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Gram-negative bacteria
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Microscopic image of gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria (pink-red rods)
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the gram-staining method of bacterial differentiation.[1] They are characterized by their cell envelopes, which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall sandwiched between an inner cytoplasmic cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane.
Gram-negative bacteria are found everywhere, in virtually all environments on Earth that support life. The gram-negative bacteria include the model organism Escherichia coli, as well as many pathogenic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Yersinia pestis. They are an important medical challenge, as their outer membrane protects them from many antibiotics (including penicillin); detergents that would normally damage the peptidoglycans of the (inner) cell membrane; and lysozyme, an antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system. Additionally, the outer leaflet of this membrane comprises a complex lipopolysaccharide (LPS) whose lipid A component can cause a toxic reaction when these bacteria are lysed by immune cells. This toxic reaction can include fever, an increased respiratory rate, and low blood pressure — a life-threatening condition known as septic shock.[2]
Several classes of antibiotics have been designed to target gram-negative bacteria, including aminopenicillins, ureidopenicillins, cephalosporins, beta-lactam-betalactamase combinations (e.g. pipercillin-tazobactam), Folate antagonists, quinolones, and carbapenems. Many of these antibiotics also cover gram positive organisms. The drugs that specifically target gram negative organisms include aminoglycosides, monobactams (aztreonam) and Ciprofloxacin.
Contents
1 Characteristics
2 Classification
3 Taxonomy
3.1 Example species
4 Bacterial transformation
5 Medical treatment
6 Orthographic note
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Notes
9 External links
Characteristics[edit]
Gram-negative cell wall structure
Gram-positive and -negative bacteria are differentiated chiefly by their cell wall structure
Gram-negative bacteria display these characteristics:
An inner cell membrane is present (cytoplasmic)
A thin peptidoglycan layer is present (This is much thicker in gram-positive bacteria)
Has outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides (LPS, which consists of lipid A, core polysaccharide, and O antigen) in its outer leaflet and phospholipids in the inner leaflet
Porins exist in the outer membrane, which act like pores for particular molecules
Between the outer membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane there is a space filled with a concentrated gel-like substance called periplasm
The S-layer is directly attached to the outer membrane rather than to the peptidoglycan
If present, flagella have four supporting rings instead of two
Teichoic acids or lipoteichoic acids are absent
Lipoproteins are attached to the polysaccharide backbone
Some contain Braun's lipoprotein, which serves as a link between the outer membrane and the peptidoglycan chain by a covalent bond
Most, with very few exceptions, do not form spores
Classification[edit]
Along with cell shape, gram-staining is a rapid diagnostic tool and once was used to group species at the subdivision of Bacteria. Historically, the kingdom Monera was divided into four divisions based on gram-staining: Firmacutes (+), Gracillicutes (−), Mollicutes (0) and Mendocutes (var.).[3] Since 1987, the monophyly of the gram-negative bacteria has been disproven with molecular studies.[4] However some authors, such as Cavalier-Smith still treat them as a monophyletic taxon (though not a clade; his definition of monophyly requires a single common ancestor but does not require holophyly, the property that all descendants be encompassed by the taxon) and refer to the group as a subkingdom "Negibacteria".[5]
Taxonomy[edit]
This section may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Bacteria are traditionally divided into the two groups: gram-positive and gram-negative, based on their gram-staining response. Gram-positive bacteria are also referred to as monoderms having one membrane, and gram-negative bacteria are also referred to as diderms, having two membranes. These groups are often thought of as lineages, with gram-negative bacteria more closely related to one another than to gram-positive bacteria. While this is often true, the classification system breaks down in some cases. A given bacteria's staining result, bacterial membrane organization, and lineage groupings do not always match up.[6][7][8][9] Thus, gram-staining cannot be reliably used to assess familial relationships of bacteria. However, staining often gives reliable information about the composition of the cell membrane, distinguishing between the presence or absence of an outer lipid membrane.[6][10]
Of these two structurally distinct groups of prokaryotic organisms, monoderm prokaryotes are indicated to be ancestral. Based upon a number of different observations including that the gram-positive bacteria are the major reactors to antibiotics and that gram-negative bacteria are, in general, resistant to them, it has been proposed that the outer cell membrane in gram-negative bacteria (diderms) evolved as a protective mechanism against antibiotic selection pressure.[6][7][10][11] Some bacteria such as Deinococcus, which stain gram-positive due to the presence of a thick peptidoglycan layer, but also possess an outer cell membrane are suggested as intermediates in the transition between monoderm (gram-positive) and diderm (gram-negative) bacteria.[6][11] The diderm bacteria can also be further differentiated between simple diderms lacking lipopolysaccharide; the archetypical diderm bacteria, in which the outer cell membrane contains lipopolysaccharide; and the diderm bacteria, in which the outer cell membrane is made up of mycolic acid (e. g. Mycobacterium).[8][9][11][12]
In addition, a number of bacterial taxa (including Negativicutes, Fusobacteria, Synergistetes, and Elusimicrobia) that are either part of the phylum Firmicutes or branches in its proximity are also found to possess a diderm cell structure.[9][11][12] However, a conserved signature indel (CSI) in the HSP60 (GroEL) protein distinguishes all traditional phyla of gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Proteobacteria, Aquificae, Chlamydiae, Bacteroidetes, Chlorobi, Cyanobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes, Spirochetes, Acidobacteria) from these other atypical diderm bacteria as well as other phyla of monoderm bacteria (e.g., Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Thermotogae, Chloroflexi).[11] The presence of this CSI in all sequenced species of conventional lipopolysaccharide-containing gram-negative bacterial phyla provides evidence that these phyla of bacteria form a monophyletic clade and that no loss of the outer membrane from any species from this group has occurred.[11]
Example species[edit]
The proteobacteria are a major phylum of gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella, Shigella, and other Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Moraxella, Helicobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Bdellovibrio, acetic acid bacteria, Legionella etc. Other notable groups of gram-negative bacteria include the cyanobacteria, spirochaetes, green sulfur, and green non-sulfur bacteria.
Medically relevant gram-negative cocci include the four types that cause a sexually transmitted disease (Neisseria gonorrhoeae), a meningitis (Neisseria meningitidis), and respiratory symptoms (Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae).
Medically relevant gram-negative bacilli include a multitude of species. Some of them cause primarily respiratory problems (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), primarily urinary problems (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens), and primarily gastrointestinal problems (Helicobacter pylori, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhi).
Gram-negative bacteria associated with hospital-acquired infections include Acinetobacter baumannii, which cause bacteremia, secondary meningitis, and ventilator-associated pneumonia in hospital intensive-care units.
Bacterial transformation[edit]
Transformation is one of three processes for horizontal gene transfer, in which exogenous genetic material passes from bacterium to another, the other two being conjugation (transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact) and transduction (injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage virus into the host bacterium).[13] In transformation, the genetic material passes through the intervening medium, and uptake is completely dependent on the recipient bacterium.[13]
As of 2014 about 80 species of bacteria were known to be capable of transformation, about evenly divided between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; the number might be an overestimate since several of the reports are supported by single papers.[13] Transformation has been studied in medically important Gram-negative bacteria species such as Helicobacter pylori, Legionella pneumophila, Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus influenzae and Vibrio cholerae.[14] It has also been studied in gram-negative species found in soil such as Pseudomonas stutzeri, Acinetobacter baylyi, and gram-negative plant pathogens such as Ralstonia solanacearum and Xylella fastidiosa.[14]
Medical treatment[edit]
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One of the several unique characteristics of gram-negative bacteria is the structure of the bacterial outer membrane. The outer leaflet of this membrane comprises a complex lipopolysaccharide (LPS) whose lipid portion acts as an endotoxin. If gram-negative bacteria enter the circulatory system, the liposaccharide can cause a toxic reaction. This results in fever, an increased respiratory rate, and low blood pressure. This may lead to life-threatening septic shock.[2]
The outer membrane protects the bacteria from several antibiotics, dyes, and detergents that would normally damage either the inner membrane or the cell wall (made of peptidoglycan). The outer membrane provides these bacteria with resistance to lysozyme and penicillin. The periplasmic space (space between the two cell membranes) also contains enzymes which break down or modify antibiotics. Drugs commonly used to treat gram negative infections include amino, carboxy and ureido penicillins (ampicillin, amoxicillin, pipercillin, ticarcillin) these drugs may be combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors to combat the presence of enzymes that can digest these drugs (known as beta-lactamases) in the peri-plasmic space. Other classes of drugs that have gram negative spectrum include cephalosporins, monobactams (aztreonam), aminogylosides, quinolones, macrolides, chloramphenicol, folate antagonists, and carbapenems.[15]
The pathogenic capability of gram-negative bacteria is often associated with certain components of their membrane, in particular, the LPS.[1] In humans, the presence of LPS triggers an innate immune response, activating the immune system and producing cytokines (hormonal regulators). Inflammation is a common reaction to cytokine production, which can also produce host toxicity. The innate immune response to LPS, however, is not synonymous with pathogenicity, or the ability to cause disease.[citation needed]
Orthographic note[edit]
The adjectives Gram-positive and Gram-negative derive from the surname of Hans Christian Gram, a Danish bacteriologist; as eponymous adjectives, their initial letter can be either capital G or lower-case g, depending on which style guide (e.g., that of the CDC), if any, governs the document being written.[16] This is further explained at Gram staining § Orthographic note.
See also[edit]
Gram-indeterminate
Lower plants
Outer membrane receptor
References[edit]
This article incorporates public domain material from the NCBI document "Science Primer".
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Baron S, Salton MR, Kim KS (1996). "Structure". In Baron S, et al. Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1. PMID 21413343.
^ Jump up to: a b Pellitier LL Jr, "Microbiology of the Circulatory System" "NCBI Bookshelf", April 18, 2017
Jump up ^ Gibbons, N. E.; Murray, R. G. E. (1978). "Proposals Concerning the Higher Taxa of Bacteria". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 28 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1099/00207713-28-1-1.
Jump up ^ Woese CR (June 1987). "Bacterial evolution". Microbiol. Rev. 51 (2): 221–71. PMC 373105  . PMID 2439888.
Jump up ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (2006). "Rooting the tree of life by transition analyses". Biol. Direct. 1: 19. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-1-19. PMC 1586193  . PMID 16834776.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gupta RS (December 1998). "Protein phylogenies and signature sequences: A reappraisal of evolutionary relationships among archaebacteria, eubacteria, and eukaryotes". Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62 (4): 1435–91. PMC 98952  . PMID 9841678.
^ Jump up to: a b Gupta RS (2000). "The natural evolutionary relationships among prokaryotes" (PDF). Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 26 (2): 111–31. doi:10.1080/10408410091154219. PMID 10890353.
^ Jump up to: a b Desvaux M, Hébraud M, Talon R, Henderson IR (April 2009). "Secretion and subcellular localizations of bacterial proteins: a semantic awareness issue". Trends Microbiol. 17 (4): 139–45. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2009.01.004. PMID 19299134.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sutcliffe IC (October 2010). "A phylum level perspective on bacterial cell envelope architecture". Trends Microbiol. 18 (10): 464–70. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2010.06.005. PMID 20637628.
^ Jump up to: a b Gupta RS (August 1998). "What are archaebacteria: life's third domain or monoderm prokaryotes related to gram-positive bacteria? A new proposal for the classification of prokaryotic organisms". Mol. Microbiol. 29 (3): 695–707. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00978.x. PMID 9723910.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Gupta RS (August 2011). "Origin of diderm (gram-negative) bacteria: antibiotic selection pressure rather than endosymbiosis likely led to the evolution of bacterial cells with two membranes". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 100 (2): 171–82. doi:10.1007/s10482-011-9616-8. PMC 3133647  . PMID 21717204.
^ Jump up to: a b Marchandin H, Teyssier C, Campos J, Jean-Pierre H, Roger F, Gay B, Carlier JP, Jumas-Bilak E (June 2010). "Negativicoccus succinicivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., --~~~~isolated from human clinical samples, emended description of the family Veillonellaceae any classis nov., Selenomonadales ord. nov. and Acidaminococcaceae fam. nov. in the bacterial phylum Firmicutes". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60 (Pt 6): 1271–9. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.013102-0. PMID 19667386.
^ Jump up to: a b c Johnston C, Martin B, Fichant G, Polard P, Claverys JP (2014). "Bacterial transformation: distribution, shared mechanisms and divergent control". Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 12 (3): 181–96. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3199. PMID 24509783.
^ Jump up to: a b Seitz P, Blokesch M (2013). "Cues and regulatory pathways involved in natural competence and transformation in pathogenic and environmental Gram-negative bacteria". FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 37 (3): 336–63. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00353.x. PMID 22928673.
Jump up ^ "NEJM Journal Watch: Summaries of and commentary on original medical and scientific articles from key medical journals". www.jwatch.org.
Jump up ^ "Preferred Usage - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC". CDC.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
External links[edit]
3D structures of proteins from inner membranes of Ellie Wyithe's gram-negative bacteria
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I Don't Wanna Know
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Mario Winans song. For other uses, see I Don't Want to Know (disambiguation).
"I Don't Wanna Know"
Single by Mario Winans featuring Enya and P. Diddy
from the album Hurt No More
B-side
"Pretty Girl Bullsh*t"
Released
February 3, 2004
Genre
R&B
Length
4:17
Label
Bad Boy
Songwriter(s)
Mario Winans, Sean Combs, Enya, Lo Down, Chauncey Hawkins, Erick Sermon, Parrish Smith
Producer(s)
Mario Winans
Mario Winans singles chronology
"Crush on You"
(2003) "I Don't Wanna Know"
(2004) "Never Really Was"
(2004)
"Crush on You"
(2003) "I Don't Wanna Know"
(2004) "Never Really Was"
(2004)
P. Diddy singles chronology
"Shake Ya Tailfeather"
(2004) Shake Ya Tailfeather2004 "I Don't Wanna Know"
(2004) I Don't Wanna Know2004 "Show Me Your Soul"
(2004) Show Me Your Soul2004
Enya singles chronology
"May It Be"
(2002) May It Be2002 "I Don't Wanna Know"
(2004) I Don't Wanna Know2004 "Amarantine"
(2005) Amarantine2005
"I Don't Wanna Know" is a song by American R&B artist Mario Winans, featuring a rap by P. Diddy, re-recorded background vocals by Enya and sampling the synthesizer riff from Enya's song "Boadicea". It reached number 1 in the United Kingdom and in Netherlands, and number 2 in the United States, stuck for eight consecutive weeks behind the Usher singles "Yeah" and "Burn", respectively.[1] It remains Winans' only major success to date. As a result of its eight weeks at number 2, "I Don't Wanna Know" stands in joint fifth place for the most weeks at number 2 by a song which did not go to number 1, behind Foreigner's "Waiting for a Girl Like You", Missy Elliott's "Work It", Donna Lewis's "I Love You Always Forever" and Shania Twain's "You're Still the One".
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition and critical reception
2 Track listing
3 Remixes and answer songs
4 Charts and certifications
4.1 Weekly charts
4.2 Year-end charts
4.3 Certifications and sales
5 References
6 External links
Composition and critical reception[edit]
The song is based on a sample of the Fugees' 1996 hit single "Ready or Not", which itself was based on a slowed-down sample of the instrumental track "Boadicea" by Enya from her 1987 album Enya.[2] Winans said: "I first heard 'Boadicea' at the end of the movie Sleepwalkers about five or six years ago. It's something I always wanted to produce. Then when The Fugees did it, oh my God, I loved it."[3]
Vibe wrote that "Winans adds a simple stuttering beat that prevents the song from devolving into murky, saccharine Muzak. This is the secret of Winan's magic; the soft touch of the synthesizers and his gentle piano playing blend with the signature sound of the kick and snare – hard, unadorned, punching through the music's gauzy elegiac texture."[4]
Track listing[edit]
"I Don't Wanna Know" – 4:17
"Pretty Girl Bullsh*t" (featuring Foxy Brown) – 4:22
"I Don't Wanna Know" (Instrumental) – 4:17
Remixes and answer songs[edit]
The official remix features D-Block rapper Jae Hood, Enya, & P. Diddy. Another remix features Joe Budden, Enya, & P. Diddy. An answer to this song, "You Should Really Know", sung from a female perspective, was released later in the same year as Winans' single. Created by the producers The Pirates, it featured Shola Ama, Naila Boss, and Ishani. It used the same Enya sample as the original. Although it did not achieve the level of success Winans' single did in the U.S., it was a big UK triumph, peaking at #8 in the singles chart. Later on, another answer song called "I Already Know" sung by Noelle was released and had the same background melody as the original song. Puerto Rican-American R&B group Nina Sky also recorded their own version of their song entitled "Time to Go" featuring rapper Angie Martinez.
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2004)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[5] 2
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[6] 6
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[7] 2
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[8] 6
Brazil (ABPD)[9] 74
Denmark (Tracklisten)[10] 3
France (SNEP)[11] 4
Germany (Official German Charts)[12] 1
Ireland (IRMA) 2
Italy (FIMI)[13] 5
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[14] 1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[15] 3
Norway (VG-lista)[16] 2
Poland (Polish Singles Chart)[17] 5
Romania (Romanian Top 100)[18] 5
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[19] 11
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[20] 2
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[21] 1
UK R&B (Official Charts Company)[22] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[23] 2
US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs 2
US Billboard Mainstream Top 40 4
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2004)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[24] 16
German Singles Chart[25] 10
New Zealand (RIANZ)[26] 16
UK Singles Chart[27] 11
US Billboard Hot 100 7
Certifications and sales[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[28]
Platinum 70,000^
Belgium (BEA)[29]
Gold 15,000*
New Zealand (RMNZ)[30]
Gold 7,500*
United Kingdom (BPI)[31]
Silver 200,000^
United States (RIAA)[32]
Gold 500,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Billboard Hot 100". 2004-04-24. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
Jump up ^ "Mario Winans : Love, Hurt, Betrayal: These Are A Few Of Mario Winans' Favorite Things - Rhapsody Music Downloads". VH1.com. Retrieved 2012-05-20.
Jump up ^ "P.Diddy pays out for Enya sample". Hot Press. March 29, 2004. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ehrlich, Dimitri (June 2004). "Mario Winans - Hurt No More". Vibe: 152. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Mario Winans feat. Enya & P. Diddy – I Don't Wanna Know". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Mario Winans feat. Enya & P. Diddy – I Don't Wanna Know" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Mario Winans feat. Enya & P. Diddy – I Don't Wanna Know" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Mario Winans feat. Enya & P. Diddy – I Don't Wanna Know" (in French). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Brazil" (PDF). ABPD. October 6, 2001. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – Mario Winans feat. Enya & P. Diddy – I Don't Wanna Know". Tracklisten.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Mario Winans feat. Enya & P. Diddy – I Don't Wanna Know" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Mario Winans feat. Enya & P. Diddy Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – Mario Winans feat. Enya & P. Diddy – I Don't Wanna Know". Top Digital Download.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Mario Winans feat. Enya & P. Diddy" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Mario Winans feat. Enya & P. Diddy – I Don't Wanna Know". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Mario Winans feat. Enya & P. Diddy – I Don't Wanna Know". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Nielsen Music Control". Archived from the original on 2007-10-27.
Jump up ^ Romanian Top 100: Editia 32, saptamina 9.08 - 15.08, 2004
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Mario Winans feat. Enya & P. Diddy – I Don't Wanna Know". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Mario Winans feat. Enya & P. Diddy – I Don't Wanna Know". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Mario Winans Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ [2] Archived March 30, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Top Selling Singles of 2004 – The Official New Zealand Music Charts". Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ). Retrieved September 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "UK Singles Chart 2004" (PDF). ChartsPlus. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2004 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – 2004". Ultratop. Hung Medien.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Mario Winans – I Don't Wanna Know". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Mario Winans – I Don't Wanna Know". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 27 February 2016. Enter I Don't Wanna Know in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Mario Winans – I Don't Wanna Know". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 27 February 2016. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"F.U.R.B. (Fuck You Right Back)" by Frankee UK Singles Chart number-one single
June 6, 2004 - June 19, 2004 Succeeded by
"Everytime" by Britney Spears
[show]
v
t
e
Mario Winans
Studio Albums
Story of My Heart
Hurt No More
Love: Its Only Fair
Singles
"Don't Know"
"I Don't Wanna Know"
"Pretty Girl Bullshit"
"Never Really Was"
"This Is the Thanks I Get"
"Put Ya Arm Around Me"
Other singles
"Best Friend"
"I Need a Girl (Part Two)"
"Down for You"
"Crush On You"
"You're the One"
"Through the Pain (She Told Me)"
"Hey Baby (After the Club)"
"Ridin'"
"Forever"
"Better on the Other Side"
[show]
v
t
e
Sean Combs
Discography
Production discography
Accolades
Studio albums
No Way Out
Forever
The Saga Continues...
Press Play
Last Train to Paris
No Way Out 2
Mixtapes
MMM (Money Making Mitch)
Remix albums
We Invented the Remix
Singles
"Can't Nobody Hold Me Down"
"I'll Be Missing You"
"It's All About the Benjamins"
"Been Around the World"
"Victory"
"Come with Me"
"Satisfy You"
"Bad Boy for Life"
"I Need a Girl (Part 1)"
"I Need a Girl (Part 2)"
"Come to Me"
"Tell Me"
"Last Night"
"Through the Pain (She Told Me)"
"Angels"
"Love Come Down"
"Hello Good Morning"
"Loving You No More"
"Coming Home"
"Ass on the Floor"
"Finna Get Loose"
"Workin (Remix)"
Featured singles
"No Time"
"Mo Money Mo Problems"
"Honey"
"Lookin' at Me"
"Hate Me Now"
"All Night Long"
"Notorious B.I.G."
"Son of a Gun"
"Show Stopper"
"Pass the Courvoisier, Part II"
"Bump, Bump, Bump"
"I Do (Wanna Get Close to You)"
"Shake Ya Tailfeather"
"I Don't Wanna Know"
"Nasty Girl"
"Take You There"
"Imma Put It on Her"
"Must Be Love"
"Better on the Other Side
"All I Do Is Win (Remix)"
"Someone to Love Me (Naked)"
"Scream & Shout (Remix)"
Related articles
Bad Boy Records
Sean John
P. Diddy's Starmaker
The Notorious B.I.G.
I Want to Work for Diddy
A Raisin in the Sun
Diddy – Dirty Money
[show]
v
t
e
Enya
Discography
Studio albums
Enya (aka The Celts)
Watermark
Shepherd Moons
The Memory of Trees
A Day Without Rain
Amarantine
And Winter Came...
Dark Sky Island
Singles
"I Want Tomorrow"
"Orinoco Flow"
"Evening Falls..."
"Storms in Africa"
"Exile"
"Caribbean Blue"
"How Can I Keep from Singing?"
"Book of Days"
"Marble Halls"
"The Celts"
"Anywhere Is"
"On My Way Home"
"Only If..."
"Only Time"
"Wild Child"
"May It Be"
"Amarantine"
"It's in the Rain"
"Trains and Winter Rains"
"White Is in the Winter Night"
"My! My! Time Flies!"
"Echoes in Rain"
Compilations
Paint the Sky with Stars
The Very Best of Enya
EPs
6 Tracks
3 Tracks
The Christmas EP
Sounds of the Season: The Enya Holiday Collection (aka Christmas Secrets EP)
Box sets
The Enya Collection
A Box of Dreams
Only Time – The Collection
Other releases
The Frog Prince: The Original Soundtrack Recording
Themes from Calmi Cuori Appassionati
Related articles
Clannad
Nicky Ryan
Roma Ryan
Manderley Castle
6433 Enya
Maiden of Mysteries: The Music of Enya
Orinoco Flow
Thread of Time
Book
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Don%27t_Wanna_Know&oldid=834086621"
Categories:
2004 singles
Sean Combs songs
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Songs with music by Enya
Songs written by Mario Winans
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Seal of the Confessional in the Catholic Church
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For the similar doctrine in other denominations of Christianity see Seal of the Confessional (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
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In the Roman Catholic Church, the Seal of Confession (or Seal of the Confessional) is the absolute duty of priests not to disclose anything that they learn from penitents during the course of the Sacrament of Penance (confession). Even where the seal of confession does not strictly apply – where there is no specific serious sin confessed for the purpose of receiving absolution – priests have a serious obligation not to cause scandal by the way they speak.[1]
Contents
1 History
2 In practice
3 Recognition by civil authorities
4 See also
5 References
6 Sources
History[edit]
Gratian, who compiled the edicts of previous Catholic Ecumenical Councils and the principles of church law, published the Decretum about 1151. It includes the following declaration of the law as to the seal of confession: "Let the priest who dares to make known the sins of his penitent be deposed." Gratian goes on to say that the violator of this law should be made a lifelong, ignominious wanderer.[2]
Canon 21 of the Fourth Council of the Lateran (1215), binding on the whole church, laid down the obligation of secrecy in the following words:
Let the priest absolutely beware that he does not by word or sign or by any manner whatever in any way betray the sinner: but if he should happen to need wiser counsel let him cautiously seek the same without any mention of person. For whoever shall dare to reveal a sin disclosed to him in the tribunal of penance we decree that he shall be not only deposed from the priestly office but that he shall also be sent into the confinement of a monastery to do perpetual penance.
—  Hefele-Leclercq, Histoire des Conciles at the year 1215; Mansi or Harduin, "Coll. conciliorum"
Notably, neither this canon nor the law of the Decretum purports to enact for the first time the secrecy of confession.[3] The 15th century English canonist William Lyndwood speaks of two reasons why a priest is bound to keep secret a confession, the first being on account of the sacrament because it is almost (quasi) of the essence of the sacrament to keep secret the confession.[4][clarification needed]
In practice[edit]
According to Roman Catholic canon law, "The sacramental seal is inviolable; therefore it is absolutely forbidden for a confessor to betray in any way a penitent in words or in any manner and for any reason." The confessor is always an ordained priest, because in the Catholic Church only ordained priests can absolve sins; lay confession is not recognized. Any person who overhears a confession is likewise bound by the seal.[5]
Priests may not reveal what they have learned during confession to anyone, even under the threat of their own death or that of others. For a priest to break secrecy would lead to a latae sententiae (automatic) excommunication, the lifting of which is reserved to the Holy See – in fact, to the Pope himself.[6] In the Early Modern period, some casuists (Thomas Sanchez, etc.) justified mental reservation, a form of deception which does not involve outright lying, in specific circumstances including when such an action is necessary to protect secrecy under the seal of the confessional. Other casuists considered "grey areas" in which it was unclear whether or not the seal was being violated.[7] A priest who says "I do not know" is thus to be understood "I do not know with knowledge outside the Seal of the Confessional"; St. Thomas Aquinas goes even farther and says that the priest knows the confession “not as man, but as God knows it.”[8]
There are limited cases where portions of a confession may be revealed to others, but always with the penitent's permission and always without actually revealing the penitent's identity. This is the case, for example, with more serious offenses, as some excommunicable offenses are reserved to the Holy See and their permission to grant absolution must be obtained.[citation needed] In these cases, the priest hearing the confession asks the permission of the penitent to write a petition, using pseudonyms and containing the absolute minimum information necessary, to the bishop or to the Apostolic Penitentiary, the cardinal delegated by the Pope to handle such requests. This request may be forwarded, sealed, through the apostolic delegate or nuncio in a country (the Pope's ambassador), to be guarded by the privilege of a diplomatic pouch.[citation needed] Some of these offenses absolved through the Holy See would be: impersonation of a priest, desecration of the Eucharist, absolving a partner in sin (for example, a priest has an affair and absolves his own mistress), attacking the Pope, heresy, and being involved in an abortion.[9]
Even where the seal of confession does not strictly apply – where there is no specific serious sin confessed for the purpose of receiving absolution – priests have a serious obligation not to cause scandal by the way they speak.[1]
Recognition by civil authorities[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Main article: Priest–penitent privilege
The law of different jurisdictions in general requires people under certain circumstances to testify about facts known to them. In many cases the rule of evidence of confessional privilege forbids judicial inquiry into communications made under the seal of confession.
In a criminal matter, a priest may encourage the penitent to surrender to authorities. In certain very rare cases (according to a priest of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Peoria), if the priest truly feels the person is not contrite (sorry for the sin, either out of respect for God, or more properly, out of sorrow for sin), there are no ameliorating factors (such as age or maturity or addiction) and the priest has evidence of this by the penitent's words, manners, or behaviors, and especially if the sin is very severe and fully deliberate (mortal sin – especially a mortal sin that is punishable by a censure), is very scandalous – such as if the person is a senior public official or a cleric, and the sinning is chronic with no indication whatsoever of positive change or at least the intent to change, the priest may refuse to hear, or to continue to hear, the person's confession. With that being said, however, the Holy See and the Bishops of the world have stressed that that is not to be a norm for these situations, is generally to be discouraged if possible, and should be reserved strictly for rare, very serious, and scandalous cases. Even then, confessional secrecy still holds – whatever is said once the encounter begins (by the person going to the confessional area, taking a seat, and closing any door, and the priest saying a greeting and making the sign of the Cross, or the priest praying with and granting absolution to the person before they leave) is still protected from being ever revealed. However, those situations are the extent of the leverage the priest wields. He may not directly or indirectly disclose the matter to civil authorities himself.
There may be conflict between the obligation of confidentiality of confession and civil law. The US state of Louisiana's Supreme Court ruled in 2014 that a priest may be compelled to testify about what he was told in the confessional regarding a particular sexual abuse case, leaving the priest at risk of excommunication if he even confirms that a confession took place, or jail for contempt of court should he refuse to testify.[10] However, the Court later ruled that a priest has no duty to report confidential information heard during a sacramental confession.[11]
See also[edit]
Confessional privilege in the United States
Pedro Marieluz Garces, martyr of the Seal of the Confessional
I Confess, a 1953 Alfred Hitchcock film in which priest-penitent privilege is prominently featured
John of Nepomuk, the first martyr of the Seal of the Confessional
Mateo Correa Magallanes, martyr of the Seal of the Confessional
Priest-penitent privilege
Priest-penitent privilege in England
Priest-penitent privilege in France
Seal of the Confessional and the Anglican Church
Seal of the Confessional and the Lutheran Church
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "The Law of the Seal of Confession". Catholic Encyclopedia (1913). Volume 13.
Jump up ^ Secunda pars, dist. VI, c. II
Jump up ^ Nolan, R. (1912). The Law of the Seal of Confession. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved August 18, 2017 from New Advent: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13649b.htm
Jump up ^ Cf. also Jos. Mascardus, De probationibus, Frankfort, 1703, arg. 378.
Jump up ^ 983 §1-2
Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law, 1388 §1
Jump up ^ For examples, see here [1].
Jump up ^ Supp. 11 I ad 2.
Jump up ^ "Seven Offenses Bringing Automatic Excommunication". stmaryvalleybloom.org. Retrieved 2017-07-22.
Jump up ^ "Priest could be jailed for refusing to break seal of Confession". Catholic Herald. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
Jump up ^ JOE GYAN JR. (28 October 2016). "Priests can't legally be forced to reveal what's heard in confessional, Louisiana Supreme Court rules". The Advocate. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
Sources[edit]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "The Law of the Seal of Confession". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seal_of_the_Confessional_in_the_Catholic_Church&oldid=796056351"
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