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Germ theory of disease
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Scanning electron microscope image of Vibrio cholerae. This is the bacterium that causes cholera.
The germ theory of disease states that many diseases are caused by microorganisms. These small organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, animals, and other living hosts. Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause a disease. "Germ" may refer to not just a bacterium but to any type of microorganism, especially one which causes disease, such as protists, fungi, viruses, prions, or viroids.[1] Microorganisms that cause disease are called pathogens, and the diseases they cause are called infectious diseases. Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease, and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen.
The germ theory was proposed by Girolamo Fracastoro in 1546, and expanded upon by Marcus von Plenciz in 1762. Such views were held in disdain, however, and Galen's miasma theory remained dominant among scientists and doctors. The nature of this doctrine prevented them from understanding how diseases actually progressed, with predictable consequences. By the early nineteenth century, smallpox vaccination was commonplace in Europe, though doctors were unaware of how it worked or how to extend the principle to other diseases. Similar treatments had been prevalent in India from just before AD 1000.[2] [N 1] A transitional period began in the late 1850s with the work of Louis Pasteur. This work was later extended by Robert Koch in the 1880s. By the end of the 1880s the miasma theory was struggling to compete with the germ theory of disease. Eventually, a "golden era" of bacteriology ensued, during which the theory quickly led to the identification of the actual organisms that cause many diseases.[3][4] Viruses were discovered in the 1890s.
Contents
[hide]
1 Miasma theory
2 Development
2.1 Pre-19th century
2.2 Agostino Bassi
2.3 Ignaz Semmelweis
2.4 Gideon Mantell
2.5 John Snow
2.6 Louis Pasteur
2.7 Robert Koch
3 Sanitation
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Miasma theory[edit]
A representation by Robert Seymour of the cholera epidemic depicts the spread of the disease in the form of poisonous air.
Main article: Miasma theory
The miasma theory was the predominant theory of disease transmission before the germ theory took hold towards the end of the 19th century. It held that diseases such as cholera, chlamydia infection, or the Black Death were caused by a miasma (μίασμα, Ancient Greek: "pollution"), a noxious form of "bad air" emanating from rotting organic matter.[5] Miasma was considered to be a poisonous vapor or mist filled with particles from decomposed matter (miasmata) that was identifiable by its foul smell. The theory posited that diseases were the product of environmental factors such as contaminated water, foul air, and poor hygienic conditions. Such infections, according to the theory, were not passed between individuals but would affect those within a locale that gave rise to such vapors.[citation needed]
Development[edit]
Pre-19th century[edit]
In Antiquity, the Greek historian Thucydides (c. 460 – c. 400 BC) was the first person to state, in his account of the plague of Athens, that diseases could spread from an infected person to others.[6][7] One theory of the spread of contagious diseases that were not spread by direct contact was that they were spread by "seeds" (Latin: semina) that were present in the air. In his poem, De rerum natura (On the Nature of Things, ca. 56 BC), the Roman poet Lucretius (ca. 99 BC – ca. 55 BC) stated that the world contained various "seeds", some of which could sicken a person if they were inhaled or if they contaminated his food.[8][9] The Roman statesman Marcus Terentius Varro (116–27 BC) wrote, in his Rerum rusticarum libri III (Three Books on Agriculture, 36 BC): "Precautions must also be taken in the neighborhood of swamps […] because there are bred certain minute creatures which cannot be seen by the eyes, which float in the air and enter the body through the mouth and nose and there cause serious diseases."[10] The Greek physician Galen (AD 129 – ca. 200/ca. 216) speculated in his On Initial Causes (ca. AD 175) that some patients might have "seeds of fever".[11] In his On the Different Types of Fever (ca. AD 175), Galen speculated that plagues were spread by "certain seeds of plague", which were present in the air.[12] And in his Epidemics (ca. AD 176–178), Galen explained that patients might relapse during recovery from a fever because some "seed of the disease" lurked in their bodies, which would cause a recurrence of the disease if the patients didn't follow a physician's therapeutic regimen.[13]
During the Middle Ages, Isidore of Seville (ca. 560 – 636) mentioned "plague-bearing seeds" (pestifera semina) in his On the Nature of Things (ca. AD 613).[14] Later in 1345, Tommaso del Garbo (ca. 1305–1370) of Bologna, Italy mentioned Galen's "seeds of plague" in his work Commentaria non parum utilia in libros Galeni (Helpful commentaries on the books of Galen).[15]
The Italian scholar and physician Girolamo Fracastoro proposed in 1546 in his book De Contagione et Contagiosis Morbis that epidemic diseases are caused by transferable seed-like entities (seminaria morbi) that transmit infection by direct or indirect contact, or even without contact over long distances. The diseases were categorised based on how they were transmitted, and how long they could lie dormant.
Italian physician Francesco Redi provided early evidence against spontaneous generation. He devised an experiment in 1668 in which he used three jars. He placed a meatloaf and egg in each of the three jars. He had one of the jars open, another one tightly sealed, and the last one covered with gauze. After a few days, he observed that the meatloaf in the open jar was covered by maggots, and the jar covered with gauze had maggots on the surface of the gauze. However, the tightly sealed jar had no maggots inside or outside it. He also noticed that the maggots were found only on surfaces that were accessible by flies. From this he concluded that spontaneous generation is not a plausible theory.
Microorganisms are said to have been first directly observed in the 1670s by Anton van Leeuwenhoek, an early pioneer in microbiology. Yet Athanasius Kircher may have done so prior. When Rome was struck by the bubonic plague in 1656, Kircher spent days on end caring for the sick. Searching for a cure, Kircher observed microorganisms under the microscope and invented the germ theory of disease, which he outlined in his Scrutinium pestis physico-medicum (Rome 1658).[16] Building on Leeuwenhoek's work, physician Nicolas Andry argued in 1700 that microorganisms he called "worms" were responsible for smallpox and other diseases.[17]
In 1720, Richard Bradley theorised that the plague and 'all pestilential distempers' were caused by 'poisonous insects', living creatures viewable only with the help of microscopes.[18]
In 1762, the Austrian physician Marcus Antonius von Plenciz (1705-1786) published a book titled Opera medico-physica. It outlined a theory of contagion stating that specific 'animalculae' in the soil and the air were responsible for causing specific diseases. Von Plenciz noted the distinction between diseases which are both epidemic and contagious (like measles and dysentry), and diseases which are contagious but not epidemic (like rabies and leprosy).[19] The book cites Anton van Leeuwenhoek to show how ubitquitous such animalculae are, and was unique for describing the presence of germs in ulcerating wounds. Ultimately, the theory espoused by von Plenciz was not accepted by the scientific community.
Agostino Bassi[edit]
The Italian Agostino Bassi was the first person to prove that a disease was caused by a microorganism when he conducted a series of experiments between 1808 and 1813, demonstrating that a "vegetable parasite" caused a disease in silkworms known as calcinaccio—this disease was devastating the French silk industry at the time. The "vegetable parasite" is now known to be a fungus pathogenic to insects called Beauveria bassiana (named after Bassi).
Ignaz Semmelweis[edit]
Ignaz Semmelweis, a Hungarian obstetrician working at the Vienna General Hospital (Allgemeines Krankenhaus) in 1847, noticed the dramatically high maternal mortality from puerperal fever following births assisted by doctors and medical students. However, those attended by midwives were relatively safe. Investigating further, Semmelweis made the connection between puerperal fever and examinations of delivering women by doctors, and further realized that these physicians had usually come directly from autopsies. Asserting that puerperal fever was a contagious disease and that matter from autopsies were implicated in its development, Semmelweis made doctors wash their hands with chlorinated lime water before examining pregnant women, thereby reducing the mortality rate from 18% to 2.2% at his hospital. Nevertheless, he and his theories were rejected by most of the contemporary medical establishment.
Gideon Mantell[edit]
Gideon Mantell, the Sussex doctor more famous for discovering dinosaur fossils, spent time with his microscope, and speculated in his Thoughts On Animalcules (1850) that perhaps "many of the most serious maladies which afflict humanity, are produced by peculiar states of invisible animalcular life".[20]
John Snow[edit]
Main article: 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
Original map by John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854
John Snow was a skeptic of the then-dominant miasma theory. Even though the germ theory of disease pioneered by Girolamo Fracastoro had not yet achieved full development or widespread currency, Snow demonstrated a clear understanding of germ theory in his writings. He first published his theory in an 1849 essay On the Mode of Communication of Cholera, in which he correctly suggested that the fecal-oral route was the mode of communication, and that the disease replicated itself in the lower intestines. He even proposed in his 1855 edition of the work, that the structure of cholera was that of a cell.
Having rejected effluvia and the poisoning of the blood in the first instance, and being led to the conclusion that the disease is something that acts directly on the alimentary canal, the excretions of the sick at once suggest themselves as containing some material which being accidentally swallowed might attach itself to the mucous membrane of the small intestines, and there multiply itself by appropriation of surrounding matter, in virtue of molecular changes going on within it, or capable of going on, as soon as it is placed in congenial circumstances.
—  John Snow (1849)
For the morbid matter of cholera having the property of reproducing its own kind, must necessarily have some sort of structure, most likely that of a cell. It is no objection to this view that the structure of the cholera poison cannot be recognized by the microscope, for the matter of smallpox and of chancre can only be recognized by their effects, and not by their physical properties.
—  John Snow (1855)
Snow's 1849 recommendation that water be "filtered and boiled before it is used" is one of the first practical applications of germ theory in the area of public health and is the antecedent to the modern boil-water advisory.
In 1855 he published a second edition of his article, documenting his more elaborate investigation of the effect of the water supply in the Soho, London epidemic of 1854.
By talking to local residents, he identified the source of the outbreak as the public water pump on Broad Street (now Broadwick Street). Although Snow's chemical and microscope examination of a water sample from the Broad Street pump did not conclusively prove its danger, his studies of the pattern of the disease were convincing enough to persuade the local council to disable the well pump by removing its handle. This action has been commonly credited as ending the outbreak, but Snow observed that the epidemic may have already been in rapid decline.[21]
Snow later used a dot map to illustrate the cluster of cholera cases around the pump. He also used statistics to illustrate the connection between the quality of the water source and cholera cases. He showed that the Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company was taking water from sewage-polluted sections of the Thames and delivering the water to homes, leading to an increased incidence of cholera. Snow's study was a major event in the history of public health and geography. It is regarded as one of the founding events of the science of epidemiology.
Later, researchers discovered that this public well had been dug only three feet from an old cesspit, which had begun to leak fecal bacteria.[citation needed] The diapers of a baby, who had contracted cholera from another source, had been washed into this cesspit. Its opening was originally under a nearby house, which had been rebuilt farther away after a fire. The city had widened the street and the cesspit was lost. It was common at the time to have a cesspit under most homes. Most families tried to have their raw sewage collected and dumped in the Thames to prevent their cesspit from filling faster than the sewage could decompose into the soil.
After the cholera epidemic had subsided, government officials replaced the handle on the Broad Street pump. They had responded only to the urgent threat posed to the population, and afterward they rejected Snow's theory. To accept his proposal would have meant accepting the fecal-oral method transmission of disease, which they dismissed.[22]
Louis Pasteur[edit]
Louis Pasteur’s pasteurization experiment illustrates the fact that the spoilage of liquid was caused by particles in the air rather than the air itself. These experiments were important pieces of evidence supporting the idea of Germ Theory of Disease.
The more formal experiments on the relationship between germ and disease were conducted by Louis Pasteur between 1860 and 1864. He discovered the pathology of the puerperal fever[23] and the pyogenic vibrio in the blood, and suggested using boric acid to kill these microorganisms before and after confinement.
Pasteur further demonstrated between 1860 and 1864 that fermentation and the growth of microorganisms in nutrient broths did not proceed by spontaneous generation. He exposed freshly boiled broth to air in vessels that contained a filter to stop all particles passing through to the growth medium, and even with no filter at all, with air being admitted via a long tortuous tube that would not pass dust particles. Nothing grew in the broths: therefore the living organisms that grew in such broths came from outside, as spores on dust, rather than being generated within the broth.
Pasteur discovered that another serious disease of silkworms, pébrine, was caused by a small microscopic organism now known as Nosema bombycis (1870). Pasteur saved France's silk industry by developing a method to screen silkworms eggs for those that were not infected, a method that is still used today to control this and other silkworm diseases.
Robert Koch[edit]
Robert Koch is known for developing four basic criteria (known as Koch's postulates) for demonstrating, in a scientifically sound manner, that a disease is caused by a particular organism. These postulates grew out of his seminal work with anthrax using purified cultures of the pathogen that had been isolated from diseased animals.
Koch's postulates were developed in the 19th century as general guidelines to identify pathogens that could be isolated with the techniques of the day.[24] Even in Koch's time, it was recognized that some infectious agents were clearly responsible for disease even though they did not fulfill all of the postulates.[25][26] Attempts to rigidly apply Koch's postulates to the diagnosis of viral diseases in the late 19th century, at a time when viruses could not be seen or isolated in culture, may have impeded the early development of the field of virology.[27][28] Currently, a number of infectious agents are accepted as the cause of disease despite their not fulfilling all of Koch's postulates.[29] Therefore, while Koch's postulates retain historical importance and continue to inform the approach to microbiologic diagnosis, fulfillment of all four postulates is not required to demonstrate causality.
Koch's postulates have also influenced scientists who examine microbial pathogenesis from a molecular point of view. In the 1980s, a molecular version of Koch's postulates was developed to guide the identification of microbial genes encoding virulence factors.[30]
Koch's postulates:
The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms.
The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.
However, Koch abandoned the universalist requirement of the first postulate altogether when he discovered asymptomatic carriers of cholera[26] and, later, of typhoid fever. Asymptomatic or subclinical infection carriers are now known to be a common feature of many infectious diseases, especially viruses such as polio, herpes simplex, HIV, and hepatitis C. As a specific example, all doctors and virologists agree that poliovirus causes paralysis in just a few infected subjects, and the success of the polio vaccine in preventing disease supports the conviction that the poliovirus is the causative agent.
The third postulate specifies "should", not "must", because as Koch himself proved in regard to both tuberculosis and cholera,[25] not all organisms exposed to an infectious agent will acquire the infection. Noninfection may be due to such factors as general health and proper immune functioning; acquired immunity from previous exposure or vaccination; or genetic immunity, as with the resistance to malaria conferred by possessing at least one sickle cell allele.
The second postulate may also be suspended for certain microorganisms or entities that cannot (at the present time) be grown in pure culture, such as prions responsible for Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.[31] In summary, a body of evidence that satisfies Koch's postulates is sufficient but not necessary to establish causation.
Sanitation[edit]
In the 1870s, Joseph Lister was instrumental in developing practical applications of the germ theory of disease with respect to sanitation in medical settings and aseptic surgical techniques—partly through the use of carbolic acid (phenol) as an antiseptic.
See also[edit]
Molecular and Cellular Biology portal
Alexander Fleming
Cell theory
Epidemiology
Germ theory denialism
Robert Hooke
Rudolf Virchow
Zymotic disease
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ In a 1767 report to the College of Physicians in London, John Zephaniah Holwell mentions the practice of Smallpox vaccinations by Ayurvedic doctors and their explanations of the cause of the disease.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "germ – definition of germ in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com.
Jump up ^ Henderson, Donald A; Moss, Bernard (1999). Smallpox and Vaccinia, Vaccines. W. B. Saunders Company.
Jump up ^ "BRIEF HISTORY DURING THE SNOW ERA". ucla.edu.
Jump up ^ "Germ Theory". jrank.org.
Jump up ^ John M. Last, ed. (2007), ""miasma theory"", A Dictionary of Public Health, Westminster College, Pennsylvania: Oxford University Press
Jump up ^ Singer, Charles and Dorothea (1917) "The scientific position of Girolamo Fracastoro [1478?–1553] with especial reference to the source, character and influence of his theory of infection," Annals of Medical History, 1 : 1–34 ; see p. 14.
Jump up ^ Thucydides with Richard Crawley, trans., History of the Peloponnesian War (London, England: J.M. Dent & Sons, Ltd., 1910), Book III, § 51, pp. 131–132. From pp. 131–132: " … there was the awful spectacle of men dying like sheep, through having caught the infection in nursing each other. This caused the greatest mortality. On the one hand, if they were afraid to visit each other, they perished from neglect; indeed many houses were emptied of their inmates for want of a nurse: on the other, if they ventured to do so, death was the consequence."
Jump up ^ Nutton, Vivian (1983) "The seeds of disease: an explanation of contagion and infection from the Greeks to the Renaissance," Medical History, 27 (1) : 1–34 ; see p. 10. Available at: U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health
Jump up ^ Lucretius with Rev. John S. Watson, trans., On the Nature of Things (London, England: Henry G. Bohn, 1851), Book VI, lines 1093–1130, pp. 291–292 ; see especially p. 292. From p. 292: "This new malady and pest, therefore, either suddenly falls into the water, or penetrates into the very corn, or into other food of men and cattle. Or even, as may be the case, the infection remains suspended in the air itself; and when, as we breathe, we inhale the air mingled with it, we must necessarily absorb those seeds of disease into our body."
Jump up ^ Varro, Marcus Terentius with Lloyd Storr-Best, trans., Varro On Farming (London, England: G. Bell and Sons, Ltd., 1912), Book 1, Ch. XII, p. 39.
Jump up ^ Nutton (1983), p. 4
Jump up ^ Nutton (1983), p. 6
Jump up ^ Nutton (1983), p. 7
Jump up ^ Nutton (1983), p. 20
Jump up ^ Nutton (1983), p. 21
Jump up ^ "The Life and Work of Athanaseus Kircher, S.J". mjt.org.
Jump up ^ "The History of the Germ Theory". The British Medical Journal. 1 (1415): 312. 1888.
Jump up ^ Melvin Santer, ‘Richard Bradley: A Unified, Living Agent Theory of the Cause of Infectious Diseases of Plants, Animals, and Humans in the First Decades of the 18th Century’, in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Volume 52, Number 4, Autumn, 2009, pp. 566-578
Jump up ^ Winslow, Charles-Edward Amory (1967). Conquest of Epidemic Disease: A Chapter in the History of Ideas. Hafner Publishing Co Ltd. ISBN 978-0028548807.
Jump up ^ Pg. 90 of "The invisible world revealed by the microscope or, thoughts on animalcules.", second edition, 1850 (May have appeared in first edition, too. (Revise date in article to 1846, if so.))
Jump up ^ John Snow (1849). On the Mode of Communication of Cholera. London: J. Churchill. There is no doubt that the mortality was much diminished, as I said before, by the flight of the population, which commenced soon after the outbreak; but the attacks had so far diminished before the use of the water was stopped, that it is impossible to decide whether the well still contained the cholera poison in an active state, or whether, from some cause, the water had become free from it
Jump up ^ Chapelle, Frank (2005). "Ch. 5: Hidden Life, Hidden Death". Wellsprings. New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-8135-3614-9.
Jump up ^ Pasteur, Louis (1880) [May 1880]. "(translated from French)" [On the extension of the germ theory to the etiology of certain common diseases]. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences. XC. Ernst, H.C. (trans). pp. 1033–44.
Jump up ^ Walker L, Levine H, Jucker M (2006). "Koch's postulates and infectious proteins". Acta Neuropathologica. 112 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1007/s00401-006-0072-x. PMID 16703338.
^ Jump up to: a b Koch Robert (1884). "Die Aetiologie der Tuberkulose". Mittheilungen aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte. 2. pp. 1–88.
^ Jump up to: a b Koch Robert (1893). "Über den augenblicklichen Stand der bakteriologischen Choleradiagnose". Zeitschrift für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten (in German). 14: 319–333. doi:10.1007/BF02284324.
Jump up ^ Brock TD (1999). Robert Koch: a life in medicine and bacteriology. Washington DC: American Society of Microbiology Press. ISBN 1-55581-143-4.
Jump up ^ Evans AS (May 1976). "Causation and disease: the Henle-Koch postulates revisited". Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 49 (2): 175–95. PMC 2595276  . PMID 782050.
Jump up ^ Jacomo V, Kelly P, Raoult D (2002). "Natural history of Bartonella infections (an exception to Koch's postulate)". Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 9 (1): 8–18. doi:10.1128/CDLI.9.1.8-18.2002. PMC 119901  . PMID 11777823.
Jump up ^ Falkow S (1988). "Molecular Koch's postulates applied to microbial pathogenicity". Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 10 (Suppl 2): S274–6. doi:10.1093/cid/10.Supplement_2.S274. PMID 3055197.
Jump up ^ Inglis TJ (November 2007). "Principia aetiologica: taking causality beyond Koch's postulates". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 56 (Pt 11): 1419–22. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.47179-0. PMID 17965339.
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External links[edit]
Stephen T. Abedon [1] Supplemental Lecture (98/03/28 update)
William C. Campbell The Germ Theory Timeline
Science's war on infectious diseases
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Jump up ^ "Germs se bachne ke kuch upae (How to avoid germs)". Bindas Monkeys Blog (in Hinglish). 2016-12-23. Retrieved 2016-12-23. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
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text:
Can't Take My Eyes Off You
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"I Love You Baby" redirects here. For the film of that name, see I Love You Baby (film).
"Can't Take My Eyes Off You"
Cover of the 1967 US single
Single by Frankie Valli
from the album Frankie Valli: Solo[1]
B-side
"The Trouble With Me"
Released
May 1967 (1967-05)
Format
7"
Recorded
April 1967
Genre
Pop rock
Length
2:58
Label
Philips
Songwriter(s)
Bob Crewe
Bob Gaudio
Producer(s)
Bob Crewe
Frankie Valli singles chronology
"The Proud One"
(1966) "Can't Take My Eyes Off You"
(1967) "I Make a Fool of Myself"
(1967)
"The Proud One"
(1966) "Can't Take My Eyes Off You"
(1967) "I Make a Fool of Myself"
(1967)
"Can't Take My Eyes Off You" is a 1967 single credited to Frankie Valli. The song was among his biggest hits, earning a gold record and reaching No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for a week, stuck behind "Windy" by The Association.[2] It was co-written by Bob Gaudio, a bandmate of Valli's in The Four Seasons. It was Valli's biggest solo hit until he hit #1 in 1974 with "My Eyes Adored You".[3]
"Can't Take My Eyes Off You" has had hundreds of cover versions, many of which have been on the charts in different countries. The song is a staple of television and film soundtracks, even being featured as part of the plot of some films, such as when the lead characters sing or arrange their own version of the song. Its chorus has also become a popular football chant, with supporters of various teams inserting their club's name or a popular player's name into the beat (for instance, A.S. Roma fans sing "Francesco Totti, la la, la la la la!"). The Valli version was also used by NASA as a wake-up song on the STS-126 space shuttle mission, to celebrate the anniversary of astronaut Christopher Ferguson, one of the mission's crew members.
The song is frequently erroneously attributed to Frank Sinatra.
Contents
[hide]
1 Credits
2 Charts
2.1 Weekly charts
2.2 Year-end charts
3 Notable cover versions
3.1 1967–1969
3.2 1970–1989
3.3 1990–1999
3.4 2000–2009
3.5 2010–present
4 References
5 External links
Credits[edit]
The song was written by Bob Crewe and Bob Gaudio. Arrangement was done by Artie Schroeck and Gaudio.[4] The original recording was made at A&R Recording Studios at 799 7th Avenue, with Bob Crewe producing and Phil Ramone as the engineer.
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1967)
Peak
position
Canada RPM Top Singles[5] 2
US Billboard Hot 100[6] 2
US Cash Box Top 100[7] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1967)
Rank
Canada[8] 18
US Billboard Hot 100[9] 10
US Cash Box [10] 3
Notable cover versions[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The song has been covered by some 200 artists over the years, in many countries, under both versions of the title. A few notable examples of cover versions that appeared on the charts:
1967–1969[edit]
The Lettermen (#7 in 1967, in a medley with "Goin' Out of My Head")
A version by Andy Williams made it to #5 on the UK singles chart in 1968.[11] The arranger and producer was Nick DeCaro and the conductor was Eddie Karam.[12] This version is included in the soundtrack of the 2001 film Bridget Jones's Diary. In 2002 he recorded a new version of the song, as a duet with British actress and singer Denise van Outen, which reached #23 in the UK singles charts.[13]
Vicki Carr recorded a cover of the song on her 1967 album It Must Be Him.
Nancy Wilson (#52 in 1969)
Engelbert Humperdinck covered the song on his 1968 album A Man Without Love.[14]
The Easybeats covered the song on their 1968 album Vigil, only released on the UK/European version of the album.
The Supremes performed the song for the first time in 1969, in one of Diana Ross' last performance on TV with the group, with Mary Wilson on lead.
A translated version in Swedish was recorded by Anni-Frid Lyngstad (later of ABBA) and was released as the B-side to her debut single "Din" in 1967. The recording has also been released on Lyngstad's compilation albums.[15]
1970–1989[edit]
In 1970, Brook Benton recorded the song on his album Brook Benton Today.[16]
In 1972, Bobby Darin performed the song on his summer television series, Dean Martin Presents: The Bobby Darin Amusement Company, and this version was included in the 2004 album Aces Back to Back.
In 1974, Anna Maria Alberghetti performed the song as part of a medley on the 1974 Jerry Lewis Labor Day MDA Telethon.
In 1975, Julio Iglesias sang the song on his TV show.
Shirley Bassey recorded this as a United Artist Single in 1976.
In 1978 actors Robert De Niro, Christopher Walken and John Cazale sang the lyrics in the movie The Deer Hunter.
Maureen McGovern (#27 on the US Adult Contemporary chart in 1979; #5 Canadian AC in 1980).[17]
In 1982, San Francisco based disco band Boys Town Gang performed a disco version of the song which reached number one in the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain and number four in the United Kingdom.[18][19] This version was also successful in Japan, receiving a gold digital certification by the RIAJ in 2011, and is also on games such as Just Dance 4.
In 1987, Hong Kong singer Prudence Liew recorded a Cantonese version and released it as the fourth single from her sophomore album, Why.
In 1989, Michelle Pfeiffer sang the song in The Fabulous Baker Boys.
1990–1999[edit]
1991, onwards various versions from by disco singer Gloria Gaynor.[20]
1991, Pet Shop Boys used part of the song on their cover version of U2's "Where the Streets Have No Name", which reached #4 in the U.K. and #72 in the U.S.
1992, Dutch singers Gerard Joling and Tatjana Šimić recorded a duet version of the song (including a rap segment by Darrell Bell), which peaked at #5 in the Dutch Top 40 charts.[21]
1993, the song was recorded by a-ha singer Morten Harket for the soundtrack of the movie Coneheads (1993).[22]
1994, Russian singer Philipp Kirkorov recorded this song for his album I'm not a Rafael.
1995, Christian rock band Daniel Amos recorded a version of the song on their album Songs of the Heart.
1996, Manic Street Preachers recorded a version of the song and used it as the third B-side on their single "Australia", the fourth to be taken from the hit album Everything Must Go.
1997, German singer Tommy Fischer released his German disco version "Weil ich dich liebe" (covered in 2008 by Two 4 Pop)
1997, Xysma, the pioneering Finnish grindcore band, covered the song in their later career after transforming into a rock band on their EP Singles.
1998, Lauryn Hill (#35 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart and #2 on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart in 1998 and #8 on the Australian Singles Charts).[23] This version was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 1999.
1999, Heath Ledger sang the song in the film 10 Things I Hate About You.
1999, Denise Richards sang the song in the film Drop Dead Gorgeous.
2000–2009[edit]
2000, Japanese singer Ringo Sheena, for the single "Tsumi to Batsu".
2000, Hong Kong singer Leon Lai did a Cantonese version in his album Beijing Station.
2000, Sheena Easton recorded her version for her album Fabulous.
2001, Jimmy Somerville released his version as a single.
2001, British group Muse, for the single "Dead Star" / "In Your World".
2002, Japanese singer Tommy february6, on her eponymous album.
2004, Jennifer Peña recorded a Latin version of the song, "No Hay Nadie Igual Como Tú", which reached #33 on the Latin charts.
2004, Bad Manners, for The Ultimate Bad Collection - Crooners.
2006, Barry Manilow including this song on his album The Greatest Songs of the Sixties.
2007, Greek singer Efi Thodi included this song in her album I Love You Baby.
2008, John Barrowman recorded a cover for his album Music Music Music.
2008, Chinese soft rock duet Yu Quan recorded a cover as an EP titled Fall in Love with Your Beauty.
2008, Frankie Valli's version of the song was played by NASA as the morning wake-up call for astronaut Christopher Ferguson, in honor of his anniversary while he was on the STS-126 Space Shuttle mission.[24]
2010–present[edit]
In 2010, A cappella group Straight No Chaser included a cover of the song on their album With a Twist.
In 2010, Clay Aiken included a cover of the song on his album Tried and True.
In 2011, Japanese R&B singer Misia, included a cover of the song as a B-side to her single "Kioku". The song was later included on her cover album, Misia no Mori: Forest Covers.
In 2011, Taiwanese-American singer-songwriter Joanna Wang, included a cover of the song on her cover album, The Things We Do for Love.
2011, Stereophonics frontman Kelly Jones sang an acoustic version of the song in tribute to former Wales national football team manager Gary Speed. The song has been an adopted anthem for Welsh football fans during Speed's playing career with Wales after being used in a BBC Wales promo for the 1994 World Cup qualifying campaign.[25]
In 2013, South Korean girl group Girls' Generation performed a version of this song as part of their Japan 2nd Tour ～Girls＆Peace～[26] and 2013 Girls' Generation World Tour - Girls & Peace.[27]
In 2013, the vocal harmony group The Overtones covered the song for the official soundtrack of the German movie Buddy, and also included the song on the Christmas and Mother's Day editions of their 2013 platinum selling album, Saturday Night at the Movies.
In 2014, John Lloyd Young covered the song for the movie Jersey Boys about the band The Four Seasons where he played Frankie Valli. He was also the original performer on the Broadway musical of the same name which premiered in 2005.
Jessie J recorded her version in 2016, for the French cosmetics brand Make Up For Ever.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Official Frankie Valli Site". Retrieved 2017-11-25.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Hot 100". 1967-07-22. Retrieved 2015-07-31.
Jump up ^ Bronson, Fred. The Billboard book of number 1 hits. p. 398.
Jump up ^ "Frankie Valli - Can't Take My Eyes Off You / The Trouble With Me (Vinyl)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017-01-15.
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ "Cash Box Year-End Charts: Top 100 Pop Singles, July 15, 1967". Tropicalglen.com. 1967-12-23. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017-01-15.
Jump up ^ "Musicoutfitters.com". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1967". Tropicalglen.com. 1967-12-23. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 40 | Official Charts Company". Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ Love, Andy by Andy Williams, album sleeve, 1967. New York: Columbia Records CS 9566
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 40 | Official Charts Company". Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Engelbert Humperdinck - A Man Without Love (Vinyl, LP)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Du är så underbart rar - recording". musicbrainz.com. Retrieved 2016-03-11.
Jump up ^ "Brook Benton - Brook Benton Today (Vinyl, LP, Album)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Top 40-lijst van week 24, 1982". Top40.nl. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 74. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ Gloria Gaynor - Can't Take My Eyes Off You - YourDancefloorTV on YouTube. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "JAARLIJST 1992". Members.chello.nl. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Coneheads - Original Soundtrack | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. 1993-07-20. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Lauryn Hill | Awards". AllMusic. 1975-05-26. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ "MP3 file". Spaceflight.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ Girls' Generation Second Japan Arena Tour Set List Retrieved April 5th, 2013.
Jump up ^ 2013 Girls' Generation World Tour Set List. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
External links[edit]
"Official Frankie Valli Site". Retrieved 2010-2-16.
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
RIAA - Gold & Platinum Searchable Database
[show]
v
t
e
Andy Williams
Studio albums
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Two Time Winners
To You Sweetheart, Aloha
Lonely Street
The Village of St. Bernadette
Under Paris Skies
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Warm and Willing
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Honey
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You've Got a Friend
Love Theme from "The Godfather"
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Solitaire
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You Lay So Easy on My Mind
The Other Side of Me
Andy
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Nashville
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Love Story
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Personal Christmas Collection
16 Most Requested Songs: Encore!
The Best of Andy Williams (1996)
The Love Songs
In the Lounge with...
The Very Best of Andy Williams (2000)
Andy
The Essential Andy Williams
B Sides and Rarities
Music to Watch Girls By: The Very Best of Andy Williams
Moon River: The Very Best of Andy Williams
The Very Best of Andy Williams (2009)
The Classic Christmas Album
Live albums
Greatest Hits
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Singles
"Walk Hand in Hand"
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"Butterfly"
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"Are You Sincere?"
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"The Hawaiian Wedding Song"
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"...and Roses and Roses"
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Lets Hang On (1966)
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Answers.com
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Answers Corporation
Type of business
Private
Type of site
Question & Answer
Available in
English, French, Italian, German, Spanish, Tagalog
Founded
1999; 19 years ago (1999) (as GuruNet)
Headquarters
St. Louis, Missouri, United States
No. of locations
Florida
Owner
Apax Partners
Founder(s)
Bob Rosenschein, Mark Tebbe
Slogan(s)
The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions.
Website
www.answers.com
Alexa rank
1,644 (December 2017[update]) [1]
Launched
January 2005; 13 years ago (2005-01)
Current status
Active
Answers.com is an Internet-based knowledge exchange, which includes WikiAnswers, ReferenceAnswers, VideoAnswers, and five international language Q&A communities. The Answers.com domain name was purchased by entrepreneurs Bill Gross and Henrik Jones at idealab in 1996.[2] The domain name was acquired by NetShepard and subsequently sold to GuruNet. The website is the primary product of the Answers Corporation (previously GuruNet), an Internet reference and Q&A company, founded by Bob Rosenschein, Mark Tebbe and Mort Meyerson in 1999. The site supports English, French, Italian, German, Spanish, and Tagalog. WikiAnswers is a community-generated social knowledge Q&A platform, using wiki-based technologies.[3]
History[edit]
GuruNet was founded in Jerusalem, Israel, in 1999 to develop technology that intelligently and automatically integrates and retrieves information from disparate sources and delivers the result in a single consolidated view to the user. GuruNet initially displayed its information through a downloadable software product, today known as 1-Click Answers. The product was launched as a free product in 1999. Beginning in 2003 it was sold to users on a perpetual license base and later as an annual subscription.[4]
On October 2004 GuruNet had an IPO on the American Stock Exchange (AMEX) under the symbol "GRU" and also acquired the Answers.com domain name early the same year for $80,000.[5]
On January 2005 the company moved to a new business model of a free-to-customer product, Answers.com and 1-Click Answers software, containing practically all the content that was sold via subscriptions. The new model is based on generating advertising revenue.[4]
On August 2, 2005, the company's shares started trading on NASDAQ instead of AMEX under the symbol "ANSW".[5]
On October 17, 2005, GuruNet changed its corporate name to Answers Corporation, unifying the company's name and its website, Answers.com.[5]
From 2005 to late 2009, the Google search engine definitions feature, in the top-right corner of the site, was linked to Answers.com.[citation needed]
On July 2, 2006, Answers.com released a trivia game known as blufr.[citation needed]
In the fall of 2009, Answers.com launched a revamped version of their website, which combined wiki-style contributions with expert resources.[6][7]
At Jeff Pulver's 140 Characters Conference in New York City in April 2010, Answers.com launched its alpha version of a Twitter-answering service nicknamed 'Hoopoe.' When tweeting a question to the site's official Twitter account, @AnswersDotCom, an automatic reply is given with a snippet of answer and a link to the full answer page on Answers.com.[8]
Aside from providing community-generated Q&A and reference information for published titles, Answers.com began offering videos as part of its VideoAnswers library, in July 2010. This was part of a partnership with video site 5min.[9]
In September 2010, blufr was relaunched with new design, game modes, and social features. It is available on the web and as an iPhone/iPod Touch app in the iTunes app store.
It was announced in November 2010 that the Answers.com Q&A wiki community reached its 10 millionth answer.[10]
At the start of 2011, the site surpassed 11 million answers. Shortly after, on February 3, Answers.com announced in a press release that it had agreed to be acquired by AFCV Holdings for $127 million in cash. AFCV Holdings, LLC, is a portfolio company of growth equity investor Summit Partners. Bob Rosenschein was quoted: "The acquisition price of $10.50 per share represents a significant cash premium of approximately 33% over our 90-day volume-weighted average closing stock price."[11][12][13]
On April 23, 2012 TA Associates announced that it was joining as an additional private investor in Answers.com and on May 1, 2012 laid off the remaining development staff in the Jerusalem office as a first step in fully assimilating the company.[14]
On August 8, 2012, reports surfaced that Answers.com had reached a preliminary agreement to acquire About.com from The New York Times Company for $270 million of debt and equity.[15] However, it was thwarted by IAC, who countered with a $300 million "clean cash" offer.[16]
On December 23, 2013 Answers.com acquired ForeSee Results, Inc., a customer experience & customer survey analytics company based in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.[17] Answers.com proceeded to lay off between 50 and 75 employees one month after the acquisition, followed by another 100 laysoffs 18 months later.[18]
In March 2017, Answers.com parent company, Answers Corp, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.[19]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Answers.com Traffic, Demographics and Competitors - Alexa". www.alexa.com. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Answers.com WHOIS, DNS, & Domain Info - DomainTools". domaintools.com. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Company Overview". Answers.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "GuruNet Corporation 2005 Annual Report". ir.answers.com. Archived from the original on August 20, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c Festa, Paul (January 3, 2005). "GuruNet launches new search service". CNET News. Retrieved 2010-05-13
Jump up ^ "New Answers.com Launches First Site to Combine Community with Hundreds of Editorial Resources under One Roof". businesswire.com.
Jump up ^ "Heavy Answers.com censorship". blog.wired.com. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Answers.com Starts Answering Questions On Twitter". techcrunch.com.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive: Answers.com Gets 200,000 Video Answers From 5Min". techcrunch.com.
Jump up ^ "Answers.com Hits 10 Millionth Answer, Launches Its First iPhone App (blufr)". techcrunch.com.
Jump up ^ "Answers.com Agrees to be Acquired for $127 Million in Cash: $10.50 per Share". ir.answers.com. Archived from the original on February 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Q&A Site Answers.com Acquired By AFCV Holdings For $127 Million In Cash". techcrunch.com.
Jump up ^ "Answers.com Acquired For $127 Million". searchengineland.com.
Jump up ^ "Answers Expands Knowledge Leadership Across the Web, Mobile and Social Platforms". ta.com.
Jump up ^ Kafka, Peter. "The New York Times Is About to Say Goodbye to About.com". All Things Digital. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Barry Diller Shows Up Late, Gets What He Wants: IAC to Buy About.com From New York Times for $300 Million". All Things Digital. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Answers Corporation Announces Acquisition of ForeSee Results, Inc. to Provide a Complete Customer Life Cycle Solution". Archived from the original on 2016-03-13.
Jump up ^ "ForeSee parent company lays off nearly 100 employees in 2nd round of cuts".
Jump up ^ "Answers Corp files for bankruptcy to cut $471 million in debt". Reuters. 2017-03-03. Retrieved 2017-03-11.
External links[edit]
Official website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Answers.com&oldid=818427284"
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Leukocytosis
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Leukocytosis
Classification and external resources
Specialty
Infectious disease, pathology
ICD-10
D72.8
ICD-9-CM
288.3, 288.6x
DiseasesDB
33024
MeSH
D007964
[edit on Wikidata]
Leukocytosis is white cells (the leukocyte count) above the normal range in the blood.[1][2] It is frequently a sign of an inflammatory response,[3] most commonly the result of infection, but may also occur following certain parasitic infections or bone tumors as well as leukemia. It may also occur after strenuous exercise, convulsions such as epilepsy, emotional stress, pregnancy and labor, anesthesia, and epinephrine administration.[1]
There are five principle types of leukocytosis:[4]
Neutrophilia (the most common form)[5]
Lymphocytosis
Monocytosis
Eosinophilia
Basophilia
This increase in leukocyte (primarily neutrophils) is usually accompanied by a "left upper shift" in the ratio of immature to mature neutrophils and macrophages. The proportion of immature leukocytes decreases due to proliferation and inhibition of granulocyte and monocyte precursors in the bone marrow which is stimulated by several products of inflammation including C3a and G-CSF. Although it may indicate illness, leukocytosis is considered a laboratory finding instead of a separate disease. This classification is similar to that of fever, which is also a test result instead of a disease.[citation needed] "Right shift" in the ratio of immature to mature neutrophils is considered with reduced count or lack of "young neutrophils" (metamyelocytes, and band neutrophils) in blood smear, associated with the presence of "giant neutrophils". This fact shows suppression of bone marrow activity, as a hematological sign specific for pernicious anemia and radiation sickness.[6]
A leukocyte count above 25 to 30 x 109/L is termed a leukemoid reaction, which is the reaction of a healthy bone marrow to extreme stress, trauma, or infection. It is different from leukemia and from leukoerythroblastosis, in which either immature white blood cells (acute leukemia) or mature, yet non-functional, white blood cells (chronic leukemia) are present in peripheral blood.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Classification
2 Causes
3 Diagnosis
3.1 Leukocyte counts
4 Treatment
5 See also
6 References
Classification[edit]
Leukocytosis can be subcategorized by the type of white blood cell that is increased in number. Leukocytosis in which neutrophils are elevated is neutrophilia; leukocytosis in which lymphocyte count is elevated is lymphocytosis; leukocytosis in which monocyte count is elevated is monocytosis; and leukocytosis in which eosinophil count is elevated is eosinophilia.[7]
An extreme form of leukocytosis, in which the WBC count exceeds 100,000/µL, is leukostasis. In this form there are so many WBCs that clumps of them block blood flow. This leads to ischemic problems including transient ischemic attack and stroke.
Causes[edit]
Causes of leukocytosis
Neutrophilic
leukocytosis
(neutrophilia)
Acute bacterial infections, especially pyogenic infections[7]
Sterile inflammation
Tissue necrosis[7]
Myocardial infarction[7]
Burns[7]
Eosinophilic
leukocytosis
(eosinophilia)
Allergic disorders
Asthma[7]
Hay fever[7]
Drug allergies[7]
Allergic skin diseases[7]
Pemphigus[7]
Dermatitis herpetiformis
Parasitic infections[7]
Some forms of malignancy
Hodgkin's lymphoma[7]
Some forms of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma[7]
Systemic autoimmune diseases[7] (e.g. SLE)
Some forms of vasculitis[7]
Cholesterol embolism (transiently)[7]
Basophilic
leukocytosis
Basophilia
(rare)[7]
Myeloproliferative disease, e.g. Chronic myelogenous leukemia[7]
Monocytosis
Chronic infections[7]
Tuberculosis[7]
Bacterial endocarditis[7]
Rickettsiosis[7]
Malaria[7]
Systemic autoimmune diseases, e.g. SLE[7]
Inflammatory bowel diseases, e.g. ulcerative colitis[7]
Lymphocytosis
Chronic infections[7]
Tuberculosis[7]
Brucellosis[7]
Viral infections
Hepatitis[7]
Cytomegalovirus infection[7]
Infectious mononucleosis[7]
Pertussis[7]
some forms of malignancy, such as lymphocytic leukæmias
Leukocytosis is very common in acutely ill patients. It occurs in response to a wide variety of conditions, including viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection, cancer, hemorrhage, and exposure to certain medications or chemicals including steroids.
For lung diseases such as pneumonia and tuberculosis, WBC count is very important for the diagnosis of the disease, as leukocytosis is usually present.
The mechanism that causes leukocytosis can be of several forms: an increased release of leukocytes from bone marrow storage pools, decreased margination of leukocytes onto vessel walls, decreased extravasation of leukocytes from the vessels into tissues, or an increase in number of precursor cells in the marrow. [8]
Certain medications, including corticosteroids, lithium and beta agonists, may cause leukocytosis.[9]
Diagnosis[edit]
Leukocyte counts[edit]
Below are blood reference ranges for various types leucocytes/WBCs.[10] The 97.5 percentile (right limits in intervals in image, showing 95% prediction intervals) is a common limit for defining leukocytosis.
Treatment[edit]
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (October 2017)
See also[edit]
Bacterial infection
Complete blood count
Leukocytosis in head trauma
White blood cell
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Rogers, Kara, ed. (2011), "Leukocytosis definition", Blood: Physiology and Circulation, Chicago: Britannica Educational Publishing, p. 198, ISBN 978-1-61530-250-5, retrieved 12 November 2011
Jump up ^ TheFreeDictionary > Leukocytosis Citing: Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 2008 and The American Heritage Medical Dictionary, 2007
Jump up ^ Porth, Carol Mattson (2011), "White blood cell response", Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States (3rd ed.), Philadelphia: Wolters Klower Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp. 64–65, ISBN 978-1-58255-724-3, retrieved 13 November 2011
Jump up ^ Zorc, Joseph J, ed. (2009), "Leukocytosis", Schwartz's Clinical Handbook of Pediatrics (4th ed.), Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, p. 559, ISBN 978-0-7817-7013-2, retrieved 12 November 2011
Jump up ^ Schwartz, M. William, ed. (2003), "Leukocytosis", The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult (3rd ed.), Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, p. 54, ISBN 0-7817-3539-4, retrieved 12 November 2011
Jump up ^ Lutan, Vasile. Fiziopatologie medicală. Vol. 2, 31.3.2.1. Leucocitozele; "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-03-27. Retrieved 2011-09-25.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Table 12-6 in: Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson, Robbins Basic Pathology, Philadelphia: Saunders, ISBN 1-4160-2973-7 8th edition.
Jump up ^ Riley LK and Rupert J. Evaluation of Patients with Leukocytosis. 2015 Dec. Am Fam Physician. 1;92(11):1004-11.
Jump up ^ Leukocytosis: Basics of Clinical Assessment, American Family Physician. November 2000.
Jump up ^ Specific references are found in article Reference ranges for blood tests#White blood cells 2.
[show]
v
t
e
Hematologic disease: Monocyte and granulocyte disease (CFU-GM/CFU-Baso/CFU-Eos), including immunodeficiency (D70-D71, 288)
Monocytes/
macrophages
↑
Histiocytosis
Chronic granulomatous disease
-cytosis:
Monocytosis
↓
-penia:
Monocytopenia
Granulocytes
↑
-cytosis:
granulocytosis
Neutrophilia
Eosinophilia/Hypereosinophilic syndrome
Basophilia
Bandemia
↓
-penia:
Granulocytopenia/agranulocytosis (Neutropenia/Kostmann syndrome
Eosinopenia
Basopenia)
PBD
chemotaxis/degranulation:
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
LAD1
LAD2
Chédiak–Higashi syndrome
Neutrophil-specific granule deficiency
respiratory burst:
Chronic granulomatous disease
Neutrophil immunodeficiency syndrome
Myeloperoxidase deficiency
[show]
v
t
e
Lymphatic vessel disease (I88–I89, 457)
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphangitis
Lymphangiectasia
Lymphedema: Primary lymphedema
Congenital lymphedema
Lymphedema praecox
Lymphedema tarda
Lymphedema–distichiasis syndrome
Milroy's disease
Secondary lymphedema
Bullous lymphedema
Factitial lymphedema
Postinflammatory lymphedema
Postmastectomy lymphangiosarcoma
Waldmann disease
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