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Plagiarism
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For other uses, see Plagiarism (disambiguation).
For Wikipedia policies concerning plagiarism, see Wikipedia:Plagiarism and Wikipedia:Copyright violations.
Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation" and "stealing and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions" and the representation of them as one's own original work.[1][2]
Plagiarism is considered academic dishonesty and a breach of journalistic ethics. It is subject to sanctions such as penalties, suspension, and even expulsion from school or work. Recently, cases of "extreme plagiarism" have been identified in academia.[3] The modern concept of plagiarism as immoral and originality as an ideal emerged in Europe in the 18th century, particularly with the Romantic movement.
Plagiarism is not in itself a crime, but can constitute copyright infringement. In academia and industry, it is a serious ethical offense.[4][5] Plagiarism and copyright infringement overlap to a considerable extent, but they are not equivalent concepts, and many types of plagiarism do not constitute copyright infringement, which is defined by copyright law and may be adjudicated by courts. Plagiarism is not defined or punished by law, but rather by institutions (including professional associations, educational institutions, and commercial entities, such as publishing companies).
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Legal aspects
3 In academia and journalism
3.1 Academia
3.1.1 Common forms of student plagiarism
3.1.2 Sanctions for student plagiarism
3.1.3 Criminal and negative behaviour by diploma mills
3.1.4 Plagiarism education
3.1.5 Factors influencing student´s decision to plagiarize
3.2 Journalism
3.3 Self-plagiarism
3.3.1 A contested definition
3.3.2 Codes of ethics
3.3.3 Factors that justify reuse
3.4 Organizational publications
4 In the arts
4.1 The history of the arts
4.2 Praisings of artistic plagiarism
5 In other contexts
5.1 On the Internet
6 See also
7 References
8 Works cited
9 Further reading
10 External links
Etymology[edit]
In the 1st century, the use of the Latin word plagiarius (literally "kidnapper") to denote stealing someone else's work was pioneered by the Roman poet Martial, who complained that another poet had "kidnapped his verses". Plagiary, a derivative of plagiarus, was introduced into English in 1601 by dramatist Ben Jonson during the Jacobean Era to describe someone guilty of literary theft.[4][6]
The derived form plagiarism was introduced into English around 1620.[7] The Latin plagiārius, "kidnapper", and plagium, "kidnapping", have the root plaga ("snare", "net"), based on the Indo-European root *-plak, "to weave" (seen for instance in Greek plekein, Bulgarian "плета" pleta, and Latin plectere, all meaning "to weave").
Legal aspects[edit]
Although plagiarism in some contexts is considered theft or stealing, the concept does not exist in a legal sense, although the use of someone else's work in order to gain academic credit may meet some legal definitions of fraud.[8] "Plagiarism" specifically is not mentioned in any current statute, either criminal or civil.[9][5] Some cases may be treated as unfair competition or a violation of the doctrine of moral rights.[5] The increased availability of copyrighted material due to the development of information technology has furthered the debate as to whether copyright offences are criminal.[citation needed] In short, people are asked to use the guideline, "if you did not write it yourself, you must give credit".[10]
Plagiarism is not the same as copyright infringement. While both terms may apply to a particular act, they are different concepts, and false claims of authorship generally constitute plagiarism regardless of whether the material is protected by copyright. Copyright infringement is a violation of the rights of a copyright holder, when material whose use is restricted by copyright is used without consent. Plagiarism, in contrast, is concerned with the unearned increment to the plagiarizing author's reputation, or the obtaining of academic credit, that is achieved through false claims of authorship. Thus, plagiarism is considered a moral offense against the plagiarist's audience (for example, a reader, listener, or teacher).
Plagiarism is also considered a moral offense against anyone who has provided the plagiarist with a benefit in exchange for what is specifically supposed to be original content (for example, the plagiarist's publisher, employer, or teacher). In such cases, acts of plagiarism may sometimes also form part of a claim for breach of the plagiarist's contract, or, if done knowingly, for a civil wrong.
In academia and journalism[edit]
Within academia, plagiarism by students, professors, or researchers is considered academic dishonesty or academic fraud, and offenders are subject to academic censure, up to and including expulsion. Some institutions use plagiarism detection software to uncover potential plagiarism and to deter students from plagiarizing. Some universities address the issue of academic integrity by providing students with thorough orientations, required writing courses, and clearly articulated honor codes[citation needed]. Indeed, there is a virtually uniform understanding among college students that plagiarism is wrong[citation needed]. Nevertheless, each year students are brought before their institutions’ disciplinary boards on charges that they have misused sources in their schoolwork."[11] However, the practice of plagiarizing by use of sufficient word substitutions to elude detection software, known as rogeting, has rapidly evolved as students and unethical academics seek to stay ahead of detection software.[12]
An extreme form of plagiarism, known as contract cheating involves students paying someone else, such as an essay mill, to do their work for them.[8]
In journalism, plagiarism is considered a breach of journalistic ethics, and reporters caught plagiarizing typically face disciplinary measures ranging from suspension to termination of employment[citation needed]. Some individuals caught plagiarizing in academic or journalistic contexts claim that they plagiarized unintentionally, by failing to include quotations or give the appropriate citation. While plagiarism in scholarship and journalism has a centuries-old history, the development of the Internet, where articles appear as electronic text, has made the physical act of copying the work of others much easier.[13]
Predicated upon an expected level of learning/comprehension having been achieved, all associated academic accreditation becomes seriously undermined if plagiarism is allowed to become the norm within academic submissions.[14]
For professors and researchers, plagiarism is punished by sanctions ranging from suspension to termination, along with the loss of credibility and perceived integrity.[15][16] Charges of plagiarism against students and professors are typically heard by internal disciplinary committees, by which students and professors have agreed to be bound.[17] Plagiarism is a common reason for academic research papers to be retracted.[18]
Academia[edit]
One form of academic plagiarism involves appropriating a published article and modifying it slightly to avoid suspicion.
No universally adopted definition of academic plagiarism exists[19]; however, this section provides several definitions to exemplify the most common characteristics of academic plagiarism.
According to Bela Gipp[20] academic plagiarism encompasses:
"The use of ideas, concepts, words, or structures
without appropriately acknowledging the source
to benefit in a setting where originality is expected."[20]
The definition by B. Gipp is an abridged version of Teddi Fishman's definition of plagiarism, which proposed five elements characteristic of plagiarism.[21] According to T. Fishman, plagiarism occurs when someone:
Uses words, ideas, or work products
Attributable to another identifiable person or source
Without attributing the work to the source from which it was obtained
In a situation in which there is a legitimate expectation of original authorship
In order to obtain some benefit, credit, or gain which need not be monetary[21]
Furthermore, plagiarism is defined differently among institutions of higher learning and universities:
Stanford sees plagiarism as the "use, without giving reasonable and appropriate credit to or acknowledging the author or source, of another person's original work, whether such work is made up of code, formulas, ideas, language, research, strategies, writing or other form."[22]
Yale views plagiarism as the "... use of another's work, words, or ideas without attribution," which includes "... using a source's language without quoting, using information from a source without attribution, and paraphrasing a source in a form that stays too close to the original."
Princeton perceives plagiarism as the "deliberate" use of "someone else's language, ideas, or other original (not common-knowledge) material without acknowledging its source."[23]
Oxford College of Emory University characterizes plagiarism as the use of "a writer's ideas or phraseology without giving due credit."[24]
Brown defines plagiarism as "... appropriating another person's ideas or words (spoken or written) without attributing those word or ideas to their true source."[25]
The U.S. Naval Academy defines plagiarism as "the use of the words, information, insights, or ideas of another without crediting that person through proper citation."[26]
Common forms of student plagiarism[edit]
According to a 2015 survey of teachers and professors by Turnitin[27] there are 10 main forms of plagiarism that students commit:
Submitting someone's work as their own.
Taking passages from their own previous work without adding citations.
Re-writing someone's work without properly citing sources.
Using quotations, but not citing the source.
Interweaving various sources together in the work without citing.
Citing some, but not all passages that should be cited.
Melding together cited and uncited sections of the piece.
Providing proper citations, but fails to change the structure and wording of the borrowed ideas enough.
Inaccurately citing the source.
Relying too heavily on other people's work. Fails to bring original thought into the text.
Sanctions for student plagiarism[edit]
In the academic world, plagiarism by students is usually considered a very serious offense that can result in punishments such as a failing grade on the particular assignment, the entire course, or even being expelled from the institution[citation needed]. Generally, the punishment increases as a person enters higher institutions of learning[citation needed]. The seriousness with which academic institutions address student plagiarism may be tempered by a recognition that students may not fully understand what plagiarism is. A 2015 study showed that students who were new to university study did not have a good understanding of even the basic requirements of how to attribute sources in written academic work, yet students were very confident that they understood what referencing and plagiarism are.[28] The same students also had a lenient view of how plagiarism should be penalised.
For cases of repeated plagiarism, or for cases in which a student commits severe plagiarism (e.g., purchasing an assignment), suspension or expulsion may occur. There has been historic concern about inconsistencies in penalties administered for university student plagiarism, and a plagiarism tariff was devised in 2008 for UK higher education institutions in an attempt to encourage some standardization of approaches.[29]
However, to impose sanctions, plagiarism needs to be detected. Strategies faculty members use to detect plagiarism include carefully reading students work and making note of inconsistencies in student writing, citation errors and providing plagiarism prevention education to students.[30] It has been found that a significant share of (university) teachers do not use detection methods such as using text-matching software.[31] A few more try to detect plagiarism by reading term-papers specifically for plagiarism, while the latter method might be not very effective in detecting plagiarism – especially when plagiarism from unfamiliar sources needs to be detected.[31]
Criminal and negative behaviour by diploma mills[edit]
This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (May 2017)
There are allegations that some diploma mills[discuss] take students' money for essays, then produce a low standard essay or close their websites without providing the purchased essay. Students then have little time to provide an essay before a deadline. Also diploma mills have allegedly blackmailed students demanding more money than was originally agreed and threatening to reveal plagiarism to the university unless more money is paid. Sorana Vieru of the NUS said, “We would urge those who are struggling to seek support through their unions and universities rather than looking to a quick fix, and be aware that using these websites could cost not only money but jeopardise their qualifications.”[32]
Plagiarism education[edit]
Given the serious consequences that plagiarism has for students, there has been a call for a greater emphasis on learning in order to help students avoid committing plagiarism.[33][34][35] This is especially important when students move to a new institution that may have a different view of the concept when compared with the view previously developed by the student.[36] Indeed, given the seriousness of plagiarism accusations for a student's future, the pedagogy of plagiarism education may need to be considered ahead of the pedagogy of the discipline being studied.[33] The need for plagiarism education extends to academic staff, who may not completely understand what is expected of their students or the consequences of misconduct.[37][30]
Factors influencing student´s decision to plagiarize[edit]
Several studies investigated factors that influence the decision to plagiarize. For example, a panel study with students from German universities found that academic procrastination predicts the frequency plagiarism conducted within six months followed the measurement of academic procrastination.[38] It has been argued that by plagiarizing students cope with the negative consequences that result from academic procrastination such as poor grades. Another study found that plagiarism is more frequent if students perceive plagiarism as beneficial and if they have the opportunity to plagiarize.[39] When students had expected higher sanctions and when they had internalized social norms that define plagiarism as very objectionable, plagiarism was less likely to occur.
Journalism[edit]
Since journalism relies on the public trust, a reporter's failure to honestly acknowledge their sources undercuts a newspaper or television news show's integrity and undermines its credibility. Journalists accused of plagiarism are often suspended from their reporting tasks while the charges are being investigated by the news organization.[40]
Self-plagiarism[edit]
See also: Duplicate publication
The reuse of significant, identical, or nearly identical portions of one's own work without acknowledging that one is doing so or citing the original work is sometimes described as "self-plagiarism"; the term "recycling fraud" has also been used to describe this practice.[41] Articles of this nature are often referred to as duplicate or multiple publication. In addition there can be a copyright issue if copyright of the prior work has been transferred to another entity. Self-plagiarism is considered a serious ethical issue in settings where someone asserts that a publication consists of new material, such as in publishing or factual documentation.[42] It does not apply to public-interest texts, such as social, professional, and cultural opinions usually published in newspapers and magazines.[citation needed]
In academic fields, self-plagiarism occurs when an author reuses portions of their own published and copyrighted work in subsequent publications, but without attributing the previous publication.[43][44] Identifying self-plagiarism is often difficult because limited reuse of material is accepted both legally (as fair use) and ethically.[45]
A contested definition[edit]
Miguel Roig has written at length about the topic of self-plagiarism[44][46][47][48] and his definition of self-plagiarism as using previously disseminated work is widely accepted among scholars of the topic. However, the "self-plagiarism" has been challenged as being self-contradictory, an oxymoron,[49] and on other grounds.[50]
For example, Stephanie J. Bird[51] argues that self-plagiarism is a misnomer, since by definition plagiarism concerns the use of others' material. Bird identifies the ethical issues of "self-plagiarism" as those of "dual or redundant publication." She also notes that in an educational context, "self-plagiarism" refers to the case of a student who resubmits "the same essay for credit in two different courses." As David B. Resnik clarifies, "Self-plagiarism involves dishonesty but not intellectual theft."[52]
According to Patrick M. Scanlon[53]
"Self-plagiarism" is a term with some specialized currency. Most prominently, it is used in discussions of research and publishing integrity in biomedicine, where heavy publish-or-perish demands have led to a rash of duplicate and "salami-slicing" publication, the reporting of a single study's results in "least publishable units" within multiple articles (Blancett, Flanagin, & Young, 1995; Jefferson, 1998; Kassirer & Angell, 1995; Lowe, 2003; McCarthy, 1993; Schein & Paladugu, 2001; Wheeler, 1989). Roig (2002) offers a useful classification system including four types of self-plagiarism: duplicate publication of an article in more than one journal; partitioning of one study into multiple publications, often called salami-slicing; text recycling; and copyright infringement.
Codes of ethics[edit]
Some academic journals have codes of ethics that specifically refer to self-plagiarism. For example, the Journal of International Business Studies.[54] Some professional organizations like the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) have created policies that deal specifically with self-plagiarism.[55] Other organizations do not make specific reference to self-plagiarism such as the American Political Science Association (APSA). The organization published a code of ethics that describes plagiarism as "...deliberate appropriation of the works of others represented as one's own." It does not make any reference to self-plagiarism. It does say that when a thesis or dissertation is published "in whole or in part", the author is "not ordinarily under an ethical obligation to acknowledge its origins."[56] The American Society for Public Administration (ASPA) also published a code of ethics that says its members are committed to: "Ensure that others receive credit for their work and contributions," but it makes no reference to self-plagiarism.[57]
Factors that justify reuse[edit]
Pamela Samuelson, in 1994, identified several factors she says excuse reuse of one's previously published work, that make it not self-plagiarism.[45] She relates each of these factors specifically to the ethical issue of self-plagiarism, as distinct from the legal issue of fair use of copyright, which she deals with separately. Among other factors that may excuse reuse of previously published material Samuelson lists the following:
The previous work must be restated to lay the groundwork for a new contribution in the second work.
Portions of the previous work must be repeated to deal with new evidence or arguments.
The audience for each work is so different that publishing the same work in different places is necessary to get the message out.
The author thinks they said it so well the first time that it makes no sense to say it differently a second time.
Samuelson states she has relied on the "different audience" rationale when attempting to bridge interdisciplinary communities. She refers to writing for different legal and technical communities, saying: "there are often paragraphs or sequences of paragraphs that can be bodily lifted from one article to the other. And, in truth, I lift them." She refers to her own practice of converting "a technical article into a law review article with relatively few changes—adding footnotes and one substantive section" for a different audience.[45]
Samuelson describes misrepresentation as the basis of self-plagiarism.[45] She also states "Although it seems not to have been raised in any of the self-plagiarism cases, copyrights law's fair use defense would likely provide a shield against many potential publisher claims of copyright infringement against authors who reused portions of their previous works."[45]
Organizational publications[edit]
Plagiarism is presumably not an issue when organizations issue collective unsigned works since they do not assign credit for originality to particular people. For example, the American Historical Association's "Statement on Standards of Professional Conduct" (2005) regarding textbooks and reference books states that, since textbooks and encyclopedias are summaries of other scholars' work, they are not bound by the same exacting standards of attribution as original research and may be allowed a greater "extent of dependence" on other works.[58] However, even such a book does not make use of words, phrases, or paragraphs from another text or follow too closely the other text's arrangement and organization, and the authors of such texts are also expected to "acknowledge the sources of recent or distinctive findings and interpretations, those not yet a part of the common understanding of the profession."[58]
In the arts[edit]
L.H.O.O.Q. (1919), one of Marcel Duchamp's readymades.
The history of the arts[edit]
Through all of the history of literature and of the arts in general, works of art are for a large part repetitions of the tradition; to the entire history of artistic creativity belong plagiarism, literary theft, appropriation, incorporation, retelling, rewriting, recapitulation, revision, reprise, thematic variation, ironic retake, parody, imitation, stylistic theft, pastiches, collages, and deliberate assemblages.[59][60][9][61][62][63] There is no rigorous and precise distinction between practices like imitation, stylistic plagiarism, copy, replica and forgery.[59][64][65][66] These appropriation procedures are the main axis of a literate culture, in which the tradition of the canonic past is being constantly rewritten.[63]
Ruth Graham quotes T.S. Eliot—"Immature poets imitate; mature poets steal. Bad poets deface what they take."—she notes that despite the "taboo" of plagiarism, the ill-will and embarrassment it causes in the modern context, readers seem to often forgive the past excesses of historic literary offenders.[67]
Praisings of artistic plagiarism[edit]
A passage of Laurence Sterne's 1767 Tristram Shandy condemns plagiarism by resorting to plagiarism.[68] Oliver Goldsmith commented:
Sterne's Writings, in which it is clearly shewn, that he, whose manner and style were so long thought original, was, in fact, the most unhesitating plagiarist who ever cribbed from his predecessors in order to garnish his own pages. It must be owned, at the same time, that Sterne selects the materials of his mosaic work with so much art, places them so well, and polishes them so highly, that in most cases we are disposed to pardon the want of originality, in consideration of the exquisite talent with which the borrowed materials are wrought up into the new form.[69]
In other contexts[edit]
On the Internet[edit]
Free online tools are becoming available to help identify plagiarism,[70][71] and there are a range of approaches that attempt to limit online copying, such as disabling right clicking and placing warning banners regarding copyrights on web pages. Instances of plagiarism that involve copyright violation may be addressed by the rightful content owners sending a DMCA removal notice to the offending site-owner, or to the ISP that is hosting the offending site. The term "content scraping" has arisen to describe the copying and pasting of information from websites[72] and blogs.[73]
See also[edit]
This section may contain indiscriminate, excessive, or irrelevant examples. Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions. (October 2015)
Academic dishonesty
Appropriation (art)
Article spinning
Contract cheating
Credit (creative arts)
Cryptomnesia
Détournement
Document theft
Essay mill
Fair use
Ghostwriter
Joke thievery
Journalism scandals (plagiarism, fabrication, omission)
Multiple publication
Musical plagiarism
Parody
Peer review § Plagiarism
Plagiarism detection
Rogeting
Scientific misconduct
Scientific plagiarism in India
Scientific plagiarism in the United States
Source criticism
Swipe (comics)
An Uncommon Story, literary memoir by Ivan Goncharov
The Anxiety of Influence, a 1973 book by Harold Bloom
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e Samuelson, Pamela (August 1994). "Self-plagiarism or fair use?" (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 37 (8): 21–5. doi:10.1145/179606.179731.
Jump up ^ Roig, M. (2005). Re-using text from one’s own previously published papers: An exploratory study of potential self-plagiarism. Psychological Reports, 2005(97), 43-49. doi:10.2466/pr0.97.1.43-49
Jump up ^ Roig, M. (2011). Avoiding plagiarism, self-plagiarism, and other questionable writing practices: A guide to ethical writing. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services: Office of Research Integrity Retrieved from https://www.google.ca/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&rlz=1C5CHFA_enCA728CA728&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#
Jump up ^ Roig, M. (2015). On reusing our previously disseminated work. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved from https://www.aaas.org/news/reusing-our-previously-disseminated-work
Jump up ^ Broome, M (November 2004). "Self-plagiarism: Oxymoron, fair use, or scientific misconduct?". Nursing Outlook. 52 (6): 273–4. doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2004.10.001. PMID 15614263.
Jump up ^ Andreescu, Liviu (November 2012). "Self-Plagiarism in Academic Publishing: The Anatomy of a Misnomer". Science and Engineering Ethics. doi:10.1007/s11948-012-9416-1.
Jump up ^ Bird, SJ (October 2002). "Self-plagiarism and dual and redundant publications: what is the problem? Commentary on 'Seven ways to plagiarize: handling real allegations of research misconduct'". Science and Engineering Ethics. 8 (4): 543–4. doi:10.1007/s11948-002-0007-4. PMID 12501723.
Jump up ^ See Resnik, David B. (1998). The Ethics of Science: an introduction, London: Routledge. p.177, notes to chapter six, note 3. Online via Google Books
Jump up ^ Scanlon, PM (2007). "Song from myself: an anatomy of self-plagiarism". Plagiary. 2 (1): 1–11. Retrieved 2010-08-02.
Jump up ^ Lorraine Eden. "JIBS Code of Ethics". Journal of International Business Studies. Archived from the original on 2010-07-23. Retrieved 2010-08-02.
Jump up ^ "ACM Policy and Procedures on Plagiarism". June 2010.
Jump up ^ American Political Science Association (2008). "A Guide to Professional Ethics in Political Science". Second Edition. Section 21.1. ISBN 1-878147-05-6.
Jump up ^ American Society for Public Administration. "ASPA's Code of Ethics" Archived 2011-01-24 at the Wayback Machine..
^ Jump up to: a b "Statement on Standards of Professional Conduct". American Historical Association. 2005-01-06. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
^ Jump up to: a b Derrida [1959] quotation: (p.40):[full citation needed] "The boundaries between permissible and impermissible, imitation, stylistic plagiarism, copy, replica and forgery remain nebulous."
Jump up ^ Eco (1990) p. 95 quotation:
Each of the types of repetition that we have examined is not limited to the mass media but belongs by right to the entire history of artistic creativity; plagiarism, quotation, parody, the ironic retake are typical of the entire artistic-literary tradition.
Much art has been and is repetitive. The concept of absolute originality is a contemporary one, born with Romanticism; classical art was in vast measure serial, and the "modern" avant-garde (at the beginning of this century) challenged the Romantic idea of "creation from nothingness," with its techniques of collage, mustachios on the Mona Lisa, art about art, and so on.
Jump up ^ Alfrey (2000)
Jump up ^ Genette [1982] note 3 to ch. 7, p. 433. quotation:
"transposition"... all the other possible terms (rewriting, rehandling, remake, revision, refection, recasting, etc.)
^ Jump up to: a b Steiner (1998) pp. 437, 459 quotation:
(p. 437) There is between 'translation proper' and 'transmutation' a vast terrain of 'partial transformation'. The verbal signs in the original message or statement are modified by one of a multitude of means or by a combination of means. These include paraphrase, graphic illustration, pastiche, imitation, thematic variation, parody, citation in a supporting or undermining context, false attribution (accidental or deliberate), plagiarism, collage, and many others. This zone of partial transformation, of derivation, of alternate restatement determines much of our sensibility and literacy. It is, quite simply, the matrix of culture.
(p. 459) We could, in some measure, at least, come closer to a verifiable gradation of the sequence of techniques and aims, which leads from literal translation through paraphrases, mimesis, and pastiche to thematic variation. I have suggested that this sequence is the main axis of a literate culture, that a culture advances, spiralwise, via translations of its own canonic past.
Jump up ^ Haywood (1987) p.109, quoting Arnau
Jump up ^ Eco (1987) p.202, quoting Arnau
Jump up ^ Arnau [1959] quotation: (p. 40) "The boundaries between permissible and impermissible, imitation, stylistic plagiarism, copy, replica and forgery remain nebulous."
Jump up ^ Graham, Ruth (January 7, 2014). "Word Theft". Poetryfoundation.org. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
Jump up ^ Mark Ford Love and Theft London Review of Books Vol. 26 No. 23 · 2 December 2004 pages 34–35 | 4103 words
Jump up ^ Oliver Goldsmith The vicar of Wakefield: a tale, Volume 5 p.xviii
Jump up ^ "Apple accused of copyright wrongs" CNET
Jump up ^ "Copyscape Searches For Scraped Content". WebProNews. Archived from the original on 2007-02-21.
Jump up ^ Jones, Del (August 1, 2006). "Authorship gets lost on Web". USA Today.
Jump up ^ Welch, Maura (May 8, 2006). "Online plagiarism strikes blog world". The Boston Globe.
Works cited[edit]
Alfrey, Penelope (2000). "Petrarch's Apes: Originality, Plagiarism and Copyright Principles within Visual Culture". MIT Communications Forum.
Arnau, Frank Translation from the German by Brownjohn, J. Maxwell (1961). The Art of the Faker. Little, Brown and Company.
Derrida, Jacques, Roudinesco, Élisabeth [2001] (2004) De Quoi Demain, English translation 2004 by Jeff Fort as For what tomorrow—: a dialogue, ch.4 Unforeseeable Freedom
Blum, Susan D. My Word!: Plagiarism and College Culture (2010)
Eco, Umberto (1987) Fakes and Forgeries in Versus, Issues 46–48, republished in 1990 in The limits of interpretation pp. 174–202
Eco, Umberto (1990) Interpreting Serials in The limits of interpretation, pp. 83–100, excerpt; link unavailable
Gérard Genette (1982) Palimpsests: literature in the second degree
Haywood, Ian (1987) Faking it
Hutcheon, Linda (1985). "3. The Pragmatic Range of Parody". A Theory of Parody: The Teachings of Twentieth-Century Art Forms. New York: Methuen. ISBN 0-252-06938-2.
Joachimides, Christos M. and Rosenthal, Norman and Anfam, David and Adams, Brooks (1993) American art in the 20th century: painting and sculpture 1913–1993
Lynch, Jack (2002) The Perfectly Acceptable Practice of Literary Theft: Plagiarism, Copyright, and the Eighteenth Century, in Colonial Williamsburg: The Journal of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation 24, no. 4 (Winter 2002–3), pp. 51–54. Also available online since 2006 at Writing World.
Paull, Harry Major (1928) Literary ethics: a study in the growth of the literary conscience Part II, ch.X Parody and Burlesque pp. 133–40 (public domain work, author died in 1934)
Royal Shakespeare Company (2007) The RSC Shakespeare – William Shakespeare Complete Works, Introduction to the Comedy of Errors
Ruthven, K. K. (2001) Faking Literature
Spearing, A. C. (1987) Introduction section to Chaucer's The Franklin's Prologue and Tale
Spearing, A. C. (1989) Readings in medieval poetry
Steiner, George (1998) After Babel, ch.6 Topologies of culture, 3rd revised edition
Further reading[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Plagiarism
Lipson, Charles (2008). Doing Honest Work in College: How to Prepare Citations, Avoid Plagiarism, and Achieve Real Academic Success (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226484778. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
Lipson, A., & Reindl, S. M. (2003). http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ672640 "The Responsible Plagiarist: Understanding Students Who Misuse Sources," About Campus, 8(3), 7-14.
Jude Carroll and Carl-Mikael Zetterling (2009). Guiding students away from plagiarism (in Swedish and English) (1st ed.). Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology. pp. 86–167. ISBN 978-91-7415-403-0. Retrieved June 10, 2017. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
External links[edit]
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text:
List of football clubs in England by competitive honours won
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The Aston Villa team of 1899 that won the Football League First Division and the Sheriff of London Charity Shield as well as a range of county honours.
This is a list of the competitive honours won by football clubs in England (inaccurate article as someone made all officially recognised defunct trophies, obsolete and not a true reflection of history of club honours in England). It lists every football club to have won a competitive domestic honour contested by elite teams at the national level in England, as well as six European competitions which have existed at different times,[1] and the two global competitions FIFA has recognised.[2]
These honours consist of the English football championship—The Football League up to 1992 or Premier League thereafter—the FA Cup, the EFL Cup, the FA Community Shield and its predecessor the Sheriff of London Charity Shield, the now-defunct Full Members Cup and League Super Cup competitions for clubs during the ban from European competition, the League Centenary Trophy for elite clubs to celebrate 100 years of the Football League, the UEFA Champions League (formerly the European Cup), the UEFA Europa League (formerly the UEFA Cup) and its predecessor the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, the now-defunct UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and UEFA Intertoto Cup competitions, the UEFA Super Cup, and the FIFA Club World Cup which was merged with the Intercontinental Cup.
Competitive football started in England with the FA Cup, the oldest football competition in the world,[3] which was first held in the 1871–72 season; Wanderers beat Royal Engineers 1–0 in the final.[4] League football followed in the subsequent decade when The Football League was founded in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor, with Preston North End winning the first title.[5][6] The Football League, which was renamed the First Division upon expansion of the league in 1892, remained the highest division of the English football league system until 1992 when the Premier League was founded.[7] The English equivalent of the super cup began in 1898 with the inauguration of the Sheriff of London Charity Shield pitting the best professional and amateur sides of the year against each other, the trophy would develop into the FA Charity Shield in 1908, and was later renamed the FA Community Shield in 2002.[8] The Football League also added another cup competition in 1960, when it founded the League Cup, invitation to which is restricted to the 92 members of the league. That first tournament was won by Aston Villa, who beat Rotherham United 3–2 on aggregate after extra time. Manchester United have won a record number of League Championships (20). Arsenal hold the record for FA Cup wins (13). Liverpool hold the record number of League Cup titles (8).[9][10]
European competition started in 1955 with the European Cup and the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, which was succeeded by the UEFA Cup for the 1971–72 season.[11] The Cup Winners' Cup followed in 1960 but was discontinued in 1999.[12] As of the 2016–17 season, 34 English teams have competed in the three main European competitions, 13 of which have lifted at least one trophy,[13] with five of those winning the European Cup—Aston Villa, Liverpool, Manchester United, Nottingham Forest and Chelsea.[14] Liverpool hold the record for the number of European Cups (5) and UEFA Cups (3).
Intercontinental competition started in 1960 with the Intercontinental Cup, which consisted of a two-legged tie between the European Cup and the South American Copa Libertadores winners from 1960 to 1979. By 1971, European participation in the Intercontinental Cup became a running question, and many European teams withdrew; Liverpool in 1977 and 1978, and Nottingham Forest in 1979.[15] In 1980, it became known as the Toyota Cup, and consisted of a single match played in Japan. The last edition was played in 2004, whereupon it was replaced by the FIFA Club World Cup, a knock-out tournament featuring the champions of all six continental confederations.[16] Manchester United were the first and, as of 2017, are the only English team to win either of these competitions, winning the Intercontinental Cup in 1999 and the Club World Cup in 2008.
Contents
[hide]
1 Key and data sources
1.1 English Football League and Premier League competitions
1.1.1 Defunct
1.2 The FA competitions
1.2.1 Defunct
1.3 UEFA competitions
1.3.1 Defunct
1.4 FIFA competitions
1.4.1 Defunct
2 English clubs who have won competitive honours
3 Clubs' most recent honours won in England
4 Footnotes
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Key and data sources
English Football League and Premier League competitions
EFC = English football champions. The Premier League (since 1992) succeeded the Football League First Division (1888 until 1992) as the top-division[17]
EFLC = EFL Cup (since 1960)[18]
Defunct
League Super Cup (one-off tournament held between 1985 and 1986)[19]
Full Members Cup (held from 1985 to 1992)[20]
League Centenary Trophy (held during 1988–89 season to celebrate Football League's 100th birthday. The sister tournament, the Football League Centenary Tournament, is not included here because of its unusual match rules and non-competitive format)[21]
The FA competitions
FAC = FA Cup (since 1871)[22]
FACS = FA Community Shield (since 1908), formerly known as the FA Charity Shield (until 2002)[23]
Defunct
Sheriff of London Charity Shield, predecessor to the FA Community Shield above (1898 until 1907). The post-1907 fundraising matches for the Shield are not included because they no longer had FA involvement.[23]
UEFA competitions
UCL = UEFA Champions League (since 1955), formerly known as the European Cup (until 1992)[24]
UEL = UEFA Europa League (since 1971), formerly known as the UEFA Cup (until 2009)[25]
USC = UEFA Super Cup (since 1972)[26]
Defunct
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup[27] (held from 1955 to 1971. Although not organised by UEFA, it is included here under UEFA as it is the official predecessor to the UEL)
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup[28] (held from 1960 until 1999, merged with the UEL)
UEFA Intertoto Cup[29] (held from 1995 to 2008)
FIFA competitions
FCWC = FIFA Club World Cup[30] (since 2000)
Defunct
Intercontinental Cup[31] (held from 1960 to 2004. Although not organised by FIFA, it is included here under FIFA as it was officially merged with the FCWC)
English clubs who have won competitive honours
Correct as of 6 August 2017. Numbers in bold are record totals for that competition. Clubs in italics are Double winners: they have won two or more of these trophies in the same season at least once (not including FACS, IC, or defunct trophies). Trophies that were shared between two clubs are counted as honours for both teams. Clubs tied in total honours are listed chronologically by most recent honour won. Obs. indicates obsolete or defunct trophies organised by the respective football association (below table is misleading, you cannot change the history of clubs and make their trophies obsolete. All so called "Obs." trophies are all officially recognised by their respective bodies. Whoever made change please adjust back). See the key above for the specific defunct trophies included.
EFL and PL
The FA
UEFA
FIFA
Club
EFC
EFLC
Obs.
FAC
FACS
Obs.
Total
UCL
UEL
USC
Obs.
Total
FCWC
Obs.
Total
Manchester United
20 5 – 12 21 – 58 3 1 1 1 6 1 1 66
Liverpool
18 8 1 7 15 1 50 5 3 3 – 11 – – 61
Arsenal
13 2 1 13 15 – 44 – – – 2 2 – – 46
Chelsea
6 5 2 7 4 – 24 1 1 1 2 5 – – 29
Tottenham Hotspur
2 4 – 8 7 1 22 – 2 – 1 3 – – 25
Aston Villa
7 5 – 7 1 2 22 1 – 1 1 3 – – 25
Everton
9 – – 5 9 – 23 – – – 1 1 – – 24
Manchester City
4 4 – 5 4 – 17 – – – 1 1 – – 18
Newcastle United
4 – – 6 1 1 12 – – – 2 2 – – 14
Nottingham Forest
1 4 2 2 1 – 10 2 – 1 – 3 – – 13
Wolverhampton Wanderers
3 2 – 4 4 – 13 – – – – – – – 13
Blackburn Rovers
3 1 1 6 1 – 12 – – – – – – – 12
Sheffield Wednesday
4 1 – 3 1 1 10 – – – – – – – 10
Sunderland
6 – – 2 1 1 10 – – – – – – – 10
Leeds United
3 1 – 1 2 – 7 – – – 2 2 – – 9
West Bromwich Albion
1 1 – 5 2 – 9 – – – – – – – 9
West Ham United
– – – 3 1 – 4 – – – 2 2 – – 6
Sheffield United
1 – – 4 – 1 6 – – – – – – – 6
Leicester City
1 3 – – 1 – 5 – – – – – – – 5
Portsmouth
2 – – 2 1 – 5 – – – – – – – 5
Burnley
2 – – 1 2 – 5 – – – – – – – 5
Bolton Wanderers
– – – 4 1 – 5 – – – – – – – 5
Huddersfield Town
3 – – 1 1 – 5 – – – – – – – 5
Wanderers
– – – 5 – – 5 – – – – – – – 5
Derby County
2 – – 1 1 – 4 – – – – – – – 4
Preston North End
2 – – 2 – – 4 – – – – – – – 4
Ipswich Town
1 – – 1 – – 2 – 1 – – 1 – – 3
Corinthian
– – – – – 3 3 – – – – – – – 3
Birmingham City
– 2 – – – – 2 – – – – – – – 2
Norwich City
– 2 – – – – 2 – – – – – – – 2
Cardiff City[a]
– – – 1 1 – 2 – – – – – – – 2
Bury
– – – 2 – – 2 – – – – – – – 2
Old Etonians
– – – 2 – – 2 – – – – – – – 2
Wigan
– – – 1 – – 1 – – – – – – – 1
Swansea City[b]
– 1 – – – – 1 – – – – – – – 1
Middlesbrough
– 1 – – – – 1 – – – – – – – 1
Fulham
– – – – – – – – – – 1 1 – – 1
Crystal Palace
– – 1 – – – 1 – – – – – – – 1
Luton Town
– 1 – – – – 1 – – – – – – – 1
Reading
– – 1 – – – 1 – – – – – – – 1
Wimbledon
– – – 1 – – 1 – – – – – – – 1
Coventry City
– – – 1 – – 1 – – – – – – – 1
Oxford United
– 1 – – – – 1 – – – – – – – 1
Southampton
– – – 1 – – 1 – – – – – – – 1
Stoke City
– 1 – – – – 1 – – – – – – – 1
Swindon Town
– 1 – – – – 1 – – – – – – – 1
Queens Park Rangers
– 1 – – – – 1 – – – – – – – 1
Blackpool
– – – 1 – – 1 – – – – – – – 1
Charlton Athletic
– – – 1 – – 1 – – – – – – – 1
Barnsley
– – – 1 – – 1 – – – – – – – 1
Bradford City
– – – 1 – – 1 – – – – – – – 1
Brighton & Hove Albion
– – – – 1 – 1 – – – – – – – 1
Queen's Park[c]
– – – – – 1 1 – – – – – – – 1
Notts County
– – – 1 – – 1 – – – – – – – 1
Blackburn Olympic
– – – 1 – – 1 – – – – – – – 1
Old Carthusians
– – – 1 – – 1 – – – – – – – 1
Clapham Rovers
– – – 1 – – 1 – – – – – – – 1
Royal Engineers
– – – 1 – – 1 – – – – – – – 1
Oxford University
– – – 1 – – 1 – – – – – – – 1
Clubs' most recent honours won in England
Correct as of 25 August 2017. Years in bold indicate the club that won the honour most recently. Obs. indicates obsolete or defunct trophies organised by the respective football association. See the key above for the specific defunct trophies included.
EFL and PL
The FA
UEFA
FIFA
Club
EFC
EFLC
Obs.
FAC
FACS
Obs.
Total
UCL
UEL
USC
Obs.
Total
FCWC
Obs.
Total
Arsenal
2004 1993 1989 2017 2017 – 2017 – – – 1994 1994 – – 2017
Manchester United
2013 2017 – 2016 2016 – 2017 2008 2017 1991 1991 2017 2008 1999 2017
Chelsea
2017 2015 1990 2012 2009 – 2017 2012 2013 1998 1998 2013 – – 2017
Leicester City
2016 2000 – – 1971 – 2016 – – – – – – – 2016
Manchester City
2014 2016 – 2011 2012 – 2016 – – – 1970 1970 – – 2016
Wigan
– – – 2013 – – 2013 – – – – – – – 2013
Swansea City[b]
– 2013 – – – – 2013 – – – – – – – 2013
Liverpool
1990 2012 1986 2006 2006 1906 2012 2005 2001 2005 – 2005 – – 2012
Birmingham City
– 2011 – – – – 2011 – – – – – – – 2011
Portsmouth
1949 – – 2008 1949 – 2008 – – – – – – – 2008
Tottenham Hotspur
1961 2008 – 1991 1991 1902 2008 – 1984 – 1963 1984 – – 2008
Newcastle United
1927 – – 1955 1909 1907 1955 – – – 2006 2006 – – 2006
Middlesbrough
– 2004 – – – – 2004 – – – – – – – 2004
Fulham
– – – – – – – – – – 2002 2002 – – 2002
Blackburn Rovers
1995 2002 1987 1928 1912 – 2002 – – – – – – – 2002
Aston Villa
1981 1996 – 1957 1981 1901 1996 1982 – 1982 2001 2001 – – 2001
West Ham United
– – – 1980 1964 – 1980 – – – 1999 1999 – – 1999
Everton
1987 – – 1995 1995 – 1995 – – – 1985 1985 – – 1995
Leeds United
1992 1968 – 1972 1992 – 1992 – – – 1971 1971 – – 1992
Nottingham Forest
1978 1990 1992 1959 1978 – 1992 1980 – 1979 – 1980 – – 1992
Crystal Palace
– – 1991 – – – 1991 – – – – – – – 1991
Sheffield Wednesday
1930 1991 – 1935 1935 1905 1991 – – – – – – – 1991
Wimbledon
– – – 1988 – – 1988 – – – – – – – 1988
Luton Town
– 1988 – – – – 1988 – – – – – – – 1988
Reading
– – 1988 – – – 1988 – – – – – – – 1988
Coventry City
– – – 1987 – – 1987 – – – – – – – 1987
Oxford United
– 1986 – – – – 1986 – – – – – – – 1986
Norwich City
– 1985 – – – – 1985 – – – – – – – 1985
Ipswich Town
1962 – – 1978 – – 1978 – 1981 – – 1981 – – 1981
Wolverhampton Wanderers
1959 1980 – 1960 1960 – 1980 – – – – – – – 1980
Southampton
– – – 1976 – – 1976 – – – – – – – 1976
Derby County
1975 – – 1946 1975 – 1975 – – – – – – – 1975
Burnley
1960 – – 1914 1973 – 1973 – – – – – – – 1973
Sunderland
1936 – – 1973 1936 1903 1973 – – – – – – – 1973
Stoke City
– 1972 – – – – 1972 – – – – – – – 1972
Swindon Town
– 1969 – – – – 1969 – – – – – – – 1969
West Bromwich Albion
1920 1966 – 1968 1954 – 1968 – – – – – – – 1968
Queens Park Rangers
– 1967 – – – – 1967 – – – – – – – 1967
Bolton Wanderers
– – – 1958 1958 – 1958 – – – – – – – 1958
Blackpool
– – – 1953 – – 1953 – – – – – – – 1953
Charlton Athletic
– – – 1947 – – 1947 – – – – – – – 1947
Preston North End
1890 – – 1938 – – 1938 – – – – – – – 1938
Cardiff City[a]
– – – 1927 1927 – 1927 – – – – – – – 1927
Huddersfield Town
1926 – – 1922 1922 – 1926 – – – – – – – 1926
Sheffield United
1898 – – 1925 – 1898 1925 – – – – – – – 1925
Barnsley
– – – 1912 – – 1912 – – – – – – – 1912
Bradford City
– – – 1911 – – 1911 – – – – – – – 1911
Brighton & Hove Albion
– – – – 1910 – 1910 – – – – – – – 1910
Corinthian
– – – – – 1904 1904 – – – – – – – 1904
Bury
– – – 1903 – – 1903 – – – – – – – 1903
Queen's Park[c]
– – – – – 1899 1899 – – – – – – – 1899
Notts County
– – – 1894 – – 1894 – – – – – – – 1894
Blackburn Olympic
– – – 1883 – – 1883 – – – – – – – 1883
Old Etonians
– – – 1882 – – 1882 – – – – – – – 1882
Old Carthusians
– – – 1881 – – 1881 – – – – – – – 1881
Clapham Rovers
– – – 1880 – – 1880 – – – – – – – 1880
Wanderers
– – – 1878 – – 1878 – – – – – – – 1878
Royal Engineers
– – – 1875 – – 1875 – – – – – – – 1875
Oxford University
– – – 1874 – – 1874 – – – – – – – 1874
Footnotes
^ Jump up to: a b Cardiff City are a Welsh side who play in the English football league system and won the 1927 FA Cup.
^ Jump up to: a b Swansea City are a Welsh side who play in the Premier League of the English football league system and won the 2013–14 Football League Cup.
^ Jump up to: a b Queen's Park are a Scottish side who competed in the 1899 Sheriff of London Charity Shield and shared the honour.
See also
List of English football champions
References
Jump up ^ http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11715/10676765/leeds-united-englands-13th-biggest-club-according-to-sky-sports-study
Jump up ^ "FIFA.com - Classic Club: Manchester United". FIFA. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
Jump up ^ "History of the FA Cup". The FA. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
Jump up ^ "A date to remember". The FA. 2004-03-16. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
Jump up ^ "The History of The Football League". The Football League. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Past Winners". The Football League. 18 November 2010. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "A History of The Premier League". Premier League. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
Jump up ^ "New shield for new season". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "League Cup Past Winners". The Football League. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
Jump up ^ "League Cup - Winners Table". s201259309. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "New format provides fresh impetus". UEFA. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
Jump up ^ "UEFA Cup Winners' Cup". UEFA. Archived from the original on 2008-02-02. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
Jump up ^ "English sides in Europe". The FA. Archived from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "European Cup roll of honour". UEFA. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
Jump up ^ Risolo, Don (2010). Soccer Stories: Anecdotes, Oddities, Lore, and Amazing Feats p.109. U of Nebraska Press. Retrieved 29 February 2012
Jump up ^ "Toyota Cup: figures, records and a giant-killer". FIFA. 2004-12-13. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
Jump up ^ Ross, James (1 Sep 2016). "England - List of Champions". www.rsssf.com. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Ross, James (2 March 2017). "England - Football League Cup Finals". www.rsssf.com. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Screen Sport Super Cup Summary". www.fchd.info. Football Club History Database. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Football League Full Members' Cup Summary". www.fchd.info. Football Club History Database. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mercantile Credit Centenary Trophy 1988". footballdatabase.eu. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Ross, James (26 May 2016). "England FA Challenge Cup Finals". www.rsssf.com. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Ross, James (18 August 2016). "England - List of FA Charity/Community Shield Matches". www.rsssf.com. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Stokkermans, Karel (8 September 2016). "European Champions' Cup Matches". www.rsssf.com. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Stokkermans, Karel (8 September 2016). "UEFA Cup". www.rsssf.com. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Stokkermans, Karel (18 August 2016). "European Super Cup". www.rsssf.com. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Stokkermans, Karel (26 January 2000). "Fairs' Cup". www.rsssf.com. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Stokkermans, Karel (26 January 2000). "European Cup Winners' Cup". www.rsssf.com. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Stokkermans, Karel (15 January 2010). "UEFA Intertoto Cup". www.rsssf.com. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Leme de Arruda, Marcelo; Di Maggio, Roberto (12 January 2017). "FIFA Club World Cup Cup". www.rsssf.com. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Magnani, Loris; Stokkermans, Karel (30 April 2005). "Intercontinental Club Cup". www.rsssf.com. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
External links
"The Introduction Page of the RSSSF -- The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation.". www.rsssf.com. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation.
"Football Club History Database Index". www.fchd.info. Football Club History Database.
"FA Cup Final statistics". The Football Association. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
"League Cup Roll of Honour". Football League Cup. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
"Past Winners of the Football League". The Football League. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
"A History of the Premier League". Premier League. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
"UEFA Champions League History". UEFA. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
"UEFA Cup History". UEFA. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
"UEFA Cup Winners' Cup History". UEFA. Archived from the original on 2008-02-02. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
"FIFA Club World Cup". FIFA. Archived from the original on 25 December 2011. Retrieved 2009-01-20.
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values: Список футбольных клубов Англии по числу выигранных титулов – Russian

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