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President of South Korea
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Head of state and of government of the Republic of Korea
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President of the
Republic of Korea
대한민국 대통령
Presidential Seal
Presidential Standard
Incumbent
Moon Jae-in
since 10 May 2017
Style
Mr. President (대통령님)
(informal)
His Excellency (대통령 각하)
(in international correspondence)
Member of
State Council
National Security Council
National Unification Advisory Council
Residence
Blue House
Seat
Seoul, South Korea
Appointer
Direct popular vote
Term length
Five years
Single term
Constituting instrument
Constitution of South Korea
Inaugural holder
Syngman Rhee
Formation
Provisional Government:
11 September 1919
First Republic:
24 July 1948
Salary
₩192,553,000 ($172,000)
Website
(in English) english.president.go.kr
(in Korean) president.go.kr
South Korea
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
the Republic of Korea
Constitution
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Moon Jae-in
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President: Kim Yi-Su
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The President of the Republic of Korea (Hangul: 대한민국 대통령; Hanja: 大韓民國 大統領; RR: Daehan Minguk Daetongryeong) is, according to the South Korean constitution, the chairperson of the cabinet, the chief executive of the government, commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and the head of state of South Korea. The Constitution and the amended Presidential Election Act of 1987 provide for election of the president by direct, secret ballot, ending sixteen years of indirect presidential elections under the preceding two governments. The president is directly elected to a five-year term, with no possibility of re-election.[1] If a presidential vacancy should occur, a successor must be elected within sixty days, during which time presidential duties are to be performed by the prime minister or other senior cabinet members in the order of priority as determined by law. While in office, the chief executive lives in Cheong Wa Dae (the "Blue House"), and is exempt from criminal liability (except for insurrection or treason).
Moon Jae-in, former human rights lawyer and chief of staff to then-President Roh Moo-hyun,[2] assumed post of President of South Korea on 10 May 2017[3] immediately upon being elected with a plurality of 41.1%, in contrast to 24.0% and 21.4% won by his major opponents, conservative Hong Joon-pyo and centrist Ahn Cheol-soo, respectively.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Powers and duties of the president
2 Related constitutional organs
3 Latest election
4 Order of succession
5 List of presidents
6 Living former presidents
7 Notes
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Powers and duties of the president[edit]
Chapter 3 of the South Korean constitution states the duties and the powers of the president. The president is required to:
uphold the Constitution
preserve the safety and homeland of South Korea
work for the peaceful reunification of Korea, typically act as the Chairperson of the National Unification Advisory Council
Also, the president is given the powers:
as the head of the executive branch of government
as the commander-in-chief of the South Korean military
to declare war
to hold referendum regarding issues of national importance
to issue executive orders
to issue medals in honor of service for the nation
to issue pardons
to declare a state of emergency suspending all laws or enacting a state of martial law
to veto bills (subject to a two thirds majority veto override by the National Assembly)[5]
If the National Assembly votes against a presidential decision, it will be declared void immediately.
The president may refer important policy matters to a national referendum, declare war, conclude peace and other treaties, appoint senior public officials, and grant amnesty (with the concurrence of the National Assembly). In times of serious internal or external turmoil or threat, or economic or financial crises, the president may assume emergency powers "for the maintenance of national security or public peace and order." Emergency measures may be taken only when the National Assembly is not in session and when there is no time for it to convene. The measures are limited to the "minimum necessary."
The 1987 Constitution removed the 1980 Constitution's explicit provisions that empowered the government to temporarily suspend the freedoms and rights of the people. However, the president is permitted to take other measures that could amend or abolish existing laws for the duration of a crisis. It is unclear whether such emergency measures could temporarily suspend portions of the Constitution itself. Emergency measures must be referred to the National Assembly for concurrence. If not endorsed by the assembly, the emergency measures can be revoked; any laws that had been overridden by presidential order regain their original effect. In this respect, the power of the legislature is more vigorously asserted than in cases of ratification of treaties or declarations of war, in which the Constitution simply states that the National Assembly "has the right to consent" to the president's actions. In a change from the 1980 Constitution, the 1987 Constitution stated that the president is not permitted to dissolve the National Assembly.
Related constitutional organs[edit]
The official residence of the president is Cheong Wa Dae. It means 'the House of the Blue Roof Tiles', so it is also called the "Blue House" in English. The president is assisted by the staff of the Presidential Secretariat, headed by a cabinet-rank secretary general. Apart from the State Council, or cabinet, the chief executive relies on several constitutional organs.
These constitutional organs included the National Security Council, which provided advice concerning the foreign, military, and domestic policies bearing on national security. Chaired by the president, the council in 1990 had as its statutory members the prime minister, the deputy prime minister, the ministers for foreign affairs, home affairs, finance, and national defense, the director of the Agency for National Security Planning (ANSP) which was known as the Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA) until December 1980, and others designated by the president. Another important body is the National Unification Advisory Council, inaugurated in June 1981 under the chairpersonship of the president. From its inception, this body had no policy role, but rather appeared to serve as a government sounding board and as a means to disburse political rewards by providing large numbers of dignitaries and others with titles and opportunities to meet periodically with the president and other senior officials.
The president also was assisted in 1990 by the Audit and Inspection Board. In addition to auditing the accounts of all public institutions, the board scrutinized the administrative performance of government agencies and public officials. Its findings were reported to the president and the National Assembly, which itself had broad powers to inspect the work of the bureaucracy under the provisions of the Constitution. Board members were appointed by the president.
One controversial constitutional organ was the Advisory Council of Elder Statesmen, which replaced a smaller body in February 1988, just before Roh Tae Woo was sworn in as president. This body was supposed to be chaired by the immediate former president; its expansion to eighty members, broadened functions, and elevation to cabinet rank made it appear to have been designed, as one Seoul newspaper said, to "preserve the status and position of a certain individual." The government announced plans to reduce the size and functions of this body immediately after Roh's inauguration. Public suspicions that the council might provide former President Chun with a power base within the Sixth Republic were rendered moot when Chun withdrew to an isolated Buddhist temple in self-imposed exile in November 1988.
Latest election[edit]
Main article: South Korean presidential election, 2017
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2018)
Order of succession[edit]
Article 71 of the Constitution of South Korea states, 'In the event of the president not being able to discharge the duties of his/her office, the Prime Minister and ministers in line of the order of succession shall be the acting president.' Article 68 of the Constitution requires the acting president to hold new elections within 60 days.
According to article 12, section 2 and article 22, section 1 of the Government Organization Act, order of succession follows:
Prime Minister
Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Strategy and Finance
Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Education
Minister of Science and ICT
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Minister of Unification
Minister of Justice
Minister of National Defense
Minister of Government Administration and Home Affairs
Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism
Minister of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
Minister of Trade, Industry and Energy
Minister of Health and Welfare
Minister of Environment
Minister of Employment and Labor
Minister of Gender Equality and Family
Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs
Minister of Oceans and Fisheries
List of presidents[edit]
Main article: List of Presidents of South Korea
1st–3rd term
Rhee Syngman
(served: 1948–1960)
Heo Jeong
(acting: April–June, June–August 1960)[a]
Kwak Sang-hoon
(acting: June 1960)
Baek Nak-jun
(acting: August 1960)
4th term
Yun Bo-seon
(served: 1960–1962)
5th–9th term
Park Chung-hee
(acting: March 1962 – December 1963)
(served: 1963–1979)
10th term
Choi Kyu-hah
(acting: October–December 1979)
(served: 1979–1980)
11th & 12th term
Chun Doo-hwan
(served: 1980–1988)
13th term
Roh Tae-woo
(served: 1988–1993)
14th term
Kim Young-sam
(served: 1993–1998)
15th term
Kim Dae-jung
(served: 1998–2003)
16th term
Roh Moo-hyun
(served: 2003–2008)
Goh Kun
(acting: March–May 2004)[b]
17th term
Lee Myung-bak
(served: 2008–2013)
18th term
Park Geun-hye
(served: 2013–2017)
Hwang Kyo-ahn
(acting: December 2016–May 2017)[c]
19th term
Moon Jae-in
(served: 2017–present)
Living former presidents[edit]
As of May 2018, four former presidents are alive:
Image
Name
Term of office
Age
Chun Doo-hwan 1980–1988 87 years, 131 days
Roh Tae-woo 1988–1993 85 years, 176 days
Lee Myung-bak 2008–2013 76 years, 161 days
Park Geun-hye 2013–2017 66 years, 116 days
The longest-lived President was Yun Bo-seon, who died on July 18, 1990 (at the age of 92 years, 326 days).
The most recent President to die was Kim Young-sam, who died on November 22, 2015 (at the age of 87 years, 337 days).
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ From 26 April to 15 June 1960 and from 23 June to 7 August 1960, Heo Jeong served as Acting President, in the interregnum between the resignation of Syngman Rhee, and the inauguration of Yun Bo-seon
Jump up ^ From 12 March to 14 May 2004, Goh Kun served as Acting President, due to the impeachment of Roh Moo-hyun. Roh was eventually reinstated as President, after the impeachment motion was overturned by the country's Constitutional Court.
Jump up ^ From 9 December 2016 to 10 May 2017, Hwang Kyo-ahn was acting President, due to the Impeachment of Park Geun-hye. Hwang continued to be acting President after Park's official removal from office on 10 March 2017 until the 2017 presidential election.
See also[edit]
Air transports of heads of state and government#South Korea
Official state car#South Korea
List of Presidents of South Korea
List of Presidents of South Korea by time in office
Politics of South Korea
Elections in South Korea
National Unification Advisory Council
Prime Minister of South Korea
List of monarchs of Korea
Governor-General of Korea
First Lady of South Korea
Vice President of South Korea
List of leaders of North Korea
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Article 70 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea.
Jump up ^ McCurry, Justin (2017-05-09). "Who is Moon Jae-in, South Korea's new president?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-05-10.
Jump up ^ Sang-hun, Choe (2017-05-09). "South Korea Elects Moon Jae-in, Who Backs Talks With North, as President". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-05-10.
Jump up ^ "Moon Jae-in Elected South Korea's New President". Time. Retrieved 2017-05-10.
Jump up ^ Article 53 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea.
U.S. Library of Congress Country Studies
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to President of South Korea.
Official Website of the President of the Republic of Korea
Former President Archives
Former President Archives (in Korean)
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Leaders of Korea
Italics indicate an acting leader
Korean government-
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Syngman Rhee
Yi Dong-nyeong
Park Eun-sik
Park Eun-sik
Yi Yu-pil
Yi Sang-ryong
Yang Gi-tak
Yi Dong-nyeong
Ahn Changho
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Pak Pong-ju
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Republic of
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Syngman Rhee
Heo Jeong
Kwak Sang-hoon
Baek Nak-jun
Yun Posun
Park Chung-hee
Park Chung-hee
Choi Kyu-hah
Choi Kyu-hah
Pak Choong-hoon
Chun Doo-hwan
Roh Tae-woo
Kim Young-sam
Kim Dae-jung
Roh Moo-hyun
Goh Kun
Roh Moo-hyun
Lee Myung-bak
Park Geun-hye
Hwang Kyo-ahn
Moon Jae-in
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Military budget of the United States
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This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2017)
The Silent Drill Platoon.
The military budget is the portion of the discretionary United States federal budget allocated to the Department of Defense, or more broadly, the portion of the budget that goes to any military-related expenditures. The military budget pays the salaries, training, and health care of uniformed and civilian personnel, maintains arms, equipment and facilities, funds operations, and develops and buys new items. The budget funds four branches of the U.S. military: the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force. In FY 2017, the Congressional Budget Office reported spending of $590 billion for defense, about 15% of the federal budget.[1] For the FY 2019 president Donald Trump proposed an increase to the military to $681.1 billion. [2]
Contents
1 Budget by year
1.1 Budget for 2011
1.1.1 Emergency and supplemental spending
1.1.2 By title
1.1.3 By entity
1.1.4 Programs spending more than $1.5 billion
1.1.5 Other military-related expenditures
1.1.6 Audit of 2011 budget
1.1.7 Audit of implementation of budget for 2010
1.2 Budget for 2016
1.3 Budget request for FY2019
1.4 Budget request for FY2018
1.5 Budget request for FY2017
1.5.1 Investments
1.5.2 Major acquisition programs
1.5.3 Science and Technology Program
1.5.3.1 Total budget by department
1.5.3.2 Total budget of military
1.5.3.3 Funding of payments and benefits
1.5.3.4 Funding the military health system
2 Support service contractors
3 Military budget and total US federal spending
4 Federal waste
5 Comparison with other countries
6 Past commentary on military budget
6.1 2012 fiscal cliff
7 GAO audits
8 Reform
9 References
10 External links
Budget by year[edit]
Defense Spending as a Percent of GDP 1792-2017
Historical defense spending
The following is historical spending on defense from 1996-2015, spending for 2014-15 is estimated.[3] The Defense Budget is shown in billions of dollars and total budget in trillions of dollars. The percentage of the total U.S. federal budget spent on defense is indicated in the third row, and change in defense spending from the previous year in the final row.
Decades
1990s
2000s
2010s
Years
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
Defense Budget (Billions) 266 270 271 292 304 335 362 456 491 506 556 625 696 698 721 717 681 610 614 637
Total Budget (Trillions) 1.58 1.64 1.69 1.78 1.82 1.96 2.09 2.27 2.41 2.58 2.78 2.86 3.32 4.08 3.48 3.51 3.58 3.48 3.64 3.97
Defense Budget % 16.8 16.5 16.0 16.4 16.7 17.1 17.3 20.1 20.4 19.6 20.0 21.9 20.9 17.1 20.7 20.4 19.1 17.5 16.8 16.0
Defense Spending % Change -0.1 +1.6 +0.2 +7.8 +4.0 +10.1 +8.2 +26.0 +7.6 +3.1 +10.0 +12.5 +11.3 +0.2 +3.4 -0.6 -5.0 -10.5 +0.6 +3.8
Budget for 2011[edit]
For the 2011 fiscal year, the president's base budget for the Department of Defense and spending on "overseas contingency operations" combine to bring the sum to US$664.84 billion.[4][5]
When the budget was signed into law on 28 October 2009, the final size of the Department of Defense's budget was $680 billion, $16 billion more than President Obama had requested.[6] An additional $37 billion supplemental bill to support the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan was expected to pass in the spring of 2010, but has been delayed by the House of Representatives after passing the Senate.[7][8]
Emergency and supplemental spending[edit]
The recent military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan were largely funded through supplementary spending bills outside the federal budget, which are not included in the military budget figures listed below.[9] However, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan were categorized as "overseas contingency operations" in the starting of the fiscal year 2010, and the budget is included in the federal budget.[citation needed]
By the end of 2008, the U.S. had spent approximately $900 billion in direct costs on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. The government also incurred indirect costs, which include interests on additional debt and incremental costs, financed by the Veterans Administration, of caring for more than 33,000 wounded. Some experts estimate the indirect costs will eventually exceed the direct costs.[10] As of June 2011, the total cost of the wars was approximately $1.3 trillion.[11]
By title[edit]
USA 2010 Military Budget Spending
The federally budgeted (see below) military expenditure of the United States Department of Defense for fiscal year 2013 are as follows. While data is provided from the 2015 budget, data for 2014 and 2015 is estimated, and thus data is shown for the last year for which definite data exists (2013).[3]
Components Funding Change, 2012 to 2013
Operations and maintenance $258.277 billion -9.9%
Military Personnel $153.531 billion -3.0%
Procurement $97.757 billion -17.4%
Research, Development, Testing & Evaluation $63.347 billion -12.1%
Military Construction $8.069 billion -29.0%
Family Housing $1.483 billion -12.2%
Other Miscellaneous Costs $2.775 billion -59.5%
Atomic energy defense activities $17.424 billion -4.8%
Defense-related activities $7.433 billion -3.8%
Total Spending $610.096 billion -10.5%
By entity[edit]
Entity 2010 Budget request[12] Percentage of Total Notes
Army $244.8 billion 31.8%
Marine Corps $40.6 billion 4% Total Budget taken allotted from Department of Navy
Navy $142.2 billion excluding Marine Corps
Air Force $170.6 billion 22%
Defense Intelligence $80.1 billion[13] 3.3% Because of classified nature, budget is an estimate and may not be the actual figure
Defense Wide Joint Activities $118.7 billion 15.5%
Programs spending more than $1.5 billion[edit]
The Department of Defense's FY 2011 $137.5 billion procurement and $77.2 billion RDT&E budget requests included several programs worth more than $1.5 billion.
Program 2011 Budget request[14] Change, 2010 to 2011
F-35 Joint Strike Fighter $11.4 billion +2.1%
Missile Defense Agency (THAAD, Aegis, GMD, PAC-3) $9.9 billion +7.3%
Virginia class submarine $5.4 billion +28.0%
Brigade Combat Team Modernization $3.2 billion +21.8%
DDG 51 Burke-class Aegis Destroyer $3.0 billion +19.6%
P–8A Poseidon $2.9 billion −1.6%
V-22 Osprey $2.8 billion −6.5%
Carrier Replacement Program $2.7 billion +95.8%
F/A-18E/F Hornet $2.0 billion +17.4%
Predator and Reaper Unmanned Aerial System $1.9 billion +57.8%
Littoral combat ship $1.8 billion +12.5%
CVN Refueling and Complex Overhaul $1.7 billion −6.0%
Chemical Demilitarization $1.6 billion −7.0%
RQ-4 Global Hawk $1.5 billion +6.7%
Space-Based Infrared System $1.5 billion +54.0%
Other military-related expenditures[edit]
Per-capita military spending 1962–2015 (inflation-adjusted 2011 dollars)
Military spending 1962–2015 (inflation-adjusted 2011 dollars)[15][16]
This does not include many military-related items that are outside of the Defense Department budget, such as nuclear weapons research, maintenance, cleanup, and production, which are in the Atomic Energy Defense Activities section,[17] Veterans Affairs, the Treasury Department's payments in pensions to military retirees and widows and their families, interest on debt incurred in past wars, or State Department financing of foreign arms sales and militarily-related development assistance. Neither does it include defense spending that is not military in nature, such as the Department of Homeland Security, counter-terrorism spending by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and intelligence-gathering spending by NSA.
Audit of 2011 budget[edit]
Again in 2011, the GAO could not "render an opinion on the 2011 consolidated financial statements of the federal government", with a major obstacle again being "serious financial management problems at the Department of Defense (DOD) that made its financial statements unauditable".[18]
In December 2011, the GAO found that "neither the Navy nor the Marine Corps have implemented effective processes for reconciling their FBWT." According to the GAO, "An agency's FBWT account is similar in concept to a corporate bank account. The difference is that instead of a cash balance, FBWT represents unexpended spending authority in appropriations." In addition, "As of April 2011, there were more than $22 billion unmatched disbursements and collections affecting more than 10,000 lines of accounting."[19]
Audit of implementation of budget for 2010[edit]
The US Government Accountability Office (GAO) was unable to provide an audit opinion on the 2010 financial statements of the US Government because of 'widespread material internal control weaknesses, significant uncertainties, and other limitations'.[20] The GAO cited as the principal obstacle to its provision of an audit opinion 'serious financial management problems at the Department of Defense that made its financial statements unauditable'.[20]
In FY 2010, six out of thirty-three DoD reporting entities received unqualified audit opinions.[21]
Chief financial officer and Under Secretary of Defense Robert F. Hale acknowledged enterprise-wide problems with systems and processes,[22] while the DoD's Inspector General reported 'material internal control weaknesses ... that affect the safeguarding of assets, proper use of funds, and impair the prevention and identification of fraud, waste, and abuse'.[23] Further management discussion in the FY 2010 DoD Financial Report states 'it is not feasible to deploy a vast number of accountants to manually reconcile our books' and concludes that 'although the financial statements are not auditable for FY 2010, the Department's financial managers are meeting warfighter needs'.[24]
Budget for 2016[edit]
On February 9, 2016, the US Department of Defense under President Obama released a statement outlining the proposed 2016 and 2017 defense spending budgets that "[reflect] the priorities necessary for our force today and in the future to best serve and protect our nation in a rapidly changing security environment."[25]
Budget by Appropriation[25]
Components
Dollars In Billions
Military Personnel 138.6
Operation and Maintenance 244.4
Procurement 118.9
RDT&E 69.0
Revolving and Management Funds 1.3
Military Construction 6.9
Family Housing 1.3
Total 580.3
Budget by Military Departments[25]
Departments
Dollars in Billions
Army 146.9
Navy 168.8
Air Force 161.8
Defense Wide 102.8
Total 580.3
Budget request for FY2019[edit]
In February 2018, the Pentagon requested $686 billion for FY 2019.[26] On July 26, a military budget bill of $716 billion passed in the House of Representatives by 359-54. On August 1, the US Senate passed it by 87-10. The bill was presented to President Trump two days later. He signed it on August, 13.[27][28][29]
Budget request for FY2018[edit]
On March 16, 2017 President Trump submitted his request to Congress for $639 billion in military spending—$54 billion—which represents a 10 percent increase—for FY 2018 as well as $30 billion for FY2017 which ends in September. With a total federal budget of $3.9 trillion for FY2018, the increase in military spending would result in deep cuts to many other federal agencies and domestic programs, as well as the State Department.[30][30][31][32][33][32] Trump had pledged to "rebuild" the military as part of his 2016 Presidential campaign.[34]
In April 2017, journalist Scot J. Paltrow raised concerns about the increase in spending with the Pentagon's history of "faulty accounting".[35]
On the 14th of July, H.R. 2810 the National Defense Authorization Act 2018 was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives 344 - 81, with 8 not voting. 60% of Democrats voted for this bill, which represented an 18% increase in defense spending. The Congress increased the budget to total 696 billion dollars.
Budget request for FY2017[edit]
The currently available budget request for 2017 was filed on February 9, 2016,[25][36] under now former-President Barack Obama.
The press release of the proposal specifies the structure and goals for the Fiscal Year (FY) 2017 budget:
The FY 2017 budget reflects recent strategic threats and changes that have taken place in Asia, the Middle East and Europe. Russian aggression, terrorism by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and others, and China's island building and claims of sovereignty in international waters all necessitate changes in our strategic outlook and in our operational commitments. Threats and actions originating in Iran and North Korea negatively affect our interests and our allies. These challenges have sharpened the focus of our planning and budgeting.[25]
The proposal also includes a comparison of the 2016 and the proposed 2017 request amounts, a summary of acquisitions requested for 2017 and enacted in 2016, and provides in detail a breakdown of specific programs to be funded.
Investments[edit]
FY 2016 Enacted
FY 2017 Request
Change
Aircraft and Related Systems 50.6 45.3 -5.3
C4I Systems 7.1 7.4 0.3
Ground Systems 9.9 9.8 -0.1
Missile Defense Programs 9.1 8.5 -0.6
Missiles and Munitions 12.7 13.9 1.2
Mission Support 52.9 52.4 -0.5
Science & Technology (S&T) 13.0 12.5 -0.5
Shipbuilding and Maritime Systems 27.5 27.0 -0.5
Space-Based Systems 7.0 7.1 0.1
Rescissions -1.8 - +1.8
Total 188 183.9 -4.1
Amounts are in $ billions.
Major acquisition programs[edit]
These are the top 25 DoD weapon programs described in detail:
FY 2016
FY 2017
Qty $ Qty $
Aircraft
F-35 Joint Strike Fighter 68 11.6 63 10.5
KC-46A Tanker 12 3.0 15 3.3
P-8A Poseidon 17 3.4 11 2.2
V-22 Osprey 20 1.6 16 1.5
E-2D AHE Advanced Hawkeye 5 1.2 6 1.4
AH-64E Apache Helicopter 64 1.4 52 1.1
C/HC/MC-130J Hercules 29 2.4 14 1.3
UH-60 Black Hawk Helicopter 107 1.8 36 1.0
CH-53K King Stallion Helicopter -- 0.6 2 0.8
MQ-4C Triton 4 1.0 2 0.8
H-1 Upgrades Bell Helicopter 29 0.9 24 0.8
NGJ Next Generation Jammer Increment 1 -- 0.4 -- 0.6
CH-47F Chinook Helicopter 39 1.1 22 0.7
Missile Defense/Missiles
BMDS Ballistic Missile Defense -- 7.7 -- 6.9
Trident II Trident II Missile Modifications -- 1.2 -- 1.2
AMRAAM Advanced Medium Range Air to Air Missile 429 0.7 419 0.7
Ships
SSN 774 VIRGINIA Submarine 2 5.7 2 5.3
DDG 51 AEGIS Destroyer 2 4.4 2 3.5
CVN 78 FORD Aircraft Carrier -- 2.8 -- 2.8
ORR Ohio Replacement -- 1.4 -- 1.9
LHA-6 Amphibious Assault Ship -- 0.5 1 1.6
LCS Littoral Combat Ship 3 1.8 2 1.6
Space
AEHF Advanced Extremely High Frequency Satellite -- 0.6 -- 0.9
EELV Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle 4 1.5 5 1.8
Trucks
JLTV Joint Light Tactical Vehicle 804 0.4 2,020 0.7
$ in billions, Qty being the number of items requested.
Science and Technology Program[edit]
This program's purpose is to "invest in and develop capabilities that advance the technical superiority of the U.S. Military to counter new and emerging threats."[36] It has a budget of $12.5 billion, but is apart from the overall Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E) portfolio, which compromises $71.8 billion. Efforts funded apply to the Obama administration's refocusing of the US military to Asia, identifying investments to "sustain and advance [the] DoD's military dominance for the 21st century", counter the "technological advances of U.S. foes",[36] and support Manufacturing Initiative institutes. A breakdown of the amounts provided, by tier of research, is provided:
Program
FY 2016 Request
FY 2016 Enacted
FY 2017 Request
Change (FY16 Enacted - FY17 Request)
Basic Research 2.1 2.3 2.1 -0.2
Applied Research 4.7 5.0 4.8 -0.2
Advanced Technology Development 5.5 5.7 5.6 -0.1
Total 12.3 13.0 12.5 -0.5
Total budget by department[edit]
Total Budget
FY 2016 Enacted
FY 2017 Request
Change
Army 146,928,044 148,033,950 +1,105,906
Navy 168,786,798 164,861,078 -3,925,720
Air Force 161,783,330 166,879,239 +5,095,909
Defense-Wide 102,801,512 102,927,320 +125,808
Total 580,299,684 582,701,587 +2,401,903
Amounts in Thousands of $USD
Total budget of military[edit]
Total Budget
FY 2016 Enacted
FY 2017 Request
Change
Military Personnel 138,552,886 138,831,498 +278,612
Operation and Maintenance 244,434,932 250,894,310 +6,459,378
Procurement 118,866,320 112,081,088 -6,785,232
RDT&E* 69,009,764 71,765,940 +2,756,176
Revolving and Management Funds 1,264,782 1,512,246 +247,464
Military Construction 6,909,712 6,296,653 -613,059
Family Housing 1,261,288 1,319,852 +58,564
Total 580,299,684 582,701,587 +2,401,903
*Research, Development, Test and Evaluation
Amounts in thousands of $USD
Funding of payments and benefits[edit]
This portion of the military budget comprises roughly one third to one half of the total defense budget, considering only military personnel or additionally including civilian personnel, respectively. These expenditures "will likely always be, the single largest expense category for the Department." Since 2001, military pay and benefits have increased by 85%, but remained roughly one third of the total budget due to an overall increased budget. Military pay remains at about the 70th percentile compared to the private sector to attract sufficient amounts of qualified personnel.[37]
Military Pay and Benefits Funding
FY 2016 Enacted
FY 2017 Request
Military Personnel Appropriations 128.7 128.9
Medicare-Eligible Retiree Health Care Accruals 6.6 6.4
Defense Health Program 32.9 33.8
DoD Education Activity 3.1 2.9
Family Housing 1.3 1.3
Commissary Subsidy 1.4 1.2
Other Benefit Programs 3.5 3.4
Military Pay and Benefits Funding 177.5 177.9
Civilian Pay and Benefits Funding 71.8 72.9
Total Pay and Benefits Funding 249.3 250.8
DoD Base Budget Authority 521.7 523.9
Military Pay and Benefits as % of Budget 34.0% 34.0%
Total Pay and Benefits as % of Budget 47.8% 47.9%
Funding the military health system[edit]
The request for 2017 amounts to $48.8 billion. The system has 9.4 million beneficiaries, including active, retired, and eligible Reserve Component military personnel and their families, and dependent survivors.[37]
Program
FY 2017 Request
Defense Health (DHP) 33.5
Military Personnel 8.6
Military Construction 0.3
Health Care Accrual 6.4
Unified Medical Budget 48.8
Support service contractors[edit]
Main article: Defense contractor
See also: List of United States defense contractors
The role of support service contractors has increased since 2001 and in 2007 payments for contractor services exceeded investments in equipment for the armed forces for the first time.[38] In the 2010 budget, the support service contractors will be reduced from the current 39 percent of the workforce down to the pre-2001 level of 26 percent.[39] In a Pentagon review of January 2011, service contractors were found to be "increasingly unaffordable."[40]
Military budget and total US federal spending[edit]
Fiscal Year 2012 U.S. Federal Spending – Cash or Budget Basis.
The U.S. Department of Defense budget accounted in fiscal year 2010 for about 19% of the United States federal budgeted expenditures and 28% of estimated tax revenues. Including non-DOD expenditures, military spending was approximately 28–38% of budgeted expenditures and 42–57% of estimated tax revenues.[citation needed] According to the Congressional Budget Office, defense spending grew 9% annually on average from fiscal year 2000–2009.[41]
Because of constitutional limitations, military funding is appropriated in a discretionary spending account. (Such accounts permit government planners to have more flexibility to change spending each year, as opposed to mandatory spending accounts that mandate spending on programs in accordance with the law, outside of the budgetary process.) In recent years, discretionary spending as a whole has amounted to about one-third of total federal outlays.[42] Department of Defense spending's share of discretionary spending was 50.5% in 2003, and has risen to between 53% and 54% in recent years.[43]
For FY 2010, Department of Defense spending amounts to 4.7% of GDP.[44] Because the U.S. GDP has grown over time, the military budget can rise in absolute terms while shrinking as a percentage of the GDP. For example, the Department of Defense budget was slated to be $664 billion in 2010 (including the cost of operations in Iraq and Afghanistan previously funded through supplementary budget legislation[45][46]), higher than at any other point in American history, but still 1.1–1.4% lower as a percentage of GDP than the amount spent on military during the peak of Cold-War military spending in the late 1980s.[44] Admiral Mike Mullen, former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, has called four percent an "absolute floor".[47] This calculation does not take into account some other military-related non-DOD spending, such as Veterans Affairs, Homeland Security, and interest paid on debt incurred in past wars, which has increased even as a percentage of the national GDP.
In 2015, Pentagon and related spending totaled $598 billion.
In addition, the United States will spend at least $179 billion over the fiscal years of 2010-2018 on its nuclear arsenal, averaging $20 billion per year. Despite President Barack Obama's attempts in the media to reduce the scope of the current nuclear arms race, the U.S. intends to spend an additional $1 trillion over the next 30 years modernizing its nuclear arsenal.
In September 2017 the United States Senate followed President Donald Trump's plan to expand military spending, which will boost spending to $700 billion, about 91.4% of which will be spent on maintaining the armed forces and primary Pentagon costs.[48] Military spending is increasing regularly and more money is being spent every year on employee pay, operation and maintenance, and benefits including as health benefits. Methods to counteract rapidly increasing spending include shutting down bases, but that has been banned since an Obama administration Budget Act included a section that stopped just that.[49]
Federal waste[edit]
As of September 2014, the Department of Defense was estimated to have "$857 million in excess parts and supplies". This figure has risen over the past years, and of the Pentagon waste that has been calculated, two figures are especially worth mentioning: the expenditure of "$150 million on private villas for a handful of Pentagon employees in Afghanistan and the procurement of the JLENS air-defense balloon" which, throughout the program's development over the past two decades, is estimated to have cost $2.7 billion.[50] Also, it is important to note that the JLENS air-balloon still does not function properly.
One problem with military spending is waste that comes from poor cost estimation. The armed forces are seemingly unable to properly estimate costs, which ends up wasting billions of dollars annually. What is more, there are instances such as in the research and development department where costs are underestimated, which leads to a waste of a different kind: time. Without the appropriate resources, researchers cannot do their job adequately. What this can lead to is employees not working as efficiently as possible.[51]
Comparison with other countries[edit]
The U.S. military budget is higher than the nine other biggest military budgets in the world combined.
Map of military expenditures as a percentage of GDP by country, 2015.[52]
The United States spends more on their defense budget than China, Saudi Arabia, Russia, the United Kingdom, India, France, and Japan combined.[53] The 2009 U.S. military budget accounts for approximately 40% of global arms spending. The 2012 budget is 6–7 times larger than the $106 billion military budget of China. The United States and its close allies are responsible for two-thirds to three-quarters of the world's military spending (of which, in turn, the U.S. is responsible for the majority).[54][55][56] The US also maintains the largest number of military bases on foreign soil across the world.[57] While there are no freestanding foreign bases permanently located in the United States, there are now around 800 U.S. bases in foreign countries. Military spending makes up nearly 16% percent of entire federal spending and approximately half of discretionary spending. In a general sense discretionary spending (defense and non-defense spending) makes up one-third of the annual federal budget.[58]
In 2015, out of its budget of 1.11 trillion, the United States spent $598 billion on military. U.S. defense spending is equivalent to the next seven largest military budgets—India, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Saudi Arabia, Russia, and China—combined.
In 2017, the U.S. military budget is 773.5 billion and is estimated to increase in the upcoming years.
In 2005, the United States spent 4.06% of its GDP on its military (considering only basic Department of Defense budget spending), more than France's 2.6% and less than Saudi Arabia's 10%.[59]information 2006 This is historically low for the United States since it peaked in 1944 at 37.8% of GDP (it reached the lowest point of 3.0% in 1999–2001). Even during the peak of the Vietnam War the percentage reached a high of 9.4% in 1968.[60]
The US Military's budget has plateaued in 2009, but is still considerably larger than any other military power.
As compared with other countries, the United States spends billions more than its closest competitor, China, and more than the next 5 countries, China, Russia, Saudi Arabia, India, and France put together. Military spending is important to the Trump administration and it is unlikely that he has any reason to curb it. In addition, military spending is popular with 2017 House Speaker Paul Ryan, showing that U.S. military spending will continue to stay high as compared with other countries.[61]
Past commentary on military budget[edit]
In 2009, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates wrote that the U.S. should adjust its priorities and spending to address the changing nature of threats in the world: "What all these potential adversaries—from terrorist cells to rogue nations to rising powers—have in common is that they have learned that it is unwise to confront the United States directly on conventional military terms. The United States cannot take its current dominance for granted and needs to invest in the programs, platforms, and personnel that will ensure that dominance's persistence. But it is also important to keep some perspective. As much as the U.S. Navy has shrunk since the end of the Cold War, for example, in terms of tonnage, its battle fleet is still larger than the next 13 navies combined—and 11 of those 13 navies are U.S. allies or partners."[62] Secretary Gates announced some of his budget recommendations in April 2009.[63]
According to a 2009 Congressional Research Service there was a discrepancy between a budget that is declining as a percentage of GDP while the responsibilities of the DoD have not decreased and additional pressures on the military budget have arisen due to broader missions in the post-9/11 world, dramatic increases in personnel and operating costs, and new requirements resulting from wartime lessons in the Iraq War and Operation Enduring Freedom.[64]
Expenses for fiscal years 2001 through 2010 were analyzed by Russell Rumbaugh, a retired Army officer and ex-CIA military analyst, in a report for the Stimson Center.[65] Rumbaugh wrote: "Between 1981 and 1990, the Air Force bought 2,063 fighters. In contrast, between 2001 and 2010, it bought only 220. Yet between 2001 and 2010 the Air Force spent $38B of procurement funding just on fighter aircraft in inflation-adjusted dollars, compared with the $68B it spent between 1981 and 1990. In other words, the Air Force spent 55 percent as much money to get 10 percent as many fighters." As Adam Weinstein explained one of the report's findings: "Of the roughly $1 trillion spent on gadgetry since 9/11, 22 percent of it came from 'supplemental' war funding — annual outlays that are voted on separately from the regular defense budget." [66]
Most of the $5 billion in budget "cuts" for 2013 that were mandated by Congress in 2012 really only shifted expenses from the general military budget to the Afghanistan war budget. Declaring that nearly 65,000 troops were temporary rather than part of the permanent forces resulted in the reallocation of $4 billion in existing expenses to this different budget.[67]
In May 2012, as part of Obama's East Asia "pivot", his 2013 national military request moved funding from the Army and Marines to favor the Navy, but the Congress has resisted this.[68]
Reports emerged in February 2014 that Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel was planning to trim the defense budget by billions of dollars. The secretary in his first defense budget planned to limit pay rises, increase fees for healthcare benefits, freeze the pay of senior officers, and reduce military housing allowances. A reduction in the number of soldiers serving in the U.S. Army would reduce the size of the force to levels not seen since prior to the start of World War II.[69]
In July 2014, American Enterprise Institute scholar Michael Auslin opined in the National Review that the Air Force needs to be fully funded as a priority, due to the air superiority, global airlift, and long-range strike capabilities it provides.[70]
In January 2015 Defense Department published its internal study on how to save $125 billion on its military budget from 2016 to 2020 by renegotiating vendor contracts and pushing for stronger deals, and by offering workers early retirement and retraining.[71]
2012 fiscal cliff[edit]
On 5 December 2012, the Department of Defense announced it was planning for automatic spending cuts, which include $500 billion and an additional $487 billion due to the 2011 Budget Control Act, due to the fiscal cliff.[72][73][74][75][76] According to Politico, the Department of Defense declined to explain to the House of Representatives Appropriations Committee, which controls federal spending, what its plans were regarding the fiscal cliff planning.[77]
This was after half a dozen defense experts either resigned from Congress or lost their reelection fights.[78]
Lawrence Korb has noted that given recent trends military entitlements and personnel costs will take up the entire defense budget by 2039.[79]
GAO audits[edit]
The Government Accountability Office was unable to provide an audit opinion on the 2010 financial statements of the U.S. government due to "widespread material internal control weaknesses, significant uncertainties, and other limitations."[80] The GAO cited as the principal obstacle to its provision of an audit opinion "serious financial management problems at the Department of Defense that made its financial statements unauditable."[81]
In Fiscal Year (FY) 2011, seven out of 33 DoD reporting entities received unqualified audit opinions.[82] Under Secretary of Defense Robert F. Hale acknowledged enterprise-wide weaknesses with controls and systems.[83] Further management discussion in the FY 2011 DoD Financial Report states "we are not able to deploy the vast numbers of accountants that would be required to reconcile our books manually".[82] Congress has established a deadline of FY 2017 for the DoD to achieve audit readiness.[84]
For FYs 1998-2010 the Department of Defense's financial statements were either unauditable or such that no audit opinion could be expressed.[85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96] Several years behind other government agencies, the first results from an army of about 2,400 contracted DoD auditors are expected on November 15, 2018.[97]
Reform[edit]
In a statement of 6 January 2011 Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates stated: "This department simply cannot risk continuing down the same path – where our investment priorities, bureaucratic habits and lax attitude towards costs are increasingly divorced from the real threats of today, the growing perils of tomorrow and the nation's grim financial outlook." Gates has proposed a budget that, if approved by Congress, would reduce the costs of many DOD programs and policies, including reports, the IT infrastructure, fuel, weapon programs, DOD bureaucracies, and personnel.[98]
The 2015 expenditure for Army research, development and acquisition changed from $32 billion projected in 2012 for FY15, to $21 billion for FY15 expected in 2014.[99]
References[edit]
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