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Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory
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For the 2005 film adaptation, see Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film). For the book, see Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Mel Stuart
Produced by
Stan Margulies
David L. Wolper
Screenplay by
Roald Dahl
Based on
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
by Roald Dahl
Starring
Gene Wilder
Jack Albertson
Peter Ostrum
Roy Kinnear
Julie Dawn Cole
Leonard Stone
Denise Nickerson
Dodo Denney
Paris Themmen
Music by
Leslie Bricusse
Anthony Newley
Walter Scharf
Cinematography
Arthur Ibbetson
Edited by
David Saxon
Production
company
Wolper Pictures
The Quaker Oats Company
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures[a]
Release date
June 30, 1971 (1971-06-30) (United States)
Running time
99 minutes[1]
Country
United States[2]
Language
English
Budget
$3 million[3]
Box office
$4 million[3]
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is a 1971 American musical fantasy film directed by Mel Stuart, and starring Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka. It is an adaptation of the 1964 novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl. Dahl was credited with writing the film's screenplay; however, David Seltzer, who went uncredited in the film, was brought in to re-work the screenplay against Dahl's wishes, making major changes to the ending and adding musical numbers. These changes and other decisions made by the director led Dahl to disown the film.[4][5]
The film tells the story of Charlie Bucket (Peter Ostrum) as he receives a Golden Ticket and visits Willy Wonka's chocolate factory with four other children from around the world. Filming took place in Munich in 1970, and the film was released by Paramount Pictures on June 30, 1971. With a budget of just $3 million, the film received generally positive reviews and earned $4 million by the end of its original run. Paramount distributed the film until 1977, and beginning in the 1980s, Warner Bros. assumed control of the rights for home entertainment purposes. The film then made an additional $21 million during its re-release by Warner Bros. under its Family Entertainment banner in 1996. The film became highly popular in part through repeated television airings and home entertainment sales.[6] In 1972, the film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score, and Wilder was nominated for a Golden Globe as Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy, but lost both to Fiddler on the Roof. The film also introduced the song "The Candy Man", which went on to become a popular hit when recorded by Sammy Davis Jr. In 2014, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Oompa Loompas
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Promotion
4 Reception
4.1 Dahl's reaction
5 Television
6 Animated adaptation
7 Home media
8 Music
9 Soundtrack
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 External links
Plot[edit]
In a small town, Charlie Bucket, a poor paperboy, watches a group of children visit a candy shop. Walking home, he passes Willy Wonka's chocolate factory. A mysterious tinker recites the first lines of William Allingham's poem "The Fairies", and tells Charlie, "Nobody ever goes in, and nobody ever comes out." Charlie rushes home to his widowed mother and bedridden grandparents. After telling Grandpa Joe about the tinker, Joe reveals that Wonka locked the factory because other candy makers, including rival Mr. Slugworth, sent in spies to steal his recipes. Wonka disappeared, but after three years resumed selling candy; the origin of Wonka's labor force is unknown.
The next day, Wonka announces that he hid five "Golden Tickets" in chocolate Wonka Bars. Finders of the tickets will receive a factory tour and a lifetime supply of chocolate. The first four tickets are found by the gluttonous Augustus Gloop, the spoiled Veruca Salt, the gum-chewing Violet Beauregarde, and the television-obsessed Mike Teevee. As each winner is announced on TV, a man whispers to them. Charlie opens two Wonka Bars but finds no Golden Ticket. The newspapers announce the fifth ticket was found by a millionaire in Paraguay causing Charlie to lose hope. The next day, Charlie finds money in a sewer and uses it to buy a Scrumdiddlyumptious bar. With the change, he buys another Wonka Bar for Joe. Walking home, as Charlie hears people reading the newspapers; revealing that the Paraguayan millionaire's ticket is a fake, he opens the Wonka Bar and finds the fifth golden ticket. While rushing home, he encounters the same man seen whispering to the other winners, who introduces himself as Arthur Slugworth and offers a reward for a sample of Wonka's latest creation, the Everlasting Gobstopper.
Returning home with the Golden Ticket, Charlie chooses Joe as his chaperone. The next day, Wonka greets the ticket winners and leads them inside where each signs a contract before the tour. The factory includes a river of chocolate, edible mushrooms, lickable wallpaper, and other sweets and inventions. As the visitors sample these, they see Wonka's workers, small men known as Oompa-Loompas. Augustus falls into the chocolate river and is sucked up a pipe to the Fudge Room. In the Inventing Room, everyone receives an Everlasting Gobstopper. Violet becomes a large blueberry after chewing an experimental gum containing a three-course meal, over Wonka's warnings. The group reaches the Fizzy Lifting Drinks Room, where Charlie and Joe ignore Wonka's warning and sample the drinks. They float and have a near-fatal encounter with an exhaust fan before burping back to the ground. In the Chocolate Eggs Room, Veruca demands a golden goose for herself before falling into a garbage chute leading to the furnace, with her father falling in trying to rescue her. The group tests out Wonka's Wonkavision, only for Mike to teleport himself and become a few inches tall.
With Charlie and Joe remaining, Wonka says they are not getting anything because they violated the contract by stealing the Fizzy Lifting Drinks. Infuriated by this, Joe suggests to Charlie that he should give Slugworth the Gobstopper in revenge, but Charlie returns the candy back to Wonka. With this selfless act, Wonka declares Charlie as the winner. He reveals that Slugworth is actually Mr. Wilkinson, a fellow employee of Wonka, and the offer to buy the Gobstopper was a morality test which only Charlie passed. The trio enter the "Wonkavator", a multi-directional glass elevator that flies out of the factory. Soaring over the city, Wonka reveals that his actual prize is the factory; Wonka created the contest to find an heir worthy enough, and so Charlie and his family can immediately move in. Wonka then reminds Charlie not to forget about the man who suddenly received everything he ever wanted. Charlie asks, "What happened?" to which Wonka replies, "He lived happily ever after."

Cast[edit]
The main cast.
Back row (left to right): Michael Bollner, Ursula Reit, Gene Wilder
Front row (left to right): Leonard Stone, Denise Nickerson, Roy Kinnear, Julie Dawn Cole, Dodo Denny, Paris Themmen, Peter Ostrum, Jack Albertson
Main article: List of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory characters
Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka
Jack Albertson as Grandpa Joe
Peter Ostrum as Charlie Bucket
Roy Kinnear as Henry Salt
Julie Dawn Cole as Veruca Salt
Leonard Stone as Sam Beauregarde
Denise Nickerson as Violet Beauregarde
Dodo Denney as Mrs. Teevee
Paris Themmen as Mike Teevee
Ursula Reit as Mrs. Gloop
Michael Bollner as Augustus Gloop
Diana Sowle as Mrs. Bucket
Aubrey Woods as Bill, the Candy Shop owner
David Battley as Mr. Turkentine
Günter Meisner as Arthur Slugworth/Mr. Wilkinson
Peter Capell as The Tinker
Werner Heyking as Mr. Jopeck
Peter Stuart as Winkelmann
Oompa Loompas[edit]
Rusty Goffe
Rudy Borgstaller
George Claydon
Malcolm Dixon
Ismed Hassan
Norman McGlen
Angelo Muscat
Pepe Poupee
Marcus Powell
Albert Wilkinson
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
The idea for adapting the book into a film came about when director Mel Stuart's ten-year-old daughter read the book and asked her father to make a film out of it, with "Uncle Dave" (producer David L. Wolper) producing it. Stuart showed the book to Wolper, who happened to be in the midst of talks with the Quaker Oats Company regarding a vehicle to introduce a new candy bar from its Chicago-based Breaker Confections subsidiary (since renamed the Willy Wonka Candy Company and sold to Nestlé). Wolper persuaded the company, which had no previous experience in the film industry, to buy the rights to the book and finance the picture for the purpose of promoting a new Quaker Oats Wonka Bar.[7]
It was agreed that the film would be a children's musical, and that Dahl himself would write the screenplay.[7] However, the title was changed to Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory.
Screenwriter David Seltzer conceived a gimmick exclusively for the film that had Wonka quoting numerous literary sources, such as Arthur O'Shaughnessy's Ode, Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest, Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice. Seltzer also worked Slugworth (only mentioned as a rival candy maker in the book) into the plot as an actual character (only to be revealed to be Wilkinson, one of Wonka's agents, at the end of the film).[7]
Casting[edit]
All six members of Monty Python: Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Eric Idle, Terry Gilliam, Terry Jones and Michael Palin, expressed interest in playing Wonka, but at the time they were deemed not big enough names for an international audience. Three of the members, Cleese, Idle and Palin, were later seriously considered for the same role in Tim Burton's version.[8][9]
Before Wilder was officially cast for the role, producers considered Fred Astaire, Joel Grey, Ron Moody and Jon Pertwee.[9][10] Spike Milligan was Roald Dahl's original choice to play Willy Wonka.[9] Peter Sellers even begged Dahl for the role.[11]
When Wilder was cast for the role, he accepted it on one condition:
When I make my first entrance, I'd like to come out of the door carrying a cane and then walk toward the crowd with a limp. After the crowd sees Willy Wonka is a cripple, they all whisper to themselves and then become deathly quiet. As I walk toward them, my cane sinks into one of the cobblestones I'm walking on and stands straight up, by itself; but I keep on walking, until I realize that I no longer have my cane. I start to fall forward, and just before I hit the ground, I do a beautiful forward somersault and bounce back up, to great applause.
—  Gene Wilder[12]
The reason why Wilder wanted this in the film was that "from that time on, no one will know if I'm lying or telling the truth."[12]
Jean Stapleton turned down the role of Mrs. Teevee.[13][14] Jim Backus was considered for the role of Sam Beauregarde.[15] Sammy Davis, Jr. wanted to play Bill, the candy store owner, but Stuart did not like the idea because he felt that the presence of a big star in the candy store scene would break the reality.[8] Nevertheless, Davis' recording of the film's opening musical number, "The Candy Man," would top the Billboard magazine record charts in 1972, despite the fact that Davis initially hated the song. Anthony Newley also wanted to play Bill, but Stuart also objected to this for the same reason.[15]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography commenced on August 31, 1970, and ended on November 19, 1970. The primary shooting location was Munich, Bavaria, West Germany, because it was significantly cheaper than filming in the United States and the setting was conducive to Wonka's factory; Stuart also liked the ambiguity and unfamiliarity of the location. External shots of the factory were filmed at the gasworks of Stadtwerke München (Emmy-Noether-Straße 10); the entrance and side buildings still exist. The exterior of Charlie Bucket's house, which was only a set constructed for the film, was filmed at Quellenstraße in Munich, Bavaria. Charlie's school was filmed at Katholisches Pfarramt St. Sylvester, Biedersteiner Straße 1 in Munich. Bill's Candy Shop was filmed at Lilienstraße, Munich. The closing sequence when the Wonkavator is flying above the factory is footage of Nördlingen in Bavaria.
Munich Gasworks as it appears today (building on the left)
Munich Gasworks as it appears today
Nördlingen, the town seen from above at the end of the film
Production designer Harper Goff centered the factory on the massive Chocolate Room. According to Paris Themmen, who played Mike Teevee, "The river was made of water with food coloring. At one point, they poured some cocoa powder into it to try to thicken it but it didn't really work. When asked this question, Michael Böllner, who played Augustus Gloop, answers, 'It vas dirty, stinking vater.'"[16]
When interviewed for the 30th anniversary special edition, Gene Wilder stated that he enjoyed working with most of the child actors, but said that he and the crew had some problems with Paris Themmen, claiming that he was "a handful".[17]
Promotion[edit]
Before its release, the film received advance publicity though TV commercials offering a "Willy Wonka candy factory kit" for sending $1.00 and two seals from boxes of Quaker cereals such as King Vitaman, Life and any of the Cap'n Crunch brands.[18]
Reception[edit]
Willy Wonka was released on June 30, 1971. The film was not a big success, being the 53rd highest-grossing film of the year in the U.S., earning just over $2.1 million on its opening weekend.[19] It received positive reviews from critics such as Roger Ebert who gave the film a four out of four stars, while comparing it to The Wizard of Oz. Ebert said, "All of this is preface to a simple statement: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory is probably the best film of its sort since The Wizard of Oz. It is everything that family movies usually claim to be, but aren't: Delightful, funny, scary, exciting, and, most of all, a genuine work of imagination. “Willy Wonka” is such a surely and wonderfully spun fantasy that it works on all kinds of minds, and it is fascinating because, like all classic fantasy, it is fascinated with itself."[20]
By the mid-1980s, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory had experienced a spike in popularity thanks in large part to repeated television broadcasts and home video sales. Following a 25th anniversary theatrical re-release in 1996, it was released on DVD the next year, allowing it to reach a new generation of viewers. The film was released as a remastered special edition on DVD and VHS in 2001 to commemorate the film's 30th anniversary. In 2003, Entertainment Weekly ranked it 25th in the "Top 50 Cult Movies" of all time.
Willy Wonka was ranked No. 74 on Bravo's 100 Scariest Movie Moments[21] for the "scary tunnel" scene.
As of 2017, the film holds a 91% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 7.7/10 based on 42 reviews. The site's critical consensus states: "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is strange yet comforting, full of narrative detours that don't always work but express the film's uniqueness".[22]
Dahl's reaction[edit]
Dahl disowned the film, the script of which was partially rewritten by David Seltzer after Dahl failed to meet deadlines. Dahl said he was "disappointed" because "he thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie", as well as the casting of Gene Wilder instead of Spike Milligan.[23] Dahl was also "infuriated" by the deviations in the plot Seltzer devised in his draft of the screenplay, including the conversion of Slugworth, a minor character in the book, into a spy (so that the movie could have a villain) and the "fizzy lifting drinks" scene along with music other than the original Oompa Loompa compositions (including "Pure Imagination" and "The Candy Man"), and the ending dialogue for the movie.[24] In 1996, Dahl's second wife Felicity commented on her husband's objections towards the film saying "they always want to change a book's storyline. What makes Hollywood think children want the endings changed for a film, when they accept it in a book?"[23]
Television[edit]
The film made its television debut on November 23, 1975, on NBC. There was some controversy with the showing as the Oakland Raiders vs Washington Redskins (26–23) football game went into overtime, and the first 40 minutes of the movie were cut.[25] The film placed 19th in the TV Ratings for the week ending Nov 23, beating out The Streets of San Francisco and Little House on the Prairie.[26] The next TV showing of the film was on May 2, 1976,[27] where it placed 46th in the ratings.[28] Some TV listings indicate the showing was part of the World of Disney time slot.
Animated adaptation[edit]
Main article: Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory
In 2017, an animated adaptation of the film with Tom and Jerry was released. Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory stars JP Karliak as Willy Wonka and is dedicated to Gene Wilder, who died less than a year before the release.
Home media[edit]
The film was first released on DVD in 1997/1999 in a "25th anniversary edition"[29] as a double sided disc containing a widescreen and "standard" version. The "standard" version is an open matte print, where the mattes used to make the image widescreen are removed, revealing information originally intended to be hidden from viewers.[30] VHS and Betamax copies were also available, but only containing the "standard" version.
A special edition DVD was released, celebrating the film's 30th anniversary, on August 28, 2001, but in fullscreen only. Due to the lack of a letterboxed release, fan petitioning eventually led Warner Home Video to issue a widescreen version on November 13, 2001. It was also released on VHS, with only one of the special features (a making-of feature). Several original cast members reunited to film documentary footage for this special edition DVD release. The two editions featured restored sound, and better picture quality. In addition to the documentary, the DVD included a trailer, a gallery, and audio commentary by the cast.
In 2007, Warner Home Video released the film on HD DVD with all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD.[31] The film was released on Blu-ray on October 20, 2009.[32] It includes all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD and 2007 HD-DVD as well as a 38-page book.
In 2011, a new deluxe-40th-anniversary edition Blu-ray/DVD set was released on November 1, consisting of the film on Blu-ray Disc and DVD as well as a bonus features disc. The set also included a variety of rarities such as a Wonka Bar-designed tin, four scented pencils, a scented eraser, a book detailing the making of the film, original production papers and a Golden Ticket to win a trip to Los Angeles. The set is now out of print.[33]
Music[edit]
The Academy Award-nominated original score and songs were composed by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley, and musical direction was by Walter Scharf. The soundtrack was first released by Paramount Records in 1971. On October 8, 1996, Hip-O Records (in conjunction with MCA Records, which by then owned the Paramount catalog), released the soundtrack on CD as a "25th Anniversary Edition".
The music and songs, in order of appearance, are:
"Main Title" – Instrumental medley of "(I've Got A) Golden Ticket" and "Pure Imagination"
"The Candy Man" – Aubrey Woods
"Cheer Up, Charlie" – Diana Lee (dubbing over Diana Sowle)
"(I've Got A) Golden Ticket" – Jack Albertson and Peter Ostrum
"Pure Imagination" – Gene Wilder
"Oompa Loompa (Augustus)" – The Oompa Loompas
"The Wondrous Boat Ride"/"The Rowing Song" – Gene Wilder
"Oompa Loompa (Violet)" – The Oompa Loompas
"I Want It Now!" – Julie Dawn Cole
"Oompa Loompa (Veruca)" – The Oompa Loompas
"Ach, so fromm" (alternately titled "M'appari", from Martha) – Gene Wilder
"Oompa Loompa (Mike)" – The Oompa Loompas
"End Credits" – "Pure Imagination"
Soundtrack[edit]
The track listing for the soundtrack is as follows:
"Main Title" ("Golden Ticket"/"Pure Imagination")
"The Candy Man"
"Charlie's Paper Run"
"Cheer Up Charlie"
"Lucky Charlie"
"(I've Got A) Golden Ticket"
"Pure Imagination"
"Oompa Loompa"
"The Wondrous Boat Ride"
"Everlasting Gobstoppers/Oompa Loompa"
"The Bubble Machine"
"I Want It Now/Oompa Loompa"
"Wonkamobile, Wonkavision/Oompa Loompa"
"Wonkavator/End Title" ("Pure Imagination")
See also[edit]
Film portal
1970s portal
List of American films of 1971
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Because Paramount Pictures decided not to renew distribution rights, the film rights were transferred to Warner Bros. in 1977, when Wolper Pictures, Ltd. was bought by the company and Quaker Oats sold its share of the film
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (U)". British Board of Film Classification. August 20, 1971. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)".
^ Jump up to: a b "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971) - Financial Information". The-numbers.com. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Why Roald Dahl Hated The Willy Wonka And The Chocolate Factory Film". yahoo. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Liz Buckingham, trustee for the Roald Dahl Museum, quoted in Tom Bishop: "Willy Wonka's Everlasting Film Plot", BBC News, July 2005
Jump up ^ "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c J.M. Kenny (Writer, Director, Producer) (2001). Pure Imagination: The Story of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (DVD). USA: Warner Home Video. Retrieved December 2, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b Paur, Joey. "25 Fun Facts About Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory". Retrieved July 8, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Honeybone, Nigel (April 25, 2012). "Film Review: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (1971)". Retrieved July 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Segal, David (March 28, 2005). "Gene Wilder: It Hurts to Laugh". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Evans, Bradford (January 31, 2013). "The Lost Roles of Peter Sellers". Splitsider. Retrieved July 11, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Perkins, Will. "Gene Wilder's Willy Wonka Demands Revealed". Yahoo.com. Yahoo. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jean Stapleton Dies: Top 10 Facts You Need to Know". Heavy.com. June 1, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Chandler, Ed (June 3, 2013). "Five Things You Should Know About Jean Stapleton". Retrieved July 13, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (1971): Notes". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "ParisThemmenAMA comments on I am Paris Themmen. I played Mike Teevee in the original Willy Wonka. AMA!". Reddit.com. September 2, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Stuart, Mel; Young, Josh (November 1, 2001). Pure Imagination: The Making of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312287771.
Jump up ^ robatsea2009 (December 19, 2011). "Willy Wonka Candy Factory 1971 TV commercial" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory: Box Office Data, DVD and Blu-ray Sales, Movie News, Cast and Crew Information". The-numbers.com. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (January 1, 1971). "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory". RogerEbert.com. Ebert Digital LLC. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bravo's 'The 100 Scariest Movie Moments'". Archived from the original on August 1, 2007.
Jump up ^ Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at Rotten Tomatoes
^ Jump up to: a b Bishop, Tom (July 11, 2005). "Willy Wonka's Everlasting Film Plot". BBC News. Retrieved January 29, 2014. He thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie," said Liz Attenborough, trustee of the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Buckinghamshire. "For him the book was about Charlie.
Jump up ^ Pure Imagination: The Story of "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory". Two Dog Productions Inc. 2001.
Jump up ^ "Raiders, NBC 0–2 in N.Y.; First Heidi, Now Willy Wonka". Los Angeles Times. November 24, 1975. p. C2.
Jump up ^ "4 Movies Shake Up Week's Nielsen List". Los Angeles Times. November 26, 1975. p. 15.
Jump up ^ "TV Guide Listings". Los Angeles Times. May 2, 1976. p. 10.
Jump up ^ Williams, Ken (May 11, 1976). "Among Other Things". Journal-News. Hamilton, OH. p. 7.
Jump up ^ "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)". Dvdmg.com. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory: 30th Anniversary Edition (1971)". Dvdmg.com. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (HD DVD) - IGN". Dvd.ign.com. June 6, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "News: Willy Wonka & The Chocolate Factory (US-BD)". DVDActive.com. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Cook, Tommy (November 1, 2011). "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory 40th Anniversary Box Set Blu-ray Review". Collider.com. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory.
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory on IMDb
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at the TCM Movie Database
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at Rotten Tomatoes
The AFI Catalog of Feature Films..Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory
[show]
v
t
e
Roald Dahl's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
Books
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator
Films
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
soundtrack
Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory
Characters
Willy Wonka
Theater
Roald Dahl's Willy Wonka (2004 musical)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2013 musical)
The Golden Ticket
Music
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
"Pure Imagination"
"The Candy Man"
Miscellaneous
The Ride
Video games
Wonka Bar
Everlasting Gobstopper
Primus & the Chocolate Factory with the Fungi Ensemble
The Willy Wonka Candy Company
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Mel Stuart
Four Days in November (1964)
If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium (1969)
I Love My Wife (1970)
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)
One Is a Lonely Number (1972)
Wattstax (1973)
Mean Dog Blues (1978)
The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal (1979)
The White Lions (1981)
[show]
v
t
e
Roald Dahl
Children's fiction
The Gremlins (1943)
James and the Giant Peach (1961)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964)
The Magic Finger (1966)
Fantastic Mr Fox (1970)
Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator (1972)
Danny, the Champion of the World (1975)
The Enormous Crocodile (1978)
The Twits (1980)
George's Marvellous Medicine (1981)
The BFG (1982)
The Witches (1983)
The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me (1985)
Matilda (1988)
Esio Trot (1990)
The Vicar of Nibbleswicke (1991)
The Minpins (1991)
Children's poetry
Revolting Rhymes (1982)
Dirty Beasts (1983)
Rhyme Stew (1989)
Adult novels
Sometime Never: A Fable for Supermen (1948)
My Uncle Oswald (1979)
Adult short story
collections
Over to You: Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying (1946)
Someone Like You (1953)
Kiss Kiss (1960)
Lamb to the Slaughter (1953)
Switch Bitch (1974)
The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More (1977)
The Best of Roald Dahl (1978)
Tales of the Unexpected (1979)
More Tales of the Unexpected (1980)
The Roald Dahl Omnibus (1986)
Two Fables (1986)
Ah, Sweet Mystery of Life: The Country Stories of Roald Dahl (1989)
The Collected Short Stories of Roald Dahl (1991)
The Roald Dahl Treasury (1997)
The Great Automatic Grammatizator (1998)
Skin and Other Stories (2000)
Roald Dahl: Collected Stories (2006)
Non-fiction
The Mildenhall Treasure (1946)
Boy: Tales of Childhood (1984)
Going Solo (1986)
Memories with Food at Gipsy House (1991)
Roald Dahl's Guide to Railway Safety (1991)
My Year (1993)
Film adaptations
36 Hours (1965)
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)
Danny, the Champion of the World (1989)
The BFG (1989)
The Witches (1990)
Four Rooms (1995)
James and the Giant Peach (1996)
Matilda (1996)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005)
Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009)
Roald Dahl's Esio Trot (2015)
The BFG (2016)
Revolting Rhymes (2016)
Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (2017)
Film scripts
The Bells of Hell Go Ting-a-ling-a-ling (1966, unfinished)
You Only Live Twice (1967)
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968)
The Night Digger (1971)
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)
Television series
'Way Out (1961)
Tales of the Unexpected (1979–88)
Musicals and plays
The Honeys (1955)
Matilda (2010)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2013)
Fantastic Mr Fox (2016)
See also
Quentin Blake
Roald Dahl bibliography
Roald Dahl short stories bibliography
Roald Dahl's Book of Ghost Stories (1983)
List of Tales of the Unexpected episodes
Related
Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre
Roald Dahl Children's Gallery
Patricia Neal (wife)
Tessa Dahl (daughter)
Ophelia Dahl (daughter)
Lucy Dahl (daughter)
Sophie Dahl (granddaughter)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Wonka_%26_the_Chocolate_Factory&oldid=826691864"
Categories:
1971 films
English-language films
Willy Wonka
American films
1970s musical films
1970s fantasy films
American children's fantasy films
American musical films
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Shoulder girdle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Shoulder girdle
Human shoulder girdle
Details
Identifiers
Latin
cingulum pectorale
TA
A01.1.00.020
FMA
23217
Anatomical terms of bone
[edit on Wikidata]
The shoulder girdle or pectoral girdle is the set of bones in the appendicular skeleton which connects to the arm on each side. In humans it consists of the clavicle and scapula; in those species with three bones in the shoulder, it consists of the clavicle, scapula, and coracoid. Some mammalian species (such as the dog and the horse) have only the scapula.
The pectoral girdles are to the upper limbs as the pelvic girdle is to the lower limbs; the girdles are the parts of the appendicular skeleton that anchor the appendages to the axial skeleton.
In humans, the only true anatomical joints between the shoulder girdle and the axial skeleton are the sternoclavicular joints on each side. No anatomical joint exists between each scapula and the rib cage; instead the muscular connection or physiological joint between the two permits great mobility of the shoulder girdle compared to the compact pelvic girdle; because the upper limb is not usually involved in weight bearing, its stability has been sacrificed in exchange for greater mobility. In those species having only the scapula, no joint exists between the forelimb and the thorax, the only attachment being muscular.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Joints
1.1.1 Glenohumeral joint
1.1.2 Sternoclavicular joint
1.1.3 Scapulocostal joint
1.1.4 Suprahumeral joint
1.2 Movements
2 Exercises
2.1 Strengthening the shoulder girdle
3 Shoulder injury prevention
3.1 Common injuries
3.2 Conditioning/warm-ups
3.3 Strengthening
4 Shoulder girdle pain
4.1 Trigger points
4.2 Taping
4.3 Corticosteroids
4.4 Therapy
5 Other animals
5.1 In dinosaurs
5.2 In primates
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 References
Structure[edit]
Joints[edit]
The shoulder girdle is a complex of five joints that can be divided into two groups. Three of these joints are true anatomical joints while two are physiological ("false") joints.[explain 1] Within each group, the joints are mechanically linked so that both groups simultaneously contribute to the different movements of the shoulder to variable degrees. [1]
In the first group, the scapulohumeral or glenohumeral joint is the anatomical joint mechanically linked to the physiological subdeltoid or suprahumeral joint (the "second shoulder joint") so that movements in the latter results in movements in the former. In the second group, the scapulocostal or scapulothoracic joint is the important physiological joint that can not function without the two anatomical joints in the group, the acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints, i.e. they join both ends of the clavicle. [1]
Glenohumeral joint[edit]
The glenohumeral joint is the articulation between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula. It is a ball and socket type of synovial joint with three rotatory and three translatory degree of freedom. The glenohumeral joint allows for adduction, abduction, medial and lateral rotation, flexion and extension of the arm.
Acromioclavicular joint
The acromioclavicular joint is the articulation between the acromion process of the scapula and the lateral end of the clavicle. It is a plane type of synovial joint. The acromion of the scapula rotates on the acromial end of the clavicle.
Sternoclavicular joint[edit]
The sternoclavicular joint is the articulation of the manubrium of the sternum and the first costal cartilage with the medial end of the clavicle. It is a saddle type of synovial joint but functions as a plane joint. The sternoclavicular joint accommodates a wide range of scapula movements and can be raised to a 60° angle.
Scapulocostal joint[edit]
The scapulocostal joint (also known as the scapulothoracic joint) is a physiological joint formed by an articulation of the anterior scapula and the posterior thoracic rib cage. It is musculotendinous in nature and is formed predominantly by the trapezius, rhomboids and serratus anterior muscles. The pectoralis minor also plays a role in its movements. The gliding movements at the scapulocostal joint are elevation, depression, retraction, protraction and superior and inferior rotation of the scapula. Disorders of the scapulocostal joint are not very common and usually restricted to snapping scapula.[2]
Suprahumeral joint[edit]
The suprahumeral joint (also known as the subacromial joint) is a physiological joint formed by an articulation of the coracoacromial ligament and the head of the humerus. It is formed by the gap between the humerus and the acromion process of the scapula. This space is filled mostly by the subacromial bursa and the tendon of supraspinatus. This joint plays a role during complex movements while the arm is fully flexed at the glenohumeral joint, such as changing a lightbulb, or painting a ceiling.
Movements[edit]
From its neutral position, the shoulder girdle can be rotated about an imaginary vertical axis at the medial end of the clavicle (the sternoclavicular joint). Throughout this movement the scapula is rotated around the chest wall so that it moves 15 centimetres (5.9 in) laterally and the glenoid cavity is rotated 40–45° in the horizontal plane. When the scapula is moved medially it lies in a frontal plane with the glenoid cavity facing directly laterally. At this position, the lateral end of the clavicle is rotated posteriorly so that the angle at the acromioclavicular joint opens up slightly. When the scapula is moved laterally it lies in a sagittal plane with the glenoid cavity facing anteriorly. At this position, the lateral end of the clavicle is rotated anteriorly so that the clavicle lies in a frontal plane. While this slightly closes the angle between the clavicle and the scapula, it also widens the shoulder. [3]
The scapula can be elevated and depressed from the neutral position to a total range of 10 to 12 centimetres (3.9 to 4.7 in); at its most elevated position the scapula is always tilted so that the glenoid cavity is facing superiorly. During this tilting, the scapula rotates to a maximum angle of 60° about an axis passing perpendicularly through the bone slightly below the spine; this causes the inferior angle to move 10 to 12 centimetres (3.9 to 4.7 in) and the lateral angle 5 to 6 centimetres (2.0 to 2.4 in). [3]
Exercises[edit]
[The anatomical mechanism that allows for all upper arm and shoulder movement is the shoulder girdle.[4] The shoulder girdle consists of five muscles that attach to the clavicle and scapula and allow for the motion of the sternoclavicular joint (connection between sternum and clavicle) and acromioclavicular joint (connection between clavicle and scapula).[5] The five muscles that comprise the function of the shoulder girdle are the trapezius muscle (upper, middle, and lower), levator scapulae muscle, rhomboid muscles (major and minor), serratus anterior muscle, and pectoralis minor muscle.[6]]
Strengthening the shoulder girdle[edit]
Exercise 1
An exercise that promotes the strengthening of the muscles that move the shoulder girdle is barbell behind neck presses.[7] The exercise requires grasping the barbell with an overhand grip from a rack or from the floor and holding behind the neck in standing position. The first movement includes pressing bar upwards until arms are fully raised, this movement is an upward rotation of the scapula [8] which strengthens the upper trapezius, lower trapezius, and serratus anterior which aids in scapular stabilization.[9] The second movement is bringing the bar back down behind neck; this movement is a downward rotation of the scapula which strengthens the rhomboid major muscle, rhomboid minor muscle, levator scapulae, and pectoralis minor muscle . An alternative for this exercise is performing it while sitting in a chair with adequate back support.
Exercise 2
An additional exercise that strengthens the shoulder girdle muscles is barbell shrugs which can also be known as shoulder shrug.[10] The exercise requires holding the barbell with overhand grip while in standing position. The first movement is raising the shoulders in a shrugging motion, this movement is elevation of the scapula which strengthens the upper trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboids major, and rhomboids minor . The second movement is lowering the shoulders below the regular level of shoulders’ resting point; this movement is depression of the scapula which strengthens the lower trapezius, and pectoralis minor <refLippert=philadelphia2011/>. An alternative for this exercise is sitting in a chair though performing all previously described shoulder motions. Another alternative is utilizing dumbbell weights and holding with thumbs facing forward.
Exercise 3
An additional exercise that strengthens the shoulder girdle is barbell bent-over rows.[11] The exercise requires bending at hips and bringing torso forward. For this exercise, the back must be kept straight while holding the barbell with a wide overhand grip and bending the knees slightly. The first movement is bringing the bar up towards chest; this movement is retraction of the scapulae which strengthens the middle trapezius, rhomboids major, and rhomboids minor muscle . The second movement is lowering the bar which is protraction of the scapulae and strengthens the serratus anterior and pectoralis minor . An alternative for this exercise includes holding dumbbell weights with thumbs facing forward and following same motion. Another alternative is performing the exercise while seated in a chair and using dumbbell weights.
Exercise 4
Another exercise that promotes strengthening of the shoulder girdle is dumbbell shoulder extensions. The exercise requires keeping back straight, and holding dumbbell weights at sides with palms facing back in preparation. The first movement is raising the weights while keeping arms straight and then bringing them back down; this movement is upward tilt of the scapula which strengthens the pectoralis minor . Alternatives for the exercise include sitting in a chair or laying prone on an elevated surface though keeping back straight and executing same shoulder/arm motion.
Shoulder injury prevention[edit]
Common injuries[edit]
Shoulders are a common place for tissue injuries, especially if the person plays overhead sports such as tennis, volleyball, baseball, swimming, etc. According to Bahr’s major injury related statistics, shoulder dislocations or subluxations account for 4% of injuries in adults ages 20–30 and 20% of shoulder injuries are fractures.[12] Damage to the shoulder and adjacent features can fluctuate in severity depending on the person’s age, sport, position, recurring shoulder dysfunction, and many other factors. Some other common shoulder injuries are fractures to any shoulder girdle bones i.e. clavicle, ligamentous sprains such as AC joint or GH ligaments, rotator cuff injuries, different labral tears, and other acute or chronic conditions related to shoulder anatomy. In order to help limit or decrease the severity of an injury, proper maintenance and conditioning should take place. Proper warm ups, strengthening of the shoulder complex, and lifestyle choices can help bring positive lifelong use of the shoulders.
Conditioning/warm-ups[edit]
Conditioning of the shoulder area involves full body exercises through a full range of motion. Exercises that are light to moderate activity over a 30-60 minute time period should increase cardiac output, which in-turn helps carry more oxygen saturated blood throughout the body. Regular running or an upper body ergometer are examples of full body exercise to increase cardiovascular endurance for proper conditioning. The more blood that the heart can pump throughout the body helps endurance performance by supplying the body with more nutrients and oxygen for a prolonged period of time.[13] In addition to conditioning the heart; a good dynamic warm-up, particular to a sport, should be in place to help prevent shoulder injury. Dynamic warm ups for upper and lower body can be considered a form of conditioning. The athlete can stretch and perform small movements in multiple directions to increase neurovascular response which satisfies dynamic warm ups. The increase in blood flow and neurological feedback will help with physiological and mechanical components for sport performance. This also helps with the exchange of oxygen from the blood to the tissues and synapses of the neurons happening quicker which leads to enhanced performance.[14]
Strengthening[edit]
Shoulder Girdle strengthening is a preventative procedure to help minimize tissue damage or other injuries while completing complex progressions in sports. Strengthening of the shoulder area can done by exercising specific muscle groups which are as follow. The positioners of the shoulder are the rotator cuff muscles: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis. Propellers are major movers to create force with the arms, which include larger muscles: pectoralis major/minor, latissimus dorsi, and trapezius. The stabilizers of the shoulder are the deltoid group. Several other muscles should not be forgotten that assist with control of scapula thoracic rhythm: rhomboid muscles, serratus posteriors, levator scapulae muscle, and others smaller muscles.[15] A key way to prevent shoulder injury is making sure to do slow and in control stretches and exercises in proper form with proper progression. In any sporting activity proper progression should include strengthening below 90 degrees, then progressing into a 90 degree range, and then full overhead exercises.[16] Specific progression exercises should target rotator cuff muscles and other muscles that attach to the shoulder girdle. Many individuals at gyms are injured because of incorrect equipment use. An experienced professional should assist with program development, progression, and implementation in injury prevention such as a certified personal trainer. If a minor shoulder injury does occur and isn’t severe, these measures can be taken to activate and recuperate the muscles: light stretching, light weightlifting, warm or cold packs as needed, and therapeutic message. Each sport has a different shoulder movement mechanics, and when executed correctly it will put less strain on the shoulder which in-turn preserves the shoulder longer.
Shoulder girdle pain[edit]
Shoulder girdle pain can be acute or chronic and be due to a number of causes. Inflammation or injury of associated tendons, bone, muscles, nerves, ligaments, and cartilage can all cause pain. Also past injury compensation, and stress can result in complicated shoulder pain.[17]
Trigger points[edit]
The shoulder girdle is a complicated area and pinpointing the source of pain can be very difficult. Figures 1 and 2 show the complexity of the shoulder girdle and the muscles included. The simplest of injuries can yield very difficult issues, because the body will always try to accommodate the weak points in movement. A distinction needs to be made between referred pain and the actual origin of pain. To help with treatment a therapist has to assess the trigger points. Trigger points are often reported as a regional, persistent pain that usually results in a decreased range of motion of the muscle in question.[18] Posterior trigger points of the shoulder girdle are located on the posterior deltoid, levator scapulae, the upper/ middle trapezius, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis, latissimus dorsi and the triceps brachii, serratus anterior. Trigger points on the anterior side are located on the infraspinatus, anterior deltoid, scalene, suprapinatus, pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, sternalis, subclavian, and the latissimus dorsi. Some trigger points are repetitive when it comes to pain felt both anteriorly and posteriorly that is due to referred pain. These trigger points can refer pain to the entire arm. From the back of shoulder up the back of the neck, the front of the shoulder, down the arm, and can even be felt in the wrist and hands. For example, referred pain from other areas like the cervical area can be felt in the shoulder girdle. Referred pain is due to nerves passing through the shoulder down the arm allowing pain to be felt away from the origin.
Taping[edit]
Taping can also help relieve pain in the shoulder. According to the textbook “Essentials of athletic injury management” by prentice and Arnheim, Athletic tape helps to alleviate pain by increasing circulation to affected area, provide support, provides a means for stabilizing the arm, and allows for pressure reduction.[19] When pain is cause from it being in a constant raise position. A technique where tape is applied to drop the shoulder can be used to get rid of the pain and strain by adding more space in the joint. For example, for the acromioclavicular joint taping can be applied to relieve pain in the top of the shoulder from a collision or as a result of the joint becoming separated because of damage to ligament. The way the shoulder is positioned can cause pain and retracting the shoulder by tapping can relieve the pain. See figure 3 for an illustration on shoulder tapping.
Corticosteroids[edit]
Corticosteroids may be used in extreme circumstances to decrease pain and swelling to an affected area. Corticosteroid are typically given orally or in an injection form. Once injections are given pain is usually relieved for several weeks at a time. See figure 4 for and illustration on corticosteroid injections orally, they have even shorter lasting effects. They typically last for about 3 weeks. According to the journal article “Shoulder pain” corticosteroids only reduce pain for a short term.[20] They are only a temporary solution to the problem. Because the corticosteroid injection is not a cure and at some point the symptoms are going to return. This injection should be a last resort but is often used with a combination of physical therapy and rehab to reduce the pain during that time as well as strengthen the area. Corticosteroid injection can only be used minutely and is recommended not to use these injections more than 3 times in a years’ time.
Therapy[edit]
Physical therapy and rehab therapy is also a great method to relieve pain and promote healing. According to Peter Ronai’s journal “Exercise Modifications and Strategies to Enhance Shoulder Function” appropriate training strategies for promoting shoulder stability and enhanced function can relieve shoulder pain and dysfunction.[21] A patient performs shoulder exercises and goes through a series of massages to manipulate and strengthen the shoulder. It’s of great importance to maintain mobility; prolonged disuse of the shoulder may lead to muscular atrophy, which must be corrected before recovery is possible. Exercising an injured shoulder may be painful, but knowledgeable trainers will know which activities are likely to be helpful or harmful throughout a patient's recovery process.
Other animals[edit]
The shoulder girdle demonstrates an enormous variation in amniotes (animals adapted to a terrestrial life), both among extant species and along evolutionary lines, and determining homologies for individual pectoral elements is difficult. Except for the sternum, these elements were, however, present in early bony fishes before there were even limbs. In digitless tetrapods the cleithrum, clavicle, and interclavicle are dermal and linked to the caudal part of the head while the humerus articulates with a small scapulocoracoid bone. As the first digits appeared, the pectoral structure lost its direct connection to the head skeleton while the scapulocoracoid grew more prominent and started to face laterally. In more derived tetrapods the dermal part of the girdle was gradually reduced and the scapulocoracoid split into a dorsal scapula and a ventral coracoid. [22]
In dinosaurs[edit]
In dinosaurs the main bones of the pectoral girdle were the scapula (shoulder blade) and the coracoid, both of which directly articulated with the clavicle. The clavicle was present in saurischian dinosaurs but largely absent in ornithischian dinosaurs. The place on the scapula where it articulated with the humerus (upper bone of the forelimb) is the called the glenoid. The scapula served as the attachment site for a dinosaur's back and forelimb muscles.
In primates[edit]
Chimpanzees are far better adapted to brachiation than modern humans. Their clavicles possess a cranially oriented twist on the acromial end, conducive to better force transfer through it - a very important function in arboreal locomotion. Chimpanzee scapulas also possess a considerably larger supraspinous fossa, allowing for a larger supraspinatus muscle. Through the process of evolution, humans have lost the Atlantoclavicularis muscle, originating on the atlas of the vertebral column, and inserting onto the acromial clavicle. This muscle acts to elevate the clavicle.[23]
See also[edit]
Shoulder
Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Physiological joints are called "false" joints because they lack the characteristics of "true" anatomical joints, such as ligaments and a capsule, but they are still joints because the gliding movements they provide play an important biomechanical role. (Roy 2009, Focused anatomy)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Kapandji 1982, p. 20
Jump up ^ Arend CF. Ultrasound of the Shoulder. Master Medical Books, 2013. Free section on snapping scapula available at ShoulderUS.com
^ Jump up to: a b Kapandji 1982, p. 40
Jump up ^ Moezy, A., Sepehrifar, S., Dodaran, M. S. (2014). The effects of scapular stabilization based exercise therapy on pain, posture, flexibility and shoulder mobility in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome: a controlled randomized clinical trial. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran (MJIRI) Iran University of Medical Sciences, (Vol 28.87), 1-15.
Jump up ^ Saladin, K. (2011). Human Anatomy (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies.
Jump up ^ Lippert, L. (2011). Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Company.
Jump up ^ Barbell Behind Neck Presses. http://www.exrx.net/WeightExercises/DeltoidAnterior/BBBehindNeckPress.html.
Jump up ^ Hamilton, N. Ph.D., Weimer, W. Ph.D., & Luttgens, K. Ph.D. (2008). Kinesiology: Scientific Basis of Human Motion (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies.
Jump up ^ . Smith, J. MD, Dahm, D. L. MD, Kaufman, K. R. Ph.D., Boon, A. J. MD, Laskowski, E. R. MD, Kotajarvi, B. R. PT, Jacofsky, D. J. MD (2006). Electromyographic Activity in the Immobilized Shoulder Girdle Musculature During Scapulothoracic Exercises. American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, (Vol 87), 923-927.
Jump up ^ Dumbbell Shrug. http://www.exrx.net/WeightExercises/TrapeziusUpper/DBShrug.html.
Jump up ^ Barbbell Bent-Over Row. http://www.exrx.net/WeightExercises/BackGeneral/BBBentOverRow.html.
Jump up ^ Bahr, R. (2012). IOC Manual of Sports Injuries : An Illustrated Guide to the Management of Injuries in Physical Activity. Somerset, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons
Jump up ^ Kjaer, M., Krogsgaard, M., & Magnusson, P. (Eds.). (2008). Textbook of Sports Medicine : Basic Science and Clinical Aspects of Sports Injury and Physical Activity. Chichester, GBR: John Wiley & Sons
Jump up ^ Moynes, D. R. (1983). Clinics in sports medicine: Prevention of Injury to the Shoulder Through Exercises and Therapy
Jump up ^ Davis, G. J., Durall, C. J., Manske, R. C. (2001). Avoiding Shoulder Injury From Resistance Training. National Strength & Conditioning Association. Vol. 23. Num. 5. Pgs. 10-18
Jump up ^ Houglan, P. A. (2010). Therapeutic Exercises for Musculoskeletal Injuries, Third edition. Champaign, IL, USA: Human Kinetics
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Caroline; et al. (2005). "Shoulder Pain: Diagnosis and Management in Primary Care". BMJ. 331 (7525): 1124–1128. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7525.1124.
Jump up ^ Alvarez, David J., Rockwell, Pamala Trigger Points: Diagnosis and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2002 Feb 15;65(4):653-661.http://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/0215/p653.html
Jump up ^ Prentice, W., & Arnheim, D. (2012). "Essentials of athletic injury management" (9th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill
Jump up ^ Murphy, Richard J; Carr, Andrew J (2010). "Shoulder Pain". Clinical Evidence. 2010: 1107. PMC 3217726  . PMID 21418673.
Jump up ^ Ronai, Peter. "Exercise Modifications and Strategies to Enhance Shoulder Function." Strength and Conditioning Journal 27.4 (2005): 36-45. http://www.nsca.com/education/articles/exercise-modifications-to-enhance-shoulder-function
Jump up ^ Vickaryous & Hall 2006, Introduction, see also Fig. 1
Jump up ^ Bramble, Dennis; Lieberman, Daniel (23 September 2004). "Endurance running and the evolution of Homo". Nature. 432: 345–352. doi:10.1038/nature03052. PMID 15549097. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
References[edit]
Kapandji, Ibrahim Adalbert (1982). The Physiology of the Joints: Volume One Upper Limb (5th ed.). New York: Churchill Livingstone.
Roy, André (June 2009). "Rotator Cuff Disease Clinical Presentation". MedScape. Retrieved July 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Vickaryous, Matthew K; Hall, Brian K (March 2006). "Homology of the reptilian coracoid and a reappraisal of the evolution and development of the amniote pectoral apparatus". Journal of Anatomy. 208 (3): 263–285. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00542.x. PMC 2100248  . PMID 16533312.
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The Lottery
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the short story. For other uses, see Lottery (disambiguation).
"The Lottery"
Author
Shirley Jackson
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre(s)
Short story
Publisher
The New Yorker
Publication date
June 26, 1948
"The Lottery" is a short story by Shirley Jackson, written just months before its first publication, in the June 26, 1948, issue of The New Yorker.[1] The story describes a fictional small town which observes — as do many other communities, both large and small, throughout contemporary America — an annual ritual known as "the lottery". It has been described as "one of the most famous short stories in the history of American literature".[2]
The initially negative response to the story surprised both Jackson and The New Yorker. Readers cancelled subscriptions and sent hate mail throughout the summer.[3] The Union of South Africa banned the story.[4][page needed][ISBN missing]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Themes
3 Reception
3.1 Readers
3.2 Critical interpretations
4 Dramatizations
4.1 1951 radio version
4.2 Television adaptation
4.3 1969 film
4.4 1996 TV film
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Details of contemporary small-town American life are embroidered upon a description of an annual ritual known as "the lottery". In a small village of about 300 residents, the locals are in an excited yet nervous mood on June 27. Children gather stones as the adult townsfolk assemble for their annual event, which in the local tradition is practiced to ensure a good harvest (Old Man Warner quotes an old proverb: "Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon"), though there are some rumors that nearby communities in the north are talking about giving up the lottery, and some have done so.
The lottery preparations start the night before with Mr. Summers and Mr. Graves making the paper slips and the list of all the families. Once the slips are finished, they are put into a black box, which is stored overnight in a safe place at the coal company. The story briefly mentions how the ballot box has been stored other years in various places in the town.
On the morning of the lottery, the townspeople gather close to 10 a.m. in order to have everything done in time for lunch. First, the heads of the extended families draw slips until every family has a slip. Bill Hutchinson gets the one slip with a black spot, meaning that his family has been chosen. The second round would ordinarily be to select one household within the family, but since there is only one Hutchinson household (Bill's adult sister and daughter are counted with their husbands' families), the second round is skipped.
The final round is for the individual family members within the winning household to draw, no matter their age. Bill's wife Tessie gets the marked slip. After the drawing is over and Tessie is picked, the slips are allowed to fly off into the wind. In keeping with tradition, each villager obtains a stone and begins to surround Tessie. The story ends as Tessie is stoned to death while she bemoans the unfairness of the situation.
Themes[edit]
One of the major ideas of "The Lottery" is that of a scapegoat, or someone who is blamed for society's evils and is banished in a sort of renewal ritual. The act of stoning someone to death yearly purges the town of the bad and allows for the good. This is hinted in the references to agriculture.
The story also speaks of mob psychology and the idea that people can abandon reason and act cruelly if they are part of a large group of people behaving in the same manner. The idyllic setting of the story also demonstrates that violence and evil can take place anywhere and in any context. This also shows how people can turn on each other so easily.
Alongside the mob mentality, the story speaks about people who blindly follow traditions without thinking of the consequences of those traditions.[5]
Reception[edit]
Readers[edit]
Many readers demanded an explanation of the situation in the story, and a month after the initial publication, Shirley Jackson responded in the San Francisco Chronicle (July 22, 1948):
Explaining just what I had hoped the story to say is very difficult. I suppose, I hoped, by setting a particularly brutal ancient rite in the present and in my own village to shock the story's readers with a graphic dramatization of the pointless violence and general inhumanity in their own lives.
Jackson lived in North Bennington, Vermont, and her comment reveals that she had Bennington in mind when she wrote "The Lottery". In a 1960 lecture (printed in her 1968 collection, Come Along with Me), Jackson recalled the hate mail she received in 1948:
One of the most terrifying aspects of publishing stories and books is the realization that they are going to be read, and read by strangers. I had never fully realized this before, although I had of course in my imagination dwelt lovingly upon the thought of the millions and millions of people who were going to be uplifted and enriched and delighted by the stories I wrote. It had simply never occurred to me that these millions and millions of people might be so far from being uplifted that they would sit down and write me letters I was downright scared to open; of the three-hundred-odd letters that I received that summer I can count only thirteen that spoke kindly to me, and they were mostly from friends. Even my mother scolded me: "Dad and I did not care at all for your story in The New Yorker," she wrote sternly; "it does seem, dear, that this gloomy kind of story is what all you young people think about these days. Why don't you write something to cheer people up?"[3]
The New Yorker kept no records of the phone calls, but letters addressed to Jackson were forwarded to her. That summer she regularly took home 10 to 12 forwarded letters each day. She also received weekly packages from The New Yorker containing letters and questions addressed to the magazine or editor Harold Ross, plus carbon copies of the magazine's responses mailed to letter writers.
Curiously, there are three main themes which dominate the letters of that first summer—three themes which might be identified as bewilderment, speculation and plain old-fashioned abuse. In the years since then, during which the story has been anthologized, dramatized, televised, and even—in one completely mystifying transformation—made into a ballet, the tenor of letters I receive has changed. I am addressed more politely, as a rule, and the letters largely confine themselves to questions like what does this story mean? The general tone of the early letters, however, was a kind of wide-eyed, shocked innocence. People at first were not so much concerned with what the story meant; what they wanted to know was where these lotteries were held, and whether they could go there and watch.[3]
Critical interpretations[edit]
Helen E. Nebeker's essay, "'The Lottery': Symbolic Tour de Force", in American Literature (March 1974), claims that every major name in the story has a special significance.
By the end of the first two paragraphs, Jackson has carefully indicated the season, time of ancient excess and sacrifice, and the stones, most ancient of sacrificial weapons. She has also hinted at larger meanings through name symbolism. "Martin", Bobby's surname, derives from a Middle English word signifying ape or monkey. This, juxtaposed with "Harry Jones" (in all its commonness) and "Dickie Delacroix" (of-the-Cross) urges us to an awareness of the Hairy Ape within us all, veneered by a Christianity as perverted as "Delacroix," vulgarized to "Dellacroy" by the villagers. Horribly, at the end of the story, it will be Mrs. Delacroix, warm and friendly in her natural state, who will select a stone "so large she had to pick it up with both hands" and will encourage her friends to follow suit ... "Mr. Adams," at once progenitor and martyr in the Judeo-Christian myth of man, stands with "Mrs. Graves"—the ultimate refuge or escape of all mankind—in the forefront of the crowd.
Fritz Oehlshlaeger, in "The Stoning of Mistress Hutchinson Meaning of Context in 'The Lottery'" (Essays in Literature, 1988), wrote:
The name of Jackson's victim links her to Anne Hutchinson, whose Antinomian beliefs, found to be heretical by the Puritan hierarchy, resulted in her banishment from Massachusetts in 1638. While Tessie Hutchinson is no spiritual rebel, to be sure, Jackson's allusion to Anne Hutchinson reinforces her suggestions of a rebellion lurking within the women of her imaginary village. Since Tessie Hutchinson is the protagonist of "The Lottery," there is every indication that her name is indeed an allusion to Anne Hutchinson, the American religious dissenter. She was excommunicated despite an unfair trial, while Tessie questions the tradition and correctness of the lottery as well as her humble status as a wife. It might as well be this insubordination that leads to her selection by the lottery and stoning by the angry mob of villagers.
The 1992 episode of The Simpsons, "Dog of Death", features a scene referencing "The Lottery". During the peak of the lottery fever in Springfield, news anchor Kent Brockman announces on television that people hoping to get tips on how to win the jackpot have borrowed every available copy of Shirley Jackson's book The Lottery at the local library. One of them is Homer, who throws the book into the fireplace after Brockman reveals that, "Of course, the book does not contain any hints on how to win the lottery. It is, rather, a chilling tale of conformity gone mad."[6] In her book Shirley Jackson: Essays on the Literary Legacy, Bernice Murphy comments that this scene displays some of the most contradictory things about Jackson: "It says a lot about the visibility of Jackson's most notorious tale that more than 50 years after its initial creation it is still famous enough to warrant a mention in the world's most famous sitcom. The fact that Springfield's citizenry also miss the point of Jackson's story completely ... can perhaps be seen as an indication of a more general misrepresentation of Jackson and her work."[6]
Dramatizations[edit]
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In addition to numerous reprints in magazines, anthologies and textbooks, "The Lottery" has been adapted for radio, live television, a 1953 ballet, films in 1969 and 1997, a TV movie, an opera, and a one-act play by Thomas Martin.
1951 radio version[edit]
NBC's radio adaptation was broadcast March 14, 1951, as an episode of the anthology series NBC Presents: Short Story. Writer Ernest Kinoy[7][8] expanded the plot to include scenes at various characters' homes before the lottery and a conversation between Bill and Tessie Hutchinson (Bill suggests leaving town before the lottery happens, but Tessie refuses because she wants to go shopping at Floyd Summers's store after the lottery is over). Kinoy deleted certain characters, including two of the Hutchinsons' three children, and added at least one character, John Gunderson, a schoolteacher who publicly objects to the lottery being held, and at first refuses to draw. Finally, Kinoy included an ending scene describing the townspeople's post-lottery activities, and an afterword in which the narrator suggested, "Next year, maybe there won't be a Lottery. It's up to all of us. Chances are, there will be, though."[8] The production was directed by Andrew C. Love.[7][9]
Television adaptation[edit]
Ellen M. Violett wrote the first television adaptation, seen on Albert McCleery's Cameo Theatre (1950–55).
1969 film[edit]
Larry Yust's short film, The Lottery (1969), produced as part of Encyclopædia Britannica's 'Short Story Showcase' series, was ranked by the Academic Film Archive "as one of the two bestselling educational films ever". It has an accompanying ten-minute commentary film, Discussion of "The Lottery" by University of Southern California English professor Dr. James Durbin. Featuring the film debut of Ed Begley, Jr., Yust's adaptation has an atmosphere of naturalism and small town authenticity with its shots of pick-up trucks and townspeople in Fellows, California.
1996 TV film[edit]
Anthony Spinner's feature-length TV film, The Lottery, which premiered September 29, 1996, on NBC, is a sequel loosely based on the original Shirley Jackson story. It was nominated for a 1997 Saturn Award for Best Single Genre Television Presentation.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Shirley Jackson (26 June 1948). "The Lottery". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
Jump up ^ Harris, Laurie Lanzen; Abbey, Cherie D. (2000). Biography Today: Profiles of People of Interest to Young Readers. Detroit, Michigan: Omnigraphics. p. 71. ISBN 9780780804029. Retrieved 2012-06-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jackson, Shirley; Hyman, Stanley Edgar (1968). Come Along with Me; Part of a Novel, Sixteen Stories, and Three Lectures (2nd ed.). New York: Viking Press. ISBN 9780670231584.
Jump up ^ Hyman, Stanley Edgar (1995). "Introduction". Just An Ordinary Day. Bantam Books.
Jump up ^ "The Lottery Themes - eNotes.com". eNotes. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
^ Jump up to: a b Murphy, Bernice M. (2005). "Introduction: 'Do You Know Who I Am?', Reconsidering Shirley Jackson". Shirley Jackson: Essays on the Literary Legacy. Jefferson: McFarland & Company. p. 1. ISBN 9780786423125. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Goldin, J. David. "Radio Goldindex". NBC Short Story. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "NBC Short Story". The Lottery. The Generic Radio Workshop Vintage Radio Script Library. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "NBC Short Story" (audio). "The Lottery". Matinee Classics. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
Further reading[edit]
Oppenheimer, Judy (1988). Private Demons: The Life of Shirley Jackson. New York: Putnam. ISBN 0399133569.
External links[edit]
Detailed plot summary of "The Lottery"
Salon: Jonathan Lethem: "Monstrous Acts and Little Murders"
"The Lottery" study guide and teaching guide – analysis, themes, quotes, multimedia for students and teachers
The New Yorker podcast: A. M. Homes discusses and reads "The Lottery"
NBC Short Story: "The Lottery" (March 14, 1951)
"The Lottery" read by Maureen Stapleton
1988 interview with Judy Oppenheimer
Full audio dramatization available free from WOUB Public Media (Athens, Ohio).
[hide]
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Shirley Jackson
Novels
The Road Through the Wall (1948)
Hangsaman (1951)
The Bird's Nest (1954)
The Sundial (1958)
The Haunting of Hill House (1959)
We Have Always Lived in the Castle (1962)
Short fiction
"The Lottery" (1948)
"Charles" (1948)
"The Lovely House" (1950)
"The Possibility of Evil" (1965)
Collections
The Lottery and Other Stories (1949)
Come Along With Me (1968)
Memoirs
Life Among the Savages (1952)
Raising Demons (1957)
Adaptations
The Haunting (1963 film)
The Haunting (1999 film)
We Have Always Lived in the Castle (film)
Related
Shirley Jackson Award
Stanley Edgar Hyman
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