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Football pitch
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This article is about the playing field for the game of association football or soccer. For playing fields for other football codes, see Football field.
"Football ground" redirects here. For the entire building that includes the pitch, see stadium.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Standard pitch measurements. Not all pitches are the same size, though the preferred size for many professional teams' stadiums is 105 by 68 metres (115 yd × 74 yd) with an area of 7,140 square metres (76,900 sq ft; 1.76 acres; 0.714 ha).
A football pitch (also known as a football field[1] or soccer field) is the playing surface for the game of association football. Its dimensions and markings are defined by Law 1 of the Laws of the Game, "The Field of Play".[2] The surface can either be natural or artificial, but FIFA's Laws of the Game specify that all artificial surfaces must be painted green. The pitch is typically made of turf (grass) or artificial turf, although amateur and recreational teams often play on dirt fields.
All line markings on the pitch form part of the area which they define. For example, a ball on or above the touchline is still on the field of play, and a foul committed over the line bounding the penalty area results in a penalty. Therefore, a ball must completely cross the touchline to be out of play, and a ball must wholly cross the goal line (between the goal posts) before a goal is scored; if any part of the ball is still on or above the line, the ball is still in play.
The field descriptions that apply to adult matches are described below. Note that due to the original formulation of the Laws in England and the early supremacy of the four British football associations within IFAB, the standard dimensions of a football pitch were originally expressed in imperial units. The Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents (followed by traditional units in brackets), but use of the imperial units remains common in some countries, especially in the United Kingdom.
Contents
1 Pitch boundary
2 Goals
2.1 History of football goals and nets
3 Penalty and goal areas
4 Other markings
5 Turf
6 See also
7 References
Pitch boundary[edit]
The Goal line at the Stretford End of Old Trafford in Manchester (1992)
The pitch is rectangular in shape. The longer sides are called touchlines. The other opposing sides are called the goal lines. The two goal lines must be between 45 and 90 m (50 and 100 yd) and be the same length.[3] The two touch lines must also be of the same length, and be between 90 and 120 m (100 and 130 yd) in length.[3] All lines must be equally wide, not to exceed 12 cm (5 in).[3] The corners of the pitch are marked by corner flags.[4]
For international matches the field dimensions are more tightly constrained; the goal lines must be between 64 and 75 m (70 and 80 yd) long and the touch lines must be between 100 and 110 m (110 and 120 yd).[3] In March 2008 the IFAB attempted to standardise the size of the football pitch for international matches and set the official dimensions of a pitch to 105 m long by 68 m wide.[5] However, at a special meeting of the IFAB on 8 May 2008, it was ruled that this change would be put on hold pending a review and the proposed change has not been implemented.[6]
Although the term goal line is often taken to mean only that part of the line between the goalposts, in fact it refers to the complete line at either end of the pitch, from one corner flag to the other. In contrast, the term byline (or by-line) is often used to refer to that portion of the goal line outside the goalposts. This term is commonly used in football commentaries and match descriptions, such as this example from a BBC match report; "Udeze gets to the left byline and his looping cross is cleared..."[7]
Goals[edit]
See also: Scoring in association football
A football goal
Goals are placed at the centre of each goal-line.[8] These consist of two upright posts placed equidistant from the corner flagposts, joined at the top by a horizontal crossbar. The inner edges of the posts must be 7.32 metres (8 yd) apart, and the lower edge of the crossbar must be 2.44 metres (8 ft) above the ground.[9] Nets are usually placed behind the goal, though are not required by the Laws.
Goalposts and crossbars must be white, and made of wood, metal or other approved material. Rules regarding the shape of goalposts and crossbars are somewhat more lenient, but they must conform to a shape that does not pose a threat to players. Since the beginning of the football there have always been goalposts, but the crossbar wasn't invented until 1875, where a string between the goalposts was used.[10]
A goal is scored when the ball crosses the goal line between the goal-posts, even if a defending player last touched the ball before it crossed the goal line (see own goal). A goal may, however, be ruled illegal (and void by the referee) if the player who scored or a member of his team commits an offence under any of the laws between the time the ball was previously out of play and the goal being scored. It is also deemed void if a player on the opposing team commits an offence before the ball has passed the line, as in the case of fouls being committed, a penalty awarded but the ball continued on a path that caused it to cross the goal line.
The football goal size for a junior match goal is approximately half the size of an adult sized match goal.[11]
History of football goals and nets[edit]
Football goals were first described in England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. In 1584 and 1602 respectively, John Norden and Richard Carew referred to "goals" in Cornish hurling. Carew described how goals were made: "they pitch two bushes in the ground, some eight or ten foote asunder; and directly against them, ten or twelue [twelve] score off, other twayne in like distance, which they terme their Goales".[12] The first reference to scoring a goal is in John Day's play The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green (performed circa 1600; published 1659). Similarly in a poem in 1613, Michael Drayton refers to "when the Ball to throw, And drive it to the Gole, in squadrons forth they goe". Solid crossbars were first introduced by the Sheffield Rules. Football nets were invented by Liverpool engineer John Brodie in 1891,[13] and they were a necessary help for discussions about whether or not a goal had been scored.[14]
Penalty and goal areas[edit]
Further information: Penalty area
The penalty area is the large marked rectangular area. The smaller rectangle within it is the goal area (here the yellow-shirted goalkeeper is the only player in the goal area). The penalty arc is the curved line adjoining the "top" of the penalty area (here the red-shirted referee is standing near the arc).
Two rectangular boxes are marked out on the pitch in front of each goal.[citation needed]
The goal area (colloquially the "six-yard box"), consists of the rectangle formed by the goal-line, two lines starting on the goal-line 5.5 metres (6 yd) from the goalposts and extending 5.5 metres (6 yd) into the pitch from the goal-line, and the line joining these. Goal kicks and any free kick by the defending team may be taken from anywhere in this area. Indirect free kicks awarded to the attacking team within the goal area are taken from the point on the line parallel to the goal line (the "six-yard line") nearest where the infringement occurred; they cannot be taken any closer to the goal line. Similarly drop-balls that would otherwise occur closer to the goal line are taken on this line.[citation needed]
The penalty area (colloquially "The 18-yard box" or just "The box") is similarly formed by the goal-line and lines extending from it, but its lines start 16.5 metres (18 yd) from the goalposts and extend 16.5 metres (18 yd) into the field. This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to denote where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a foul by a defender, usually punished by a direct free kick, becomes punishable by a penalty kick. Both the goal and penalty areas were formed as halfcircles until 1902.[14]
The penalty mark is 11 metres (12 yd) in front of the very centre of the goal; this is the point from where penalty kicks are taken.
The penalty arc (colloquially "the D") is marked from the outside edge of the penalty area, 9.15 metres (10 yd) from the penalty mark; this, along with the penalty area, marks an exclusion zone for all players other than the penalty kicker and defending goalkeeper during a penalty kick.[citation needed]
Other markings[edit]
The centre circle is marked at 9.15 metres (10 yd) from the centre mark. Similar to the penalty arc, this indicates the minimum distance that opposing players must keep at kick-off; the ball itself is placed on the centre mark.[14] During penalty shootouts all players other than the two goalkeepers and the current kicker are required to remain within this circle.
The half-way line divides the pitch in two. The half which a team defends is commonly referred to as being their half. Players must be within their own half at a kick-off and may not be penalised as being offside in their own half. The intersections between the half-way line and the touchline can be indicated with flags like those marking the corners – the laws consider this as an optional feature.[4]
The arcs in the corners denote the area (within 1 yard of the corner) in which the ball has to be placed for corner kicks; opposition players have to be 9.15 m (10 yd) away during a corner, and there may be optional lines off-pitch 9.15 metres (10 yards) away from the corner arc on the goal- and touch-lines to help gauge these distances.[8]
Turf[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2010)
See also: Sports turf
Grass is the normal surface of play, although artificial turf may sometimes be used especially in locations where maintenance of grass may be difficult due to inclement weather. This may include areas where it is very wet, causing the grass to deteriorate rapidly; where it is very dry, causing the grass to die; and where the turf is under heavy use. Artificial turf pitches are also increasingly common on the Scandinavian Peninsula, due to the amount of snow during the winter months. The strain put on grass pitches by the cold climate and subsequent snow clearing has necessitated the installation of artificial turf in the stadia of many top-tier clubs in Norway, Sweden and Finland. The latest artificial surfaces use rubber crumbs, as opposed to the previous system of sand infill. Some leagues and football associations have specifically prohibited artificial surfaces due to injury concerns and require teams' home stadia to have grass pitches. All artificial turf must be green and also meet the requirements specified in the FIFA Quality Concept for Football Turf.[15][16][17]
Football can also be played on a dirt field. In most parts of the world, dirt is only used for casual recreational play.
See also[edit]
Football field (for each football code)
Turf management
Groundskeeping
References[edit]
Jump up ^ For example, George Cuming, Manager Project Future Referees (9 December 2009). "Evolution of football field markings". Asian Football Confederation. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Premiership football stadiums". TalkFootball. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Laws of the Game 2011/2012" (PDF). FIFA. p. 7. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Laws of the Game 2011/2012" (PDF). FIFA. p. 8. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Goal-line technology put on ice". IFAB media release. FIFA. 8 March 2008. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "FIFA Circular 1145" (PDF). FIFA media release. FIFA. 22 May 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Match report BBC
^ Jump up to: a b "Laws of the Game 2011/2012" (PDF). FIFA. p. 9. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Laws of the Game : 2013/2014" (PDF). Fifa.com. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
Jump up ^ Hornby, Hugh (2000). Football. Dorling Kindersley Ltd. p. 12. ISBN 8778267633.
Jump up ^ "Football Goal Size". Quickplay Sport. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Richard Carew. "EBook of The Survey of Cornwall". Project Gutenberg. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Herbert, Ian (7 July 2000). "Blue plaque for man who invented football goal net". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 6 April 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hornby, Hugh (2000). Football. Dorling Kindersley Ltd. p. 13. ISBN 8778267633.
Jump up ^ "Laws of the Game 2011/2012" (PDF). FIFA. p. 6. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "FIFA Quality Concept for Football Turf" (PDF). FIFA. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "FIFA Quality Concept" (PDF). Retrieved 14 February 2012.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Association football fields.
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Laws of the Game (rules of association football)
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Law 17: The Corner Kick
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Heartbreak on a Full Moon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Heartbreak on a Full Moon
Studio album by Chris Brown
Released
October 31, 2017
Recorded
2015–2017
Genre
Pop
dance
R&B[1]
Length
158:33
Label
RCA
Producer
A1
ADP
Amadeus
Ayo
BHam
Boi-1da
Cam Wallace
Cardiak
Cratos
D. A. Doman
Danja
Deko
Don Jarvis
Daecolm Holland
Dre Moon
EY
Foreign Teck
Hitmaka
ISM
J-Bo
J-Louis
Keyz
Milk+Sizz
Nikhil
Nija
OG Parker
OZ
P2J
Pip Kembo
Qkauztion
Richie Souf
Scott Storch
Scribz
Sean Momberger
Sevn Thomas
Smash David
Soundz
Syk Sense
Tariq Beats
The Martianz
Txpski
Vontae Thomas
Xeryus G
Chris Brown chronology
Royalty
(2015)Royalty2015 Heartbreak on a Full Moon
(2017)
Singles from Heartbreak on a Full Moon
"Grass Ain't Greener"
Released: May 5, 2016
"Party"
Released: December 16, 2016
"Privacy"
Released: March 24, 2017
"Pills & Automobiles"
Released: August 4, 2017
"Questions"
Released: August 16, 2017
Heartbreak on a Full Moon is the eighth studio album by American singer Chris Brown. The album is a double-disc, and was released digitally October 31, 2017, and onto CD three days later by RCA Records.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Recording
2 Artwork
3 Release and promotion
4 Critical reception
5 Commercial performance
6 Track listing
7 Charts
7.1 Year-end charts
8 Certifications
9 See also
10 References
Recording
Brown started working on and recording tracks for the album a few weeks before the release of Royalty, his seventh studio album, in late 2015. He continued working on the album during 2016 and 2017. Brown also built a recording studio inside of his home.[3][4][5] Brown said about the album during an interview for Complex:
“ I thought Heartbreak On a Full Moon was a depiction of what my soul wanted to say. It's funny because we're doing a double album. I've done so many records, but all of the records, to me, are personal favorites and I feel like it gets what I want to say across. It gives a vibe. You get nostalgia or you get a sense of individuality.[6] ”
Artwork
The cover art for the album was announced on October 5, 2017. The artwork shows a human heart, dripping blood, in front of a pink moon.[7]
Release and promotion
On January 10, 2016 Brown had previewed 11 unreleased songs on his Periscope and Instagram profiles, showing him dancing and lip-synching these songs.[8][9][10] Later on January, February and March 2016, he released videos on his Instagram profile where he was lip-synching snippets from the unreleased songs "Sirens", "Lost and Found",[11] and "Dead Wrong".[12][13][14]
On April 27 through Twitter, he announced the release of a new single on May 5.[15][16][17] On May 3 he revealed that the single would be "Grass Ain't Greener", showing its cover art and announcing it as the first single from Heartbreak on a Full Moon.[18] The single was released on May 5, 2016, the day of Brown's 27th birthday, but it was originally not included on the album's previous track listing then was re-included on the official tracklist as the last track when the album was available for pre-order. [19]
In November and December 2016, he released videos on his Instagram profile where he was lip-synching snippets from other unreleased songs: "For Me",[20] "Post & Delete",[21][22] and "Yellow Tape".[23][24]
On December 16, 2016, he released the second official single from the album, "Party", that features guest vocals from American R&B singer Usher and rapper Gucci Mane. On January 4, 2017 Brown had previewed two snippets on his Instagram profile from the songs "Privacy" and "Tell Me Baby", then in February announced that "Privacy" would have been released as the next single from Heartbreak on a Full Moon.[25][26] The single was released on March 24, 2017.[27]
The initial track listing was announced by Brown on his Instagram account on May 2, 2017, saying that it would have been a double-disc album, and that it would have been released in June 2017.[28] In the first days of June 2017 46 songs discarded from the album were leaked, most of them were unfinished versions while a few were demos.[29][30]
In July 2017 he announced the pending release of upcoming singles from his album.[31] Later on August 4, 2017, he released the album's fourth single "Pills & Automobiles", that features guest vocals from American trap artists Yo Gotti, A Boogie Wit Da Hoodie and Kodak Black.[32] Then on August 14, 2017 he announced the release of the fifth official single from the album, "Questions", on August 16, announcing the album release date, saying that it would be released on October 31, 2017.[33]
In the run up to the album's release, on October 5, 2017, Brown unveiled the official artwork on his Instagram profile, sharing a video with an animated cartoon-style visual of a blood-dripping human heart set against a pink full moon, with a snippet of the song "Heartbreak on a Full Moon" in the background.[34]
On October 13, 2017 Brown released a promotional single "High End", that features guest vocals from American trap artists Future and Young Thug, announcing the final tracklist of the album.[35][36] On October 25, 2017 Brown organized with Tidal a free pop-up concert in New York City to perform the singles on the album and promote it.[37][38]
Critical reception
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [39]
HipHopDX 3.1/5[40]
Slant Magazine [41]
AllMusic editor Andy Kellman called Heartbreak on a Full Moon "artistically conservative".[39] Slant Magazine's Zachary Hoskins found most of the songs to be forgettable retreads of Brown's past music, writing that the album "fails to offer anything new from Brown, or contemporary R&B in general: It's almost four dozen songs about fucking or breaking up, sometimes both in the same song."[41]
Commercial performance
After selling 25,000 copies and earning 68,000 album-equivalent units within three days, Heartbreak on a Full Moon debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200, becoming Brown's ninth consecutive top 10 album on the chart.[42] The album was Brown's seventh album to debut at number one on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.[43] On November 8, 2017, Heartbreak on a Full Moon was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 500,000 units in the United States (in this case, 250,000 double album sets, which are double-counted by the RIAA). In its second chart week, the album remained at number three on Billboard 200, with 73,000 album-equivalent units.[44] By the end of 2017, Heartbreak on a Full Moon had accumulated 608,000 album-equivalent units in the United States, with 80,000 being pure sales.[45] In Australia, it entered the ARIA Albums Chart at number five, becoming his first top ten in the nation since X in 2014.[46] In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number 10 on the UK Albums Chart, giving Brown his sixth top 10 album on the chart.[47] In New Zealand, the album debuted at number three on the RMNZ Albums Chart, giving Brown his seventh top ten album on the chart.[48]
Track listing
Credits were adapted from RCA's official website,[49] TIDAL, and the album liner notes.
Disc 1
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
1. "Lost & Found"
Christopher Brown
Justin Garner
Leon Youngblood
Myjah Viera
Rowan Dublin
Jocelyn Donald
Xeryus Gittens
Niyah Collins
Jabari Alaji-Sharif
J-Bo
Xeryus G.[a]
David Nakaji[b]
Ben Milchev[b]
4:01
2. "Privacy"
Brown
David Doman
Jim Stewart
Patrizio Pigliapoco
D. A. Doman 3:40
3. "Juicy Booty" (featuring Jhené Aiko and R. Kelly)
Brown
Jamal Jones
Urales Vargas
Jhené Chilombo
Robert Kelly
Roger Troutman
Larry Troutman
James Mtune
Ronald Hudson
Fabian Lenssen
Mikel Hooks
Norman Durham
Matthew Naples
Henry Chu
Mika Means
Woodrow Cunningham
Polow da Don
Chu
DJ Buddha
4:33
4. "Questions"
Brown
Philip Kembo
Brandon Hamlin
Floyd Bentley III
Christopher Dotson
Christian Ward
Melvin Moore
Lyrica Anderson
Bobby Turner, Jr.
Courtney Sills
Michael Keith
Raeon Primus
Marvin Scandrick
Arnold Hennings
Quinnes Parker
Kevin Lyttle
Daron Jones
Pip Kembo
B Ham
A1
2:09
5. "Heartbreak on a Full Moon"
Brown
Donameche Jackson
Robin Weisse
Derrick Beck
Ellery McKinney
Kevin Kessee
Jamal Gaines
Don City
Beck
4:06
6. "Roses"
Brown
Dotson
Ishmael Montague
Bentley III
Moore
Turner, Jr.
Anderson
ISM
A1
3:24
7. "Confidence"
Brown
Kenneth Coby
Carl McCormick
Ward
Bentley III
Gabrielle Nowee
Soundz
Cardiak
Hitmaka
A1
2:57
8. "Rock Your Body"
Brown
Tommy Brown
Michael Foster
Michael Anderson
Talay Riley
Bianca Atterberry
TBHits
Foster
2:42
9. "Tempo"
Brown
Sean Momberger
Omari Toure
Lonnie Kimble
Pigliapoco
Momberger 3:38
10. "Handle It" (featuring Dej Loaf and Lil Yachty)
Brown
Steve Thornton
Toni Romiti
Pigliapoco
Deja Trimble
Miles McCollum
Swiff D
Pigliapoco[b]
4:41
11. "Sip"
Brown
Dotson
Nicholas Ramsahoye
Bentley III
Turner, Jr.
Dwayne Alo
Anderson
Prince Chrishan
Txpski
A1
3:17
12. "Everybody Knows"
Brown
Altariq Crapps
Paul Cabbin
Tariq Beats
Cabbin
3:08
13. "To My Bed"
Brown
Austin Owens
James Foye III
Eyobed Getachew
Usher Raymond IV
Dimitri McDowell
McKinney
Jermaine Dupri
Brian Casey
Manuel Seal
Rafael Ishman
Ayo
Keyz
EY
4:33
14. "Hope You Do"
Brown
Montague
Prince Chrishan
Bentley III
Donell Jones
Kyle West
Anderson
Turner, Jr.
ISM
A1
4:41
15. "This Ain't"
Brown
Michael Hernandez
Crapps
Ozan Yildirim
Dotson
Bentley III
Anderson
Turner, Jr.
Foreign Teck
OZ
Tariq Beats
2:58
16. "Pull Up"
Brown
Bentley III
Crapps
Nija Charles
Ariowa Irosogie
Anderson
Turner, Jr.
Tariq Beats
A1
2:22
17. "Party" (featuring Gucci Mane and Usher)
Brown
Bentley III
Dotson
Moore
Anderson
Turner, Jr.
Radric Davis
Raymond IV
Barry Bradford
ISM
Prince Chrishan
A1[a]
3:40
18. "Sensei" (featuring A1)
Brown
Bentley III
Joshua Parker
Grant DeCouto
Ward
Anderson
Turner, Jr.
Dotson
Pigliapoco
OG Parker
Deko
A1[a]
2:36
19. "Summer Breeze"
Brown
Dotson
Ramsahoye
Bentley III
Anderson
Turner, Jr.
Prince Chrishan
Txpski
A1
4:00
20. "No Exit"
Brown
Jackson
Beck
Willie Maxwell II
McKinney
Cameron Wallace
Gaines
Barry Bradford
Don City
Beck
3:20
21. "Pills & Automobiles" (featuring Yo Gotti, A Boogie wit da Hoodie and Kodak Black)
Brown
Parker
Samuel Jimenez
Mario Mims
Julius Dubose
Dieuson Octave
OG Parker
Smash David
The Martianz
4:52
22. "Hurt the Same"
Brown
Doman
Stewart
Pigliapoco
D. A. Doman 3:29
Disc 2
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
1. "I Love Her"
Brown
Antwan Thompson
David Scott
Amadeus
Trilogy
2:18
2. "You Like"
Brown
Thompson
Charles Stephens III
Hamlin
Sevyn Streeter
Amadeus
Chizzy
B Ham
2:26
3. "Nowhere"
Brown
Gaines
Melvin Hough II
Rivelino Wouter
McKinney
Jocelyn Donald
Mel & Mus 3:13
4. "Otha Niggas"
Brown
Hernandez
Darrell Alston
Wilbart McCoy III
Godwin Wyche
Yusuf El
Foreign Teck
Vontae Thomas
Cratos[b]
2:59
5. "Tough Love"
Brown
Matthew Samuels
Adam Feeney
Joshua Huizar
Rupert Thomas, Jr.
Joshua Scruggs
Boi-1da
Syk Sense
Sevn Thomas[a]
Frank Dukes[a]
J-Louis[b]
4:04
6. "Paradise"
Brown
Cameron Wallace
Pigliapoco
McKinney
Gaines
Cam Wallace 3:49
7. "Covered in You"
Brown
Owens
Foye III
Sheldon Grant
Michael Harris
Richard Oluwaranti
Gaines
McKinney
Ayo
Keyz
P2J
3:22
8. "Even"
Brown
Bernard Belle
Julian Ray
Yoftahe Zewdu
Phillip Stewart
Gaines
McKinney
Teddy Riley
Laney Stewart 3:59
9. "High End" (featuring Future and Young Thug)
Brown
Nayvadius Wilburn
Jeffrey Williams
Tony Son
Richie Souf 3:22
10. "On Me"
Brown
Thompson
Aaron Rogers
Rashad Johnson
Pigliapoco
Amadeus
The Breed
2:32
11. "Tell Me What to Do"
Brown
Doman
Pigliapoco
Ezemdy Chikwendu
Alex Brofsky
D. A. Doman 3:26
12. "Frustrated"
Brown
Bentley III
Amish Patel
Daecolm Holland
Maurice White
ADP
D A E C O L M
3:14
13. "Enemy"
Brown
Scott Storch
Diego Avendaño
Milton Adams II
Storch
Diego Ave[a]
3:46
14. "If You're Down"
Brown
Patel
Mike Riley
Holland
Bentley III
ADP
Scribz
3:21
15. "Bite My Tongue"
Brown
Holland
Bentley III
Moon Willis
Sean Fenton
Anderson
Turner, Jr.
D A E C O L M
Moon Willis
A1
2:58
16. "Run Away"
Brown
Andre Proctor
Bentley III
Dotson
Anderson
Moore
Turner, Jr.
Dre Moon
A1
4:10
17. "This Way"
Brown
Jeremy Coleman
Tinashe Sibanda
Frank "Nitty" Brim
Jeremy Coleman
Bentley III
Antwan Patton
André Benjamin
James Abrahart
JMike
T-Collar
A1
4:02
18. "Yellow Tape"
Brown
Thompson
Anthony Barfield
Orrin Wilson
Pigliapoco
Amadeus
Velocity Music
4:41
Total length: 135:48
[show]Bonus tracks
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
19. "Reddi Wip"
Brown
Jordan Evans
Dotson
Matthew Burnett
Jason Amos
Bentley III
Anderson
Turner, Jr.
Evans
Burnett
Jandre Amos[a]
4:28
20. "Hangover"
Brown
Thompson
Rogers
Johnson
Amadeus
The Breed
2:46
21. "Emotions"
Brown
Dotson
Bentley III
Mathieu Jomphe-Lépine
Moore
Billboard 2:22
22. "Only 4 Me" (featuring Ty Dolla Sign and Verse Simmonds)
Brown
Nate Hills
Quentin Hills
Maurice Simmonds
Tyrone Griffin, Jr.
Danja
Qkauztion
Verse Simmonds
5:07
23. "Grass Ain't Greener"
Brown
Nikhil Seetharam
Bentley III
Dotson
Anderson
Turner, Jr.
Nikhil S.
Prince Chrishan
A1
3:21
Total length: 158:33
[show]Deluxe edition (Cuffing Season: 12 Days of Christmas) bonus tracks[50]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
1. "Don't Slow Me Down"
Brown
McCormick
Ward
Bentley III
Cardiak
Hitmaka
2:32
2. "On Purpose" (featuring Agnez Mo)
Brown
Louis Bell
Pigliapoco
Anthony D'Annunzio
Agnes Muljoto
Bell 2:47
3. "Hands Up"
Brown
Jawan Shelton
Ryan Vojtesak
Bell
Pigliapoco
Beazy Tymes
Charlie Handsome
2:27
4. "Same Shit"
Brown
Hernandez
McCormick
Larrance Dopson
Foreign Teck
Cardiak
Rance
4:09
5. "Trust Me"
Brown
Thompson
Barfield
Wilson
Pigliapoco
Amadeus
Velocity Music
Dr. O[c]
3:26
6. "Let Shit Go"
Brown
Parker
John McGee
Gittens
OG Parker
SK
Xeryus G
2:56
7. "I Wanna"
Brown
Bentley III
A1 2:35
8. "Water"
Brown
Paulo Rodriguez
Geoffrey Earley
Toni Romiti
P-Lo
Geoffro Cause
4:07
9. "Yoppa" (featuring Trippie Redd)
Brown
Thompson
Barfield
Wilson
Pigliapoco
Amadeus
Velocity Music
Dr. O[c]
3:03
10. "Get Off"
Brown
Thompson
Stephens III
Hamlin
Pigliapoco
Amadeus
Chizzy
B Ham
3:16
11. "This X-Mas" (featuring Ella Mai)
Brown
Dijon McFarlane
Owens
Foye III
Charles Hinshaw Jr.
DJ Mustard
Ayo[a]
Keyz[a]
4:09
12. "Secret" (featuring Solo Lucci)
Brown
Thompson
Barfield
Wilson
Pigliapoco
Michael Dorsey
Amadeus
Velocity Music
Dr. O[c]
3:55
Notes
^[a] signifies a co-producer
^[b] signifies an additional producer
^[c] signifies an uncredited co-producer
Sample credits
"Privacy" contains an interpolation of "Tight Up Skirt", performed by Red Rat.
"Juicy Booty" samples "Cutie Pie", performed by One Way, and California Love performed by Tupac Shakur, Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman.[51]
"Questions" contains an interpolation of "Turn Me On", performed by Kevin Lyttle.
"Hope You Do" samples "Where I Wanna Be", performed by Donell Jones.[52]
Charts
Chart (2017)
Peak
position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[53]
5
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[54]
73
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[55]
38
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[56]
73
Canadian Albums (Billboard)[57]
10
Danish Albums (Hitlisten)[58]
23
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[59]
15
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[60]
50
French Albums (SNEP)[61]
29
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[62]
35
Irish Albums (IRMA)[63]
18
Italian Albums (FIMI)[64]
78
Japanese Albums (Oricon)[65]
45
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[66]
3
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[67]
21
Portuguese Albums (AFP)[68]
39
Scottish Albums (OCC)[69]
33
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[70]
29
UK Albums (OCC)[71]
10
UK R&B Albums (OCC)[72]
1
US Billboard 200[73]
3
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[74]
1
Year-end charts
Chart (2017)
Position
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[75]
70
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[76]
Gold 250,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
See also
List of Billboard number-one R&B/hip-hop albums of 2017
List of Billboard number-one R&B/hip-hop albums of 2018
List of UK R&B Albums Chart number ones of 2017
References
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[show]
v
t
e
Chris Brown
Discography
Videography
Awards and nominations
Studio albums
Chris Brown
Exclusive
Graffiti
F.A.M.E.
Fortune
X
Royalty
Heartbreak on a Full Moon
Collaborative albums
Fan of a Fan: The Album (with Tyga)
Extended plays
Royalty International – EP
Mixtapes
In My Zone (Rhythm & Streets)
In My Zone 2
Boy in Detention
X Files
Before the Party
Before The Trap: Nights In Tarzana
Collaborative mixtapes
Fan of a Fan (with Tyga)
DVDs
BET Presents: Chris Brown
Chris Brown's Journey
Filmography
Stomp the Yard
This Christmas
Takers
Battle of the Year
Concert tours
Up Close and Personal Tour
The Beyoncé Experience (supporting)
The UCP Holiday Exclusive Tour
Good Girl Gone Bad Tour (supporting)
Fan Appreciation Tour
F.A.M.E. Tour
Supafest (supporting)
Carpe Diem Tour
Between The Sheets Tour
One Hell of a Nite Tour
Related articles
My Super Sweet 16
Rihanna
Book:Chris Brown
[show]
v
t
e
Chris Brown singles
Discography
Chris Brown
"Run It!"
"Yo (Excuse Me Miss)"
"Gimme That"
"Say Goodbye"
"Poppin'"
Exclusive
"Wall to Wall"
"Kiss Kiss"
"With You"
"Take You Down"
"Forever"
"Superhuman"
Graffiti
"I Can Transform Ya"
"Crawl"
F.A.M.E.
"Deuces"
"No Bullshit"
"Yeah 3x"
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Books of Samuel
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The Books of Samuel,[a] 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel, form part of the narrative history of Israel in the Nevi'im or "prophets" section of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, called the Deuteronomistic history, a series of books (Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings) that constitute a theological history of the Israelites and aim to explain God's law for Israel under the guidance of the prophets.[1] According to Jewish tradition, the book was written by Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan;[2] modern scholarly thinking is that the entire Deuteronomistic history was composed in the period c. 630–540 BC by combining a number of independent texts of various ages.[3][4]
Samuel begins with the prophet Samuel's birth[5] and God's call to him as a boy. The story of the Ark of the Covenant that follows tells of Israel's oppression by the Philistines, which brought about Samuel's anointing of Saul as Israel's first king. But Saul proved unworthy and God's choice turned to David, who defeated Israel's enemies and brought the Ark to Jerusalem. God then promised David and his successors an everlasting dynasty.[6]
Contents
1 Summary
2 Composition
2.1 Versions
2.2 Authorship and date of composition
2.3 Sources
3 Themes
3.1 Samuel
3.2 Saul
3.3 David
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 Bibliography
7.1 Translations of 1 and 2 Samuel
7.2 Commentaries on Samuel
7.3 General
8 External links
Summary[edit]
Ernst Josephson, David and Saul, 1878.
The childless Hannah vows to Yahweh of hosts that if she has a son, he will be dedicated to him. Eli, the priest of Shiloh (where the Ark of the Covenant is located), blesses her, and a child named Samuel is born. Samuel is dedicated to the Lord as a Nazirite – the only one beside Samson to be identified in the Bible. Eli's sons, Hophni and Phinehas, prove unworthy of the priesthood and are killed in battle during the Battle of Aphek, but the child Samuel grows up "in the presence of the Lord."
The Philistines capture the Ark of the Covenant from Shiloh and take it to the temple of their god Dagon, who recognises the supremacy of Yahweh. The Philistines are afflicted with plagues and return the ark to the Israelites, but to the territory of the tribe of Benjamin rather than to Shiloh. The Philistines attack the Israelites gathered at Mizpah in Benjamin. Samuel appeals to Yahweh, the Philistines are decisively beaten, and the Israelites reclaim their lost territory.
In Samuel's old age, he appoints his sons Joel and Abijah as judges, but they are unworthy, and so the people clamour for a king. God directs Samuel to grant them a king despite his concerns, and gives them Saul of the tribe of Benjamin. Saul defeats the enemies of the Israelites, but sins against Yahweh.
Yahweh tells Samuel to anoint David of Bethlehem as king, and David enters Saul's court as his armour-bearer and harpist. Saul's son and heir Jonathan befriends David and recognises him as rightful king. Saul plots David's death, but David flees into the wilderness, where he becomes a champion of the Hebrews. David joins the Philistines, but continues secretly to champion his own people, until Saul and Jonathan are killed in battle at Mount Gilboa. At this point, David offers a majestic eulogy, where he praises the bravery and magnificence of both his friend Jonathan and King Saul.[7]
The elders of Judah anoint David as king, but in the north Saul's son Ish-bosheth, or Ishbaal, rules over the northern tribes. After a long war, Ishbaal is murdered by Rechab and Baanah, two of his captains who hope for a reward from David; but David has them killed for killing God's anointed. David is then anointed King of all Israel. David captures Jerusalem and brings the Ark there. David wishes to build a temple, but Nathan tells him that one of his sons will be the one to build the temple. David defeats the enemies of Israel, slaughtering Philistines, Moabites, Edomites, Syrians and Arameans.
David commits adultery and has sex with Bathsheba and plots the death of her husband, Uriah the Hittite; for this Yahweh sends disasters against his house. Nathan tells David that the sword shall never depart from his house. For the remainder of his reign there are problems. Amnon (one of David's sons) rapes his half-sister Tamar (one of David's daughters). Absalom (another son of David) kills Amnon, rebels against his father, and David flees from Jerusalem. Absalom is killed following the Battle of the Wood of Ephraim, David is restored as king, and he returns to his palace. Finally only two contenders for the succession remain, Adonijah and Bathsheba's son Solomon.
The Second Book of Samuel concludes with four chapters (chapters 21 to 24) which lie outside the chronological narrative of Saul and David. The narrative is resumed with the first Book of Kings, which relates how, as David lies dying, Bathsheba and Nathan ensure Solomon's elevation to the throne.
The four supplementary[8] chapters cover a great famine during David's reign,[9] the execution of seven of Saul's remaining descendants, only Mephibosheth being saved,[10] David's song of thanksgiving,[11] which is almost identical to Psalm 18, his last words,[12] a list of David's "mighty warriors",[13] an offering made by David using water from the well of Bethlehem,[14] David's sinful census,[15] a plague over Israel which David opted for as preferable to either famine or oppression,[16] and the construction of an altar on land he purchased from Araunah the Jebusite.[17]
Composition[edit]
David and Bathsheba, by Artemisia Gentileschi. David is seen in the background, standing on a balcony.
Versions[edit]
What it is now commonly known as 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel are called by the Vulgate, in imitation of the Septuagint, 1 Kings and 2 Kings respectively.[18] Then, what it is now commonly known as 1 Kings and 2 Kings would be 3 Kings and 4 Kings in old Bibles before the year 1516.[19] It was in 1517 that use of the division we know now today used by Protestant Bibles and adopted by Catholics began. Some Bibles still preserve the old denomination, for example, Douay Rheims bible.[20]
1 and 2 Samuel were originally (and, in some Jewish bibles, still are[21][citation needed]) a single book, but the first Greek translation, produced around the second century BCE, divided it into two; this was adopted by the Latin translations used in the early Christian church of the West, and finally introduced into Jewish bibles around the early 16th century.[22] The modern Hebrew text, called the Masoretic text, differs considerably from the Greek, and scholars are still working at finding the best solutions to the many problems this presents.[23]
Authorship and date of composition[edit]
According to passages 14b and 15a of the Bava Basra tractate of the Talmud, the book was written by Samuel up until 1 Samuel 25, which notes the death of Samuel, and the remainder by the prophets Gad and Nathan. Critical scholars from the 19th century onward have rejected this idea. Martin Noth in 1943 theorized that Samuel was composed by a single author as part of a history of Israel: the Deuteronomistic history (made up of Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings).[24] Although Noth's belief that the entire history was composed by a single individual has been largely abandoned, his theory in its broad outline has been adopted by most scholars.[25]
The most common view today is that an early version of the history was composed in the time of king Hezekiah (8th century BC); the bulk of the first edition dates from his grandson Josiah at the end of the 7th BC, with further sections added during the Babylonian exile (6th century BC) and the work was substantially complete by about 550 BC.[26] Further editing was apparently done even after then: for example, the silver quarter-shekel which Saul's servant offers to Samuel in 1 Samuel 9 almost certainly fixes the date of this story in the Persian or Hellenistic periods.[27]
The 6th century BC authors and editors responsible for the bulk of the history drew on many earlier sources, including (but not limited to) an "ark narrative" (1 Samuel 4:1–7:1 and perhaps part of 2 Samuel 6), a "Saul cycle" (parts of 1 Samuel 9–11 and 13–14), the "history of David's rise" (1 Samuel 16:14-2 Samuel 5:10), and the "succession narrative" (2 Samuel 9–20 and 1 Kings 1–2).[28] The oldest of these, the "ark narrative," may even predate the Davidic era.[29]
Sources[edit]
The sources used to construct 1 and 2 Samuel are believed to include the following:[30]
Call of Samuel or Youth of Samuel (1 Samuel 1–7): From Samuel's birth his career as Judge and prophet over Israel. This source includes the Eli narrative and part of the ark narrative.[31]
Ark narrative (1 Samuel 4:1b–7:1 and 2 Samuel 6:1–20): the ark's capture by the Philistines in the time of Eli and its transfer to Jerusalem by David – opinion is divided over whether this is actually an independent unit.[32]
Jerusalem source: a fairly brief source discussing David conquering Jerusalem from the Jebusites.
Republican source: a source with an anti-monarchial bias. This source first describes Samuel as decisively ridding the people of the Philistines, and begrudgingly appointing an individual chosen by God to be king, namely Saul. David is described as someone renowned for his skill at playing the harp, and consequently summoned to Saul's court to calm his moods. Saul's son Jonathan becomes friends with David, which some commentators view as romantic, and later acts as his protector against Saul's more violent intentions. At a later point, having been deserted by God on the eve of battle, Saul consults a medium at Endor, only to be condemned for doing so by Samuel's ghost, and told he and his sons will be killed. David is heartbroken on discovering the death of Jonathan, tearing his clothes as a gesture of grief.
Monarchial source: a source with a pro-monarchial bias and covering many of the same details as the republican source. This source begins with the divinely appointed birth of Samuel. It then describes Saul as leading a war against the Ammonites, being chosen by the people to be king, and leading them against the Philistines. David is described as a shepherd boy arriving at the battlefield to aid his brothers, and is overheard by Saul, leading to David challenging Goliath and defeating the Philistines. David's warrior credentials lead to women falling in love with him, including Michal, Saul's daughter, who later acts to protect David against Saul. David eventually gains two new wives as a result of threatening to raid a village, and Michal is redistributed to another husband. At a later point, David finds himself seeking sanctuary amongst the Philistine army and facing the Israelites as an enemy. David is incensed that anyone should have killed Saul, even as an act of mercy, since Saul was anointed by Samuel, and has the individual responsible, an Amalekite, killed.
Court History of David or Succession narrative (2 Samuel 9–20 and 1 Kings 1–2): a "historical novel", in Alberto Soggin's phrase, telling the story of David's reign from his affair with Bathsheba to his death. The theme is of retribution: David's sin against Uriah the Hittite is punished by God through the destruction of his own family,[33] and its purpose is to serve as an apology for the coronation of Bathsheba's son Solomon instead of his older brother Adonijah.[24] Some textual critics have posited that given the intimacy and precision of certain narrative details, the Court Historian may have been an eyewitness to some of the events he describes, or at the very least enjoyed access to the archives and battle reports of the royal house of David.[34]
Redactions: additions by the redactor to harmonize the sources together; many of the uncertain passages may be part of this editing.
Various: several short sources, none of which have much connection to each other, and are fairly independent of the rest of the text. Many are poems or pure lists.
Themes[edit]
Hannah presenting Samuel to Eli, by Jan Victors, 1645.
The Book of Samuel is a theological evaluation of kingship in general and of dynastic kingship and David in particular.[35] The main themes of the book are introduced in the opening poem (the "Song of Hannah"): (1), the sovereignty of Yahweh, God of Israel; (2), the reversal of human fortunes; and (3), kingship.[36] These themes are played out in the stories of the three main characters, Samuel, Saul and David.
Samuel[edit]
Main article: Samuel
Samuel answers the description of the "prophet like Moses" predicted in Deuteronomy 18:15–22: like Moses, he has direct contact with Yahweh, acts as a judge, and is a perfect leader who never makes mistakes.[37] Samuel's successful defence of the Israelites against their enemies demonstrates that they have no need for a king (who will, moreover, introduce inequality), yet despite this the people demand a king. But the king they are given is Yahweh's gift, and Samuel explains that kingship can be a blessing rather than a curse if they remain faithful to their God. On the other hand, total destruction of both king and people will result if they turn to wickedness.[24]
Saul[edit]
Main article: Saul
Saul is the chosen one, tall, handsome and "goodly",[38] a king appointed by Yahweh, and anointed by Samuel, Yahweh's prophet, and yet he is ultimately rejected.[39] Saul has two faults which make him unfit for the office of king: he carries out a sacrifice in place of Samuel (1 Samuel 13:8–14), and he fails to complete the genocide of the Amalekites as God has ordered (1 Samuel 15).[40]
David[edit]
Main article: David
One of the main units within Samuel is the "History of David's Rise", the purpose of which is to justify David as the legitimate successor to Saul.[41] The narrative stresses that he gained the throne lawfully, always respecting "the Lord's anointed" (i.e. Saul) and never taking any of his numerous chances to seize the throne by violence.[42] As God's chosen king over Israel, David is also the son of God ("I will be a father to him, and he shall be a son to me..." – 2 Samuel 7:14).[43] God enters into an eternal covenant (treaty) with David and his line, promising divine protection of the dynasty and of Jerusalem through all time.[44]
2 Samuel 23 contains a prophetic statement described as the "last words of David" (verses 1-7) and details of the 37 "mighty men" who were David's chief warriors (verses 8-38). The Jerusalem Bible states that last words were attributed to David in the style of Jacob (see Jacob's Blessing, Genesis 49) and Moses (see Blessing of Moses, Deuteronomy 33). Its editors note that "the text has suffered considerably and reconstructions are conjectural".[45]
1 Kings 2:1-9 contains David's final words to Solomon, his son and successor as king.
See also[edit]
Biblical judges
Midrash Shmuel (aggadah)
The Bible and history
History of ancient Israel and Judah
Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
Kingdom of Judah
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ In Hebrew, 1 and 2 Samuel together comprise simply the "Book of Samuel" (ספר שמואל, Sefer Shmuel). For purposes of chapter and verse numbering, the book is treated as divided into two parts: 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gordon 1986, p. 18.
Jump up ^ 1 Chronicles 29:29
Jump up ^ Knight 1995, p. 62.
Jump up ^ Jones 2001, p. 197.
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 1:1-20
Jump up ^ Spieckerman 2001, p. 348.
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 1:17–27
Jump up ^ Sub-heading in Jerusalem Bible
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 21:1
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 21:2-9
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 22:1-51
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 23:1-7
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 23:8-39
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 23:13-17
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 24:1-9
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 24:10-17
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 24:18-25
Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/First and Second Books of Kings
Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Third and Fourth Books of Kings
Jump up ^ Douay Rheims bible
Jump up ^ Barron, Robert (2015-04-28). 2 Samuel (Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible). Brazos Press. ISBN 9781441221964.
Jump up ^ Gordon 1986, pp. 19–20.
Jump up ^ Bergen 1996, pp. 25–27.
^ Jump up to: a b c Klein 2003, p. 316.
Jump up ^ Tsumura 2007, pp. 15–19.
Jump up ^ Walton 2009, pp. 41–42.
Jump up ^ Auld 2003, p. 219.
Jump up ^ Knight 1991, p. 853.
Jump up ^ Tsumura 2007, p. 11.
Jump up ^ Jones, pp. 197–99
Jump up ^ Soggin 1987, pp. 210–11.
Jump up ^ Eynikel 2000, p. 88.
Jump up ^ Soggin 1987, pp. 216–17.
Jump up ^ Kirsch, Jonathan (2009). King David: The Real Life of the Man Who Ruled Israel. Random House LLC. pp. 307–09. ISBN 9780307567819.
Jump up ^ Klein 2003, p. 312.
Jump up ^ Tsumura 2007, p. 68.
Jump up ^ Beytenbrach 2000, pp. 53–55.
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 9:2: King James Version
Jump up ^ Hertzberg 1964, p. 19.
Jump up ^ Klein 2003, p. 319.
Jump up ^ Dick 2004, pp. 3–4.
Jump up ^ Jones 2001, p. 198.
Jump up ^ Coogan 2009, pp. 216, 229–33.
Jump up ^ Coogan 2009, p. 425.
Jump up ^ Jerusalem Bible, footnote at 2 Samuel 23:1
Bibliography[edit]
Translations of 1 and 2 Samuel[edit]
Samuel 1 and 2 at Bible Gateway
Commentaries on Samuel[edit]
Shmuel I – Samuel I (Judaica Press) translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
Shmuel II – Samuel II (Judaica Press) translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
Auld, Graeme (2003). "1 & 2 Samuel". In James D. G. Dunn and John William Rogerson. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
Bergen, David T. (1996). 1, 2 Samuel. B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 9780805401073.
Gordon, Robert (1986). I & II Samuel, A Commentary. Paternoster Press. ISBN 9780310230229.
Hertzberg, Hans Wilhelm (1964). I & II Samuel, A Commentary (trans. from German 2nd edition 1960 ed.). Westminster John Knox Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0664223182.
Tsumura, David Toshio (2007). The First Book of Samuel. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802823595.
General[edit]
Breytenbach, Andries (2000). "Who Is Behind The Samuel Narrative?". In Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy. Past, Present, Future: the Deuteronomistic History and the Prophets. Brill. ISBN 9789004118713.
Coogan, Michael D. (2009) A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: the Hebrew Bible in its Context Oxford University Press
Dick, Michael B (2004). "The History of "David's Rise to Power" and the Neo-Babylonian Succession Apologies". In Bernard Frank Batto and Kathryn L. Roberts. David and Zion: biblical studies in honor of J.J.M. Roberts. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575060927.
Eynikel, Erik (2000). "The Relation Between the Eli Narrative and the Ark Narratives". In Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy. Past, present, future: the Deuteronomistic history and the prophets. Brill. ISBN 9789004118713.
Halpern, Baruch (2001). David's Secret Demons: Messiah, Murderer, Traitor, King. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802827975.
Jones, Gwilym H (2001). "1 and 2 Samuel". In John Barton and John Muddiman. The Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198755005.
Klein, R.W. (2003). "Samuel, books of". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837844.
Knight, Douglas A (1995). "Chapter 4 Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomists". In James Luther Mays, David L. Petersen and Kent Harold Richards. Old Testament Interpretation. T&T Clark. p. 62. ISBN 9780567292896.
Knight, Douglas A (1991). "Sources". In Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard. Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. ISBN 9780865543737.
McCarter Jr., P. Kyle (1984). II Samuel: A New Translation With Introduction and Commentary By. Anchor Bible. ISBN 9780385068086.
Schleffer, Eben (2000). "Saving Saul from the Deuteronomist". In Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy. Past, Present, Future: the Deuteronomistic History and the Prophets. Brill. ISBN 9789004118713.
Soggin, Alberto (1987). Introduction to the Old Testament. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664221560.
Spieckerman, Hermann (2001). "The Deuteronomistic History". In Leo G. Perdue. The Blackwell Companion to the Hebrew Bible. Blackwell. ISBN 9780631210719.
Van Seters, John (1997). In Search of History: Historiography in the Ancient World and the Origins of Biblical History. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575060132.
Walton, John H (2009). "The Deuteronomistic History". In Andrew E. Hill, John H. Walton. A Survey of the Old Testament. Zondervan. ISBN 9780631210719.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
1 Samuel (Bible)
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
2 Samuel (Bible)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Books of Samuel.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: First Book of Samuel
Masoretic Text
Samuel A - Mikraot Gedolot Haketer - online edition, Menachem Cohen, Bar Ilan University (Hebrew)
Samuel B - Mikraot Gedolot Haketer - online edition, Menachem Cohen, Bar Ilan University (Hebrew)
שמואל א Shmuel Aleph – Samuel A (Hebrew – English at Mechon-Mamre.org)
שמואל ב Shmuel Bet – Samuel B (Hebrew – English at Mechon-Mamre.org)
Jewish translations
1 Samuel at Mechon-Mamre (Jewish Publication Society translation)
2 Samuel at Mechon-Mamre (Jewish Publication Society translation)
Christian translations
Bible: 1 Samuel public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Bible: 2 Samuel public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Related articles
Introduction to the book of 1 Samuel from the NIV Study Bible
Introduction to the book of 2 Samuel from the NIV Study Bible
Introduction to the book of 2 Samuel from Forward Movement
Books of Samuel
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Judges Hebrew Bible Succeeded by
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Ruth Christian
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