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Merriweather Post Pavilion
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For the album by Animal Collective, see Merriweather Post Pavilion (album).
Merriweather Post Pavilion
Merriweather Post Pavilion on July 21, 2017
Address
10475 Little Patuxent Parkway[1]
Location
Columbia, Howard County, Maryland
Coordinates
39°12′33.29″N 76°51′45.61″W / 39.2092472°N 76.8626694°W / 39.2092472; -76.8626694Coordinates: 39°12′33.29″N 76°51′45.61″W / 39.2092472°N 76.8626694°W / 39.2092472; -76.8626694
Public transit
RTA 406 (Central Library stop)
RTA 501 , RTA 503, MTA 315 (Broken Land/Hickory Ridge)
Owner
The Downtown Columbia Arts and Culture Commission (DCACC)
Operator
I.M.P. Inc.
Type
amphitheater
Genre(s)
music
Seating type
lawn, stadium
Capacity
19,319
Construction
Opened
1967
Renovated
2015–2016, 2018
Architect
Gehry, Walsh, & O'Malley
Website
merriweathermusic.com
Merriweather Post Pavilion is an outdoor concert venue located within Symphony Woods, a 40-acre (162,000-m²) lot of preserved land in the heart of the planned community of Columbia, Maryland. In 2010, Merriweather was named the second best amphitheater in the United States by Billboard magazine.[2] The venue was also ranked as the fourth best amphitheater in the United States by Rolling Stone in 2013.[3] It was again ranked by Consequence of Sound at number 29 of all music venues in the nation out of 100 in 2016.[4]
Contents
1 History
2 In popular culture
3 Events
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Pink Floyd in July 1973
Merriweather Post Pavilion was commissioned by the Rouse Company for its Howard County development project Columbia. The first design was rejected and the theatre was redesigned by award-winning architect Frank Gehry and N. David O'Malley with the firm of Gehry, Walsh and O'Malley.[5][6] It opened in 1967 on the former grounds of the Oakland Manor slave plantation.[7] It is named for the American Post Foods heiress Marjorie Merriweather Post who promised and withdrew donations to Rouse for the facility.[8] The theatre was originally intended to be a summer home for the National Symphony Orchestra.[9] It later became a venue for popular music concerts, including performances by Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, The Doors, Led Zeppelin, The Grateful Dead, and The Who.[7]
A grand opening gala was held on July 14, 1967,[10] and Vice President Hubert Humphrey attended a presentation of "Columbia: Broadsides for Orchestra" in a driving rainstorm that flooded the orchestra to its knees. The Orchestra went bankrupt the next year.[11] In the 1968 season, controversial presidential candidate George Wallace held a 7500-person rally on June 27, 1968, followed shortly after by candidate Eugene McCarthy.[12][13]
On May 25, 1969, The Who and Led Zeppelin shared a stage for the first and only time, playing to a crowd of 20,000. Led Zeppelin performed "Whole Lotta Love" live for just the second time ever, and allegedly ran long in their opening slot, resulting in their plug being pulled by The Who’s production crew.[14]
Before the start of the 1970 season, loge sections were built (adding 1,800 seats) in order to book a seven night run of Tom Jones, featuring Gladys Knight & the Pips as the opening act.[15]
In 1970, Columbia's manager Richard Anderson dropped bookings of rock venues after gate crashing and disturbances at a Steppenwolf concert.[16] The Nederlander Organization began managing the venue in 1971.[17] By 1972, the music shifted from Rouse & Merriweather's vision of symphonies to rock venues, and Charles E. Miller proposed bills that would disallow performances of entertainers with a history of violence in venues with a capacity of 3,000 or more.[18] In the summer of 1974, Howard Research and Development manager Micheal Spear banned rock music after incidents, listing Alice Cooper, Grateful Dead, and Edgar Winter as artists that were unacceptable.[19]
In 1977, Jimmy Buffett performed at Merriweather for the first time. He has since played a total of 42 times, the most by any act.[20]
In 1978, and again in 1980 during his campaign against Ronald Reagan, President Jimmy Carter joined Willie Nelson on stage to sing a duet of "Georgia on My Mind".[21]
SFX bought the entertainment lease in 1999.[22]
In 2003, development by General Growth Properties threatened to shutter the pavilion, drawing the ire of local Columbia teens, along with former bandmates Ian Kennedy and Justin Carlson, who launched and sustained a grassroots "Save Merriweather" campaign to keep the concert venue open. As part of the fight, Kennedy vowed not to shave his beard until the future of Merriweather was secure.[23]
As "Save Merriweather" began to pick up steam, General Growth Properties offered to sell Merriweather to Howard County on condition that the pavilion be converted into a much smaller, enclosed theater. Shortly thereafter, 9:30 Club owner Seth Hurwitz's I.M.P. was chosen as Merriweather's new promoter amidst the claim by GGP's General Manager that trying to make Merriweather Post Pavilion profitable was like "trying to sell ice cubes in the middle of winter."[24][25]
In 2005, Howard County held a charrette to discuss redevelopment of the Rouse Planned community beyond its initial 100,000 population design. In 2010, The Downtown Columbia Plan passed, requiring the developer General Growth Properties, (Now The Howard Hughes Corporation) to renovate Merriweather before additional development could occur in Columbia. In 2014, County Executive Ken Ulman proposed a bill to relieve Howard Hughes of the renovation expense including a $10 million grant.[26][27][28] The final plan which only granted $9.5 million to the developer was announced at a Jack Johnson concert on June 5, 2014, removing a major development restriction.[29]
Jim James performing at Merriweather Post Pavilion on August 12, 2011
Virgin Mobile's FreeFest was hosted at Merriweather Post Pavilion for five years, from 2009 to 2013. Each festival was free to attend contingent on attendees completing charitable tasks in their community. VIP tickets were also available to purchase, with proceeds donated to the RE*Generation House homeless youth shelter in Washington, D.C. An estimated 50,000 people attended each year, which included guest appearances by Virgin's CEO, Sir Richard Branson, and such acts as Jack White, LCD Soundystem, Pavement, The Black Keys, Vampire Weekend, M83, TV on the Radio, MGMT, and St. Vincent.[30][31]
In 2013, former Rouse employee Michael McCall proposed county executive-backed plans to convert the wooded land called Symphony Woods surrounding the pavilion. McCall's company, Strategic Leisure, first proposed a $50 million publicly funded six-story parking garage at the Toby's Dinner Theatre location; later proposals included a 39-acre arts park with features such as an outdoor amphitheater called the Chrysalis, a 300-foot-long floating picnic table, and an 800-foot-long tube called the Caterpillar.[32] The new project was named the "Inner Arbor", a spin on another Rouse development, Baltimore's "Inner Harbor".[33] Artist William Cochran, son of former County Executive Edward L. Cochran, and brother of Councilwoman Courtney Watson, was commissioned for artwork that includes horns up to 28 feet tall.[34]
The majority of the wooded and open field land surrounding Symphony Woods and Merriweather served as a park, festival site, event parking, and site of yearly Symphony of Lights Christmas light displays. As part of the redevelopment initiative, the owner Howard Hughes Corp rezoned the land for a project called the "Crescent", which would relocate the Banneker fire department, redevelop the area into 2,100 homes and 1,125,000 square feet of general and medical office space, in 20-story-high buildings.[35] The Crescent project gets its name from the shape of the work area surrounding the pavilion, as well as Rouse's (Howard Hughes') partnership with Crescent Real Estate Equities on its Woodlands development.[36]
In August 2014, the site made national news when 2 patrons died and 20 others were hospitalized from drug overdoses after a Mad Decent concert. Venues across the country implemented stricter drug enforcement controls after the incident.[37][38]
Merriweather Post draws a regional traffic base with 90% of concert attendees travelling from outside of Howard County.[39]
In 2015, the Howard County Planning Board approved a submission by Brian Spencer, a registered lobbyist and project manager by Howard Hughes. The $8.4 million design by Jamie Pett (JP2 architects) includes renovation with new concession stands around the 9:32 club and replacement of the condemned restrooms.[40]
On November 30, 2016 The Howard Hughes Corporation transferred ownership of Merriweather Post Pavilion and Symphony Woods to the Downtown Columbia Arts and Culture Commission, a nonprofit organization helmed by "Save Merriweather" co-founder Ian Kennedy. At the official ceremony, Kennedy shaved the beard he had been growing for 13 years, since the beginning of the campaign in 2003.[23]
2017 marked Merriweather Post Pavilion’s 50th season, celebrated in part by I.M.P.'s signing of a new 40-Year lease to continue operating Merriweather through 2057. The celebration continued with the completion of $55 Million of renovations creating 15,000 square feet of dressing rooms and backstage areas including a swimming pool and dining room. The renovations also include the expansion of the stage house in preparation for raising the pavilion’s famed roof, the installation of a turntable inset in the stage, and new bathrooms and concessions for patrons, as well as a new VIP rooftop bar.[41]
In honor of its illustrious history, legendary artists from Paul Simon and Sarah McLachlan to Santana returned to the Merriweather stage in 2017, including an Anniversary show featuring Jackson Browne, Willie Nelson, Father John Misty, and Grace Potter.[15]
Early in the morning on January 13, 2018, the roof overhanging the reserved seating at the venue suffered a total failure and collapsed. It was in the final stages of a five-month project to raise the structure by 20 feet to improve sight lines for patrons on the lawn. Management quickly issued a statement indicating that the roof would be replaced, and that the venue would open as scheduled for its 2018 concert season.[42]
In popular culture[edit]
Three tracks from Jackson Browne's Running on Empty were recorded at the pavilion on August 27, 1977.
Animal Collective's critically acclaimed 2009 album Merriweather Post Pavilion is named in tribute to the pavilion, though the band did not actually perform there until 2011.
Events[edit]
show
List of Events
Jackson Browne – August 27, 1977 (see above "In Popular Culture" and Running on Empty)
Kid Cudi – "The Cud Life Tour" July 2, 2011
My Morning Jacket – August 12, 2011 and July 26, 2015 with Jason Isbell
"2011 Summer Spirit Festival" – August 14, 2011 featuring Nas, Damian Marley, The Roots, Chuck Brown, Bilal, The Foreign Exchange (Phonte & Nicolay, Miguel, and King
Lupe Fiasco – "Generation Laser Tour" September 16, 2011 with Wale, Big Sean, Miguel, and Tinie Tempah
"2012 Summer Spirit Festival" – August 4, 2012 featuring Erykah Badu, Common, Chuck Brown Tribute featuring Chuck Brown’s Band (Including KK and D. Floyd) with James Funk, Sugar Bear, "Big" Tony, and Andre "Whiteboy" Johnson, Sharon Jones & The Dap-Kings, Estelle, Eric Roberson, Huggy Lowdown, Chris Paul, and Red Grant
"2013 Summer Spirit Festival" – August 3, 2013 featuring D'Angelo, Erykah Badu, Busta Rhymes, Rare Essence, Black Alley, Hiatus Kaiyote, and Mike Epps
"Sweetlife Festival" – May 10, 2014 featuring Foster the People, Lana Del Rey, 2 Chainz, Capital Cities, Fitz & the Tantrums, Bastille, Chromeo, St. Lucia, Bombay Bicycle Club, Gems, Hozier, ASTR, Spirit Animal, Nicky Blitz, and That Work
Queen + Adam Lambert – July 20, 2014
"2014 Summer Spirit Festival" – August 2, 2014 featuring Lauryn Hill, Janelle Monáe, Talib Kweli, Meshell Ndegeocello, Junkyard Band, Backyard Band, Rdgldgrn, George Tandy, Jr., Roman Gianarthur and DJ Quicksilva
"M3 Rock Festival" – May 1–2, 2015 featuring Cinderella's Tom Keifer, Kix, Dokken, Quiet Riot, Trixter, Dio Disciples, Europe, Queensrÿche, Krokus, Warrant, Y&T, Winery Dogs, LA Guns, Vixen, Bang Tango, Black N Blue, Tyketto, Rhino Bucket, Killer Dwarfs, and Bad Seed Rising
"DC101 Kerfuffle" – May 3, 2015 featuring The Offspring, Incubus, Panic! at the Disco, Dirty Heads, Big Data, Andrew McMahon in the Wilderness, Robert DeLong, and Coasts
Florida-Georgia Line – "Anything Goes Tour" May 9, 2015 with Thomas Rhett and Frankie Ballard
"Dear Jerry, a one-time concert celebrating the music of the Grateful Dead and Jerry Garcia" – May 14, 2015
Pentatonix – "The World Tour 2015" May 12, 2015 with Us The Duo and AJ Lehrman
Cage the Elephant – May 15, 2015 with Portugal., The Man, and Broncho
Kenny Chesney – "The Big Revival Tour" May 27, 2015 with Jake Owen, and Chase Rice
"Sweetlife Festival" – May 30–31, 2015 with Kendrick Lamar, Calvin Harris, The Weeknd, The Pixies, Charli XCX, Billy Idol, and Phantogram
The Decemberists – June 4, 2015 with Father John Misty
"Capital Jazz Fest" – June 5, 2015 featuring Maze with Frankie Beverly, India Arie, George Clinton, Parliament/Funkadelic, and Kenny G
Florence + The Machine – June 9, 2015
Mumford and Sons – June 10, 2015 with The Maccabees
Hozier – June 20, 2015 with The Antlers
Fall Out Boy and Wiz Khalifa – "Boys of Zummer Tour" June 27, 2015 with Hoodie Allen
"VANS Warped Tour" – July 18, 2015 featuring Icons for Hire, Family Force Five, and We the Kings
Sam Smith – July 24, 2015
Faith No More – August 2, 2015 with Refused
"2015 Summer Spirit Festival" – August 8, 2015 featuring Erykah Badu, Anthony Hamilton, Floetry, Estelle, Junkyard Band, Tony! Toni! Tone!, Avery*Sunshine, and Phony Ppl
Phish – August 15–16, 2015
Willie Nelson and Family – August 19, 2015 with Old Crow Medicine Show
Darius Rucker – August 22, 2015 with Brett Eldredge, Brothers Osborne, and A Thousand Horses
O.A.R. – July 13, 2002, August 31, 2003, July 30, 2005 with The Southland, July 29, 2006 with Jack's Mannequin, August 17, 2007 with Augustana and Telograph, July 26, 2008, August 7, 2009 with Matt Nathanson, August 12, 2010 with Citizen Cope, August 13, 2011 with SOJA and Virginia Coalition, August 10, 2012 with Rebelution, August 1, 2013 with Andrew McMahon and Allen Stone, July 19, 2014 with Phillip Phillips and Saints of Valory, August 27, 2015 with Allen Stone and Brynn Elliott, and August 13, 2016
"The Trillectro Festival" – August 29, 2015 featuring Chance the Rapper, RL Grime, and Cashmere Cat
Death Cab For Cutie – September 13, 2015 with Explosions in the Sky
Alabama Shakes – September 18, 2015 with Drive-By Truckers
Of Monsters And Men – September 20, 2015
"WPOC Weekend in the Country" – October 3–4, 2015 featuring Brantley Gilbert, Sam Hunt, Parmalee, Locash, Kelsea Ballerini, Cam, Maren Morris, Thompson Square, Canaan Smith, Chris Janson, and Mo Pitney
Jason Aldean – May 7, 2016 with Thomas Rhett, A Thousand Horses, Dee Jay Silver
Pentatonix – May 12, 2016 with Us The Duo and AJ Lehrman
"Sweetlife Festival" – May 14, 2016 featuring The 1975, Halsey, Flume, Grimes, PartyNextDoor, Blondie, Eagles of Death Metal, Mac DeMarco, Thundercat, Vince Staples, Shamir, Wolf Alice, DIIV, and Prinze George
Kenny Chesney – May 19, 2016 with Old Dominion
Capital Jazz Fest – June 3–5, 2016 with New Edition, En Vogue, KING, Donnie Simpson, Brian Culbertson, Lalah Hathaway, Marcus Miller, Raul Midon, "Jazzing Up The Elements: A Musical Tribute to Maurice White", Take 6, The Isley Brothers, Al B. Sure!, SWV, Eric Roberson, Blackstreet, Will Downing, Fourplay, David Sanborn, Pieces of a Dream, Jarrod Lawson, Mike Phillips, Toni Braxton, The Brand New Heavies, Kenny Lattimore, Rick James's Original Stone City Band, and Tamia
Twenty One Pilots – June 10, 2016 with Mutemath and Chef'Special
Ellie Goulding – June 13, 2016 with Matt and Kim
Tame Impala – June 16, 2016 with M83
Chris Stapleton & Jason Isbell – June 18, 2016 with Frank Turner and the Sleeping Souls
The Cure – June 22, 2016 with The Twilight Sad
"DC101 Kerfuffle" – June 26, 2016 with blink-182, Silversun Pickups, Cold War Kids, Violent Femmes, Bear Hands, The Strumbellas, and Joywave
Merryland Music Fest – July 9–10, 2016 featuring The String Cheese Incident, Ben Harper & The Innocent Criminals, Grace Potter, Lotus, Stephen "Ragga" Marley, Greensky Bluegrass, Shakey Graves, Yonder Mountain String Band, Langhorne Slim & The Law, Karl Denson's Tiny Universe, Nahko & Medicine for the People, Protoje, Pigeons Playing Ping Pong, Turkuaz, TAUK, and Cris Jacobs Band
Modest Mouse and Brand New – July 12, 2016
"Vans Warped Tour – Presented by Journeys" – July 16, 2016 featuring Falling in Reverse, Four Year Strong, Less Than Jake, New Found Glory, Reel Big Fish, Set It Off, Sum 41, We the Kings, Yellowcard, Issues, Mayday Parade, Pepper, Real Friends, Sleeping With Sirens, State Champs, The Maine, The Story So Far, Tonight Alive, Crown The Empire, Every Time I Die, Ice Nine Kills, Motionless in White, The Color Morale, The Word Alive, Volumes, Whitechapel, Chelsea Grin, Coldrain, Cruel Hand, From Ashes to New, Gideon, In Hearts Wake, Oceans Ate Alaska, Vanna, Veil of Maya, Emarosa, I See Stars, Knuckle Puck, Masked Intruder, Roam, SECRETS, The Heirs, The Interrupters, Young Guns, Against the Current, Assuming We Survive, Ballyhoo!, Chunk! No, Captain Chunk!, GHOST TOWN, SYKES, Teenage Bottlerocket, Too Close to Touch, Waterparks, Avion Roe, Bad Seed Rising, Broadside, Cane Hill, Dash Ten, Hail the Sun, Like Pacific, Mother Feather, Old Wounds, Palaye Royale, Reckless Serenade, Safe to Say, Silent Planet, Wage War, and With Confidence
Brandi Carlile and Old Crow Medicine Show – July 23, 2016 with Dawes
"2016 Summer Spirit Festival" – August 6–7, 2016 featuring Erykah Badu, Jill Scott, Janelle Monáe, The Roots, Gregory Porter, Team Familiar, Leela James, Kindred the Family Soul, Avery*Sunshine, The Chuck Brown Band, Daley, Wisdom Speeks, and Be'la Dona with DJ Kool and Sugar Bear
"Carnival of Madness" and Shinedown – August 10, 2016 with Halestorm, Black Stone Cherry, and Whiskey Myers
Train – August 20, 2016 with Andy Grammer
Miranda Lambert – August 25, 2016 with Kip Moore and Brothers Osborne
The Lumineers – "The Cleopatra World Tour" September 10, 2016 with BØRNS and Rayland Baxter
Little Big Town – "WPOC Weekend In The Country" October 15 & 16,2016 with Dustin Lynch, Rodney Atkins, Old Dominion, Maddie & Tae and More
"Easter at Merriweather" – April 16, 2017, with Bridgeway Community Church[citation needed]
Gorillaz – July 17, 2017
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Merriweather Post Pavilion.
List of contemporary amphitheatres
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Google (January 25, 2012). "Merriweather Post Pavilion" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Merriweather Post Pavilion ranked second-best amphitheater in the country". Baltimore Sun. December 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Best Amphitheaters in America: Merriweather Post Pavilion, Columbia, Maryland". Rolling Stone. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The 100 Greatest American Music Venues: A first-class, front-row ticket to this country's most vital concert halls". Consequence of Sound. April 29, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Joseph Rocco Mitchell, David L. Stebenne. New City Upon a Hill. p. 89.
Jump up ^ Baltimore Magazine: 81. September 2005. Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b "About Us". Merriweather Post Pavilion. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ James Wannemacher. Creating a new city Early Buildings People and Projects. p. 108.
Jump up ^ "Merriweather feels pangs of middle age". Baltimore Sun. October 20, 1997.
Jump up ^ "This Day in History: July 14". Retro Baltimore. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Symphony Gala Ends as Okefenokee of the arts". The New York Times. July 18, 1967.
Jump up ^ "Speech Set By McCarthy At Columbia". The Washington Post. July 11, 1968.
Jump up ^ Peter A. Jay (June 28, 1968). "Wallace Hits Riots, Dubs D.C. a Jungle: Wallace Raps Crime, Riots, Calls Washington a 'Jungle'". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ WETA. "Merriweather Post's Legendary Double Bill". Boundary Stones: WETA's Washington DC History Blog. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Merriweather Post Pavilion at 50: Why the outdoor venue feels like home for artists and fans". Washington Post. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Louise Vest (August 4, 2015). "Steppenwolf causes Merriweather to reconsider rock concerts - History Matters". The Baltimore Sun.
Jump up ^ "New Managers At Pavilion". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Micheal J Clark (January 5, 1972). "Bill would let Howard cancel concert of 3,000-plus if violence is feared". The Baltimore Sun. p. 1.
Jump up ^ Tom Zito (January 31, 1974). "Post Pavilion Rock Ban: Pavilion, Rock Ban". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ "Merriweather Post Pavilion – Columbia, MD". Glide Magazine. October 25, 2005.
Jump up ^ James A. Clark, Jr. Jim Clark : Soldier, Farmer, Legislator / A Memoir. p. 118.
Jump up ^ Jill Hudson Neal (March 23, 1999). "Merriweather concert lease goes to SFX". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Waseem, Fatimah. "With transfer of ownership, Merriweather Post Pavilion eyes new future". Columbia Flier. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Craig, Tim (October 15, 2003). "Merriweather Post Pavilion Gets New Promoter". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Howard pavilion to stay open air". tribunedigital-baltimoresun. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Luke Lavoie (May 7, 2014). "Merriweather discussions continue as pre-filed bill put on hold". The Baltimore Sun.
Jump up ^ Lindsey McPherson (March 30, 2012). "Ulman's $175 million capital budget focuses on schools, roadways". ExploreHoward.
Jump up ^ "General Plan Amendment on Downtown Columbia". Retrieved June 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Luke Lavoie (June 5, 2014). "Merriweather renovation plans revealed before Jack Johnson concert". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "R.I.P. Virgin Mobile FreeFest". Consequence of Sound. July 30, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ramanathan, Lavanya; Ramanathan, Lavanya (July 29, 2014). "Virgin Mobile FreeFest will not return in 2014". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Athur Hirsh (February 3, 2013). "New Proposal for Columbia". The Baltimore Sun.
Jump up ^ Luke Lavoie (May 16, 2014). "Town Center board asks Howard Council to pull Inner Arbor funding; $1.5 million pledged in county budget". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Janene Holzberg (March 2, 2014). "Cochran making a sound contribution to his hometown of Columbia; Renowned artist creates multi-horn concept for Symphony Woods". The Baltimore Sun.
Jump up ^ Luke Lavoie (March 19, 2014). "Urban streetscape planned for downtown Columbia's crescent". The Baltimore Sun.
Jump up ^ "Crescent Real Estate Equities Co – '10-Q/A' for 9/30/97". SECinfo.com. Fran Finnegan & Company. December 5, 1997. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Strict drug safety measures at Mad Decent Block Party event in Brooklyn". Archived from the original on August 14, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Russ Waterholm (April 4, 2014). The University Herald. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Joseph Rocco Mitchel, David L Stebenne. New City Upon a Hill. p. 145.
Jump up ^ Luke Lavoie (January 29, 2015). "Merriweather Renovations Poised to Start". The Columbia Flier. p. 10.
Jump up ^ "I.M.P. Signs 40-Year Lease To Operate Merriweather Post Pavilion Amidst $55 Mil Renovation". Billboard. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Merriweather Post Pavilion Roof Collapses Early Saturday Morning". TicketNews. January 14, 2018. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
External links[edit]
Merriweather Music.com
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Reverse Polish notation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Postfix notation
("Reverse Polish")
Infix notation
Prefix notation
("Polish")
v
t
e
Reverse Polish notation (RPN), also known as Polish postfix notation or simply postfix notation, is a mathematical notation in which operators follow their operands, in contrast to Polish notation (PN), in which operators precede their operands. It does not need any parentheses as long as each operator has a fixed number of operands. The description "Polish" refers to the nationality of logician Jan Łukasiewicz,[1] who invented Polish notation in 1924.[2][3]
The reverse Polish scheme was proposed in 1954 by Arthur Burks, Don Warren, and Jesse Wright[4] and was independently reinvented by Friedrich L. Bauer and Edsger W. Dijkstra in the early 1960s to reduce computer memory access and utilize the stack to evaluate expressions. The algorithms and notation for this scheme were extended by Australian philosopher and computer scientist Charles L. Hamblin in the mid-1950s.[5][6]
During the 1970s and 1980s, Hewlett-Packard used RPN in all of their desktop and hand-held calculators.[7][8] In computer science, reverse Polish notation is used in stack-oriented programming languages such as Forth and PostScript.
Most of what follows is about binary operators. An example of a unary operator whose standard notation may be interpreted as reverse Polish notation is the factorial, "n!".
Contents
1 Explanation
2 Practical implications
3 Postfix evaluation algorithm
3.1 Example
4 Converting from infix notation
5 Implementations
5.1 History of implementations
5.1.1 Hewlett-Packard
5.1.2 WP 31S and WP 34S
5.1.3 Sinclair Radionics
5.1.4 Commodore
5.1.5 Prinztronic
5.1.6 Heathkit
5.1.7 Soviet Union
5.2 Other implementations
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Explanation[edit]
In reverse Polish notation, the operators follow their operands; for instance, to add 3 and 4, one would write 3 4 + rather than 3 + 4. If there are multiple operations, operators are given immediately after their second operands; so the expression written 3 − 4 + 5 in conventional notation would be written 3 4 − 5 + in reverse Polish notation: 4 is first subtracted from 3, then 5 is added to it. An advantage of reverse Polish notation is that it removes the need for parentheses that are required by infix notation. While 3 − 4 × 5 can also be written 3 − (4 × 5), that means something quite different from (3 − 4) × 5. In reverse Polish notation, the former could be written 3 4 5 × −, which unambiguously means 3 (4 5 ×) − which reduces to 3 20 −; the latter could be written 3 4 − 5 × (or 5 3 4 − ×, if keeping similar formatting), which unambiguously means (3 4 −) 5 ×.
Practical implications[edit]
In comparison testing of reverse Polish notation with algebraic notation, reverse Polish has been found to lead to faster calculations, for two reasons. Because reverse Polish calculators do not need expressions to be parenthesized, fewer operations need to be entered to perform typical calculations. Additionally, users of reverse Polish calculators made fewer mistakes than for other types of calculator.[9][10] Later research clarified that the increased speed from reverse Polish notation may be attributed to the smaller number of keystrokes needed to enter this notation, rather than to a smaller cognitive load on its users.[11] However, anecdotal evidence suggests that reverse Polish notation is more difficult for users to learn than algebraic notation.[10]
Postfix evaluation algorithm[edit]
The following algorithm evaluates postfix expressions using a stack, with the expression processed from left to right:
for each token in the postfix expression:
  if token is an operator:
    operand_2 ← pop from the stack
    operand_1 ← pop from the stack
    result ← evaluate token with operand_1 and operand_2
    push result back onto the stack
  else if token is an operand:
    push token onto the stack
result ← pop from the stack

The following algorithm produces the same results of the previous one, but the expression is processed from right to left:
for each token in the reversed postfix expression:
  if token is an operator:
    push token onto the operator stack
    pending_operand ← False
  else if token is an operand:
    operand ← token
    if pending_operand is True:
      while the operand stack is not empty:
        operand_1 ← pop from the operand stack
        operator ← pop from the operator stack
        operand ← evaluate operator with operand_1 and operand
    push operand onto the operand stack
    pending_operand ← True
result ← pop from the operand stack

Example[edit]
The infix expression ((15 ÷ (7 − (1 + 1))) × 3) − (2 + (1 + 1)) can be written like this in reverse Polish notation:
15 7 1 1 + − ÷ 3 × 2 1 1 + + −
Evaluating this postfix expression with the above left-to-right algorithm yields (red items are the stack contents, bold is the current token):
15 7 1 1 + − ÷ 3 × 2 1 1 + + − = 15 7 1 1 + − ÷ 3 × 2 1 1 + + − = 15 7 1 1 + − ÷ 3 × 2 1 1 + + − = 15 7 1 1 + − ÷ 3 × 2 1 1 + + − = 15 7 1 1 + − ÷ 3 × 2 1 1 + + − = 15 7 2 − ÷ 3 × 2 1 1 + + − = 15 5 ÷ 3 × 2 1 1 + + − = 3 3 × 2 1 1 + + − = 3 3 × 2 1 1 + + − = 9 2 1 1 + + − = 9 2 1 1 + + − = 9 2 1 1 + + − = 9 2 1 1 + + − = 9 2 2 + − = 9 4 − = 5 = 5

Evaluating this postfix expression with the above right-to-left algorithm yields:
15 7 1 1 + − ÷ 3 × 2 1 1 + + − = 15 7 1 1 + − ÷ 3 × 2 2 + − = 15 7 1 1 + − ÷ 3 × 4 − = 15 7 2 − ÷ 3 × 4 − = 15 5 ÷ 3 × 4 − = 3 3 × 4 − = 9 4 − = 5

The following table shows the state of the operand stack at each stage of the above left-to-right algorithm:
Token
Type
Stack
Actions
15 Operand 15 Push onto stack.
7 Operand 15 7 Push onto stack.
1 Operand 15 7 1 Push onto stack.
1 Operand 15 7 1 1 Push onto stack.
+ Operator 15 7 2 Pop from stack twice (1, 1), calculate (1 + 1 = 2) and push onto stack.
− Operator 15 5 Pop from stack twice (7, 2), calculate (7 − 2 = 5) and push onto stack.
÷ Operator 3 Pop from stack twice (15, 5), calculate (15 ÷ 5 = 3) and push onto stack.
3 Operand 3 3 Push onto stack.
× Operator 9 Pop from stack twice (3, 3), calculate (3 × 3 = 9) and push onto stack.
2 Operand 9 2 Push onto stack.
1 Operand 9 2 1 Push onto stack.
1 Operand 9 2 1 1 Push onto stack.
+ Operator 9 2 2 Pop from stack twice (1, 1), calculate (1 + 1 = 2) and push onto stack.
+ Operator 9 4 Pop from stack twice (2, 2), calculate (2 + 2 = 4) and push onto stack.
− Operator 5 Pop from stack twice (9, 4), calculate (9 − 4 = 5) and push onto stack.
The above example could be rewritten by following the "chain calculation" method described by HP for their series of reverse Polish notation calculators:[12]
As was demonstrated in the Algebraic mode, it is usually easier (fewer keystrokes) in working a problem like this to begin with the arithmetic operations inside the parentheses first.
1 2 + 4 × 5 + 3 −
Converting from infix notation[edit]
Main article: Shunting-yard algorithm
Edsger Dijkstra invented the shunting-yard algorithm to convert infix expressions to postfix expressions (reverse Polish notation), so named because its operation resembles that of a railroad shunting yard.
There are other ways of producing postfix expressions from infix expressions. Most operator-precedence parsers can be modified to produce postfix expressions; in particular, once an abstract syntax tree has been constructed, the corresponding postfix expression is given by a simple post-order traversal of that tree.
Implementations[edit]
History of implementations[edit]
The first computers to implement architectures enabling reverse Polish notation were the English Electric Company's KDF9 machine, which was announced in 1960 and delivered (i.e. made available commercially) in 1963, and the American Burroughs B5000, announced in 1961 and also delivered in 1963. One of the designers of the B5000, Robert S. Barton, later wrote that he developed reverse Polish notation independently of Hamblin sometime in 1958 after reading a 1954 textbook on symbolic logic by Irving Copi,[13][14][15] where he found a reference to Polish notation,[15] which made him read the works of Jan Łukasiewicz as well,[15] and before he was aware of Hamblin's work. Designed by Robert "Bob" Appleby Ragen,[16] Friden introduced reverse Polish notation to the desktop calculator market with the EC-130 supporting a four-level stack[3] in June 1963.[17] The successor EC-132 added a square root function in April 1965.[18] Around 1966, the Monroe Epic calculator supported an unnamed input scheme resembling RPN as well.[3]
Hewlett-Packard[edit]
Main article: HP calculators
A promotional Hewlett-Packard "No Equals" hat from the 1980s – both a boast and a reference to RPN.
Hewlett-Packard engineers designed the 9100A Desktop Calculator in 1968 with reverse Polish notation[7] with only three stack levels,[19] a reverse Polish notation variant later referred to as three-level RPN. This calculator popularized reverse Polish notation among the scientific and engineering communities. The HP-35, the world's first handheld scientific calculator,[7] introduced the classical four-level RPN in 1972.[20] HP used reverse Polish notation on every handheld calculator it sold, whether scientific, financial, or programmable, until it introduced the HP-10 adding machine calculator in 1977. By this time, HP was the leading manufacturer of calculators for professionals, including engineers and accountants.
Later LCD-based calculators in the early 1980s such as the HP-10C, HP-11C, HP-15C, HP-16C, and the financial calculator, the HP-12C also used reverse Polish notation. In 1988, Hewlett-Packard introduced a business calculator, the HP-19B, without reverse Polish notation, but its 1990 successor, the HP-19BII, gave users the option of using algebraic notation or reverse Polish notation.
Around 1987, HP introduced RPL, an object-oriented successor to reverse Polish notation. It deviates from classical reverse Polish notation by utilizing a stack only limited by the amount of available memory (instead of three or four fixed levels) and which can hold all kinds of data objects (including symbols, strings, lists, matrices, graphics, programs, etc.) instead of just numbers. It also changed the behaviour of the stack to no longer duplicate the top register on drops (since in an unlimited stack there is no longer a top register) and the behaviour of the Enter key so that it no longer duplicates values into Y under certain conditions, both part of the specific ruleset of the so-called automatic memory stack[21] or operational (memory) stack[22] in classical reverse Polish notation in order to ease some calculations and to save keystrokes, but which had shown to also sometimes cause confusion among users not familiar with these properties. From 1990 to 2003 HP manufactured the HP-48 series of graphing RPL calculators and in 2006 introduced the HP 50g.
As of 2011, Hewlett-Packard was offering the calculator models 12C, 12C Platinum, 17bII+, 20b, 30b, 33s, 35s, 48gII (RPL) and 50g (RPL) which support reverse Polish notation.[23] While calculators emulating classical models continue to support classical reverse Polish notation, new reverse Polish notation models feature a variant of reverse Polish notation, where the Enter key behaves as in RPL. This latter variant is sometimes known as entry RPN.[24] In 2013, the HP Prime introduced a 128-level form of entry RPN called advanced RPN. By late 2017, only the 12C, 12C Platinum, 17bii+, 35s and Prime remain active HP models supporting reverse Polish notation.
WP 31S and WP 34S[edit]
The community-developed calculators WP 31S and WP 34S, which are based on the HP 20b/HP 30b hardware platform, support Hewlett-Packard-style classical reverse Polish notation with either a four- or an eight-level stack. A seven-level stack had been implemented in the MITS 7400C scientific desktop calculator in 1972[25][26][27] and an eight-level stack was already suggested by John A. Ball in 1978.[3]
Sinclair Radionics[edit]
In Britain, Clive Sinclair's Sinclair Scientific and Scientific Programmable models used reverse Polish notation.[28][29]
Commodore[edit]
In 1974 Commodore produced the Minuteman *6 (MM6) without Enter key and the Minuteman *6X (MM6X) with Enter key, both implementing a form of two-level RPN. The SR4921 RPN came with a variant of four-level RPN with stack levels named X, Y, Z, and W (rather than T). In contrast to Hewlett-Packard's reverse Polish notation implementation, W filled with 0 instead of its contents being duplicated on stack drops.[30]
Prinztronic[edit]
Prinz and Prinztronic were own-brand trade names of the British Dixons photographic and electronic goods stores retail chain, which was later rebranded as Currys Digital stores, and became part of DSG International. A variety of calculator models was sold in the 1970s under the Prinztronic brand, all made for them by other companies.
Among these was the PROGRAM[31] Programmable Scientific Calculator which featured reverse Polish notation.
Heathkit[edit]
The Aircraft Navigation Computer Heathkit OC-1401/OCW-1401 used five-level RPN in 1978.
Soviet Union[edit]
Soviet programmable calculators (MK-52, MK-61, B3-34 and earlier B3-21[32] models) used reverse Polish notation for both automatic mode and programming. Modern Russian calculators MK-161[33] and MK-152,[34] designed and manufactured in Novosibirsk since 2007 and offered by Semico,[35] are backward compatible with them. Their extended architecture is also based on reverse Polish notation.
Other implementations[edit]
Existing implementations using reverse Polish notation include:
Any stack-oriented programming language, such as:
Forth
Factor
PostScript page description language[36][37]
BibTeX
Befunge
Joy
IPTSCRAE
Lotus 1-2-3 and Lotus Symphony formulas[38][39]
RPL (aka Reverse Polish Language), a programming language for the Commodore PET around 1979/1981
RPL (aka Reverse Polish Lisp), a programming language for Hewlett-Packard calculators between 1984 and 2015
RPNL (Reverse Polish Notation Language)[40][41]
Hardware calculators:
Some Hewlett-Packard science/engineering and business/finance calculators
Semico calculators
SwissMicros calculators
Software calculators:
Mac OS X Calculator
Several Apple iPhone applications e.g. "reverse polish notation calculator"
Several Android applications e.g. "RealCalc"
Several Windows 10 Mobile applications e.g. "RPN9"
Unix system calculator program dc
Emacs lisp library package calc
Xorg calculator (xcalc)
grpn[42] scientific/engineering calculator using the GIMP Toolkit (GTK+)
F-Correlatives in MultiValue dictionary items
RRDtool, a widely used tabulating and graphing software
grdmath, a program for algebraic operations on NetCDF grids, part of Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) suite
galculator,[43] a GTK desktop calculator
Mouseless Stack-Calculator[44] scientific/engineering calculator including complex numbers.
See also[edit]
Calculator input methods
Factor (programming language)
FOCAL keystroke programming
Formula calculator
Forth (programming language)
Joy (programming language)
LIFO (computing)
Object–subject–verb
Polish notation
PostScript
Reverse Polish Lisp (RPL)
Stack machine
Subject–object–verb (SOV)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Łukasiewicz, Jan (1957). Aristotle's Syllogistic from the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic. Oxford University Press. (Reprinted by Garland Publishing in 1987. ISBN 0-8240-6924-2)
Jump up ^ Hamblin, Charles Leonard (1962). "Translation to and from Polish notation" (PDF). Computer Journal. 5 (3): 210–213. doi:10.1093/comjnl/5.3.210.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ball, John A. (1978). Algorithms for RPN calculators (1 ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-03070-8. […] In their advertisements and also in a letter to me, Hewlett-Packard Company (HP), the best known manufacturer of RPN calculators, says that RPN is based on a suggestion by Jan Łukasiewicz (1878-1956), and that RPN was invented and is patented by HP. Aside from the apparent contadiction in these two statements, I do not think that either of them is quite true. My first experience with RPN involved a nice old Friden EC-130 desktop electronic calculator, circa 1964. The EC-130 has RPN with a push-down stack of four registers, all visible simultaneously on a cathode ray tube display. Furthermore, they are shown upside down, that is, the last-in-first-out register is at the bottom. […] Around 1966, the Monroe Epic calculator offered RPN with a stack of four, a printer, and either 14 or 42 step programmability. The instruction booklets with these two calculators make no mention of RPN or Jan Łukasiewicz. […]
Jump up ^ Burks, Arthur Walter; Warren, Don W.; Wright, Jesse B. (1954). "An Analysis of a Logical Machine Using Parenthesis-Free Notation". Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation. 8 (46): 53. doi:10.2307/2001990. JSTOR 2001990.
Jump up ^ "Charles L. Hamblin and his work" Archived 2008-12-06 at the Wayback Machine. by Peter McBurney
Jump up ^ McBurney, Peter (2008-07-27). "Charles L. Hamblin: Computer Pioneer". Archived from the original on 2008-12-07. […] Hamblin soon became aware of the problems of (a) computing mathematical formulae containing brackets, and (b) the memory overhead in having dealing with memory stores each of which had its own name. One solution to the first problem was Jan Łukasiewicz's Polish notation, which enables a writer of mathematical notation to instruct a reader the order in which to execute the operations (e.g. addition, multiplication, etc) without using brackets. Polish notation achieves this by having an operator (+, ×, etc) precede the operands to which it applies, e.g., +ab, instead of the usual, a+b. Hamblin, with his training in formal logic, knew of Lukasiewicz's work. […]
^ Jump up to: a b c Osborne, Thomas E. (2010) [1994]. "Tom Osborne's Story in His Own Words". Steve Leibson. Retrieved 2016-01-01. […] I changed the architecture to use RPN (Reverse Polish Notation), which is the ideal notation for programming environment in which coding efficiency is critical. In the beginning, that change was not well received... […]
Jump up ^ Peterson, Kristina (2011-05-04). "Wall Street's Cult Calculator Turns 30". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Kasprzyk, D. M.; Drury, Colin G.; Bialas, W. F. (1979), "Human behaviour and performance in calculator use with Algebraic and Reverse Polish Notation", Ergonomics, 22 (9): 1011, doi:10.1080/00140137908924675
^ Jump up to: a b Agate, S. J.; Drury, Colin G. (1980), "Electronic calculators: which notation is the better?", Applied Ergonomics, 11 (1): 2–6, doi:10.1016/0003-6870(80)90114-3, PMID 15676368
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Errol; Ma, Patrick; See, Jason; Yong, Chee Kee; Brand, Jason; Poulton, Matthew (1994), "Calculator logic: when and why is RPN superior to algebraic?", Applied Ergonomics, 25 (5): 327–333, doi:10.1016/0003-6870(94)90048-5
Jump up ^ http://h20331.www2.hp.com/Hpsub/downloads/17b2pChain.pdf
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-22. Retrieved 2013-02-27. A New Approach to the Design of a Digital Computer (1961)
Jump up ^ [1] The Burroughs B5000 Conference (1985) p. 49
^ Jump up to: a b c "Oral History: Burroughs B5000 Conference", OH 98. Oral history on 6 September 1985, conducted by Bernard A. Galler and Robert F. Rosin, sponsored by AFIPS and Burroughs Corporation, at Marina del Rey, California, archived by the Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Jump up ^ "1928–2012 Obituary Condolences Robert (Bob) Ragen". Archived from the original on 2017-12-18. Retrieved 2016-01-01. […] Bob holds over 80 patents awarded during his work as Director of RD for Friden, and Singer and as Senior Project Engineer at Xerox. He retired from Xerox RD in 1990. He is responsible for the development of the first commercial electronic calculator, the Friden 130, which has been displayed at the Smithsonian. […]
Jump up ^ "Friden EC-130 Electronic Calculator". www.oldcalculatormuseum.com. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Friden EC-132 Electronic Calculator". www.oldcalculatormuseum.com. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Monnier, Richard E. (September 1968). "A New Electronic Calculator with Computerlike Capabilities" (PDF). Hewlett-Packard Journal. Palo Alto, California, USA: Hewlett-Packard. 20 (1): 3–9. Retrieved 2016-01-03.
Jump up ^ Laporte, Jacques (2014-05-22). "The slide rule killer: a milestone in computer history". Archived from the original on 2015-02-11. Retrieved 2016-01-01.
Jump up ^ HP-42S RPN Scientific Calculator – Owner's Manual (PDF) (1 ed.). Corvallis, OR, USA: Hewlett-Packard Co. June 1988. p. 3. 00042-90001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-09-17. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
Jump up ^ HP35 User's Manual. Hewlett-Packard. p. i. […] The operational stack and reverse Polish (Łukasiewicz) notation used in the HP-35 are the most efficient way known to computer science for evaluating mathematical expressions. […]
Jump up ^ HP Calculators
Jump up ^ http://h20331.www2.hp.com/hpsub/downloads/S07%20HP%20RPN%20Evolves%20V5b.pdf
Jump up ^ Radio-Electronics magazine, 1972
Jump up ^ Berger, Ivan (May 1973). "New calculator kits: From pocket minis to versatile desk models". Popular Mechanics: 152. Retrieved 2017-04-29.
Jump up ^ "MITS 7400 Scientific/Engineering Calculator". Archived from the original on 2017-04-30. Retrieved 2017-04-30. (NB. Shows a photo of the MITS 7400, but the text erroneously refers to the later algebraic 7440 model instead of the 7400A/B/C models.)
Jump up ^ Shirriff, Ken. "Reversing Sinclair's amazing 1974 calculator hack – half the ROM of the HP-35". Retrieved 2013-12-09.
Jump up ^ Sharwood, Simon (2013-09-02). "Google chap reverse engineers Sinclair Scientific Calculator". The Register. Retrieved 2013-12-09.
Jump up ^ http://www.wass.net/manuals/Commodore%20SR4921R.pdf
Jump up ^ "Prinztronic Program". www.vintagecalculators.com. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Elektronika B3-21 page on RSkey.org
Jump up ^ Elektronika MK-161 page on RSkey.org
Jump up ^ "Elektronika MK-61/52 and 152/161: small tech review (En) - Кон-Тики". arbinada.com. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "НПП СЕМИКО - вычислительная техника и устройства автоматизации". mk.semico.ru. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Geschke, Charles (1986) [1985]. Preface. PostScript Language Tutorial and Cookbook. By Adobe Systems Incorporated (27th printing, August 1998, 1st ed.). Addison Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 0-201-10179-3. 9-780201-101799. (NB. This book is informally called "blue book" due to its blue cover.)
Jump up ^ Adobe Systems Incorporated (February 1999) [1985]. PostScript Language Reference Manual (PDF) (1st printing, 3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 0-201-37922-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-18. Retrieved 2017-02-18. (NB. This book is informally called "red book" due to its red cover.)
Jump up ^ Born, Günter (December 2000). "Kapitel 1. LOTUS 1-2-3-Format (WKS/WK1)" [Chapter 1. Lotus 1-2-3 WKS/WK1 format]. Dateiformate – Eine Referenz – Tabellenkalkulation, Text, Grafik, Multimedia, Sound und Internet [File formats – a reference – spreadsheets, text, graphics, multimedia, sound and internet] (PDF) (in German). Bonn, Germany: Galileo Computing. ISBN 3-934358-83-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-29. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
Jump up ^ Born, Günter (December 2000). "Kapitel 2. LOTUS 1-2-3-Format (WK3)" [Chapter 2. Lotus 1-2-3 WK3 format]. Dateiformate – Eine Referenz – Tabellenkalkulation, Text, Grafik, Multimedia, Sound und Internet [File formats – a reference – spreadsheets, text, graphics, multimedia, sound and internet] (PDF) (in German). Bonn, Germany: Galileo Computing. ISBN 3-934358-83-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-29. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
Jump up ^ Feichtinger, Herwig (1987). Arbeitsbuch Mikrocomputer (in German) (2 ed.). Munich, Germany: Franzis-Verlag GmbH. pp. 427–428. ISBN 3-7723-8022-0. (NB. According to this book, a 4 KB compiler was available from Lifeboat Software for CP/M.)
Jump up ^ Wostrack, Gustav (January 1989). RPNL. Eine FORTH ähnliche Sprache mit strukturunterstützenden Sprachkonstrukten (in German). Wolf-Detlef Luther, Gens. ISBN 978-3-88707022-9.
Jump up ^ "Katharina & Paul Wilkins' Home Page". lashwhip.com. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "galculator - a GTK 2 / GTK 3 algebraic and RPN calculator". galculator.sourceforge.net. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Schrijver, Frans. "Home - mouseless Stack-Calculator". www.stack-calculator.com. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
Further reading[edit]
Wirth, Niklaus (2005-06-15) [2005-02-02]. "Good Ideas, Through the Looking Glass" (PDF). Zürich, Switzerland. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-24. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
"Everything you've always wanted to know about RPN but were afraid to pursue – Comprehensive manual for scientific calculators – Corvus 500 – APF Mark 55 – OMRON 12-SR and others" (PDF). T. K. Enterprises. 1976. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-24. Retrieved 2017-06-24. (NB. The book's cover title contains a typographical error reading "APS Mark 55" instead of the correct "APF Mark 55".)
External links[edit]
Brown, Bob (2015-06-05) [2001]. "Postfix Notation Mini-Lecture". Information Technology Department, College of Computing and Software Engineering, Kennesaw State University. Archived from the original on 2017-06-24. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
Redin, James (2005-02-12) [1997]. "RPN or DAL? A brief analysis of Reverse Polish Notation against Direct Algebraic Logic". Archived from the original on 2017-06-24. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
Hicks, David G. (2013) [1995]. "What is RPN?". The Museum of HP Calculators (MoHPC). Archived from the original on 2017-06-24. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
Klaver, Hans (2014). "RPN Tutorial, incl. some things HP did not tell". Archived from the original on 2017-06-24. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
Rosettacode.org providing many implementations in several programming languages.
http://rpn.codeplex.com/ Implementation of RPN with custom functions support and flexible list of operators.
https://xrjunque.nom.es/ConvertAlg2RPN_RPL.aspx Free online Algebraic expression to RPN Converter
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reverse_Polish_notation&oldid=846820339"
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Transfer switch
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
3-phase transfer switch single-line diagram
Intelligent transfer switch
A transfer switch is an electrical switch that switches a load between two sources. Some transfer switches are manual, in that an operator effects the transfer by throwing a switch, while others are automatic and trigger when they sense one of the sources has lost or gained power.
An Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) is often installed where a backup generator is located, so that the generator may provide temporary electrical power if the utility source fails.
Contents
[hide]
1 Operation of a transfer switch
2 Types
2.1 Open transition
2.2 Closed transition
2.3 Soft loading
2.4 Static transfer switch (STS)
3 Home use
4 References
5 External links
Operation of a transfer switch[edit]
As well as transferring the load to the backup generator, an ATS may also command the backup generator to start, based on the voltage monitored on the primary supply. The transfer switch isolates the backup generator from the electric utility when the generator is on and providing temporary power. The control capability of a transfer switch may be manual only, or a combination of automatic and manual. The switch transition mode (see below) of a transfer switch may be Open Transition (OT) (the usual type), or Closed Transition (CT)) .
For example, in a home equipped with a backup generator and an ATS, when an electric utility outage occurs, the ATS will tell the backup generator to start. Once the ATS sees that the generator is ready to provide electric power, the ATS breaks the home's connection to the electric utility and connects the generator to the home's main electrical panel. The generator supplies power to the home's electric load, but is not connected to the electric utility lines. It is necessary to isolate the generator from the distribution system to protect the generator from overload in powering loads in the house and for safety, as utility workers expect the lines to be dead.
When utility power returns for a minimum time, the transfer switch will transfer the house back to utility power and command the generator to turn off, after another specified amount of "cool down" time with no load on the generator.
A transfer switch can be set up to provide power only to critical circuits or to entire electrical (sub)panels. Some transfer switches allow for load shedding or prioritization of optional circuits, such as heating and cooling equipment. More complex emergency switchgear used in large backup generator installations permits soft loading, allowing load to be smoothly transferred from the utility to the synchronized generators, and back; such installations are useful for reducing peak load demand from a utility.
Types[edit]
Open transition[edit]
An open transition transfer switch is also called a break-before-make transfer switch. A break-before-make transfer switch breaks contact with one source of power before it makes contact with another. It prevents backfeeding from an emergency generator back into the utility line, for example.[1] One example is an open transition automatic transfer switch (ATS). During the split second of the power transfer the flow of electricity is interrupted. Another example is a manual three position switch or circuit breaker, with utility power on one side, the generator on the other, and "off" in the middle, which requires the user to switch through the full disconnect "off" position before making the next connection.
Closed transition[edit]
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A closed transition transfer switch (CTTS) is also called a make-before-break transfer switch.
A typical emergency system uses open transition, so there is an inherent momentary interruption of power to the load when it is transferred from one available source to another (keeping in mind that the transfer may be occurring for reasons other than a total loss of power). In most cases this outage is inconsequential, particularly if it is less than 1/6 of a second.
There are some loads, however, that are affected by even the slightest loss of power. There are also operational conditions where it may be desirable to transfer loads with zero interruption of power when conditions permit. For these applications, closed transition transfer switches can be provided. The switch will operate in a make-before-break mode provided both sources are acceptable and synchronized. Typical parameters determining synchronization are: voltage difference less than 5%, frequency difference less than 0.2 Hz, and maximum phase angle between the sources of 5 electrical degrees. This means the engine driving the generator supplying one of the sources generally must be controlled by an isochronous governor.
It is generally required that the closed transition, or overlap time, be less than 100 milliseconds. If either source is not present or not acceptable (such as when normal power fails) the switch must operate in a break-before-make mode (standard open transition operation) to ensure no backfeeding occurs.
Closed transition transfer makes code-mandated monthly testing less objectionable because it eliminates the interruption to critical loads which occurs during traditional open transition transfer.
With closed transition transfer, the on-site engine generator set is momentarily connected in parallel with the utility source. This requires getting approval from the local utility company.
Typical load switching applications for which closed transition transfer is desirable include data processing and electronic loads, certain motor and transformer loads, load curtailment systems, or anywhere load interruptions of even the shortest duration are objectionable. A CTTS is not a substitute for a UPS (uninterruptible power supply); a UPS has a built-in stored energy that provides power for a prescribed period of time in the event of a power failure. A CTTS by itself simply assures there will be no momentary loss of power when the load is transferred from one live power source to another.[2]
Soft loading[edit]
A soft-loading transfer switch (SLTS) makes use of a CTTS, and is commonly used to synchronize and operate onsite generation in parallel with utility power, and to transfer loads between the two sources while minimizing voltage or frequency transients.[3][4][5]
Static transfer switch (STS)[edit]
A static transfer switch uses power semiconductors such as Silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs) to transfer a load between two sources. Because there are no mechanical moving parts, the transfer can be completed rapidly, perhaps within a quarter-cycle of the power frequency. Static transfer switches can be used where reliable and independent sources of power are available, and it is necessary to protect the load from even a few power frequency cycles interruption time, or from any surges or sags in the prime power source.[6] [7]
Home use[edit]
Homes with standby generators may use a transfer switch for a few circuits or the whole home. Different models are available, with both manual and automatic transfer. Often small transfer switch systems use circuit breakers with an external operating linkage as the switching mechanism. The linkage operates two circuit breakers in tandem, closing one while opening the other. Manufacturers of transfer switches can provide installation guides to select the size of switch and provide recommended installation procedures.

References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1] Safely Installing Your Standby Electric Generator, Flathead Electric Cooperative, Inc.; Jul. 2006; accessed Dec 2006
Jump up ^ [2] Generac Power Systems Inc., accessed Dec 2006
Jump up ^ [3] Pybus, Dennis; Finding Surplus Electric Power in Traditional sources; Electricity Today, Issue 5, 2001, p. 36 et seq. Accessed Apr. 2014
Jump up ^ [4] ASCO Series 7000 Soft Load Power Transfer Switches (product literature). Accessed May. 2017
Jump up ^ [5] Magnum Closed Transition Soft Load Transfer Switches (product literature). Eaton / Cuttler-Hammer. Accessed Apr. 2014
Jump up ^ Roger C. Dugan et al., Electrical Power Systems Quality Second Edition,Mc Graw Hill, 2002 ISBN 0-07-138622-X, page 72
Jump up ^ Inc., LayerZero Power Systems,. "Static Transfer Switch (eSTS) | LayerZero Power Systems Transfer Switch". www.layerzero.com. Retrieved 2016-10-18.
[1]
External links[edit]
Jump up ^ "Socomec Transfer switches from 25 to 6300 A". www.socomec.co.in. Archived from the original on 2017-10-23.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transfer_switch&oldid=806630196"
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Bye, Felicia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the phrase originating from the 1995 film Friday. It is not to be confused with #ByeFelicia.
Ice Cube (pictured in 2012), who starred in and co-wrote the script for the 1995 film Friday, in which the phrase originated
The phrase "Bye, Felicia" (actually spelled "Felisha" in the cast listing) came from a scene in the American stoner buddy crime comedy film Friday (1995). According to Ice Cube, who starred in the film and co-wrote its script, "Bye, Felicia" is "the phrase 'to get anyone out of your face'," and, as it was used in the Friday scene, is generally intended as a dismissive kiss-off.[1]
In popular culture[edit]
The saying gained popularity and continues to be used, even by people who have never seen the film. In 2009, it entered the lexicon of RuPaul's Drag Race, an American reality competition television series. However, People said "even that wouldn't necessarily account for the phrase extending beyond the cultures that would watch either Friday, Drag Race or both."[1] Furthermore, the magazine said of the phrase, "So when your square friend uses it, take a little bit of pleasure in knowing they're referencing a stoner comedy – or a drag reality show referencing a stoner comedy – even if they have no idea."[1]
In 2014, VH1 began airing a television show called Bye Felicia, and American R&B-pop singer Jordin Sparks released a mixtape titled #ByeFelicia.[1][2] According to Google Trends, the phrase reached its highest usage in mid-2015.[1]
On December 14, 2017, Robin Roberts, a host of ABC TV’s Good Morning America, used the phrase to conclude a segment about Omarosa Manigault Newman's departure from the Trump administration staff.[3]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Mackie, Drew (April 26, 2015). "Friday Hit Theaters 20 Years Ago – And Gave Us 'Bye, Felicia'". People. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Walker, John (November 25, 2014). "Jordin Sparks Has Two Words for Jason DeRulo On New Mixtape: 'Bye Felicia'". MTV. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'GMA' host Robin Roberts on Omarosa's White House exit: 'Bye, Felicia'". USA Today. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
External links[edit]
The Eternal Appeal of "Bye, Felicia," 20 Years Later by Aisha Harris and Daniel Hubbard (April 24, 2015), Slate
Watch Ice Cube Tell Conan Why Everybody’s Saying 'Bye Felicia' by Sarah Begley (April 16, 2015), Time
Ice Cube is so proud of 'Bye Felicia' by Maeve McDermott (April 16, 2015), USA Today
'Bye Felicia' Actress, Angela Means Kaaya, Talks 20-Year Anniversary of 'Friday' by Brennan Williams (April 24, 2015), The Huffington Post
Hi, Felicia: Catching Up With ‘Friday’ Actress, Angela Means, 20 Years Later by Camille Augustin (April 24, 2015), Vibe
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