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National symbols of the Philippines
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The national symbols of the Philippines consist of symbols that represent Philippine traditions and ideals and convey the principles of sovereignty and national solidarity of the Filipino people.[1] Some of these symbols are stated in the Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines, which is also known as Republic Act 8491.[1] The national language of the Philippines is Filipino as stated in the Constitution of the Philippines.[2] Aside from those stated symbols in the Constitution and in Republic Act 8491, there are only five official national symbols of the Philippines enacted through law, namely sampaguita as national flower, narra as national tree, the Philippine eagle as national bird, Philippine pearl as national gem and arnis as national martial art and sport.
There are symbols such as the carabao (national animal), mango (national fruit) and anahaw (national leaf) that are widely known as national symbols but have no laws recognizing them as official national symbols.[3] Even Jose Rizal, who is widely considered as a national hero, has not been declared officially as a national hero in any existing Philippine law according to historical experts.[3][4] Although in 2003, Benigno Aquino, Jr. was officially declared by the President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as a national hero by an executive order.[5] A National Artist of the Philippines is a rank or a title given to a Filipino citizen in recognition to the recipient's contributions to Philippine arts and letters and they are not considered as a national symbol that represents traditions and ideals.[6]
On 17 February 2014, Bohol First District Representative Rene Relampagos filed a bill at the Philippine House of Representatives that sought to declare or re-declare and to recognize a number of national symbols.[7] The proposed bill, House Bill 3926 or the "Philippine National Symbols Act of 2014", aims also to encourage nationalism and unity; to guarantee respect, preservation and promotion of national symbols; and to correct the "unofficial" status of the symbols.[7] Among the proposed national symbols listed in the measure are Jose Rizal as the only historical Filipino to be recognized as national hero, adobo as national food and jeepney as national vehicle.[8] It also includes the previous ten official national symbols.[8] The bill is still pending to become a law and once the bill turned into law, all the symbols stated in the bill would be official national symbols of the Philippines.
Contents
[hide]
1 Development of the symbols
1.1 Making a national symbol official
1.2 Filipinos as national symbol
2 List of national symbols
2.1 Official
2.2 Unofficial
2.2.1 From failed and proposed laws
2.2.2 From various sources
3 References
Development of the symbols[edit]
Governor-General Frank Murphy declared sampaguita and narra as national symbols during the Commonwealth era.
Republic Act 8491, known also as Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines, stipulates the code for national flag, anthem, motto, coat-of-arms and other heraldic items and devices of the Philippines.[1] According to Article XIV Section 6 of the Constitution of the Philippines, the national language of the Philippines is Filipino.[2] Apart from RA 8491 and the Constitution, the Philippines has only five official national symbols enacted either through a proclamation by the executive department or through a Republic Act by the legislative department, namely sampaguita, narra, the Philippine eagle, the Philippine pearl and arnis. In 1934, during the Commonwealth era, Governor-General Frank Murphy declared sampaguita[9] and narra[10] as national flower and national tree, respectively, through Proclamation No. 652. Philippine President Fidel Ramos proclaimed the Philippine eagle as the national bird in 1995 through Proclamation No. 615.[11] Ramos also declared the South Sea Pearl or Philippine Pearl as the national gem in 1996 through Proclamation No. 905.[12] In 2009, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo declared arnis as the national sport and martial art through Republic Act 9850.[13]
In February 2013, the Philippine Senate passed a bill declaring waling-waling (Vanda sanderiana) as the national flower alongside Sampaguita.[14] A similar bill in the House of Representatives[15] had already been passed in 2012.[16] Normally, the bill would become law after being signed by the President.[17] However, it was vetoed by President Benigno Aquino III.[18] The veto did not grant the waling-waling as the second national flower due to the confusion that it would create.[19]
A year later, on 17 February 2014, Representative Rene Relampagos, a congressman from the First District of Bohol, proposed a measure at the Philippine House of Representatives that sought to declare or re-declare and to recognize a number of national symbols.[7] The bill dubbed as House Bill 3926 or the "Philippine National Symbols Act of 2014", aims also to encourage nationalism and unity; to guarantee respect, preservation and promotion of national symbols; and to correct the "unofficial" status of the symbols.[7] It lists 26 symbols including the previous ten official national symbols.[7][8]
In February 2016, the House of Representatives approved on final reading the House Bill 6366, which declares the ancient boat balangay at the national boat of the Philippines.[20][21] The bill is not yet a law, therefore, the symbol is not yet official. For the balangay to become a national boat, there should be a senate concurrence and the President of the Philippines must sign the bill.[17]
Making a national symbol official[edit]
A Philippine national symbol will be considered official once it is declared through a law or a proclamation. National symbols such as the cariñosa, carabao, bangus (milkfish), and anahaw (footstool palm) that are circulating through various sources have no official status and have not established by law.[3][4] According to Nestor Castro, a Filipino cultural anthropologist, most of these unofficial symbols were passed on as tradition in schools every start of the school year when students were asked to buy posters containing the supposed national symbols.[3] While official national symbols are declared through law, Castro and National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) Section Chief Teodoro Atienza considered[3] that the public must be consulted first before declaration of national symbol.[3]
Filipinos as national symbol[edit]
Main article: National hero of the Philippines
Jose Rizal is considered as one of the national heroes of the Philippines but according to Ambeth Ocampo, no historical Filipino personage has been declared officially as being a National Hero through law.
According to the NHCP Section Chief Teodoro Atienza,[3] and Filipino historian Ambeth Ocampo,[4] there is no Filipino historical figure officially declared national hero through law or executive order.[22][23] Although, there were laws and proclamations honoring Filipino heroes. In the Rizal Law principally sponsored by Claro M. Recto and enacted in 1956, Jose Rizal is mentioned as a national hero in the "whereas" clause of the law.[24] Although, "whereas" clauses function as a preamble or introduction and it is not part of the provisions.[25] On 15 November 1995, the Technical Committee of the National Heroes Committee, created through Executive Order No. 5 by former President Fidel Ramos, recommended nine Filipino historical figures to be National Heroes: Jose Rizal, Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Aguinaldo, Apolinario Mabini, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat, Juan Luna, Melchora Aquino, and Gabriela Silang.[23] No action has been taken for these recommended National Heroes[23] until it was revisited in one of the proceedings of the 14th Congress in 2009.[26]
On 3 August 2009, shortly after the death of former President Corazon Aquino, widow of Benigno Aquino, Jr., legislative measures have been filed calling for her official recognition as a national hero.[27][28] Congresswoman Liwayway Vinzons-Chato filed a house resolution declaring Corazon Aquino a national hero.[26] Although, a week after she filed the resolution, she realized that there is no Filipino historical figure declared through law. On 10 August 2009, she cited on her privilege speech in Congress the nine Filipino heroes recommended by National Heroes Committee in 1995. She then urge Congress to sign the resolutions declaring the nine Filipinos recommended by the National Heroes Committee plus Benigno Aquino, Jr. and Corazon Aquino as national heroes.[29] Congressman Salvador Escudero interpellated Vinzons-Chato's speech and stated that heroes are made in the hearts and minds of people and not through legislation.[29] After the interpellation, it was moved by House of Representatives to refer the privilege speech of Vinzons-Chato to the Committee of Basic Education and Culture.[29]
In 2013, Bayan Muna Congressmen Neri Colmenares and Carlos Isagani Zarate filed House Bill 3431 aiming to declare Andres Bonifacio as National Hero due to his actual participation in the Philippine Revolution against Spain.[30][31] Another measure filed by Congressman Rene Relampagos from Bohol in February 2014 sought to declare Jose Rizal as the sole Filipino national hero. According to the bill, he was a nationalist and well known for his Philippine reforms advocacy during the Spanish colonial era.[7]
Filipinos awarded with the rank or title National Artist of the Philippines are not considered to be national symbols because the title is given in recognition to the recipient's contributions to Philippine arts and letters and not as a symbol that represents traditions and ideals and convey the principles of sovereignty and national solidarity.[6]
Despite declaration from historical experts that there is no historical person declared as a national hero, in 2003, an executive order by then President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo officially declared Beningno Aquino Jr. as one of the national heroes.[5] Due to laws declaring the heroism of Rizal and Bonifacio, their recognition as National Heroes is considered implied.[31][32]
List of national symbols[edit]
Official[edit]
Here are list of national symbols excluding national heroes that were enacted through Philippine law.
Type
Symbol
Image
Adopted
Legal basis
National flag
Flag of the Philippines
12 June 1898
(Reaffirmed 12 February 1998) Proclamation of President Emilio Aguinaldo
Reaffirmed by Republic Act No. 8491
Coat of arms
Coat of arms of the Philippines
3 July 1946
(Reaffirmed 12 February 1998) Commonwealth Act No. 731
Reaffirmed by Republic Act No. 8491[Note 1]
National anthem
Lupang Hinirang
Lupang Hinirang (Chosen Land)
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Music : 12 June 1898
Lyrics : 26 May 1958
(Reaffirmed 12 February 1998) Music : Proclamation of President Emilio Aguinaldo
Lyrics : Department of Education Administrative Order
Reaffirmed by Republic Act No. 8491
National motto
National motto of the Philippines "Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan, at Makabansa"
("For God, People, Nature, and Country") 12 February 1998 Republic Act No. 8491, Chapter III, Section 40
National language
Filipino N/A 11 February 1987 Article XIV, Sec. 6 of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines
National flower
Sampaguita
1 February 1934[19][33] Executive Proclamation No. 652, issued by Governor General Frank Murphy
National tree
Narra
1 February 1934[33] Executive Proclamation No. 652
National bird
Philippine eagle
4 July 1995[34] Proclamation No. 615
National gem
Philippine pearl
15 October 1996[12] Proclamation No. 905
National sport and martial art
Arnis (Eskrima/Kali)
11 December 2009[35] Republic Act No. 9850
Notes
...
1 The description of the Philippines' coat of arms can be found under section 14 of Executive Order No. 292 (Book I/Chapter 4), which is also known as the Administrative Code of 1987.[36]
Unofficial[edit]
Here are the lists of national symbols that have no official status.
From failed and proposed laws[edit]
Rice topped with chicken adobo. Adobo is being considered as the National Dish.
The Philippine jeepney is being considered as the National Vehicle.
The following individuals were recommended by the Technical Committee of the National Heroes Committee as national heroes:
Emilio Aguinaldo
Melchora Aquino
Andrés Bonifacio
Marcelo H. del Pilar
Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat
Juan Luna
Apolinario Mabini
José Rizal
Gabriela Silang
The review by the Technical Committee of National Heroes was revisited during the 14th Congress at the House of Representatives.[26] In a resolution, a congresswoman added the following two historical figures to the nine heroes declared by the National Heroes Committee, making the total to eleven national heroes. This was referred to a Congressional Committee and still must be acted upon and passed into law to make it official.
In August 2009, a bill has been filed calling for Corazon Aquino's official recognition as a national hero.[27][28] In 2003, Benigno Aquino Jr., was already officially declared as one of the national heroes by then President Gloria Arroyo through an executive order.[5]
Waling-waling as national flower; passed by Congress in 2013 but was vetoed by the President Benigno Aquino III.[15][19]
The following are the list of proposed national symbols (excluding the 10 official national symbols) as per House Bill 3926 as proposed by Congressman Rene Relampagos.[7]
Adobo as national food
Anahaw as national leaf
Bakya as national slippers
Bangus as national fish
Barong and Baro't saya as national costume
"Bayan Ko" as national song
Carabao as national animal
Cariñosa as national dance
Jeepney as national vehicle
Jose Rizal as national hero
Malacañang Palace as national seat of government
Mango as national fruit
Manila as national capital
National Seal (essentially modified version of the coat of arms of the Philippines)
Nipa hut (bahay kubo) as national house
Philippine peso as national currency
The House of Representatives has approved on third and final reading of House Bill 6366 declaring the Balangay as the national boat.[20]
From various sources[edit]
Juan de la Cruz - as national personification[37][38][39] (symbolizing the Filipino people)
Lechon[40][41] and sinigang[42][43] as national food
Sipa as national sport[44]
Tinikling as national dance[45][46]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Republic Act No. 8491 of the Philippines". Web Portal of the Philippine Government. Philippine government. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES – ARTICLE XIV". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Government of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Ty, Ralph Angelo (24 April 2012). "'Rizal is not our official national hero' and other facts about PHL's national symbols". GMA News. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ambeth Ocampo (3 March 2009). "Looking Back: What is 'Philippine' or 'national'?". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 15 February 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Villanueva, Marichu (8 November 2003). "Ninoy officially a national hero". philstar.com. The Philippine Star. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Briefer on the Order of National Artists". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Government of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "House Bill No. 3926 - Philippine National Symbols Act of 2014" (PDF). Philippine House of Representatives. Government of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bacani, Louis (28 February 2014). "House bill officially declares adobo as national food". The Philippine Star. Philippines: Philstar Daily Inc. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Philippine Fast Facts, National Flower: Sampaguita". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 3 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Philippine Fast Facts, National Tree: Narra". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Philippine Fast Facts, National Bird: Philippine Eagle". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Philippine Fast Facts, National Gem: Philippine Pearl". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on 20 August 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Lizares, George (20 December 2009). "Arnis now a national sport". inquirer.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Senate passes bill declaring Waling-waling nat’l flower alongside Sampaguita". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 4 February 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Christina Mendez (30 January 2013). "Waling-waling soon a national flower". Philippine Star. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "From the BIS Online Query of the Philippine Congress". Philippine Congress. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Legislative Process". Official Website of the Senate of the Philippines. Philippine government.
Jump up ^ Calonzo, Andreo (4 June 2013). "For PNoy, 66 bills not good enough to become laws". GMA News. Philippines: GMA Network. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Veto Message of President Aquino on House Bill No. 5655". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Government of the Republic of the Philippines. 26 March 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Romero, Paolo (3 February 2016). "'Balangay' to be declared national boat". philstar.com. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Rosario, Ben; Quismorio, Ellson (1 March 2014). "Bill pushes declaration of National Symbols". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Philippine Fast Facts". gov.ph. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 3 March 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Selection and Proclamation of National Heroes and Laws Honoring Filipino Historical Figures". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Republic Act No. 1425". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Government of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "The "whereas" clause". TransLegal. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Congressional Record: Plenary Proceedings of the 14th Congress, Third Regular Session" (PDF). Philippine House of Representatives. 3 August 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Avendaño, Christine; Salaverria, Leila (5 August 2009). "2 Lawmakers urge: 'Declare Cory Aquino a national hero'". INQUIRER.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Ager, Maila; Dalangin-Fernandez, Lira (6 August 2009). "Bids to make Aquino a hero gain support". INQUIRER.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Congressional Record: Plenary Proceedings of the 14th Congress, Third Regular Session" (PDF). Philippine House of Representatives. 10 August 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "House Bill No. 3431 - AN ACT DECLARING ANDRES BONIFACIO AS NATIONAL HERO" (PDF). Philippine House of Representatives. 26 November 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Geronimo, Jee (29 November 2013). "Solons: Make Bonifacio our official national hero". Rappler. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Manto-Beltran, Lea (29 August 2015). "The making of a Philippine national hero". The Manila Times. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Pangilinan Jr., Leon (3 October 2014). "In Focus: 9 Facts You May Not Know About Philippine National Symbols". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Proclamation No. 615, s. 1995". Philippine government. 4 July 1995. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Palace declares arnis as national martial art and sport". GMA News. 8 January 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Executive Order No. 292 [BOOK I/Chapter 4-National Symbols and Official Languages]". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Government of the Republic of the Philippines. 25 July 1987. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Dela Paz, Gino (14 April 2012). "Juan direction". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Maniebo, Eana (11 October 2014). "A look back at some of the exceptional Manila Times editors". The Manila Times. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Juan dela Cruz' pilot episode earns good reviews on Twitter". thesummitexpress.com. 4 February 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "#CNNFood challenge: What's your country's national dish?". CNN. 18 September 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Philippines Declared the Guinness World Record Holder for the Largest Serving of Lechon". thedailymeal.com. 9 November 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mga pambansang sagisag, muling pag-aralan sa 'Investigative Documentaries'". GMA News Online (in Tagalog). 29 January 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ano ang dapat na pambansang ulam?". Bandera (in Tagalog). 19 January 2009. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Joble, Rey (5 June 2015). "SEA Games: Philippines' sepak takraw bets proud to carry on 'sipa' tradition, aiming high in Singapore". InterAksyon. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Villaruz, Basilio Esteban S. (2006). Treading Through: 45 Years of Philippine Dance. University of the Philippines Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-971-542-509-4. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Philippine National dance - Tinikling". likha.org. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
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National symbols of the Philippines
Official
Arnis
Coat of arms
Filipino language
Flag
"Lupang Hinirang"
"Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa"
Narra
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Unofficial
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Tinikling
Sinigang
Sipa
Waling-waling
National heroes
Emilio Aguinaldo
Melchora Aquino
Andrés Bonifacio
Marcelo H. del Pilar
Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat
Juan Luna
Apolinario Mabini
José Rizal
Gabriela Silang
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South Dakota School of Mines and Technology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
South Dakota School of Mines
& Technology
Former names
Dakota School of Mines
South Dakota School of Mines
Motto
Invent tomorrow
Type
Public
Space-Grant
Established
1885
Endowment
$48.7 million (2016)[1]
President
Dr. Jan Puszynski (interim)[2]
Academic staff
159[3]
Students
2,895 (2016)[4]
Location
Rapid City, South Dakota, United States
44°4′26″N 103°12′22″W / 44.07389°N 103.20611°W / 44.07389; -103.20611Coordinates: 44°4′26″N 103°12′22″W / 44.07389°N 103.20611°W / 44.07389; -103.20611
Campus
120 acres (49 ha)
Colors
Blue & Old Gold[5]
Athletics
NCAA Division II (2011–present)
Nickname
Hardrockers
Mascot
Grubby the Miner
Website
www.sdsmt.edu
Geology Museum, SDSMT
The South Dakota School of Mines & Technology — commonly referred to as SDSM&T, Tech, or Mines — is a public institution of higher learning in Rapid City, South Dakota, governed by the South Dakota Board of Regents. Founded in 1885[6] as the Dakota School of Mines, Tech offers degree programs in engineering and science fields. 2,311 students were enrolled in fall 2011,[7] rising to 2,843 in 2015.[8][9] The school athletic teams are called the Hardrockers.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Academics
3 Campus
3.1 Museum of Geology
4 Student organizations
5 Athletics
6 Notable staff
6.1 Deans
6.2 Presidents
6.3 Other notable staff
7 Notable alumni
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
The cornerstone of the first School of Mines (then known as the Dakota School of Mines) building was dedicated on August 19, 1885, with the first classes being held February 21, 1887. John W. Hancher received the first bachelor of science degree at the first commencement on May 31, 1888.[10] The school became known as the South Dakota School of Mines in 1889 after admission of South Dakota as a state to the United States.[11]
The School of Mines presented exhibits during the 1904 World's Fair[12] and the first licensed radio station in the state of South Dakota was established on campus in December 1911, a full decade before WCAT (the precursor the current campus station KTEQ-FM). The first "M-Day" homecoming celebration occurred on October 5, 1912 with the construction of the "M" on M-Hill, the school's mountain monogram.[13] The school's ROTC battalion was formed in 1918 in response to World War I. The football stadium began construction in 1931 and was completed as "O'Harra Field" in 1938.[14]
The school formally became the South Dakota School of Mines & Technology in February 1943.[15]
In September 2012, SDSM&T made national news when Bloomberg announced that it had passed Harvard in the category of starting salaries for graduates.[16] On September 19, Tech President Dr. Robert A. Wharton died due to complications of cancer treatments. During the presidential search, Duane C. Hrncir was the interim President.[17]
On April 25, 2013, the School of Mines announced that Heather Wilson will become the first female president in the school's 128-year history, starting in June 2013.[18]
Academics[edit]
Mines offers degrees in more than 16 engineering and science fields, as well as 12 master's degree programs and 7 Doctorate programs.[19]
Campus[edit]
The campus is located on the eastern side of Rapid City, on the northern slope of small foothills of the Black Hills. South Dakota Tech currently has three residence halls: Connolly Hall, Palmerton Hall, and Peterson Hall. Connolly was built in the 1940s, Palmerton in the 1960s, and Peterson Hall in 2004. The three combined can house up to 660 students on-campus[20] After completion of Peterson Hall, March Hall and Dake Hall (both built in the 1950s) were demolished in 2006 to make room for additional parking.
The APEX Gallery is located in Classroom Building 211, and hosts a new exhibit every four to six weeks.[21] The gallery hosts contemporary works of artists and scientists, many of whom are nationally and internationally recognized.
Museum of Geology[edit]
Digenite-pyrite ore sample, Butte Mining District, Montana. On display at the Museum, 2010
Opening the same year as the school, the Museum of Geology collects, conserves, curates, interprets, and exhibits paleontologically, mineralogically and geologically significant objects and serves as the repository for such objects from South Dakota and the Northern Great Plains. The public exhibits of the museum have been housed since 1944 in second floor of the then newly completed O'Harra Building, while the preparation laboratories and collections are held in the James E. Martin Paleontology Center, constructed in 2009.
See also: Dinosaur "Sue" and Dinosaur "Stan"
Student organizations[edit]
Active Fraternities on campus include Alpha Chi Sigma, Delta Sigma Phi, Theta Tau, and Triangle. Sororities include Alpha Delta Pi, Lambda Chi Alpha, And Alpha Omega Epsilon. Student government organizations include the Student Association Senate.
Student media organizations include KTEQ-FM (the campus radio station) and "the Aurum" (the campus newspaper, formerly known as "the Tech" and then "the Raver"). "The Aurum" is the original name of the school newspaper, first published in November, 1901. The newspaper changed its name back to "The Aurum" in January 2010. The campus radio station, KTEQ, was started in 1922 as a low-powered AM station, left the air in 1955, and returned as the FM-station KTEQ in 1971 and airs a freeform programming format.[22]
Amplify College Ministries, Fellowship of Christian Athletes, InterVarsity Christian Fellowship, Lutheran Campus Ministry, the Newman Center, and United Campus Ministries are some of the many Christian and religious groups operating on campus. Service organizations on campus include Circle K and Gamers for Service.
Athletics[edit]
Main article: South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Hardrockers
See also: South Dakota Mines Hardrockers football
The SDSM&T athletic teams are called the Hardrockers, coming from its mining background. The history of the athletic programs stretch back to 1895 when the first school football team formed, originally named the "Longhairs".[23] The school host a variety of college sports which include: football, basketball, volleyball, track, cross country, golf, and men's soccer. The athletic mascot name is Grubby the Miner. The school is a member of the NCAA and competes at the Division II level.[24] The school joined the Division II Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference in January 2014 for the majority of its sports, except for men's soccer which joined the Great Northwest Athletic Conference (GNAC) for men's soccer in 2013 and football beginning in 2014.[citation needed] SDSM&T completed the transition form the NAIA to NCAA in July 2013.[25] The Hardrockers, formerly a member of the NAIA's Dakota Athletic Conference.
On January 20, 2014, SDSM&T has accepted an invitation to join the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference.[26]
Notable staff[edit]
Prior to 1897, the head of SDSM&T held the title of Dean rather than president. Earl D. Dake served as acting president from 1947-1948 and 1953-1954.[27] Dr. Duane C. Hrncir served as acting president from 2012-2013 following the death of Dr. Robert A. Wharton.[28]
Deans[edit]
Dr. Franklin R. Carpenter (1886-1889)
George F. Duck (1889-1890)
Samuel Cushman (1890-1891)
Dr. William P. Headden (1891-1893)
Dr. (Hon.) Walter P. Jenney (1893)
Dr. Valentine T. McGillycuddy (1893-1897)
Presidents[edit]
Dr. Robert L. Slagle (1898-1905)
Dr. Charles H. Fulton (1905-1911)
Dr. Cleophas C. O'Harra (1911-1935)
Dr. Joseph P. Connolly (1935-1947)
Dr. Warren E. Wilson (1948-1953)
Fay L. Partlo (1954-1966)
Dr. Harvey R. Fraser (1966-1975)
Dr. Richard A. Schleusener (1975-1987)
Dr. Richard J. Gowen (1987-2003)[29]
Dr. Charles P. Ruch (2003-2008)
Dr. Robert A. Wharton (2008-2012)
Dr. Heather A. Wilson (2013–2017)[30]
Dr. James M. Rankin (2017-Present)
Other notable staff[edit]
Ernest Allmendinger, football head coach (1914)
William Arbegast, director of the Advanced Materials Processing and Joining Center (2001-2009)
Dr. Philip R. Bjork, geology and paleontology professor (1975-2000)
William Phipps Blake, originally offered position of first dean
Gary Boner, longest serving (1971-1989) and winningest football head coach at SDSM&T
Josh Boyer, football defensive coordinator (2005)
Dr. Wendell E. Dunn, Jr., adjunct professor of metallurgy (?-2007)
Ray D. Hahn, men's basketball head coach (1930-1935) and football head coach (1929–1934)
Dan Kratzer, football head coach (2005-2011)
Erv Mondt, football head coach (1990–1994)
Dr. Willard Lincoln Roberts, geology professor (1923-1987) and namesake of Robertsite.
Dr. Walter A. Rosenblith, physics professor (1943-1947)
Dave Strong, football head coach (1941) and men's basketball head coach (1941-1942)
Dr. Jack Weyland, author and physics professor (?-1971)
Dr. Gerald W. Wolff, adjunct professor of history (1996-1999)
Notable alumni[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
James Abourezk, former U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from South Dakota, and the first Arab-American to serve in the U.S. Senate.
D. Sherwin Artus, Director & Former CEO, of Whiting Petroleum Corp.[31]
Richard H. Frank, President and CEO of Darby Emerging Markets Fund. Former Managing Director at the World Bank Group.[32]
Marty Jackley, Current Attorney General of South Dakota.[33]
Tony Jensen, President and CEO of Royal Gold.[34]
Kurt Kost, President, Alpha Natural Resources. Past President of Society of Mining Engineers.[35]
Walter Dale Miller, 34th Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota and 29th Governor of South Dakota[36]
Cmdr. George Philip Jr., posthumous winner of the Navy Cross for actions as commander of USS Twiggs and namesake of USS George Philip.[37]
Susan Opp, President of L-3 Communications Systems - West[38]
Dr. Tim Osswald, professor of mechanical engineering at University of Wisconsin-Madison
Dean M. Peterson, inventor of the Kodak Instamatic camera and the "point-and-shoot" camera
Dr. Marcus R. Ross, paleontologist, young earth creationist, and professor of geology at Liberty University
Ajmal Shams, current president of the Afghan Social Democratic Party.
Jim Shaw, former mayor of Rapid City, South Dakota
Emery Stephans, President and CEO of Enterprise Analysis Corporation.[39]
Anne-Grete Strøm-Erichsen, former Norwegian Minister of Defence and Minister of Health and Care Services. Former mayor of Bergen.
Gary R. Veurink, Vice President Manufacturing and Engineering of Dow Chemical Company;[40] Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer International Justice Mission
Chinedu Ositadinma Nebo, former Nigerian Minister of Power and Vice Chancellor of the University of Nigeria Nsukka, and Federal University Oye-Ekiti[citation needed]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Arch: Alumni Report 2016" (PDF). South Dakota Mines Foundation. South Dakota School of Mines & Technology. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.sdbor.edu/mediapubs/New%20Press%20Releases/051007Mines.pdf
Jump up ^ "Fast Facts 2011-12". Sdmines.sdsmt.edu. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Enrollment at Mines Up Slightly, Number of SD Students Rising". Mine News. South Dakota School of Mines & Technology. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Graphic Standards" (PDF). South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. Retrieved 2013-08-05.
Jump up ^ "Museum of Geology History". South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. Retrieved 2010-01-29.
Jump up ^ "Facts". South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
Jump up ^ "Quick Facts". www.sdsmt.edu. Retrieved 2016-12-22.
Jump up ^ "SD Mines News". www.sdsmt.edu. Retrieved 2016-12-22.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-05-02. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
Jump up ^ http://www.sdsmt.edu/about/university-history/
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-05-02. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
Jump up ^ Forbes https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesmarshallcrotty/2012/09/19/yo-harvard-dig-this-south-dakota-mining-grads-are-crushing-you-on-pay/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "School of Mines loses its leader | News". rapidcityjournal.com. 2012-09-20. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Ex-congresswoman to lead School of Mines | News". rapidcityjournal.com. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
Jump up ^ "All SD Mines Degrees". Sdsmt.edu. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Housing". Reslife.sdsmt.edu. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
Jump up ^ "APEX Gallery". South Dakota School of Mines & Technology. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "History of KTEQ". Hpcnet.org. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
Jump up ^ Looney, Josh (July 15, 2013). "Division II adds new conference, members". NCAA. Archived from the original on July 18, 2013. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Rockers enter final year to becoming NCAA member". Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference - South Dakota School of Mines & Technology approved as 15th member of Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference". Rmacsports.org. 2014-01-20. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Roster of the presidents :: Campus Archives - SDSMT". Dlsd.sdln.net. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-02-24. Retrieved 2014-02-19.
Jump up ^ "Dakota State University". Departments.dsu.edu. Archived from the original on 2014-02-19. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Senate approves Heather Wilson to be Trump's Air Force secretary". washingtonexaminer.com. 2017-05-08. Retrieved 2017-05-28.
Jump up ^ "Artus, D. Sherwin". Reuters. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Capital Markets - Darby Emerging Markets Fund, L.P." Businessweek.
Jump up ^ "Marty J. Jackley's Biography". South Dakota Office of the Attorney General.
Jump up ^ "Tony Jensen". Forbes.com. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
Jump up ^ "Kurt D. Kost". Forbes.com. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
Jump up ^ "South Dakota Governor Walter D. Miller". National Governors Association. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "USS George Philip (FFG 12)". Navysite.de. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
Jump up ^ "L3 Communications Systems - West - about CSW". Retrieved July 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "eacorp.com".
Jump up ^ https://www.bloomberg.com/profiles/people/6169739-gary-r-veurink
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to South Dakota School of Mines and Technology.
Official website
South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Athletics
South Dakota School of Mines and Technology at National Center for Education Statistics: College Navigator
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Web content
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Content encountered as part of the user experience on websites
This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Users connect their computers to web content via various layers of the internet
Web content is the textual, visual, or aural content that is encountered as part of the user experience on websites. It may include—among other things—text, images, sounds, videos, and animations.
In Information Architecture for the World Wide Web, Lou Rosenfeld and Peter Morville write, "We define content broadly as 'the stuff in your Web site.' This may include documents, data, applications, e-services, images, audio and video files, personal Web pages, archived e-mail messages, and more. And we include future stuff as well as present stuff."[1]
Contents
1 Beginnings
2 The page concept
3 HTML web content
4 A wider view
5 Quality content
6 Content management
6.1 Geotargeting
6.1.1 Automated different content
7 See also
8 References
Beginnings[edit]
While the Internet began with a U.S. Government research project in the late 1950s, the web in its present form did not appear on the Internet until after Tim Berners-Lee and his colleagues at the European laboratory (CERN) proposed the concept of linking documents with hypertext. But it was not until Mosaic, the forerunner of the famous Netscape Navigator, appeared that the Internet become more than a file serving system.
The use of hypertext, hyperlinks, and a page-based model of sharing information, introduced with Mosaic and later Netscape, helped to define web content, and the formation of websites. Today, websites are largely categorized as being a particular type of website according to the content a website contains.
The page concept[edit]
Main article: Web page
Web content is dominated by the "page" concept, its beginnings in an academic setting, and in a setting dominated by type-written pages, the idea of the web was to link directly from one academic paper to another academic paper. This was a completely revolutionary idea in the late 1980s and early 1990s when the best a link could be made was to cite a reference in the midst of a type written paper and name that reference either at the bottom of the page or on the last page of the academic paper.
When it was possible for any person to write and own a Mosaic page, the concept of a "home page" blurred the idea of a page.[2] It was possible for anyone to own a "Web page" or a "home page" which in many cases the website contained many physical pages in spite of being called "a page". People often cited their "home page" to provide credentials, links to anything that a person supported, or any other individual content a person wanted to publish.
Even though "the web" may be the resource we commonly use to "get to" particular locations online, many different protocols are invoked to access embedded information. When we are given an address, such as https://www.youtube.com, we expect to see a range of web pages, but in each page we have embedded tool to watch "video clips".[citation needed]
HTML web content[edit]
Even though we may embed various protocols within web pages, the "web page" composed of "HTML" (or some variation) content is still the dominant way whereby we share content. And while there are many web pages with localized proprietary structure (most usually, business websites), many millions of websites abound that are structured according to a common core idea.
Blogs are a type of website that contain mainly web pages authored in HTML (although the blogger may be totally unaware that the web pages are composed using HTML due to the blogging tool that may be in use). Millions of people use blogs online; a blog is now the new "home page", that is, a place where a persona can reveal personal information, and/or build a concept as to who this persona is. Even though a blog may be written for other purposes, such as promoting a business, the core of a blog is the fact that it is written by a "person" and that person reveals information from her/his perspective. Blogs have become a very powerful weapon used by content marketers who desire to increase their site's traffic, as well as, rank in the search engine result pages (SERPs). In fact, new research from Technorati shows that blogs now outrank social networks for consumer influence (Technorati's 2013 Digital Influence Report data).
Search engine sites are composed mainly of HTML content, but also has a typically structured approach to revealing information. A Search Engine Results Page (SERP) displays a heading, usually the name of the search engine itself, and then a list of websites and their web addresses. The list of web addresses are listed by their order of relevance according to the search query. Searchers typically type in keywords or keyword phrases to find or search what they are looking for on the web.
Discussion boards are sites composed of "textual" content organized by HTML or some variation that can be viewed in a web browser. The driving mechanism of a discussion board is the fact that users are registered and once registered can write posts. Often a discussion board is made up of posts asking some type of question to which other users may provide answers to those questions.
Ecommerce sites are largely composed of textual material and embedded with graphics displaying a picture of the item(s) for sale. However, there are extremely few sites that are composed page-by-page using some variant of HTML. Generally, webpages are composed as they are being served from a database to a customer using a web browser. However, the user sees the mainly text document arriving as a webpage to be viewed in a web browser. Ecommerce sites are usually organized by software we identify as a "shopping cart".
A wider view[edit]
While there are many millions of pages that are predominantly composed of HTML, or some variation, in general we view data, applications, E-services, images (graphics), audio and video files, personal web pages, archived e-mail messages, and many more forms of file and data systems as belonging to websites and web pages.
While there are many hundreds of ways to deliver information on a website, there is a common body of knowledge of search engine optimization that needs to be read as an advisory of ways that anything but text should be delivered. Currently, search engines are text based and are one of the common ways people using a browser locate sites of interest.
When talking of SEO or Search Engine Optimization, web content is divided into basic formats considering the structure of present-day websites. They are,
Non-Template Web Contents
In this case, a website provides a blank space where web content is written in the form of paragraphs and bullets. Information written in these pages embellishes the services and amenities provided by a company. Non-template contents are mainly used because, they have lower quantity of info graphics involved and can be customized. This makes websites fast and in the process reduces website load time.
Template Web Contents
Template web contents are those where information is written as per specific formats provided on a web page. Specific sections of web contents are written within fixed spaces. These web contents include graphics and a structural design. Template web contents are more prevalent among websites today.
Quality content[edit]
Quality content is a very common phrase used to describe content which aren't focused to increase the clickbait culture but rather to help those who get through it. Websites considered as content farms manipulate keywords to attract search engines to their website, but are considered to have content of poor quality. Quality content promises lower bounce rates as users find that content helpful and stay for a longer time. In contrast, content farms have higher bounce rates, as users tend not to stay after finding that the content is focused solely on fooling search engines. Several companies fill their web pages with a very high density of keywords and use techniques like to make the page SEO-friendly. The over-use of these techniques are flagged as black-hat SEO techniques by Google algorithms such as Google Penguin. Google penalized many websites who are doing keyword stuffing in website content.
Content management[edit]
Main article: Content management
Because websites are often complex, a term "content management" appeared in the late 1990s identifying a method or in some cases a tool to organize all the diverse elements to be contained on a website.[3][better source needed] Content management often means that within a business there is a range of people who have distinct roles to do with content management, such as content author, editor, publisher, and administrator. But it also means there may be a content management system whereby each of the different roles is organized to provide their assistance in operating the system and organizing the information for a website. A business may also employ various content protection measures, which are typically technologies used to attempt to frustrate copying without permission.
Even though a business may organize to collect, contain, and represent that information online, content needs organization in such a manner to provide the reader (browser) with an overall "customer experience" that is easy to use, to be sure the site can be navigated with ease, and that the website can fulfill the role assigned to it by the business, that is, to sell to customers, to market products and services, or to inform customers.
Geotargeting[edit]
Geotargeting of web content in Internet marketing and geomarketing is the method of determining the geolocation (the physical location) of a website visitor with geolocation software and delivering different content to that visitor based on his or her location, such as country, region/state, city, metro code/ZIP code, organization, Internet Protocol (IP) address, ISP, or other criteria.

A typical example for different content by choice in geo targeting is the FedEx website at FedEx.com where users have the choice to select their country location first and are then presented with different site or article content depending on their selection.
Automated different content[edit]
With automated different content in Internet marketing and geomarketing, the delivery of different content based on the geographical geolocation and other personal information is automated.
See also[edit]
Internet portal
Article marketing
Bulletin board system
Content (media)
Content farm
Content management
Digital marketing
Dynamic web page
Groupware
Media transparency
Mobile content
Separation of presentation and content
Site map
Social software
Tim Berners-Lee
Web content lifecycle
Web content management
Web content voting
Web design
Web development
Web document
Web literacy
Web service
Web resource
Web syndication
Web template
Webmaster
Website governance
World Wide Web Consortium (Web standards)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Information Architecture for the World Wide Web, second edition, page 219
Jump up ^ NetValley
Jump up ^ Is Content King?
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