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Fallout 4: Far Harbor
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Fallout 4: Far Harbor
Developer(s)
Bethesda Game Studios
Publisher(s)
Bethesda Softworks
Series
Fallout
Engine
Creation Engine
Platform(s)
Microsoft Windows
PlayStation 4
Xbox One
Release
WW: May 19, 2016
Genre(s)
Action role-playing
Mode(s)
Single-player video game
Fallout 4: Far Harbor is an expansion pack for the 2015 video game Fallout 4, developed by Bethesda Game Studios and published by Bethesda Softworks. Far Harbor was released on May 19, 2016 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One as downloadable content (DLC). The game is set in the year 2287, in the aftermath of a nuclear war that destroys most of the United States. In the expansion, the player character is recruited by a detective agency to investigate the disappearance of a young girl living in a remote area.
The game can be played in first-person or third-person perspective; in either case, the player controls the protagonist throughout their investigation on The Island, a landmass off the coast of Maine. Far Harbor's main gameplay consists of quests and puzzle sections. Upon completing the quests in the game, the player is rewarded with bottle caps from Nuka-Cola bottles (the franchise's main fictional currency), and experience points. The puzzles feature a variety of different game mechanics; some require the player to hit targets with lasers, and others allow building using blocks.
Far Harbor's announcement was made three months after the release of Fallout 4. The expansion was influenced by player feedback on the base game's dialogue system, which was not considered to be as successful as the other game mechanics. The development team also noticed the players' interest in releases that added large amounts of explorable territory. The price of Fallout 4's season pass was increased because of the expansion's size. The expansion received generally favorable reviews from critics. The addition of new quests was praised, but there were mixed opinions on the expansion's atmosphere and its use of fog. The main criticisms were directed at the puzzles, which reviewers thought were a waste of time, unnecessary, or overly frustrating. In July 2016, Guillaume Veer accused Bethesda of copying his Fallout: New Vegas mod, named Autumn Leaves, though Veer said that he was not upset even if Bethesda had deliberately incorporated material from Autumn Leaves in Far Harbor.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
2 Synopsis
2.1 Setting and characters
2.2 Plot
2.2.1 Endings
3 Development and release
4 Reception
4.1 Similarities with Autumn Leaves
5 References
6 External links
Gameplay[edit]
Main article: Fallout 4 § Gameplay
Fallout 4: Far Harbor is an expansion pack for the action role-playing game, Fallout 4,[1] the fifth installment in the Fallout series. It is set 210 years after "The Great War", which resulted in nuclear devastation across the United States.[2][3][4] The expansion is similar to the base game in that the player character (the "Sole Survivor") is tasked with investigating a character's disappearance. In the base game, the player is searching for their lost family,[3] while in Far Harbor, the player is recruited by the Valentine Detective Agency to investigate the disappearance of a young girl named Kasumi.[5][6] Both the base game and the expansion pack offer the ability to swap between first-person and third-person perspectives.[7] The expansion is set on a radioactive, fog-smothered island,[5][6] and is located in Fallout's version of Bar Harbor, a town in Hancock County, Maine.[8] Far Harbor features three factions which include both violent and peaceful non-player characters.[6][9]
Far Harbor is set on a foggy island. As in Fallout 4, the player character can use the Power Armor, as indicated by the HUD.
The expansion contains quests and puzzles that the player must solve. There are different ways to complete quests, all with their own pitfalls. Peaceful resolutions can be made with characters and factions, though these can have ill effects, such as releasing secrets or worsening relations with other factions.[10] Violent completion of quests may be faster, though they can result in the weakening of alliances between the player and the factions.[11][10] In some of the puzzle sections, the player directs lasers to hit designated targets; others require the player to build with blocks, as in Minecraft. Puzzle sections were not featured in the base game.[6][12] Upon completion of quests, the assisted factions reward the protagonist with Nuka-Cola bottle caps, one of the fictional currencies found throughout the Fallout series.[13] The player character also gains experience points.[14] Some of the quests include investigating minor mysteries, retrieving missing items, solving disagreements, and clearing out monster-infested areas.[13]
One of the gameplay mechanics which carried over from the previous iterations is V.A.T.S. (Vault-Tec Assisted Targeting System). While using V.A.T.S., real-time combat is slowed, allowing the player to choose where to shoot the enemy: shooting enemies in the head will typically result in death while shooting their legs can slow them. Weapons can also be shot at to disarm the enemy. Using V.A.T.S. lowers the player's stamina (Action Points, or AP). Some actions are unavailable to the player if their stamina is insufficient, in which case the player has to wait for their AP to regenerate. The use of Power Armor in combat increases the rate at which the player's AP are used.[15] The Pip-Boy, a small computer strapped to the character's wrist, also plays a role in both Fallout 4 and Far Harbor. It contains a menu which the player can access to view maps, statistics, data, and items,[16] and when the player is able to visit Far Harbor, the Pip-boy will receive a signal from Valentine's Detective Agency.[17]
Synopsis[edit]
Setting and characters[edit]
Far Harbor's fictional setting is based on Bar Harbor, a town in Maine (pictured).
The expansion is set on a post-apocalyptic version of Mount Desert Island, known in-game as The Island, which is north-east of the Commonwealth, Fallout's post-apocalyptic version of Boston, Massachusetts. The starting point is the town of Far Harbor.[8] The Island, where many unique creatures reside, is blanketed by radioactive fog. Because the creatures that live inside the fog are unwilling to go anywhere without it, the town uses devices called fog condensers to turn the fog into liquid in order to protect its inhabitants.[9][18]
There are three major conflicting factions present in the expansion, all residing in separate areas: the Harbormen of Far Harbor; the synth (synthetic humans) colony of Acadia; and the Church of the Children of Atom. The Harbormen of Far Harbor are led by the town leader, Captain Avery, and seek to reclaim The Island from the fog that has gradually driven them out of their homes. The Children of Atom live in an old nuclear submarine base called the Nucleus and are led by High Confessor Tektus. Tektus is a fanatical follower of the Church of Atom who seeks to disable or destroy the fog condensers. The refuge for the synth colony of Acadia is an abandoned research center at the top of The Island; the group are led by a mysterious prototype synth called DiMA. DiMA is friendly to both the Harbormen and the Children so long as Acadia remains autonomous and isolated from the rest of the world.[9][19][20]
Plot[edit]
Valentine's Detective Agency receives a request for help from Kenji and Rei Nakano, a husband and wife living in a remote corner of the Commonwealth:[17] their daughter, Kasumi, has vanished without a trace or explanation. The Sole Survivor is sent to investigate, discovers Kasumi had been in contact with Acadia and borrows Kenji's boat to follow her. Arriving in the town of Far Harbor, the Sole Survivor finds The Island locked in a tense stalemate between the local residents and the Children of Atom. With the aid of a local hunter and one of the Harbormen named Old Longfellow, the Sole Survivor finds Kasumi living in Acadia. Kasumi has come to believe that she is a synth, and has sought refuge in Acadia, even though she has started to doubt the intentions of DiMA. At Kasumi's behest, the Sole Survivor switches focus to investigating DiMA, and gradually learns he has consciously chosen to store some of his memories on hard drives outside of his body. He has hidden them inside a computer simulation in the Children of Atom's base, the Nucleus, but has grown increasingly concerned that if the Children access the memories, they will have the means to destroy Far Harbor. The Sole Survivor approaches the Children of Atom to recover DiMA's memories and learns that he put in place a series of fail-safes to protect Acadia, and to preserve the balance of power between Far Harbor and the Children of Atom. These are the access codes to a nuclear warhead, stored within the Nucleus, and the means to sabotage the fog condensers protecting Far Harbor. The Sole Survivor also discovers that DiMA murdered Captain Avery and replaced her with a synth to maintain peace between Far Harbor and Acadia.
Endings[edit]
There are eight possible endings. The Sole Survivor is faced with a choice: to destroy Far Harbor, to destroy the Children of Atom, or to inform the people of Far Harbor of DiMA's crime and trigger a feud between the Harbormen and Acadia.[21] Should the player choose to detonate the warhead, the Harbormen will take control of the island, while if the player destroys the fog condensers, the Children will become dominant. In both scenarios Acadia will be spared, though DiMA will disapprove of the player's actions. Alternatively, if the player confronts DiMA over Avery's murder, Acadia may become hostile.[21] The Sole Survivor is able to establish a more permanent peace between all parties by assassinating or chasing away High Confessor Tektus, and allowing DiMA to replace him with a synth who will adopt a more moderate stance towards the Harbormen.[21] The Sole Survivor can choose to make the main factions aware of Acadia's existence.[22] If so, The Institute, a scientific organization that made the synths, will send agents to reclaim the synths, while the Brotherhood of Steel, a quasi-religious organization rooted in the United States Armed Forces, will launch an expedition to exterminate them. The Railroad, a group opposed to the existence of The Institute with the aim of freeing sentient synths, will send an operative to make contact with Acadia, though the latter will reject their help.[22]
In the aftermath, the Sole Survivor returns to the Nakano family back in the Commonwealth. Kasumi, depending on the player's choices, may return with the player character or stay in Acadia.[23]
Development and release[edit]
"Then we have an opportunity with something like Far Harbor. Like: okay, how many different ways can it end—let's give them some more choice. So it's not just a one-off, meaning Fallout 4 comes out and then we forget about it—it's an ongoing thing. The feedback we get is really, really helpful."
Todd Howard, Bethesda director[24]
Far Harbor was developed by Bethesda Game Studios and was announced three months after the official release of Fallout 4—alongside Automatron, Wasteland Workshop, and teasers of other upcoming expansions—in a blog post on February 16, 2016.[25] The expansion was released on May 19, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.[26] Of the first three expansions, Far Harbor added the largest landmass, and was consequently sold at a higher price. It also added new dungeons (self-contained quest locations), quests, creatures, and other miscellaneous features.[27][28] The expansion was included in the Fallout 4 season pass, a collection of all the expansion packs. Because of the large amount of additional content, the price for the pass was increased from US$30 to $50.[29]
The expansion was influenced by feedback from players regarding the dialogue system in Fallout 4, which "didn't work as well as other features".[30] The dialogue system in Fallout games allows the players to converse with and influence the non-player characters.[31] The dialogue options in Far Harbor were designed to give players more flexibility in bringing the game to an end, with the expansion featuring more dialogue choices.[30] The development team also found players were interested in visiting new locations, adding inspiration to Far Harbor albeit at increased development cost and time to completion.[32]
Two weeks after the expansion's official release, the PlayStation 4 version was re-released to fix performance issues.[33] In a performance analysis by Eurogamer's Digital Foundry, it was discovered that although Fallout 4 typically ran at 30 frames per second (fps), when the player was outside and, in Far Harbor's foggy biomes, the frame rate could drop to 15 fps, and could drop even lower during action-oriented events such as firefights. In the same analysis, the Xbox One version was found to run at 20–30 fps but experienced various issues, such as stuttering and software lock-ups.[34] The update toned down the level of fog, and was successful in making the game more stable.[35]
Reception[edit]
Fallout 4: Far Harbor
Aggregate score
Aggregator
Score
Metacritic PC: 79/100[42]
PS4: 75/100[43]
XONE: 78/100[44]
Review scores
Publication
Score
Destructoid PS4: 5/10[5]
Game Revolution XONE: 4.5/5[36]
GameSpot 6/10[38]
IGN PC: 8.3/10[6]
PS4: 7.7/10[39]
XONE: 8.5/10[40]
PC Gamer (US) PC: 80/100[13]
VideoGamer.com PS4: 8/10[37]
Metro (GameCentral) PS4: 7/10[41]
Edit on wikidata
Fallout 4: Far Harbor was released to "generally favorable" reviews, according to the review aggregator Metacritic.[42][43][44] The new quests drew praise from reviewers, though the puzzle sections were criticized. In particular, Dan Stapleton (IGN) expressed admiration for the new quests but said that the puzzle rooms were "so hard to fail I'm not sure why Bethesda bothered".[6] He also mentioned that the Far Harbor expansion contained some of the strongest quest content in Fallout 4.[6] Peter Brown (GameSpot) commended the addition of "hours of side quests driven by curious characters",[38] and the staff at Game Central agreed.[41] Matt Wittaker (Hardcore Gamer) appreciated the quests: he praised the main questline for its focus on "moral ambiguity and tough choices", saying that that was what Fallout fans were seeking.[45] The reviewers for Game Revolution and GameCentral disliked the puzzles, as did Jack de Quidt (Rock, Paper, Shotgun) who regarded them as very frustrating even though he felt they were "a small part of the release".[46] Both de Quidt and the Game Revolution reviewer considered the engine insufficient for the intricate puzzle sequences.[36][46] Several reviewers made comparisons to the video game Minecraft when talking about the block-related content added in the expansion.[6][10][12][47]
Reviewers had varying opinions on the atmosphere and the fog. Stapleton commended the majority of the content except the fog, which he felt became annoying after a time, but Matt Wittaker thought the fog was not much of a nuisance if the player's character was built to mitigate radiation.[6][45] David Ambrosini (IGN) and Christopher Livingston (PC Gamer) both praised the atmosphere; with Livingston saying "you can literally taste [it]".[13][40] Reviewers were also divided over the storyline, with the writers for Game Revolution admiring the story and new characters, while Peter Brown found them uninteresting.[36][38]
Some reviewers did not like the expansion's repetitiveness, and Nic Rowen (Destructoid) was disappointed with the lack of uniqueness in the release.[5] Chad Sapieha (Post Arcade) said that he was growing weary of the repetitive small tasks like managing loot, and traveling between settlements just to dispose of it; he added that he was done with Fallout 4 and its DLC and was prepared to move onto a further installment.[47] David Soriano (IGN) commended the extensive size of the map but felt it was somewhat wasted.[39] Alice Bell (VideoGamer.com) and the reviewers at GameCentral praised the value for money: Bell said that Far Harbor was the best of the first three expansion packs for getting "the most bang for your buck", even taking into account the design flaws.[37][41]
Screenshots (top is of Autumn Leaves, bottom is of Far Harbor) used by Guillaume Veer to show the similarities he noticed between the two releases.
Similarities with Autumn Leaves[edit]
In July 2016, Mod DB user Guillaume Veer, going by the online alias of BaronVonChateau,[48] accused Bethesda of copying one of his Fallout: New Vegas mods, named Autumn Leaves.[49] Comparing the plot of Autumn Leaves and one of Far Harbor's quests called Brain Dead, Veer described both as having “a colorful cast of eccentric robots, in charge of a forgotten Vault where a strange murder happened".[50] Pete Hines, the vice president of Bethesda's marketing team, responded with: "we love our mod community and would never disrespect them",[51] adding that any similarities were completely coincidental.[51]
Other similarities were discussed in an article by Mat Paget (GameSpot), such as the fact that both Far Harbor and Autumn Leaves feature the ability to use the character's voice to determine whether they are a robot.[51] Veer noted that he was not upset with the similarities, saying that he takes inspiration from other games too: "I seriously think this is perfectly okay. After all, Autumn Leaves' inspirations are countless ... and being influenced is a natural part of the writing process."[51] Veer said that having the names of modders in the game's credits for acknowledgement would be beneficial.[50] He also said that he was comfortable even if Bethesda did deliberately use content from Autumn Leaves, and wrote that "I honestly thought Bethesda’s staff played Autumn Leaves, had a blast with it, took some things out of it and made their own thing for Far Harbor. ... And I seriously think this is perfectly okay."[52]
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Bennet family
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Bennet family
The Bennet family at Longbourn, by Hugh Thomson.
Illustration for chapter II (1894).[1]
Full name
Bennet
Birth
Longbourn, Meryton, Hertfordshire, England
Occupation
Landed gentry
Income
£2000 per annum
Rank
Gentry
Primary residence
Longbourn House in the village of Longbourn, Meryton township, in Hertfordshire
Family
Parents
Mr. Bennet and Mrs. Bennet
Children
Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Catherine, Lydia
The Bennet family are a fictional family of dwindling Hertfordshire landed gentry, created by English novelist Jane Austen. The family plays a central role in the novel Pride and Prejudice, since it is the one to which the protagonist, Elizabeth, belongs. The complex relationships between its various members influence the evolution of the plot.
In a society where marriage is the only possible future for a young girl of good family, the presence in the household of five girls to marry with no other advantage than their good looks can only be a source of concern. Yet the Bennet couple do not assume their role as educators: the mother repeatedly makes a spectacle of herself, incapable of realizing that her behaviour is more likely to put off any rich, eligible young man who notices the oldest and prettiest of her daughters. All the while, the father, an indifferent husband, whose mocking gaze only makes things worse, has long-since given up on reining in her behaviour and the behaviour of his younger daughters, regardless of how negatively it affects his daughters' chances of respectable matches.
These girls show very different behaviors according to the education they received or provided themselves: the two eldest daughters, Jane and Elizabeth, show irreproachable conduct and are appreciated by their father, while Mary, less physically attractive, displays intellectual and musical pretensions, and the two youngest are both left almost abandoned to run wild under the sloppy, careless supervision of their ineffectual mother.
Other members of the Bennets staged by Jane Austen are, on the one hand Mrs Bennet's brother and sister – Mr. Gardiner and Mrs. Philips, on the other hand the designated heir of Mr. Bennet's estate, his distant paternal second cousin, the pompous and foolish Mr. William Collins. Mr. Gardiner and Mrs. Philips contribute significantly to the progress and outcome of the story, but at a level and in a different register reflecting their respective social belonging. Collins's character serves as a link between the gentry of Hertfordshire, to which the Bennets belong, and the large property owners Lady Catherine de Bourgh and Mr. Darcy.
The legal, financial or emotional interests that unite or divide the members of the Bennet family allow Jane Austen to build a complex picture of society and to raise a number of societal issues specific to her time, particularly concerning girls' education and legitimacy of certain behaviors.
Contents
[hide]
1 Paternal branch
1.1 Mr. Bennet
1.1.1 Mr Bennet's character
1.1.2 Relationship with wife
1.1.3 Relationship with Elizabeth
1.1.4 Economic shortcomings
2 Maternal branch
2.1 Mrs. Bennet
2.1.1 An ignorant and narrow-minded petite bourgeoise
2.1.2 An egocentric hypochondriac
2.1.3 Guilty negligences
3 Children
3.1 Jane Bennet
3.2 Elizabeth Bennet
3.3 Mary Bennet
3.4 Catherine Bennet
3.5 Lydia Bennet
4 Additional
4.1 Notes
4.2 Bibliography
5 References
Paternal branch[edit]
The narrator elaborates practically nothing regarding the ancestors of Mr Bennet; the only thing that the reader can presume is that a younger Collins son once changed his name to Bennet, possibly in anticipation of receiving an inheritance (as Jane Austen’s own brother did; it was a common practice in Georgian England). Readers of the time would have recognized the impossibility of Mr. Collins being the descendant of a female relative of Mr. Bennet’s, as entails always descended through a strict male line.
As both Collinses, father and son, are described as Mr. Bennet's 'distant' cousins, that would make Mr. Collins Sr. at the very least Mr. Bennet's first cousin once removed.
Mr. Bennet[edit]
Mr. and Mrs. Bennet by Hugh Thomson, 1894
Mr. Bennet, Esquire, is a late-middle-aged landed gentleman of a modest income of £2000 per annum (with an additional interest of £100 per annum from his £2,000 income) from his family estate, Longbourn House, but with no accumulated fortune (as he allows his spendthrift wife to squander much of his annual income), and the patriarch of the now-dwindling Bennet family. He is married to Mrs. Bennet, the daughter of a Meryton attorney, the late Mr. Gardener Sr.[2] Together the couple has five daughters; Jane, Elizabeth ("Lizzy"/"Eliza"), Mary, Catherine ("Kitty"), and Lydia Bennet. None of the daughters are married at the beginning of the novel, much to Mrs. Bennet's dismay.
Mr. Bennet's family estate, Longbourn House, is an estate located within the environs of the township of Meryton, in Hertfordshire. From his family estate, Mr. Bennet derives an annual income of £2,000, which is a respectable income for a gentleman (but certainly not comparable to Mr Darcy's annual income of £10,000,[2] being 1/5 the size). Mr. Bennet's family estate also has an entailment upon it, meant to keep the estate in the sole possession of the family, down the male line, and from being divided-off amongst younger sons and any daughters; it is passed-down amongst male heirs only. For years, Mr. Bennet had had the hope and intention of fathering a son who was to inherit the entire estate; which would see to the entail for another generation, and provide for his widow and any other children he might have. As Mr. Bennet has no immediate male heirs, the estate is entailed upon his next closest living male relative, Mr. William Collins, the son of his late distant cousin who had passed away prior to the events of Pride and Prejudice.
Emily Auerbach criticises Mr Bennet for ignoring the fate of his daughters, and suggests that he possesses "too little sense of duty or responsibility".[3]
Mr Bennet's character[edit]
Mr. Bennet is described by the narrator in his first appearance in the book as "so odd a mixture of quick parts, sarcastic humour, reserve, and caprice, that the experience of three and twenty years had been insufficient to make his wife understand his character". The narrator underlines not only this "odd mixture of intelligence, sarcastic humour, reserve and caprice" which makes up the character of Mr Bennet but also his negligence regarding his duties as husband and father. If he draws the sympathy of the reader by his skill at irony, he has nevertheless a certain number of faults:[4] indifferent and irresponsible, self-centred, set in his ways, indolent, disliking company; he suffers, it is suggested by Phyllis Ferguson Bottomer, from a form of autism.[5] His disengagement is symbolized by his withdrawing into his library and hiding behind his cynical mockery.[6]
Firmly tied to his serenity, he regards the world with an ironic detachment, and seems to lack interest in his neighbours. When he is involved in a social event, such as the ball at Netherfield, it is as a silent and amused witness of the blunders of his family.[7] Even the discovery of Darcy's role in Lydia's marriage only draws from him an exclamation of relief: "So much the better. It will save me a world of trouble and economy".[8]
Relationship with wife[edit]
He has a closer relationship with his wife's poor nerves, calling them his 'old friends' for the past 'twenty-years at least', than with his wife herself. Later in the story (Volume 2, Chapter 19), it is revealed by the narrator that Mr. Bennet had only married his wife based on an initial attraction to her:
"[Mr. Bennet] captivated by youth and beauty, and that appearance of good humour, which youth and beauty generally give, had married a woman, whose weak understanding, and illiberal mind, had, very early in the marriage, put an end to any real affection for her. Respect, esteem, and confidence, had vanished for ever; and all of his views of domestic happiness were overthrown. But Mr. Bennet was not of a disposition to seek comfort for the disappointment which his own imprudence had brought on, in any of those pleasures which too often console the unfortunate of their folly or vice. He was fond of the country and [of books; and from these tastes had arisen his principal enjoyments.[9]
While he openly favours Jane and Elizabeth, who are both of a much steady and genteel dispositions (and, thus, are worth making any effort for in his eyes), he actively distances himself from his wife and younger daughters activities when ever possible, even at social gatherings like assemblies, where he should be attending in order to supervise them all. Mr. Bennet seems to spend most all of his time in his personal sanctuary, Longbourn's library.
Relationship with Elizabeth[edit]
From the beginning of the novel, it is very apparent that Elizabeth is her father's favourite daughter. Mrs. Bennet, in one of her many quasi-hysterical moments, turns on her husband and exclaims: "I desire you will do no such thing. Lizzy is not a bit better than the others; and I am sure she is not half so handsome as Jane, nor half so good humoured as Lydia. But you are always giving her the preference".[10] To which he replies; "They have none of them much to recommend them ... they are all silly and ignorant like other girls; but Lizzy has something more of quickness than her sisters".[11]
Economic shortcomings[edit]
Though Mr. Bennet appears to be an agreeable character, for he does not become involved with Mrs. Bennet's plans, he does have shortcomings which have a real possibility of affecting his wife and daughters' futures. Early in his marriage, his view was that "economy was... perfectly useless".[12] Instead of saving for the future interests of his family, he allows his entire annual income to be spent; this choice was supported by his wife, a spendthrift who "had no turn for economy".[13] It also should be noted that, while Mr. Bennet has done nothing try and put sums of money away to try and save up help his family in the event of his death, he has however made the effort to keep them out of debts ("and her husband's love of independence had alone prevented their exceeding their income").
This lack of economic foresight did not bother Mr. Bennet, because he assumed his wife would eventually bear him a son, who would join him to cut off the entail and secure the financial future of the rest of his family.[13] Since a son was never born, his wife was at risk of impoverishment should he predecease her, and he had no resources to attract suitors for his daughters by means of sizable dowries.
Maternal branch[edit]
The three Gardiners from Meryton: Mrs. Philips, Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Gardiner.[14]
If the narrator remains silent on the ancestors of Mr Bennet, we know a little more about the family of his wife. Mrs. Bennet, born Gardiner and married for twenty-three years (at the start of the novel), is the daughter of an attorney of Meryton in Hertfordshire. She has a brother and a sister, both married. Though equally vulgar, ignorant, thoughtless, tasteless and gossipy, the marriages of the two sisters have resulted in them revolving in different circles (one married a member of the local gentry, the other is wed to one of her late father's law clerks), while their naturally genteel brother has gone on to acquire an education and a higher social status in a respectable line of trade in London.[15]
Mrs. Bennet[edit]
Mrs. Bennet (née Gardiner) is the middle-aged wife of her social superior, Mr. Bennet, and the mother of their five daughters; Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Kitty, and Lydia Bennet. She is the daughter of Mr. Gardiner Sr. (now deceased), a Meryton lawyer, and sister to Mrs. Phillips and Mr. Edward Gardiner.
Austen describes her as "a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper." She is a hypochondriac who imagines herself susceptible to attacks of 'tremors and palpitations' ("[her] poor nerves"). These attacks of 'nerves' usually happen whenever she is defensive or displeased.
Seduced by her "youth and beauty, and that appearance of good-humour which youth and beauty generally give", Mr. Bennet married her quickly, discovering too late that she was silly, narrow-minded and shallow.[16] Her personal fortune inherited from her father amounted to £4,000 (with an additional interest of £200 per annum from this £4,000 inheritance), which is a lot of money for someone of her condition ("and their mother's fortune, though ample for her situation in life, could but ill supply the deficiency of his. Her father had been an attorney in Meryton, and had left her four thousand pounds").[17]
Having married above her station, raising her social class, it has given her an unrealistic estimation of her own worth. She repeatedly makes a spectacle of herself, incapable of realizing that her behaviour is more likely to be off-putting to any rich, eligible young man who would take notice of her daughters. Her vulgar public manners, her crude, artless and transparent efforts at social climbing and matchmaking, and her all-around 'silliness' are a source of constant embarrassment to both Jane and Elizabeth. Her main ambition in life is to marry her daughters off to wealthy men, who she can boast about to her friends and neighbours: Mrs. Phillips (her sister), Lady Lucas (wife of Sir. William Lucas, of Lucas Lodge), Mrs. Long, and Mrs. Goulding (of Haye-Park). Whether or not any such matches will give her daughters happiness is of little concern to her.
Her pastimes are shopping, socializing, and gossiping. Her favourite daughter is her youngest, Lydia, who takes very much after her younger self. Next she values her eldest, Jane, though mostly for Jane's great physical beauty, and never considers Jane's feelings, virtue or reputation. Her least favourite daughter is Elizabeth (closely followed by Mary) who she does not understand (or like) at all.
An ignorant and narrow-minded petite bourgeoise[edit]
For 20 years, reading allowed Mr Bennet to bear the foolishness of his wife (Hugh Thomson, 1894).
The Bennets had hoped for years, even after the birth of Lydia, for a son who would have put an end to the entail, but they only had girls, five daughters over the course of seven years. Now that she is middle-aged, having lost nigh-all hope of giving birth to a son, Mrs Bennet is obsessed with the idea of losing her material security, and being deprived of the social situation to which she has long been accustomed. The possibility of becoming a widow and being expelled from the domain by the heir terrorizes her.
On the other hand, Mrs. Bennet is not so merciful herself; after Mr. Collins' and Miss Charlotte Lucas' engagement is announced, Mrs. Bennet becomes very paranoid about their plans and is convinced that they are both counting down the hours until the time that they can assume possession of Longbourn and 'throw her out to live in the hedgerows'. She quickly starts to view Charlotte as a conniving intruder as Lady Lucas takes every chance to rub in her triumph ("it is very hard to think that Charlotte Lucas should ever be mistress of this house, that I should be forced to make way for her, and live to see her take my place in it!"). And even when she does start to make a semblance of peace with the 'inevitable', she would mutter, under her breath, "repeatedly to say in an ill-natured tone that she 'wished they might be happy'," when really, she wishes them both ill-will.
Therefore, "the business of her life" ever since Jane, the eldest, reached 16 years old, is finding husbands for her daughters in order to ensure their financial security.[18] Thus, she shows immediately interest in the arrival of an eligible bachelor in the region.[19] So she sends Jane to Netherfield in the rain to make sure they retain her there, she encourages Mr Collins to ask for the hand of Elizabeth, and she rejoices loudly about the marriage of Lydia, indifferent to the dishonourable reasons which made it necessary.
By marrying, she has changed her own social status, but she continues to behave like an ignorant, one-dimensional, petite bourgeoise from Meryton.[20] She is one of the simple characters, like Mr. Collins or Lady Catherine, and her own daughter Lydia, who are frozen and unable to evolve:[21] in twenty-three years of marriage she has not changed.
Narrow-minded and ignorant, she has only the vaguest idea of how to behave in good society. Her lack of intelligence and narrowness of mind quickly resulted in the neglect of her husband,[16] who for a long time feels nothing more for her than a mocking indifference tinged with contempt.[15] If he does still have feelings for her, they are of a disappointed variety of love, although it is a fact that he remained faithful to her ("[Mr. Bennet] captivated by youth and beauty, and that appearance of good humour, which youth and beauty generally give, had married a woman whose weak understanding and illiberal mind, had very early in the marriage put an end to any real affection for her. Respect, esteem, and confidence, had vanished for ever; and all of his views of domestic happiness were overthrown. But Mr. Bennet was not of a disposition to seek comfort for the disappointment which his own imprudence had brought on, in any of those pleasures which too often console the unfortunate of their folly or vice. He was fond of the country and of books; and from these tastes had arisen his principal enjoyments").
Her notion of stylish behavior is summarized by what she tells Sir William: "He has always something to say to everybody. – That is my idea of good breeding". She behaves with embarrassing vulgarity and lack of tact, especially at Netherfield, where her pretentiousness, foolishness and "total lack of correction" are particularly evident. She tends to lack empathy and is only sensitive to outward appearances.[22] For her, it is not manners or behavior that indicate belonging to a high rank, it is ostentation and the flaunting of wealth.[20]
An egocentric hypochondriac[edit]
When her husband announces an unknown host for dinner, Mrs. Bennet imagines that it is Bingley and that Jane has hidden that fact from her (C. E. Brock, 1895).
Jane Austen is particularly critical of the character. As Virginia Woolf wrote, "no excuse is found for [her fools] and no mercy shown them [...] Sometimes it seems as if her creatures were born merely to give [her] the supreme delight of slicing their heads off".[23] In the tradition of the comedy of manners and didactic novel, she uses a caricatural and parodic character to mock some of her contemporaries.[24]
Mrs. Bennet is distinguished primarily by her propensity to logorrhea, a defect that Thomas Gisborne considers specifically feminine.[25] She does not listen to any advice, especially if it comes from Elizabeth (who she does not like), and makes redundant and repetitive speeches. Even the ever-patient Jane finds her mother's complaints hard to bear, when Mrs. Bennet manifests "a longer irritation than usual" about the absence of Mr. Bingley, confessing to Elizabeth how much the lack of self-control of her mother revives her suffering.[26]
Another emphasized and systematically ridiculed aspect is her "nervous disease".[27] There are characters particularly concerned about their health in all the novels of Jane Austen; those hypochondriacs that she calls "poor honey" in her letters.[28] These characters who complain about their real or imagined ailments seem to be inspired by Mrs Austen, whose complaints about her health[27] had the ability to irritate Jane,[29] who speaks with certain ironic annoyance about it in her letters to her sister.[note 1]
Some critics, however, point out that it would be unfair to see only her faults. Her obsession is justified by the family's situation: the cynicism of Mr Bennet will not prevent Mr Collins from inheriting Longbourn. She, at least, unlike her husband, thinks about the future of her daughters in seeking to place them socially.[30] In an environment where there are numerous young ladies to be married (all neighbors: the Longs, the Lucases, have daughters or nieces to marry) and few interesting parties, she is much more attentive to the competition than he.[31] She does not neglect her daughters, while he merely treats them all as "stupid and ignorant as all the girls", and locks himself in his library.[19] She really suffers from the mocking indifference, insensitivity and lack of empathy from her husband and feels misunderstood;[32] her appreciation for visits and gossip is a consolation, a solace for an unhappily married woman.
Nevertheless, the narrator is merciless and seems to take the same perverse pleasure as Mr. Bennet in mocking her.[33] The narrator does not forgive her stupidity, nor her awkward interferences and absurd remarks. Mrs. Bennet is not treated any better by Jane Austen than Lady Catherine, whose rudeness and aristocratic pride shames her nephew, just like the vulgarity of her mother irritates Elizabeth.[34] For Jane Austen, nothing can excuse the stupidity that exists at all levels of society.[33]
Guilty negligences[edit]
Mrs. Bennet looks for ways to leave Jane and Bingley alone together (Hugh Thomson, 1894).
Mrs Bennet has not raised these girls, that she would like so much to see married, to be good housekeepers.[35] She never gave them any notion of home economics, which was the traditional role of a mother in a middle-class family.
It was Thomas Gisborne who theorized in An Enquiry Into the Duties of Men,[note 2] published in 1794, and in An Enquiry into the Duties of the Female Sex, published in 1797, the idea of areas reserved for men and women. According to him, women are by nature destined to the domestic sphere, defined as the particular area where "their excellence deploys".[25] Therefore, their role is to keep the house and direct the domesticity. Now, Mrs. Bennet openly mocks Charlotte Lucas when she is forced to go into the kitchen in order to supervise the tarts making, proudly saying that her "daughters are brought up differently"; also, she reacts with force when Mr Collins, on the day of his arrival, assumed that his cousins took part in the preparation of dinner.
Children[edit]
Jane Bennet[edit]
In a letter to Cassandra dated May 1813, Jane Austen describes a picture she saw at a gallery which was a good likeness of "Mrs. Bingley" – Jane Bennet. Deirdre Le Faye in The World of Her Novels suggests that "Portrait of Mrs. Q-" is the picture Austen was referring to (pp. 201–203).
Jane Bingley (née Bennet) is the eldest Bennet sister. Like her immediately younger sister, Elizabeth, Jane is favoured by her father, due to her steady, genteel disposition. Like each of her sisters, Jane had an allowance/pin money of £50 per annum (Interest on £1,000 from her mother's fortune/dowry by settlement upon her death) before her marriage to Charles Bingley. Twenty-two years old when the novel begins (twenty-three at the end), she is considered the most beautiful young lady in the neighbourhood.
Jane's character is contrasted with Elizabeth's as sweeter, shyer, and equally sensible, but not as clever (but she is aware of this fact); her most notable trait is a desire to see only the good in others. As Anna Quindlen wrote, Jane is "sugar to Elizabeth's lemonade".[36] Jane is closest to Elizabeth, and her character is often contrasted with that of Elizabeth. Jane (along with her sister, Elizabeth) seems to have taken after her father's side of the family, in actual fact, having been portrayed as a sweet, steady, genteel girl (unlike her mother). She is favoured by her mother (next after her youngest sister, Lydia) solely because of her external beauty. If Jane has taken anything after her mother, it is a certain inflexibility of thought; but while her mother's inflexibility of thought leans in a wholly selfish direction, Jane's is in a selfless one; Jane is very unwilling to think ill of others (unless sufficient evidence presents itself), whereas her mother will think ill of anyone on little evidence.
She falls in love with the affable and amiable Mr. Bingley ("He is just what a young man ought to be", said [Jane], "sensible, good humoured, lively; and I never saw such happy manners! – so much ease, with such perfect good breeding"), a rich young man who has recently leased Netherfield Park, a neighbouring estate in Hertfordshire, and a close friend of Mr. Darcy. Their love is initially thwarted by Mr. Darcy and Caroline Bingley, who are concerned by Jane's low connections and have other plans for Bingley, respectively, involving Miss Darcy. Mr. Darcy, aided by Elizabeth, eventually sees the error in his ways and is instrumental in bringing Jane and Bingley back together.
As described in volume 3, chapter 19 (the epilogue) that, after their marriage, the happy couple only manage to tough it out at Netherfield for a year before life in Meryton (being imposed upon by Mrs. Bennet and Mrs. Phillips and their ill-bred, silly, thoughtless behavior) proved to be too much for their good tempers, leading them to give up the lease on the estate and establish themselves else where ("Mr. Bingley and Jane remained at Netherfield only a twelve-month. So near a vicinity to her mother and Meryton relations was not desirable even to his easy temper, or her affectionate heart. The darling wish of his sisters was then gratified; he bought an estate in a neighbouring country to Derbyshire, and Jane and Elizabeth, in addition to every source of happiness, were within thirty-miles of each other.")
Elizabeth Bennet[edit]
Main article: Elizabeth Bennet
Elizabeth Darcy (née Bennet) The reader sees the unfolding plot and the other characters mostly from her viewpoint. The second of the Bennet daughters, she is twenty years old and is intelligent, lively, playful, attractive, and witty—but with a tendency to judge on first impression (the "prejudice" of the title) and perhaps to be a little selective of the evidence on which she bases her judgments. Like each of her sisters, Elizabeth had an allowance/pin money of £50 per annum (Interest on £1,000 from her mother's fortune by settlement upon her death). As the plot begins, her closest relationships are with her father (as his favourite daughter), her sister Jane, her Aunt Gardiner, and her best friend Charlotte Lucas. She is the least favourite of her mother, Mrs. Bennet because of her resistance to her mother's plans (a 'rank' which she is tied closely with her plain sister, Mary, who Mrs. Bennet also looks down upon). As the story progresses, so does her relationship with Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy, Esquire. The course of Elizabeth and Darcy's relationship is ultimately decided when Darcy overcomes his pride, and Elizabeth overcomes her prejudice, leading them both to surrender to their love for each other.
Mary Bennet[edit]
Mary Bennet is the middle Bennet sister. Like her two younger sisters, Kitty and Lydia, she is seen as 'silly' by Mr. Bennet. Plain and solemn, Mary is in the habit of moralizing to her relatives. She disdains the frivolous pleasures of her younger sisters, preferring to read, play music and sing, though Austen states her discipline is driven by vanity: "Mary had neither genius nor taste; and though vanity had given her application, it had given her likewise a pedantic air and conceited manner, which would have injured a higher degree of excellence than she had reached".
Mary tries to be pious, high-minded and morally superior, only to come across as sanctimonious and self-righteous. While she has inherited her father's fondness for books, she has also inherited her mother's lack of self-awareness and discernment; only able to pick up on the most superficial meanings of what she reads, as well as a tendency to utter repetitions of phrases from the books in place of original conversation. Didactic and moralistic, Mary constantly recites awkward interpretations of what are supposed to be profound observations about human nature and life in general from her books, declaring them to be "[her] observations". Whilst one cannot fault her on her fastidiousness and application, Mary's lack of insight, talent and genius, makes her come across as ignorant, pedantic, and very naïve when lecturing others.
When Mr. Collins is refused by Elizabeth, Mrs. Bennet hopes Mary may be prevailed upon to accept him, and the impression the reader is given is that Mary also harboured some hopes in this direction: "Mrs. Bennet wished to understand by it that [Mr. Collins] thought of paying his address to one of her younger girls, and Mary might have been prevailed on to accept him. [Mary] rated his abilities much higher than any of the others; there was a solidity in his reflections which often struck her, and though by no means so clever as herself she thought that if encouraged to read and improve himself by such an example as hers, he might become a very agreeable companion". However, he proposes to Charlotte Lucas instead.
Mary does work hard for her knowledge and accomplishments but, while none can question her fastidiousness, drive and work ethic, Mary yet lives in ignorance of the full meaning of almost everything she studies, and she sadly has neither genius nor taste. However, it must also be noted that Mary is still a sympathetic character: her parents are biased and ineffective, her two older and younger sisters have neatly paired off together, which leaves her alone as the odd one out, and she is probably the Bennet daughter who is most ignored (besides Kitty). She has little understanding and sympathy for her sisters, Lydia most of all.
Mary does not appear often in the novel. However, the author states in volume 3, chapter 19 that with her sisters gone from Longbourn, Mary received more attention from her mother, and was made to mix more with people during company ("Mary was the only daughter who remained at home; and she was necessarily drawn from the pursuit of accomplishments by Mrs. Bennet's being quite unable to sit alone. Mary was obliged to mix more with the world, but she could still moralize over every morning visit; and as she was no-longer mortified by comparisons between her sisters' beauty and her own, it was suspected by her father that she submitted to the change with out much reluctance").
According to James Edward Austen-Leigh's A Memoir of Jane Austen, "[Mary] obtained nothing higher in marriage than one of her uncle Philips' clerks" and "was content to be considered a 'star' in the society of Meryton".
Catherine Bennet[edit]
Catherine "Kitty" Bennet is Mr.-&-Mrs. Bennet's fourth daughter, at 17 years old (18 years old later in the story); she is one of the novel's more abstruse characters. Her role in the Bennet family is little more than as the easily hit-up-able, easily downtrodden, easily hurt, and easily teased flirt, whose substance is largely borrowed from Lydia. Kitty is described as "weak-spirited", "irritable", and (along with Lydia) "ignorant, idle and vain". While she and Lydia have a number of similar interests, Kitty is weak-minded, lacking in resolve, and simply lacks Lydia's 'spark', spunk and motivation, always seeming to be 'luckless' and one step behind her.
Despite the fact that she is older than Lydia by two years, Kitty is almost completely under her younger sister’s influence (being weak-willed), living off of whatever crumbs of second hand attention and affection from their mother that rubs off of Lydia (what little importance she temporally gained as the one who Lydia wrote most to when she went to Brighton with Mrs. Forster, ("[Kitty] owned, with very natural triumph, on knowing more than the rest of [her family]"), taking advantage of every possible occasion of opportunity to feel as important as possible), and not recognizing the consequences of keeping Lydia's plot to elope a secret from her family, generally ("Our importance, our respectability in the world, must be affected by the wild volatility, the assurance and disdain of all restraint which mark Lydia's character. ... Oh! my dear father, can you suppose it possible that they will not be censured and despised wherever they are known, and that their sisters will not be often involved in the disgrace?") and to her personally ("Poor Kitty has anger for having concealed their attachment"). Little more than a 'sidekick', and virtually Lydia's shadow, Kitty's individuality is practically non-existent throughout most of the story (questionable at best); lacking much in the way of personal depths, she does not have an original idea in her head, following Lydia’s lead in every matter, agreeing with Lydia, mostly letting Lydia do her thinking for her. Kitty's own lack of confidence restrains her from reacting with equal alacrity.
Although she is portrayed as having little opinion differing from Lydia, Lydia does take her for granted (Lydia basically drops her for Mrs. Forster (who is somewhere around the same age as Kitty and Lydia, is also easily influenced by Lydia, and comes with 'perks'), so Kitty does hold some resentment towards her, (i.e. when Lydia is invited to Brighton by the newly married Mrs. Forster, Kitty is portrayed as being envious of Lydia, declaring that, as the older sister by two years, she had just as much right to be invited as Lydia), but yet does not seem to pick up on the pattern of behaviour where Lydia takes advantage of her again and again, and Kitty is left getting into trouble because of her antics (i.e. when Kitty keeps the fact that Lydia was eloping with Wickham from her family, and then, after the news gets out, ends up with her father's displeasure).
Little more than the reflection of Lydia throughout the story, they share many of the same pursuits; Kitty greatly enjoys dancing, shopping, fashions, and joining with Lydia in engaging in flirtations with the officers of the milita regiment that has been posted at Meryton over the winter, but here also she is overshadowed by Lydia, who is more forward, assertive, and demanding of all of their attentions. Kitty’s idiosyncrasies are the result of the two most singular aspects of her life; the first is the influence Lydia holds over her; the second is the lack of acknowledgement Kitty receives from her family. Even her parents are guilty of this unintended negligence. In the first few chapters, when Mr. and Mrs. Bennet are quarreling about Mr. Bingley, Mrs. Bennet, in lieu of a better comeback, "began scolding one of her daughters" simply for coughing (Kitty likely has hayfever). Kitty is often on the short side of the proverbial stick (as she does not have much of her mother's favour after Lydia and Jane, or her father's after Elizabeth and Jane), and also a "silly" young woman.
It is mentioned in Volume 2, chapter 37, that, whilst her oldest sisters, Jane and Elizabeth, have tried over the years (prior to the events of the book, Pride and Prejudice) to reign in the wild-&-ill behaviours of Kitty and Lydia, their efforts had, on Kitty's end, been seen as 'interfering' ("Catherine, weak-spirited, irritable, and completely under Lydia's guidance, had been always affronted by their advice"); Jane and Elizabeth's attempts had also undermined by their mother (who sees nothing wrong with it (especially with Lydia)), and unsupported by their father (who is amused by Kitty and Lydia's 'silliness' and simply will not trouble himself with the effort involved in reigning them in (and with arguing with Mrs. Bennet, who is so ungovernable herself)).
Like each of her sisters, Kitty had an allowance/pin money of £50 per annum (Interest on £1,000 from her mother's fortune by settlement upon her death) before her marriage (see below).
It is later said, in volume 3, chapter 19 (the epilogue) that, now with Lydia's negative influence removed, and often spending much time in the company of her two well-behaved older sisters, Kitty has improved ("Kitty, to her very material advantage, spent the chief of her time with her two elder sisters. In society so superior to what she had generally known, her improvement was great. She was not so ungovernable a temper as Lydia, and, removed from the influence of Lydia's example, she became, by proper attention and management, less irritable, less ignorant, and less insipid. From the farther disadvantage of Lydia's society [Kitty] was carefully kept, and though Mrs. Wickham frequently invited her to come and stay with her, with the 'promise' of balls and young men, her father would never consent to her going").
According to James Edward Austen-Leigh's A Memoir of Jane Austen, Kitty later married a clergyman (no name for him is mentioned, so her married name remains unknown) who lived near Pemberley ("Catherine "Kitty" Bennet was satisfactorily married to a clergyman near Pemberley"), potentially the Lambton parish, the Kympton parish, or another such parish under the patronage of the Darcy family.
Lydia Bennet[edit]
Lydia Wickham (née Bennet) is the youngest Bennet sister; she is 15 years old when the novel begins (turning 16 in June, after going to Brighton as Mrs. Forster's "particular friend"). In terms of outer appearance, Lydia is described as a strong, healthy, well-grown female, with a fine complexion and a good-humoured countenance (the tallest of the five sisters, though the youngest). In terms of personality, Lydia resembles her mother, and is correspondingly her mother's favourite. She is young, foolish, prideful, and vain.
Jane Austen, the author of the novel, also wrote that Lydia has "high animal spirits, and a sort of natural self-consequence" which has been strengthened into an over-self-assurance, due to her mother's years of spoiling her. It has been speculated that this is Jane Austen's way of pointing out the characteristics of some of the naive debutantes in her era, and satirising them.
Additional[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "her appetite and nights are very good, but she sometimes complains of an asthma, a dropsy, water in her chest, and a liver disorder" (18 December 1798); "For a day or two last week my mother was very poorly with a return of one of her old complaints" (17 January 1809). Even A Memoir of Jane Austen, in 1870, and Jane Austen: Her Life and Letters (by William and Richard Arthur Austen-Leigh), in 1913, present Mrs Austen as a much more angelic patient .
Jump up ^ Complete title: An Enquiry Into the Duties of Men in the Higher and Middle Classes of Society in Great Britain, Resulting From Their Respective Stations, Professions, and Employments
Bibliography[edit]
Jane Austen portal
Fictional characters portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pride and Prejudice.
Austen, Jane (1813). Pride and Prejudice. R. Bentley.
Austen, Jane (2006). Pride and Prejudice. Shoes and Ships and Sealing Wax Ltd. pp. 132–290. ISBN 9780954840198.
Jane Austen. "Pride and Prejudice". The Republic of Pemberley. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
Auerbach, Emily (2004). Searching for Jane Austen. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-20184-8.
Bennett, Paula (1980). Family Relationships in the Novels of Jane Austen. University Microfilms International. p. 458.
Bottomer, Phyllis Ferguson (2007). So Odd a Mixture : Along the Autistic Spectrum in "Pride and Prejudice". London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 9781843104995.
Goubert, Pierre (1975). Jane Austen: étude psychologique de la romancière (in French). Publications de l'Université de Rouen.
Graham, Peter (2008). Jane Austen & Charles Darwin: Naturalists and Novelists. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 9780754658511.
Irvine, Robert (2002). Pride and Prejudice. Broadview Press. ISBN 978-1-551-11028-8.
Jones, Hazel (2009). Jane Austen and marriage. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-847-25218-0.
Kramp, Michael (2007). "4: Improving Masculinity in Pride and Prejudice". Disciplining Love: Austen and the Modern Man. Ohio State University Press. ISBN 978-0-814-21046-8.
Le Faye, Deirdre (2003). Jane Austen: The World of Her Novels. London: Frances Lincoln. ISBN 978-0-711-22278-6.
Martin, Lydia (2007). Les Adaptations à l'écran des romans de Jane Austen: esthétique et idéologie (in French). L'Harmattan. p. 270. ISBN 978-2-296-03901-8.
Martin, Lydia (2006). Pride and Prejudice, Joe Wright. CEFAL. p. 96. ISBN 978-2-871-30247-6.
Myer, Valerie Grosvenor (1997). Jane Austen, Obstinate Heart: A Biography. Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-559-70387-1.
Parrill, Sue (2002). Jane Austen on Film and Television: a Critical Study of the Adaptations. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-786-41349-2.
Scheuermann, Mona (1993). Her Bread to Earn: Women, Money, and Society from Defoe to Austen. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-813-11817-8.
Tanner, Tony (1975). "Knowledge and Opinions: 'Pride and Prejudice'". Jane Austen. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-47174-0.
Todd, Janet M. (2005). Jane Austen in Context. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82644-0.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ (Austen 2006, p. 135)
^ Jump up to: a b Baker, William. "Critical Companion to Jane Austen: A Literary Reference to Her Life and Work". Facts on File, 2008, p.407.
Jump up ^ Auerbach, Emily (2006). Searching for Jane Austen. Madison, Wis.: Univ. of Wisconsin Press. p. 152. ISBN 9780299201845.
Jump up ^ Bury, Jane Austen ; traduction, présentation, notes, chronologie et bibliographie par Laurent (2010). Orgueil et préjugés (in French) ([Nouvelle édition]. ed.). Paris: Flammarion. p. 17. ISBN 978-2-08-122951-8.
Jump up ^ Bottomer, Phyllis Ferguson (2007). So odd a mixture : along the autistic spectrum in "Pride and prejudice" (1. publ. ed.). London: Kingsley. pp. 63–82. ISBN 9781843104995.
Jump up ^ Tanner, Tony (1986). Jane Austen. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-674-47174-0.
Jump up ^ http://www.jasna.org/persuasions/on-line/vol25no1/morris.html
Jump up ^ Bottomer, Phyllis Ferguson (2007). So odd a mixture : along the autistic spectrum in "Pride and prejudice" (1. publ. ed.). London: Kingsley. p. 81. ISBN 9781843104995.
Jump up ^ Austen, Jane. "Pride and Prejudice". Broadview Press: Orchard Park, 2002, p.250.
Jump up ^ Austen, Jane. "Pride and Prejudice". Broadview Press: Orchard Park, 2002, p.44.
Jump up ^ Austen, Jane. "Pride and Prejudice". Broadview Press: Orchard Park, 2002, p.45.
Jump up ^ Austen, Jane. "Pride and Prejudice". Broadview Press: Orchard Park, 2002, p.314.
^ Jump up to: a b Austen, Jane. "Pride and Prejudice". Broadview Press: Orchard Park, 2002, p.315.
Jump up ^ "Genealogical Charts". Republic of Pemberley. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Thaler, Joanna L. (2009). "Re-discovering the Gardiner Family". JASNA. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b (Austen 1853, p. 206)
Jump up ^ (Austen 1853, p. 23)
Jump up ^ (Austen 1853, p. 269)
^ Jump up to: a b (Bottomer 2007, p. 83)
^ Jump up to: a b McAleer, John (1989). "The Comedy of Social Distinctions in Pride and Prejudice". JASNA. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
Jump up ^ (Tanner 1975, p. 126)
Jump up ^ (Tanner 1975, p. 124)
Jump up ^ The Common Reader ch.12: Jane Austen
Jump up ^ (Todd 2005, p. 98)
^ Jump up to: a b (Tanner 1975, p. 31)
Jump up ^ (Austen 1853, p. 118)
^ Jump up to: a b (Goubert 1975, p. 94)
Jump up ^ (Goubert 1975, p. 93)
Jump up ^ (Goubert 1975, p. 95)
Jump up ^ (Martin 2007, p. 67)
Jump up ^ (Bottomer 2007, p. 64)
Jump up ^ (Bottomer 2007, p. 84)
^ Jump up to: a b "Analysis of Major Characters". SparkNotes. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
Jump up ^ (Auerbach 2004, pp. 158–159)
Jump up ^ Benson, Mary Margaret (1989). "Mothers, Substitute Mothers, and Daughters in the Novels of Jane Austen". Persuasions. Jane Austen Society of North America (11): 117–124. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Quindlen, Anna (1995). "Introduction". Pride and Prejudice. New York: Modern Library. p. viii. ISBN 0-679-60168-6.
[show]
v
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Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice
Characters
Bennet family
Elizabeth Bennet
Fitzwilliam Darcy
William Collins
Lady Catherine de Bourgh
Mr. Wickham
Films
Pride and Prejudice (1940)
Bridget Jones's Diary (2001)
Pride & Prejudice: A Latter-Day Comedy (2003)
Bride and Prejudice (2004 film)
Pride & Prejudice (2005)
Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (2016)
Television
Pride and Prejudice (1958)
Pride and Prejudice (1967)
Pride and Prejudice (1980)
Trishna (1985)
Pride and Prejudice (1995)
Lost in Austen (2008)
Death Comes to Pemberley (2013)
Novels
Darcy's Story (1995)
Bridget Jones's Diary (1996)
Mr. Darcy's Daughters (2003)
Fitzwilliam Darcy, Gentleman
An Assembly Such as This (2003)
Duty and Desire (2004)
These Three Remain (2005)
Austenland (2007)
Love, Lies and Lizzie (2009)
Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (2009 parody)
Pride and Prejudice and Zombies: Dawn of the Dreadfuls (2010 parody)
Death Comes to Pemberley (2011)
Other
First Impressions (1959 musical)
Pride and Prejudice (1993 musical)
"Beyond a Joke" (1997)
Stolthet och fördom (2011 opera)
The Lizzie Bennet Diaries (2012 web series)
Austenland (2013 film)
See also
Pride & Prejudice (soundtrack)
Pemberley
List of literary adaptations
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