City.[31] The B&O Railroad did not serve Atlantic City. A booklet included with the reprinted 1935 edition states that the four railroads that served Atlantic City in the mid-1930s were the Jersey Central, the Seashore Lines, the Reading Railroad, and the Pennsylvania Railroad.
The Baltimore & Ohio (now part of CSX) was the parent of the Reading. There is a tunnel in Philadelphia where track to the south was B. & O. and track to the north is Reading. The Central of N.J. did not have track to Atlantic City but was the daughter of the Reading (and granddaughter of the B. & O.) Their track ran from the New York City area to Delaware Bay and some trains ran on the Reading-controlled track to Atlantic City.[34]
The actual "Electric Company" and "Water Works" serving the city are respectively Atlantic City Electric Company (a subsidiary of Pepco Holdings) and the Atlantic City Municipal Utilities Authority.[31]
UK version[edit]
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See also: List of London Monopoly places
The board cover of the standard British version, with the 2008–13 artwork
For other localized versions, see List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: Europe § United Kingdom.
In the 1930s, John Waddington Ltd. (Waddingtons) was a firm of printers from Leeds that had begun to branch out into packaging and the production of playing cards. Waddingtons had sent the card game Lexicon to Parker Brothers hoping to interest them in publishing the game in the United States. In a similar fashion, Parker Brothers sent over a copy of Monopoly to Waddingtons early in 1935 before the game had been put into production in the United States.
The managing director of Waddingtons, Victor Watson, gave the game to his son Norman (who was head of the card games division) to test over the weekend. Norman was impressed by the game and persuaded his father to call Parker Brothers on Monday morning – transatlantic calls then being almost unheard of. This call resulted in Waddingtons obtaining a license to produce and market the game outside of the United States. Watson felt that for the game to be a success in the United Kingdom, the American locations would have to be replaced, so Victor and his secretary, Marjory Phillips, went to London to scout out locations. The Angel, Islington is not a street in London but a building (and the name of the road intersection where it is located). It had been a coaching inn that stood on the Great North Road. By the 1930s, the inn had become a J. Lyons and Co. tea room (today The Co-operative Bank). Some accounts say that Marjory and Victor met at the Angel to discuss the selection and celebrated the fact by including it on the Monopoly board. In 2003, a plaque commemorating the naming was unveiled at the site by Victor Watson's grandson, who is also named Victor.
During World War II, the British Secret Service contacted Waddington (who could also print on silk) to make Monopoly sets that included escape maps, money, a compass and file, all hidden in copies of the game sent by fake POW relief charities to prisoners of war.[35]
The standard British board, produced by Waddingtons, was for many years the version most familiar to people in countries in the Commonwealth (except Canada, where the U.S. edition with Atlantic City-area names was reprinted), although local variants of the board are now also found in several of these countries.
In 1998, Winning Moves procured the Monopoly license from Hasbro and created new UK city and regional editions with sponsored squares. Initially, in December 1998, the game was sold in just a few W H Smith stores, but demand was high, with almost fifty thousand games shipped in the four weeks leading to Christmas. Winning Moves still produces new city and regional editions annually.
The original income tax choice from the 1930s U.S. board is replaced by a flat rate on the UK board, and the $75 Luxury Tax space is replaced with the £100 Super Tax space, the same as the current German board. In 2008, the U.S. Edition was changed to match the UK and various European editions, including a flat $200 Income Tax value and an increased $100 Luxury Tax amount.[29]
In cases wherein the game was produced under license by a national company, the £ (pound) was replaced by a $ (dollar) sign, but the place names were unchanged.
show
UK edition Monopoly board layout
Free Parking
Strand
£220 Chance
?
Fleet Street
£220 Trafalgar Square
£240 Fenchurch Street station
£200 Leicester Square
£260 Coventry Street
£260 Water Works
£150 Piccadilly
£280 Go To Jail
Vine Street
£200
MONOPOLY
Regent Street
£300
Marlborough Street
£180 Oxford Street
£300
Community Chest Community Chest
Bow Street
£180 Bond Street
£320
Marylebone station
£200 Liverpool Street station
£200
Northumberland Avenue
£160 Chance
?
Whitehall
£140 Park Lane
£350
Electric Company
£150 Super Tax
(pay £100)
Pall Mall
£140 Mayfair
£400
In Jail/Just Visiting Pentonville Road
£120 Euston Road
£100 Chance
?
The Angel Islington
£100 King's Cross station
£200 Income Tax
(pay £200) Whitechapel Road
£60 Community Chest Old Kent Road
£60 Collect £200 salary as you pass
GO
Post-2005 variations[edit]
Starting in the U.K. in 2005, a revised version of the game, titled Monopoly Here and Now, was produced, replacing game scenarios, properties, and tokens with newer equivalents. Similar boards were produced for Germany and France. Variants of these first editions appeared with Visa-branded debit cards taking the place of cash – the later U.S. "Electronic Banking" edition has unbranded debit cards.
The success of the first Here and Now editions caused Hasbro U.S. to allow on-line voting for twenty-six landmark properties across the United States to take their places along the game-board. The popularity of this voting, in turn, caused the creation of similar web-sites, and secondary game-boards per popular vote to be created in the U.K., Canada, France, Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, and other nations.[36][better source needed]
In 2006, Winning Moves Games released the Mega Edition, with a 30% larger game-board and revised game play. Other streets from Atlantic City (eight, one per color group) were included, along with a third "utility", the Gas Company. In addition, $1,000 denomination notes (first seen in Winning Moves' Monopoly: The Card Game) are included. Game play is further changed with bus tickets (allowing non-dice-roll movement along one side of the board), a speed die (itself adopted into variants of the Atlantic City standard edition; see below), skyscrapers (after houses and hotels), and train depots that can be placed on the Railroad spaces.[37]
This edition was adapted for the U.K. market in 2007, and is sold by Winning Moves U.K. After the initial U.S. release, critiques of some of the rules caused the company to issue revisions and clarifications on their website.[citation needed]
Monopoly Here and Now[edit]
In September 2006, the U.S. edition of Monopoly Here and Now was released. This edition features top landmarks across the U.S.[38] The properties were decided by votes over the Internet in the spring of 2006.[39]
Monetary values are multiplied by 10,000 (e.g., one collects $2,000,000 instead of $200 for passing GO and pays that much for Income Tax (or 10% of their total, as this edition was launched prior to 2008), each player starts with $15,000,000 instead of $1,500, etc.).[38] Also, the Chance and Community Chest cards are updated, the Railroads are replaced by Airports (Chicago O'Hare, Los Angeles International, New York City's JFK, and Atlanta's Hartsfield-Jackson), and the Utilities (Electric Company and Water Works) are replaced by Service Providers (Internet Service Provider and Cell Phone Service Provider).[39] The houses and hotels are blue and silver, not green and red as in most editions of Monopoly. The board uses the traditional U.S. layout; the cheapest properties are purple, not brown, and "Interest on Credit Card Debt" replaces "Luxury Tax". Despite the updated Luxury Tax space, and the Income Tax space no longer using the 10% option, this edition uses paper Monopoly money, and not an electronic banking unit like the Here and Now World Edition. However, a similar edition of Monopoly, the Electronic Banking edition, does feature an electronic banking unit and bank cards, as well as a different set of tokens. Both Here and Now and Electronic Banking feature an updated set of tokens from the Atlantic City edition.[39]
It is also notable that three states (California, Florida and Texas) are represented by two cities each (Los Angeles and San Francisco, Miami and Orlando, and Dallas and Houston respectively). No other state is represented by more than one city (not including the airports). One landmark, Texas Stadium, has been demolished and no longer exists. Another landmark, Jacobs Field, still exists, but was renamed Progressive Field in 2008.[40]
show
Monopoly Here and Now: The U.S. Edition (2006)
Free Parking
Camelback Mountains, Phoenix
$2.2M Chance
?
Waikiki Beach, Honolulu
$2.2M Walt Disney World, Orlando
$2.4M JFK Airport, New York City
$2M French Quarter, New Orleans
$2.6M Hollywood, Los Angeles
$2.6M Internet Service
$1.5M Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco
$2.8M Go To Jail
Pioneer Square, Seattle
$2M
MONOPOLY
Here and Now:
The U.S. Edition
Las Vegas Blvd, Las Vegas
$3M
Johnson Space Center, Houston
$1.8M Wrigley Field, Chicago
$3M
Community Chest Community Chest
South Beach, Miami
$1.8M White House, Washington
$3.2M
Los Angeles International Airport
$2M Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport
$2M
Liberty Bell, Philadelphia
$1.6M Chance
?
Red Rocks Amphitheatre, Denver
$1.4M Fenway Park, Boston
$3.5M
Cell Phone Service
$1.5M Interest On Credit Card Debt
pay $750K
Centennial Olympic Park, Atlanta
$1.4M Times Square, New York City
$4M
In Jail/Just Visiting Mall of America, Minneapolis
$1.2M Gateway Arch, St. Louis
$1M Chance
?
Grand Ole Opry, Nashville
$1M O'Hare Airport, Chicago
$2M Income Tax
pay $2M or 10% Texas Stadium, Dallas
$600K Community Chest Jacobs Field, Cleveland
$600K Collect $2M salary as you pass
GO
In 2015, in honor of the game's 80th birthday, Hasbro held an online vote in order to determine which cities would make it into an updated version of the Here and Now edition of the game. This second edition is more a spin-off as the winning condition has changed to completing your passport instead of bankrupting your opponents. Community Chest is replaced with Here and Now cards while the Here and Now space replaced the railroads. Houses and hotels have been removed.[41]
Hasbro released a World edition with the top voted cities from all around the world, as well as at least a Here & Now edition with the voted-on U.S. cities.[42]
Monopoly Empire[edit]
Monopoly Empire has uniquely branded tokens and places based on popular brands. Instead of buying properties, players buy popular brands one by one and slide their billboards onto their Empire towers. Instead of building houses and hotels, players collect rent from their rivals based on their tower height. A player wins by being the first player to fill his or her tower with billboards.[43] Every space on the board is a brand name, including Xbox, Coca-Cola, McDonald's and Samsung.[44]
Monopoly Token Madness
This version of Monopoly contains an extra 6 "golden" tokens. That includes a penguin, a television, a racecar, a Mr Monopoly emoji, a rubber duck, a watch, a wheel and a bunny slipper.
Monopoly Jackpot
During the game, players travel around the gameboard buying properties and collecting rent. But when they land on a chance space, or roll the chance icon on a die, they can spin the Chance spinner to try to make more money. Players can get the "Jackpot", go bankrupt, or get sent to Jail. The player who has the most cash when the bank crashes wins.
Monopoly: Ultimate Banking Edition
In this version, there is no cash. The Monopoly Ultimate Banking game features an electronic ultimate banking piece with touch technology. Now players can instantly buy properties, and set rent by tapping. Each player gets a bankcard and the Ultimate Banking piece keeps track of everyone's money. It also scans the game's property cards and can boost or crash the market. The game introduces Event cards and Location spaces instead of Chance cards and Community Chest cards. Land on an Event Space, and rents may be raised or lowered, a player may earn or lose money, or someone could get sent to Jail. Location Spaces allow players to pay and move to any property space on the gameboard.
Equipment[edit]
During World War II, the dice in the United Kingdom were replaced with a spinner because of a lack of materials.
All property deeds, houses, and hotels are held by the bank until bought by the players. A standard set of Monopoly pieces includes:
Cards[edit]
A deck of thirty-two Chance and Community Chest cards (sixteen Chance and sixteen Community Chest) which players draw when they land on the corresponding squares of the track, and follow the instructions printed on them.
Deeds[edit]
A title deed for each property is given to a player to signify ownership, and specifies purchase price, mortgage value, the cost of building houses and hotels on that property, and the various rent prices depending on how developed the property is. Properties include:
Twenty-two streets, divided into eight color groups of two or three streets; a player must own all of a color group in order to build houses or hotels. Once achieved, color group properties must be improved or "broken down" evenly. See the section on Rules.
Four railroads, players collect $25 rent if they own one railroad; $50 for two; $100 for three; $200 for all four. These are usually replaced by railroad stations in non-U.S. editions of Monopoly.
Two utilities, rent is four times the dice value if one utility is owned, but ten times if both are owned. Hotels and houses cannot be built on utilities or stations. Some country editions have a fixed rent for utilities; for example, the Italian editions has a L. 2,000 ($20) rent if one utility is owned, or L. 10,000 ($100) if both are owned.
The purchase prices for the various properties vary from $60 to $400 on a U.S. Standard Edition set.
Dice[edit]
A pair of six-sided dice, with a "Speed Die" added for variation in 2007. The 1999 Millennium Edition featured two jewel-like dice which were the subject of a lawsuit from Michael Bowling, owner of dice maker Crystal Caste.[45] Hasbro lost the suit in 2008 and had to pay $446,182 in royalties.[46] Subsequent printings of the game reverted to normal six-sided dice.
Houses and hotels[edit]
32 houses and 12 hotels made of wood or plastic (the original and current Deluxe Edition have wooden houses and hotels; the current "base set" uses plastic buildings). Unlike money, houses and hotels have a finite supply. If no more are available, no substitute is allowed. In most editions, houses are green and hotels red.
Money[edit]
Main article: Monopoly money
Older U.S. standard editions of the game included a total of $15,140 in the following denominations:
20 $500 bills (orange)
20 $100 bills (beige)
30 $50 bills (blue)
50 $20 bills (green)
40 $10 bills (yellow)
40 $5 bills (pink)
40 $1 bills (white)
Newer (September 2008 and later) U.S. editions instead provide a total of $20,580–30 of each denomination. The colors of some of the bills are also changed: $10s are now colored blue instead of yellow, $20s are a brighter color green than before, and $50s are now colored purple instead of blue.
Each player begins the game with his or her token on the Go square, and $1,500 (or 1,500 of a localized currency) in play money (2,500 with the Speed Die). Prior to September 2008, the money was divided with greater numbers of 20 and 10 dollar bills. Since then, the U.S. version has taken on the British version's initial cash distributions.
U.S. editions prior to 2008
U.S. editions since 2008 / British editions
2 × $500 2 × $/£500
2 × $100 4 × $/£100
2 × $50 1 × $/£50
6 × $20 1 × $/£20
5 × $10 2 × $/£10
5 × $5 1 × $/£5
5 × $1 5 × $/£1
Although the U.S. version is indicated as allowing eight players, the above cash distribution is not possible with all eight players since it requires 32 $100 bills and 40 $1 bills. However, the amount of cash contained in the game is enough for eight players with a slight alteration of bill distribution.
International currencies[edit]
Pre-Euro German editions of the game started with 30,000 "Spielmark" in eight denominations (abbreviated as "M."), and later used seven denominations of the "Deutsche Mark" ("DM."). In the classic Italian game, each player received L. 350,000 ($3500) in a two-player game, but L. 50,000 ($500) less for each player more than two. Only in a six-player game does a player receive the equivalent of $1,500. The classic Italian games were played with only four denominations of currency. Both Spanish editions (the Barcelona and Madrid editions) started the game with 150,000 in play money, with a breakdown identical to that of the American version.
Extra currency[edit]
Monopoly money is theoretically unlimited; if the bank runs out of money the players must make do with other markers, or calculate on paper. Additional paper money can be bought at certain locations, notably game and hobby stores, or downloaded from various websites and printed and cut by hand. One such site has created a $1,000 bill; while a $1,000 bill can be found in Monopoly: The Mega Edition and Monopoly: The Card Game, both published by Winning Moves Games, this note is not a standard denomination for "classic" versions of Monopoly.[47]
Electronic banking[edit]
In several countries there is also a version of the game that features electronic banking. Instead of receiving paper money, each player receives a plastic bank card that is inserted into a calculator-like electronic device that keeps track of the player's balance. [48] [49]
Tokens[edit]
Classic[edit]
Each player is represented by a small metal or plastic token that is moved around the edge of the board according to the roll of two six-sided dice. The number of tokens (and the tokens themselves) have changed over the history of the game with many appearing in special editions only, and some available with non-game purchases. After prints with wood tokens in 1937, a set of eight tokens was introduced:[50] Two more were added in late 1937,[50] tokens changed again in 1942.[50] During World War II, the game tokens were switched back to wood.[51] Early localized editions of the standard edition (including some Canadian editions, which used the U.S. board layout) did not include pewter tokens but instead had generic wooden pawns identical to those in Sorry!.[52] Many of the early tokens were created by companies such as Dowst Miniature Toy Company, which made metal charms and tokens designed to be used on charm bracelets. The battleship and cannon were also used briefly in the Parker Brothers war game Conflict (released in 1940), but after the game failed on the market, the premade pieces were recycled into Monopoly usage.[53] By 1943, there were ten tokens which included the Battleship, Boot, Cannon, Horse and rider, Iron, Racecar, Scottie Dog, Thimble, Top hat, and Wheelbarrow. These tokens would remain the same until the late 1990s, when Parker Brothers was sold to Hasbro.
In 1998, a Hasbro advertising campaign asked the public to vote on a new playing piece to be added to the set. The candidates were a "bag of money", a bi-plane, and a piggy bank. The bag ended up winning 51 percent of the vote compared to the other two which failed to go above 30%.[50] This new token was added to the set in 1999 which brought the total amount of tokens up to eleven.[50] Another campaign poll to the 1998 new token vote asked people what their monopoly token was. The most popular was the Race Car at 18% followed by the Dog (16%), Cannon (14%) and Top Hat (10%). The least favorite in the poll was the Wheelbarrow at 3% followed by Thimble (7%) and the Iron (7%).[50] The "Cannon", and "Horse and rider" were both retired in 2000 with no new tokens taking their place.[54] Another retirement came in 2007 with the sack of money that brought down the total token count to 8 again.[50]
In 2013, a similar promotional campaign was launched encouraging the public to vote on one of several possible new tokens to replace an existing one. The choices were a guitar, a diamond ring, a helicopter, a robot, and a cat.[55] This new campaign was different than the one in 1998 as one piece was retired and replaced with a new one. Both were chosen by a vote that ran on Facebook from January 8 to February 5, 2013 in which the cat received the top spot with 31% of the vote over the iron which was replaced. [56] In January 2017, Hasbro placed the line of tokens in the regular edition up for another vote which included a total of 64 options. The eight playable tokens at the time included the Battleship, Boot, Cat, Racecar, Scottie Dog, Thimble, Top hat, and Wheelbarrow. By March 17, 2017, Hasbro retired three tokens which included the thimble, wheelbarrow, and shoe, these were replaced by a penguin, a Tyrannosaurus and a rubber duck.[57]
Token
Usage
Retired
Replaced by
Battleship 1937–present[56] No N/A
Boot 1937–2017[56][57] Yes Penguin, Rubber Duck, T-Rex
Cannon 1937–2000[54] Yes None
Cat 2013–present[56] No N/A
Horse and rider 1942–2000[54] Yes None
Iron 1937–2013[56][57] Yes Cat
Lantern 1937–1942[50] Yes Dog, Horse and rider, Wheelbarrow
Purse 1937–1942[50] Yes Dog, Horse and rider, Wheelbarrow
Penguin 2017–present[57] No N/A
Racecar 1937–present[56] No N/A
Rocking horse 1937–1942[50] Yes Dog, Horse and rider, Wheelbarrow
Rubber duck 2017–present[57] No N/A
Sack of money 1999–2007[50] Yes None
Scottie Dog 1942–present[56] No N/A
Thimble 1937–2017[58] Yes Penguin, Rubber Duck, T-Rex
Top hat 1937–present[56] No N/A
T-Rex 2017–present[57] No N/A
Wheelbarrow 1942–2017[56][57] Yes Penguin, Rubber Duck, T-Rex
Special editions[edit]
Hasbro over the years has released tokens for special or collector's editions of the game. One of the first tokens to come out included a Steam Locomotive which was only released in Deluxe Editions. A "Director's Chair" token was released in 2011 in limited edition copies of Under the Boardwalk: The MONOPOLY Story. Shortly after the 2013 Facebook voting campaign, a limited-edition Golden Token set was released exclusively at various national retailers, such as Target in the U.S., and Tesco in the U.K.[54][59] The set contained the Battleship, Boot, Iron, Racecar, Scottie Dog, Thimble, Top hat, and Wheelbarrow as well as the iron's potential replacements. These replacement tokens included the cat, the guitar, the diamond ring, the helicopter, and the robot.[51][56][54] Hasbro released a 64 token limited edition set in 2017 called "Monopoly Signature Token Collection" to include all of the candidates that were not chosen in the vote held that year.
Rules[edit]
Official rules[edit]
Players take turns in order, with the initial player determined by chance before the game. A typical turn begins with the rolling of the dice and advancing a piece clockwise around the board the corresponding number of squares. If a player rolls doubles, he rolls again after completing his turn. A player who rolls three consecutive sets of doubles on one turn has been "caught speeding" and is immediately sent to jail instead of moving the amount shown on the dice for the third roll.
A player who lands on or passes the Go space collects $200 from the bank. Players who land on either Income Tax or Luxury Tax pay the indicated amount to the bank. In older editions of the game, two options were given for Income Tax: either pay a flat fee of $200 or 10% of total net worth (including the current values of all the properties and buildings owned), but no calculation could be made before the choice, and no latitude was given for reversing an unwise calculation. In 2008, the calculation option was removed from the official rules, and simultaneously Luxury Tax was increased to $100 from its original $75. No reward or penalty is given for landing on Free Parking.
Properties can only be developed once a player owns all the properties in that color group, and then must be developed equally. A house must be built on each property of that color before a second can be built. Each property within a group must be within one house level of all of the others within that group.
Chance/Community Chest[edit]
Main article: Chance and Community Chest cards
If a player lands on a Chance or Community Chest space, they draw the top card from the respective deck and follow its instructions. This may include collecting or paying money to the bank or another player, or moving to a different space on the board. Two types of cards that involve jail, "Go to Jail" and "Get Out of Jail Free", are explained below.
Jail[edit]
A player is sent to jail for doing any of the following:
Landing directly on "Go to Jail"
Throwing three consecutive doubles in one turn
Drawing a "Go to Jail" card from Chance or Community Chest
When a player is sent to jail, they move directly to the Jail space and their turn ends ("Do not pass Go. Do not collect $200."). If an ordinary dice roll (not one of the above events) ends with the player's token on the Jail corner, they are "Just Visiting" and can move ahead on their next turn without incurring any penalty.
If a player is in jail, they do not take a normal turn and must either pay a fine of $50 to be released, use a Chance or Community Chest Get Out of Jail Free card, or attempt to roll doubles on the dice. If a player fails to roll doubles, they lose their turn. Failing to roll doubles in three consecutive turns requires the player to either pay the $50 fine or use a Get Out of Jail Free card, after which they move ahead according to the total rolled. Players in jail may not buy properties directly from the bank, due to being unable to move, but can engage all other transactions, such as mortgaging properties, selling/trading properties to other players, buying/selling houses and hotels, collecting rent, and bidding on property auctions. A player who rolls doubles to leave jail does not roll again; however, if the player pays the fine or uses a card to get out and then rolls doubles, they do take another turn.
Properties[edit]
If the player lands on an unowned property, whether street, railroad, or utility, they can buy the property for its listed purchase price. If they decline this purchase, the property is auctioned off by the bank to the highest bidder, including the player who declined to buy. If the property landed on is already owned and unmortgaged, they must pay the owner a given rent, the price dependent on whether the property is part of a set or its level of development.
When a player owns all of the properties in a color group and none of them are mortgaged, they may develop them during their turn or in between other player's turns. Development involves buying miniature houses or hotels from the bank and placing them on the property spaces, and must be done uniformly across the group. That is, a second house cannot be built on any property within a group until all of them have one house. Once the player owns an entire group, they can collect double rent for any undeveloped properties within it. Although houses and hotels cannot be built on railroads or utilities, the given rent also increases if a player owns more than one of either type. If there is more demand for houses to be built than what remains in the bank, then a housing auction is conducted to determine who will get to purchase each house.
Mortgaging[edit]
Properties can also be mortgaged, although all developments on a monopoly must be sold before any property of that color can be mortgaged or traded. The player receives money from the bank for each mortgaged property (half of the purchase price), which must be repaid with 10% interest to unmortgage. Houses and hotels can be sold back to the bank for half their purchase price. Players cannot collect rent on mortgaged properties and may not give improved property away to others; however, trading mortgaged properties is allowed. The player receiving the mortgaged property must immediately unmortgage it for the mortgage price plus 10%, or pay the bank just the 10% amount and keep the property mortgaged; if the player chooses the latter, they must still pay the 10% again if the property is later unmortgaged.
Bankruptcy[edit]
A player who cannot pay what they owe is bankrupt and eliminated from the game. If the bankrupt player owes the bank, they must turn all of their assets over to the bank, who then auctions off their properties (if they have any), except buildings. If the debt is instead to another player, all the assets are instead given to that opponent, except buildings which must be returned to the bank, and the new owner must either pay the bank to un-mortgage any such properties received or pay a fee of 10% of the mortgaged value to the bank if they choose to leave the properties mortgaged. The winner is the remaining player left after all the others have gone bankrupt.
If a player runs out of money but still has assets that can be converted to cash, they can do so by selling buildings, mortgaging properties, or trading with other players. To avoid bankruptcy the player must be able to raise enough cash in order to pay the full amount owed.
A player cannot choose to go bankrupt; if there is any way to pay what they owe, even in returning all their buildings at a loss, mortgaging all their real estate and giving up all their cash and certainly going bankrupt the next time they have to pay something, they must do so.
Official Short Game rules[edit]
From 1936, the rules booklet included with each Monopoly set contained a short section at the end providing rules for making the game shorter, including dealing out 2 Title Deed cards to each player before starting the game, by setting a time limit or by ending the game after the second player goes bankrupt. A later version of the rules included this variant, along with the time limit game, in the main rules booklet, omitting the last, the second bankruptcy method, as a third short game.[60]
House rules[edit]
“ [V]irtually no one plays the game with the rules as written. ”
— Computer Gaming World, 1994[61]
Many house rules have emerged for the game since its creation. Well-known is the "Free Parking jackpot rule", where all the money collected from Income Tax, Luxury Tax, Chance and Community Chest goes to the center of the board instead of the bank. Many people add $500 to start each pile of Free Parking money, guaranteeing a minimum payout. When a player lands on Free Parking, they may take the money. Another rule is that if a player lands directly on Go, they collect double the amount, or $400, instead of $200. House rules that slow or prevent money being returned to the bank in this way may have a side effect of increasing the time it takes for players to become bankrupt, lengthening the game considerably, as well as decreasing the effects of strategy and prudent investment.[62]
Video game and computer game versions of Monopoly have options where popular house rules can be used. In 2014, Hasbro determined five popular house rules by public Facebook vote, and released a "House Rules edition" of the board game. Rules selected include a "Free Parking" house rule without additional money and forcing players to traverse the board once before buying properties.[63]
Strategy[edit]
According to Jim Slater in The Mayfair Set, the Orange property group is the best to own because players land on them more often, as a result of the Chance cards Go to Jail, Advance to St. Charles Place (Pall Mall), Advance to Reading Railroad (Kings Cross Station) and Go Back Three Spaces.[64]
In all, during game play, Illinois Avenue (Trafalgar Square), New York Avenue (Vine Street), B&O Railroad (Fenchurch Street Station), and Reading Railroad (Kings Cross Station) are the most frequently landed-upon properties. Mediterranean Avenue (Old Kent Road), Baltic Avenue (Whitechapel Road), Park Place (Park Lane), and Oriental Avenue (The Angel Islington) are the least-landed-upon properties. Among the property groups, the Railroads are most frequently landed upon, as no other group has four properties; Orange has the next highest frequency, followed by Red.[65]
End game[edit]
One common criticism of Monopoly is that although it has carefully defined termination conditions, it may take an unlimited amount of time to reach them. Edward P. Parker, a former president of Parker Brothers, is quoted as saying, "We always felt that forty-five minutes was about the right length for a game, but Monopoly could go on for hours. Also, a game was supposed to have a definite end somewhere. In Monopoly you kept going around and around."[66]
Hasbro states that the longest game of Monopoly ever played lasted 1,680 hours (70 days or 10 weeks or 2.3 months).[67]
Related games[edit]
Add-ons[edit]
Numerous add-ons have been made for Monopoly, sold independently from the game both before its commercialization and after, with three official ones discussed below:
Stock Exchange[edit]
The original Stock Exchange add-on was published by Capitol Novelty Co. of Rensselaer, New York in early 1936. It was marketed as an add-on for Monopoly, Finance, or Easy Money games. Shortly after Capitol Novelty introduced Stock Exchange, Parker Brothers bought it from them then marketed their own, slightly redesigned, version as an add-on specifically for their "new" Monopoly game; the Parker Brothers version was available in June 1936. The Free Parking square is covered over by a new Stock Exchange space and the add-on included three Chance and three Community Chest cards directing the player to "Advance to Stock Exchange".[68] The Stock Exchange add-on was later redesigned and rereleased in 1992 under license by Chessex, this time including a larger number of new Chance and Community Chest cards. This version included ten new Chance cards (five "Advance to Stock Exchange" and five other related cards) and eleven new Community Chest cards (five "Advance to Stock Exchange" and six other related cards;[69] the regular Community Chest card "From sale of stock you get $45" is removed from play when using these cards). Many of the original rules applied to this new version (in fact, one optional play choice allows for playing in the original form by only adding the "Advance to Stock Exchange" cards to each deck).[citation needed]
A Monopoly Stock Exchange Edition was released in 2001 (although not in the U.S.), this time adding an electronic calculator-like device to keep track of the complex stock figures. This was a full edition, not just an add-on, that came with its own board, money and playing pieces. Properties on the board were replaced by companies on which shares could be floated, and offices and home offices (instead of houses and hotels) could be built.[70]
Playmaster[edit]
Playmaster, another official add-on, released in 1982, is an electronic device that keeps track of all player movement and dice rolls as well as what properties are still available. It then uses this information to call random auctions and mortgages making it easier to free up cards of a color group. It also plays eight short tunes when key game functions occur; for example when a player lands on a railroad it plays "I've Been Working on the Railroad", and a police car's siren sounds when a player goes to Jail.[71]
Get Out of Jail and Free Parking Minigames[edit]
In 2009, Hasbro released two minigames that can be played as stand-alone games or combined with the Monopoly game. In Get Out of Jail, the goal is to manipulate a spade under a jail cell in an attempt to flick out various colored prisoners. The game can be used as an alternative to rolling doubles to get out of jail.[72][73] In Free Parking, players attempt to balance taxis on a wobbly board. The Free Parking add-on can also be used with the Monopoly game. When a player lands on the Free Parking, the player can take the Taxi Challenge, and if successful, can move to any space on the board.[74][75]
Speed Die[edit]
The Speed Die
First included in Winning Moves' Monopoly: The Mega Edition variant, this third, six-sided die is rolled with the other two, and accelerates game-play when in use.[76] In 2007, Parker Brothers began releasing its standard version (also called the Speed Die Edition) of Monopoly with the same die[77] (originally in blue, later in red). Its faces are: 1, 2, 3, two "Mr. Monopoly" sides, and a bus. The numbers behave as normal, adding to the other two dice, unless a "triple" is rolled, in which case the player can move to any space on the board. If "Mr. Monopoly" is rolled while there are unowned properties, the player advances forward to the nearest one. Otherwise, the player advances to the nearest property on which rent is owed. In the Mega Edition, rolling the bus allows you take the regular dice move then either take a bus ticket or move to the nearest draw card space. Mega rules specifies that triples do not count as doubles for going to jail as you do not roll again.[78] Used in a regular edition, the bus (properly "get off the bus") allows the player to use only one of the two numbered dice or the sum of both, thus a roll of 1, 5, and bus would let the player choose between moving 1, 5, or 6 spaces.[79] The Speed Die is used throughout the game in the "Mega Edition", while in the "Regular Edition" it is used by any player who has passed GO at least once. In these editions it remains optional, although use of the Speed Die was made mandatory for use in the 2009 U.S. & World Monopoly Championship, as well as the 2015 World Championship.[80]
Spin-offs[edit]
Parker Brothers and its licensees have also sold several spin-offs of Monopoly. These are not add-ons, as they do not function as an addition to the Monopoly game, but are simply additional games in the flavor of Monopoly:
Advance to Boardwalk board game (1985): Focusing mainly on building the most hotels along the Boardwalk.
Don't Go to Jail: Dice game originally released by Parker Brothers; roll combinations of dice to create color groups for points before rolling the words "GO" "TO" and "JAIL" (which forfeits all earned points for the turn).[81]
Monopoly Express: A deluxe, travel edition re-release of Don't Go To Jail, replacing the word dice with "Officer Jones" dice and adding an eleventh die, Houses & Hotels, and a self-contained game container/dice roller & keeper.[82]
Express Monopoly card game (1994 U.S., 1995 U.K.): Released by Hasbro/Parker Brothers and Waddingtons in the U.K., now out of print. Basically a rummy-style card game based on scoring points by completing color group sections of the game-board.
Free Parking card game (1988) A more complex card game released by Parker Brothers, with several similarities to the card game Mille Bornes. Uses cards to either add time to parking meters, or spend the time doing activities to earn points.[83] Includes a deck of Second Chance cards that further alter game-play. Two editions were made; minor differences in card art and Second Chance cards in each edition.
Monopoly: The Card Game (2000) an updated card game released by Winning Moves Games under license from Hasbro. Similar, but decidedly more complex, game-play to the Express Monopoly card game.
Monopoly City: Game-play retains similar flavor but has been made significantly more complex in this version. The traditional properties are replaced by "districts" mapped to the previously underutilized real estate in the centre of the board.
Monopoly Deal: The most recent card game version of Monopoly. Players attempt to complete three property groups by playing property, cash & event cards.
Monopoly Junior board game (first published 1990, multiple variations since): A simplified version of the original game for young children.
Monopoly Town by Parker Brothers / Hasbro (2008) a young children's game of racing designed to help them learn to count.[84]
The Mad Magazine Game (1979): Gameplay is similar, but the goals and directions often opposite to those of Monopoly; the object is for players to lose all of their money.
Video games[edit]
Main article: Monopoly video games
Besides the many variants of the actual game (and the Monopoly Junior spin-off) released in either video game or computer game formats (e.g., Commodore 64, Macintosh, Windows-based PC, Game Boy, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo Entertainment System, iPad, Genesis, Super NES, etc.), two spin-off computer games have been created.[85] An electronic hand-held version was marketed from 1997 to 2001.[86]
Monopoly: The iPhone game designed by Electronic Arts.
Monopoly City Streets: An online version, using Google Maps and OpenStreetMap.
Monopoly Millionaires: The Facebook game designed by Playfish.
Monopoly Streets: A video game played for the Xbox 360, Wii, and PlayStation 3. The video game includes properties now played on a street.
Monopoly Tycoon: A game where players build businesses on the properties they own.
Monopoly Plus: A game for the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 with high definition graphics.
Gambling games[edit]
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Monopoly-themed slot machines and lotteries have been produced by WMS Gaming in conjunction with International Game Technology for land-based casinos.[87][88][citation needed] WagerWorks, who have the online rights to Monopoly, have created online Monopoly themed games.
London's Gamesys Group have also developed Monopoly-themed gambling games.[89]
The British quiz machine brand itbox also supports a Monopoly trivia and chance game, which, like most other itbox games, costs 50p (£0.50) to play and has a £20 jackpot.
There was also a live, online version of Monopoly. Six painted taxis drive around London picking up passengers. When the taxis reach their final destination, the region of London that they are in is displayed on the online board. This version takes far longer to play than board-game Monopoly, with one game lasting 24 hours. Results and position are sent to players via e-mail at the conclusion of the game.[90]
Media[edit]
Commercial promotions[edit]
Main article: McDonald's Monopoly
The McDonald's Monopoly game is a sweepstakes advertising promotion of McDonald's and Hasbro that has been offered in Argentina, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, United Kingdom and United States.[citation needed]
Television game show[edit]
Main article: Monopoly (game show)
A short-lived Monopoly game show aired on Saturday evenings from June 16 to September 1, 1990 on ABC. The show was produced by Merv Griffin and hosted by Mike Reilly. The show was paired with a summer-long Super Jeopardy! tournament, which also aired during this period on ABC.
From 2010 to 2014, The Hub aired the game show Family Game Night with Todd Newton. For the first two seasons, teams earn cash in the form of "Monopoly Crazy Cash Cards" from the "Monopoly Crazy Cash Corner", which is then inserted to the "Monopoly Crazy Cash Machine" at the end of the show. In addition, starting with Season 2, teams win "Monopoly Party Packages" for winning the individual games. For Season 3, there is a Community Chest. Each card on Mr. Monopoly has a combination of three colors. Then teams will use the combination card to unlock the chest. If it's the right combination, then they will advance to the Crazy Cash Machine for a brand-new car. For the show's fourth season, a new game is added called Monopoly Remix, featuring Park Place and Boardwalk, as well as Income Tax and Luxury Tax.
To honor the game's 80th anniversary, a game show in syndication on March 28, 2015 called Monopoly Millionaires' Club launched, connected with a multi-state lottery game of the same name and hosted by comedian Billy Gardell from Mike & Molly. The game show was filmed at the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino and at Bally's Las Vegas in Las Vegas, with players having a chance to win up to $1,000,000. However, the lottery game connected with the game show (which provided the contestants) went through multiple complications and variations, and the game show last aired at the end of April 2016.
Films[edit]
In November 2008, Ridley Scott was announced to direct Universal Pictures' film version of the game, based on a script written by Pamela Pettler. The film was co-produced by Hasbro's Brian Goldner, as part of a deal with Hasbro to develop movies based on the company's line of toys and games.[91][92] The story was being developed by author Frank Beddor.[93] However, Universal eventually halted development in February 2012 then opted out of the agreement and rights reverted to Hasbro.[94][95]
In October 2012, Hasbro announced a new partnership with production company Emmett/Furla Films, and they said they will develop a live-action version of Monopoly, along with Action Man and Hungry Hungry Hippos.[96] Emmett/Furla/Oasis dropped out of the production of this satire version that was to be directed by Ridley Scott.[97]
In July 2015, Hasbro announced that Lionsgate will distribute a Monopoly film with Andrew Niccol writing the film as a family-friendly action adventure film[97] co-financed and produced by Lionsgate and Hasbro's Allspark Pictures.[98]
The documentary Under the Boardwalk: The MONOPOLY Story, covering the history and players of the game, won an Audience Award for Best Documentary at the 2010 Anaheim International Film Festival. The film played theatrically in the U.S. beginning in March 2011 and was released on Amazon and iTunes[99] on February 14, 2012. The television version of the film won four regional Emmy Awards from the Pacific Southwest Chapter of NATAS.[100] The film is directed by Kevin Tostado and narrated by Zachary Levi.[101][102]
Tournaments[edit]
U.S. National Championship[edit]
Although in the past, U.S. entrants had to successfully compete in regional competitions before the national championship, qualifying for the National Championship has been online since 2003. For the 2003 Championship, qualification was limited to the first fifty people who correctly completed an online quiz. Out of concerns that such methods of qualifying might not always ensure a competition of the best players, the 2009 Championship qualifying was expanded to include an online multiple-choice quiz (a score of 80% or better was required to advance); followed by an online five-question essay test; followed by a two-game online tournament at Pogo.com. The process was to have produced a field of 23 plus one: Matt McNally, the 2003 national champion, who received a bye and was not required to qualify. However, at the end of the online tournament, there was an eleven-way tie for the last six spots. The decision was made to invite all of those who had tied for said spots. In fact, two of those who had tied and would have otherwise been eliminated, Dale Crabtree of Indianapolis, Indiana, and Brandon Baker, of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, played in the final game and finished third and fourth respectively.[80]
The 2009 Monopoly U.S. National Championship was held on April 14–15 in Washington, D.C. In his first tournament ever, Richard Marinaccio, an attorney from Sloan, New York (a suburb of Buffalo), prevailed over a field that included two previous champions to be crowned the 2009 U.S. National Champion. In addition to the title, Marinaccio took home $20,580 — the amount of money in the bank of the board game — and competed in the 2009 World Championship in Las Vegas, Nevada on October 21–22, where he finished in third place.[80]
In 2015, Hasbro used a competition that was held solely online to determine who would be the U.S. representative to compete at the 2015 Monopoly World Championship. Interested players took a twenty-question quiz on Monopoly strategy and rules, and submitted a hundred-word essay on how to win a Monopoly tournament. Hasbro then selected Brian Valentine of Washington, D.C. to be the U.S. representative.[103][104]
World Championship[edit]
Hasbro conducts a worldwide Monopoly tournament. The first Monopoly World Championships took place in Grossinger's Resort in New York, in November 1973, but it wasn't until 1975 that they included competitors from outside the United States. It has been aired in the United States by ESPN In 2009, forty-one players competed for the title of Monopoly World Champion and a cash prize of $20,580 (USD), which is the total amount of 'Monopoly money' in the current Monopoly set used in the tournament.[80] The most recent World Championship took place September 2015 in Macau. Italian Nicolò Falcone defeated the defending world champion and players from twenty-six other countries.[105][106]
Date
Location
Winner
Nationality
1973 Liberty, New York Lee Bayrd United States
1974 New York City Alvin Aldridge United States
1975 Washington, D.C. John Mair Ireland
1977 Monte Carlo Cheng Seng Kwa Singapore
1980 Bermuda Cesare Bernabei Italy
1983 Palm Beach Greg Jacobs Australia
1985 Atlantic City Jason Bunn United Kingdom
1988 London Ikuo Hyakuta Japan
1992 Berlin Joost van Orten Netherlands
1996 Monte Carlo Christopher Woo Hong Kong[107]
2000 Toronto Yutaka Okada Japan
2004 Tokyo Antonio Zafra Fernández Spain[108]
2009 Las Vegas Bjørn Halvard Knappskog Norway[109]
2015 Macau Nicolò Falcone Italy[106]
Variants[edit]
Because Monopoly evolved in the public domain before its commercialization, Monopoly has seen many variant games. The game is licensed in 103 countries and printed in thirty-seven languages.[110] Most of the variants are exact copies of the Monopoly games with the street names replaced with locales from a particular town, university, or fictional place. National boards have been released as well. Over the years, many specialty Monopoly editions, licensed by Parker Brothers/Hasbro, and produced by them, or their licensees (including USAopoly[111] and Winning Moves Games) have been sold to local and national markets worldwide. Two well known "families" of -opoly like games, without licenses from Parker Brothers/Hasbro, have also been produced.
Several published games similar to Monopoly include:
Anti-Monopoly, one of several games[112] that are a sort of monopoly backwards.[18] The name of this game led to legal action between Anti-Monopoly's creator, Ralph Anspach, and the owners of Monopoly.[18]
Business, a Monopoly-like game not associated with Hasbro. In this version the "properties" to be bought are cities of India; Chance and Community Chest reference lists of results printed in the center of the board, keyed to the dice roll; and money is represented by counters, not paper.[113]
Dostihy a sázky, a variant sold in Czechoslovakia. This game comes from the totalitarian communist era (1948–1989), when private businesses were forbidden and mortgages didn't exist, so the monopoly theme was changed to a horse racing theme.[114]
Ghettopoly, released in 2003, was the subject of considerable outrage upon its release. The game, intended to be a humorous rendering of ghetto life, was decried as racist for its unflinching use of racial stereotypes. Hasbro sought and received an injunction against Ghettopoly's designer.[111][115]
Make Your Own -OPOLY:[116] This game allows players considerable freedom in customizing the board, money, and rules.
Matador: The unlicensed Danish version from BRIO with a round board instead of the square one, cars instead of tokens and includes breweries and ferries to buy. The game also has candy and a popular TV series Matador named after it.
Turism,[117] a variant sold in Romania.
Kleptopoly, released in 2017 where users can be like Jho Low. Inspired by the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal.[118]
Games by locale or theme[edit]
There have been a large number of localized editions, broken down here by region:
List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: Africa and Asia (including the Middle East and South-East Asia but excluding Russia and Turkey)
List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: Europe (including Russia and Turkey)
List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: North America (including Central America but excluding the United States of America)
List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: Oceania (Australia and New Zealand)
List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: South America
List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly: USA (including the United States of America and all editions based on commercial brands)
Unauthorized and parody games[edit]
This list is of unauthorized, unlicensed games based on Monopoly:
Anti-Monopoly – Technically, the game is sold under license from Hasbro. According to the History of the board game Monopoly, shortly after Public Law 98-620 was signed into law by President Reagan late in 1984, Dr. Anspach, developer of Anti-Monopoly, reached an agreement with Parker Brothers (now owned by Hasbro); assigning them the Anti-Monopoly trademark while retaining its use under license.[16][17][15]
[show]Gay Monopoly[119]
Copyright date: 1983 Released by: Fire Island Games, Inc.
Game description: Gay Monopoly – A celebration of gay life.
Tokens: Jeep, teddy bear, blow drier, leather cap, handcuffs, stiletto heel.
Other features: Board layout is circular rather than square.
Ghettopoly
[show]Micropoly – The Microsoft Monopoly Game[120]
Copyright date: Open source Released by: The Micropoly Project Issued through: Download
Free Software
XEROX
$220 Download SGI
$220 APPLE
$240 Internet Service Provider
AOL
$200 REAL NETWORKS
$260 AMAZON
$260 Television Network
MSNBC
$150 YAHOO
$280 Corrupted Registry: Goto Reinstall
3COM
$200 Micropoly – The Microsoft Monopoly Game[120] HP
$300
CISCO
$180 IBM
$300
Open Sources Open Sources
NOVELL
$180 SUN
$320
Internet Service Provider
UUNET
$200 Internet Service Provider
MSN
$200
ADOBE
$160 Download
ORACLE
$140 INTEL
$350
Computer Network
NETWORK SOLUTIONS
$150 Antitrust Ruling
(pay $75)
NETSCAPE
$140 MICROSOFT
$400
Reinstall Windows/Just Rebooting DELL
$120 COMPAQ
$100 Download MOTOROLA
$100 Internet Service Provider
MINDSPRING
$200 Deposition
(pay 10% or $200) LUSH CREATIONS
$60 Open Sources AETHER-SPHERE
$60 Start
Collect $200 salary as you pass
Game description: A parody game based on Anti-Monopoly.
Other features: Chance is Download, Community Chest is Open Sources and the Railroads are Internet Service Provider(s).
Middopoly
Memeopolis (Android app)
World editions[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Monopoly Here and Now: The World Edition
Publisher(s)
Parker Brothers
Players
2–6
Setup time
5–15 minutes
Playing time
About 1.5 hours
Random chance
High (dice rolling, card drawing)
Skill(s) required
Negotiation, basic resource management
In 2008, Hasbro released Monopoly Here and Now: The World Edition. This world edition features top locations of the world. The locations were decided by votes over the Internet. The result of the voting was announced on August 20, 2008.[121]
Out of these, Gdynia is especially notable, as it is by far the smallest city of those featured and won the vote thanks to a spontaneous, large-scale mobilization of support started by its citizens. The new game uses its own currency unit, the Monopolonian (a game-based take on the Euro; designated by M). The game uses said unit in millions and thousands. As seen below, there is no dark purple color-group, as that is replaced by brown, as in the European version of the game.[citation needed]
It is also notable that three cities (Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver) are from Canada and three other cities (Beijing, Hong Kong, and Shanghai) are from the People's Republic of China. No other countries are represented by more than one city.[citation needed]
Of the 68 cities listed on Hasbro Inc.'s website for the vote, Jerusalem, was chosen as one of the 20 cities to be featured in the newest Monopoly World Edition.[122] Before the vote took place, a Hasbro employee in the London office eliminated the country signifier "Israel" after the city, in response to pressure from pro-Palestinian advocacy groups.[123] After the Israeli government protested, Hasbro Inc. issued a statement that read: "It was a bad decision, one that we rectified relatively quickly. This is a game. We never wanted to enter into any political debate. We apologize to our Monopoly fans."[122]
show
Monopoly Here and Now: The World Edition (2008)
Free Parking
Sydney
M2.2M Chance
?
New York City
M2.2M London
M2.4M Monopoly Cruise
M2M Beijing
M2.6M Hong Kong
M2.6M Wind Energy
M1.5M Jerusalem
M2.8M Go To Jail
Vancouver
M2M
MONOPOLY
Here and Now:
The World Edition
Paris
M3M
Shanghai
M1.8M Belgrade
M3M
Community Chest Community Chest
Rome
M1.8M Cape Town
M3.2M
Monopoly Air
M2M Monopoly Space
M2M
Toronto
M1.6M Chance
?
Kyiv
M1.4M Riga
M3.5M
Solar Energy
M1.5M Super Tax
pay M1M
Istanbul
M1.4M Montreal
M4M
In Jail/Just Visiting Athens
M1.2M Barcelona
M1M Chance
?
Tokyo
M1M Monopoly Rail
M2M Income Tax
pay M2M Taipei
M600K Community Chest Gdynia
M600K Collect M2M salary as you pass
GO
A similar online vote was held in early 2015 for an updated version of the game. The resulting board should be released worldwide in late 2015.[needs update] Lima, Peru won the vote and will hold the Boardwalk space.[124]
Deluxe editions[edit]
Hasbro sells a Deluxe Edition, which is mostly identical to the classic edition but has wooden houses and hotels and gold-toned tokens, including one token in addition to the standard eleven, a railroad locomotive. Other additions to the Deluxe Edition include a card carousel, which holds the title deed cards, and money printed with two colors of ink.[125]
In 1978, retailer Neiman Marcus manufactured and sold an all-chocolate edition of Monopoly through its "Christmas Wish Book" for that year. The entire set was edible, including the money, dice, hotels, properties, tokens and playing board. The set retailed for $600.[126]
In 2000, the FAO Schwarz store in New York City sold a custom version called One-Of-A-Kind Monopoly for $100,000.[127] This special edition comes in a locking attaché case made with Napolino leather and lined in suede, and features include:
18-carat (75%) gold tokens, houses, and hotels
Rosewood board
Street names written in gold leaf
Emeralds around the Chance icon
Sapphires around the Community Chest
Rubies in the brake lights of the car on the Free Parking Space
The money is real, negotiable United States currency
The Guinness Book of World Records states that a set worth $2,000,000 and made of 23-carat gold, with rubies and sapphires atop the chimneys of the houses and hotels, is the most expensive Monopoly set ever produced.[128] This set was designed by artist Sidney Mobell to honor the game's 50th anniversary in 1985, and is now in the Smithsonian Institution.[129]
Reception[edit]
Wired magazine believes Monopoly is a poorly designed game. Former Wall Streeter Derk Solko explains, "Monopoly has you grinding your opponents into dust. It's a very negative experience. It's all about cackling when your opponent lands on your space and you get to take all their money."[130]
Most of the three to four-hour average playing time is spent waiting for other players to play their turn. "Board game enthusiasts disparagingly call this a 'roll your dice, move your mice' format".[130]
The hobby-gaming community BoardGameGeek is especially critical.[131] User reviews of Monopoly rank the game among the 20 worst games out of nearly 10,000 ranked in the database with an average rating of 4.422 out of 10.[132]
See also[edit]
List of world championships in mind sports
Rich Uncle Pennybags, also known as "Mr. Monopoly", the game's mascot character
References[edit]
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b c Pilon, Mary (February 13, 2015). "Monopoly's Inventor: The Progressive Who Didn't Pass 'Go'". The New York Times. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Burton H. Wolfe (1976). "The Monopolization of Monopoly: Louis & Fred Thun". The San Francisco Bay Guardian. Archived from the original on November 30, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ Wagner, Erica (24 June 2015). "Do not pass go: the tangled roots of Monopoly". New Statesman.
Jump up ^ US patent 00748626, L. J. Mag-ie, "Game-board", published Jan 5, 1904
Jump up ^ Orbanes, Philip E. (2006). Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game & How it Got that Way. Da Capo Press. p. 22. ISBN 0-306-81489-7.
Jump up ^ Pilon, Mary (2015). The Monopolists: Obsession, Fury, and the Scandal Behind the World's Favorite Board Game. New York, London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. pp. 30–41, 67–79, 84–89. ISBN 978-1-60819-963-1.
Jump up ^ Pilon 2015, pp. 90–92, 132–133.
Jump up ^ Brady. The Monopoly Book. Page 18.
Jump up ^ Anspach, The Billion Dollar Monopoly Swindle, pages 100–101.
Jump up ^ "Monopoly board game goes on sale for... February 6 in History". BrainyHistory.
Jump up ^ Pilon, Mary (January 2015). "Monopoly Was Designed to Teach the 99% About Income Inequality". Smithsonian Magazine.
Jump up ^ US patent 2026082, Charles Darrow, "Board Game Apparatus", issued 1935-12-31, assigned to Parker Brothers Inc.
Jump up ^ Brian McMahon (November 29, 2007). "How board game helped free POWs". Retrieved December 7, 2007. (originally on Mental floss magazine)
Jump up ^ Ki Mae Heussner (September 18, 2009). "Get Out of Jail Free: Monopoly's Hidden Maps". ABC News. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "How a Fight Over a Board Game Monopolized an Economist's Life". Wall Street Journal. October 20, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Trademark Clarification Act of 1984" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b Pilon 2015, p. 241.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pilon, Mary (October 20, 2009). "How a Fight Over a Board Game Monopolized an Economist's Life". The Wall Street Journal.
^ Jump up to: a b Seay, Elizabeth (September 28, 1998). "Get on Board". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Rivenburg, Roy (June 6, 2005). "Still passing 'Go'". The Vindicator. Los Angeles Times. p. B5. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mannes, Tanya (December 19, 2011). "Board game inventors spill secrets". San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hasbro sues 'Ghettopoly' creator". NBC News. 22 October 2003. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
Jump up ^ ""Community Chest" of variations". The Vindicator. Los Angeles Times. June 6, 2005. p. B5. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kavilanz, Parija (10 January 2017). "Monopoly wants the internet to pick its next eight figurines". CNNMoney. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Horton, J. Matthew. "The Monopoly Board". Extras. worldofmonopoly.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Early Chance and Community Chance cards Archived March 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. on Adena.com
^ Jump up to: a b Blue Community Chest Cards, an illustration from sundown-farm-and-ranch.com
Jump up ^ "Original 1935 Edition Board Game Rules from Winning-Moves.com" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b c Orbanes, Philip E. (2013). Monopoly, Money, and You: How to Profit from the Game's Secrets of Success (Nook E-Book ed.). McGraw Hill Education. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-07-180844-6.
Jump up ^ Horton, J. Matthew. "Monopoly History – How old is my Monopoly game?". Monopoly History. worldofmonopoly.com. Archived from the original on January 26, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kennedy, Rod; Jim Waltzer (2004). 'Monopoly: the story behind the world's best-selling game. Salt Lake City, Utah: Gibbs Smith.
Jump up ^ Orbanes, Philip E. (2006). 'Monopoly: the world's most famous game & how it got that way'. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. p. 53.
Jump up ^ "Monopoly, Present at the Creation". NPR. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Baer, Christopher (1994). The Route of the Blue Comet. West Jersey Chapter of the National Railroad Historical Society.
Jump up ^ Garber, Megan. "How Monopoly Games Helped Allied POWs Escape During World War II: Even trivial changes to a trivial board game can shift the course of history". Atlantic.com. Atlantic Monthly. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Calgary vies for Monopoly real estate". CBC News. January 13, 2010. Archived from the original on January 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ Horton, J. Matthew. "Notable Editions". Monopoly History. worldofmonopoly.com. Archived from the original on February 21, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Horton, J. Matthew. "1999–2008". Monopoly History. worldofmonopoly.com. Archived from the original on December 2, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Monopoly: Here and Now (US) on About.com.
Jump up ^ Announcement of the renaming of Jacobs Field to Progressive Field on January 11, 2008 (via cleveland.com)
Jump up ^ Oldenburg, Don. "MONOPOLY HERE AND NOW U.S. Edition Game". Parents' Choice Foundation. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "MONOPOLY Here & Now". BuzzFeed.
Jump up ^ "Monopoly Empire". BoardGameGeek.
Jump up ^ Hasbro. "Monopoly Empire – Monopoly". www.hasbro.com.
Jump up ^ "MICHAEL BOWLING V. HASBRO" (PDF). uscourst.gov.
Jump up ^ "Fancy-dice maker sees patent case roll his way". tucson.com.
Jump up ^ "i801.photobucket.com".
Jump up ^ https://mashable.com/2016/02/17/monopoly-ultimate-banking-edition/
Jump up ^ https://www.digit.in/general/indias-cashless-drive-inspired-hasbro-to-make-monopoly-electronic-banking-36703.html
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Arneson, Erik. "New Monopoly Piece". About.com Home. About, Inc. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hasbro aims to jazz up Monopoly with new token". CBS News.com. CBS News. AP. January 10, 2013. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Darwin, Clarence B. Passing Go: Early Monopoly 1933–1937 (1 revised ed.). River Forest, Illinois: Folkopoly Press. p. 206.
Jump up ^ Darwin, Clarence B. Passing Go: Early Monopoly 1933–1937 (1, revised ed.). River Forest, Illinois: Folkopoly Press. pp. 207–208.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Truitt, Brian (January 9, 2013). "Token change for 'Monopoly' to replace an iconic piece". USA Today. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Monopoly board game token to be axed, replaced by new piece". digital spy.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Meow! Hasbro unveils new token for Monopoly". CBS News. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Kavilanz, Parija (17 March 2017). "Monopoly kicks out three classic game tokens". CNN. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Whitten, Sarah (16 February 2017). "Monopoly says goodbye to iconic thimble token". CNBC. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Golden Token Edition Archived January 17, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. product page at tesco.com
Jump up ^ Brady, Maxine (1974). The Monopoly Book. David McKay Company. pp. 143–144. ISBN 0-679-20292-7.
Jump up ^ "These Just In". Now Playing. Computer Gaming World. August 1994. pp. 152–156.
Jump up ^ Dove, Laurie L. "5 Monopoly House Rules You Should Ditch". Howstuffworks.com. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hasbro Unveils World's Favorite "House Rules" to Be Included in Future Monopoly Games". MarketWatch.
Jump up ^ The Mayfair Set – Episode 4 (Adam Curtis, BBC on YouTube
Jump up ^ Collins, Truman (1997). "Monopoly Square Probabilities". Retrieved May 28, 2006. ; the page includes detailed analyses of expected income from each property and discussion of the strategic implications.
Jump up ^ Brandreth, Gyles (1985). The Monopoly Omnibus (First hardcover ed.). Willow Books. p. 19. ISBN 0-00-218166-5.
Jump up ^ Hasbro. "Monopoly Game Official Website – Monopoly Board Game – Hasbro". hasbro.com.
Jump up ^ "1936 Stock Exchange Game". Retrieved October 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ BoardGameGeek.com page for the original Monopoly Stock Exchange add-on. Retrieved January 1, 2006.
Jump up ^ BoardGameGeek.com page for the Monopoly Stock Exchange edition that came with a specialized calculator. Retrieved January 1, 2006.
Jump up ^ "BoardGameGeek.com page for the Monopoly Playmaster electronic accessory". boardgamegeek.com. Retrieved January 1, 2006.
Jump up ^ "BoardGameGeek.com page for the Monopoly Get Out of Jail Mini Game". boardgamegeek.com. Retrieved October 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Hasbro.com page for the Monopoly Get Out of Jail Mini Game". hasbro.com. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "BoardGameGeek.com page for the Monopoly Free Parking Mini Game". boardgamegeek.com. Retrieved October 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Hasbro.com page for the Monopoly Free Parking Mini Game". hasbro.com. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ Calligeros, Marissa (April 5, 2010). "Old favourite still streets ahead". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Monopoly – Speed Die Edition". About.com Home. About, Inc. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Monopoly: Mega Edition Rules" (PDF). winning-moves.com. Winning Moves, Inc. 2006. pp. 2–3. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Monopoly Rules" (PDF). Hasbro.com. Hasbro. 2007. pp. 1–2. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Tostado, Kevin. Under the Boardwalk: The MONOPOLY Story. Tostie Productions, 2010, film.
Jump up ^ Arneson, Erik. "Monopoly Express". About.com Home. About, Inc. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hasbro.com entry on MONOPOLY EXPRESS Archived October 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Arneson, Erik. "Free Parking". About.com Home. About, Inc. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Arneson, Erik. "Monopoly Town". About.com Home. About, Inc. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Monopoly for GEN". GameSpot. 2006. Retrieved December 23, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Monopoly Electronic Handheld Electronic Game instructions" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "MONOPOLY Luxury Diamonds slot machine—WMS GAMING". Retrieved 2018-02-02.
Jump up ^ "WMS introduces MONOPOLY Bigger Event Big Money Spin". Retrieved 2018-02-02.
Jump up ^ "Monopoly Casino".
Jump up ^ "Monopoly Live". Retrieved May 25, 2006.
Jump up ^ Graser, Marc (Nov 12, 2008). "Ridley Scott to direct 'Monopoly'". Variety.
Jump up ^ "'Monopoly' has electric company". The Hollywood Reporter. Nov 12, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Bedder Reveals Monopoly Story Details". Comingsoon.net. November 11, 2009. Retrieved April 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ Fritz, Ben (January 30, 2012). "Universal-Hasbro deal fizzles with departure of 'Stretch Armstrong'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Rich, Katey (February 7, 2012). "Universal Paid Millions To Not Make Hasbro's Board Game Movies". Cinema Blend.com. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hungry Hungry Hippos, Action Man, Monopoly headed to big screen". Los Angeles Times.
^ Jump up to: a b Schaefer, Sandy (July 1, 2015). "'Monopoly' Gets A Synopsis; Andrew Niccol Writing The Script". Screen Rant.
Jump up ^ Callan, Patrick (July 2, 2015). "Monopoly movie passes go". Kidscreen. Brunico Communications Ltd. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ iTunes Store listing – Under the Boardwalk UTB on iTunes
Jump up ^ "Nataspsw.org" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Under the Boardwalk – The MONOPOLY Story Official website
Jump up ^ Monopoly on IMDb
Jump up ^ "Home – 2015 U.S. Monopoly Game Quiz". monopolychamps.com.
Jump up ^ "USA Representative Chosen! – 2015 U.S. Monopoly Game Quiz". monopolychamps.com.
Jump up ^ Under the Boardwalk, LLC. "Under the Boardwalk: The MONOPOLY Story – 2015 MONOPOLY Championship Info". monopolydocumentary.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nicoló Falcone of Italy Defeats Defending Champion Bjørn Halvard Knappskog of Norway to Win 2015 Monopoly World Championship! – Business Wire". businesswire.com. September 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "HONG KONG WINS WORLD MONOPOLY GAME CHAMPIONSHIP".
Jump up ^ "Monopoly Game World Champions". monopolycity.com. Advanced Systems. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Norwegian teen wins Monopoly world championship". AFP. October 23, 2009. Archived from the original on October 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions about MONOPOLY". Retrieved 2009-02-26.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hasbro: Do not pass go, Ghettopoly". USA Tdoay. AP. October 23, 2003. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Anti-Monopoly". BoardGameGeek, LLC. Retrieved 13 August 2013. The "Bust~the~Trust!" Game. The basic idea of the game is to end the monopolistic practices of the 3-company-combinations of the gameboard. The players are Trust-Busting lawyers going about the board slapping lawsuits on the monopolies. The winning trust buster is the one who ends with the largest number of social-credit points when one of the players runs out of money.
Jump up ^ "Business Delux" on the India page of a "Monopoly Lexicon". Archived January 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 6, 2012
Jump up ^ "Recenze: Dostihy a sázky – koně, hazard, peníze" Retrieved October 6, 2012
Jump up ^ Decision from Archived September 24, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. the United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island, dated May 18, 2006. PDF file.
Jump up ^ "Make Your Own -OPOLY: The first do-it-yourself board game". Archived from the original on February 21, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Perioada comunista: Turism – Prezentare si poze componente". Board Games BLOG – jocuri de societate, jocuri pe tabla, review-uri, prezentari, intalniri, sesiuni.
Jump up ^ "Kleptopoly".
Jump up ^ "BoardGameGeek – Gay Monopoly". Retrieved 2009-02-27.
Jump up ^ "Micropoly – The Microsoft Monopoly Game". Archived from the original on 2008-05-30.
Jump up ^ "Montreal top property in new Monopoly game – CTV.ca. Retrieved 2008/08/20 01:14 pm UTC". Ctv.ca. August 20, 2008. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Monopoly Contest Stirs Up Jerusalem Conflict, Associated Press, published February 21, 2008.
Jump up ^ "From Hasbro, regarding removal of Israel from World Monopoly vote". February 20, 2008.
Jump up ^ "MONOPOLY Here & Now". BuzzFeed.
Jump up ^ "MONOPOLY – Deluxe Edition". Retrieved 1 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Orbanes, Philip (1988). The Monopoly Companion (First ed.). Bob Adams, Inc. p. 20. ISBN 1-55850-950-X.
Jump up ^ Archived article Archived January 15, 2005, at the Wayback Machine. from Business Wire, stored at Findarticles.com. Retrieved January 1, 2006.
Jump up ^ Most Expensive Monopoly Set world record. Archived February 9, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Stromberg, Joseph. "The Jeweled Art of Sidney Mobell". Smithsonian. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ Jump up to: a b Curry, Andrew (January 4, 2009). "Monopoly Killer: Perfect German Board Game Redefines Genre". Wired. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Why Hobby Gamers Don't Like Monopoly – Monopoly – BoardGameGeek". boardgamegeek.com.
Jump up ^ "Monopoly Board Game". BoardGameGeek.
Further reading[edit]
Bibliography
Doll, Jen. "An Anti-Capitalist Woman Invented Monopoly and a Man Got All the Credit", The New Republic Feb. 5, 2015 online
Pilon, Mary, The Monopolists: Obsession, Fury, and the Scandal Behind the World's Favorite Board Game (Bloomsbury, 2015)
Monopoly as a Markov Process, by R. Ash and R. Bishop, Mathematics Magazine, vol. 45 (1972) pp. 26–29.
Take a Walk on the Boardwalk, by S. Abbott and M. Richey, College Mathematics Journal, vol. 10, no. 3 (May, 1997) pp. 162–171.
Anspach, Ralph (2000). The Billion Dollar MONOPOLY Swindle (Second ed.). Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 0-7388-3139-5. [self-published source]
Brady, Maxine (1974). The Monopoly Book: Strategy and Tactics of the World's Most Popular Game (First hardcover ed.). D. McKay Co. ISBN 0-679-20292-7.
Darzinskis, Kaz (1987). Winning Monopoly: A Complete Guide to Property Accumulation, Cash-Flow Strategy, and Negotiating Techniques When Playing the Best-Selling Board Game (First ed.). Harper & Row, New York. ISBN 0-06-096127-9.
Moore, Tim (2004). Do Not Pass Go. Vintage Books. ISBN 0-09-943386-9.
"Monopoly launches UK-wide edition". BBC. September 24, 2007. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
"Monopoly World Champion". BBC. January 2, 2012. Retrieved January 3, 2012. [permanent dead link]
Reader's Digest: The truth about history (2003) article "Monopoly on ideas".
External links[edit]
The Wikibook Monopoly has a page on the topic of: Strategy
The Wikibook Monopoly has a page on the topic of: Official Rules
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monopoly (game).
The official Hasbro site
The official US Monopoly web site
Hasbro's Fun Facts page
worldofmonopoly.com Monopoly history, properties around the world and various editions.
Monopoly Tournaments.com
U.S. Patent 2,026,082 Patent awarded to C. B. Darrow for Monopoly on December 31, 1935
Atlantic City 150th Anniversary series of articles from the newspaper Courier Post, which describe the streets of Atlantic City that appear on Monopoly
History of Monopoly
Online Monopoly Simulator interactive, customizable real-world Monopoly simulator and estimated win percentage generator.
Monopoly Nerd Blog The strategies, tactics, and math behind Monopoly.
Over 1700 Monopoly versions, updated continuously (some unofficial)
Database of street names in local editions
Monopoly games and places from around the world
What The Monopoly Properties Look Like In Real Life « Scouting NY (September 23, 2013)
[show]
v
t
e
Monopoly
History
History of Monopoly
Chance and Community Chest cards
Game designers
and early publishers
Elizabeth "Lizzie" Magie
Scott Nearing
Charles Darrow
Related games
Anti-Monopoly
The Landlord's Game
Easy Money
Finance
Hasbro Monopoly
and licensees
Monopoly
Parker Brothers
Milton Bradley
Hasbro
Waddingtons
Winning Moves
Get Out of Jail Free card
Rich Uncle Pennybags
Monopoly money
Modern variants
Licensed and localized editions
My Monopoly
Monopoly: The Mega Edition
Monopoly City
Spin-off games
Board/dice games
Monopoly Junior
Advance to Boardwalk
Don't Go to Jail (Monopoly Express)
Card games
Free Parking
Waterworks
Monopoly: The Card Game
Express Monopoly
Monopoly Deal
Monopoly on television
1990 game show
Monopoly Millionaires' Club
Family Game Night
Monopoly metaphors
and idioms
"Do not pass Go. Do not collect $200."
"Get Out of Jail Free card"
"Monopoly money"
See also
Ralph Anspach
McDonald's Monopoly
Late for the Sky
Pinball game
Monopoly Tycoon
Monopoly Party
Video games
London Monopoly locations
Monopoly City Streets
The Mad Magazine Game
Monopoly Millionaires' Club
[show]
v
t
e
Hasbro
Intellectual properties
currently managed
by Hasbro
Toys
Action Man
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Blythe
Easy-Bake Oven
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