text:
Sun Valley Serenade
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Sun Valley Serenade
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
H. Bruce Humberstone
Produced by
Milton Sperling
Written by
Art Arthur (story)
Robert Harari (story)
Screenplay by
Robert Ellis
Helen Logan
Starring
Sonja Henie
John Payne
Milton Berle
Glenn Miller
Lynn Bari
Music by
David Buttolph
Cyril J. Mockridge
Cinematography
Edward Cronjager
Edited by
James B. Clark
Production
company
Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
August 21, 1941 (1941-08-21)
Running time
86 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Sun Valley Serenade is a 1941 musical film starring Sonja Henie, John Payne, Glenn Miller, Milton Berle, and Lynn Bari. It features the Glenn Miller Orchestra as well as dancing by the Nicholas Brothers and Dorothy Dandridge, performing "Chattanooga Choo Choo", which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song, was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1996, and was awarded the first Gold Record for sales of 1.2 million.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Filming
4 Screenings
5 Awards and honors
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Ted Scott (John Payne) is a band pianist whose publicity manager decides that, for good press, the band should adopt a foreign refugee. The band goes to Ellis Island to meet the girl and soon discovers that the refugee isn't a 10-year-old child, but a young woman, Karen Benson (Sonja Henie). The surprise comes right before the band is to travel to Sun Valley, Idaho for a Christmas gig. While on the ski slopes Ted soon falls for Karen's inventive schemes to win the heart of her new sponsor, much to the chagrin of his girlfriend, Vivian Dawn (Lynn Bari), a soloist with the band. Vivian promptly quits the band out of jealousy, and Karen stages an elaborate ice show as a substitute.
Of particular note is the elaborate "Chattanooga Choo Choo" sequence. The scene begins at a rehearsal with the Glenn Miller Orchestra practicing "Chattanooga Choo Choo" and includes two choruses of the song whistled and sung by Tex Beneke in a musical exchange with The Modernaires. As the Miller band concludes their feature the camera pans left to reveal a railway station set. The band continues with the production number and accompanies Dorothy Dandridge and the Nicholas Brothers in their song and dance routine.
Sun Valley Serenade is the first of the only two movies featuring The Glenn Miller Orchestra (the other is 1942's Orchestra Wives). Besides "Chattanooga Choo Choo", other Glenn Miller tunes in the film are "Moonlight Serenade", "It Happened in Sun Valley", "I Know Why (And So Do You)", and "In the Mood".
An instrumental version of "At Last" was recorded by Glenn Miller and his Orchestra as well as a version with vocals by John Payne and Pat Friday, but these recordings would remain unused and unissued. "At Last" can be heard in the movie in three scenes, however, in an orchestral performance by Glenn Miller and His Orchestra in the Lido Terrace night club after they perform "In the Mood", as part of the orchestral background score in a scene between John Payne and Lynn Bari, and in an orchestral version with vocalization but without lyrics a minute and twenty seconds in length during the closing skating sequence with Sonja Henie.[1] "At Last" would also appear in the 1942 follow-up movie Orchestra Wives performed by Glenn Miller and his Orchestra with vocals by Ray Eberle and Pat Friday.
Glenn Miller vocalist Pat Friday provided the pre-recorded vocal tracks that Lynn Bari lip synced in the film.[2]
Future Olympic gold medalist Gretchen Fraser was the skiing stand-in for Sonja Henie. Fraser was a member of the Olympic team in 1940 (cancelled) and 1948.
Cast[edit]
Sonja Henie as Karen Benson
John Payne as Ted Scott
Glenn Miller as Phil Corey
Milton Berle as Jerome K. 'Nifty' Allen
Lynn Bari as Vivian Dawn (singing voice by Pat Friday)
Joan Davis as Miss Carstairs, Murray's secretary
William B. Davidson as Mr. Murray, Vivian's manager
Almira Sessions as Nurse hired for Karen
The Modernaires as Themselves
The Nicholas Brothers as Themselves
Dorothy Dandridge as a Specialty Act with the Nicolas Brothers
Glenn Miller Orchestra as the Phil Corey Orchestra / The Dartmouth Troubadours
Filming[edit]
RCA Bluebird 78, "Chattanooga Choo Choo", B-11230-B, b/w "I Know Why (And So Do You)", 1941.
Sun Valley Serenade was filmed in March 1941, by Darryl Zanuck, on spring snow in Sun Valley, Idaho. The film became a Hollywood hit and served as a recruiting effort for the elite ski corps of the 10th Mountain Division stationed at Camp Hale in Colorado. Sun Valley's ski school director, Otto Lang, of St. Anton, oversaw the skiing scenes.[3] The musical numbers were recorded in multi-directional mono, placing microphones around different parts of the orchestra. Those were all mixed down to mono at the time the film was released. The parts of those recordings were found and mixed into true stereo. They have also been included in home video releases.
Screenings[edit]
The film is shown 24 hours a day on a dedicated television channel available to all rooms at the Sun Valley Lodge and Inn.[4]
The film was a favourite in Jewish Displaced Persons Camps in the aftermath of the Holocaust, with the film's light entertainment and quick adaptation of Sonja Henie's character to American life a potential model for Jewish Displaced Persons' futures.[5]
Sun Valley Serenade was shown on Turner Classic Movies (TCM) for the first time on Christmas Eve, December 24, 2013 with an introduction by host Robert Osborne.
The film was released in the VHS format in 1991 by 20th Century Fox. In 2007 Sun Valley Serenade was released on DVD by 20th Century Fox for Region 2 format (Japan, Europe, South Africa and the Middle East). It remains unreleased on DVD for Region 1 (U.S., U.S. Territories, Canada and Bermuda). The Blu-ray version of Sun Valley Serenade has been Released in Spain under the title Tu Serás Mi Marido [literally You Will Be My Husband]. It is playable on Region A Blu-ray players in the U.S., Canada, Mexico and Latin America.
Awards and honors[edit]
Academy Awards:
Nominated: Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, Edward Cronjager (1942)
Nominated: Best Music, Original Song for "Chattanooga Choo Choo" Harry Warren (music), Mack Gordon (lyrics) (1942)
Nominated: Best Music, Scoring of a Musical Picture, Emil Newman (1942)
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
"Chattanooga Choo Choo" – Nominated[6]
2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – Nominated[7]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Soundtracks for Sun Valley Serenade. IMDB.
Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0034241/soundtrack?ref_=tt_trv_snd
Jump up ^ Shelton, Peter. Climb to Conquer: The Untold Story of WWII's 10th Mountain Division. Scribner, 2003. ISBN 0-7432-2606-2. p. 48
Jump up ^ Cinema Treasures, Sun Valley Opera House
Jump up ^ Feinstein, Margarete Myers. Holocaust Survivors in Postwar Germany, 1945-1957. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010, p.123
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-08-13.
Jump up ^ "AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-08-13.
External links[edit]
Sun Valley Serenade at AllMovie
Sun Valley Serenade on IMDb
Sun Valley Serenade at the TCM Movie Database
Sun Valley Serenade at the American Film Institute Catalog
Sun Valley Serenade at Rotten Tomatoes
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by H. Bruce Humberstone
Strangers of the Evening (1932)
The Crooked Circle (1932)
King of the Jungle (1933)
Goodbye Love (1933)
The Dragon Murder Case (1934)
Ladies Love Danger (1935)
Silk Hat Kid (1935)
Three Live Ghosts (1936)
Charlie Chan at the Race Track (1936)
Charlie Chan at the Opera (1936)
Charlie Chan at the Olympics (1937)
Checkers (1937)
Rascals (1938)
Pardon Our Nerve (1939)
Pack Up Your Troubles (1939)
Lucky Cisco Kid (1940)
The Quarterback (1940)
Tall, Dark and Handsome (1941)
Sun Valley Serenade (1941)
I Wake Up Screaming (1941)
To the Shores of Tripoli (1942)
Iceland (1942)
Hello, Frisco, Hello (1943)
Pin Up Girl (1944)
Wonder Man (1945)
Within These Walls (1945)
Three Little Girls in Blue (1946)
The Homestretch (1947)
Fury at Furnace Creek (1948)
South Sea Sinner (1950)
Happy Go Lovely (1951)
She's Working Her Way Through College (1952)
The Desert Song (1953)
Ten Wanted Men (1955)
The Purple Mask (1955)
Tarzan and the Lost Safari (1957)
Tarzan's Fight for Life (1958)
Tarzan and the Trappers (1958)
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text:
The Nutty Professor (1996 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with The Nutty Professor (2008 film).
The Nutty Professor
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Tom Shadyac
Produced by
Brian Grazer
Russell Simmons
Screenplay by
David Sheffield
Barry W. Blaustein
Tom Shadyac
Steve Oedekerk
Based on
The Nutty Professor
by Jerry Lewis
Bill Richmond
Starring
Eddie Murphy
Jada Pinkett
James Coburn
Dave Chappelle
Music by
David Newman
Cinematography
Julio Macat
Edited by
Don Zimmerman
Production
company
Imagine Entertainment
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
June 28, 1996 (1996-06-28)
Running time
95 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$54 million[2]
Box office
$274 million[2]
The Nutty Professor is a 1996 American slapstick comedy science fiction film starring Eddie Murphy. It is a remake of the 1963 film of the same name, which starred Jerry Lewis, which itself was a parody of Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The film co-stars Jada Pinkett, James Coburn, Larry Miller, Dave Chappelle and John Ales. The original music score was composed by David Newman. The film won Best Makeup at the 69th Academy Awards. [3]
Murphy portrays a university professor, Sherman Klump, a kind-hearted man who is morbidly obese. A research scientist, academic, and lecturer, Klump develops a miraculous, but experimental, weight-loss pharmaceutical, and hoping to win the affection of the girl of his dreams, tests it upon himself. Like the original film's Julius Kelp, Klump's vigorous, charismatic, but evil alter ego takes the name "Buddy Love". Murphy plays a total of seven characters in the film, including Sherman, most of Sherman's family (except for his nephew, Ernie Klump Jr. played by child actor Jamal Mixon), and an over-the-top parody of Richard Simmons.
The film received positive reviews, with critics particularly praising the makeup and Murphy's performance. The film's success spawned a sequel, Nutty Professor II: The Klumps, which was released in 2000. The film was re-released on Blu-ray combo pack on March 6, 2012, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Universal Studios.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
4.1 Critical response
4.2 Box office
4.3 Awards
5 Soundtrack
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
At Wellman College, thousands of hamsters overrun the campus after being accidentally released by Sherman Klump, an obese 400-pound, yet loving and kind-hearted professor. Meanwhile, Sherman has created an experimental formula that reconstructs the DNA of an obese person in a way that allows them to lose weight more easily.
After his lecture, Sherman meets and instantly falls in love with Carla Purty, a chemistry graduate who is a big fan of his work. After dinner with his obese, impolite family, Sherman asks Carla out on a date, which she accepts, much to Sherman's surprise. The date begins well with Carla showing admiration for Sherman's work, but the club's obnoxious guest comedian, Reggie Warrington, publicly mocks him about his weight. Sherman becomes depressed and has a nightmare in which he becomes a rampaging giant and wrecks the city with a single fart that is ignited to cause an explosion. He tests his serum on himself and loses 250 pounds within seconds. Overwhelmed by his immediate weight loss, he goes out and buys copious amounts of normal-sized clothing to celebrate, and a $47,000 Dodge Viper RT/10 sports car on his faculty expense account.
Concealing his true identity, Sherman adopts a false identity, "Buddy Love", and invites Carla out on a date at the same club again. Reggie is present again, and Buddy takes revenge by heckling him mercilessly. Sherman's "Buddy" persona starts to develop an independent personality due to the heightened testosterone levels of the transformation, gradually changing from his regular good-natured self to perverted and super-confident. Klump's assistant Jason spots Buddy fleeing the scene after he is identified as the person who left Klump's credit card at the bar. Jason follows Buddy and witnesses his transformation back into Sherman Klump.
The next morning, Dean Richmond has set up a meeting with Sherman and wealthy businessman Harlan Hartley at The Ritz to explain the serum in the hopes of gaining Hartley's $10,000,000 donation to the science department. However, Sherman arrives at The Ritz as Buddy with Carla. When Richmond spots him, Carla asks Buddy if he will take Sherman's place; he does, taking all the credit of Sherman's work. Hartley and Richmond are very impressed, and the dean invites him to the Alumni Ball the next night. Meanwhile, Buddy picks up three beautiful women, much to Carla's anger, who dumps him and walks out. He invites the women and many other people back to his place for the night to throw a party and has sex with the three women.
Richmond not only fires Sherman, but gleefully tells him that Buddy will be taking his place at the Alumni Ball. Sherman sees a taunting videotape from his alter ego and decides he has had enough of Buddy, taking the decision to destroy all of the serum samples, which he does with Jason's help. Sherman plans to set things right with Carla and get the grant from Hartley. Unfortunately, Buddy planned for this by hiding a sample of the serum in one of Sherman's diet shake cans, which Sherman drinks, causing him to transform into Buddy again. Jason tries to stop him from going to the ball, but Buddy knocks him out with a single blow to the face and departs.
At the ball, Buddy demonstrates the effects of the serum to the audience, but Jason arrives in time, as he has found out that Buddy's testosterone levels are at a lethally high 60,000%. Buddy plans to drink a large sum of the potion to get rid of Sherman for good; Jason knows that if he drinks it, it will kill Sherman and possibly Buddy. The two of them get into a brief fistfight, but Sherman begins to fight Buddy from within. Sherman eventually transforms into his regular self and admits his misdeeds to the shocked audience, including his parents; he says that Buddy was who he thought he and everybody else wanted him to be, and that he should accept himself for who he is. As he leaves, Carla stops him and asks why he lied; he says he did not believe that she would accept him. While they don't initiate a romantic relationship, Sherman and Carla remain friends and share a dance together. Richmond rehires Sherman and Hartley gives the donation to Sherman because he is "a brilliant scientist and a gentleman."
Cast[edit]
Eddie Murphy as Professor Sherman Klump / Buddy Love
Murphy also plays Papa Cletus Klump (Sherman's father), Mama Anna Klump (Sherman's mother), Granny Ida Jenson (Sherman's Grandma, Anna's Mama), Ernie Klump, Sr. (Sherman's brother) and Lance Perkins, a parody of Richard Simmons
Jada Pinkett as Carla Purty
James Coburn as Harlan Hartley
Larry Miller as Dean Richmond
Dave Chappelle as Reggie Warrington
Chappelle reprised his role on Chris Rock's 1997 album Roll with the New.
John Ales as Jason
Jamal Mixon as Ernie Klump, Jr.
Montell Jordan as himself
Production[edit]
The Nutty Professor was the first Tom Shadyac film to feature outtakes over the closing credits.[citation needed] The film also has a series of scenes with Murphy and comedian Dave Chappelle who plays insult comic, Reggie Warrington. Much of their dialogue was improvised.[citation needed] Murphy was one of Chappelle's biggest comedic influences.[4] Reggie Warrington is named after Reginald and Warrington Hudlin, brothers, and directors of one of Murphy's previous films, Boomerang.[5]
While the film was made with the help of Jerry Lewis (he was an executive producer for both this film and the 2000 sequel The Klumps), he later recanted his position in an interview in the January 30/February 6, 2009 edition of Entertainment Weekly magazine. He was quoted as saying, "I have such respect for Eddie, but I should not have done it. What I did was perfect the first time around and all you're going to do is diminish that perfection by letting someone else do it."[5][6]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The Nutty Professor has received positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 64% based on reviews from 55 critics.[7] Metacritic gave the film a score of 62 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[8]
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 stars out of 4, calling it "a movie that's like a thumb to the nose for everyone who said [Murphy had] lost it. He's very good. And the movie succeeds in two different ways: it's sweet and good-hearted, and then again it's raucous slapstick and bathroom humor. I liked both parts."[9] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B+, writing "You can feel Murphy rediscovering his joy as a performer. He rediscovers it, too, as Sherman Klump, a fellow who, much like Murphy, is on the bottom rung, desperate to reinvent himself, and — at long last — does."[10]
Box office[edit]
The Nutty Professor was a box office success, opening with $25,411,725 and reaching a domestic sum of $128,814,019, and $145,147,000 overseas, for a total of $273,961,019 worldwide.
Awards[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
69th Academy Awards
Best Makeup (Won)
54th Golden Globe Awards
Best Actor in a Musical/Comedy - Eddie Murphy (Nominated)
Soundtrack[edit]
Year
Title
Chart positions
Certifications
(sales thresholds)
U.S.
U.S. R&B
1996 The Nutty Professor
Released: June 4, 1996
Label: Def Jam
8 1
US: Platinum
See also[edit]
Eddie Murphy filmography
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "THE NUTTY PROFESSOR (12)". British Board of Film Classification. July 9, 1996. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nutty Professor (1996) (1996) - Box Office Mojo". boxofficemojo.com.
Jump up ^ "The 69th Academy Awards (1997) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dave Chappelle". Inside the Actors Studio. Season 12. Episode 10. 2006-02-12. Bravo.
^ Jump up to: a b "15 Things You Probably Didn't Know About 'The Nutty Professor'". Mental Floss. January 12, 2015. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Why 'The Nutty Professor' is still a classic after 51 years". New York Post. June 7, 2014. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Nutty Professor". rottentomatoes.com. 28 June 1996.
Jump up ^ "The Nutty Professor". Metacritic.
Jump up ^ Roger Ebert (28 June 1996). "The Nutty Professor". suntimes.com.
Jump up ^ Barry Blaustein; Jerry Lewis; Steve Oedekerk; Bill Richmond; Tom Shadyac; David Sheffield. "The Nutty Professor - EW.com". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Nutty Professor (1996 film)
Film in the United States portal
Comedy portal
1990s portal
The Nutty Professor on IMDb
The Nutty Professor at Box Office Mojo
The Nutty Professor at Rotten Tomatoes
The Nutty Professor at Metacritic
[show]
v
t
e
The Nutty Professor
Films
The Nutty Professor (1963)
The Nutty Professor (1996)
Nutty Professor II: The Klumps (2000)
The Nutty Professor (2008)
Characters
Sherman Klump
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Tom Shadyac
Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (1994)
The Nutty Professor (1996)
Liar Liar (1997)
Patch Adams (1998)
Dragonfly (2002)
Bruce Almighty (2003)
Evan Almighty (2007)
I Am (2010)
[show]
v
t
e
Brian Grazer
Films produced
Night Shift
Splash
Real Genius
Spies Like Us
Armed and Dangerous
Like Father Like Son
Parenthood
Kindergarten Cop
Closet Land
My Girl
Far and Away
Housesitter
Boomerang
For Love or Money
My Girl 2
Greedy
The Paper
The Cowboy Way
Apollo 13
Sgt. Bilko
Fear
The Nutty Professor
The Chamber
Ransom
Liar Liar
Inventing the Abbotts
Mercury Rising
Psycho
Edtv
Life
Bowfinger
Beyond the Mat
Nutty Professor II: The Klumps
How the Grinch Stole Christmas
A Beautiful Mind
Undercover Brother
Blue Crush
8 Mile
Intolerable Cruelty
The Cat in the Hat
The Missing
Friday Night Lights
Inside Deep Throat
Cinderella Man
Flightplan
Fun with Dick and Jane
Inside Man
The Da Vinci Code
American Gangster
Changeling
Frost/Nixon
Angels & Demons
Robin Hood
The Dilemma
Restless
Cowboys & Aliens
J. Edgar
Tower Heist
Katy Perry: Part of Me
Rush
In the Heart of the Sea
Inferno
Lowriders
American Made
TV series created
Shadow Chasers
[show]
v
t
e
Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
Character
Adaptations
Films
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1908)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1912)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1913)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920)
The Head of Janus (1920)
Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde (1925)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941)
The Son of Dr. Jekyll (1951)
Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1953)
The Daughter of Dr. Jekyll (1957)
The Doctor's Horrible Experiment (1959)
The Ugly Duckling (1959)
My Friend, Dr. Jekyll (1960)
The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (1960)
The Nutty Professor (1963)
Karutha Rathrikal (1967)
Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde (1971)
I, Monster (1971)
Dr. Jekyll y el Hombre Lobo (1972)
Dr. Black, Mr. Hyde (1976)
Dr. Jekyll Likes Them Hot (1979)
Dr. Heckyl and Mr. Hype (1980)
Docteur Jekyll et les femmes (1981)
Chehre Pe Chehra (1981)
Jekyll and Hyde... Together Again (1982)
Edge of Sanity (1989)
Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde (1995)
Mary Reilly (1996)
The Nutty Professor (1996)
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003)
Van Helsing (2004)
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (2006)
The Mummy (2017)
Animation
The Impatient Patient (1942)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Mouse (1947)
Motor Mania (1950)
Dr. Jerkyl's Hide (1954)
Hyde and Hare (1955)
Hyde and Go Tweet (1960)
Mad Monster Party? (1967)
Mad Mad Mad Monsters (1972)
The Pagemaster (1994)
The Strange Case of Dr. Jiggle and Mr. Sly (2004)
Van Helsing: The London Assignment (2004)
The Monster of Phineas-n-Ferbenstein (2008)
Hotel Transylvania (2012)
Video games
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1988)
Jekyll and Hyde (2001)
Van Helsing (2004)
Music
"Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive" (1983)
"Bubba Hyde" (1995)
Jekyll and Hyde (2003)
Jekyll & Hyde en Español (2004)
Theatre
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1887)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1888)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Or a Mis-Spent Life (1897)
Jekyll & Hyde (1990)
Television
Julia Jekyll and Harriet Hyde (1995–1998)
Jekyll (2007)
Once Upon a Time (2011–present)
Penny Dreadful (2014–2016)
Jekyll and Hyde (2015)
Comics
Mister Hyde (introduced 1963)
Batman: Two Faces (1998)
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (1999–present)
Novels
The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner (1824)
Knots and Crosses (1987)
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Plastic recycling
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Plastic recycling is the process of recovering scrap or waste plastic and reprocessing the material into useful products. Since the vast majority of plastic is non-biodegradable, recycling is a part of global efforts to reduce plastic in the waste stream, especially the approximately eight million metric tonnes of waste plastic that enter the Earth's ocean every year.[1][2] This helps to reduce the high rates of plastic pollution.
Plastic recycling includes taking any type of plastic, sorting it into different polymers and then chipping it and then melting it down into pellets. After this stage, it can then be used to make items of any sort such as plastic chairs and tables. Soft Plastics are also recycled such as polyethylene film and bags. This closed-loop operation has taken place since the 1970s and has made the production of some plastic products amongst the most efficient operations today.[citation needed]
Compared with lucrative recycling of metal, and similar to the low value of glass, plastic polymers recycling is often more challenging because of low density and low value. There are also numerous technical hurdles to overcome when recycling plastic.
A macro molecule interacts with its environment along its entire length, so total energy involved in mixing it is largely due to the product side stoichiometry (see enthalpy). Heating alone is not enough to dissolve such a large molecule, so plastics must often be of nearly identical composition to mix efficiently.[citation needed]
When different types of plastics are melted together, they tend to phase-separate, like oil and water, and set in these layers. The phase boundaries cause structural weakness in the resulting material, meaning that polymer blends are useful in only limited applications. The two most widely manufactured plastics, polypropylene and polyethylene behave this way, which limits their utility for recycling. Recently, the use of block copolymers as "molecular stitches"[3] or "macromolecular welding flux" has been proposed[4] to overcome the difficulties associated with phase separation during recycling.[5]
Another barrier to recycling is the widespread use of dyes, fillers, and other additives in plastics. The polymer is generally too viscous to economically remove fillers, and would be damaged by many of the processes that could cheaply remove the added dyes.[citation needed] Additives are less widely used in beverage containers and plastic bags, allowing them to be recycled more often. Yet another barrier to removing large quantities of plastic from the waste stream and landfills is that many common but small plastic items lack the universal triangle recycling symbol and accompanying number. An example is the billions of plastic utensils commonly distributed at fast-food restaurants or sold for use at picnics.[citation needed]
The percentage of plastic that can be fully recycled, rather than downcycled or go to waste, can be increased when manufacturers of packaged goods minimize mixing of packaging materials and eliminate contaminants. The Association of Plastics Recyclers have issued a "Design Guide for Recyclability".[6]
The use of biodegradable plastics is increasing.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Processes
1.1 Thermal depolymerization
1.1.1 Waste plastic pyrolysis to fuel oil
1.2 Heat compression
1.2.1 Distributed recycling
1.3 Other processes
2 Applications
2.1 PET
2.2 HDPE
2.3 PS
2.4 Other plastics
3 Recycling rates
4 Economic and energy potential
5 Consumer education
5.1 United Kingdom
6 Plastic identification code
6.1 United States
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Processes[edit]
Before recycling, most plastics are sorted according to their resin type. In the past, plastic reclaimers used the resin identification code (RIC), a method of categorization of polymer types, which was developed by the Society of the Plastics Industry in 1988. Polyethylene terephthalate, commonly referred to as PET, for instance, has a resin code of 1. Most plastic reclaimers do not rely on the RIC now; they use automatic sort systems to identify the resin, ranging from manual sorting and picking of plastic materials to mechanized automation processes that involve shredding, sieving, separation by rates of density i.e. air, liquid, or magnetic, and complex spectrophotometric distribution technologies e.g. UV/VIS, NIR, Laser, etc.[8] Some plastic products are also separated by color before they are recycled. The plastic recyclables are then shredded. These shredded fragments then undergo processes to eliminate impurities like paper labels. This material is melted and often extruded into the form of pellets which are then used to manufacture other products.
Thermal depolymerization[edit]
Main articles: Depolymerization and Thermal depolymerization
Another process involves the conversion of assorted polymers into petroleum by a much less precise thermal depolymerization process. Such a process is able to accept almost any polymer or mix of polymers, including thermoset materials such as vulcanized rubber tire separation of wastes and the biopolymers in feathers and other agricultural waste. Like natural petroleum, the chemicals produced can be made into fuels as well as polymers. A pilot plant of this type exists in Carthage, Missouri, United States, using turkey waste as input material. Gasification is a similar process, but is not technically recycling, since polymers are not likely to become the result.
Waste plastic pyrolysis to fuel oil[edit]
Plastic pyrolysis can convert petroleum-based waste streams such as plastics into quality fuels and carbons.[9] [10] [11] [12] [13]
Given below is the list of suitable plastic raw materials for pyrolysis:
Mixed plastic (HDPE, LDPE, PE, PP, Nylon, Teflon, PS, ABS, FRP etc.)
Mixed-waste plastic from waste paper mill
Multi-layered plastic
Heat compression[edit]
Yet another process that is gaining ground[clarification needed] with startup companies (especially in Australia, United States and Japan) is heat compression,[14] which takes all unsorted, cleaned plastic in all forms, from soft plastic bags to hard industrial waste, and mixes the load in tumblers (large rotating drums resembling giant clothes dryers). The most obvious benefit to this method is that all plastic is recyclable, not just matching forms. However, criticism rises from the energy costs of rotating the drums, and heating the post-melt pipes.
Distributed recycling[edit]
For some waste plastics, technical devices called recyclebots[15] enable a form of distributed recycling. Preliminary life-cycle analysis(LCA) indicates that such distributed recycling of HDPE to make filament of 3-D printers in rural regions is energetically favorable to either using virgin resin or conventional recycling processes because of reductions in transportation energy[16][17]
Other processes[edit]
Plastic or other polymer compatibilization
A process has also been developed in which many kinds of plastic can be used as a carbon source in the recycling of scrap steel.[18] There is also a possibility of mixed recycling of different plastics, which does not require their separation. It is called compatibilization and requires use of special chemical bridging agents compatibilizers. It can help to keep the quality of recycled material and to skip often expensive and inefficient preliminary scanning of waste plastics streams and their separation/purification.[19]
Applications[edit]
PET[edit]
Main article: PET bottle recycling
Post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETE) containers are sorted into different colour fractions, and baled for onward sale. PET recyclers further sort the baled bottles and they are washed and flaked (or flaked and then washed). Non-PET fractions such as caps and labels are removed during this process. The clean flake is dried. Further treatment can take place e.g. melt filtering and pelletising or various treatments to produce food-contact-approved recycled PET (RPET).
RPET has been widely used to produce polyester fibres.[20] This sorted post-consumer PET waste is crushed, chopped into flakes, pressed into bales, and offered for sale.[21]
One use for this recycled PET is to create fabrics to be used in the clothing industry.[22] The fabrics are created by spinning the PET flakes into thread and yarn.[21] This is done just as easily as creating polyester from brand new PET.[23] The recycled PET thread or yarn can be used either alone or together with other fibers to create a very wide variety of fabrics. Traditionally these fabrics are used to create strong, durable, rough, products, such as jackets, coat, shoes, bags, hats, and accessories since they are usually too rough for direct skin contact and can cause irritation.[24] However, these types of fabrics have become more popular as a result of the public's growing awareness of environmental issues. Numerous fabric and clothing manufacturers have capitalized on this trend.[citation needed]
Other major outlets for RPET are new containers (food-contact or non-food-contact) produced either by (injection stretch blow) moulding into bottles and jars or by thermoforming APET sheet to produce clam shells, blister packs and collation trays. These applications used 46% of all RPET produced in Europe in 2010.[citation needed] Other applications, such as strapping tape, injection-moulded engineering components and building materials, account for 13% of the 2010 RPET production.[citation needed]
In the United States the recycling rate for PET packaging was 31.2% in 2013, according to a report from The National Association for PET Container Resources (NAPCOR) and The Association of Postconsumer Plastic Recyclers (APR). A total of 1,798 million pounds was collected and 475 million pounds of recycled PET used out of a total of 5,764 million pounds of PET bottles.[25]
HDPE[edit]
Plastic #2, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) is a commonly recycled plastic. It is typically downcycled into plastic lumber, tables, roadside curbs, benches, truck cargo liners, trash receptacles, stationery (e.g. rulers) and other durable plastic products and is usually in demand.[citation needed]
PS[edit]
The resin identification code symbol for polystyrene
Most polystyrene products are not recycled due to the lack of incentive to invest in the compactors and logistical systems required. As a result, manufacturers cannot obtain sufficient scrap. Expanded polystyrene (EPS) scrap can easily be added to products such as EPS insulation sheets and other EPS materials for construction applications. When it is not used to make more EPS, foam scrap can be turned into clothes hangers, park benches, flower pots, toys, rulers, stapler bodies, seedling containers, picture frames, and architectural molding from recycled PS.[26]
Recycled EPS is also used in many metal casting operations. Rastra is made from EPS that is combined with cement to be used as an insulating amendment in the making of concrete foundations and walls. Since 1993, American manufacturers have produced insulating concrete forms made with approximately 80% recycled EPS.[citation needed]
Other plastics[edit]
The white plastic polystyrene foam peanuts used as packing material are often accepted by shipping stores for reuse.[27]
Successful trials in Israel have shown that plastic films recovered from mixed municipal waste streams can be recycled into useful household products such as buckets.[28]
Similarly, agricultural plastics such as mulch film, drip tape and silage bags are being diverted from the waste stream and successfully recycled[29] into much larger products for industrial applications such as plastic composite railroad ties.[30] Historically, these agricultural plastics have primarily been either landfilled or burned on-site in the fields of individual farms.[31]
CNN reports that Dr. S. Madhu of the Kerala Highway Research Institute, India, has formulated a road surface that includes recycled plastic: aggregate, bitumen (asphalt) with plastic that has been shredded and melted at a temperature below 220 degrees C (428 °F) to avoid pollution. This road surface is claimed to be very durable and monsoon rain resistant. The plastic is sorted by hand, which is economical in India. The test road used 60 kg of plastic for an approximately 500-metre-long, 8-metre-wide, two-lane road. The process chops thin-film road-waste into a light fluff of tiny flakes that hot-mix plants can uniformly introduce into viscous bitumen with a customized dosing machine. Tests at both Bangalore and the Indian Road Research Centre indicate that roads built using this 'KK process' will have longer useful lives and better resistance to cold, heat, cracking, and rutting, by a factor of three.[32]
Recycling rates[edit]
The quantity of post-consumer plastics recycled has increased every year since at least 1990, but rates lag far behind those of other items, such as newspaper (about 80%) and corrugated fiberboard (about 70%).[33] Overall, U.S. post-consumer plastic waste for 2008 was estimated at 33.6 million tons; 2.2 million tons (6.5%) were recycled and 2.6 million tons (7.7%) were burned for energy; 28.9 million tons, or 85.5%, were discarded in landfills.[34]
Economic and energy potential[edit]
In 2008, the price of PET dropped from $370/ton in the US to $20 in November.[35] PET prices had returned to their long-term averages by May 2009.[36]
Recycling one ton of plastic can save 5,774 kWh of energy, 98,000,000 btu of energy, 1,000–2,000 gallons of gasoline, 685 gallons of oil, 30 cubic yards of landfill space, 48,000 gallons of water.[citation needed]
Consumer education[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]
In the UK, the amount of post-consumer plastic being recycled is relatively low,[37] due in part to a lack of recycling facilities.
The Plastics 2020 Challenge was founded in 2009 by the plastics industry with the aim of engaging the British public in a nationwide debate about the use, reuse and disposal of plastics, and hosts a series of online debates on its website framed around the waste hierarchy.
There is a facility in Worksop capable of recycling 60–80 thousand metric tonnes a year.[38]
In Northern Ireland, the rate of recycling is 37.4%. However, emerging technologies are helping to increase the recycling rates of items previously landfilled e.g. mixed hard plastics.[39]
Plastic identification code[edit]
Main article: Resin identification code
Seven groups of plastic polymers,[40] each with specific properties, are used worldwide for packaging applications (see table below). Each group of plastic polymer can be identified by its plastic identification code (PIC), usually a number or a letter abbreviation. For instance, low-density polyethylene can be identified by the number "4" or the letters "LDPE". The PIC appears inside a three-chasing-arrow recycling symbol. The symbol is used to indicate whether the plastic can be recycled into new products.[citation needed]
The PIC was introduced by the Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., to provide a uniform system for the identification of various polymer types and to help recycling companies separate various plastics for reprocessing. Manufacturers of plastic products are required to use PIC labels in some countries/regions and can voluntarily mark their products with the PIC where there are no requirements.[41] Consumers can identify the plastic types based on the codes usually found at the base or at the side of the plastic products, including food/chemical packaging and containers. The PIC is usually not present on packaging films, since it is not practical to collect and recycle most of this type of waste.[clarification needed][citation needed]
Plastic identification code
Type of plastic polymer
Properties
Common packaging applications
Melting- (°C) and glass transition temperatures
Young's modulus (GPa)
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE) Clarity, strength, toughness, barrier to gas and moisture. Soft drink, water and salad dressing bottles; peanut butter and jam jars; small consumer electronics Tm = 250;[42] Tg = 76[42] 2–2.7[43]
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) Stiffness, strength, toughness, resistance to moisture, permeability to gas Water pipes, hula hoop rings, five gallon buckets, milk, juice and water bottles; grocery bags, some shampoo/toiletry bottles Tm = 130;[44] Tg = -125[45] 0.8[43]
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Versatility, ease of blending, strength, toughness. Blister packaging for non-food items; cling films for non-food use. May be used for food packaging with the addition of the plasticisers needed to make natively rigid PVC flexible. Non-packaging uses are electrical cable insulation; rigid piping; vinyl records. Tm = 240;[46] Tg = 85[46] 2.4-4.1[47]
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) Ease of processing, strength, toughness, flexibility, ease of sealing, barrier to moisture Frozen food bags; squeezable bottles, e.g. honey, mustard; cling films; flexible container lids Tm = 120;[48] Tg = -125[49] 0.17–0.28[47]
Polypropylene (PP) Strength, toughness, resistance to heat, chemicals, grease and oil, versatile, barrier to moisture. Reusable microwaveable ware; kitchenware; yogurt containers; margarine tubs; microwaveable disposable take-away containers; disposable cups; soft drink bottle caps; plates. Tm = 173;[50] Tg = -10[50] 1.5-2[43]
Polystyrene (PS) Versatility, clarity, easily formed Egg cartons; packing peanuts; disposable cups, plates, trays and cutlery; disposable take-away containers Tm = 240 (only isotactic);[45] Tg = 100 (atactic and isotactic)[45] 3-3.5[43]
Other (often polycarbonate or ABS) Dependent on polymers or combination of polymers Beverage bottles; baby milk bottles. Non-packaging uses for polycarbonate: compact discs; "unbreakable" glazing; electronic apparatus housings; lenses including sunglasses, prescription glasses, automotive headlamps, riot shields, instrument panels.[51] Polycarbonate: Tg = 145;[52] Tm = 225[53] Polycarbonate: 2.6;[43] ABS plastics: 2.3[43]
United States[edit]
Low national plastic recycling rates have been due to the complexity of sorting and processing, unfavorable economics, and consumer confusion about which plastics can actually be recycled.[54] Part of the confusion has been due to the use of the resin identification code[55] which is not on all plastic parts but just a subset[56] that includes the recycling symbol as part of its design. The resin identification code is stamped or printed on the bottom of containers and surrounded by a triangle of arrows. (See the table in Plastic.) The intent of these symbols was to make it easier to identify the type of plastics used to make a particular container and to indicate that the plastic is potentially recyclable. The question that remains is which types of plastics can be recycled by local recycling centers. In many communities, not all types of plastics are accepted for sidewalk recycling collection programs due to the high processing costs and complexity of the equipment required to recycle certain materials. There is also sometimes a seemingly low demand for the recycled product depending on a recycling center's proximity to entities seeking recycled materials. Another major barrier is that the cost to recycle certain materials and the corresponding market price for those materials sometimes does not present any opportunity for profit. The best example of this is polystyrene (commonly called styrofoam), although some communities, like Brookline, Massachusetts, are moving toward banning the distribution of polystyrene containers by local food and coffee businesses.[57][58]
See also[edit]
Sustainable development portal
Environment portal
Baler
Bisphenol A article on "BPA", esp. relevant to types 3 & 7 plastics
Economics of plastics processing
Glass recycling
Microplastics
Phase-out of lightweight plastic bags
Plastics 2020 Challenge
Reuse of bottles
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
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West, Larry. "Recyclable Plastic: Why are So Few Food Containers Made of Recyclable Plastic?". About.com. Retrieved 4 May 2009.
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