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Lily of the valley
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For other uses, see Lily of the valley (disambiguation).
Lily of the valley
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Asparagaceae
Subfamily: Nolinoideae
Genus: Convallaria
Species: C. majalis
Binomial name
Convallaria majalis
L.
Lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis /ˌkɒnvəˈleɪriə məˈdʒeɪlɪs/[1]), sometimes written lily-of-the-valley,[2] is a sweetly scented, highly poisonous woodland flowering plant that is native throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere in Asia and Europe. Other names include May bells, Our Lady's tears, and Mary's tears. Its French name, muguet, sometimes appears in the names of perfumes imitating the flower's scent.
It is possibly the only species in the genus Convallaria (depending on whether C. keiskei and C. transcaucasica are recognised as separate species). In the APG III system, the genus is placed in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Nolinoideae (formerly the family Ruscaceae[3]). It was formerly placed in its own family Convallariaceae, and, like many lilioid monocots, before that in the lily family Liliaceae.
Contents
1 Description
2 Distribution
3 Ecology
4 Taxonomy
5 Cultivation
6 Chemistry
7 Uses
7.1 Perfume
7.2 Weddings and other celebrations
8 Cultural symbolism
8.1 Christian traditions
9 In film & television
10 Gallery
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Description[edit]
Convallaria majalis is a herbaceous perennial plant that forms extensive colonies by spreading underground stems called rhizomes. New upright shoots are formed at the ends of stolons in summer,[4] these upright dormant stems are often called pips.[5] These grow in the spring into new leafy shoots that still remain connected to the other shoots under ground, often forming extensive colonies. The stems grow to 15–30 cm tall, with one or two leaves 10–25 cm long; flowering stems have two leaves and a raceme of 5–15 flowers on the stem apex.
The flowers have six white tepals (rarely pink), fused at the base to form a bell-shape, 5–10 mm diameter, and sweetly scented; flowering is in late spring, in mild winters in the Northern Hemisphere it is in early March. The fruit is a small orange-red berry 5–7 mm diameter that contains a few large whitish to brownish colored seeds that dry to a clear translucent round bead 1–3 mm wide. Plants are self-sterile, and colonies consisting of a single clone do not set seed.[6]
Distribution[edit]
19th-century illustration
Convallaria majalis is a native of Europe, where it largely avoids the Mediterranean and Atlantic margins.[7] An eastern variety, C. majalis var. keiskei occurs in Japan and parts of eastern Asia. A limited native population of C. majalis var. montana occurs in the Eastern United States.[8] There is, however, some debate as to the native status of the American variety.[9]
Like many perennial flowering plants, C. majalis exhibits dual reproductive modes by producing offspring asexually by vegetative means and by seed, produced via the fusion of gametes.[10]
Ecology[edit]
Convallaria majalis is a plant of partial shade, and mesophile type that prefers warm summers. It likes soils that are silty or sandy and acid to moderately alkaline,[11] with preferably a plentiful amount of humus. The Royal Horticultural Society states that slightly alkaline soils are the most favoured.[12] It is an Euroasiatic and suboceanic species that lives in mountains up to 1,500 m altitude.[13]
Convallaria majalis is used as a food plant by the larvae of some moth and butterfly (Lepidoptera) species including the grey chi. Adults and larvae of the leaf beetle Lilioceris merdigera are also able to tolerate the cardenolides and thus feed on the leaves.[14]
Taxonomy[edit]
Convallaria majalis var. rosea
There are three varieties that have sometimes been separated out as distinct species or subspecies by some botanists.[15]
Convallaria majalis var. keiskei – from China and Japan, with red fruit and bowl-shaped flowers (now widely cited as Convallaria keiskei)[6][16]
C. majalis var. majalis – from Eurasia, with white midribs on the flowers
C. majalis var. montana – from the United States, with green-tinted midribs on the flowers
Convallaria transcaucasica is recognised as a distinct species by some authorities, while the species formerly called Convallaria japonica is now classified as Ophiopogon japonicus.[16]
Cultivation[edit]
Variegated cultivar early in spring
Double-flowered Convallaria majalis
Berries
Convallaria majalis is widely grown in gardens for its scented flowers and ground-covering abilities in shady locations. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[17] (confirmed 2017).[18] In favourable conditions it can form large colonies.
Various kinds and cultivars are grown, including those with double flowers, rose-colored flowers, variegated foliage and ones that grow larger than the typical species.[16]
C. majalis 'Albostriata' has white-striped leaves
C. majalis 'Green Tapestry', 'Haldon Grange', 'Hardwick Hall', 'Hofheim', 'Marcel', 'Variegata' and 'Vic Pawlowski's Gold' are other variegated cultivars[16]
C. majalis 'Berlin Giant' and C. majalis 'Géant de Fortin' (syn. 'Fortin's Giant') are larger-growing cultivars[16]
C. majalis 'Flore Pleno' has double flowers.[16]
C. majalis 'Rosea' sometimes found under the name C. majalis var. rosea, has pink flowers.[16]
Traditionally Convallaria majalis has been grown in pots and winter forced to provide flowers during the winter months, both for as potted plants and as cut flowers.[19]
Chemistry[edit]
All parts of the plant are highly poisonous, including the red berries which may be attractive to children.[20] If ingested—even in small amounts—the plant can cause abdominal pain, vomiting, reduced heart rate,[21] blurred vision, drowsiness, and red skin rashes.[22]
Roughly 38 different cardiac glycosides (cardenolides) have been found in the plant, including among others:
convallarin
convallamarin
convallatoxin
convallotoxoloside
convallosid
neoconvalloside
glucoconvalloside
majaloside
convallatoxon
corglycon
cannogenol-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside
cannogenol-3-O-β-D-allomethyloside
cannogenol-3-O-6-deoxy-β-D-allosido-β-D-glucoside,
cannogenol-3-O-6-deoxy-β-D-allosido-α-L-rhamnoside,
strophanthidin-3-O-6-deoxy-β-D-allosido-α-L-rhamnoside,
strophanthidin-3-O-6-deoxy-β-D-allosido-α-L-arabinoside,
strophanthidin-3-O-α-L-rhamnosido-2-β-D-glucoside,
sarmentogenin-3-O-6-deoxy-β-D-allosido-α-L-rhamnoside
sarmentogenin-3-O-6-deoxy-β-D-guloside
19-hydroxy-sarmentogenin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside,
19-hydroxy-sarmentogenin
arabinosido-6-deoxyallose
lokundjoside
The plant also contains saponins. Although deadly, the plant has been used as a folk remedy in moderate amounts,[23] and is currently used by herbalists as a restricted herbal remedy. It also contains the unusual, poisonous amino acid azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.
The odor of lily of the valley, specifically the ligand bourgeonal, was thought to attract mammalian sperm.[24] The 2003 discovery of this phenomenon prompted research into odor reception,[25] but a 2012 study demonstrated instead that at high concentrations, bourgeonal imitated the role of progesterone in stimulating sperm to swim (chemotaxis), a process unrelated to odor reception.[26]
Uses[edit]
Perfume[edit]
In 1956, the French firm Dior produced a fragrance simulating lily of the valley, which was Christian Dior's favorite flower. Diorissimo was designed by Edmond Roudnitska.[27] Although it has since been reformulated, it is considered a classic.[27][28]
Other perfumes imitating or based on the flower include Henri Robert's Muguet de Bois (1936),[29] Penhaligon's Lily of the Valley (1976),[27] and Olivia Giacobetti's En Passant (2000).[27]
Weddings and other celebrations[edit]
Duchess of Cambridge with bridal bouquet featuring lily of the valley
Lily of the valley has been used in weddings[30] and can be very expensive.[31] Lily of the valley was featured in the bridal bouquet at the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton.[31][32] Lily of the valley was also the flower chosen by Princess Grace of Monaco to be featured in her bridal bouquet.[citation needed]
At the beginning of the 20th century, it became tradition in France to sell lily of the valley on international labour day, 1 May (also called La Fête du Muguet (Lily of the Valley Day) by labour organisations and private persons without paying sales tax (on that day only) as a symbol of spring.[33]
Lily of the valley is worn in Helston (Cornwall, UK) on Flora Day (8 May each year, see Furry Dance) representing the coming of "the May-o" and the summer. There is also a song sung in pubs around Cornwall (and on Flora Day in Cadwith, near Helston) called "Lily of the Valley"; the song, strangely, came from the Jubilee Singers from Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee.[34]
Cultural symbolism[edit]
Lily of the valley was the floral emblem of Yugoslavia,[35] and it also became the national flower of Finland in 1967.[36]
The Norwegian municipality Lunner has a lily of the valley on its coat-of-arms.[citation needed]
Lily of the valley is the birth flower for the month of May. It represents humility, chastity, sweetness, and purity.[citation needed]
Its scientific name, majalis or maialis, means "of or belonging to May", and old astrological books place the plant under the dominion of Mercury, since Maia, the daughter of Atlas, was the mother of Mercury or Hermes.[citation needed]
In the "language of flowers", the lily of the valley signifies the return of happiness.[30] Legend tells of the affection of a lily of the valley for a nightingale that did not come back to the woods until the flower bloomed in May.[citation needed]
In terms of musical influence, “Lily of the Valley” is also a song by Queen on their album Sheer Heart Attack.
Christian traditions[edit]
Two of the flower's alternative names — Our Lady's tears and Mary's tears — derive from Christian legends that it sprang from the weeping of the Virgin Mary during the crucifixion of Jesus. Other etiologies have its coming into being from Eve's tears after she was driven with Adam from the Garden of Eden[37] or from the blood shed by Saint Leonard of Noblac during his battles with a dragon.[citation needed]
The name "lily of the valley" is used in some English translations of the Bible in Song of Songs 2:1, but the Hebrew phrase "shoshannat-ha-amaqim" in the original text (literally "lily of the valleys") does not refer to this plant. It is possible, though, that the biblical phrase may have had something to do with the origin or development of the modern plant-name.
It is a symbol of humility in religious painting. Lily of the valley is considered the sign of Christ's second coming. The power of people to envision a better world was also attributed to the lily of the valley.[citation needed]
In film & television[edit]
Lily-of-the-Valley is featured in an episode of the Starz original series Outlander entitled "The Way Out" ( Series 1, Episode 3). When a local boy falls mortally ill after visiting the ruins of a monastery which is reputedly cursed, the villagers believe he has been demonically possessed. Claire discovers that he is in fact suffering from the effects of Lily-of-the-Valley poisoning, which grows wild in the ruins, after he ate the plant on a dare.
In The Age of Innocence (1920) and the 1993 film version, Newland Archer sends his fiancée May Welland bouquets of Lily of the Valley daily. Literary critic Candice Waid states that they symbolize future happiness, and that Newland associates them with May's virginity and innocence.[38]
In Season 4, Episode 13 of Breaking Bad, Walter White poisons a child, Brock, with lily of the valley. Jesse believes that the boy's symptoms stem from ricin, which Walt uses to turn him against their boss, Gustavo Fring.
Gallery[edit]
Convallaria close-up
Moldovan stamp
1 May, by Franz Xaver Winterhalter
Lunner (Norway) municipal coat of arms
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
Jump up ^ "BSBI List 2007". Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-01-25. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
Jump up ^ Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L. & Fay, M.F. (2009), "A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 132–136, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x
Jump up ^ Flora of China: Convallaria majalis
Jump up ^ Mills, Linn; Post, Dick (2005). Nevada gardener's guide. Nashville, Tenn.: Cool Springs Press. p. 137. ISBN 1-59186-116-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Ohara, Masashi; Araki, Kiwakoi; Yamada, Etsukoi; Kawano, Shoichi, Life-history monographs of Japanese plants, 6: Convallaria keiskei Miq. (Convallariaceae), Plant Species Biology, Vol 21, No 2, August 2006, pp. 119–126(8), Blackwell Publishing
Jump up ^ "Liljekonvalj Blomningstid" (in Swedish). Retrieved 16 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Flora of North America : Convallaria majalis
Jump up ^ Gleason, Henry A. and Cronquist, Arthur, (1991), Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, pp. 839-40
Jump up ^ Vandepitte, Katrien; De Meyer, Tim; Jacquemyn, Hans (February 2013). "The impact of extensive clonal growth on fine-scale mating patterns: a full paternity analysis of a lily-of-the-valley population (Convallaria majalis)". Annals of Botany. 111: 623–628. doi:10.1093/aob/mct024. PMC 3605957  . PMID 23439847.
Jump up ^ "Lily of the Valley Planting Guide". easytogrowbulbs.com. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
Jump up ^ RHS Encyclopaedia of Perennials
Jump up ^ Rameau, J. C.; et al. (1989). Flore Forestière Française. Institut pour le développement Forestier. p. 1023. ISBN 2-904740-16-3.
Jump up ^ Whitman, Ann. "Controlling Lily Leaf Beetles". Gardner's Supply Company. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Convallaria in Flora of North America @". Efloras.org. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g RHS Plant Finder 2009–2010. Dorling Kindersley. 2009. pp. 195, 196. ISBN 978-1-4053-4176-9.
Jump up ^ "RHS Plant Selector Convallaria majalis AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
Jump up ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 22. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Journal of horticulture and practical gardening. 1872. p. 378. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Lily-Of-The-Valley". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ New York Media, LLC (4 June 1979). New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. p. 92. ISSN 0028-7369. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Soniak, Matt (11 October 2011). "How Poisonous Is Lily of the Valley?". mentalfloss.com. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Cantell, Sulo; Saarnio, Väinö, 1936. Suomen myrkylliset ja lääkekasvit (translation: The Poisonous and Medical plants of Finland, no known translated literature available)[better source needed]
Jump up ^ Marc Spehr; Günter Gisselmann; Alexandra Poplawski; Jeffrey A. Riffell; Christian H. Wetzel; Richard K. Zimmer; Hanns Hatt (2003). "Identification of a Testicular Odorant Receptor Mediating Human Sperm Chemotaxis". Science. 299 (5615): 2054–8. doi:10.1126/science.1080376. PMID 12663925. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
See also: Babcock, Donner F. (28 March 2003). "Development. Smelling the Roses?" (PDF). Science. 299 (5615): 1993–1994. doi:10.1126/science.1083059. PMID 12663902. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2006. Retrieved 12 June 2014. .
Jump up ^ For example ScienceDaily 2007
Jump up ^ Christoph Brenker; Normann Goodwin; Ingo Weyand; Nachiket D Kashikar; Masahiro Naruse; Miriam Krähling; Astrid Müller; U Benjamin Kaupp; Timo Strünker (2012). "The CatSper channel: a polymodal chemosensor in human sperm". The EMBO Journal. 31 (7): 1654–1665. doi:10.1038/emboj.2012.30. PMC 3321208  . PMID 22354039. Retrieved 24 June 2012. See also ScienceMag article
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Lily of the Valley Perfumes". Vogue slideshow.
Jump up ^ Patty. "Best Lily of the Valley Perfume – Muguet Guide". Perfume Posse, April 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ Morris, Edwin T. (1984). Fragrance : A story of perfume from Cleopatra to Chanel. New York: Scribners. ISBN 0684181959.
^ Jump up to: a b "Wedding Traditions & Trivia". Archived from the original on 2012-07-15. Retrieved 2012-07-23.
^ Jump up to: a b Lily of the Valley Stars in Royal Bridal Bouquet
Jump up ^ Balcony kisses seal royal wedding
Jump up ^ "Lily of the Valley – May Day in France". wordpress.com. 26 April 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Coleman and Burley, Hilary and Sally (2015). Shout Kernow. London, UK: Francis Boutle Publishers. pp. 53–55. ISBN 978 1 903427 97 2.
Jump up ^ "Lily of the valley". flowers.org.uk. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lily of the Valley – Finland's National Flower". wordpress.com. 28 May 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "May Birth Flower : Birth Month Flower". Birthflowersguide.com. 2007-06-02. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
Jump up ^ Edith Wharton; Candice Waid (2002). The Age of Innocence (Norton Critical Ed.). p. 342.
Further reading[edit]
Vandepitte, Katrien; De Meyer, Tim; Jacquemyn, Hans (February 2013). "The impact of extensive clonal growth on fine-scale mating patterns: a full paternity analysis of a lily-of-the-valley population (Convallaria majalis)". Annals of Botany. 111: 623–628. doi:10.1093/aob/mct024. PMC 3605957  . PMID 23439847.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Lily of the valley
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Convallaria majalis (category)
Invasive Plant Atlas – US Distribution Map
Convallaria majalis fact sheet – NC Cooperative Extension
Taxon identifiers
Wikidata: Q101711
Wikispecies: Convallaria majalis
BioLib: 41936
EoL: 1087078
EPPO: CNKMA
FNA: 200027600
FoC: 200027600
GBIF: 2767973
GRIN: 11280
iNaturalist: 48206
IPNI: 533487-1
IRMNG: 10884739
ITIS: 42909
NBN: NBNSYS0000002161
NCBI: 32189
NZOR: 9058837b-b65c-4649-a160-586c998e1d53
PalDat: Convallaria_majalis
Plant List: kew-303076
PLANTS: COMA7
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:533487-1
Tropicos: 18401630
VASCAN: 4606
WCSP: 303076
Authority control
GND: 4168623-8
NDL: 001105500
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/wiki/Lily_of_the_valley
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
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values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

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values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

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values: Къэлэрдэгу – Kabardian

values:
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values: كونفالاريا أيار – Arabic

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values: Ынйы сәскә – Bashkir

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values: Ландыш майскі – Belarusian

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display: none;

values: Момина сълза – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

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display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muguet
Muguet – Catalan
ca
ca
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display: none;

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display: none;

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https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvalo
Konvalo – Esperanto
eo
eo
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values:
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values: Հովտաշուշան – Armenian

values:
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values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maifloro
Maifloro – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-it
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values: Меруертгүл – Kazakh

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values: Марияннул макь – Lak

values:
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values: Момина солза – Macedonian

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values: ലില്ലി ഓഫ് ദ വാലി – Malayalam

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values: interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

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values: Ландыш майский – Russian

values: Pingsterbloume (Convallaria majalis) – Saterland Frisian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-stq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Ђурђевак – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kielo
Kielo – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: Ливондар – Tajik

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCge
Müge – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Тӧдьыгырлы – Udmurt

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-udm
display: none;

values: Конвалія звичайна – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vep
display: none;

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_lan
Linh lan – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg
display: none;

values: ЧӀагаркӀалг – Ingush

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-inh
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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