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Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest
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Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest
Nathan's Wall of Fame of contest winners, 2006.
Status
Active
Genre
Hot dog competitive eating competition
Date(s)
July 4
Frequency
Annually
Venue
Nathan's Famous Corporation
Location(s)
Brooklyn, New York City
Country
United States
Inaugurated
July 4, 1916 (1916-07-04)
The Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest is an annual American hot dog competitive eating competition. It is held each year on Independence Day at Nathan's Famous Corporation's original, and best-known restaurant at the corner of Surf and Stillwell Avenues in Coney Island, a neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City.
The contest has gained public attention in recent years due to the stardom of Takeru Kobayashi and Joey Chestnut. The defending champion is Joey Chestnut, who ate 72 hot dogs in the 2017 contest. He beat out Carmen Cincotti and the 2015 champ, Matt Stonie.
Contents
[hide]
1 Rules
2 Awards
3 History
3.1 Controversies
3.2 Results (color-coded by belt color)
4 Media coverage
4.1 Live TV
4.2 Film and TV programs
4.3 Newspapers
5 Tactics and training
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Rules[edit]
Nathan's original Coney Island location
Major League Eating (MLE), formerly known as the International Federation of Competitive Eating (IFOCE), has sanctioned the event since 1997. Today, only entrants currently under contract by MLE can compete in the contest.
The field of about 20 contestants typically includes the following:
the defending champion;
winners of a regional qualifying contest for that season;
individuals qualifying as one of two wildcards (highest two average qualifier scores without winning a single qualifier); and
those invited by special invitation of the MLE. (See "Controversies" section below.)
The competitors stand on a raised platform behind a long table with drinks and Nathan's Famous hot dogs in buns. Most contestants have water on hand, but other kinds of drinks can and have been used. Condiments are allowed, but usually are not used. The hot dogs are allowed to cool slightly after grilling to prevent possible mouth burns. The contestant that consumes (and keeps down) the most hot dogs and buns (HDB) in ten minutes is declared the winner. The length of the contest has changed over the years, previously 12 minutes, and in some years, only three and a half minutes; since 2008, 10 minutes.
Spectators watch and cheer the eaters on from close proximity. A designated scorekeeper is paired with each contestant, flipping a number board counting each hot dog consumed. Partially eaten hot dogs count and the granularity of measurement is eighths of a length. Hot dogs still in the mouth at the end of regulation count if they are subsequently swallowed. Yellow penalty cards can be issued for "messy eating,"[1] and red penalty cards can be issued for "reversal of fortune", which results in disqualification.[1] If there is a tie, the contestants go to a 5-hot-dog eat-off to see who can eat that many more quickly. Further ties will result in a sudden-death eat-off of eating one more hot dog in the fastest time.
After the winner is declared, a plate showing the number of hot dogs eaten by the winner is brought out for photo opportunities.
Awards[edit]
The winner of the men's competition is given possession of the coveted international "bejeweled" mustard-yellow belt. The belt is of "unknown age and value" according to IFOCE co-founder George Shea and rests in the country of its owner. In 2011, Sonya Thomas won the inaugural women's competition and its "bejeweled" pink belt.
Various other prizes have been awarded over the years. For example, in 2004 Orbitz donated a travel package to the winner. Starting in 2007, cash prizes have been awarded to the top finishers.[2]
History[edit]
The Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest has been held at the original location on Coney Island most years since about 1972, usually in conjunction with Independence Day.[3] According to legend, on July 4, 1916, four immigrants held a hot dog eating contest at Nathan's Famous stand on Coney Island to settle an argument about who was the most patriotic. The contest has supposedly been held each year since then except 1941 ("as a protest to the war in Europe") and 1971 (as a protest to political unrest in the U.S.). A man by the name of Jim Mullen is said to have won the first contest,[4] although accounts vary. One account describes Jimmy Durante (who was not an immigrant) as competing in that all-immigrant inaugural contest, which was judged by Eddie Cantor and Sophie Tucker.[5] Another describes the event as beginning "in 1917, and pitted Mae West's father, Jack, against entertainer Eddie Cantor."[6] In 2010, however, promoter Mortimer "Morty" Matz admitted to having fabricated the legend of the 1916 start date with a man named Max Rosey in the early 1970s as part of a publicity stunt.[7] The legend grew over the years, to the point where The New York Times and other publications were known to have repeatedly listed 1916 as the inaugural year, although no evidence of the contest exists.[7] As Coney Island is often linked with recreational activities of the summer season, several early contests were held on other holidays associated with summer besides Independence Day; Memorial Day contests were scheduled for 1972,[8] 1975,[9] and 1978,[10] and a second 1972 event was held on Labor Day.[11]
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the competition was dominated by Japanese contestants, particularly Takeru Kobayashi, who won six consecutive contests from 2001-2006. In 2001, Kobayashi transformed the competition and the world of competitive eating by downing 50 hot dogs—smashing the previous record (25.5). The Japanese eater introduced advanced eating and training techniques that shattered previous competitive eating world records. The rise in popularity of the event coincided with the surge in popularity of the worldwide competitive eating circuit.
On July 4, 2011, Sonya Thomas became the champion of the first Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest for Women (previously women had competed against the men, except in one competition that was apparently held in 1975[9]). Eating 40 hot dogs in 10 minutes, Thomas earned the inaugural Pepto-Bismol-sponsored pink belt and won $10,000.[12]
In recent years, a considerable amount of pomp and circumstance have surrounded the days leading up to the event, which has become an annual spectacle of competitive entertainment. The event is presented on an extravagant stage complete with colorful live announcers and an overall party atmosphere. The day before the contest is a public weigh-in with the mayor of New York City. Some competitors don flamboyant costumes and/or makeup, while others may promote themselves with eating-related nicknames. On the morning of the event, they have a heralded arrival to Coney Island on the "bus of champions" and are called to the stage individually during introductions. In 2013, six-time defending champion Joey Chestnut was escorted to the stage in a sedan chair.
The competition draws many spectators and worldwide press coverage. In 2007, an estimated 50,000 came out to witness the event. In 2004 a three-story-high "Hot Dog Eating Wall of Fame" was erected at the site of the annual contest. The wall lists past winners, and has a digital clock which counts down the minutes until the next contest. Despite substantial damage suffered at Nathan's due to Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, the location was repaired, reopened, and the 2013 event was held as scheduled.
ESPN has long enjoyed solid ratings from its broadcast of the Hot Dog Eating Contest on Independence Day, and on July 1, 2014, the network announced it had extended its agreement with Major League Eating and will broadcast the contest through 2024.[13] The event continues to be recognized for its power as a marketing tool.[14]
Controversies[edit]
Controversies usually revolve around supposed breaches of rules that are missed by the judges. For example, NY1 television news editor Phil Ellison reviewed taped footage of the 1999 contest and thought that Steve Keiner started eating at the count of one, but the judge, Mike DeVito—himself the champion of the 1990, 1993, and 1994 contests—was stationed directly in front of Keiner and disputed it, saying it was incorrect. Keiner ate 21 1/2 dogs, as shown on the Wall of Fame located at Nathan's flagship store at the corner of Surf and Stillwell avenues in Coney Island. This controversy was created by George Shea, the chief publicist for Nathan's, because it created much more publicity for the contest. Shea assured Keiner at the end of the contest that he would clear the confusion up but never did. Keiner never participated in any advertising or contests set up by Shea because of this.[citation needed]
Another controversy occurred in 2003 when former NFL player William "The Refrigerator" Perry competed as a celebrity contestant. Though he had won a qualifier by eating twelve hot dogs, he ate only four at the contest, stopping after just five minutes. Shea stated that the celebrity contestant experiment will likely not be repeated.[citation needed]
At the 2007 contest, the results were delayed to review whether defending champion Takeru Kobayashi had vomited (also known as a "Roman method incident" or "reversal of fortune") in the final seconds of regulation. Such an incident results in the disqualification of the competitor under the rules of the IFOCE. The judges ruled in Kobayashi's favor. A similar incident occurred involving Kobayashi in 2002[15] in a victory over Eric "Badlands" Booker.
Takeru Kobayashi has not competed in the contest since 2009 due to his refusal to sign an exclusive contract with Major League Eating, which is the current sanctioning body of the contest. In 2010, he was arrested by police after attempting to jump on the stage after the contest was over and disrupt the proceedings.[16][17][18] On August 5, 2010, all charges against Kobayashi were dismissed by a judge in Brooklyn. Despite his six consecutive victories in their annual event, Nathan's removed Kobayashi's image from their "Wall of Fame" in 2011. Kobayashi again refused to compete in 2011, but instead conducted his own hot dog eating exhibition, claiming to have consumed 69 HDB, seven more than Joey Chestnut accomplished in the Nathan's contest.[19] The sports website Deadspin deemed Kobayashi's solo appearance "an improbably perfect 'up yours' to the Nathan's hot dog eating contest.".[20]
Results (color-coded by belt color)[edit]
Year
Winner
Hot dogs incl. buns
(HDB)
Contest duration
Notes
2017 MEN'S
Joey "Jaws" Chestnut 72 10 min.
WOMEN'S
Miki Sudo 41
2016 MEN'S
Joey "Jaws" Chestnut 70 10 min. Joey Chestnut won the mustard-colored belt for the ninth time, eating 70 hot dogs and buns. Defending champion Matt Stonie consumed 53 HDB. Sudo won her third consecutive women's title. At the Giant National Capital BBQ Battle in Washington, D.C. on June 25, Chestnut set the record of 73 in an official qualifier.[21]
WOMEN'S
Miki Sudo 38½
2015 MEN'S
Matt "Megatoad" Stonie 62 10 min. Matt Stonie ended the 8 year winning streak of Joey Chestnut, eating 62 HDB to Joey's 60.
WOMEN'S
Miki Sudo 38
2014 MEN'S
Joey "Jaws" Chestnut 61 10 min. Joey Chestnut faced fierce competition from Matt Stonie, who finished second with 56 HDB. Tim "Eater X" Janus (44 HDB) finished in 3rd. This became Joey's 8th consecutive win. Sudo dethroned Thomas, the first time in the history of the competition that Thomas had been defeated since the inception of the women's division. Sudo also ended a long tradition by becoming the first champion in a quarter-century to decline to use a nickname during Nathan's competitions.
WOMEN'S
Miki Sudo 34
2013 MEN'S
Joey "Jaws" Chestnut 69 10 min. Joey Chestnut beat his own record with 69 HDB. Matt "Megatoad" Stonie (51HDB) finished second. Tim "Eater X" Janus (50 HDB) finished in 3rd.
WOMEN'S
Sonya "The Black Widow" Thomas 36¾
2012 MEN'S
Joey "Jaws" Chestnut 68 10 min. Chestnut tied his previous record, previously set in 2009. He also became the second person to win six consecutive titles. Thomas set a new women's record. Tim "Eater X" Janus (52.25) and Patrick "Deep Dish" Bertoletti (51) finish second and third once again, this time with Janus edging out for second place. Matt Stonie, who would go on to claim victory in 2015 finished fourth with 46 HDB.
WOMEN'S
Sonya "The Black Widow" Thomas 45
2011 MEN'S
Joey "Jaws" Chestnut 62 10 min. Separate competitions are held for women and men for the first time. Chestnut dominates on his way to his fifth straight title. Sonya Thomas (40 HDB) won the inaugural women's event. Patrick "Deep Dish" Bertoletti (53) and Tim "Eater X" Janus (45) finish 2nd and 3rd for the second year in a row.
WOMEN'S
Sonya "The Black Widow" Thomas 40
2010 Joey "Jaws" Chestnut 54 10 min. Chestnut (54), Tim "Eater X" Janus (45), and Patrick "Deep Dish" Bertoletti (37) round out the top three.
2009 Joey "Jaws" Chestnut 68 10 min. Chestnut (68 HDB) beat his previous record in ten minutes, setting new event, U.S., and world records. Kobayashi (64½ HDB) set a Japanese record. Patrick "Deep Dish" Bertoletti (55 HDB) finished third. Sonya "The Black Widow" Thomas (41 HDB) broke the female record.
2008 Joey "Jaws" Chestnut 59

(Eat-off: 5) 10 min.

(Eat-off: untimed; completed in 50 sec.) Event, Japanese, U.S., and world records set (59 HDB). First event using new ten-minute time limit and first tie and eat-off since 1980. Chestnut & Kobayashi tied for first with 59 in regulation. In overtime Chestnut is the first to finish a plate of five HDB in 50 seconds. Kobayashi, losing by seven seconds, finishes second. Tim "Eater X" Janus finished third with 42.
2007 Joey "Jaws" Chestnut 66 12 min. Having broken the world and U.S. records with 59½ HDB at a qualifier contest on June 2, 2007, Chestnut (66 HDB) finishes first, setting new event, U.S. and world records. Defeating Kobayashi (63 HDB) for the first time. Fifth place Sonya Thomas (39 HDB) sets female record.
2006 Takeru "The Prince"/"The Tsunami" Kobayashi 53¾ 12 min. Winner Kobayashi sets event, Japanese and world records. Second place Joey Chestnut (52 HDB), sets U.S. record. Sonya "The Black Widow" Thomas (37) finishes third.
2005 Takeru "The Prince"/"The Tsunami" Kobayashi 49 12 min. 2nd: Sonya "The Black Widow" Thomas (37) sets U.S. record, Women's record. Future winner Joey "Jaws" Chestnut finishes third with 32.
2004 Takeru "The Prince"/"The Tsunami" Kobayashi 53½ 12 min. Event, Japanese and world records set. 2nd: Nobuyuki Shirota (38), Sonya Thomas (32 HDB) sets the female and U.S. records.
2003 Takeru "The Prince"/"The Tsunami" Kobayashi 44½ 12 min. Sonya Thomas (25 HDB) sets the female record. 2nd: Ed "Cookie" Jarvis (30½, American record), 3rd: Eric "Badlands" Booker (29). Twenty competitors and 3,000 spectators in attendance. William "The Refrigerator" Perry competes, but eats only four HDB and drops out after five minutes.[22]
2002 Takeru "The Prince"/"The Tsunami" Kobayashi 50½ 12 min. Event, Japanese and world records set.
2001 Takeru "The Prince"/"The Tsunami" Kobayashi 50 12 min. 20 competitors total. All-time world records set.[23] 2nd: Eric "Badlands" Booker (26), 3rd: Oleg Zhornitskiy (25).
2000 Kazutoyo "The Rabbit"[24] Arai 25+ 12 min. The contest was won by a 100-pound 32 year old mattress salesman from Saitama, Japan. The prizes were "the coveted mustard-yellow International Belt, a huge red trophy, and 20 pounds of Nathan’s hot dogs." Misao "The Big Banana" Fujita (also known as "Wild Beast"[25]) of Japan was the runner-up and consumed 24 hot dogs. A woman, Takako "Armageddon"/"The Sweet Queen" Akasaka of Japan, was the third-place finisher and consumed 22 hot dogs. 41 year old locomotive machinist Steve Addicks of Finksburg, Maryland was the fourth-place finisher and consumed 21 hot dogs. 391-pound, 35 year old reigning champion Steve Keiner of Atlantic City, New Jersey "finished in the middle of the pack" and consumed 15 hot dogs. "Dozens" of contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1916.[26] Another describes this as the 85th annual contest.[25]
1999 Steve "Ralph"/"The Terminator" Keiner 21 1/2 12 min. The contest was won by a 317-pound, 50-year-old man from Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey. The prize was the bejeweled mustard-colored belt.[27] Footage recorded by NY1 appeared to show that he actually consumed half of a hot dog before the starting gun was fired and should have been disqualified by the judges. Charles "Hungry" Hardy and Bartoszek Tadeusz, both of Brooklyn, were the runners-up and consumed 20 hot dogs each. Hardy charged that he could have consumed more had he been given another plate of hot dogs before time expired.[28] 134-pound, reigning champion Hirofumi Nakajima of Japan consumed 19 hot dogs.[27] Former champion Mike DeVito also participated.[28]
1998 Hirofumi "The Black Hole of Kōfu"[29]/"The Tokyo
Terror"[30] Nakajima 19 12 min. The contest was won by the reigning champion, a 135-pound, 23 year old furniture delivery worker from Kōfu, Japan. The prizes were "the coveted mustard-yellow International Belt, a huge red trophy, and 20 pounds of Nathan's hot dogs." 16 contestants participated.[31] Second place: Dominic "Hot Dog" Vaccaro (17).[citation needed]
1997 Hirofumi "The Black Hole of Kōfu"/"The Tokyo
Terror" Nakajima 24½ 12 min. Although Nathan's attempted to expand its pool of American contestants by sponsoring "a circuit of qualifying contests leading up to the grand finale on the Fourth,"[32] Japanese contestants continued to increase their influence. The contest was won by the reigning champion, a 135-pound, 22 year old furniture delivery worker from Kōfu, Japan. The prizes were "a large emerald and brass trophy, a Mustard-Yellow International Belt, and a 20-pack take-out order for Nathan's hot dogs." 100-pound, 30 year old future champion Kazutoyo Arai of Saitama, Japan was the runner-up and consumed 24 hot dogs. 330-pound, 34 year old former champion Ed Krachie was the third-place finisher and consumed 20 hot dogs. 23 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1916.[33]
1996 ONE-ON-ONE CHALLENGE WITH JAPAN
Hirofumi "The Black Hole of Kōfu"/"The Tokyo
Terror" Nakajima
December 4 23¼ 12 min. The contest was won by the reigning champion, a 300-pound man from Queens.[34] The prizes apparently included the bejeweled mustard-yellow belt and a trophy, if not more.[35] Former champion Mike DeVito was the runner-up and consumed 20 hot dogs.[34] 200-pound, 42 year old Guardian Angels founder Curtis Sliwa was also a contestant.[36] 20 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1916, except for 1939, 1940, and 1941[34]—this time held under the moniker "Battle of the Burroughs."[36] A later 1996 contest was also sponsored by Nathan's (and TV Tokyo[37]), but was held at Central Park instead of at its traditional location. It was won by a 144-pound, 22-year-old man from Japan; he had never eaten a hot dog until the day before the competition. The prizes were the bejeweled mustard-yellow belt and $2,000. 320-pound, 33 year old mechanical engineer Ed Krachie of New York was the runner-up. Only those 2 contestants participated.[38]
Ed "The Animal"[39]/"The Maspeth Monster"[39]
Krachie
Independence Day 22 12 min.
1995 Ed "The Animal"/"The Maspeth Monster" Krachie
Independence Day 19½ 12 min. The contest was won by a 350-pound NYNEX engineer from Queens. 205-pound, 33 year old Salomon Brothers vice president and reigning champion Mike DeVito of Manalapan Township, New Jersey was the runner-up and consumed 19 hot dogs.[40]
1994 Mike "The Scholar" DeVito
Independence Day 20 Unknown The contest was won by the reigning champion, a 32 year old accountant.[41] Future champion Ed Krachie was the runner-up.[40] 40 year old Guardian Angels founder Curtis Sliwa was the third-place finisher[36] and consumed 13 hot dogs.[41]
1993 ONE-ON-ONE CHALLENGE WITH JAPAN
Mike "The Scholar" DeVito
Unknown date 18 30 min. The contest was won by a former champion, a Wall Street brokerage firm worker from Manalapan Township, New Jersey. The prize was 365 hot dogs. Joe Gotay of Brooklyn was the runner-up and consumed 14½ hot dogs. Willie Dykstra of Brooklyn was the top female contestant and consumed 7½ hot dogs. 18 men and 2 women participated. The reigning champion, 290-pound Frankie Dellarosa of Brooklyn, "canceled out at the last minute due to a family emergency"[42] and was unable to defend his title. Instead, he declared that he was now retired from competitions and planned to pursue an acting career,[43] something that he would later have a modest success in.[44] A press account from the time describes this as the 77th annual contest, held regularly since 1916.[42] A later 1993 contest was also sponsored by Nathan's (and recorded by TV Tokyo), but was held under the Brooklyn Bridge instead of at its traditional location. It was won by reigning champion DeVito.[45] Years later it was stated that the prize was the bejeweled mustard-colored belt "created by the descendants of Fabergé" that remains in use today but had supposedly been held in Japan for some years after having been won by a Japanese contestant at Nathan's[32] (presumably at the February 11, 1986 competition); however, the earliest that the belt's existence is known to be documented in a press account from the time is 1996.[36] A woman, Orio Ito of Japan, was the runner-up and consumed 16 hot dogs. Only those 2 contestants participated.[45]
Mike "The Scholar" DeVito
Independence Day 17 12 min.
1992 Frankie "Hollywood"[43]/"Large"[46] Dellarosa
Independence Day 19 Unknown The contest was won by the reigning champion. Former and future champion Mike DeVito was the runner-up and consumed 17 hot dogs.[43]
1991 Frankie "Hollywood"/"Large" Dellarosa
Independence Day 21 12 min. The contest was won by a 270-pound, 23 year old engineer[47] and part-time Hofstra University football coach[43] from Queens. The prize was "a 3-foot trophy, topped with an athlete, plate, and hot dog. He also received hats, cups, and a year's supply of hot dogs." 20 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 75th annual contest, this time held under the motto "No Guts, No Glory."[47]
1990 Mike "The Scholar" DeVito
Jay Green
Independence Day 15 12 min. The contest was tied by the reigning champion, from Brooklyn, (Green) who was allowed to compete again despite previous contest rules, and a 28 year old from Staten Island (DeVito).[48] There was apparently no tie-breaking eat-off. A press account from the time describes this as the 7th annual contest.[49]
1989 Jay Green
Independence Day 15½ 12 min. The contest was won by the reigning champion, a 215-pound, 31 year old dry wall contractor, who, as per contest rules, was declared "retired" after the competition for being a two-time winner. 24 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 73rd annual contest.[50]
1988 Jay Green
Independence Day 10 12 min. The contest was won by a 30 year old limousine service manager from Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn. 13 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 72nd annual contest.[51]
1987 Don Wolfman
Independence Day 13½ 10 min. 29 year old future champion Jay Green was the runner-up and consumed 13¼ hot dogs.[51] A press account from the time describes this as the 71st annual contest.[52]
1986 Mark Heller
Independence Day 15½ 10 min. The contest was won by a 245-pound man. Robert Gerber was the runner-up and consumed 13 hot dogs. 24 men participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 70th annual contest, held regularly since 1916.[53] An earlier 1986 contest was also sponsored by Nathan's. It was won by a 264-pound, 21-year-old student from Tokyo, Japan. Reigning champion Oscar Rodriguez was the runner-up and consumed 9½ hot dogs. Only those 2 contestants participated.[54]
ONE-ON-ONE CHALLENGE WITH JAPAN
Hiroaki Tominaga
February 11 10½ 10 min.
1985 Oscar Rodriguez
Independence Day 11¾ 12 min. The contest was won by a 21-year-old man. More than 40 contestants participated.[55]
1984 Birgit Felden
Independence Day 9½ 10 min. The contest was won by a 130-pound,[56] 17 year old West German women's judo team member[6] from Cologne; she had never eaten a hot dog before the competition. Publicist Morty Matz described her as being only the second female to have ever won the contest. 17 year old U.S. women's judo team member Jean Kanokogi (and daughter of Ryohei and Rusty Kanokogi) of Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn was the runner-up and consumed 8 hot dogs. 20 men and 4 women participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 68th annual contest.[56]
1983 Emil Gomez
Independence Day 10½ 10 min. The contest was won by a 210-pound, 25 year old accountant from the Bronx.[57] His brother, Andre, was the runner-up and consumed 10 hot dogs. 11 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 17th annual contest.[58]
1982 Steven Abrams
July 5 11+ Unknown The contest was held on July 5 since Independence Day fell on a Sunday and was won by a 26 year old from Queens. He ate one bite of a twelfth hot dog.[59]
1981 Thomas DeBerry
Independence Day 11 Unknown The contest was won by a 35 year old Housing Authority gardener from Coney Island, Brooklyn. He "downed 11 hot dogs in five minutes and then rushed off with his family to attend a barbecue."[60] It is not immediately clear if the contest's duration was five minutes long or if he simply ceased eating on his own after five minutes, because he was in a hurry to attend the barbecue.
1980 Joe Baldini
Paul Siederman
Independence Day 9¾+

(Eat-off: 3½) 10 min.

(Eat-off: 3 min.) The contest was tied by a 190-pound, 25 year old (Baldini) and a 260-pound, 21 year old (Siederman), both unemployed men from Brooklyn. Each then tied again after a tie-breaking eat-off. The prizes were "two trophies and a pair of yellow plastic bags." Reigning champion Jim Mattner was the third-place finisher and consumed approximately 9 hot dogs. 28 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 64th annual contest.[61]
1979 Jim Mattner
Independence Day 14 Unknown The contest was won by a stockbroker from Queens.[61] He consumed a "record" 14 hot dogs.[59]
1978 Manel Hollenback
Kevin Sinclair
Independence Day 10 6½ min. The contest was held on Memorial Day and was tied by a 180-pound, 18 year old basketball player from Newark, New Jersey (Hollenback) and a 75-pound, 10-year-old student (Sinclair). There was apparently no tie-breaking eat-off. 28 contestants participated. A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1917, except for 1942 and 1944.[10]
1975 WOMEN'S
Martha Rosenbloom[citation needed]
Memorial Day Unknown Unknown An all-female contest was scheduled to be held on Memorial Day with the winner to be declared "Miss Coney Island;"[9] the contest was won by a 19 year old Brooklyn College student.[citation needed]
1974 Roberto Muriel
Independence Day 10 3½ min. The first 1974 contest was held on April 7 (opening day for Coney Island's summer season activities)[62] and was won by a 22 year old Manhattan Community College student from Astoria, Queens; the prize was a trophy.[63] Six contestants participated.[62] The second 1974 contest was held on Independence Day and was won by a 185-pound, 24 year old from Brooklyn; the prize was "a trophy with an emblazoned hot dog on it."[64] A third 1974 contest was also sponsored by Nathan's but was held in Atlantic City, New Jersey on July 31. It was won by an 18 year old Nathan's employee from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania named Jay Tierney. He consumed a "world's hot dog eating record" 19 hot dogs in 5 minutes; the prize was "a raise—all the hot dogs he could eat throughout the summer." 30 year old Carmen Cordero of Atlantic City was the runner-up.[65]
John Connolly
April 7 9 2½ min.
1973 Unknown
Independence Day Unknown Unknown A contest was scheduled to be held on Independence Day (designated as the 106th anniversary of the invention of the hot dog) and refereed by the "1973 Hot Dog Queen,"[66] but no results are known to have been compiled and released to the public.
1972 Melody Andorfer
Labor Day 12 5 min. The first 1972 contest was held on Memorial Day and was won by a Brooklyn College student; the prize "was a book of certificates for forty more hot dogs."[8] The second 1972 contest was held on Labor Day and was won by a 105-pound, 18-year-old female community activist from Astoria, Queens; 260-pound, 19 year old Gary Silverman of Brooklyn was the runner-up and consumed 10 hot dogs. Eight men and 8 women participated. A press account from the time describes this as the 23rd annual contest.[11]
Jason Schechter
Memorial Day 14 3½ min.
1967 Walter Paul
June 30 127* Unknown The contest was held on June 30 (designated as the 100th anniversary of the invention of the hot dog) and was won by a 400-pound, 32 year old truck driver. The prize was "a trophy proclaiming him the world's champion hot dog eater." He consumed the hot dogs over the period of "one hour flat."[67][68] It is not immediately clear if the contest's duration was one hour long or if he simply ceased eating on his own after one hour, and it is also not immediately clear if he ate buns with the hot dogs.
*—Note: though Walter Paul's 1967 feat is documented in at least two UPI press accounts from the time, he has also been mentioned in passing in more recent press accounts for supposedly establishing the contest's then-record 17 hot dogs consumed; several other people have similarly been credited for records of 13½, 17½, or 18½ hot dogs consumed. The following feats are not known to be documented more fully in press accounts from the time of their occurrence and, as such, may not be credible and are not included in the Results table above:
"Several years" before 1986: unspecified contestant, 13½[54]
1979: unspecified contestant, 17½[51]
1978: Walter Paul (described as being from Coney Island, Brooklyn), 17[69]
1968: Walter Paul (described as "a rotund Coney Island carnival caretaker"), 17[50]
1959: Peter Washburn (described as "a one-armed Brooklyn Carnival worker"), 18½[70] or 17[43]
1959: Paul Washburn (described as a carnival worker from Brooklyn), 17½[47]
1959: Walter Paul (described as a 260-pound man from Brooklyn), 17[58]
1957: Paul Washburn, 17½[49]
Media coverage[edit]
Live TV[edit]
In 2003, ESPN aired the contest for the first time on a tape-delayed basis. Starting in 2004, ESPN began airing the contest live. Since 2005, Paul Page has been ESPN's play-by-play announcer for the event, accompanied by color commentator Richard Shea. In 2011, the women's competition was carried live on ESPN3, followed by the men's competition on ESPN. In 2012, ESPN signed an extension to carry the event through 2017.[71] In 2014, ESPN signed an agreement to carry the competition on its networks for 10 years until 2024.[72]
Television history
Year
Network
Announcers
Viewers
2003 ESPN
2004 ESPN Gary Miller, Richard Shea 926,000 viewers[73]
2005 ESPN Paul Page, Richard Shea 860,000 viewers[73]
2006 ESPN Paul Page, Richard Shea 1.46 million viewers[73][74]
2007 ESPN2 Paul Page, Richard Shea 1.632 million viewers
2008 ESPN Paul Page, Richard Shea
2009 ESPN Paul Page, Richard Shea, Dominic "Hot Dog" Vaccaro 1.340 million viewers[75]
2010 ESPN Paul Page, Richard Shea, Todd Harris 1.677 million viewers[75]
2011 ESPN Paul Page, Richard Shea, Rene Herlocker 1.949 million viewers[76]
2012 ESPN Paul Page, Richard Shea, Rene Herlocker 1.299 million viewers[77]
2013 ESPN2 Paul Page, Richard Shea, Rene Herlocker 1.14 million viewers[78]
2014 ESPNEWS Paul Page, Richard Shea, Cari Champion 402,000 viewers[78]
2015 ESPN2 Paul Page, Richard Shea, Melanie Collins 1.129 million viewers[79]
2016 ESPN.com Paul Page, Richard Shea, Melanie Collins 1.3 million (tape delay on ESPN)[80]
2017 ESPN2 Paul Page, Richard Shea, Melanie Collins 1.11 million[80]
Film and TV programs[edit]
The Nathan's contest has been featured in these documentaries and TV programs:
"A Different Story" (July 4, 1996) - Jeannie Moos covers the contest on CNN
"Red, White, and Yellow" (1998)
"A Hot Dog Program: An All-American, Culinary Cruise Through Hot Dog History" (1999)
"Gut Busters" (2002) Made for TV - Discovery Channel
"Footlong" (2002) - not the 2003 short film of the same name
"The Tsunami - Takeru Kobayashi" (2003) Japanese
"Crazy Legs Conti: Zen and the Art of Competitive Eating" (2004)
"The Most Extreme", "Big Mouths" episode (2004) (Animal Planet)
Cheap Seats, (2004)
"True Life" (2006) MTV documentary series
Hungry (2013) documentary film; contract dispute between Nathan's Famous and Kobayashi
Newspapers[edit]
News sources typically use puns in head-lines and copy referring to the contest, such as "'Tsunami' is eating contest's top dog again," "couldn't cut the mustard" (A.P.), "Nathan's King ready, with relish" (Daily News) and "To be frank, Fridge faces a real hot-dog consumer" (ESPN).
Reporter Gersh Kuntzman of the New York Post has been covering the event since the early 1990s and has been a judge at the competition since 2000. Darren Rovell, of ESPN, has competed in a qualifier.[81]
Tactics and training[edit]
Each contestant has his or her own eating method. Takeru Kobayashi pioneered the "Solomon Method" at his first competition in 2001. The Solomon method consists of breaking each hot dog in half, eating the two halves at once, and then eating the bun.
"Dunking" is the most prominent method used today. Because buns absorb water, many contestants dunk the buns in water and squeeze them to make them easier to swallow, and slide down the throat more efficiently.[1]
Other methods used include the "Carlene Pop," where the competitor jumps up and down while eating, to force the food down to the stomach.[1] "Buns & Roses" is a similar trick, but the eater sways from side to side instead.[1] "Juliet-ing" is a cheating method in which players simply throw the hot dog buns over their shoulders.[1]
Contestants train and prepare for the event in different ways. Some fast, others prefer liquid-only diets before the event. Takeru Kobayashi meditates, drinks water and eats cabbage, then fasts before the event. Several contestants, such as Ed "Cookie" Jarvis, aim to be "hungry, but not too hungry" and have a light breakfast the morning of the event.
See also[edit]
Food portal
New York City portal
Sports portal
Glutton Bowl
Krystal Square Off
Horsemen of the Esophagus
Man v. Food
Wing Bowl
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "2011 Hot Dog Eating Contest (Live Television Broadcast)". 2011-07-04. ESPN. Missing or empty |series= (help)
Jump up ^ Whitney Holtzman (2008-01-01). "Nathan's evens playing field". Espn.go.com. Retrieved 2012-02-24.
Jump up ^ "Famous Facts". Nathan's Famous Hot Dogs. Archived from the original on August 3, 2008. Retrieved December 11, 2006.
Jump up ^ Jason Fagone (2007). "Horsemen of the Esophagus: Competitive Eating and the Big Fat American Dream". Crown/Archetype (p. 215).
Jump up ^ "America is 204 years old". Boca Raton (Fla.) News (sec. A, p. 2). July 4, 1980.
^ Jump up to: a b Jason Fagone (2007). "Horsemen of the Esophagus: Competitive Eating and the Big Fat American Dream". Crown/Archetype (p. 222).
^ Jump up to: a b "No, He Did Not Invent the Publicity Stunt" by Sam Roberts, New York Times, August 18, 2010". The New York Times. August 18, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Robert D. McFadden (May 28, 1972). "Yesterday Was for Traveling, Strolling, Eating and Relaxing". New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b c Howard Thompson (May 26, 1975). "Going Out Guide". New York Times (p. 6).
^ Jump up to: a b "Two share prize". Ellensburg (Wash.) Daily Record (p. 11). May 31, 1978.
^ Jump up to: a b "105-Pound Girl Eats 12 Hot Dogs to Win Contest". St. Joseph (Mo.) News-Press (sec. A, p. 2). September 3, 1972.
Jump up ^ Jen Chung. "Sonya Thomas, The First Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest Women's Champion!". Gothamist. Archived from the original on 2017-11-06. Retrieved 2011-07-04.
Jump up ^ "ESPN Locks In Hot Dog Eating Contest through 2024". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Nathan's Famous Contest is Fourth of July Marketing Magic". Forbes.com. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "ESPN.com - Page2 - Accusations hurled at hot dog contest". Espn.go.com. Retrieved 2012-02-24.
Jump up ^ "Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest 2010: Joey Chestnut Wins for Fourth Year". Bleacher Report. 4 July 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Joey 'Jaws' Chestnut Wins Nathan's July Fourth Hot Dog Eating Contest". Daily News. July 4, 2010. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Kobayashi Arrested After Chestnut's Hot Dog Win". NBC Sports. July 4, 2010. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Takeru Kobayashi Sets World Record With 69 Hot Dogs, Joey Chestnut Wins 2011 Nathan's Famous International Hot Dog Eating Contest". Weirdnews.aol.com. Retrieved 2012-02-24.
Jump up ^ Contact Luke O'Brien: Email the author Comment Twitter (2011-07-04). "Kobayashi Somehow Sets A New, Totally Unofficial Hot Dog Eating Record". Deadspin.com. Retrieved 2012-02-24.
Jump up ^ Balsamo, Michael (July 4, 2016). "Joey Chestnut eats 70 hot dogs, 17 more than Matt Stonie, to win Nathan's title". ESPN. Associated Press.
Jump up ^ 2003 ESPN.com report
Jump up ^ "Horsemen of the Esophagus". Theatlantic.com. 2006-05-01. Retrieved 2012-02-24.
Jump up ^ Jason Fagone (2006). "Horsemen of the Esophagus: Competitive Eating and the Big Fat American Dream". Crown/Archetype (p. 31).
^ Jump up to: a b "Early eating world's best deciding match!". tv-tokyo.co.jp. 2000.
Jump up ^ "Japanese Man Wins Hot Dog Contest". abcnews.go.com. July 4, 2000. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Robert D. McFadden (July 5, 1999). "Holiday Parades March By, But the Heat Is Just Settling In". New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b Michael Finnegan (July 6, 1999). "Nathan's Champ Called Cheat Eating Contest Rematch Sought". New York Daily News.
Jump up ^ Michael R. Blood (July 3, 1999). "Hot Dog Champ Relishes Title Defense". New York Daily News.
Jump up ^ "Dogging It—Our columnist bites into a big problem: Why can the Japanese down more dogs than any American?". gershkuntzman.homestead.com. July 9, 2001.
Jump up ^ Jeanne King (July 5, 1998). "Japanese retains hot dog competition title". Reuters.
^ Jump up to: a b Ryan Nerz (April 2006). "Eat This Book: A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit". St. Martin's Press (p. 15).
Jump up ^ "Japanese Goes Faster, 'Furter in Hot Dog Contest". Los Angeles Times. July 5, 1997.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Man downs 22 hot dogs to win contest". cnn.com. July 4, 1996. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Nathan's 4th July Hot Dog Contest (caption)". gettyimages.com. July 4, 1996. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Tracy Connor (July 1, 1996). "Sliwa makes bid for frank-eating title". United Press International. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ryan Nerz (April 2006). "Eat This Book: A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit". Macmillan (p. 63).
Jump up ^ Scott Neuman (December 4, 1996). "Japan snatches top dog title from U.S." United Press International. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Lawrence Goodman (July 5, 1997). "Ex-Hot Dog Eating Chomp Can't Cut Coney Mustard". New York Daily News.
^ Jump up to: a b David Stout (July 5, 1995). "New Jersey Daily Briefing: A Coup in Hot Dog Land". New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b "Chronicle". New York Times. July 5, 1994.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jersey hotdog gobbler wins back title". United Press International. July 4, 1993. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ryan Nerz (April 2006). "Eat This Book: A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit". St. Martin's Press (p. 62).
Jump up ^ "Frankie Dellarosa". imdb.com. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Ryan Nerz (April 2006). "Eat This Book: A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit". St. Martin's Press (p. 17).
Jump up ^ "Man downs 22 hot dogs to win contest". cnn.com. July 4, 1996.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Engineer wolfs way to dog title". Reading (Pa.) Eagle (p. 1 ). July 5, 1991.
Jump up ^ "On the Fourth, Feeling Cooked On a 93 degrees Grill". New York Times. July 5, 1990.
^ Jump up to: a b "A day to relish (caption)". Norwalk (Conn.) Hour (p. 3). July 5, 1990.
^ Jump up to: a b "Green Claims 2nd Victory in Hot Dog Contest". Schenectady (N.Y.) Gazette (p. 12). July 5, 1989.
^ Jump up to: a b c "1987 runner-up is hot dog king". Reading (Pa.) Eagle (p. 14). July 5, 1988.
Jump up ^ "Americans mark July 4 with parades, fireworks". Eugene (Ore.) Register-Guard (sec. C, p. 10). July 4, 1987.
Jump up ^ "Winner a hot dog". Eugene (Ore.) Register-Guard (sec. A, p. 2). July 7, 1986.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hot dog champion relishes his victory but craves sushi". Salt Lake City Deseret News (sec. A, p. 3). February 13–14, 1986.
Jump up ^ Jilian Mincer (July 5, 1985). "Miss Liberty Offstage, Buy City Has A Popping 4th". New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b "German Scores in Frankfurter Contest". Daytona Beach (Fla.) Morning Journal (sec. D, p. 3). July 5, 1984.
Jump up ^ "America waves flag to celebrate Fourth". Bangor (Maine) Daily News (p. 1). July 5, 1983.
^ Jump up to: a b "It's hot in the Big Apple". Poughkeepsie (N.Y.) Journal (p. 8). July 5, 1983.
^ Jump up to: a b Robert D. McFadden (July 6, 1982). "Holiday Crowds Sample Pristine Day's Pleasures". New York Times.
Jump up ^ Paul L. Montgomery (July 5, 1981). "Rain Curtails Fourth of July Crowds". New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b "Coney kings crowned after hotdog contest". Bend (Ore.) Bulletin (p. 25). July 5, 1980.
^ Jump up to: a b Jason Fagone (2007). "Horsemen of the Esophagus: Competitive Eating and the Big Fat American Dream". Crown/Archetype (p. 221).
Jump up ^ "Nine hot dogs get him a trophy". Wilmington (Del.) Morning News (p. 22). April 12, 1974.
Jump up ^ "Still Hungry". St. Joseph (Mo.) Gazette (sec. B, p. 2). July 5, 1974.
Jump up ^ "Hot dog eating record set". Wilmington (N.C.) Morning Star (p. 26). August 2, 1974.
Jump up ^ Linda Greenhouse (July 4, 1973). "Old-Time One-Day Fourth To Get New Angles Here". New York Times (p. 38).
Jump up ^ "Frankfurter Fan Downs 127 for Centennial Title". Milwaukee Journal (p. 2). July 1, 1967.
Jump up ^ "Man Gobbles 127 Hot Dogs". Reading (Pa.) Eagle (p. 14). July 2, 1967.
Jump up ^ "Extra! Man bites dog—15 of 'em". Tyrone (Pa.) Daily Herald (p. 6). July 7, 1986.
Jump up ^ Ryan Nerz (April 2006). "Eat This Book: A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit". St. Martin's Griffin (p. 61).
Jump up ^ "Hot Dog Contest sticks with ESPN to 2017". ESPN.com. 2012-05-24. Retrieved 2013-07-09.
Jump up ^ Mandell, Nina. "Nathan's Hot Dog Contest ensures its future as Fourth of July tradition with new ESPN deal" USA Today July 4, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sandomir, Richard (July 6, 2007). "The Hideous Masters of Gluttony: July 6, 2007". The New York Times. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Everything But the Game: 2007-07-08". Retrieved June 26, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Potpourri Friday, July 9, 2010". Retrieved July 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "More Ratings: Hot Dog Contest, Formula 1, Track & Field". Sportsmediawatch.com. 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2012-02-24.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 6, 2012). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Dallas' + 'Futurama', 'Storage Wars', 'House Hunters' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Paulsen (July 8, 2015). "Ratings Roundup: Hot Dog Contest, NASCAR Xfinity, Tour de France". Sports Media Watch. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 8, 2015). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 7.4.2015". Retrieved July 9, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Paulsen. Ratings Roundup: Wimbledon, Hot Dog Contest, Senior Golf. Sportsmediawatch. July 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rovell, Darren. "Athletes with appetite". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2013-07-09.
Two Dozen Hot Dogs Please, and No, They're Not to Go by Anthony Ramirez
Sports Illustrated feature on the 2006 contest
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest.
Official website
[hide]
v
t
e
Competitive eating
Notable eaters
Patrick Bertoletti
Eric Booker
Dale Boone
Joey Chestnut
Crazy Legs Conti
Erik Denmark
Michael DeVito
Jed Donahue
Charles Hardy
Tim Janus
Steve Keiner
Joe LaRue
Carlene LeFevre
Rich LeFevre
Don Lerman
Kevin Lipsitz
Rick The Manager
Bozo Miller
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L.A. Beast
Brian Subich
Miki Sudo
Sonya Thomas
Furious Pete
Peter Dowdeswell
Theetta Rappai
Takako Akasaka
Takeru Kobayashi
Gal Sone
Competitions and organizations
Association of Independent Competitive Eaters
Hurl!
International Federation of Competitive Eating
Major League Eating
Nathan's Famous Hot Dog Eating Contest
National Buffalo Wing Festival
Wing Bowl
World Pie Eating Championship
Defunct competitions
The Glutton Bowl
Krystal Square Off
Yankee Doodle Coffee Shop Doodle Challenge
Media
Crazy Legs Conti: Zen and the Art of Competitive Eating
Eat This Book
Horsemen of the Esophagus
Major League Eating: The Game
Man v. Food
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Electron transport chain
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The electron transport chain in the mitochondrion is the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes. The NADH and succinate generated in the citric acid cycle are oxidized, providing energy to power ATP synthase.
Photosynthetic electron transport chain of the thylakoid membrane.
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule that stores energy chemically in the form of highly strained bonds. The molecules of the chain include peptides, enzymes (which are proteins or protein complexes), and others. The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration is molecular oxygen although a variety of acceptors other than oxygen such as sulfate exist in anaerobic respiration.
Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the action of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane.
In chloroplasts, light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP+ to NADPH with transfer of H+ ions across chloroplast membranes. In mitochondria, it is the conversion of oxygen to water, NADH to NAD+ and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient.
Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen, generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress.

The electron transport chain consists of a spatially separated series of redox reactions in which electrons are transferred from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. The underlying force driving these reactions is the Gibbs free energy of the reactants and products. The Gibbs free energy is the energy available ("free") to do work. Any reaction that decreases the overall Gibbs free energy of a system is thermodynamically spontaneous.
The function of the electron transport chain is to produce a transmembrane proton electrochemical gradient as a result of the redox reactions.[1] If protons flow back through the membrane, they enable mechanical work, such as rotating bacterial flagella. ATP synthase, an enzyme highly conserved among all domains of life, converts this mechanical work into chemical energy by producing ATP,[2] which powers most cellular reactions. A small amount of ATP is available from substrate-level phosphorylation, for example, in glycolysis. In most organisms the majority of ATP is generated in electron transport chains, while only some obtain ATP by fermentation.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 In mitochondria
1.1 Mitochondrial redox carriers
1.1.1 Complex I
1.1.2 Complex II
1.1.3 Complex III
1.1.4 Complex IV
1.2 Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation
1.3 Summary
2 In bacteria
2.1 Electron donors
2.2 Dehydrogenases
2.3 Quinone carriers
2.4 Proton pumps
2.5 Cytochrome electron carriers
2.6 Terminal oxidases and reductases
2.7 Electron acceptors
2.8 Summary
3 Photosynthetic
4 Summary
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
In mitochondria[edit]
Most eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, which produce ATP from products of the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and amino acid oxidation. At the mitochondrial inner membrane, electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen, which is reduced to water. The electron transport chain comprises an enzymatic series of electron donors and acceptors. Each electron donor will pass electrons to a more electronegative acceptor, which in turn donates these electrons to another acceptor, a process that continues down the series until electrons are passed to oxygen, the most electronegative and terminal electron acceptor in the chain. Passage of electrons between donor and acceptor releases energy, which is used to generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane by actively "pumping" protons into the intermembrane space, producing a thermodynamic state that has the potential to do work. The entire process is called oxidative phosphorylation, since ADP is phosphorylated to ATP using the energy of hydrogen oxidation in many steps.
A small percentage of electrons do not complete the whole series and instead directly leak to oxygen, resulting in the formation of the free-radical superoxide, a highly reactive molecule that contributes to oxidative stress and has been implicated in a number of diseases and aging.
Mitochondrial redox carriers[edit]
Energy obtained through the transfer of electrons down the ETC is used to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical proton gradient (ΔpH) across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). This proton gradient is largely but not exclusively responsible for the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨM). It allows ATP synthase to use the flow of H+ through the enzyme back into the matrix to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. Complex I (NADH coenzyme Q reductase; labeled I) accepts electrons from the Krebs cycle electron carrier nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and passes them to coenzyme Q (ubiquinone; labeled Q), which also receives electrons from complex II (succinate dehydrogenase; labeled II). Q passes electrons to complex III (cytochrome bc1 complex; labeled III), which passes them to cytochrome c (cyt c). Cyt c passes electrons to Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase; labeled IV), which uses the electrons and hydrogen ions to reduce molecular oxygen to water.
Four membrane-bound complexes have been identified in mitochondria. Each is an extremely complex transmembrane structure that is embedded in the inner membrane. Three of them are proton pumps. The structures are electrically connected by lipid-soluble electron carriers and water-soluble electron carriers. The overall electron transport chain:
NADH+H+ → Complex I → Q → Complex III → cytochrome c → Complex IV → H2O ↑ Complex II ↑ Succinate

Complex I[edit]
In Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, NADH-CoQ reductase, or NADH dehydrogenase; EC 1.6.5.3), two electrons are removed from NADH and ultimately transferred to a lipid-soluble carrier, ubiquinone (UQ). The reduced product, ubiquinol (UQH2), freely diffuses within the membrane, and Complex I translocates four protons (H+) across the membrane, thus producing a proton gradient. Complex I is one of the main sites at which premature electron leakage to oxygen occurs, thus being one of the main sites of production of superoxide.[3]
The pathway of electrons is as follows:
NADH is oxidized to NAD+, by reducing Flavin mononucleotide to FMNH2 in one two-electron step. FMNH2 is then oxidized in two one-electron steps, through a semiquinone intermediate. Each electron thus transfers from the FMNH2 to an Fe-S cluster, from the Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone (Q). Transfer of the first electron results in the free-radical (semiquinone) form of Q, and transfer of the second electron reduces the semiquinone form to the ubiquinol form, QH2. During this process, four protons are translocated from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. [4] As the electrons become continuously oxidized and reduced throughout the complex an electron current is produced along the 180 Angstrom width of the complex within the membrane. This current powers the active transport of four protons to the intermembrane space per two electrons from NADH.[5]
This complex is inhibited by Alkylguanides (Example : Guanethidine), Rotenone, Barbiturates, Chlorpromazine, Piericidin.
Complex II[edit]
In Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase or succinate-CoQ reductase; EC 1.3.5.1) additional electrons are delivered into the quinone pool (Q) originating from succinate and transferred (via flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) to Q. Complex II consists of four protein subunits: succinate dehydrogenase, (SDHA); succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial, (SDHB); succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C, (SDHC) and succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit D, (SDHD). Other electron donors (e.g., fatty acids and glycerol 3-phosphate) also direct electrons into Q (via FAD). Complex 2 is a parallel electron transport pathway to complex 1, but unlike complex 1, no protons are transported to the intermembrane space in this pathway. Therefore, the pathway through complex 2 contributes less energy to the overall electron transport chain process.
This complex is inhibited by Carboxin.
Complex III[edit]
In Complex III (cytochrome bc1 complex or CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase; EC 1.10.2.2), the Q-cycle contributes to the proton gradient by an asymmetric absorption/release of protons. Two electrons are removed from QH2 at the QO site and sequentially transferred to two molecules of cytochrome c, a water-soluble electron carrier located within the intermembrane space. The two other electrons sequentially pass across the protein to the Qi site where the quinone part of ubiquinone is reduced to quinol. A proton gradient is formed by one quinol ( 2 H 2 + e − {\displaystyle {\ce {2H+2e-}}} ) oxidations at the Qo site to form one quinone ( 2 H 2 + e − {\displaystyle {\ce {2H+2e-}}} ) at the Qi site. (in total four protons are translocated: two protons reduce quinone to quinol and two protons are released from two ubiquinol molecules).
QH 2 + 2 cytochrome c ( Fe III ) + 2 H + ( in ) ⟶ Q + 2 cytochrome c ( Fe II ) + 4 H + ( out ) {\displaystyle {\ce {QH2 + 2 cytochrome c (Fe^{III}) + 2 H+ (in) -> Q + 2 cytochrome c (Fe^{II}) + 4 H+ (out)}}}
When electron transfer is reduced (by a high membrane potential or respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin A), Complex III may leak electrons to molecular oxygen, resulting in superoxide formation.
This complex is inhibited by British Antilewisite(BAL), Napthoquinone and Antimycin.
Complex IV[edit]
In Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase; EC 1.9.3.1), sometimes called cytochrome AA3, four electrons are removed from four molecules of cytochrome c and transferred to molecular oxygen (O2), producing two molecules of water. At the same time, eight protons are removed from the mitochondrial matrix (although only four are translocated across the membrane), contributing to the proton gradient. The activity of cytochrome c oxidase is inhibited by cyanide, carbon monoxide, azide, hydrogen sulphide(H2S).
Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation[edit]
Depiction of ATP synthase, the site of oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP.
According to the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis, proposed by Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Peter D. Mitchell, the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The efflux of protons from the mitochondrial matrix creates an electrochemical gradient (proton gradient). This gradient is used by the FOF1 ATP synthase complex to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is sometimes described as Complex V of the electron transport chain.[6] The FO component of ATP synthase acts as an ion channel that provides for a proton flux back into the mitochondrial matrix. It is composed of a, b and c subunits. Protons in the inter-membranous space of mitochondria first enters the ATP synthase complex through a subunit channel. Then protons move to the c subunits.[7] The number of c subunits it has determines how many protons it will require to make the FO turn one full revolution. For example, in humans, there are 8 c subunits, thus 8 protons are required.[8] After c subunits, protons finally enters matrix using a subunit channel that opens into the mitochondrial matrix.[7] This reflux releases free energy produced during the generation of the oxidized forms of the electron carriers (NAD+ and Q). The free energy is used to drive ATP synthesis, catalyzed by the F1 component of the complex.[9]
Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation is a key step for ATP production. However, in specific cases, uncoupling the two processes may be biologically useful. The uncoupling protein, thermogenin—present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of brown adipose tissue—provides for an alternative flow of protons back to the inner mitochondrial matrix. Thyroxine is also a natural uncoupler. This alternative flow results in thermogenesis rather than ATP production.[10] Synthetic uncouplers (e.g., 2,4-dinitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrocresol, CCCP) also exist, and can be lethal at high doses.[citation needed]
Summary[edit]
In the mitochondrial electron transport chain electrons move from an electron donor (NADH or QH2) to a terminal electron acceptor (O2) via a series of redox reactions. These reactions are coupled to the creation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane. There are three proton pumps: I, III, and IV. The resulting transmembrane proton gradient is used to make ATP via ATP synthase.
The reactions catalyzed by Complex I and Complex III work roughly at equilibrium. This means that these reactions are readily reversible, by increasing the concentration of the products relative to the concentration of the reactants (for example, by increasing the proton gradient). ATP synthase is also readily reversible. Thus ATP can be used to build a proton gradient, which in turn can be used to make NADH. This process of reverse electron transport is important in many prokaryotic electron transport chains.[11]
In bacteria[edit]
In eukaryotes, NADH is the most important electron donor. The associated electron transport chain is
NADH → Complex I → Q → Complex III → cytochrome c → Complex IV → O2 where Complexes I, III and IV are proton pumps, while Q and cytochrome c are mobile electron carriers. The electron acceptor is molecular oxygen.
In prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) the situation is more complicated, because there are several different electron donors and several different electron acceptors. The generalized electron transport chain in bacteria is:
                     Donor Donor Donor ↓ ↓ ↓ dehydrogenase → quinone → bc1 → cytochrome ↓ ↓ oxidase(reductase) oxidase(reductase) ↓ ↓ Acceptor Acceptor

Note that electrons can enter the chain at three levels: at the level of a dehydrogenase, at the level of the quinone pool, or at the level of a mobile cytochrome electron carrier. These levels correspond to successively more positive redox potentials, or to successively decreased potential differences relative to the terminal electron acceptor. In other words, they correspond to successively smaller Gibbs free energy changes for the overall redox reaction Donor → Acceptor.
Individual bacteria use multiple electron transport chains, often simultaneously. Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors, a number of different dehydrogenases, a number of different oxidases and reductases, and a number of different electron acceptors. For example, E. coli (when growing aerobically using glucose as an energy source) uses two different NADH dehydrogenases and two different quinol oxidases, for a total of four different electron transport chains operating simultaneously.
A common feature of all electron transport chains is the presence of a proton pump to create a transmembrane proton gradient. Bacterial electron transport chains may contain as many as three proton pumps, like mitochondria, or they may contain only one or two. They always contain at least one proton pump.
Electron donors[edit]
In the present day biosphere, the most common electron donors are organic molecules. Organisms that use organic molecules as an energy source are called organotrophs. Organotrophs (animals, fungi, protists) and phototrophs (plants and algae) constitute the vast majority of all familiar life forms.
Some prokaryotes can use inorganic matter as an energy source. Such an organism is called a lithotroph ("rock-eater"). Inorganic electron donors include hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ammonia, nitrite, sulfur, sulfide, manganese oxide, and ferrous iron. Lithotrophs have been found growing in rock formations thousands of meters below the surface of Earth. Because of their volume of distribution, lithotrophs may actually outnumber organotrophs and phototrophs in our biosphere.
The use of inorganic electron donors as an energy source is of particular interest in the study of evolution. This type of metabolism must logically have preceded the use of organic molecules as an energy source.
Dehydrogenases[edit]
Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors. When organic matter is the energy source, the donor may be NADH or succinate, in which case electrons enter the electron transport chain via NADH dehydrogenase (similar to Complex I in mitochondria) or succinate dehydrogenase (similar to Complex II). Other dehydrogenases may be used to process different energy sources: formate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, H2 dehydrogenase (hydrogenase), etc. Some dehydrogenases are also proton pumps; others funnel electrons into the quinone pool. Most dehydrogenases show induced expression in the bacterial cell in response to metabolic needs triggered by the environment in which the cells grow.[citation needed]
Quinone carriers[edit]
Quinones are mobile, lipid-soluble carriers that shuttle electrons (and protons) between large, relatively immobile macromolecular complexes embedded in the membrane. Bacteria use ubiquinone (the same quinone that mitochondria use) and related quinones such as menaquinone. Another name for ubiquinone is Coenzyme Q10.
Proton pumps[edit]
A proton pump is any process that creates a proton gradient across a membrane. Protons can be physically moved across a membrane; this is seen in mitochondrial Complexes I and IV. The same effect can be produced by moving electrons in the opposite direction. The result is the disappearance of a proton from the cytoplasm and the appearance of a proton in the periplasm. Mitochondrial Complex III uses this second type of proton pump, which is mediated by a quinone (the Q cycle).
Some dehydrogenases are proton pumps; others are not. Most oxidases and reductases are proton pumps, but some are not. Cytochrome bc1 is a proton pump found in many, but not all, bacteria (it is not found in E. coli). As the name implies, bacterial bc1 is similar to mitochondrial bc1 (Complex III).
Proton pumps are the heart of the electron transport process. They produce the transmembrane electrochemical gradient that enables ATP Synthase to synthesize ATP.
Cytochrome electron carriers[edit]
Cytochromes is pigments that contain iron. They are found in two very different environments.
Some cytochromes are water-soluble carriers that shuttle electrons to and from large, immobile macromolecular structures imbedded in the membrane. The mobile cytochrome electron carrier in mitochondria is cytochrome c. Bacteria use a number of different mobile cytochrome electron carriers.
Other cytochromes are found within macromolecules such as Complex III and Complex IV. They also function as electron carriers, but in a very different, intramolecular, solid-state environment.
Electrons may enter an electron transport chain at the level of a mobile cytochrome or quinone carrier. For example, electrons from inorganic electron donors (nitrite, ferrous iron, etc.) enter the electron transport chain at the cytochrome level. When electrons enter at a redox level greater than NADH, the electron transport chain must operate in reverse to produce this necessary, higher-energy molecule.
Terminal oxidases and reductases[edit]
When bacteria grow in aerobic environments, the terminal electron acceptor (O2) is reduced to water by an enzyme called an oxidase. When bacteria grow in anaerobic environments, the terminal electron acceptor is reduced by an enzyme called a reductase.
In mitochondria the terminal membrane complex (Complex IV) is cytochrome oxidase. Aerobic bacteria use a number of different terminal oxidases. For example, E. coli does not have a cytochrome oxidase or a bc1 complex. Under aerobic conditions, it uses two different terminal quinol oxidases (both proton pumps) to reduce oxygen to water.
Anaerobic bacteria, which do not use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor, have terminal reductases individualized to their terminal acceptor. For example, E. coli can use fumarate reductase, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, DMSO reductase, or trimethylamine-N-oxide reductase, depending on the availability of these acceptors in the environment.
Most terminal oxidases and reductases are inducible. They are synthesized by the organism as needed, in response to specific environmental conditions.
Electron acceptors[edit]
Just as there are a number of different electron donors (organic matter in organotrophs, inorganic matter in lithotrophs), there are a number of different electron acceptors, both organic and inorganic. If oxygen is available, it is invariably used as the terminal electron acceptor, because it generates the greatest Gibbs free energy change and produces the most energy.[citation needed]
In anaerobic environments, different electron acceptors are used, including nitrate, nitrite, ferric iron, sulfate, carbon dioxide, and small organic molecules such as fumarate.
Since electron transport chains are redox processes, they can be described as the sum of two redox pairs. For example, the mitochondrial electron transport chain can be described as the sum of the NAD+/NADH redox pair and the O2/H2O redox pair. NADH is the electron donor and O2 is the electron acceptor.
Not every donor-acceptor combination is thermodynamically possible. The redox potential of the acceptor must be more positive than the redox potential of the donor. Furthermore, actual environmental conditions may be far different from standard conditions (1 molar concentrations, 1 atm partial pressures, pH = 7), which apply to standard redox potentials. For example, hydrogen-evolving bacteria grow at an ambient partial pressure of hydrogen gas of 10−4 atm. The associated redox reaction, which is thermodynamically favorable in nature, is thermodynamic impossible under "standard" conditions.[citation needed]
Summary[edit]
Bacterial electron transport pathways are, in general, inducible. Depending on their environment, bacteria can synthesize different transmembrane complexes and produce different electron transport chains in their cell membranes. Bacteria select their electron transport chains from a DNA library containing multiple possible dehydrogenases, terminal oxidases and terminal reductases. The situation is often summarized by saying that electron transport chains in bacteria are branched, modular, and inducible.
Photosynthetic[edit]
In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from a low-energy electron donor (e.g., NADH) to an acceptor (e.g., O2) through an electron transport chain. In photophosphorylation, the energy of sunlight is used to create a high-energy electron donor and an electron acceptor. Electrons are then transferred from the donor to the acceptor through another electron transport chain.
Photosynthetic electron transport chains have many similarities to the oxidative chains discussed above. They use mobile, lipid-soluble carriers (quinones) and mobile, water-soluble carriers (cytochromes, etc.). They also contain a proton pump. It is remarkable that the proton pump in all photosynthetic chains resembles mitochondrial Complex III.
Photosynthetic electron transport chains are discussed in greater detail in the articles Photophosphorylation, Photosynthesis, Photosynthetic reaction center and Light-dependent reaction.
Summary[edit]
Electron transport chains are redox reactions that transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor. The transfer of electrons is coupled to the translocation of protons across a membrane, producing a proton gradient. The proton gradient is used to produce useful work. About 30 work units are produced per electron transport.
See also[edit]
CoRR hypothesis
Electron equivalent
Hydrogen hypothesis
Respirasome
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Murray, Robert K.; Daryl K. Granner; Peter A. Mayes; Victor W. Rodwell (2003). Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry. New York, NY: Lange Medical Books/ MgGraw Hill. p. 96. ISBN 0-07-121766-5.
Jump up ^ Karp, Gerald (2008). Cell and Molecular Biology (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-470-04217-5.
Jump up ^ Lauren, Biochemistry, Johnson/Cole, 2010, pp 598-611
Jump up ^ Garrett & Grisham, Biochemistry, Brooks/Cole, 2010, pp 598-611
Jump up ^ Garret and Grisham (2016). biochemistry. University of Virginia. p. 687. ISBN 978-1-305-57720-6.
Jump up ^ Jonckheere, An I.; Smeitink, Jan A. M.; Rodenburg, Richard J. T. (2017-03-10). "Mitochondrial ATP synthase: architecture, function and pathology". Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 35 (2): 211–225. doi:10.1007/s10545-011-9382-9. ISSN 0141-8955. PMC 3278611  . PMID 21874297.
^ Jump up to: a b Garrett, Reginald H.; Grisham, Charles M. (2012). Biochemistry (5th ed.). Cengage learning. p. 664. ISBN 1-133-10629-3.
Jump up ^ Fillingame, Robert H; Angevine, Christine M; Dmitriev, Oleg Y (2003-11-27). "Mechanics of coupling proton movements to c-ring rotation in ATP synthase". FEBS Letters. 555 (1): 29–34. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01101-3. ISSN 1873-3468.
Jump up ^ Berg, Jeremy M.; Tymoczko, John L.; Stryer, Lubert (2002-01-01). "A Proton Gradient Powers the Synthesis of ATP".
Jump up ^ Cannon, Barbara; Nedergaard, Jan (2004-01-01). "Brown Adipose Tissue: Function and Physiological Significance". Physiological Reviews. 84 (1): 277–359. doi:10.1152/physrev.00015.2003. ISSN 0031-9333. PMID 14715917.
Jump up ^ Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2002-01-01). "Electron-Transport Chains and Their Proton Pumps".
Fenchel T; King GM; Blackburn TH (September 2006). Bacterial Biogeochemistry: The Ecophysiology of Mineral Cycling (2nd ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-103455-9.
Lengeler JW (January 1999). Drews G; Schlegel HG, eds. Biology of the Prokaryotes. Blackwell Science. ISBN 978-0-632-05357-5.
Nelson DL; Cox MM (April 2005). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-4339-2.
Nicholls DG; Ferguson SJ (July 2002). Bioenergetics 3. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-518121-1.
Stumm W; Morgan JJ (1996). Aquatic Chemistry (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-51185-4.
Thauer RK; Jungermann K; Decker K (March 1977). "Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria". Bacteriol Rev. 41 (1): 100–80. PMC 413997  . PMID 860983.
White D. (September 1999). The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotes (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512579-5.
Voet D; Voet JG (March 2004). Biochemistry (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-58651-7.
Kim HS.; Patel, K; Muldoon-Jacobs, K; Bisht, KS; Aykin-Burns, N; Pennington, JD; Van Der Meer, R; Nguyen, P; et al. (January 2010). "SIRT3 is a mitochondria-localized tumor suppressor required for maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and metabolism during stress". Cancer Cell. 17 (1): 41–52. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2009.11.023. PMC 3711519  . PMID 20129246.
External links[edit]
Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Khan Academy, video lecture
UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families/superfamily-3 - Complexes with cytochrome b-like domains
UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families/superfamily-4 - Bacterial and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidases
UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families/superfamily-2 - Photosynthetic reaction centers and photosystems
UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families/superfamily-78 - Cytochrome PORN renodoxin reductase
UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families/superfamily-130 - Electron transfer flavoproteins
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values: Дыхательная цепь переноса электронов – Russian

values: Electron transport chain – Simple English

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values: Lanac transporta elektrona – Serbo-Croatian

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values: ลูกโซ่ของการขนส่งอิเล็กตรอน – Thai

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values: Електронтранспортний ланцюг – Ukrainian

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values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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