text:
Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation
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Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT)
Country
India
Prime Minister(s)
Narendra Modi
Ministry
MoUD
Key people
Hardeep Singh Puri
Established
24 June 2015; 3 years ago (2015-06-24)
Status
Active
The scheme was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in June 2015 with the focus to establish infrastructure that could ensure adequate robust sewage networks and water supply for urban transformation by implementing urban revival projects. Rajasthan was the first state in the country to submit State Annual Action Plan under Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT). The scheme Housing for All by 2022 and Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) were launched on the same day. The scheme is dependent with public private partnership(PPP) model. If required, various other schemes like Swachh Bharat Mission, Housing for All 2022, along with the local state schemes like that related to water supply and sewerage and other infrastructure related schemes can be linked to AMRUT.[1]
Contents
1 Finance
2 Eligibility
3 Targets
4 Implementation
4.1 First Phase Implementation
4.2 Later Phase
5 State Progress
5.1 West Bengal
5.2 Andhra Pradesh
5.3 Haryana
5.4 Jammu and Kashmir
5.5 Maharashtra
5.6 Madhya Pradesh
5.7 Telangana
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Finance[edit]
About ₹1 lakh crore (US$15 billion) investment on urban development under Smart Cities Mission and the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation of 500 cities has already been approved by the government.[2]
Eligibility[edit]
SAAP(State Annual Action Plans) is a consolidated plan of all the city level SLIPs(Service Level Improvement Plan) of all proposed AMRUT cities in the respective states. A formulation on City level SLIP is done based on diligent estimation of ambiguities in the availability of infrastructure like water supply, sewerage network, draining system, transportation facilities, available digital and internet facilities, industrial facilities etc. 135litres per capita per day is another factor in the process including water supply and sewerage connections to all urban households.[3]
Targets[edit]
Some of the broad targets of AMRUT scheme are ascertaining that every one has access to tap water and sewerage facilities, greenery like parks and open spaces are well maintained, digital and smart facilities like weather prediction, internet and WiFi facilities, pollution reduction by encouraging the public for using cheaper but secure public transport etc.[2]
Implementation[edit]
First Phase Implementation[edit]
90 cities in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Rajasthan have been allocated funds under the first phase of the mission.[4] A huge allocation of fund has been done for them by the Apex Committee of AMRUT under the State Annual Action Plans (SAAP) for these states for period of 2015-16.[5] At each city level a City Mission Management Units (CMMUs) is proposed to be set up which will assist the Urban Local Body (ULB) in terms of staff and technology.
Later Phase[edit]
The flagship program has already invited a huge fund and participation of big companies. In later stage the rest of the cities out of 500 will be finalized and implemented for the next phase.
State Progress[edit]
West Bengal[edit]
Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency) is a parliamentary constituency in Murshidabad district in the Indian state of West Bengal. The city is approved as for AMRUT project recently.
Andhra Pradesh[edit]
Amaravati, the new capital of the state, has been included under the AMRUT scheme. The work for planning was started to fulfill the different criteria like sewerage system, 135 litres per capita per day etc.[6]
Haryana[edit]
Under the AMRUT the state government has announced to provide with the cities and 18 ULBs(Urban Local Bodies), facilities including water supply, sewerage connection and development of greenery. The scheme has also been linked with the flagship program Swachh Bharat Mission.[7]
Jammu and Kashmir[edit]
Srinagar Municipal Corporation (SMC) is working with professionals sent from the center under AMRUT mission and workshops are being organized regarding the management and funding of the scheme.[8]
Maharashtra[edit]
The state government has announced 43 cities in the state which are aimed at urban transformation and will be undertaken for 5 years.[9]
Madhya Pradesh[edit]
The state government has submitted SAAP Plan to improve the infrastructure including water connections and sewerage network in 34 mission cities under AMRUT. This includes urban local bodies with over ten lakhs population will have more of the project costs than those with a population of less than 10 lakhs as per information provided to the Ministry of Urban Development.[10]
Telangana[edit]
The state government has submitted a plan to enhance water supply in 12 AMRUT cities in the state during the fiscal year 2015-16. [11]
See also[edit]
Housing for All scheme in India
Housing in India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "States to have greater say in three flagship schemes". The Hindu. 2015-06-25. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
^ Jump up to: a b "PM launches smart cities, AMRUT, housing for all by 2022 schemes". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 2015-10-28.
Jump up ^ "UD Ministry clears first batch of AMRUT projects for 89 cities". Eastern Mirror. Retrieved 2015-10-28.
Jump up ^ "Plans approved for 89 cities under AMRUT". www.thestatesman.com. Retrieved 2015-10-28.
Jump up ^ "Water and sewerage plans worth Rs 2,786 crore in 89 AMRUT cities approved - The Economic Times". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2015-10-28.
Jump up ^ "Amaravati included in AMRUT scheme". The Hindu. 2015-10-24. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Swachh Bharat Mission: Haryana govt gives sanction to 32,115 beneficiaries under IHL". Retrieved 2015-11-03.
Jump up ^ "SMC holds workshop on urban transformation". www.greaterkashmir.com. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Maharashtra to begin AMRUT scheme in 43 cities - The Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Madhya Pradesh proposes Rs 1 656 cr AMRUT Action Plan to". Retrieved 2015-11-08.
Jump up ^ AMRUT: Telangana lines up Rs 405-crore plan for water supply in 11 cities
External links[edit]
Official Website
Smart Cities Challenges
Ministry of Urban Development
Smart Cities: Mission Statement & Guidelines
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With a Little Help from My Friends
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the song. For the albums, see With a Little Help from My Friends (Joe Cocker album) and With a Little Help from My Friends (Neal Morse album). For the album by The Flaming Lips, see With a Little Help from My Fwends.
"With a Little Help from My Friends"
Song by the Beatles
from the album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Released
26 May 1967[1]
Recorded
EMI Studios
29–30 March 1967
Genre
Pop rock, psychedelic pop
Length
2:44
Label
Parlophone PMC 7027 (mono), PCS 7027 (stereo)
Songwriter(s)
Lennon–McCartney
Producer(s)
George Martin
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band"/"With a Little Help from My Friends"
Single by the Beatles
B-side
"A Day in the Life"
Released
14 August 1978 (US)
30 September 1978 (UK)
Format
7"
Recorded
February–March 1967
Length
4:46
Label
Capitol 4612 (US)
Parlophone R6022 (UK)
Songwriter(s)
Lennon–McCartney
The Beatles UK singles chronology
"Back in the U.S.S.R."
(1976) "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" / "With a Little Help from My Friends"
(1978) "The Beatles Movie Medley"
(1982)
"Back in the U.S.S.R."
(1976) "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" / "With a Little Help from My Friends"
(1978) "The Beatles Movie Medley"
(1982)
The Beatles US singles chronology
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da"
(1976) Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da1976 "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" / "With a Little Help from My Friends"
(1978) Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club BandWith a Little Help from My Friends1978 "The Beatles Movie Medley"
(1982) The Beatles Movie Medley1982
"With a Little Help from My Friends" is a song by the Beatles, written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney from the album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band issued worldwide in June 1967. The song was written for and sung by the Beatles' drummer Ringo Starr as the character "Billy Shears". The song, paired with "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" and featuring "A Day in the Life" as its B-side, was reissued as a single in the U.S. in August 1978 (#71) and in the U.K. in September 1978 (#63). "With a Little Help from My Friends" was ranked No. 311 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Recording
3 Personnel
4 Live performances
5 Cover versions
6 Joe Cocker version
7 In popular culture
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Origins[edit]
Lennon and McCartney finished writing this song in mid-March 1967,[2] written specifically as Starr's track for the album. McCartney said: "It was pretty much co-written, John and I doing a work song for Ringo, a little craft job." In 1970 Lennon stated: "Paul had the line about 'a little help from my friends.' He had some kind of structure for it, and we wrote it pretty well fifty-fifty from his original idea.", but in 1980 Lennon said: "This is Paul, with a little help from me. 'What do you see when you turn out the light/ I can't tell you, but I know it's mine...' is mine."[3] It was briefly called "Bad Finger Boogie" (later the inspiration for the band name Badfinger),[4] supposedly because Lennon composed the melody on a piano using his middle finger after having hurt his forefinger.
The song begins with the applause from the end of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.
Lennon and McCartney deliberately wrote a tune with a limited range – except for the last note, which McCartney worked closely with Starr to achieve. Speaking in the Anthology, Starr explained that he insisted on changing the first line — which originally was "What would you think if I sang out of tune? Would you throw ripe tomatoes at me?" — so that fans would not throw tomatoes at him should he perform it live. (In the early days, after George Harrison made a passing comment that he liked jelly babies, the group was showered with them at all of their live performances.)[5]
The song's composition is unusually well documented, as Hunter Davies was present and described the writing process in the Beatles' official biography.
The song is partly in the form of a conversation in which the other three Beatles sing a question — e.g. "Would you believe in a love at first sight?" where Starr answers, "Yes, I'm certain that it happens all the time."
Recording[edit]
The Beatles began recording the song on 29 March 1967, the day before they posed for the Sgt. Pepper album cover. They recorded 10 takes of the song, wrapping up sessions at 5:45 in the morning.[6] The backing track consisted of Starr on drums, McCartney playing piano, Harrison playing lead guitar and Lennon beating a cowbell. At dawn, Starr trudged up the stairs to head home – but the other Beatles cajoled him into doing his lead vocal then and there, standing around the microphone for moral support.[3] The following day they added tambourine, backing vocals, bass and more electric guitar.[7]
Personnel[edit]
Ringo Starr – lead vocal, drums, tambourine
Paul McCartney – backing vocal, bass, piano
John Lennon – backing vocal, cowbell
George Harrison – backing vocal, lead and rhythm guitars
George Martin – producer, Hammond organ
Geoff Emerick – engineer
Personnel per Ian MacDonald[8]
Live performances[edit]
To date, Starr has closed every concert performed by each version of his All-Starr Band with this song. After he is done singing, Starr tells the audience "Peace and love...peace and love is the only way...and good night", then walks off the stage. Since 2008, the band segued right into "Give Peace a Chance", during which Starr comes back onstage, then walks off again.
Starr performed the song with George Harrison, Eric Clapton, Bruce Springsteen, George Michael, Phil Collins, Elton John, and many others at the 1987 Prince's Trust Concert at Wembley Arena, London.[9]
McCartney and Starr performed this song for the first time together at the David Lynch Foundation Benefit Concert in the Radio City Music Hall, New York on 4 April 2009. McCartney and Starr also performed the song together on "The Night That Changed America: A Grammy Salute to The Beatles", a commemorative show on 27 January 2014, that marked 50 years since the band's first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show.[10]
Cover versions[edit]
There have been at least 50 cover versions of the song[11] and it has achieved the number one position on the British singles charts three times: by Joe Cocker in 1968,[12] Wet Wet Wet in 1988,[13] and by Sam & Mark in 2004. Chris Clark, the first white female recording artist to have an album released on Motown, recorded the song for her second album, 1969's CC Rides Again.
The song was also covered by Mumford & Sons and Dawes on the Tour of Two Halves in 2012.[14] Mumford & Sons also covered the song to close out their headline set at the 2013 Glastonbury Festival with Vampire Weekend, The Vaccines, First Aid Kit, and The Staves on 30 June 2013.[15] For the 1981 compilation Rarities, the Beach Boys released their version recorded in 1967,[16] while in 2015, Brian Wilson named it one of his favorite songs,[17] and in that year German rock band Bonfire, with new frontman David Reece, recorded their version for the album Glörious.
Widespread Panic has performed the song twice, both times during their special 3-Set New Year's Eve shows.[18]
In March 2017, Broadway and Hollywood artists including Liz Callaway, FORTE, Annie Golden, Telly Leung and Chris Mann performed a gospel-flavored version of the song for a single and video to benefit Americans for the Arts.[19]
"With a Little Help from My Friends"
Single by Joe Cocker
from the album With a Little Help from My Friends
B-side
"Something's Coming On"
Released
October 1968 (UK)
Format
7"
Recorded
1968
Genre
Blues rock, hard rock, soul
Length
5:11
Label
Regal Zonophone
Songwriter(s)
Lennon–McCartney
Joe Cocker singles chronology
"Marjorine"
(1968) Marjorine1968 "With a Little Help from My Friends"
(1968) With a Little Help from My Friends1968 "Delta Lady"
(1969) Delta Lady1969
Audio sample
file
help
Joe Cocker version[edit]
English singer Joe Cocker's version of "With a Little Help from My Friends" was a radical re-arrangement of the original, in a slower, 6
8 meter, using different chords in the middle eight, and a lengthy instrumental introduction (featuring drums by Procol Harum's B.J. Wilson, guitar lines from Jimmy Page, and organ by Tommy Eyre). Cocker performed the song at Woodstock in 1969 and that performance was included in the documentary film, Woodstock. This version gained even more fame when it was used as the opening theme song for the television series The Wonder Years.[20] Cocker's cover was ranked number two in UpVenue's top 10 best music covers of all time in 2009.[21] In 2014, a BBC poll saw it voted the seventh best cover version ever.[22] The version heard in the film Across the Universe segues from the original to Cocker's arrangement at the end of the song. In 2001, Cocker's version of the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.[23]
Personnel
Joe Cocker – lead vocals
Jimmy Page – guitar
Chris Stainton – bass
Tommy Eyre – organ
B.J. Wilson – drums
Madeline Bell – backing vocals
Rosetta Hightower – backing vocals
Patrice Holloway – backing vocals
Sunny Wheetman – backing vocals
"With a Little Help from My Friends"
Single by Wet Wet Wet
from the album Sgt. Pepper Knew My Father
A-side
"She's Leaving Home" (performed by Billy Bragg)
Released
9 May 1988 (UK)
Format
7"
Recorded
1988
Genre
Pop
Label
PolyGram
Songwriter(s)
Lennon–McCartney
Wet Wet Wet singles chronology
"Temptation"
(1988) "With a Little Help from My Friends" / "String Module Error: Match not found"
(1988) "Sweet Surrender"
(1989)
"Temptation"
(1988) "With a Little Help from My Friends"/"She's Leaving Home" (Billy Bragg and Cara Tivey)
(1988) "Sweet Surrender"
(1989)
In popular culture[edit]
Janice sang this song as an opening number to an episode of The Muppet Show where other members of Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem were pretending to rescue her from a Hindu human sacrifice.
Sesame Street spoofed this song as "With a Little Yelp from My Friends", sung by a dog named Moe Cocker, who spoofs Joe Cocker, and the arrangement is clearly based on Cocker's version.[24]
The Animaniacs sketch Woodstock Slappy features Joe Cocker singing the song.
The song was featured in the EastEnders 2007 Children in Need sketch where the cast sang to famous Beatles songs, the song was the last to be sung by the cast with the characters of Ronnie Mitchell, Roxy Mitchell, Chelsea Fox, Carly Wicks, Jane Beale, Lucy Beale, Peter Beale, Ben Mitchell, Zainab Masood, Masood Ahmed, Honey Mitchell, Dawn Swann and Mickey Miller singing the majority of the song.
The Joe Cocker version was used as the title music for the 1988–1993 television series The Wonder Years.
The Cocker version appears in a 2017 TV commercial for Volkswagen.
"Lend me your ears" is a Shakespearean reference, taken from the "Friends, Romans, countrymen" speech in Julius Caesar and used at the time as a popular way of asking people to listen.
"With a Little Help from My Friends" was played as wake-up music on Space Shuttle Mission STS-61.[25]
On Saturday Night Live, Season-1 Ep.3: John Belushi performed a full-length impression of Cocker singing this song.[26]
The cult PBS film The Lathe of Heaven (from 1980) uses the original recording of the song. The main character (George Orr), who can manipulate reality with his dreams, comes upon a 45 of the song at a novelty shop run by an alien. The alien hands George the 45 saying "Help is available." The song plays in the soundtrack and morphs into a synthesizer version. The film was out of circulation for over 20 years. When it was finally re-aired on PBS and released on DVD in 2001, many fans were upset that the original Beatles recording was replaced by a singer with an acoustic guitar. This was due to changes in publishing rights that have occurred since 1980 involving the dissolution of The Beatles' original Northern Songs and the acquisition by Sony/ATV (partly owned by the Jackson family).[citation needed]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Everett 1999, p. 123. "In the United Kingdom Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band...was rush-released six days ahead of its official date, June 1."
Jump up ^ Dowlding 1989, p. 165.
^ Jump up to: a b "100 Greatest Beatles Songs. No. 61 – 'With a Little Help From My Friends'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Matovina 2000.
Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000, p. 242.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 106.
Jump up ^ "With A Little Help From My Friends". The Beatles Bible. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 246.
Jump up ^ "With a Little Help From My Friends". Retrieved 11 November 2017
Jump up ^ "Paul McCartney and Friends: Change Begins Within". Radio City Music Hall. New York, NY: Madison Square Garden. Archived from the original on 21 January 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Song: With a Little Help From My Friends – John Lennon, Paul McCartney". Second Hand Songs. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Number 1 Singles of the 1960s". everyHit.com. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Number 1 Singles of the 1980s". everyHit.com. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Number 1 Singles of the 2000s". everyHit.com. 16 March 2000. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Mumford & Sons Get a Little Help From Their Friends for Glastonbury Finale". 30 June 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
Jump up ^ bradelliott.com 1983.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Brian (May 8, 2015). "Brian Wilson: The Music That Made Me". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ "Everyday Companion".
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Gil (March 23, 2017). "Broadway Stars Come Together For All-Star Single 'With a Little Help from My Friends' to Support the Arts". Billboard. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Parrott, Billy (9 August 2013). "The Wonder Years: Music and References from Season One". The New York Public Library. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013.
Jump up ^ UpVenue.com 2010.
Jump up ^ "Pet Shop Boys' Always On My Mind tops cover version vote". BBC News. 27 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Grammy Hall of Fame Award. Grammy.org Retrieved 21 December 2012
Jump up ^ Sesame Street – With a Little YELP from my Friends on YouTube
Jump up ^ Fries 2009.
Jump up ^ "SNL Season 01 Episode 03 - Rob Reiner, John Belushi as Joe Cocker - NBC.com". NBC. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
References[edit]
The Beatles (2000). The Beatles Anthology. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-8118-2684-8.
Chianello, Joanne (2 October 2009). "Harper gets on stage with a little help from his wife". Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on 6 October 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
Dowlding, William J. (1989). Beatlesongs. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-68229-6.
Everett, Walter (1999). The Beatles as Musicians: Revolver Through the Anthology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512941-0.
Fries, Colin, ed. (30 November 2009). "Chronology of Wakeup Calls" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Lewisohn, Mark (1988). The Beatles Recording Sessions. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-57066-1.
MacDonald, Ian (2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (Second Revised ed.). London: Pimlico (Rand). ISBN 1-84413-828-3.
Matovina, Dan (2000). Without You: The Tragic Story of Badfinger. Frances Glover Books. ISBN 0-9657122-2-2. Apple's Neil Aspinall remembers, "(...) Badfinger just popped in my head. It was from an old Lennon thing. He was playing the piano and he had a bad finger so he called the piece he was playing 'Bad Finger Boogie' (which evolved into 'With A Little Help From My Friends')
"Original liner notes for Capitol's Beach Boys Rarities album". bradelliott.com. 1983.
"Ringo Starr – With a Little Help from My Friends". The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. 13 January 2010.
Kilpatrick, Sean (4 October 2009). "Stephen Harper rocks out". thestar.com. Toronto. Retrieved 22 October 2009.
"UpVenue Top 10 Best Music Covers". UpVenue.com. 2010.
External links[edit]
Quotations related to Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band at Wikiquote
How B.J. Wilson Rescued a Classic Joe Cocker Track (page about B.J. Wilson and Joe Cocker's recording of the song)
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Those Were the Days" by Mary Hopkin UK number one single
6 November 1968 – 13 November 1968 (Joe Cocker version) Succeeded by
"The Good, the Bad and the Ugly" by Hugo Montenegro & His Orchestra
Preceded by
"Perfect" by Fairground Attraction UK number one single
15 May 1988 – 12 June 1988 (Wet Wet Wet version) Succeeded by
"Doctorin' the Tardis" by The Timelords
Preceded by
"Take Me to the Clouds Above" by LMC vs U2 UK number one single
15 February 2004 – 21 February 2004 (Sam and Mark version) Succeeded by
"Who's David?" by Busted
[show]
v
t
e
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Songs
Side one
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band"
"With a Little Help from My Friends"
"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds"
"Getting Better"
"Fixing a Hole"
"She's Leaving Home"
"Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!"
Side two
"Within You Without You"
"When I'm Sixty-Four"
"Lovely Rita"
"Good Morning Good Morning"
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)"
"A Day in the Life"
Non-album single
"Strawberry Fields Forever"
"Penny Lane"
Outtakes
"Only a Northern Song"
"Carnival of Light"
Tribute albums
Easy Star's Lonely Hearts Dub Band
Sgt. Pepper Knew My Father
Sgt. Pepper Live
Sgt. Petsound's Lonely Hearts Club Band
With a Little Help from My Fwends
Related articles
The Beatles discography
The Beatles' studio years
Sgt. Pepper's cover
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (film)
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (soundtrack)
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band on the Road
Yellow Submarine (film)
Their Satanic Majesties Request
"Tina in the Sky with Diamonds"
Please Please Me
With the Beatles
A Hard Day's Night
Beatles for Sale
Help!
Rubber Soul
Revolver
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Magical Mystery Tour
The Beatles (White Album)
Yellow Submarine
Abbey Road
Let It Be
Past Masters
[show]
v
t
e
The Beatles singles discography
UK and US
(all labels)
1963
"Please Please Me" / "Ask Me Why"
"From Me to You" / "Thank You Girl"
"She Loves You" / "I'll Get You"
1964
"Can't Buy Me Love" / "You Can't Do That"
"I Feel Fine" / "She's a Woman"
1965
"Ticket to Ride" / "Yes It Is"
"Help!" / "I'm Down"
"We Can Work It Out" / "Day Tripper"
1966
"Paperback Writer" / "Rain"
"Yellow Submarine" / "Eleanor Rigby"
1967
"Penny Lane" / "Strawberry Fields Forever"
"All You Need Is Love" / "Baby, You're a Rich Man"
"Hello, Goodbye" / "I Am the Walrus"
1968
"Lady Madonna" / "The Inner Light"
"Hey Jude" / "Revolution"
1969
"Get Back" / "Don't Let Me Down"
"The Ballad of John and Yoko" / "Old Brown Shoe"
"Something" / "Come Together"
1970
"Let It Be" / "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)"
1978
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band/With a Little Help from My Friends" / "A Day in the Life"
1982
"The Beatles Movie Medley" / "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You"
1995
"Free as a Bird" / "Christmas Time (Is Here Again)"
1996
"Real Love" / "Baby's in Black"
UK only
(Parlophone,
Apple)
1962
"My Bonnie" / "The Saints"
"Love Me Do" / "P.S. I Love You"
1963
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" / "This Boy"
1964
"Ain't She Sweet" / "If You Love Me, Baby"
"A Hard Day's Night" / "Things We Said Today"
1976
"Yesterday" / "I Should Have Known Better"
"Back in the U.S.S.R." / "Twist and Shout"
US only
(Vee-Jay,
Swan,
Tollie,
Capitol,
Apple)
1963
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" / "I Saw Her Standing There"
1964
"Twist and Shout" / "There's a Place"
"Do You Want to Know a Secret" / "Thank You Girl"
"Love Me Do" / "P.S. I Love You"
"Sie liebt dich" / "I'll Get You"
"I'll Cry Instead" / "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You"
"And I Love Her" / "If I Fell"
"A Hard Day's Night" / "I Should Have Known Better"
"Matchbox" / "Slow Down"
1965
"Eight Days a Week" / "I Don't Want to Spoil the Party"
"Yesterday" / "Act Naturally"
1966
"Nowhere Man" / "What Goes On"
1970
"The Long and Winding Road" / "For You Blue"
1976
"Got to Get You into My Life" / "Helter Skelter"
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "Julia"
Other
countries
(Odeon,
Parlophone,
Apple)
1963
"All My Loving" / "This Boy" (Canada)
1964
"Komm, gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich" (Germany)
1966
"Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" / "Nowhere Man" (Australia)
1968
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" (Europe, Japan, Australia)
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "I Will" (Philippines)
"Back in the U.S.S.R." / "Don't Pass Me By" (Sweden)
1969
"You're Going to Lose That Girl" / "Tell Me What You See" (Japan)
1970
"Oh! Darling" / "Here Comes the Sun" (Japan)
1972
"All Together Now" / "Hey Bulldog" (Europe)
1978
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band/With a Little Help from My Friends" / "Within You Without You" (Germany)
[show]
v
t
e
Wet Wet Wet
Graeme Clark
Tommy Cunningham
Neil Mitchell
Marti Pellow
Studio albums
Popped In Souled Out
The Memphis Sessions
Holding Back the River
High on the Happy Side
Cloak & Dagger
Picture This
10
Timeless
Singles
"Wishing I Was Lucky"
"Sweet Little Mystery"
"Angel Eyes (Home and Away)"
"Temptation"
"With a Little Help from My Friends"
"Sweet Surrender"
"Broke Away"
"Hold Back the River"
"Stay with Me Heartache (Can't Stand the Night)"
"Make It Tonight"
"Put the Light On"
"Goodnight Girl"
"More than Love"
"Lip Service"
"Blue for You/This Time"
"Shed a Tear"
"Cold Cold Heart"
"Love Is All Around"
"Julia Says"
"Don't Want to Forgive Me Now"
"Somewhere Somehow"
"She's All on My Mind"
"Morning"
"If I Never See You Again"
"Strange"
"Yesterday/Maybe I'm in Love"
"All I Want"
"Too Many People"
"Weightless"
Live albums
Wet Wet Wet: Live
Live at the Royal Albert Hall
Compilations
End of Part One: Their Greatest Hits
The Greatest Hits
Step by Step: The Greatest Hits
Videos
Video Singles
Live Glasgow Green Free Concert
High on the Happy Side
Wets at the Castle
Live at the Royal Albert Hall
End of Part One
Picture This - All Around and in the Crowd
Playing Away at Home
The Greatest Hits and More
Related articles
Discography
Maggie Pie & The Impostors
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=With_a_Little_Help_from_My_Friends&oldid=811089183"
Categories:
1967 songs
1968 singles
1988 singles
The Beatles songs
Songs about friendship
Barbra Streisand songs
Joe Cocker songs
The Beach Boys songs
The Muppets songs
Number-one singles in Switzerland
Sham 69 songs
Song recordings produced by George Martin
Songs written by Lennon–McCartney
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Wet Wet Wet songs
Song recordings produced by Jeff Lynne
Capitol Records singles
Parlophone singles
PolyGram singles
Regal Zonophone Records singles
Songs published by Northern Songs
Hidden categories:
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Zwitterion
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
An amino acid contains both acidic (carboxylic acid fragment) and basic (amine fragment) centres. The isomer on the right is a zwitterion.
Sulfamic acid isomers, with the zwitterion (right).
In chemistry, a zwitterion (/ˈtsvɪtəraɪən/ TSVIT-ə-rye-ən; from German Zwitter [ˈtsvɪtɐ], meaning 'hermaphrodite'), formerly called a dipolar ion, is a molecule with two or more functional groups, of which at least one has a positive and one has a negative electrical charge and the net charge of the entire molecule is zero. Because they contain at least one positive and one negative charge, zwitterions are also sometimes called inner salts.[1] The charges on the different functional groups balance each other out, and the molecule as a whole is electrically neutral. The pH where this happens is known as the isoelectric point.[2][3]
Unlike simple amphoteric compounds that may only form either a cationic or anionic species, a zwitterion simultaneously has both ionic states.[4]
Contents
1 Examples
2 Calculation of the isoelectric point
2.1 Multiprotic systems
3 Related compounds
4 References
Examples[edit]
Amino acids are the best-known examples of zwitterions. These compounds contain an ammonium and a carboxylate group, and can be viewed as arising via a kind of intramolecular acid–base reaction: The amine group deprotonates the carboxylic acid.
NH
2RCHCO
2H ⇌ NH+
3RCHCO−
2
The zwitterionic structure of glycine in the solid state has been confirmed by neutron diffraction measurements.[5] At least in some cases, the zwitterionic form of amino acids also persists in the gas phase.[6]
In addition to the amino acids, many other compounds that contain both acidic and basic centres tautomerize to the zwitterionic form. Examples, such as bicine and tricine, contain a basic secondary or tertiary amine fragment together with a carboxylic acid fragment. Neutron diffraction measurements show that solid sulfamic acid exists as a zwitterion.[7] Many alkaloids, such as LSD and psilocybin, exist as zwitterions because they contain carboxylates and ammonium centres.
Many zwitterions contain quaternary ammonium cations. Since it lacks N–H bonds, the ammonium center cannot participate in tautomerization. Zwitterions containing quaternary-ammonium centers are common in biology; a common example are the betaines, which serve as electrolytes in fish. The membrane-forming phospholipids are also commonly zwitterions. The polar head groups in these compounds are zwitterions, resulting from the presence of the anionic phosphate and cationic quaternary ammonium centres.[8]
The vesicle-forming phospholipid phosphatidylcholine, palmitoyl-oleyl-sn-phosphatidylcholine.
Calculation of the isoelectric point[edit]
The pH value at the isoelectric point can be calculated from the acid dissociation constants of the acidic and basic groups of the zwitterion (except at high dilution):
pH = p K a 1 + p K a 2 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {pH}}={\frac {{\ce {p}}K_{a_{1}}+{\ce {p}}K_{a_{2}}}{2}}}
Derivation:
The acid dissociation constants are defined as:
K a 1 = c ( H 3 O + ) ⋅ c ( Zwitterion ) c ( Cation ) {\displaystyle K_{a_{1}}=c({\ce {H3O+}})\cdot {\frac {c({\ce {Zwitterion}})}{c({\ce {Cation}})}}}
K a 2 = c ( H 3 O + ) ⋅ c ( Anion ) c ( Zwitterion ) {\displaystyle K_{a_{2}}=c({\ce {H3O+}})\cdot {\frac {c({\ce {Anion}})}{c({\ce {Zwitterion}})}}}
Multiplication of these two equations eliminates the concentration c ( Zwitterion ) {\displaystyle c({\ce {Zwitterion}})} of the zwitterion:
K a 1 ⋅ K a 2 = c ( H 3 O + ) 2 ⋅ c ( Anion ) c ( Cation ) {\displaystyle K_{a_{1}}\cdot K_{a_{2}}=c({\ce {H3O+}})^{2}\cdot {{c({\ce {Anion}})} \over {c({\ce {Cation}})}}}
Because the concentrations of the anion and cation are equal at the isoelectric point, the equation simplifies to:
K a 1 ⋅ K a 2 = c ( H 3 O + ) 2 {\displaystyle K_{a_{1}}\cdot K_{a_{2}}=c({\ce {H3O+}})^{2}}
Taking the square root and logarithm on both sides yields:
pH = p K a 1 + p K a 2 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {pH}}={\frac {{\ce {p}}K_{a_{1}}+{\ce {p}}K_{a_{2}}}{2}}}
Multiprotic systems[edit]
In the case of acidic amino acids (e.g. aspartic acid) or basic amino acids (e.g. lysine), the pKa-values of the two similar groups are taken into consideration: in the case of amino acids with basic side chains, the side chain and the amino group can both take a positive charge at low pH values, and in the case of amino acids with acidic side chains, the two carboxylic acid groups can both take a negative charge at high pH values. The molecule is therefore neutral halfway between these two pK values, when one of the two similar groups is neutral, so the pK values of the two similar groups are substituted into the equation above[9] and the average is taken,[10] for example for lysine: (8.95 + 10.53)/2 = 9,74[11] and for aspartic acid: (2.09 + 3.86)/2 = 2,98.[12]
Related compounds[edit]
The resonance structures that are used to represent the charge delocalization of dipolar compounds frequently include zwitterions, even when there is not complete separation of charges like with a stable zwitterion.[13] Zwitterionic compounds, on the other hand, have stable, separated unit electrical charges on atoms.[1]
Also related are mesoionic compounds, which are dipolar heterocyclic compounds in which both the negative and the positive charge are delocalized.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b IUPAC Gold Book zwitterionic compounds/zwitterions
Jump up ^ Das, Debajyoti (1978). Biochemistry. Academic Publishers. p. 54. ISBN 9788187504825.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Mary; Farrell, Shawn (2007-11-20). Biochemistry. Cengage Learning. p. 74. ISBN 0495390410.
Jump up ^ "Definition of amphoteric" (2014), Chemicool. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
Jump up ^ Jönsson, P.-G.; Kvick, Å. (1972). "Precision neutron diffraction structure determination of protein and nucleic acid components. III. The crystal and molecular structure of the amino acid α-glycine". Acta Crystallographica Section B. 28 (6): 1827–1833. doi:10.1107/S0567740872005096.
Jump up ^ Price, William D.; Jockusch, Rebecca A.; Williams, Evan R. (1997). "Is Arginine a Zwitterion in the Gas Phase?". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 119 (49): 11988–11989. doi:10.1021/ja9711627. PMC 1364450  . PMID 16479267.
Jump up ^ R. L. Sass (April 1960). "A neutron diffraction study on the crystal structure of sulfamic acid". Acta Crystallogr. 13 (4): 320–324. doi:10.1107/S0365110X60000789.
Jump up ^ Nelson, D. L.; Cox, M. M. Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry 3rd Ed. Worth Publishing: New York, 2000. ISBN 1-57259-153-6.
Jump up ^ Reinhard Kuhn: Capillary Electrophoresis: Principles and Practice. Springer Science & Business Media, 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-78058-5, S. 79.
Jump up ^ Cherng-ju Kim: Advanced Pharmaceutics. CRC Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-203-49291-8, S. 86–99.
Jump up ^ W. T. Godbey: An Introduction to Biotechnology. Elsevier, 2014, ISBN 978-1-908-81848-5, S. 15.
Jump up ^ Raymond Chang: Physical Chemistry for the Biosciences. University Science Books, 2005, ISBN 978-1-891-38933-7, S. 291.
Jump up ^ IUPAC Gold Book dipolar compounds
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