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Parasympathetic nervous system
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Parasympathetic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system innervation, showing the parasympathetic (craniosacral) systems in blue.
Details
Identifiers
Latin
Pars parasympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi
Acronym(s)
PSNS
MeSH
D010275
TA
A14.3.02.001
FMA
9907
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is one of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (a division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)), the other being the sympathetic nervous system.[1][2] (The enteric nervous system (ENS) is now usually referred to as separate from the autonomic nervous system since it has its own independent reflex activity.) The autonomic nervous system is responsible for regulating the body's unconscious actions. The parasympathetic system is responsible for stimulation of "rest-and-digest" or "feed and breed"[3] activities that occur when the body is at rest, especially after eating, including sexual arousal, salivation, lacrimation (tears), urination, digestion and defecation. Its action is described as being complementary to that of the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for stimulating activities associated with the fight-or-flight response.
Nerve fibres of the parasympathetic nervous system arise from the central nervous system. Specific nerves include several cranial nerves, specifically the oculomotor nerve, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and vagus nerve. Three spinal nerves in the sacrum (S2-4), commonly referred to as the pelvic splanchnic nerves, also act as parasympathetic nerves.
Because of its location, the parasympathetic system is commonly referred to as having "craniosacral outflow", which stands in contrast to the sympathetic nervous system, which is said to have "thoracolumbar outflow".

Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Cranial nerves
1.2 Vagus nerve
1.3 Pelvic splanchnic nerves
2 Function
2.1 Sensation
2.2 Vascular effects
2.3 Sexual activity
2.4 Receptors
2.4.1 Types of muscarinic receptors
2.4.2 Types of nicotinic receptors
2.5 Relationship to sympathetic nervous system
3 Clinical significance
4 References
Structure[edit]
The parasympathetic nerves are autonomic or visceral[4][5] branches of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Parasympathetic nerve supply arises through three primary areas:
Some of the cranial nerves in the cranium, namely the preganglionic parasympathetic nerves (CN III, CN VII, and CN IX) usually arise from specific nuclei in the central nervous system (CNS) and synapse at one of four parasympathetic ganglia: ciliary, pterygopalatine, otic, or submandibular. From these four ganglia the parasympathetic nerves complete their journey to target tissues via trigeminal branches (ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve).
The vagus nerve does not participate in these cranial ganglia as most of its parasympathetic fibers are destined for a broad array of ganglia on or near thoracic viscera (esophagus, trachea, heart, lungs) and abdominal viscera (stomach, pancreas, liver, kidneys, small intestine, and about half of the large intestine). The vagus innervation ends at the junction between the midgut and hindgut, just before the splenic flexure of the transverse colon.
The pelvic splanchnic efferent preganglionic nerve cell bodies reside in the lateral gray horn of the spinal cord at the T12-L1 vertebral levels (the spinal cord terminates at the L1-L2 vertebrae with the conus medullaris), and their axons exit the vertebral column as S2-S4 spinal nerves through the sacral foramina.[6] Their axons continue away from the CNS to synapse at an autonomic ganglion. The parasympathetic ganglion where these preganglionic neurons synapse will be close to the organ of innervation. This differs from the sympathetic nervous system, where synapses between pre- and post-ganglionic efferent nerves in general occur at ganglia that are farther away from the target organ.
As in the sympathetic nervous system, efferent parasympathetic nerve signals are carried from the central nervous system to their targets by a system of two neurons. The first neuron in this pathway is referred to as the preganglionic or presynaptic neuron. Its cell body sits in the central nervous system and its axon usually extends to synapse with the dendrites of a postganglionic neuron somewhere else in the body. The axons of presynaptic parasympathetic neurons are usually long, extending from the CNS into a ganglion that is either very close to or embedded in their target organ. As a result, the postsynaptic parasympathetic nerve fibers are very short.[7]:42
Cranial nerves[edit]
The oculomotor nerve is responsible for several parasympathetic functions related to the eye. The oculomotor PNS fibers originate in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the central nervous system and travel through the superior orbital fissure to synapse in the ciliary ganglion located just behind the orbit (eye). From the ciliary ganglion the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers leave via short ciliary nerve fibers, a continuation of the nasociliary nerve (a branch of ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve). The short ciliary nerves innervate the orbit to control the ciliary muscle (responsible for accommodation) and the iris sphincter muscle, which is responsible for miosis or constriction of the pupil (in response to light or accommodation).
The parasympathetic aspect of the facial nerve controls secretion of the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands, the lacrimal gland, and the glands associated with the nasal cavity. The preganglionic fibers originate within the CNS in the superior salivatory nucleus and leave as the intermediate nerve (which some consider a separate cranial nerve altogether) to connect with the facial nerve just distal (further out) to it surfacing the central nervous system. Just after the facial nerve geniculate ganglion (general sensory ganglion) in the temporal bone, the facial nerve gives off two separate parasympathetic nerves. The first is the greater petrosal nerve and the second is the chorda tympani. The greater petrosal nerve travels through the middle ear and eventually combines with the deep petrosal nerve (sympathetic fibers) to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal. The parasympathetic fibers of the nerve of the pterygoid canal synapse at the pterygopalatine ganglion, which is closely associated with the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2). The postganglionic parasympathetic fibers leave the pterygopalatine ganglion in several directions. One division leaves on the zygomatic division of CN V2 and travels on a communicating branch to unite with the lacrimal nerve (branch of the ophthalmic nerve of CN V1) before synapsing at the lacrimal gland. These parasympathetic to the lacrimal gland control tear production.
A separate group of parasympathetic leaving from the pterygopalatine ganglion are the descending palatine nerves (CN V2 branch), which include the greater and lesser palatine nerves. The greater palatine parasympathetic synapse on the hard palate and regulate mucus glands located there. The lesser palatine nerve synapses at the soft palate and controls sparse taste receptors and mucus glands. Yet another set of divisions from the pterygopalatine ganglion are the posterior, superior, and inferior lateral nasal nerves; and the nasopalatine nerves (all branches of CN V2, maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve) that bring parasympathetic innervation to glands of the nasal mucosa. The second parasympathetic branch that leaves the facial nerve is the chorda tympani. This nerve carries secretomotor fibers to the submandibular and sublingual glands. The chorda tympani travels through the middle ear and attaches to the lingual nerve (mandibular division of trigeminal, CN V3). After joining the lingual nerve, the preganglionic fibers synapse at the submandibular ganglion and send postganglionic fibers to the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands.
The glossopharyngeal nerve has parasympathetic fibers that innervate the parotid salivary gland. The preganglionic fibers depart CN IX as the tympanic nerve and continue to the middle ear where they make up a tympanic plexus on the cochlear promontory of the mesotympanum. The tympanic plexus of nerves rejoin and form the lesser petrosal nerve and exit through the foramen ovale to synapse at the otic ganglion. From the otic ganglion postganglionic parasympathetic fibers travel with the auriculotemporal nerve (mandibular branch of trigeminal, CN V3) to the parotid salivary gland.
Vagus nerve[edit]
The vagus nerve, named after the Latin word vagus (because the nerve controls such a broad range of target tissues – vagus in Latin literally means "wandering"), has parasympathetic that originate in the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve and the nucleus ambiguus in the CNS. The vagus nerve is an unusual cranial parasympathetic in that it doesn't join the trigeminal nerve in order to get to its target tissues. Another peculiarity is that the vagus has an autonomic ganglion associated with it at approximately the level of C1 vertebra. The vagus gives no parasympathetic to the cranium. The vagus nerve is hard to track definitively due to its ubiquitous nature in the thorax and abdomen so the major contributions will be discussed. Several parasympathetic nerves come off the vagus nerve as it enters the thorax. One nerve is the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which becomes the inferior laryngeal nerve. From the left vagus nerve the recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around the aorta to travel back up to the larynx and proximal esophagus while, from the right vagus nerve, the recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around the right subclavian artery to travel back up to the same location as its counterpart. These different paths are a direct result of embryological development of the circulatory system. Each recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies the trachea and the esophagus with parasympathetic secretomotor innervation for glands associated with them (and other fibers that are not PN).
Another nerve that comes off the vagus nerves approximately at the level of entering the thorax are the cardiac nerves. These cardiac nerves go on to form cardiac and pulmonary plexuses around the heart and lungs. As the main vagus nerves continue into the thorax they become intimately linked with the esophagus and sympathetic nerves from the sympathetic trunks to form the esophageal plexus. This is very efficient as the major function of the vagus nerve from there on will be control of the gut smooth muscles and glands. As the esophageal plexus enter the abdomen through the esophageal hiatus anterior and posterior vagus trunks form. The vagus trunks then join with preaortic sympathetic ganglion around the aorta to disperse with the blood vessels and sympathetic nerves throughout the abdomen. The extent of the parasympathetic in the abdomen include the pancreas, kidneys, liver, gall bladder, stomach and gut tube. The vagus contribution of parasympathetic continues down the gut tube until the end of the midgut. The midgut ends two thirds of the way across the transverse colon near the splenic flexure.[8]
Pelvic splanchnic nerves[edit]
The pelvic splanchnic nerves, S2-4, work in tandem to innervate the pelvic viscera. Unlike in the cranium, where one parasympathetic is in charge of one particular tissue or region, for the most part the pelvic splanchnics each contribute fibers to pelvic viscera by traveling to one or more plexuses before being dispersed to the target tissue. These plexuses are composed of mixed autonomic nerve fibers (parasympathetic and sympathetic) and include the vesical, prostatic, rectal, uterovaginal, and inferior hypogastric plexuses. The preganglionic neurons in the pathway do not synapse in a ganglion as in the cranium but rather in the walls of the tissues or organs that they innervate. The fiber paths are variable and each individual's autonomic nervous system in the pelvis is unique. The visceral tissues in the pelvis that the parasympathetic nerve pathway controls include those of the urinary bladder, ureters, urinary sphincter, anal sphincter, uterus, prostate, glands, vagina, and penis. Unconsciously, the parasympathetic will cause peristaltic movements of the ureters and intestines, moving urine from the kidneys into the bladder and food down the intestinal tract and, upon necessity, the parasympathetic will assist in excreting urine from the bladder or defecation. Stimulation of the parasympathetic will cause the detrusor muscle (urinary bladder wall) to contract and simultaneously relax the internal sphincter muscle between the bladder and the urethra, allowing the bladder to void. Also, parasympathetic stimulation of the internal anal sphincter will relax this muscle to allow defecation. There are other skeletal muscles involved with these processes but the parasympathetic plays a huge role in continence and bowel retention.
A study published in 2016, suggests that all sacral autonomic output may be sympathetic; indicating that the rectum, bladder and reproductive organs may only be innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. This suggestion is based on detailed analysis of 15 phenotypic and ontogenetic factors differentiating sympathetic from parasympathetic neurons in the mouse. Assuming that the reported findings most likely applies to other mammals as well, this novel perspective suggests a simplified, bipartite architecture of the autonomic nervous system, in which the parasympathetic nervous system receives input from cranial nerves exclusively and the sympathetic nervous system from thoracic to sacral spinal nerves.[9]
Autonomic nervous supply to organs in the human body edit
Organ
Nerves[10]
Spinal column origin[10]
stomach
PS: anterior and posterior vagal trunks
S: greater splanchnic nerves
T5,T6, T7, T8, T9, sometimes T10
duodenum
PS: vagus nerves
S: greater splanchnic nerves
T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, sometimes T10
jejunum and ileum
PS: posterior vagal trunks
S: greater splanchnic nerves
T5, T6, T7, T8, T9
spleen
S: greater splanchnic nerves
T6, T7, T8
gallbladder and liver
PS: vagus nerve
S: celiac plexus
right phrenic nerve
T6, T7, T8, T9
colon
PS: vagus nerves and pelvic splanchnic nerves
S: lesser and least splanchnic nerves
T10, T11, T12 (proximal colon)
L1, L2, L3, (distal colon)
pancreatic head
PS: vagus nerves
S: thoracic splanchnic nerves
T8, T9
vermiform appendix
nerves to superior mesenteric plexus
T10
kidneys and ureters
PS: vagus nerve
S: thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves
T11, T12
Emerging evidence in mouse models is suggesting that the previously held notion of the sacral spinal nerves being parasympathetic is incorrect, and that they may actually be sympathetic.[9]
Function[edit]
Sensation[edit]
The afferent fibers of the autonomic nervous system, which transmit sensory information from the internal organs of the body back to the central nervous system, are not divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers as the efferent fibers are.[7]:34–35 Instead, autonomic sensory information is conducted by general visceral afferent fibers.
General visceral afferent sensations are mostly unconscious visceral motor reflex sensations from hollow organs and glands that are transmitted to the CNS. While the unconscious reflex arcs normally are undetectable, in certain instances they may send pain sensations to the CNS masked as referred pain. If the peritoneal cavity becomes inflamed or if the bowel is suddenly distended, the body will interpret the afferent pain stimulus as somatic in origin. This pain is usually non-localized. The pain is also usually referred to dermatomes that are at the same spinal nerve level as the visceral afferent synapse.
Vascular effects[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2012)
Sexual activity[edit]
Another role that the parasympathetic nervous system plays is in sexual activity. In males, the cavernous nerves from the prostatic plexus stimulate smooth muscles in the fibrous trabeculae of the coiled helicene arteries to relax and allow blood to fill the corpora cavernosum and the corpus spongiosum of the penis, making it rigid to prepare for sexual activity. Upon emission of ejaculate, the sympathetics participate and cause peristalsis of the ductus deferens and closure of the internal urethral sphincter to prevent semen from entering the bladder. At the same time, parasympathetics cause peristalsis of the urethral muscle, and the pudendal nerve causes contraction of the bulbospongiosus (skeletal muscle is not via PN), to forcibly emit the semen. During remission the penis becomes flaccid again. In the female, there is erectile tissue analogous to the male yet less substantial that plays a large role in sexual stimulation. The PN cause release of secretions in the female that decrease friction. Also in the female, the parasympathetics innervate the fallopian tubes, which helps peristaltic contractions and movement of the oocyte to the uterus for implantation. The secretions from the female genital tract aid in sperm migration. The PN (and SN to a lesser extent) play a significant role in reproduction.[7]
Receptors[edit]
The parasympathetic nervous system uses chiefly acetylcholine (ACh) as its neurotransmitter, although peptides (such as cholecystokinin) can be used.[11][12] The ACh acts on two types of receptors, the muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Most transmissions occur in two stages: When stimulated, the preganglionic neuron releases ACh at the ganglion, which acts on nicotinic receptors of postganglionic neurons. The postganglionic neuron then releases ACh to stimulate the muscarinic receptors of the target organ.
Types of muscarinic receptors[edit]
The five main types of muscarinic receptors:
The M1 muscarinic receptors (CHRM1) are located in the neural system.
The M2 muscarinic receptors (CHRM2) are located in the heart, and act to bring the heart back to normal after the actions of the sympathetic nervous system: slowing down the heart rate, reducing contractile forces of the atrial cardiac muscle, and reducing conduction velocity of the sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node. They have a minimal effect on the contractile forces of the ventricular muscle due to sparse innervation of the ventricles from the parasympathetic nervous system.
The M3 muscarinic receptors (CHRM3) are located at many places in the body, such as the endothelial cells of blood vessels, as well as the lungs causing bronchoconstriction. The net effect of innervated M3 receptors on blood vessels is vasodilation, as acetylcholine causes endothelial cells to produce nitric oxide, which diffuses to smooth muscle and results in vasodilation. They are also in the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, which help in increasing intestinal motility and dilating sphincters. The M3 receptors are also located in many glands that help to stimulate secretion in salivary glands and other glands of the body. They are also located on the detrusor muscle and urothelium of the bladder, causing contraction.[13]
The M4 muscarinic receptors: Postganglionic cholinergic nerves, possible CNS effects
The M5 muscarinic receptors: Possible effects on the CNS
Types of nicotinic receptors[edit]
In vertebrates, nicotinic receptors are broadly classified into two subtypes based on their primary sites of expression: muscle-type nicotinic receptors (N1) primarily for somatic motor neurons; and neuronal-type nicotinic receptors (N2) primarily for autonomic nervous system.[14]
Relationship to sympathetic nervous system[edit]
Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions typically function in opposition to each other. The sympathetic division typically functions in actions requiring quick responses. The parasympathetic division functions with actions that do not require immediate reaction. A useful mnemonic to summarize the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system is SSLUDD (sexual arousal, salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion and defecation).
Clinical significance[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2012)
The parasympathetic nervous system promotes digestion and the synthesis of glycogen, and allows for normal function and behavior.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Langley, John Newport (1921). The Autonomic Nervous System. Cambridge: Heffer. p. 10. ISBN 9781152710191.
Jump up ^ Pocock, Gillian (2006). Human Physiology (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-0-19-856878-0.
Jump up ^ McCorry, LK (Aug 15, 2007). "Physiology of the autonomic nervous system". American journal of pharmaceutical education. 71 (4): 78. doi:10.5688/aj710478. PMC 1959222  . PMID 17786266.
Jump up ^ "visceral nerve fibers - definition of visceral nerve fibers in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia". Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 2012-07-06.
Jump up ^ "Visceral nerve - RightDiagnosis.com". Wrongdiagnosis.com. 2012-02-01. Retrieved 2012-07-06.
Jump up ^ "The Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord". www.emery.edu. 1997-08-21. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
^ Jump up to: a b c Moore, Keith L.; Agur, A. M. R. (2007). Essential Clinical Anatomy (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-6274-8.
Jump up ^ Netter. Atlas of Human Anatomy, Fourth Ed. Saunders Elsevier. 2003.
^ Jump up to: a b Espinosa-Medina, I; Saha, O; Boismoreau, F; Chettouh, Z; Rossi, F; Richardson, WD; Brunet, JF (18 November 2016). "The sacral autonomic outflow is sympathetic". Science. 354 (6314): 893–897. doi:10.1126/science.aah5454. PMID 27856909.
^ Jump up to: a b Unless specified otherwise in the boxes, the source is: Moore, Keith L.; Agur, A. M. R. (2002). Essential Clinical Anatomy (2nd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-7817-5940-3.
Jump up ^ Wank, SA (Nov 1995). "Cholecystokinin receptors". The American Journal of Physiology. 269 (5 Pt 1): G628–46. PMID 7491953.
Jump up ^ Takai, N; Shida, T; Uchihashi, K; Ueda, Y; Yoshida, Y (Apr 15, 1998). "Cholecystokinin as neurotransmitter and neuromodulator in parasympathetic secretion in the rat submandibular gland". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 842: 199–203. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09649.x. PMID 9599311.
Jump up ^ Moro, C; Uchiyama, J; Chess-Williams, R (December 2011). "Urothelial/lamina propria spontaneous activity and the role of M3 muscarinic receptors in mediating rate responses to stretch and carbachol". Urology. 78 (6): 1442.e9–15. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2011.08.039. PMID 22001099.
Jump up ^ Colquhoun, David. "Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors" (PDF). www.ucl.ac.uk/. University College London. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
[show]
v
t
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Nervous system
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[show]
v
t
e
Anatomy of the autonomic nervous system
Head
Sympathetic
Cervical ganglia: roots
long ciliary
Deep petrosal
Parasympathetic
Ciliary ganglion: roots
Sensory
Parasympathetic
Short ciliary
Pterygopalatine ganglion: deep petrosal
nerve of pterygoid canal
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paravertebral ganglia: Thoracic ganglia
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splanchnic nerves: cardiopulmonary
thoracic
cardiac nerves: Superior
Middle
Inferior
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Sympathetic
paravertebral ganglia: Lumbar ganglia
prevertebral ganglia:
Celiac ganglia
Aorticorenal
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Inferior mesenteric ganglion
prevertebral plexus:
Celiac plexus
Hepatic
Splenic
Pancreatic
aorticorenal
Abdominal aortic plexus
Renal/Suprarenal
Superior mesenteric
Gastric
Inferior mesenteric
Spermatic
Ovarian
Superior hypogastric
hypogastric nerve
Superior rectal
Inferior hypogastric
Vesical
Prostatic / Cavernous nerves of penis
Uterovaginal
Middle rectal
splanchnic nerves: Lumbar splanchnic nerves
Enteric
Submucous plexus
Myenteric plexus
Pelvis
Sympathetic
paravertebral ganglia: Sacral ganglia
Ganglion impar
splanchnic nerves: Sacral splanchnic nerves
Parasympathetic
splanchnic nerves: Pelvic splanchnic nerves
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Groundhog Day (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Groundhog Day
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Harold Ramis
Produced by
Trevor Albert
Harold Ramis
Screenplay by
Harold Ramis
Danny Rubin
Story by
Danny Rubin
Starring
Bill Murray
Andie MacDowell
Chris Elliott
Music by
George Fenton
Cinematography
John Bailey
Edited by
Pembroke J. Herring
Distributed by
Columbia Pictures
Release date
February 12, 1993 (1993-02-12)
Running time
101 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$14.6 million[1]
Box office
$70.9 million (North America)[2]
Groundhog Day is a 1993 American comedy film directed by Harold Ramis and written by Ramis and Danny Rubin. It stars Bill Murray as Phil Connors, a TV weatherman who, during an assignment covering the annual Groundhog Day event, is caught in a time loop, repeating the same day repeatedly. Andie MacDowell and Chris Elliott co-star.
Groundhog Day was a modest success on release and garnered generally positive reviews. It later attracted critical acclaim and is now often included in lists of the best comedy films. The term "groundhog day" is now used to describe a recurring situation in government and military arenas. In 2006, the film was added to the United States National Film Registry as being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[3] A stage musical adapation premiered in 2016.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Concept
3.2 Writing and casting
3.3 Filming
4 Release
4.1 Critical reception
4.2 Box office
4.3 Accolades
5 Interpretations and analysis
5.1 Time loop duration speculations
6 Legacy
6.1 Events
7 Stage adaptation
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Plot[edit]
Weatherman Phil Connors reassures Pittsburgh viewers that an approaching blizzard will miss western Pennsylvania. He goes with news producer Rita Hanson and cameraman Larry to Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, to cover the Groundhog Day festivities. Phil makes no secret of his contempt for the assignment, the small town, and the "hicks" who live there.
The next day, Phil awakens at his Punxsutawney bed and breakfast to Sonny & Cher's "I Got You Babe" on the clock radio. He tapes a half-hearted report on Punxsutawney Phil and the town's festivities. Rita wants to stay and cover other events, but Phil wants to return to Pittsburgh. The blizzard blankets the region in snow, stranding them in Punxsutawney. Phil shuns the celebrations and retires to bed early.
Phil wakes to "I Got You Babe" and the same announcement from the radio, and discovers the day's events repeating exactly. Phil relives the day and returns to bed, assuming it was a dream, but it is still Groundhog Day when he wakes: he is trapped in a time loop that no one else is aware of. Realizing there are no consequences for his actions, he spends the first several loops indulging in binge drinking, one-night stands, and reckless driving. He becomes depressed and commits suicide several times, but does not escape the loop.
Phil tries to explain his situation to Rita, for whom he has feelings, by accurately predicting the day's events. Rita sympathises and they spend the entirety of one loop together, but Phil wakes up alone as usual. He decides to use his knowledge of the day's events to better himself and the lives of others; he learns how to play the piano, sculpt ice, and speak French, but is unable to prevent the death of a homeless man.
During one loop, Phil enthusiastically reports the Groundhog Day festivities, amazing Rita. They spend the rest of the day together, with Phil impressing her with his apparent overnight transformation and charitable deeds. She successfully bids for Phil at a charity bachelor auction. Phil makes an ice sculpture of Rita's face, and tells her that no matter what happens, even if he is doomed to continue awakening alone each morning forever, he wants her to know that he is finally happy, because he loves her. They retire together to Phil's lodgings. Phil wakes to "I Got You Babe" again, but finds Rita is still in bed with him; he has escaped the time loop.
Cast[edit]
Andie MacDowell with a groundhog, 2008
Bill Murray as Phil Connors
Andie MacDowell as Rita Hanson
Chris Elliott as Larry the cameraman
Stephen Tobolowsky as Ned Ryerson
Brian Doyle-Murray as Buster Green
Angela Paton as Mrs. Lancaster
Rick Ducommun as Gus
Rick Overton as Ralph
Robin Duke as Doris the waitress
Marita Geraghty as Nancy Taylor
Harold Ramis as Neurologist
Richard Henzel as D.J. #1
Rob Riley as D.J. #2
David Pasquesi as Psychiatrist
Hynden Walch as Debbie the bride
Michael Shannon as Fred the groom
Production[edit]
Concept[edit]
Danny Rubin had completed and sold his script for Hear No Evil and moved from Chicago to Los Angeles to become a professional screenwriter around 1990.[4] His agent suggested that he prepare a "calling-card" script that he could use to gain meetings with various producers.[4] He came up with the core idea of the script which would become Groundhog Day while sitting in a movie theater.[4] He asked himself the question "If a person could live forever, if a person was immortal, how would they change over time?"[5] Having this character be immortal and having the world change around them would have been too cumbersome for filming. Instead he came back to a concept he had written down about two years earlier about a man living the same day over and over. With the idea of a person changing over time, this repeating day motif found its "deeper purpose" within the new script.[4] The two ideas, combined, answered his proverbial question as well as opened up several possibilities of drama and comedy with that framework.[5]
Rubin first conceived of the dating aspect for the film, "being able to use your superior knowledge to pick up women", which led to the film leaning more to the comedy side.[5] He knew he needed some calendar date to use for the day, and his earlier concept had the character reliving a late January day over and over; when he looked at his calendar, he saw Groundhog Day, February 2, as a date with great potential as a recognized holiday but one with little fanfare, and a date on which the film could be played annually, similar to Christmas or Halloween specials. Groundhog Day also presented Rubin with the idea of being able to take his character out of his home town into the unfamiliar territory and relative isolation of Punxsutawney, and cementing the character being named Phil in honor of Punxsutawney Phil, as well as making him a weatherman.[5][4] Rubin took about seven weeks to fix the basic concepts and "rules" for the time loop in the film, and then completed the first draft of the screenplay within three to four days.[5]
Rubin started to shop the screenplay around to around 50 different producers. While many studios expressed interest, they told him they wouldn't be able to film it, though Rubin was able to secure additional work through these meetings. After his own agent left the industry, Rubin hired a spec agent to help sell the script more. The script got to the hands of Richard Lovett in the Creative Artists Agency, who was able to get it to Harold Ramis around 1991, leading to Ramis offering to produce the film.[5][6]
Writing and casting[edit]
In the first draft of the script, Rubin had not wanted to have to explain to the audience how Phil got in the loop, and so had the movie start in medias res, with Phil already in the midst of the looping; the audience would have followed one of his days after waking up to "I Got You Babe" where he is already aware of what will be happening, and thus provoking the audience's curiosity; the film would then have used voice-over narration by Phil to provide some of the backstory.[5] Rita would also confess to being trapped in a time loop of her own.[7] Rubin considered this draft to be more in line with the black comedy Kind Hearts and Coronets, particularly with regards to how Phil's suicides were presented.[4]
While Ramis wanted to keep this approach, the studio applied pressure to use a more standard narrative structure, forcing Rubin to rewrite the script under Ramis' direction.[5] A major change was to restructure the film as a standard three-act piece.[8] This second draft of the screenplay established the reason for Phil being put in a time loop, according to actor Eddie Deezen. In that version, Phil unceremoniously dumps his current girlfriend Stephanie during the introductory scenes of the film at the studio. While Phil is at Punxsutawney, a scorned Stephanie devises a way to cast a spell to trap Phil within the loop for 10,000 years. [9] According to Rubin, he felt that he had taken a defensive position in writing these new scenes, feeling that it would "take away everything that was innovative and interesting and turn it into an easily-dismissed Hollywood comedy", and acknowledges that Ramis interceded on his behalf to remove these explanatory scenes while keeping the three-act format.[4]
Another change in the second draft was to change Phil's attitude from having come to accept the nature of the time loop, to one that was more optimistic about being able to end the loop, making the role more suited to Murray's comedy talents.[6] Ramis had known Murray since their days in The Second City improv troupe and had used him in several successful films prior to Groundhog Day, so he knew how to play on his strengths to convince Murray to take the role. Prior to Murray's casting, Tom Hanks[10] and Michael Keaton[11] turned down the lead role.
Filming[edit]
Tip Top Bistro, established at the site of the fictional Tip Top Cafe in Woodstock
The film was shot in Woodstock, Illinois, 60 miles (97 kilometres) northwest of Chicago near the Wisconsin border, because Punxsutawney "didn't have a town center that looked good on camera", according to Ramis,[7] and because Punxsutawney's remote location magnified the logistical problems and expense of filming there.[12][13] Woodstock was a suitable replacement for Pennsylvania in the winter months; further, Ramis knew the area as a Chicago native and recognized it would be easy to obtain licenses to film there and operate the film's production during the winter months.[13] Punxsutawney officials, miffed that their town had been passed over, refused to allow the real Punxsutawney Phil to appear in the movie,[7] but sent representatives to Woodstock to make sure the ceremony was being depicted accurately;[14] according to producer Trevor Albert, the Punxsutawney officers "were actually very pleased" with their recreation of Gobbler's Knob, the site near Punxsutawney used for the Groundhog Day ceremonies.[13] Filming began on March 16, 1992, and continued through May. Much of the filming was done in colder-than-normal weather, with Murray saying that temperatures were often under 20 °F (−7 °C), and had snowfall that lasted through May.[13]
The "Cherry Street Inn", actually a private home at the time of filming, and actually on Fremont Street
Punxsutawney Phil was played by a series of groundhogs collectively known as Scooter. "[The animals] hated my guts from day one," said Murray, who was bitten twice during shooting, including during the filming of the scene where he drives himself and Phil into a ravine. The bites were severe enough that he was forced to undergo precautionary rabies immunization afterward.[15][13]
The Tip Top Cafe, where many indoor scenes took place, was a set created for the film, but it became an actual restaurant, the Tip Top Bistro, following the movie's success. Later, it became a coffee and Italian ice cream shop,[16] and after that a fried chicken outlet.[17] The Cherry Street Inn, the Queen Anne-Victorian bed & breakfast where Murray's character stayed, was a private home at the time of filming. Today, it is an actual bed & breakfast.[16]
During filming, Murray was in the midst of marital problems and several members of the crew reported his attitude as being erratic. Murray had wanted to make the film more contemplative and less of a comedy, contrary to Ramis' view. Rather than have to handle Murray's constant phone calls, Ramis had Murray work with Rubin in New York City directly to adjust the script to satisfy Murray's requests.[6] Actor Stephen Tobolowsky described the script changes: "When I got the part, it was still kind of a mediocre Bill Murray movie," he said. "You know, Bill Murray, with no consequences, in comic situations ... It wasn't until we got into the shooting that everything turned on its head. And it became not only a good movie, not only a great movie, but a classic."[18]
During the time he was working with Rubin, Murray refused to talk to Ramis, according to Rubin. When Murray returned to Woodstock to complete filming, Ramis described his behavior as "just really irrationally mean", and difficult to work with.[6] Following the filming, Ramis and Murray's longtime collaboration and friendship ended abruptly, without public explanation. Except for a few words at a wake, and later at a bar mitzvah, the two men did not speak for almost 20 years after the film's release.[6][19] Murray finally initiated a reconciliation—at the suggestion of Brian Doyle Murray—only after Ramis entered the final stages of his terminal illness.[20]
Release[edit]
Critical reception[edit]
The film was released to generally favorable reviews. Janet Maslin of The New York Times called it "a particularly witty and resonant comedy"[21] and Hal Hinson of The Washington Post called it "the best American comedy since 'Tootsie'".[22] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave it a "B-",[23] and Desson Howe of The Washington Post noted that even though the film is a good Bill Murray vehicle, "'Groundhog' will never be designated a national film treasure by the Library of Congress".[24] Ironically, the film was selected by the National Film Preservation Board for preservation in the Library of Congress in 2006.[25]
Roger Ebert revisited it in his "Great Movies" series.[26] After giving it a three-star rating in his original review,[27] Ebert acknowledged in his "Great Movies" essay that, like many viewers, he had initially underestimated the film's many virtues and only came to truly appreciate it through repeated viewings.
The film is number 32 on Bravo's "100 Funniest Movies". In Total Film's 1990s special issue, Groundhog Day was deemed the best film of 1993 (the year that saw the release of Schindler's List, The Piano, A Perfect World and The Fugitive). In 2000, readers of Total Film voted it the seventh greatest comedy film of all time. The Writers Guild of America ranked the screenplay #27 on their list of 101 Greatest Screenplays ever written.[28][29] In 2009, American literary theorist Stanley Fish named the film as among the ten best American films ever, writing that "as the movie becomes more serious, it becomes funnier. The comedy and the philosophy (how shall one live?) do not sit side by side, but inhabit each other in a unity that is incredibly satisfying."[30] In 2011, Time Out London named it the 5th-greatest comedy film of all time.[31]
Groundhog Day holds a 96% "Certified Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The site's consensus reads "Smart, sweet, and inventive, Groundhog Day highlights Murray's dramatic gifts while still leaving plenty of room for laughs".[32] The film is regarded as a contemporary classic. It has a score of 72 out of 100 at Metacritic, indicating "Generally favorable reviews."[33]
Box office[edit]
The film was a solid performer in its initial release, grossing $70.9 million in North America and ranking 13th among films released in 1993.[34] It was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, but lost to Jurassic Park.[35]
Accolades[edit]
BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay 1994
British Comedy Awards 1993 (Comedy Film)
Saturn Award for Best Actress (Film) (Andie MacDowell)
In June 2008, AFI revealed its "Ten Top Ten"—the best ten films in ten "classic" American film genres—after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. Groundhog Day was acknowledged as the eighth best film in the fantasy genre.[36][37]
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – #34[38]
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:
#8 Fantasy Film[39]
Interpretations and analysis[edit]
The film is often considered an allegory of self-improvement, emphasizing that happiness comes from placing the needs of others above one's own selfish desires. As the released film offers no explanation why the time loop occurs—or why it ends—viewers are left to draw their own conclusions. Rubin has said that while he and Ramis discussed several of the philosophical and spiritual aspects of the film, they "never intended [it] to be anything more than a good, heartfelt, entertaining story".[4]
"Groundhog Day", as an expression, has become shorthand for the concept of spiritual transcendence.[40][41] As such, the film has become a favorite of some Buddhists,[42][43] who see its themes of selflessness and rebirth as reflections of their own spiritual messages. In the Judeo-Christian tradition, it has been seen as a representation of purgatory. "Connors goes to his own version of hell, but since he's not evil it turns out to be purgatory, from which he is released by shedding his selfishness and committing to acts of love," wrote Jonah Goldberg. "Meanwhile, Hindus and Buddhists see versions of reincarnation here, and Jews find great significance in the fact that Connors is saved only after he performs mitzvahs (good deeds) and is returned to earth, not heaven, to perform more." It has even been described by some religious leaders as the "most spiritual film of our time".[44] “The curse is lifted when Bill Murray blesses the day he has just lived," wrote the critic Rick Brookhiser. "And his reward is that the day is taken from him. Loving life includes loving the fact that it goes.”[45]
Theologian Michael P. Pholey, writing for Touchstone Magazine, commented on the difficulty of determining a single religious or philosophical interpretation of the film, given Ramis's "ambiguous religious beliefs" as "an agnostic raised Jewish and married to a Buddhist", and suggested that when not viewed through a "single hermeneutical lens", the film could be seen as "a stunning allegory of moral, intellectual, and even religious excellence in the face of postmodern decay, a sort of Christian-Aristotelian Pilgrim's Progress for those lost in the contemporary cosmos."[46] Others see an interpretation of Nietzsche's directive to imagine life—metaphorically or literally—as an endless repetition of events. "How would this shape your actions?" asks Goldberg. "What would you choose to live out for all eternity?"[45]
Time loop duration speculations[edit]
In relationship to the spiritual interpretations of the films, many have tried to estimate how long Phil supposedly remains trapped in the loop, in real time, with a wide variance in estimated values. During filming, Ramis, who was a Buddhist, observed that according to Buddhist doctrine, it takes 10,000 years for a soul to evolve to its next level. Therefore, he said, in a spiritual sense, the entire arc of Groundhog Day spans 10,000 years.[18] Deezen noted that the second draft of the screenplay called for Phil to be cursed to live the time loop for 10,000 years.[9] In the DVD commentary, Ramis estimated a real-time duration of 10 years. Later, Ramis told a reporter, "I think the 10-year estimate is too short. It takes at least 10 years to get good at anything, and allotting for the down time and misguided years he spent, it had to be more like 30 or 40 years."[47]
In 2005, Rubin said, "Ultimately it became this weird political issue because if you asked the studio, 'How long was the repetition?', they'd say, 'Two weeks'. But the point of the movie to me was that you had to feel you were enduring something that was going on for a long time ... For me it had to be—I don't know. A hundred years. A lifetime."[48] In 2014, the website WhatCulture combined various time duration assumptions and estimated that Phil spent a total of 12,395 days—just under 34 years—reliving Groundhog Day.[49][50]
Legacy[edit]
The narrative of a protagonist trapped in a time loop, where escape is only possible after accumulating knowledge through multiple passes, is a popular trope in fictional works.[51] Rubin noted that with his script, he "stumbled upon a story with all the makings of a classic, so simple and true that it could be retold many different ways by many different storytellers."[4] Though not the earliest example, the trope has been named after Groundhog Day by the website TV Tropes and other sources because the film established the trope in popular culture.[52] Such films as Edge of Tomorrow and ARQ have used it, as have television shows; one of the more recognized examples is The X-Files episode "Monday". Other genres, including sit-coms and dramas, have employed it as well. Pilot Viruet, in the magazine Vice, wrote, "Because of the inherent reset button the trope provides, an episode of TV can explore different scenarios, plots, character interactions, and outcomes—and if any of them don't quite feel right, the writers can start over (often with the ringing of a shrill alarm clock)."[53]
The phrase "Groundhog Day" has entered common usage as a reference to an unpleasant situation that continually repeats.[54] Goldberg paraphrased the common meaning as "same stuff, different day".[45] In the military, referring to unpleasant, unchanging, repetitive situations as "Groundhog Day" became widespread soon after the movie's release in February 1993. A magazine article about the aircraft carrier USS America mentions its use by sailors in September 1993.[55] The film was a favorite among the Rangers deployed for Operation Gothic Serpent in Somalia in 1993, because they saw the film as a metaphor of their own situation, waiting monotonous long days between raids.[56] In February 1994, crew members of the aircraft carrier USS Saratoga referred to their deployment in the Adriatic Sea, in support of Bosnia operations, as Groundhog Station. A speech by President Clinton in January 1996 specifically referred to the movie and the use of the phrase by military personnel in Bosnia.[57] Fourteen years after the movie's release, "Groundhog Day" was noted as common American military slang for any day of a tour of duty in Iraq, often as a successor to the World War II-era slang term "SNAFU" ("Situation Normal: All Fucked Up").[45][58]
In his Iraq War memoir Victory Denied, Maj. Roger Aeschliman describes guarding assorted visiting dignitaries as his "Groundhog Day":
The dignitary changes but everything else is exactly the same. The same airplanes drop them off at the same places. The same helicopters take us to the same meetings with the same presenters covering the same topics using the same slides. We visit the same troops at the same mess halls and send them away from the same airport pads to find our own way home late at night. Over and over and over and over and over and over and over and over and over until we are redeemed and allowed to go home to Kansas. Amen.[59]
In the 2015 memoir, Guantánamo Diary, Mohamedou Ould Slahi refers to the film twice to describe his ongoing confinement in Guantanamo, Cuba.[60]
Member of Parliament Dennis Skinner compared British Prime Minister Tony Blair's treatment following the 2004 Hutton Inquiry to the film. "[The affair] was, he said, like Groundhog Day, with the prime minister's critics demanding one inquiry, then another inquiry, then another inquiry." Blair responded, "I could not have put it better myself. Indeed I did not put it better myself."[61]
Events[edit]
The town of Punxsutawney has seen much larger crowds at the annual Groundhog Day event since the film's release.[62]
Since 1992 the town of Woodstock, Illinois where the film was mostly shot has staged an annual Groundhog Day festival, featuring a dinner dance, free screenings of the movie, and a walking tour of the opera house, bowling alley, movie theater, Moose Lodge (site of the dinner dance scene), the piano teacher's house, Cherry Street Inn, and other locations from the film.[16]
On February 2, 2016, fans of the film in Liverpool experienced their own "Groundhog Day" by binge-watching the film 12 times in 24 hours.[63]
On February 2, 2018, Sky Cinema showed the film 13 times to celebrate the event the film is named after. All of these were consecutive from 6am, with a showing of Dragnet being the only different film shown on the channel that day.
Stage adaptation[edit]
Main article: Groundhog Day (musical)
Although Stephen Sondheim expressed interest in creating a musical adaption of the film in 2003,[64] he eventually concluded that " ... to make a musical of Groundhog Day would be to gild the lily. It cannot be improved."[65] Nevertheless, Ramis announced in 2009 that Rubin was working on an adaptation.[66] At a 2014 concert in Hyde Park, the Australian comedian and lyricist Tim Minchin performed a song he had written for the show, "Seeing You".[67]
The musical was officially confirmed in April 2015, with a book by Rubin based on his and Ramis's original screenplay,[68] directed by Matthew Warchus,[69] choreography by Peter Darling,[70] design by Rob Howell,[71] and an original score and lyrics by Minchin.[72] The production reunites most of the creative team behind the 2010 musical Matilda.[73] It premiered in 2016 at The Old Vic theatre in London[74][75] as part of Warchus's debut season as artistic director there.[76] Broadway performances began in March 2017.[77] The musical was well-received, with both the London and Broadway shows receiving a number of nominations and awards, including the Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical for the London production.[78]
See also[edit]
List of films featuring time loops
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Groundhog Day – Box Office Data, DVD and Blu-ray Sales, Movie News, Cast and Crew Information". The Numbers. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Groundhog Day (1993)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Films Added to National Film Registry for 2006" (Press release). Library of Congress. December 27, 2006. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Rubin, Danny (August 7, 2016). "How I wrote the script for Groundhog Day in less than a week". The Telegraph. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Hoffman, Paul (May 10, 2010). "Big Think Interview With Danny Rubin". Big Think. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Friend, Tad (April 19, 2004). "Comedy First". The New Yorker. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Cormier, Roger. "16 Repeatable Facts About 'Groundhog Day'". Mental Floss. Retrieved March 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Figueroa, Dariel (September 21, 2014). "The Story Behind Bill Murray And Harold Ramis' 21 Year Rift". Uproxx. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Miss Cellonia (February 1, 2012). "Why Did Bill Murray Keep Going Back in Groundhog Day?". Neatorama. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Happy 'Groundhog Day': Here's 5 Things You Didn't Know About the Movie". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Acuna, Kristen. "Why Michael Keaton Turned Down The Chance To Star In 'Groundhog Day' And 'Lost'". Business Insider. Retrieved March 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ What the Heck is Groundhog Day Anyway? pittsburgh.about.com, retrieved August 9, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Willistein, Paul (February 12, 1993). "Groundhog Sinks Teeth Into Film Role Bill Murray Calls Co-star `Cranky'". The Morning Call. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Groundhog Day. MidniteTicket.com, retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bill Murray And The Beast Filming "Groundhog Day" Turned Out To Be A Nightmare For The Actor. His Furry Co-star Had A Hankering For His Blood. The Philadelphia Inquirer, February 7, 1993, retrieved August 9, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Groundhog Day filming locations.locationshub.com, retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Groundhogday Puddle scene location after 20 years". Retrieved 2015-01-04.
^ Jump up to: a b Jekelek, Jan (2010-02-11). "In Depth With 'Groundhog Day's' Ned Ryerson, Actor Stephen Tobolowsky". Epoch Times. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
Jump up ^ Heisler, Steve. "Harold Ramis | Film". A.V. Club. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
Jump up ^ Wakeman, Gregory. "How Groundhog Day Ruined Bill Murray And Harold Ramis' Partnership". Retrieved May 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Maslin, Janet (1993-02-12). "New York Times Movie Review: Groundhog Day". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-11-29.
Jump up ^ "Washington Post: "Groundhog Day"". The Washington Post. 1993-02-12. Retrieved 2012-11-29.
Jump up ^ "Entertainment Weekly Movie Reviews: Groundhog Day". 1993-02-12. Retrieved 2012-11-29.
Jump up ^ "Washington Post: "Groundhog Day"". The Washington Post. 1993-02-12. Retrieved 2012-11-29.
Jump up ^ "National Film Preservation Board, December 27, 2006". Retrieved 2012-11-29.
Jump up ^ Roger Ebert's Great Movies Review of Groundhog Day January 30, 2005.
Jump up ^ Roger Ebert's Review of Groundhog Day February 12, 1993
Jump up ^ "The 101 Greatest Screenplays". Writers Guild of America. Archived from the original on 2006-08-13. Retrieved 2007-03-13.
Jump up ^ Savage, Sophia (February 27, 2013). "WGA Lists Greatest Screenplays, From 'Casablanca' and 'Godfather' to 'Memento' and 'Notorious'". Archived from the original on August 13, 2006. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Stanley Fish (2009-01-04). "The 10 Best American Movies". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
Jump up ^ "100 Best Comedy Movies". Time Out London. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Groundhog Day". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2012-10-17.
Jump up ^ "Groundhog Day – Metacritic". Retrieved 2012-11-29.
Jump up ^ "1993 Domestic Grosses".
Jump up ^ "1994 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2012-10-17.
Jump up ^ American Film Institute (2008-06-17). "AFI Crowns Top 10 Films in 10 Classic Genres". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Fantasy". American Film Institute. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs" (PDF). American Film Institute. Retrieved 2016-08-06.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 10 Top 10: Top 10 Fantasy". American Film Institute. Retrieved 2016-08-06.
Jump up ^ "The spiritual power of repetitive form: Steps toward transcendence in Groundhog Day". Suzanne Daughton, Critical Studies in Mass Communication. Annandale: Jun 1996. Vol. 13, Iss. 2; pg. 138, 17 pgs.
Jump up ^ Kuczynski, Alex (December 7, 2003). "Groundhog Almighty". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 7, 2003. Retrieved 2009-10-10. Angela Zito, a co-director of the Center for Religion and Media at New York University, screens the film for students in her Buddhism class. She said that Groundhog Day perfectly illustrates the Buddhist notion of samsara, the continuing cycle of rebirth that Buddhists regard as suffering that humans must try to escape (a belief, Dr. Zito noted, that was missed by executives at Guerlain, who, searching for an exotic name, introduced a perfume called Samsara in the 1980s, overlooking the negative connotations). Groundhog Day, Dr. Zito said, is a cinematic version of the teachings in Mahayana Buddhism, known as "the greater vehicle." "In Mahayana," she said, "nobody ever imagines they are going to escape samsara until everybody else does. That is why you have bodhisattvas, who reach the brink of nirvana, and stop and come back and save the rest of us. Bill Murray is the bodhisattva. He is not going to abandon the world. On the contrary, he is released back into the world to save it."
Jump up ^ Schindler, Paul. "Groundhog Day The Movie, Buddhism and Me". schindler.org. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
Jump up ^ Garfinkel, Perry (February 2, 2014). "And If He Sees His Shadow..." Lion's Roar. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Andrew Buncombe (2004-02-02). "Is this the greatest story ever told?". The Independent. London: isgodimaginary.com. Retrieved 2013-01-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Goldberg, Jonah (2016-02-02). "A Movie for All Time". National Review. Retrieved 2016-02-02.
Jump up ^ Pholey, Michael (April 2004). "Phil's Shadow". Touchstone. 17 (3). Retrieved August 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Harold Ramis's Response to the Groundhog Day Timeline Study". Heeb. Archived from the original on 2009-08-18.
Jump up ^ Gilbey, R. Groundhog Day (BFI Modern Classics). British Film Institute (2005), pp. 44–5. ISBN 1844570320
Jump up ^ "Just How Many Days Does Bill Murray REALLY Spend Stuck Reliving ‘Groundhog Day’?" by Simon Gallagher, WhatCulture.com
Jump up ^ How Many Days Does Bill Murray Spend Stuck In Groundhog Day? (uploaded to YouTube by WhatCulture on May 20, 2014, with 491,624 views as of 10/20/17)
Jump up ^ Anders, Charlie Jane (April 10, 2009). "Let's Do The Time Loop Again. And Again..." io9. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Groundhog Day Loop on TVTropes.com, retrieved February 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Viruet, Pilot (February 2, 2017). "The Pop Culture Legacy of 'Groundhog Day'". Vice. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hurricane Fatigue". USA Today. 2004-09-26. Retrieved 2009-10-10.
Jump up ^ "Diplomacy's Gunboat". U.S. News & World Report. 1994-02-22. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
Jump up ^ Bowden, Black Hawk Down, Corgi edition, 2000 p.534.
Jump up ^ Remarks to American Troops at Tuzla Airfield, Bosnia-Herzegovina, January 13, 1996.
Jump up ^ "'Embrace the Suck' and More Military Speak". Retrieved 2009-11-26.
Jump up ^ Aeschliman, Roger T. (2007). Victory Denied: Everything You Know about Iraq is Wrong!. Authorhouse. p. 306. ISBN 1434348954.
Jump up ^ Slahi, Mohamedou Ould (2015). Guantánamo Diary. Little, Brown and Company. pp. 237, 311. ISBN 978-0-316-32860-9.
Jump up ^ Nick Assinder (2004-02-04). "Politics: Prime Minister's Questions". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
Jump up ^ Waxman, Olivia (February 1, 2017). "The Surprising Way Groundhog Day Changed the Town of Punxsutawney". Time. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Groundhog Day for 'hardcore' film fans in Liverpool". BBC News Online. February 2, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sondheim Talks About Bounce; Revisions in Works". playbill.com. Playbill. August 26, 2003. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Roundabout Live Chat". Roundabout Theatre. May 5, 2008. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Groundhog Day' Musical In The Works, Says Harold Ramis". moviesblog.mtv.com. MTV News. March 31, 2009. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tim Minchin's Groundhog Day Musical Gets Off the Ground; Watch Song Performed in London (Video)". playbill.com. Playbill. July 17, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "It'll Be 'Groundhog Day' on Broadway for 'Matilda' Team". artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com. The New York Times. April 2, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nothing will ever be the same again: now it's Groundhog Day the musical". thetimes.co.uk. The Times. April 21, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tim Minchin's Groundhog Day musical confirmed for 2017". theguardian.com. The Guardian. April 3, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Encore! Groundhog Day to open on Broadway". telegraph.co.uk. The Telegraph. April 3, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tim Minchin Writing 'Groundhog Day' Stage Musical". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. January 15, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Groundhog Day musical: Tim Minchin to write lyrics with Matilda collaborators also attached". independent.co.uk. The Independent. April 6, 2015. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Warchus Announces First Season at Old Vic, Including Pre-Broadway Groundhog Day". playbill.com. Playbill. April 21, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Groundhog Day musical to premiere at Old Vic from Matilda theatre director". independent.co.uk. The Independent. April 20, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Groundhog Day' musical to premiere at London's Old Vic". dailymail.co.uk. Daily Mail. April 21, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Photo Flash: Welcome to Smalltown, USA! First Look at GROUNDHOG DAY on Broadway". brodawayworld.com. Broadway World. March 28, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Olivier Awards 2017 Full List". The Guardian. March 6, 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Gilbey, Ryan (2004). Groundhog Day. London: British Film Institute. ISBN 1-84457-032-0.
Rubin, Danny (2012). How to Write "Groundhog Day". Boston: Triad Publishing. ASIN B0072PEV6U.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Groundhog Day.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Groundhog Day
Look up Groundhog Day in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Groundhog Day on IMDb
Groundhog Day at the TCM Movie Database
Groundhog Day at AllMovie
Groundhog Day at the American Film Institute Catalog
Groundhog Day at Box Office Mojo
Groundhog Day at Rotten Tomatoes
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Films directed by Harold Ramis
Caddyshack (1980)
National Lampoon's Vacation (1983)
Club Paradise (1986)
Groundhog Day (1993)
Stuart Saves His Family (1995)
Multiplicity (1996)
Analyze This (1999)
Bedazzled (2000)
Analyze That (2002)
The Ice Harvest (2005)
Year One (2009)
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