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Israeli system of government
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Emblem of Israel
Formation
May 14, 1948; 70 years ago (1948-05-14)
Country
State of Israel
Head of state
President (Reuven "Ruvi" Rivlin)
Seat
Beit HaNassi
Legislature
Legislature
Knesset
Leader
Speaker (Yuli-Yoel Edelstein)
Meeting place
Knesset Building
Executive
Head of government
Prime minister (Benjamin "Bibi" Netanyahu)
Main organ
Cabinet
Ministries
28
Responsible to
Knesset
Judiciary
Court
Supreme Court
Chief judge
Chief Justice (Esther Hayut)
Israel
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Israel
Constitution[show]
Basic Laws
Jerusalem Law
Law of Return
Presidency[show]
President (list)
Reuven Rivlin
Designated Acting President
Yuli-Yoel Edelstein
Executive[show]
Prime Minister (list)
Benjamin Netanyahu
Office of the Prime Minister
Deputy leaders
Cabinet
Current (34th)
Security Cabinet
Kitchen Cabinet
State Comptroller
Legislature[show]
Speaker: Yuli Edelstein
Members (Arab)
Leader of the Opposition
Isaac Herzog
Knesset Guard
Elections[show]
Political parties
Elections Law
Central Elections Committee
Referendums
Judiciary[show]
Supreme Court
President: Esther Hayut
Attorney General
Avichai Mandelblit
Administrative divisions[show]
Districts
Local government
Municipalities
Local councils
Regional councils
Foreign relations[show]
Arab League
International law
Status of territories
Israel, Palestine, United Nations
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The Israeli system of government is based on parliamentary democracy.[1] The Prime Minister of Israel is the head of government and leader of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in the Knesset. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The political system of the State of Israel and its main principles are set out in 11 Basic Laws. Israel does not have a written constitution.[2]
Contents
1 Presidency
2 Executive branch
3 Legislative branch
3.1 Knesset
3.2 Electoral system
4 Judicial system
4.1 Judicial courts
4.2 Religious courts
4.3 Labor courts
4.4 Military courts
4.5 Court of Admiralty
5 Membership in International organizations
6 Local government
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Presidency[edit]
The President of the State is the de jure head of state of Israel. The position is largely an apolitical and ceremonial role, and is not considered a part of any Government Branch. The President's ceremonial roles include signing every law (except those pertaining to the President's powers) and international or bilateral treaty, ceremonially appointing the Prime Minister, confirming and endorsing the credentials of ambassadors, and receiving the credentials of foreign diplomats. The President also has several important functions in government. The President is the only government official with the power to pardon or commute prisoners. The President appoints the Governor of the Bank of Israel, the President of Magen David Adom, and the members and leaders of several institutions. The President also ceremonially appoints judges to their posts after their selection.[3]
Executive branch[edit]
Israeli Knesset, Jerusalem
The Prime Minister is the most powerful political figure in the country. The Prime Minister is ceremonially appointed by the President upon recommendation of party Representatives in the Knesset, and makes foreign and domestic policy decisions which are voted on by the cabinet. The cabinet is composed of ministers, most of whom are the heads of government departments, though some are deputy ministers and ministers without portfolio. Cabinet ministers are appointed by the Prime Minister, who must appoint members based on the distribution of votes to political parties. The cabinet's composition must also be approved by the Knesset. The Prime Minister may dismiss cabinet members, but any replacements must be approved by the Knesset. Most ministers are members of the Knesset, though only the Prime Minister is required to be one. The cabinet meets weekly on Sundays, and there may be additional meetings if circumstances require it. Each cabinet meeting is chaired by the Prime Minister.[4]
A select group of ministers led by the Prime Minister forms the security cabinet, responsible for outlining and implementing a foreign and defense policy. This forum is designed to coordinate diplomatic negotiations, and to make quick and effective decisions in times of crisis and war.
The Israeli government has 28 ministries,[5] each of them responsible for a sector of public administration. Many Ministries are located in the Kiryat Ben Gurion Government complex in the area of Givat Ram in Jerusalem. Each ministry is led by a minister, who is also a member of the cabinet and is usually a member of the Knesset. The Office of the Prime Minister coordinates the actions of the work of all government ministries, and serving and assisting the Prime Minister in his daily work.[6]
The State Comptroller, which supervises and reviews the policies and operations of the government, is elected by the Knesset in secret ballot.[7]
Legislative branch[edit]
Knesset[edit]
Israeli Ministry of Finance, Jerusalem
The Knesset is Israel's unicameral legislature and is seated in Jerusalem. Its 120 members are elected to 4-year terms through party-list proportional representation (see electoral system, below), as mandated by the 1958 Basic Law: The Knesset. Knesset seats are allocated among parties using the D'Hondt method of party list proportional representation. Parties select candidates using a closed list. Thus, voters select the party of their choice, rather than any specific candidate. Israel requires a party to meet an election threshold of 3.25% [8] to be allocated a Knesset seat. All Israeli citizens 18 years of age and older may participate in legislative elections, which are conducted by secret ballot.
As the legislative branch of the Israeli government, the Knesset has the power to enact and repeal all laws. It enjoys de jure parliamentary supremacy, and can pass any law by a simple majority, even one that might arguably conflict with a Basic Law, unless it has specific conditions for its modification. The Knesset can adopt and amend Basic Laws acting through its capacity as a Constituent Assembly. The Knesset also supervises government activities through its committees, nominates the Prime Minister and approves the cabinet, and elects the President of the State and the State Comptroller. It also has the power to remove the President and State Comptroller from office, revoke the immunity of its members, and to dissolve itself and call new elections.
The February 2009 elections produced five prominent political parties; Kadima, Likud, Israel Beytenu, Labor and Shas, each with more than ten seats in the Knesset. Three of these parties were ruling parties in the past. However, only once has a single party held the 61 seats needed for a majority government (the Alignment from 1968 until the 1969 elections). Therefore, aside from that one exception, since 1948 Israeli governments have always comprised coalitions. As of 2009, there are 12 political parties represented in the Knesset, spanning both the political and religious spectra.
Electoral system[edit]
IDF soldier at voting booth
Israel's electoral system operates within the parameters of a Basic Law (The Knesset) and of the 1969 Knesset Elections Law.
The Knesset's 120 members are elected by secret ballot to 4-year terms, although the Knesset may decide to call for new elections before the end of the 4-year term, and a government can change without a general election; since the 1988 election, no Knesset has finished its 4-year term. In addition a motion of confidence may be called[by whom?]. Voting in general elections takes place using the highest averages method of party-list proportional representation, using the d'Hondt formula.
General elections use closed lists: voters vote only for party lists and cannot affect the order of candidates within the lists. Since the 1992 Parties Law, only registered parties may stand. There are no separate electoral districts; all voters vote on the same party lists. Suffrage is universal among Israeli citizens aged 18 years or older, but voting is optional. Polling locations are open throughout Israel; absentee ballots are limited to diplomatic staff and the merchant marine. While each party attains one seat for 1 in 120 votes, there is a minimum threshold (recently increased to 3.25%[9]) for parties to attain their first seat in an election. This requirement aimed to bar smaller parties from parliament but spurred some parties to join together simply to overcome the threshold. The low vote-threshold for entry into parliament, as well as the need for parties with small numbers of seats to form coalition governments, results in a highly fragmented political spectrum, with small parties exercising extensive power (relative to their electoral support) within coalitions.[10]
The president selects the prime minister as the party leader most able to form a government, based on the number of parliament seats his or her coalition has won. After the president's selection, the prime minister has forty-five days to form a government. The Knesset collectively must approve the members of the cabinet. This electoral system, inherited from the Yishuv (Jewish settlement organization during the British Mandate), makes it very difficult for any party to gain a working majority in the Knesset and thus governments generally form on the basis of coalitions. Due to the difficulties in holding coalitions together, elections often occur earlier than scheduled. The average life-span of an Israeli government is about two years. Over the years, the peace process, the role of religion in the state, and political scandals have caused coalitions to break apart or have produced early elections.[10]
Judicial system[edit]
Israeli Supreme Court and High Court of Justice, Jerusalem
The Judicial branch is an independent branch of the government, including secular and religious courts for the various religions present in Israel. The court system involves three stages of justice.
Judges for all courts are appointed by the Judicial Selection Committee. The committee is composed of nine members: two cabinet members (one being the Minister of Justice), two Knesset members, two members of the Israel Bar Association, and three Supreme Court justices (one being the President of the Supreme Court). The committee is chaired by the Minister of Justice.
In November 1985, the Israeli government informed the United Nations Secretariat that it would no longer accept compulsory International Court of Justice jurisdiction.[11]
Judicial courts[edit]
Israeli judicial courts consist of a three-tier system:
Magistrate Courts serve as the court of first instance
District Courts serve as the appellate courts and the court of first instance for some cases;
The Supreme Court acts as both a court of first instance in matters concerning the legality of decisions of state authorities, and as a supreme appellate court.
Religious courts[edit]
See also: Religion in Israel
Jerusalem Great Synagogue, seat of Chief Rabbinate
Some issues of family law (marriage and divorce in particular) fall either under the jurisdiction of religious courts or under parallel jurisdiction of those and the state's family courts. The state maintains and finances Rabbinical, Sharia and various Canonical courts for the needs of the various religious communities. All judges are civil servants, and required to uphold general law in their tribunals as well. The Supreme Court serves as final appellate instance for all religious courts.
Jewish religious courts are under control of the Prime Minister's Office and the Chief Rabbinate of Israel. These courts have jurisdiction in only five areas: Kashrut, Sabbath, Jewish burial, marital issues (especially divorce), and Jewish status of immigrants. However, except for determining a person's marital status, all other marital issues may also be taken to secular Family Courts.
The other major religious communities in Israel, such as Muslims and Christians, have their own religious courts. These courts have similar jurisdiction over their followers as Jewish religious courts, although Muslim religious courts have more control over family affairs.
Labor courts[edit]
Israel National Labor Court, Jerusalem
Main article: Labor Courts of Israel
There are five regional labor courts in Israel as a tribunal of first instance, and a National Labor Court in Jerusalem to hear appeals and few cases of national importance. The labor courts have exclusive jurisdiction over cases involving employer-employee relationship, employment, strikes and labor union disputes, labor-related complaints against the National Insurance Institute, and Health Insurance claims.
Military courts[edit]
Israel Military Court, Jaffa
See also: Military Court of Appeals
The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) maintains a series of district military courts and special military tribunals. The Military Court of Appeals is the IDF's supreme appellate court. It considers and judges over appeals submitted by the Military Advocate General, which challenges decisions rendered by the lower courts.
Court of Admiralty[edit]
In all matters having to do with admiralty, commercial shipping, accidents at sea, and other maritime matters, the Haifa District Court, sitting as the Court of Admiralty, has exclusive statewide jurisdiction.
Membership in International organizations[edit]
BSEC (observer), CE (observer), CERN (observer), EBRD, ECE, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, OAS (observer), OPCW, OECD, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNFM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, WTO.
Local government[edit]
Main article: Local government in Israel
Jerusalem Municipality, Kikar Safra, Jerusalem
For governmental purposes, Israel is divided into six districts: Central District; Haifa District; Jerusalem District; Northern District; Southern District; and Tel Aviv District. The districts further subdivide into fifteen sub-districts and into fifty natural regions. Administration of the districts is coordinated by the Ministry of Interior.
There are three forms of local government in Israel: city councils, local councils, and regional councils. City councils govern municipalities classified as cities, local councils govern small municipalities, and regional councils govern groups of communities. These bodies look after public services such as urban planning, zoning, the provision of water, emergency services, and education and culture, as per guidelines of the Ministry of Interior. Local governments consist of a governing council chaired by a mayor. The mayor and all council members are chosen in municipal elections.
The Ministry of Defense has responsibility for the administration of the occupied territories.
See also[edit]
List of political parties in Israel
Israeli judicial system
List of Knesset members
List of Knesset speakers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Government". 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Constitution". 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
Jump up ^ http://www.president.gov.il Archived 2002-09-25 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Basic Law: The Government (2001)".
Jump up ^ "Address and Phone Number of the Israeli Government and Ministries".
Jump up ^ "Prime Minister's Office".
Jump up ^ "Article 1 of the State Comptroller Act, 5718-1958 [Consolidated Version] (In Hebrew)".
Jump up ^ Jonathan Lis (Mar 12, 2014). "Israel Raises Electoral Threshold to 3.25 Percent".
Jump up ^ The Electoral System in Israel
^ Jump up to: a b Migdalovitz, Carol (2007-07-06). "Israel: Background and Relations with the United States" (PDF). Congressional Research Service (via the U.S. Mission to Italy). p. 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-22. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
Jump up ^ United Nations Treaty Collection. "Declarations recognizing as compulsory the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court".
External links[edit]
Israel Government at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
The Political Economy of Israel by Ira Sharkansky
Knesset website
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List of Major League Baseball stolen base records
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Stolen bases were not officially noted in a baseball game's summary until 1886, and it was not until 1888 that it officially earned a place in the box score.[1] The modern rule for stolen bases was adopted in 1898.[1] While some sources do not include stolen base records before 1898 because they are difficult to compare to the era after 1898, as the sourcing on this list indicates, Major League Baseball continues to recognize them.[2]
Players denoted in italics are still actively contributing to the record noted.
(r) denotes a player's rookie season.

Player
SB[3]
Teams and seasons
Rickey Henderson 1,406 1979–84, 89–93, 94–95, 98 (Oakland Athletics), 1985–89 (New York Yankees), 1993 (Toronto Blue Jays), 1996–97, 2001 (San Diego Padres), 1997 (Anaheim Angels), 1999–2000 (New York Mets), 2000 (Seattle Mariners), 2002 (Boston Red Sox), 2003 (Los Angeles Dodgers)
Lou Brock 938 1961–64 (Chicago Cubs), 1964–79 (St. Louis Cardinals)
Billy Hamilton 912 1888–89 (Kansas City Blues (AA)), 1890–95 (Philadelphia Phillies), 1896–1901 (Boston Beaneaters)
Ty Cobb 892 1905–26 (Detroit Tigers), 1927–28 (Philadelphia Athletics)
Tim Raines 808 1979–90, 2001 (Montréal Expos), 1991–95 (Chicago White Sox), 1996–98 (New York Yankees), 1999 (Oakland Athletics), 2001 (Baltimore Orioles), 2002 (Florida Marlins)
Vince Coleman 752 1985–90 (St. Louis Cardinals), 1991–93, (New York Mets), 1994–95 (Kansas City Royals), 1995 (Seattle Mariners), 1996 (Cincinnati Reds), 1997 (Detroit Tigers)
Eddie Collins 745 1906–14, 27–30 (Philadelphia Athletics), 1915–26 (Chicago White Sox)
Arlie Latham 739 1880 (Buffalo Bisons), 1883–89, 96 (St. Louis Browns), 1890 (Chicago Pirates), 1890–1895 (Cincinnati Reds), 1899 (Washington Senators), 1909 (New York Giants)
Max Carey 738 1910–26 (Pittsburgh Pirates), 26–29 (Brooklyn Robins)
Honus Wagner 722 1897–99 (Louisville Colonels), 1900–17 (Pittsburgh Pirates)
Joe Morgan 689 1963–71, 80 (Houston Colt 45's/Astros), 1972–79 (Cincinnati Reds), 1981–82 (San Francisco Giants), 1983 (Philadelphia Phillies), 1984 (Oakland Athletics)
Willie Wilson 668 1976–90 (Kansas City Royals), 1991–92 (Oakland Athletics), 1993–94 (Chicago Cubs)
Tom Brown 657 1882 (Baltimore Orioles (AA)), 1883–84 (Columbus Colts (AA)), 1885–87 (Pittsburgh Pirates), 1887 (Indianapolis Hoosiers), 1888–89 (Boston Beaneaters), 1890–91 (Boston Reds (PL-AA)), 1892–94 (Louisville Colonels), 1895 (St. Louis Cardinals), 1895–98 (Washington Senators)
Bert Campaneris 649 1964–76 (KC-Oak Athletics), 1977–79 (Texas Rangers), 1979–81 (California Angels), 1983 (New York Yankees)
Kenny Lofton 622 1991 (Houston Astros), 1992–96, 98–2001, 07 (Cleveland Indians), 1997 (Atlanta Braves), 2002 (Chicago White Sox), 2002 (San Francisco Giants), 2003 (Chicago Cubs), 2003 (Pittsburgh Pirates), 2004 (New York Yankees), 2005 (Philadelphia Phillies), 2007 (Texas Rangers)
Otis Nixon 620 1983 (New York Yankees), 1984–87 (Cleveland Indians), 1988–90 (Montréal Expos), 1991–93, 99 (Atlanta Braves), 1994 (Boston Red Sox), 1995 (Texas Rangers), 1996–97 (Toronto Blue Jays), 1997 (Los Angeles Dodgers), 1998 (Minnesota Twins)
George Davis 616 1890–92 (Cleveland Spiders), 1893–1901, 03 (New York Giants), 1902, 1904–09 (Chicago White Sox)
Juan Pierre 611 2000–2002 (Colorado Rockies), 2003–2005, 2013 (Florida/Miami Marlins), 2006 (Chicago Cubs), 2007–2009 (Los Angeles Dodgers), 2010–2011 (Chicago White Sox), 2012 (Philadelphia Phillies)
Contents
[hide]
1 Top 10 career stolen bases by league
2 100 stolen bases, one season
3 5 stolen bases, one game
4 35 consecutive stolen bases
5 Three or more seasons with 70 stolen bases
6 Ten or more seasons with 40 stolen bases
6.1 Eight or more consecutive seasons with 40 stolen bases
7 Fifteen or more seasons with 20 stolen bases
8 League leader in stolen bases, 5 or more seasons
8.1 League leader in stolen bases, 4 or more consecutive seasons
9 League leader in stolen bases, two leagues
10 League leader in stolen bases, three different teams
11 Eighty percent stolen base percentage, career
12 Ninety-five percent stolen base percentage, season, 30+ stolen bases
13 350 stolen bases by a team in one season
14 290 stolen bases by a team in one season, 1901 or later
15 See also
16 Notes
17 References
Top 10 career stolen bases by league[edit]
American League Player
SB
National League Player
SB
Rickey Henderson 1270[4] Lou Brock 938[5]
Ty Cobb 892[6] Billy Hamilton 782[7]
Eddie Collins 745[8] Max Carey 738[9]
Willie Wilson 660[10] Honus Wagner 722[11]
Bert Campaneris 649[12] Joe Morgan 681[13]
Luis Aparicio 506[14] Vince Coleman 660[15]
Paul Molitor 504[16] Tim Raines 635[17]
Kenny Lofton 502[18] Dummy Hoy 567[19]
Clyde Milan 495[20] Maury Wills 586[21]
Ichiro Suzuki 487[22] Ozzie Smith 580[23]
100 stolen bases, one season[edit]
The pre-modern single-season mark for stolen bases is 138 by Hugh Nicol in 1887. In the modern era, Ty Cobb set a single-season mark of 96 stolen bases in 1915[24] that lasted until it was broken by Maury Wills with 104 in 1962. A new modern mark was set by Lou Brock with 118 in 1974, and again by Rickey Henderson with 130 in 1982. Henderson and Vince Coleman are the only players to record three 100-steal seasons in the modern era. Coleman is the only player to do it three seasons in a row, much less in the first three season of his career, as well as the only player to record 100 steals as a rookie.
Player
SB[25]
Team
Season
Hugh Nicol 138 Cincinnati Red Stockings (AA) 1887
Rickey Henderson 130 Oakland Athletics 1982
Arlie Latham 129 St. Louis Cardinals (AA) 1887
Lou Brock 118 St. Louis Cardinals 1974
Charles Comiskey 117 St. Louis Cardinals (AA) 1887
John Montgomery Ward 111 New York Giants 1887
Billy Hamilton 111 Philadelphia Phillies 1891
Vince Coleman 110 St. Louis Cardinals 1985 (r)
Arlie Latham 109 St. Louis Cardinals (AA) 1888
Vince Coleman 109 St. Louis Cardinals 1987
Rickey Henderson 108 Oakland Athletics 1983
Vince Coleman 107 St. Louis Cardinals 1986
Maury Wills 104 Los Angeles Dodgers 1962
Hugh Nicol 103 Cincinnati Red Stockings (AA) 1888
Jim Fogarty 102 Philadelphia Phillies 1887
Billy Hamilton 102 Philadelphia Phillies 1890
Rickey Henderson 100 Oakland Athletics 1980
5 stolen bases, one game[edit]
Under the pre-modern rule, George Gore stole 7 bases in a game in 1881, a mark that was tied by "Sliding Billy" Hamilton in 1894. In the modern era, Eddie Collins stole 6 bases in a game on two occasions, both in September 1912, a mark that stood alone for nearly eight decades before being tied by Otis Nixon (1991), Eric Young (1996), and Carl Crawford (2009).
Player
SB[26]
Team
Date
Opponent
George Gore 7 Chicago White Stockings June 25, 1881 Providence Grays
Billy Hamilton 7 Philadelphia Phillies August 31, 1894 Washington Senators
Eddie Collins 6 Philadelphia Athletics September 11, 1912 Detroit Tigers
Eddie Collins 6 Philadelphia Athletics September 22, 1912 St. Louis Browns
Otis Nixon 6 Atlanta Braves June 16, 1991 Montreal Expos
Eric Young 6 Colorado Rockies June 30, 1996 Los Angeles Dodgers
Carl Crawford 6 Tampa Bay Rays 3 May 2009 Boston Red Sox
Dan McGann 5 New York Giants 27 May 1904 Brooklyn Superbas
Clyde Milan 5 Washington Senators June 14, 1912 Cleveland Indians
Johnny Neun 5 Detroit Tigers July 9, 1927 1 New York Yankees
Amos Otis 5 Kansas City Royals September 7, 1971 Milwaukee Brewers
Davey Lopes 5 Los Angeles Dodgers August 24, 1974 St. Louis Cardinals
Bert Campaneris 5 Oakland Athletics 24 May 1976 Minnesota Twins
Lonnie Smith 5 St. Louis Cardinals September 4, 1982 San Francisco Giants
Alan Wiggins 5 San Diego Padres 17 May 1984 Montreal Expos
Tony Gwynn 5 San Diego Padres September 20, 1986 Houston Astros
Rickey Henderson 5 Oakland Athletics July 29, 1989 Seattle Mariners
Alex Cole 5 Cleveland Indians August 1, 1990 Kansas City Royals
Alex Cole 5 Cleveland Indians 3 May 1992 California Angels
Damian Jackson 5 San Diego Padres June 28, 1999 Colorado Rockies
Eric Young 5 Chicago Cubs 14 May 2000 Montreal Expos
Kenny Lofton 5 Cleveland Indians September 3, 2000 Baltimore Orioles
Scarborough Green 5 Texas Rangers September 28, 2000 Seattle Mariners
Ryan Freel 5 Cincinnati Reds July 27, 2005 Los Angeles Dodgers
Willy Taveras 5 Colorado Rockies June 14, 2008 Chicago White Sox
Dexter Fowler 5 Colorado Rockies April 27, 2009 San Diego Padres
Jacoby Ellsbury 5 Boston Red Sox May 30, 2013 Philadelphia Phillies
Billy Hamilton 5 Cincinnati Reds June 14, 2015 Chicago Cubs
35 consecutive stolen bases[edit]
Max Carey established a mark in 1922 of 31 consecutive stolen bases without being caught,[27] which stood until it was broken by Davey Lopes' streak of 38 in 1975. Lopes' mark was in turn surpassed by Vince Coleman with 50 consecutive stolen bases in 1988.
Player
SB[28]
Team
Start
Ended
Vince Coleman 50 St. Louis Cardinals September 16, 1988 July 26, 1989
Ichiro Suzuki 45 Seattle Mariners April 29, 2006 16 May 2007
Tim Raines 40 Chicago White Sox July 23, 1993 September 1, 1995
Jimmy Rollins 39 Philadelphia Phillies September 1, 2007 July 26, 2008
Davey Lopes 38[27][29][30] Los Angeles Dodgers June 6, 1975 August 24, 1975
Stan Javier 37 Oak Athletics–SF Giants May 31, 1995 June 27, 1996
Tim Raines 36 Montreal Expos September 23, 1983 July 6, 1984
Paul Molitor 36 Toronto Blue Jays August 22, 1993 October 1, 1995
Davey Lopes 35 Oak Athletics-Chi Cubs July 11, 1983 May 18, 1985
Brady Anderson 35 Baltimore Orioles May 14, 1994 July 2, 1995
Jimmy Rollins 35 Philadelphia Phillies May 9, 2001 August 25, 2001
Three or more seasons with 70 stolen bases[edit]
Under pre-modern rules, "Sliding Billy" Hamilton amassed six separate seasons of 70-plus stolen bases over his career. In the modern era, Ty Cobb established a mark of three such seasons that stood (though tied by Lou Brock and Omar Moreno) until it was broken by Tim Raines in 1984. In 1986, Raines reached six seasons of 70-plus steals, all consecutive (a record), but Rickey Henderson notched his seventh such season in 1989.
Player
Seasons
Seasons and teams
Rickey Henderson[4] 7 1980, 82–83 (Oakland Athletics), 1985–86, 88 (New York Yankees), 1989 (NY Yankees-Oak Athletics)
Billy Hamilton[7] 6 1889 (Kansas City Blues (AA)), 1890–91, 94–95 (Philadelphia Phillies), 1896 (Boston Beaneaters)
Tim Raines[17] 6 1981–86 (Montreal Expos)
Vince Coleman[15] 5 1985–88, 90 (St. Louis Cardinals)
Tom Brown[31] 3 1890–91 (Boston Reds (PL-AA)), 1892 (Louisville Colonels)
Harry Stovey[32] 3 1887–88 (Philadelphia Athletics (AA)), 1890 (Boston Reds (PL))
Ty Cobb[6] 3 1909, 11, 15 (Detroit Tigers)
Lou Brock[5] 3 1966, 73–74 (St. Louis Cardinals)
Omar Moreno[33] 3 1978–80 (Pittsburgh Pirates)
Ten or more seasons with 40 stolen bases[edit]
In 1924, Eddie Collins tied Billy Hamilton's pre-modern mark of ten seasons with 40-plus stolen bases. A year later, Max Carey also tied the record. The record was broken by Lou Brock in 1974. Brock eventually recorded a thirteenth 40-steal season, but was in turn surpassed by Rickey Henderson in 1993. Henderson eventually stole 40 bases in sixteen separate seasons.
Player
Seasons
Seasons and teams
Rickey Henderson[4] 16 1980–84, 90–92, 98 (Oakland Athletics), 1985–88 (New York Yankees), 1989 (NY Yankees-Oak Athletics), 1993 (Oak Athletics-Tor Blue Jays), 1997 (SD Padres–Ana Angels)
Lou Brock[5] 13 1964 (Chi Cubs–StL Cardinals), 1965–76 (St. Louis Cardinals)
Tim Raines[17] 11 1981–87, 89–90 (Montreal Expos), 1991–92 (Chicago White Sox)
Billy Hamilton[7] 10 1889 (Kansas City Blues (AA)), 1890–95 (Philadelphia Phillies), 1896–98 (Boston Beaneaters)
Eddie Collins[8] 10 1909–10, 12–14 (Philadelphia Athletics), 1915–17, 23–24 (Chicago White Sox)
Max Carey[9] 10 1912–13, 16–18, 20, 22–25 (Pittsburgh Pirates)
Eight or more consecutive seasons with 40 stolen bases[edit]
Player
Seasons
Seasons and teams
Rickey Henderson[4] 14 1980–84, 90–92 (Oakland Athletics), 1985–88 (New York Yankees), 1989 (NY Yankees-Oak Athletics), 1993 (Oak Athletics-Tor Blue Jays)
Lou Brock[5] 13 1964 (Chi Cubs–StL Cardinals), 1965–76 (St. Louis Cardinals)
Billy Hamilton[7] 10 1889 (Kansas City Blues (AA)), 1890–95 (Philadelphia Phillies), 1896–98 (Boston Beaneaters)
Joe Morgan[13] 9 1969–71 (Houston Astros), 1972–77 (Cincinnati Reds)
Honus Wagner[11] 8 1901–08 (Pittsburgh Pirates)
Otis Nixon[34] 8 1990 (Montreal Expos), 1991–93 (Atlanta Braves), 1994 (Boston Red Sox), 1995 (Texas Rangers), 1996 (Toronto Blue Jays), 1997 (Tor Blue Jays-LA Dodgers)
Juan Pierre[35] 8 2001–02 (Colorado Rockies), 2003–05 (Florida Marlins), 2006 (Chicago Cubs), 2007–08 (Los Angeles Dodgers)
Fifteen or more seasons with 20 stolen bases[edit]
Player
Titles[36]
Years and teams
Rickey Henderson[4] 20 1979–84, 89–93, 94–95, 98 (Oakland Athletics), 1985–88 (New York Yankees), 1989 (NY Yankees-Oak Athletics), 1993 (Toronto Blue Jays), 1996–97, 2001 (San Diego Padres), 1997 (SD Padres-Anaheim Angels), 1999 (New York Mets), 2000 (NY Mets-Sea Mariners)
Honus Wagner[11] 18 1898–99 (Louisville Colonels), 1900–15 (Pittsburgh Pirates)
George Davis[37] 17 1890–92 (Cleveland Spiders), 1893–1901 (New York Giants), 1902, 1904–06, 08 (Chicago White Sox)
Ty Cobb[6] 17 1906–19, 21, 24 (Detroit Tigers), 1927 (Philadelphia Athletics)
Lou Brock[5] 16 1963 (Chicago Cubs), 1964 (Chi Cubs-Stl Cardinals), 1965–77, 79 (St. Louis Cardinals)
Ozzie Smith[23] 16 1978–81 (San Diego Padres), 1982–93 (St. Louis Cardinals)
Eddie Collins[8] 15 1909–14 (Philadelphia Athletics), 1915–20, 22–24 (Chicago White Sox)
Max Carey[9] 15 1911–18, 20–25 (Pittsburgh Pirates), 1927 (Brooklyn Robins)
Willie Wilson[10] 15 1978–90 (Kansas City Royals), 1991–92 (Oakland Athletics)
League leader in stolen bases, 5 or more seasons[edit]
Player
Titles[38]
Years and teams
Rickey Henderson 12 1980–84, 90–91, 98 (Oakland Athletics), 1985–86, 88 (New York Yankees), 1989 (NY Yankees-Oak Athletics)
Max Carey 10 1913, 15–18, 20, 22–25 (Pittsburgh Pirates)
Luis Aparicio 9 1956–62 (Chicago White Sox), 1963–64 (Baltimore Orioles)
Lou Brock 8 1966–69, 71–74 (St. Louis Cardinals)
Ty Cobb 6 1907, 09, 11, 15–17 (Detroit Tigers)
George Case 6 1939–43, 46 (Washington Senators)
Maury Wills 6 1960–65 (Los Angeles Dodgers)
Bert Campaneris 6 1965–68, 70, 72 (Oakland Athletics)
Vince Coleman 6 1985–90 (St. Louis Cardinals)
Billy Hamilton 5 1889 (Kansas City Blues (AA)), 1890–91, 94–95 (Philadelphia Phillies)
Honus Wagner 5 1901–02, 04, 07–08 (Pittsburgh Pirates)
Kenny Lofton 5 1992–96 (Cleveland Indians)
League leader in stolen bases, 4 or more consecutive seasons[edit]
Player
Titles[38]
Years and teams
Luis Aparicio 9 1956–62 (Chicago White Sox), 1963–64 (Baltimore Orioles)
Rickey Henderson 7 1980–84 (Oakland Athletics), 1985–86 (New York Yankees)
Maury Wills 6 1960–65 (Los Angeles Dodgers)
Vince Coleman 6 1985–90 (St. Louis Cardinals)
George Case 5 1939–43 (Washington Senators)
Kenny Lofton 5 1992–96 (Cleveland Indians)
Bob Bescher 4 1909–12 (Cincinnati Reds)
Max Carey 4 1915–18 (Pittsburgh Pirates)
Max Carey 4 1922–25 (Pittsburgh Pirates)
Willie Mays 4 1956–59 (San Francisco Giants)
Bert Campaneris 4 1965–68 (KC-Oak Athletics)
Lou Brock 4 1966–69 (St. Louis Cardinals)
Lou Brock 4 1971–74 (St. Louis Cardinals)
Tim Raines 4 1981–84 (Montreal Expos)
Rickey Henderson 4 1988 (New York Yankees), 1989 (NY Yankees-Oak Athletics), 1990–91 (Oakland Athletics)
League leader in stolen bases, two leagues[edit]
Player
League, team and year[38]
Harry Stovey AA: Philadelphia Athletics (1886), PL: Boston Reds (1890)
Tom Brown AA: Boston Reds (1891), NL: Louisville Colonels (1893)
Billy Hamilton AA: Kansas City Blues (AA) (1889), NL: Philadelphia Phillies (1890–91, 94–95)
Ron LeFlore AL: Detroit Tigers (1978), NL: Montreal Expos (1980)
Juan Pierre NL: Colorado Rockies (2001), Florida Marlins (2003), AL: Chicago White Sox (2010)
League leader in stolen bases, three different teams[edit]
Player
Teams and year[38]
Juan Pierre Colorado Rockies (2001), Florida Marlins (2003), Chicago White Sox (2010)
Eighty percent stolen base percentage, career[edit]
Those marked in bold have at least 600 career stolen base attempts. Of those, Joe Morgan (in 1984) was the first to retire with a career stolen base percentage of at least 80%. His mark was successively surpassed by Davey Lopes (retired 1987), Willie Wilson, (retired 1994) and Tim Raines (retired 2002).
Player
SB
Attempts
SB%[39]
Chase Utley 127 143 88.8%
Carlos Beltrán 289 328 88.1%
Tim Raines 808 954 84.7%
Eric Davis 349 415 84.1%
Willie Wilson 668 802 83.3%
Barry Larkin 379 456 83.11%
Tony Womack 363 437 83.07%
Jimmy Rollins 343 413 83.05%
Davey Lopes 557 671 83.01%
Carl Crawford 409 499 82.0%
Julio Cruz 343 421 81.5%
Ichiro Suzuki 508 624 81.4%
Joe Morgan 689 851 80.96%
Vince Coleman 752 929 80.95%
Rickey Henderson 1406 1741 80.8%
Alex Rodriguez 301 373 80.7%
Roberto Alomar 474 588 80.6%
José Reyes 500 621 80.5%
Ninety-five percent stolen base percentage, season, 30+ stolen bases[edit]
see notes2 3
Player
SB%[40]
SB
Attempts
Team
Season
Brady Anderson 96.9% 31 32 Baltimore Orioles 1994
Carlos Beltrán 96.9% 31 32 Kansas City Royals 2001
Max Carey 96.2% 51 53 Pittsburgh Pirates 1922
Ichiro Suzuki 95.74% 45 47 Seattle Mariners 2006
350 stolen bases by a team in one season[edit]
SB[41]
Team
Season
581 St. Louis Cardinals (AA) 1887
527 Cincinnati Red Stockings (AA) 1887
469 Cincinnati Red Stockings (AA) 1888
468 St. Louis Cardinals (AA) 1888
462 Cincinnati Red Stockings (AA) 1889
415 New York Giants 1887
409 Brooklyn Grays (AA) 1887
409 Brooklyn Grooms 1892
389 Brooklyn Bridegrooms (AA) 1889
382 Chicago White Stockings 1887
373 Boston Beaneaters 1887
355 Philadelphia Phillies 1887
350 Cincinnati Reds 1896
290 stolen bases by a team in one season, 1901 or later[edit]
SB[41]
Team
Season
347 New York Giants 1911
341 Oakland Athletics 1976
319 New York Giants 1912
314 St. Louis Cardinals 1985
310 Cincinnati Reds 1910
296 New York Giants 1913
291 New York Giants 1905
290 Cincinnati Reds 1911
See also[edit]
Baseball portal
Stolen base
Stolen base percentage
30–30 club – players who have hit 30 home runs and stolen 30 bases in the same season
Notes[edit]
Game 2 of a doubleheader.
Minimum 20 stolen base attempts.
The Major League Baseball (MLB) reference for this statistic lists Carlos Beltrán as having a 100% stolen base percentage in 2004. However, examination of the statistics shows that Beltrán was 28/28 in stolen bases with the Houston Astros, but went 14/17 after being traded from the Kansas City Royals mid-season.[42] While 28/28 is the National League leader for that season, the combined 42/45 (93.3%) does not make Beltrán eligible for this list. Similarly, Dave Roberts is listed by MLB as having a 97.1% stolen base percentage in 2004. Roberts was 33/34 in stolen bases with the Los Angeles Dodgers before being traded mid-season to the Boston Red Sox where he was 5/7 in stolen bases.[43] Roberts' combined 38/41 (92.7%) does not make him eligible for this list.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Thorn, John (ed); Palmer, Pete (ed); et al. (1997), Total Baseball (Fifth ed.), New York (USA): Viking, p. 2415, ISBN 0-670-87511-2 CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Nemec, David (1993), Great Baseball Feats, Facts & Firsts, New York: Signet, p. 354, ISBN 0-451-16124-6
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Lou Brock". statistical listing. Major League Baseball. October 11, 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Ty Cobb". statistical listing. Major League Baseball. October 11, 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
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^ Jump up to: a b c "Eddie Collins". statistical listing. Major League Baseball. October 11, 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Max Carey". statistical listing. Major League Baseball. October 11, 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Willie Wilson". statistical listing. Major League Baseball. October 11, 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Honus Wagner". statistical listing. Major League Baseball. October 11, 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
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^ Jump up to: a b c "Time Raines". statistical listing. Major League Baseball. October 11, 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
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Jump up ^ "Clyde Milan". statistical listing. Major League Baseball. October 11, 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Maury Wills". statistical listing. Major League Baseball. October 11, 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Ichiro Suzuki". statistical listing. Major League Baseball. August 14, 2016. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ozzie Smith". statistical listing. Major League Baseball. October 11, 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ http://www.baseball-reference.com/leaders/SB_season.shtml
Jump up ^ "League Leaders: Hitting Leaders, Career Single Season". statistical list. Major League Baseball. October 11, 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
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^ Jump up to: a b Steve Brener, Dave Lopes, New Champion of Major League Base Stealers, Baseball Digest, March 1976, p.58, accessed November 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Joseph, Brian (July 12, 2008). "How Rollins’ Rare Feat Stacks Up Historically". SemHeads.com. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ The Fans Speak Out, Baseball Digest, December 1989, p.12, accessed November 23, 2010.
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Jump up ^ "Otis Nixon". statistical listing. Major League Baseball. October 12, 2010. Retrieved October 13, 2010.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Sortable Team Stats – Major League Baseball Hitting Stats, Career Year-by-Year". statistical list. Major League Baseball. October 14, 2010. Retrieved October 14, 2010.
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Jump up ^ "Dave Roberts". statistical list. Major League Baseball. October 15, 2010. Retrieved October 16, 2010.
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Iranian Plateau
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Iranian Plateau
Topographic map of the Iranian plateau connecting to Anatolia in the west and Hindu Kush and Himalaya in the east
Location
Western and Central Asia
Highest point
– elevation
Damavand
5610 m
Length
2000km
Area
3,700,000 square kilometres
Not to be confused with Iranian Plate.
Closeup of the boundaries with the Eurasian, Arabian and Indian plates.
The Persian Plateau,[1][2] or Iranian Plateau, is a geological formation in Western Asia and Central Asia. It is the part of the Eurasian Plate wedged between the Arabian and Indian plates, situated between the Zagros Mountains to the west, the Caspian Sea and the Kopet Dag to the north, the Armenian Highlands and the Caucasus Mountains in the northwest, the Strait of Hormuz and Persian Gulf to the south and the Indus River to the east in Pakistan.
As a historical region, it includes Parthia, Media, Persis, the heartlands of Iran and some of its recently lost territories.[3] The Zagros Mountains form the plateau's western boundary, and its eastern slopes may be included in the term. The Encyclopædia Britannica excludes "lowland Khuzestan" explicitly[4] and characterizes Elam as spanning "the region from the Mesopotamian plain to the Iranian Plateau".[5]
From the Caspian in the northwest to Baluchistan in the south-east, the Iranian Plateau extends for close to 2,000 km. It encompasses the greater part of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan west of the Indus River on an area roughly outlined by the quadrangle formed by the cities of Tabriz, Shiraz, Peshawar and Quetta containing some 3,700,000 square kilometres (1,400,000 sq mi). In spite of being called a "plateau", it is far from flat but contains several mountain ranges, the highest peak being Damavand in the Alborz at 5610 m, and the Dasht-e Loot east of Kerman in Central Iran falling below 300 m.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geology
2 Geography
2.1 Mountain ranges
2.2 Rivers and plains
3 History
4 Archaeology
5 Flora
6 Fauna
7 Economy
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Geology[edit]
In geology, the plateau region of Iran primarily formed of the accretionary Gondwanan terranes between the Turan platform to the north and the Main Zagros Thrust, the suture zone between the northward moving Arabian plate and the Eurasian continent, is called the Iranian plateau. It is a geologically well-studied area because of general interest in continental collision zones, and because of Iran's long history of research in geology, particularly in economic geology (although Iran's major petroleum reserves are not in the plateau).
Geography[edit]
Caspian
Sea
Persian
Gulf
Mesopotamia
Indus
Hindu Kush
Sabalan
Urmia
Alborz
Kopet Dag
N Zagros
S Zagros
Oshtoran-Kūh
Zard-Kūh
Shir-Kūh
Barez
Hazaran
Dasht-e Kavir
Dasht-e Lut
Hamun
Balochistan
The Iranian plateau in geology refers to a geographical area north of the great folded mountain belts resulting from the collision of the Arabian plate with the Eurasian plate. In this definition, the Iranian plateau does not cover southwestern Iran. It extends from East Azerbaijan Province in northwest of Iran (Persia) all the way to Pakistan west of the Indus River. It also includes smaller parts of the Republic of Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan.
Its mountain ranges can be divided into five major sub-regions[6] (see below).
The Northwestern Iranian Plateau, where the Pontic and Taurus Mountains converge, is rugged country with higher elevations, a more severe climate, and greater precipitation than are found on the Anatolian Plateau. The region is known as the Anti-Taurus, and the average elevation of its peaks exceeds 3,000 m. Mount Ararat, at 5,137 meters (16,854 ft) the highest point in Turkey, is located in the Anti-Taurus. Lake Van is situated in the mountains at an elevation of 1,546 meters (5,072 ft).
The headwaters of major rivers arise in the Anti-Taurus: the east-flowing Aras River, which empties into the Caspian Sea; the south-flowing Euphrates and Tigris join in Iraq before emptying into the Persian Gulf. Several small streams that empty into the Black Sea or landlocked Lake Van also originate in these mountains. The Indus River begins in the highlands of Tibet and flows the length of Pakistan almost tracing the eastern edge of the Iranian plateau. The Indus River forms the Iranian plateau's eastern boundary.[citation needed]
Southeast Anatolia lies south of the Anti-Taurus Mountains. It is a region of rolling hills and a broad plateau surface that extends into Syria. Elevations decrease gradually, from about 800 meters (2,600 ft) in the north to about 500 meters (1,600 ft) in the south. Traditionally, wheat and barley are the main crops of the region.
Mountain ranges[edit]
Northwest Iran Ranges
Sabalan 4,811 m (15,784 ft)
Alborz
Damavand 5,610 m (18,410 ft)
Central Iranian Plateau
Kūh-e Hazār 4,500 m (14,800 ft)
Kuh-e Jebal Barez
Eastern Iranian Ranges
Kopet Dag
Kuh-e Siah Khvani 3,314 m (10,873 ft) 36°17′N 59°3′E / 36.283°N 59.050°E / 36.283; 59.050
Eshdeger Range
2,920 m (9,580 ft) 33°32′N 57°14′E / 33.533°N 57.233°E / 33.533; 57.233
Balochistan
Sikaram 4,755 m (15,600 ft) 34°2′N 69°54′E / 34.033°N 69.900°E / 34.033; 69.900
Kuh-e Taftan 3,941 m (12,930 ft) 28°36′N 61°8′E / 28.600°N 61.133°E / 28.600; 61.133
Zargun 3,578 m (11,739 ft) 30°16′N 67°18′E / 30.267°N 67.300°E / 30.267; 67.300
Rivers and plains[edit]
Kavir Desert
Lut Desert
Hamun-e Jaz Murian
Halil River
Gavkhouni
Zayandeh River
Sistan Basin
Helmand River
Farah River
History[edit]
Main articles: Greater Iran and History of Iran
Further information: Airyanem Vaejah
In the Bronze Age, Elam stretched across the Zagros mountains, connecting Mesopotamia and the Iranian Plateau. The kingdoms of Aratta known from cuneiform sources may have been located in the Central Iranian Plateau.
In classical antquity the region was known as Persia, due to the Persian Achaemenid dynasty, originating in Persia proper, or Fars.
The Middle Persian Erān (whence Modern Persian Irān) began to be used in reference to the state (rather than as an ethnic designator) from the Sassanid period (see Etymology of Iran).
Archaeology[edit]
Further information: Prehistoric archaeological sites in Iran
Archaeological sites and cultures of the Iranian plateau include:
Central Iranian Plateau ("Jiroft culture")
Shahr-i Sokhta
Konar Sandal
Tepe Yahya
Zayandeh River Civilization
Tappeh Sialk
Paleolithic sites
Niasar
Sefid-Ab
Kaftar Khoun
Qaleh Bozi Caves
Mirak
Delazian
Tabas
Masileh
Flora[edit]
The plateau has historical oak and poplar forests. Oak forests are found around Shiraz. Aspen, elm, ash, willow, walnut, pine, and cypress are also found, though the latter two are rare. As of 1920, poplar was harvested for making doors. Elm was used for ploughs. Other trees like acacia, cypress, and Turkestan elm were used for decorative purposes. Flower wise, the plateau can grow lilac, jasmine, and roses. Hawthorn and Cercis siliquastrum are common, which are both used for basket weaving.[7]
Fauna[edit]
The plateau is abundant with wildlife including leopards, bears, hyenas, wild boars, ibex, gazelles, and mouflons. These animals are mostly found in the wooded mountains of the plateau. The shores of the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf house aquatic birds such as seagulls, ducks, and geese. Deer, hedgehogs, foxes, and 22 species of rodents are found in semidesert, and palm squirrels and Asiatic black bears live in Baluchistan.
Wide variety of amphibians and reptiles such as toads, frogs, tortoises, lizards, salamanders, racers, rat snakes (Ptyas), cat snakes (Tarbophis fallax), and vipers live the Baluchistan region and along the slopes of the Elburz and Zagros mountains. 200 varieties of fish live in the Persian Gulf. 30 species of the most important commercial fish Sturgeon is found in the Caspian Sea. [8][9][10]
Economy[edit]
The Iranian plateau harvests trees for making doors, ploughs, and baskets. Fruit is grown also. Pears, apples, apricots, quince, plums, nectarines, cherries, mulberries, and peaches were commonly seen in the 20th century. Almonds and pistachios are common in warmer areas. Dates, oranges, grapes, melon, and limes are also grown. Other edibles include potatoes and cauliflower, which were hard to grow until European settlement brought irrigation improvements. Other vegetables include cabbage, tomatoes, artichokes, cucumbers, spinach, radishes, lettuce, and eggplants.[7]
The plateau also produces wheat, barley, millet, beans, opium, cotton, lucerne, and tobacco. The barley is fed mainly to horses. Sesame is grown and made into sesame oil. Mushrooms and manna were also seen in the plateau area as of 1920. Caraway is grown in the Kerman Province.[7]
See also[edit]
Geography of Iran
List of Iranian four-thousanders
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Robert H. Dyson. The archaeological evidence of the second millennium B.C. on the Persian plateau. ISBN 0-521-07098-8.
Jump up ^ James Bell (1832). A System of Geography, Popular and Scientific. Archibald Fullarton. pp. 7,284,287,288.
Jump up ^ Old Iranian Online, University of Texas College of Liberal Arts (retrieved 10 February 2007)
Jump up ^ s.v. "ancient Iran"
Jump up ^ s.v. "Elamite language"
Jump up ^ "Iranian Plateau". Peakbagger.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sykes, Percy (1921). A History of Persia. London: Macmillan and Company. pp. 75–76.
Jump up ^ https://www.britannica.com/place/Iran/Plant-and-animal-life
Jump up ^ Zarubezhnaia Aziia: Fizicheskaia geografiia. Moscow, 1956.
Jump up ^ Petrov, M. P. Iran: Fiziko-geograficheskii ocherk. Moscow, 1955.
Y. Majidzadeh, Sialk III and the Pottery Sequence at Tepe Ghabristan. The Coherence of the Cultures of the Central Iranian Plateau, Iran 19, 1981, 141–46.
External links[edit]
"Iranian Plateau". Peakbagger.com.
"Central Iranian Plateau". Peakbagger.com.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Iranian Plateau.
[hide]
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Mountain ranges of the Iranian Plateau and their political geography
Alborz Mountains
Iran
Azerbaijan
Aladagh Mountains
Iran
Turkmenistan
Hindu Kush Mountains
Afghanistan
Pakistan
Sulaiman Mountains
Pakistan
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Turkey
Iraq
Iran
Armenia
Authority control
GND: 4095371-3
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Plateau&oldid=801397198"
Categories:
Iranian Plateau
Plateaus of Asia
Landforms of Central Asia
Landforms of Western Asia
Landforms of the Middle East
Plateaus of Iran
Geography of Kurdistan
Plateaus of Pakistan
Landforms of Afghanistan
Landforms of Azerbaijan
Landforms of Turkmenistan
Physiographic provinces
Regions of Asia
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This page was last edited on 19 September 2017, at 12:23.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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values: الهضبة الإيرانية – Arabic

values: Иран таулығы – Bashkir

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