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Battle of the Sexes (tennis)
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Battle of the Sexes I
Margaret Court vs. Bobby Riggs
Set
1
2
Margaret Court 2 1
Bobby Riggs 6 6
Date
May 13, 1973
Location
Ramona, California[1]
Battle of the Sexes II
Billie Jean King vs. Bobby Riggs
Set
1
2
3
Billie Jean King 6 6 6
Bobby Riggs 4 3 3
Date
September 20, 1973
Location
Astrodome
Houston, Texas[2]
Battle of the Sexes III
Martina Navratilova vs. Jimmy Connors
Set
1
2
Martina Navratilova 5 2
Jimmy Connors 7 6
Date
September 25, 1992
Location
Caesars Palace
Las Vegas, Nevada[3]
In tennis, "Battle of the Sexes" is a term that has been used to describe various exhibition matches played between a man and a woman (or, in one case, a doubles match between two men and two women). Most famously, the term is used for a nationally televised match in 1973, held at the Houston Astrodome, between 55-year-old Bobby Riggs and 29-year-old Billie Jean King,[4] which King won in three sets.[2][5] The match attracted massive attention and was viewed by an estimated 90 million people around the world. King's win is considered a milestone in public acceptance of women's tennis.
Two other matches commonly referred to as a "battle of the sexes" include a match held four months earlier in 1973 between Riggs and Margaret Court, over the best of three sets,[1][6] and one in 1992 between Jimmy Connors and Martina Navratilova, over the best of three sets and hybrid rules favoring the female player, dubbed "The Battle of Champions".[3]
At least eight other exhibition matches have been played between notable male and female tennis players, starting in 1888, though only some of them were referred to at the time as a "battle of the sexes".
Contents
[hide]
1 1973: Riggs v Court
2 1973: Riggs v King
2.1 Allegations of match-throwing
2.2 Effects on women's tennis
2.3 In popular culture
3 1992: Navratilova v Connors
4 Other matches of men against women
4.1 1888: Ernest Renshaw vs Lottie Dod
4.2 1922: Bill Tilden vs Suzanne Lenglen
4.3 1933: Helen Wills vs Phil Neer
4.4 1975: Challenge of the Sexes
4.5 1985: Battle of the Sexes: The Challenge! (doubles)
4.6 1998: Karsten Braasch vs. the Williams sisters
4.7 2003: Yannick Noah vs Justine Henin
4.8 2013: Novak Djokovic vs Li Na
5 Challenges that never came to be
6 References
1973: Riggs v Court[edit]
Riggs had been one of the world's top tennis players in the 1940s; he once held the top ranking and had won six major titles during his career. After he retired from professional tennis in 1951, Riggs remained a master promoter of himself and of tennis.[7] In 1973, he opined that the female game was inferior and that even at his current age of 55 he could still beat any of the top female players.[8]
Riggs first challenged Billie Jean King, but when she declined, Margaret Court stepped in. At the time in 1973, Court was 30 years old and the top female player in the world. On the day of their match on May 13,[9] 5,000 fans came to a Mother's Day match in Ramona, California.[6][1] Televised by CBS Sports,[10] Riggs descended the stadium steps and presented Court with Mother's Day flowers, which she accepted while curtsying.[11][12] Riggs used his drop shots and lobs to keep Court off balance. His quick victory (6–2, 6–1) landed Riggs on the cover of both Sports Illustrated and Time.[6][13]
1973: Riggs v King[edit]
Paraphernalia from the Billie Jean King vs Bobby Riggs match
Suddenly in the national limelight following his win over Court, Riggs taunted all female tennis players, prompting King to accept a lucrative financial offer to play Riggs in a nationally televised match in prime time on ABC that the promoters dubbed the "Battle of the Sexes."[14][15] The match, which had a winner-take-all prize of $100,000,[16] was held in Texas at the Houston Astrodome on Thursday, September 20, 1973.[2][17][18][19]
King entered the court in the style of Cleopatra, on a feather-adorned litter carried by four bare-chested muscle men dressed in the style of ancient slaves.[5] Riggs followed in a rickshaw drawn by a bevy of scantily clad models.[20] Riggs presented King with a giant Sugar Daddy lollipop, and she responded by giving him a squealing piglet,[21][22] symbolic of male chauvinism.[2] Riggs was given $50,000 to wear a yellow Sugar Daddy jacket during the match, which he took off after three games. Riggs also placed many bets on and invested a lot of money in the match.[23][21]
King, who also competed in the Virginia Slims of Houston during the same week, won in straight sets, 6–4, 6–3, 6–3.[5] In the first set, she fell behind 3–2 when Riggs broke her serve.[24] In a 2015 interview, she said that most people do not remember that she was initially behind in the first set, and it looked bad for her in the early going. At this point, King realized that she "had to win" given the importance of the match,[25] and broke right back and again in the tenth game to close out the set.[24] She had learned from Court's loss and was ready for Riggs' game. Rather than playing her own usual aggressive game, King mostly stayed at the baseline, easily handling Riggs's lobs and soft shots, making him cover the entire court as she ran him from side to side and beat him at his own defensive style of play. After quickly failing from the baseline, where he had intended to play, Riggs dropped his comedic effect and showed a more serious demeanor, as he was forced to change to a serve-and-volley game.[26]
A few critics were less than impressed by King's victory; she was 26 years younger, and some experts claimed that it was more an age versus youth game. According to Jack Kramer, "I don't think Billie Jean played all that well. She hit a lot of short balls which Bobby could have taken advantage of had he been in shape. I would never take anything away from Billie Jean—because she was smart enough to prepare herself properly—but it might have been different if Riggs hadn't kept running around. It was more than one woman who took care of Bobby Riggs in Houston." Before the match, however, King had forced the American television network ABC to drop Kramer as a commentator. King said, "He doesn't believe in women's tennis. Why should he be part of this match? He doesn't believe in half of the match. I'm not playing. Either he goes—or I go."[27]
After the match, Pancho Segura declared that Riggs was only the third best senior player, behind himself and Gardnar Mulloy, and he challenged King to another match. King refused.[28]
The match had an audience of an estimated 50 million in the U.S. and 90 million worldwide. The attendance in the Houston Astrodome was 30,472;[2] as of 2012, it remains the largest audience to see a tennis match in the United States.[29]
Allegations of match-throwing[edit]
There was also widespread speculation, based on Riggs' unusually poor play and large number of unforced errors, that Riggs had purposely lost the match in order to win large sums of money that he had bet against himself, as a way to pay off his gambling debts.[30] ESPN's Outside the Lines on August 25, 2013 featured a man who had been silent for 40 years who said he heard several members of the mafia talking about Riggs throwing the match in exchange for cancelling his gambling debt to the mob.[30] On the other hand, the article says Riggs' close friend and estate executor Lornie Kuhle vehemently denied he was ever in debt to the mob or received a payoff from them. The article also quotes Riggs' son who claims his father felt he had made a terrible mistake and was depressed for six months following the match. Riggs wanted a rematch but not King. He considered suing her as a rematch had been part of the contract. King and Riggs would appear together spoofing their rivalry less than two months after the match on an episode of The Odd Couple (titled "The Pig Who Came To Dinner") and they became good friends.[citation needed]
Kramer wrote, however, that "Billie Jean beat him fair and square. A lot of men—especially around our age—were so stunned when he lost that they figured he must have tanked. Budge is convinced of that. But what motive would Riggs have for that? Bobby Riggs, the biggest ham in the world, gets his greatest audience—and purposefully looks bad? There's no way. If he had beaten Billie Jean, he could have kept the act going indefinitely. Next they would have had him play Chrissy on clay." Selena Roberts claimed in her book documenting the match, A Necessary Spectacle, that Riggs later undertook a public polygraph test to prove he did not throw the match.[31]
Effects on women's tennis[edit]
King viewed the match as more than a publicity stunt, feeling that beating Riggs was important both for women's tennis and for the women's liberation movement as a whole. [32] She said later, "I thought it would set us back 50 years if I didn't win that match. It would ruin the women's tour and affect all women's self-esteem."[33] She believed that she had a destiny to work for gender equality in sports.[34]
Billie Jean was part of the Original 9, which formed the Virginia Slims Series, created because the women wanted to end inequality of pay between male and female victors.[35] These nine women created their own tournaments and played wherever they could. Eventually this turned into the Women’s Tennis Association (WTA).[34]
In popular culture[edit]
In 2001, ABC aired a television film about the match between King and Riggs titled When Billie Beat Bobby, starring Holly Hunter and Ron Silver as King and Riggs respectively.
In 2013, New Black Films released the documentary movie Battle of the Sexes in cinemas, with television broadcast following soon after. It was directed by James Erskine and Zara Hayes. The film was released on DVD in 2014.
The 2017 film Battle of the Sexes, directed by Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris, is about the King/Riggs match, and stars Emma Stone and Steve Carell as King and Riggs, respectively.[36]
1992: Navratilova v Connors[edit]
Nineteen years later, a third "Battle of the Sexes" match, entitled Battle of Champions, was played in 1992.[37] Outdoors at Caesars Palace in Paradise, Nevada, it matched 40 year-old Jimmy Connors and Martina Navratilova, age 35. Navratilova had previously turned down invitations to take on John McEnroe and Ilie Năstase, as she considered them undignified.[38] The promoters initially tried to match Connors with the then top-ranked female player, Monica Seles. Connors called the match 'war.' Navratilova, on the other hand, called it a battle of egos.[39]
A pay-per-view telecast,[37][40] the match was played on Friday night, September 25, under hybrid rules to make it more competitive; Connors was allowed only one serve per point, and Navratilova was allowed to hit into half of the doubles alleys.[37][40] Each player received a $650,000 guarantee, with a further $500,000 for the winner.[40][41] Connors won 7–5, 6–2,[42] as Navratilova made eight double faults and 36 unforced errors. Connors, too, was nervous and there was a rumor that he had placed a bet on himself to win at 4:1.[43] According to Connors' book The Outsider, he placed a million-dollar bet that he would lose no more than eight games.[44]
Other matches of men against women[edit]
1888: Ernest Renshaw vs Lottie Dod[edit]
In 1888, the Wimbledon's men's champion, Ernest Renshaw, played a handicap match against the ladies' champion, Lottie Dod, where Dod was starting each game with a 30–0 advantage. The match was played in Exmouth, England, and ended with Renshaw's victory—2–6, 7–5, 7–5.[45]
1922: Bill Tilden vs Suzanne Lenglen[edit]
On May 27, 1921 Bill Tilden and Suzanne Lenglen played a match at Saint Cloud, France. It was only a single set but Tilden prevailed 6–0. When later asked about the match, Lenglen said, "Someone won 6–0, but I don't recall who it was."[46]
1933: Helen Wills vs Phil Neer[edit]
Former NCAA champion Phil Neer played a two-set match against Helen Wills on January 28, 1933, in San Francisco. Neer had been ranked nationally as high as No. 20 and had occasionally played mixed doubles with Wills. Wills had won at Wimbledon the year prior. Though Neer was only 32, Wills won the match 6–3, 6–4.[47][48]
1975: Challenge of the Sexes[edit]
October 26, 1975 a Challenge of the Sexes event was held in Mission Viejo, CA televised on CBS. It involved male and female athletes from various sports, such as Laura Baugh and Jane Blalock vs. Hale Irwin and Doug Sanders in golf, and Jerry West vs. Karen Logan in basketball. The tennis event pitted future Wimbledon champion Virginia Wade vs. Björn Borg, and Nastase vs. Evonne Goolagong. A single set was played where the men were limited to one serve and the women had the added area of the alleys for shot placement. Borg, Wade, and Goolagong entered the court in standard attire and demeanor, while Nastase entered wearing a dress. With Martina Navratilova also in the packed audience, Borg defeated Wade 6–3, but Goolagong defeated Nastase 7–5.[49]
1985: Battle of the Sexes: The Challenge! (doubles)[edit]
On August 23, 1985, at age 67, Riggs returned to the tennis spotlight when he partnered with Vitas Gerulaitis, at the time a top-20 player, to launch another challenge to female players. He challenged Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver to a doubles match. Navratilova said that she accepted because she believed she and Pam had no weaknesses when playing doubles, and that they were going to 'do a Billie' and win, especially given Riggs' age. The match took place at The Atlantic City Convention Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Riggs' health had deteriorated somewhat from his last outing as he was now deaf in addition to his poor eyesight. Moreover, because Riggs was a finesse player and not a power player, the women expected that defeating him would be easier than a retired power player.[38] Riggs' return was short lived when the women won 6–3, 6–2, 6–4.[50]
Mike Penner (of The Los Angeles Times) wrote: "The great misconception about 'The Challenge!' was that it might actually serve as a legitimate proving ground for the sexes." The sports writer went on to point out that there were things keeping this match from being seriously viewed as a legitimate challenge. "First, it was a doubles match, not a one-on-one competition. The strategy is different in doubles, weaknesses can be more easily masked and stamina is not nearly so critical a factor." The other point to be made: "Riggs amounted to a 67-year-old ball-and-chain shackled to the ankle of Gerulaitis. Riggs couldn't serve, couldn't return serves, couldn't hit overheads with any amount of force. Older than the combined ages of Navratilova and Shriver, Riggs was painfully out of place in this match. Even John McEnroe, on his finest day, would be an underdog against Navratilova and Shriver if Riggs were his partner."[51]
1998: Karsten Braasch vs. the Williams sisters[edit]
Another event dubbed a "Battle of the Sexes" took place during the 1998 Australian Open[52] between Karsten Braasch and the Williams sisters. Venus and Serena Williams had claimed that they could beat any male player ranked outside the world's top 200, so Braasch, then ranked 203rd, challenged them both. Braasch was described by one journalist as "a man whose training regime centered around a pack of cigarettes and more than a couple bottles of ice cold lager".[53][52] The matches took place on court number 12 in Melbourne Park,[54] after Braasch had finished a round of golf and two shandies. He first took on Serena and after leading 5–0, beat her 6–1. Venus then walked on court and again Braasch was victorious, this time winning 6–2.[55] Braasch said afterwards, "500 and above, no chance". He added that he had played like someone ranked 600th in order to keep the game "fun".[56] Braasch said the big difference was that men can chase down shots much easier, and that men put spin on the ball that the women can't handle. The Williams sisters adjusted their claim to beating men outside the top 350.[52]
2003: Yannick Noah vs Justine Henin[edit]
In December 2003, Yannick Noah and Justine Henin played a friendly match at the Forest National in Brussels. Noah donned a dress for much of the match. He played predominantly trick shots and slices, but still ended up winning 4–6, 6–4, 7–6.[57]
2013: Novak Djokovic vs Li Na[edit]
In October 2013, Novak Djokovic and Li Na played a light-hearted exhibition mini set in Beijing, China to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the China Open. Djokovic clowned to the amusement of the crowd, and at one point swapped places with a ballboy. Li was given a 30–0 advantage at the start of each service game, and she went on to win 3–2.[58]
Challenges that never came to be[edit]
In 2013, Andy Murray responded to a Twitter user who asked whether he would consider challenging Serena Williams, saying, "I’d be up for it. Why not?" Williams also reacted positively to the suggestion, remarking "That would be fun. I doubt I’d win a point, but that would be fun."[59]
In August 2015, John McEnroe was interviewed on Jimmy Kimmel Live!. At that time, McEnroe was 56 years old but still active on the seniors tennis circuit, Serena Williams was 34 years old and in the chase for a "calendar-year" Grand Slam. McEnroe mentioned to Kimmel that about 15 years prior, Donald Trump had suggested that he would like to put together a "battle of the sexes" match between McEnroe and Williams. McEnroe said he would face Williams but that Trump was not offering a big enough payout. McEnroe said that he believed he could defeat Williams in a tennis match.[60]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Riggs "Courts" Margaret - then hustles a victory". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. May 14, 1973. p. 28.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Billie Jean slam-bangs Riggs to defeat". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. September 21, 1973. p. 1, sec. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b "Martina's miscues aid Connors' win". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. September 26, 1992. p. 1B.
Jump up ^ Jares, Joe (September 10, 1973). "Riggs to riches - take two". p. 24.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kirkpatrick, Curry (October 1, 1973). "There she is, Ms. America". Sports Illustrated. p. 30.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kirkpatrick, Curry (May 21, 1973). "Mother's Day Ms. match". Sports Illustrated. p. 34.
Jump up ^ Daily Comprehension: February. Remedia Publications – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "How Bobby Runs and Talks, Talks, Talks". Time. September 10, 1973. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ Husar, John (May 13, 1973). "Riggs challenges Court in tennis match today". Chicago Tribune. p. 1, sec. 3.
Jump up ^ "Can middleaged Bobby back up his big boast". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. May 13, 1973. p. 3C.
Jump up ^ The Battle of the Sexes. Performed by Amanda Edwards, Billie Jean King, Bobby Riggs. United Kingdom, 2013. Film.
Jump up ^ "Mother's Day Massacre: Margaret Court vs Bobby Riggs". YouTube. (CBS Sports). May 13, 1973. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Time Magazine Cover: Bobby Riggs—September 10, 1973".
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Jump up ^ "Riggs hopes to make it a King's ransom". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. (New York Times). September 20, 1973. p. 24.
Jump up ^ "Riggs already winner - for talking". Spokane Daily Chronicle. (Washington). Associated Press. September 20, 1973. p. 31.
Jump up ^ Markus, Robert (September 20, 1973). "'Hogston' turns into Roman circus". Chicago Tribune. p. 1, sec. 3.
Jump up ^ Kleiman, Carol (September 20, 1973). "Better sex wins". Chicago Tribune. p. 1, sec. 1.
Jump up ^ Adams, Cecil (December 17, 2010). "Was the "Battle of the Sexes" tennis match between Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs fixed?". The Straight Dope.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Selena (September 20, 2008). "A ray of progress for women as Battle of the Sexes turns 35". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Berkow, Ira (July 27, 1982). "PLAYERS; RIGGS SEES DOUBLE". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Greenspan, Jesse (September 20, 2013). "Billie Jean King Wins the 'Battle of the Sexes,' 40 Years Ago". History.
Jump up ^ "First look at their period tennis drama 'Battle of the Sexes'".
^ Jump up to: a b "King whips Riggs in straight sets". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. (Florida). Associated Press. September 21, 1973. p. 1D.
Jump up ^ "Billie Jean King." CNN Special Presentation—The 70s: Battle Of The Sexes. August 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sport: How King Rained on Riggs' Parade". Time. October 1, 1973. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ Buzinski, Jim. "King a True Pioneer, HBO Hits an Ace with Tennis Documentary". OutSports.com. Archived from the original on January 6, 2010. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ "USTA Northern California celebrates National Hispanic Heritage Month". USTA Northern California. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
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^ Jump up to: a b Van Natta Jr., Don (August 25, 2013). "The Match Maker". ESPN. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ A Necessary Spectacle. Roberts, Selena. Crown Books, 2005. ISBN 978-1-4000-5146-5
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Jump up ^ Greenspan, Jesse (September 20, 2013). "Billie Jean King Wins the 'Battle of the Sexes,' 40 Years Ago". History.com. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Schwartz, Larry. "Billie Jean Won For All Women". ESPN.com. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
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Jump up ^ Jr, Mike Fleming (April 20, 2015). "Game, Set Match? Searchlight Serves Up 'Battle Of The Sexes;' Dayton & Faris Direct Emma Stone As Billie Jean King, Steve Carell As Bobby Riggs". deadline.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Connors, Martina get set for Battle of the Sexes". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. September 25, 1992. p. 3B.
^ Jump up to: a b Penner, Mike (March 10, 1985). "Navratilova, Shriver vs. Riggs, Gerulaitis: At Least, It's Different". The Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Meyers, Kate (September 25, 1992). "Serve them up in Sin City". EW.com. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on August 22, 2010. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Newman, Bruce (October 5, 1992). "Scorecard: Double faux". Sports Illustrated. p. 9.
Jump up ^ "SPORTS PEOPLE: TENNIS; Connors-Navratilova for $500,000". New York Times. July 29, 1992.
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Jump up ^ Conner, Floyd (2002). "Battle of the Sexes". Tennis's Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of Baseline Blunders, Clay Court Wonders, and Lucky Lobs. Washington, DC: Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1-57488-363-3.
Jump up ^ Conner, Floyd (2002). Tennis's Most Wanted. Potomac Books.
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Jump up ^ Ohnsorg, Roger (2011). Robert Lindley Murray: The Reluctant U.S. Tennis Champion. Trafford Publishing.
Jump up ^ "Goolagong 'Conquers' Nastase". New York Times. 1975.
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^ Jump up to: a b c "How to... beat both Williams sisters in one afternoon". The Guardian. September 2, 2001. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Serena Williams still savouring Andy Roddick 'win' 16 years on", OnTennis.com, posted January 22, 2009
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Parker Solar Probe
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Parts of this article (those related to dead link) need to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2017)
This article is about the NASA in-situ heliophysics orbiter. For the European Space Agency in-situ heliophysics orbiter, see Solar Orbiter.
Parker Solar Probe
Artist's impression of Parker Solar Probe
Names
Solar Probe (–2002)
Solar Probe Plus (2010–17)
Mission type
Solar heliophysics orbiter
Operator
NASA · Applied Physics Laboratory
Website
solarprobe.jhuapl.edu
Mission duration
6 years, 321 days (planned)
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer
Applied Physics Laboratory
Launch mass
610 kg (1,340 lb)
Dry mass
555 kg (1,224 lb)
Payload mass
50 kg (110 lb)
Dimensions
1.0 m × 3.0 m × 2.3 m (3.3 ft × 9.8 ft × 7.5 ft)
Power
343 W (at closest approach)
Start of mission
Launch date
July 31–August 19, 2018 (planned)[1]
Rocket
Delta IV Heavy / Star-48BV[2]
Launch site
Cape Canaveral SLC-37
Orbital parameters
Reference system
Heliocentric
Perihelion
6.0 million km; 0.040 AU (3.7 million mi)
Apohelion
109.3 million km; 0.730 AU (67.9 million mi)
Inclination
3.4°
Period
88 days
Transponders
Band
Ka band
X band
[show]Instruments
SWEAP
Solar Wind Electrons Alphas and Protons Investigation
SPC
Solar Probe Cup
SPAN
Solar Probe Analyzers
WISPR
Wide-field Imager for Solar Probe
FIELDS
Electromagnetic Fields Investigation
ISIS‒EPI
Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun Energetic Particle Instruments

Official insignia for the Parker Solar Probe mission
Parker Solar Probe (previously Solar Probe, Solar Probe Plus, or Solar Probe+) is a planned NASA robotic spacecraft to probe the outer corona of the Sun.[3][4] It will approach to within 8.5 solar radii (5.9 million kilometers or 3.67 million miles) to the 'surface' (photosphere) of the Sun.[5] The project was announced as a new mission start in the fiscal 2009 budget year. On May 1, 2008 Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory announced it will design and build the spacecraft, on a schedule to launch it in 2015.[6] The launch date has since been pushed back to 2018.[7] A Delta IV Heavy launch vehicle will enable the mission to become the fastest spacecraft to date.[2][8][9] On May 31, 2017 the probe was renamed after solar astrophysicist Eugene Parker.[3][10] This was the first time a NASA spacecraft was named after a living person.[11]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Mission and trajectory
2.1 Scientific goals
2.2 Timeline
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
The Parker Solar Probe originates from a predecessor Solar Orbiter project conceived in the 1990s. Similar in design and objectives, the Solar Probe mission served as one of the centerpieces of the eponymous Outer Planet/Solar Probe (OPSP) program formulated by NASA. The first three missions of the program were planned to be the Solar Orbiter, the Pluto and Kuiper Belt reconnaissance mission Pluto Kuiper Express, and the Europa Orbiter astrobiology mission focused on Europa.[12][13] Following the appointment of Sean O'Keefe as Administrator of NASA, the entirety of the OPSP program was cancelled as part of President George W. Bush's request for the 2003 United States federal budget.[14] Administrator O'Keefe cited a need for a restructuring of NASA and its projects, falling in line with the Bush Administration's wish for NASA to refocus on "research and development, and addressing management shortcomings."[14]
The cancellation of the program also resulted in the initial cancellation of New Horizons, the mission that won the competition to replace Pluto Kuiper Express in the former OPSP program.[15] That mission, which would eventually be launched as the first mission of the New Frontiers program, a spiritual successor to the OPSP program, would undergo a lengthy political battle to secure funding for its launch, which occurred in 2006.[16] Plans for the Solar Probe mission would later manifest as the Solar Probe Plus in the early 2010s.[17]
Mission and trajectory[edit]
Apparent size of the Sun as seen from the orbit of the Parker Solar Probe compared to its apparent size seen from Earth.
The Parker Solar Probe mission design uses repeated gravity assists at Venus to incrementally decrease the orbital perihelion to achieve multiple passes of the Sun at approximately 8.5 solar radii, or about 6 million km (3.7 million mi; 0.040 AU).[18]
The mission is designed to survive the harsh environment near the Sun, where the incident solar intensity is approximately 520 times the intensity at Earth orbit, by the use of a solar shadow-shield. The solar shield, at the front of the spacecraft, is made of reinforced carbon-carbon composite. The spacecraft systems and scientific instruments are located in the central portion of the shield's shadow, where direct radiation from the sun is fully blocked. The primary power for the mission will be a dual system of photovoltaic arrays. A primary photovoltaic array, used for the portion of the mission outside 0.25 AU, is retracted behind the shadow shield during the close approach to the Sun, and a much smaller secondary array powers the spacecraft through closest approach. This secondary array uses pumped-fluid cooling to maintain operating temperature.[19]
As the probe passes around the Sun, it will achieve a velocity of up to 200 km/s (120 mi/s) making it by any measure, the fastest manmade object ever, almost three times as fast as the current record holder, Helios-B.[20][21][22]
Scientific goals[edit]
Determine the structure and dynamics of the magnetic fields at the sources of solar wind.
Trace the flow of energy that heats the corona and accelerates the solar wind.
Determine what mechanisms accelerate and transport energetic particles.
Explore dusty plasma near the Sun and its influence on solar wind and energetic particle formation.
Timeline[edit]
Date
Event
July 31, 2018 Launch
Sep. 28, 2018 First flyby of Venus
Nov. 1, 2018 Perihelion #1
Mar. 31, 2019 Perihelion #2
Aug. 28, 2019 Perihelion #3
Dec. 21, 2019 Second flyby of Venus
Jan. 24, 2020 Perihelion #4
June 2, 2020 Perihelion #5
July 6, 2020 Third flyby of Venus
Sep. 22, 2020 Perihelion #6
Jan. 13, 2021 Perihelion #7
Feb. 16, 2021 Fourth flyby of Venus
Apr. 24, 2021 Perihelion #8
Aug. 5, 2021 Perihelion #9
Oct. 11, 2021 Fifth flyby of Venus
Nov. 16, 2021 Perihelion #10
Feb. 21, 2022 Perihelion #11
May 28, 2022 Perihelion #12
Sep. 1, 2022 Perihelion #13
Dec. 6, 2022 Perihelion #14
Mar. 13, 2023 Perihelion #15
June 17, 2023 Perihelion #16
Aug. 16, 2023 Sixth flyby of Venus
Sep. 23, 2023 Perihelion #17
Dec. 24, 2023 Perihelion #18
Mar. 25, 2024 Perihelion #19
Jun. 25, 2024 Perihelion #20
Sep. 25, 2024 Perihelion #21
Nov. 2, 2024 Seventh flyby of Venus
Dec. 19, 2024 First close approach to Sun
Mar. 18, 2025 Perihelion #23
June 14, 2025 Perihelion #24
After the first Venus fly-by, the probe will be in an elliptical orbit with a period of 150 days (two-thirds the period of Venus), making three orbits while Venus makes two. On the second fly-by, the period shortens to 130 days. After less than two orbits (only 198 days later) it encounters Venus a third time at a point earlier in the orbit of Venus. This encounter shortens its period to half of that of Venus, or about 112.5 days. After two orbits it meets Venus a fourth time at about the same place, shortening its period to about 102 days. After 237 days it meets Venus for the fifth time and its period is shortened to about 96 days, three-sevenths that of Venus. It then makes seven orbits while Venus makes three. The sixth encounter, almost two years after the fifth, brings its period down to 92 days, two-fifths that of Venus. After five more orbits (two orbits of Venus) it meets Venus for the seventh and last time, decreasing its period to 88 or 89 days and allowing it to approach close to the sun.[23]
See also[edit]
Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE), launched 1997, still operational.
List of vehicle speed records
MESSENGER
Solar Orbiter, 45 Rs
STEREO (Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory), launched 2006, still operational.
WIND (spacecraft) launched 1994, still operational.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Parker Solar Probe". NASA. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Clark, Stephen (March 18, 2015). "Delta 4-Heavy selected for launch of solar probe". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved March 18, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Chang, Kenneth (May 31, 2017). "Newly Named NASA Spacecraft Will Aim Straight for the Sun". New York Times. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Applied Physics Laboratory (November 19, 2008). "Feasible Mission Designs for Solar Probe Plus to Launch in 2015, 2016, 2017, or 2018" (PDF). Johns Hopkins University. Archived from the original (.PDF) on April 18, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ Tony Phillips (2010-06-10). "NASA Plans to Visit the Sun". NASA. Retrieved 2017-06-02.
Jump up ^ M. Buckley (2008-05-01). "NASA Calls on APL to Send a Probe to the Sun". Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
Jump up ^ M. Buckley (2012-03-05). "NASA Solar Study Mission Moves to Next Design Stage". Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Scharf, Caleb A. "The Fastest Spacecraft Ever?". Scientific American Blog Network.
Jump up ^ Bruno, Tory (21 July 2017). "PSP launch vehicle tweet". @torybruno.
Jump up ^ N. Davis (2017-05-31). "Nasa's hotly anticipated solar mission renamed to honour astrophysicist Eugene Parker". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "NASA Renames Solar Probe Mission to Honor Pioneering Physicist Eugene Parker". NASA. 31 May 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mcnamee Chosen to Head NASA's Outer Planets/Solar Probe Projects". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). April 15, 1998. Archived from the original on January 2, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Maddock, R.W.; Clark, K.B.; Henry, C.A.; Hoffman, P.J. (March 7, 1999). "The Outer Planets/Solar Probe Project: "Between an ocean, a rock, and a hot place"". IEEE Xplore. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers · Institution of Engineering and Technology. Archived from the original on January 2, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Berger, Brian (February 4, 2002). "NASA Kills Europa Orbiter; Revamps Planetary Exploration". Space.com. Purch Group. Archived from the original on January 2, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Savage, Donald (November 29, 2001). "NASA Selects Pluto-Kuiper Belt Mission Phase B Study". National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hand, Eric (June 25, 2015). "Feature: How Alan Stern's tenacity, drive, and command got a NASA spacecraft to Pluto". Science (journal). American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fazekas, Andrew (September 10, 2010). "New NASA Probe to Dive-bomb the Sun". National Geographic. 21st Century Fox / National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on January 2, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Solar Probe Plus: A NASA Mission to Touch the Sun:". Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. 4 September 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
Jump up ^ G.A. Landis, P. C. Schmitz, J. Kinnison, M. Fraeman, L. Fourbert, S. Vernon and M. Wirzburger, "Solar Power System Design for the Solar Probe+ Mission," AIAA Paper-2008-5712, International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Cleveland OH, 28–30 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "Aircraft Speed Records". Aerospaceweb.org. 13 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Fastest spacecraft speed". guinnessworldrecords.com. 26 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Parker Solar Probe - Check123, Video Encyclopedia, retrieved 2017-06-01
Jump up ^ See data and figure at "Solar Probe Plus: The Mission". Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parker Solar Probe.
Solar Probe Plus at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory
Solar Probe Plus Mission Engineering Study Report
NASA – Heliophysics Research
Explorers and Heliophysics Projects Division (EHPD)
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Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood"
Single by Nina Simone
from the album Broadway, Blues, Ballads
Released
1964
Recorded
New York City
Genre
Blues
jazz
Label
Philips
Songwriter(s)
Bennie Benjamin
Gloria Caldwell
Sol Marcus
Broadway, Blues, Ballads track listing
"Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood"
(1) Night Song
(2)
"Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood" is a song written by Bennie Benjamin, Gloria Caldwell and Sol Marcus for the jazz singer and pianist Nina Simone, who first recorded it in 1964. "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood" has been covered by many artists, most notably by The Animals, whose blues rock version of the song became a transatlantic hit in 1965. A 1977 four-on-the-floor disco rearrangement by disco group Santa Esmeralda was also a hit.
Contents
[hide]
1 Nina Simone original
2 The Animals version
3 Santa Esmeralda version
4 Other versions
5 References
6 External links
Nina Simone original[edit]
The beginnings of "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood" came with composer and arranger Horace Ott, who came up with the melody and chorus lyric line after a temporary falling out with his girlfriend (and wife-to-be), Gloria Caldwell.[1] He then brought it to writing partners Bennie Benjamin and Sol Marcus to complete. However, when it came time for songwriting credits, rules of the time prevented BMI writers (Ott) from officially collaborating with ASCAP members (the other two), so Ott instead listed Caldwell's name on the credits.[1][2]
"Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood" was one of five songs involving the writing of Benjamin and Marcus, presented for Nina Simone's 1964 album Broadway-Blues-Ballads. There, it is taken at a very slow tempo and arranged around harp and other orchestral elements; a backing choir appears at several points. Simone sings it in her typically difficult-to-categorize style.[3] Horace Ott's involvement did not end with his initial songwriting; he was the arranger and orchestral conductor for the entire album. Backed with "A Monster", "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood" was released as a single in 1964, but failed to chart.
To some writers, this version of "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood" carried the subtext of the Civil Rights Movement, that concerned much of Simone's work of the time;[2] while to others, this was more personal, and was the song, and phrase, that best exemplified Simone's career and life.[4]
Decades later, a commercial for Christian Dior's perfume J'Adore, starring Charlize Theron, featured Simone's version of the song, as did the final scene of the 2009 Polish film drama Rewers. In 2010, Simone's version was used for the end credits of the first-season finale episode of BBC's crime drama Luther; in 2011, it was used again in the trailer for the show's second season. In 2017, it was used again for the final scene of the pilot of FX's crime drama Snowfall.
The Animals version[edit]
"Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood"
Single by The Animals
B-side
"Club a Go-Go"
Released
January 1965 (UK)
February 1965 (U.S.)
Format
7"
Recorded
November 1964
Genre
Blues rock
Length
2:28
Label
Columbia Graphophone (UK)
MGM (U.S.)
Songwriter(s)
Bennie Benjamin
Gloria Caldwell
Sol Marcus
Producer(s)
Mickie Most
The Animals singles chronology
"I'm Crying"
(1965) "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood"
(1965) "Bring It On Home to Me"
(1965)
"I'm Crying"
(1965) "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood"
(1965) "Bring It On Home to Me"
(1965)
The Animals' lead singer Eric Burdon would later say of the song, "It was never considered pop material, but it somehow got passed on to us and we fell in love with it immediately."[5] The Animals sped up the tempo and made prominent use of a guitar and organ riff that was picked out and expanded from an element that originally appeared in the Simone recording's outro.
The song was recorded in November 1964.[6] The group gained a trans-Atlantic hit in early 1965 from their rendition, rising to number 3 on the UK Singles Chart, number 15 on the U.S. pop singles chart, and number 4 in Canada.
This single was ranked by Rolling Stone at #322 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.[7]
In Animals concerts at the time, the group maintained the recorded arrangement, but Burdon sometimes slowed the vocal line down to an almost spoken part, recapturing a bit of the Simone flavor.[8]
It is heard in a 2012 commercial for H&M featuring David Beckham that aired during NBC's coverage of Super Bowl XLVI on February 5, 2012.
At the South by Southwest conference in 2012, Bruce Springsteen credited the song as the inspiration and the riff for his song "Badlands".[9]
Santa Esmeralda version[edit]
"Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood"
Single by Santa Esmeralda
from the album Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood
Released
1977
Format
7"
12"
Recorded
1977
Genre
Disco, Salsa, Flamenco
Length
16:12 (Original 1977 album version)
Label
Casablanca
Songwriter(s)
Bennie Benjamin
Gloria Caldwell
Sol Marcus
Producer(s)
Nicolas Skorsky
Jean Manuel de Scarano
A Disco version of the song by the disco group Santa Esmeralda, which took The Animals' arrangement and added some disco, flamenco, salsa, and other Latin rhythm and ornamentation elements to it, also became a hit in the late 1970s. First released in summer 1977 as a 16-minute epic that took up an entire side of their Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood album, it was picked up for more worldwide distribution by the label of the time, Casablanca Records.[10] A 12-inch club remix was extremely popular, hitting number one on the U.S. Billboard Club Play Singles chart and in some European countries as well. The single peaked at number four on the Hot Dance/Disco-Club Play chart.[11] Released as a pop single late in the year, it did well as well, reaching number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 by early 1978. NBC Sports would use the song frequently in the years following its release, especially during their coverage of the World Series.
Santa Esmeralda's "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood" was used as the opening theme of the 1980 pilot for the U.S. game show Bullseye, after which a sound-alike was used in regular episodes. This version of the song was also used on German ARD soccer television show Sportschau from the late 1970s to the mid-1980s, in the introduction for the "goal of the month" segment. Santa Esmeralda's rendition is featured in the 1992 film American Me and the 2001 English comedy Blow Dry. It became widely popular with a later generation after its inclusion in the 2003 Quentin Tarantino film Kill Bill: Volume 1, where its instrumental passage plays over the duel between The Bride and O-Ren Ishii, and the accompanying Kill Bill Vol. 1 Original Soundtrack, where it is incorporated in a full vocal form that runs over ten minutes. A rendition appears in the trailer for the 2005 film Kiss Kiss Bang Bang, as well as the 2008 Korean "ramyun western" film The Good, the Bad, the Weird, played in the chasing sequence in the Manchurian desert.
Other versions[edit]
The Animals' Eric Burdon has re-recorded the song throughout the years, notably an eight-minute version on his 1974 album Sun Secrets,[12] and a heavy metal performance in 1976 later released on his Live at the Roxy album.[13] Jon English recorded a version for his album, Minutes to Midnight (1977). Since the early 1980s, Burdon has performed it in a reggae style.[14] In a different version, it was performed during The Animals' 1983 reunion, as documented on the following year's Greatest Hits Live (Rip It to Shreds) release.[15]
A version by Joe Cocker (from his 1969 debut album) played over the ending credits of the 2004 film Layer Cake.[16] Cocker re-recorded it for his 1996 album Organic. Other artists who have recorded the song include The Moody Blues, Elvis Costello (from King of America),[17] Cyndi Lauper (from At Last 2003; used at the final credits of one of the chapters of TV series Gypsy), Tony Moran under the moniker of Latin Rascals as vocalist and co-producer with Albert Cabrera,[18] Arthur Brown, Uthanda, Julie Driscoll with Brian Auger, King Kong & D'Jungle Girls, Mike Batt, Trevor Rabin, No Mercy, John Legend, Lou Rawls, Gary Moore,[19] Robben Ford, New Buffalo, Farhad Mehrad, Shahram Shabpareh, The Killers, the Doug Anthony All Stars, Di'Anno, Meshell Ndegeocello, Savage Circus, King Køng,[20] Place of Skulls, Lana Del Rey, and Jamie Cullum.[21]
In their 1980s concerts, Dire Straits played the central theme of "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood" during an instrumental introduction to their "Tunnel of Love", as Mark Knopfler talked about The Animals' hometown of Newcastle upon Tyne, near where the Spanish City of the song is set.[22]
After Cat Stevens converted to Islam and changed his name to Yusuf Islam and left popular music, various controversies arose concerning his public statements and actions. When he returned to such music, he recorded an allusion to such controversies by way of "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood", with some lyrical alterations, as featured on his 2006 album An Other Cup.[21]
Rapper Common's "Misunderstood" sampled Nina Simone's version of her "Live in Paris" album for his 2007 album Finding Forever, while it was also sampled for the 2008 Lil Wayne album Tha Carter III, in the song "DontGetIt".[21] The song's key lines are used as the hook of the 2012 Regina Spektor song "Oh Marcello!".[23] Brent Smith, of the band Shinedown, has also performed a version that was featured in the trailer for the 2014 film Birdman.[21]
Lana Del Rey also covered this song for her fourth studio album Honeymoon, which was released on September 18, 2015.[21] American singer Morgan James also covered the song on her album “Morgan James Live, A Celebration of Nina Simone.” [24] American metalcore band Mutoid Man recorded an altered version of the song titled "The Manimals" for their 2013 EP Helium Head.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Hilton Valentine, "Stories", Hiltonvalentine.com, 2001-04-28. Accessed 2007-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b "Songwriter, Arranger Horace Ott", www.fyicomminc.com Jazzmen. Accessed 2007-09-06.
Jump up ^ Collins, Jim (July 4, 2003). "Reviews: Two-disc retrospective celebrates late, great Nina Simone". The Register-Guard. Eugene, Oregon. p. 17.
Jump up ^ Margaret Busby, "Books: Don't let her be misunderstood", The Independent, 2004-04-16. Accessed 2007-09-06.
Jump up ^ Rolling Stone, "The Animals", Rollingstone.com. Accessed 2007-09-06.
Jump up ^ "The Animals - The Complete Animals (Line notes scanned)". Discogs. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
Jump up ^ "Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. April 7, 2011. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Animals ~ Live ~ Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood ~ 1965". YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Bruce Springsteen's SXSW 2012 Keynote Speech". NPR. March 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Santa Esmeralda - Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood". Discogs. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Hot Dance/Disco: 1974-2003. Record Research. p. 227.
Jump up ^ "The Eric Burdon Band* - Sun Secrets". Discogs. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
Jump up ^ "Eric Burdon - Roxy Live". Discogs. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
Jump up ^ "REVIEW: Eric Burdon shouldn't be misunderstood at Penn's Peak". themorningcall.com. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
Jump up ^ "The Animals - Greatest Hits Live!". Discogs. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
Jump up ^ "Various - Layer Cake - Music From The Motion Picture". Discogs. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
Jump up ^ "The Costello Show - Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood". Discogs. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
Jump up ^ "Latin Rascals - Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood". Discogs. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
Jump up ^ "Gary Moore - Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood". Discogs. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
Jump up ^ "King Køng - Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood". Discogs. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Leas, Ryan (September 23, 2015). "21 Covers Of "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood," Rated". Stereogum. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
Jump up ^ DogSwede1 (2009-05-21), Dire Straits - Tunnel of Love [Wembley -85 ~ HD ~ P1], retrieved 2016-04-06
Jump up ^ Sullivan, Caroline (2012-05-24). "Regina Spektor: What We Saw from the Cheap Seats – review". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
Jump up ^ http://www.mcall.com/entertainment/lehigh-valley-music/mc-review-morgan-james-shows-at-zoellner-arts-center-she-has-the-voice-to-do-it-all-20150919-column.html
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
Nina Simone
Studio albums
Little Girl Blue
Nina Simone and Her Friends
The Amazing Nina Simone
Forbidden Fruit
Nina Simone Sings Ellington
Broadway-Blues-Ballads
I Put a Spell on You
Pastel Blues
Nina Simone with Strings
Wild Is the Wind
High Priestess of Soul
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Silk & Soul
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To Love Somebody
Here Comes the Sun
Baltimore
Fodder on My Wings
A Single Woman
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Folksy Nina
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Related articles
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[show]
Songs and singles
"Ain't Got No, I Got Life"
"Alone Again (Naturally)"
"Angel of the Morning"
"Ballad of Hollis Brown"
"Baubles, Bangles, & Beads"
"Black Is the Colour (Of My True Love's Hair)"
"Brown Eyed Handsome Man"
"Cherish"
"Cotton-Eyed Joe"
"Do Nothing till You Hear from Me"
"Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood"
"Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye"
"Exactly Like You"
"Falling in Love Again (Can't Help It)"
"Feeling Good"
"Fine and Mellow"
"For All We Know"
"Four Women"
"Go Limp"
"He's Got the Whole World in His Hands"
"Here Comes the Sun"
"The House of the Rising Sun"
"I Get Along Without You Very Well (Except Sometimes)"
"I Loves You, Porgy"
"I Put a Spell on You"
"I Shall Be Released"
"I Think It's Going to Rain Today"
"I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel to Be Free"
"If I Should Lose You"
"It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)"
"It Might as Well Be Spring"
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"Just Like a Woman"
"Lilac Wine"
"Little Girl Blue"
"The Look of Love"
"Love Me or Leave Me"
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"The More I See You"
"Mr. Bojangles"
"My Baby Just Cares for Me"
"My Sweet Lord"
"My Way"
"Ne me quitte pas"
"Nobody"
"Nobody's Fault but Mine"
"Papa, Can You Hear Me?"
"The Pusher"
"Rich Girl"
"(In My) Solitude"
"Satin Doll"
"Sea Lion Woman"
"Sign o' the Times"
"Since I Fell for You"
"Sinnerman"
"Someone to Watch Over Me"
"Something Wonderful"
"Spring Is Here"
"Strange Fruit"
"Summertime"
"Suzanne"
"Take My Hand, Precious Lord"
"That's All"
"That's All I Want from You"
"The Times They Are a-Changin'"
"To Be Young, Gifted and Black"
"To Love Somebody"
"Trouble in Mind"
"Turn! Turn! Turn!"
"Who Knows Where the Time Goes?"
"Wild Is the Wind"
"Willow Weep for Me"
"You'd Be So Nice to Come Home To"
Book:Nina Simone
[show]
v
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The Animals
The (Original) Animals (1962–1966, 1977, 1983): Eric Burdon
Chas Chandler
Mick Gallagher
Barry Jenkins
Alan Price
Dave Rowberry
John Steel
Hilton Valentine
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Eric Burdon
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Zoot Money
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Studio albums
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Love Is
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Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted
Ark
Compilations
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Absolute Animals 1964–1968
Hit singles
"Baby Let Me Take You Home"
"The House of the Rising Sun"
"I'm Crying"
"Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood"
"Bring It On Home to Me"
"We Gotta Get out of This Place"
"It's My Life"
"Inside-Looking Out"
"Don't Bring Me Down"
"See See Rider"
"Help Me Girl"
"When I Was Young"
"Good Times"
"San Franciscan Nights"
"Monterey"
"Sky Pilot"
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Related articles
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Book
Category
[show]
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Elvis Costello
Discography
The Imposters: Steve Nieve
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"Less Than Zero"
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"(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea"
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"(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding"
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The White Shadow (TV series)
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The White Shadow
DVD cover
Genre
Drama, basketball, school
Created by
Bruce Paltrow
Written by
David Assael
Steven Bochco
Joshua Brand
Tom Chehak
John Falsey
Steve Kline
Gary Kott
John Masius
Bruce Paltrow
Marc Rubin
Directed by
Thomas Carter
Jackie Cooper
Lawrence Levy
Victor Lobl
Marc Norman
Bruce Paltrow
Mark Tinker
Virgil W. Vogel
Starring
Ken Howard
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
3
No. of episodes
54 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Bruce Paltrow
Producer(s)
Mark Tinker
Running time
48 minutes
Production company(s)
Company Four
MTM Enterprises
Distributor
20th Television
Release
Original network
CBS
Original release
November 27, 1978 (1978-11-27) – March 16, 1981 (1981-03-16)
The White Shadow is an American drama television series starring Ken Howard that ran on the CBS network from November 27, 1978, to March 16, 1981, about a white former professional basketball player who takes a job coaching basketball at an impoverished urban high school with a racially mixed basketball team. Although the lead actor Howard was a blonde Caucasian, the series broke new ground as the first television ensemble drama to feature a mostly African American cast, with African American actors playing the high school principal and vice-principal, the majority of the teenage basketball players, and other supporting roles. The White Shadow also dealt with controversial subject matter such as sexually transmitted disease and gay sexual orientation among high school students.
Although The White Shadow was not a big ratings hit, it drew praise from critics and helped pave the way for later realistic dramas such as Hill Street Blues and My So-Called Life. It was the first series developed by executive producer Bruce Paltrow, who went on to create and produce the medical drama St. Elsewhere. The show also made popular TV stars of both Howard and Kevin Hooks, who portrayed high school basketball player Morris Thorpe. In the years since its cancellation, a number of journalists have praised the show and in some cases recalled being fans of the show as children or teens. In particular, sports columnist Bill Simmons has written about the show's strong influence on his life.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Main cast
3 Development
4 DVD/syndication
5 In popular culture
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Overview[edit]
Ken Howard plays Ken Reeves a white professional basketball player who retires from the Chicago Bulls of the NBA after a severe knee injury. Upon his retirement, Reeves takes a job as the head basketball coach at the fictional Carver High School, a mostly black and Hispanic urban high school in South Central Los Angeles.
Carver's principal is Coach Reeves' former Boston College classmate Jim Willis (Jason Bernard in the pilot, and Ed Bernard — no relation to Jason, but his best friend in real life[1] — for seasons 1 and 2).[2] Sybil Buchanan (Joan Pringle) is the vice principal, who was against Reeves' hiring and frequently clashes with Reeves in the areas of discipline and education. In season 3, Willis is promoted to a position with the Oakland Board of Education and Buchanan becomes principal of Carver High.[3]
The subject matter of episodes included illicit drug use, child abuse, sexually transmitted diseases, gambling, prostitution, sexual orientation, and physical and mental disabilities. However, the show often incorporated humor, such as a joke made by a character, even when dealing with serious subjects. Episodes often ended with an issue left unresolved, contrary to other TV shows where the characters' problems were resolved by the end of the episode.
Main cast[edit]
Ken Howard as Coach Ken Reeves
Jason Bernard as Principal Jim Willis (pilot episode)
Ed Bernard as Principal Jim Willis (seasons 1–2)
Joan Pringle as Vice-Principal (later Principal) Sybil Buchanan
Byron Stewart as Warren Coolidge
Kevin Hooks as Morris Thorpe
Timothy Van Patten as Mario "Salami" Pettrino
Thomas Carter as James "Hollywood" Hayward (seasons 1–2, 3 episodes season 3)
Nathan Cook as Milton Reese (seasons 1–2, 1 episode season 3)
Erik Kilpatrick as Curtis "CJ" Jackson (seasons 1–2)
Ira Angustain as Ricardo "Go-Go" Gomez (seasons 1–2, 1 episode season 3)
Ken Michelman as Abner Goldstein (seasons 1–2, 1 episode season 3)
Russell Philip Robinson as Team Manager Phil Jeffers [4] (seasons 1–2)
John Mengatti as Nick "New York" Vitaglia (seasons 2–3)
Art Holliday as Eddie Franklin (season 3)
Larry "Flash" Jenkins as Wardell Stone (season 3)
John Laughlin as Paddy Falahey (season 3)
Stoney Jackson as Jesse B. Mitchell (season 3)
Wolfe Perry as Teddy Rutherford (season 3)
Stewart reprised the role of Warren Coolidge, from 1984–88, in the Paltrow-directed series St. Elsewhere. On episodes of St. Elsewhere, Coolidge could often be spotted wearing a Carver High School t-shirt, and he discusses how he had to give up basketball due to injury, later moving to Boston and taking a hospital orderly job at St. Eligius. Van Patten plays a character named Dean in a St. Elsewhere three episode story arc in 1985 – in the final episode for Dean, this causes some confusion for Coolidge, who calls out "Heyyy!! Salami!!" when he sees Dean on a St. Eligius elevator, to which Dean replies "You got the wrong guy, pal.", leaving Coolidge trying to plead his case with a confused "No - it's Warren." as the elevator doors close.
Hooks, Van Patten and Carter all later pursued careers as directors.
Development[edit]
The concept for the show originated from Ken Howard's own experiences as a high school basketball star at Manhasset High School on Long Island. Howard was one of the few white basketball players at the school and the only white player in the starting lineup, and had been nicknamed "The White Shadow". According to Howard, there were few racial tensions at his own high school, which was also not located in a "ghetto", but the team encountered such tensions when they played elsewhere. Howard has said that the humor in The White Shadow was based on that of his former teammates, who were "really funny". After graduating high school, Howard went on to be captain of the basketball team at Amherst College.
When Howard and Bruce Paltrow pitched the idea for a show about a white coach and a racially mixed basketball team, CBS initially wanted it to be a half-hour sitcom and avoid dealing with controversial material involving sex, drugs and crime. Howard later said that he and Paltrow were "not going to turn this into Welcome Back, Kotter". They persuaded the network to make it a one-hour drama series and furthermore allow the show to address realistic, controversial subjects. They also strove for realism in the basketball scenes.
The memorable funk instrumental theme song for the show was composed by Mike Post and Pete Carpenter. Although not released on record during the show's run, it later appeared on Post's albums Television Theme Songs (1982) and NYPD Blue: The Best of Mike Post (1999).
DVD/syndication[edit]
20th Century Fox Home Entertainment has released the first two seasons on DVD in Region 1.[5][6]
The program has intermittently been seen in syndication and on cable since ending its network run (including airing on ESPN Classic), and as of 2016, the show airs (intermittently) on the Heroes & Icons classic TV network.[3] Decades also aired the show as part of the Decades Binge Aug. 27-28, 2016.[7]
The White Shadow also is available to stream on Hulu.[8]
In popular culture[edit]
When aired in the 1980s in Turkey the series gained a lot of interest and the then little-known sport of basketball attracted millions of youth.[9]
Saturday Night Live did a parody skit of the show titled The Black Shadow when NBA star Bill Russell hosted the show on November 3, 1979.
In the 1996 film The Cable Guy, antagonist Chip Douglas (Jim Carrey) references the show during his basketball game, remarking, "Let's see what you got, White Shadow" to Rick (Jack Black), the friend of the movie's hero, Steven M. Kovacs (Matthew Broderick).
It was also referenced in the 1997 Seinfeld episode "The Summer of George".
In a 2016 episode of The Flash titled "Potential Energy", the character Wally West referred to main character Barry Allen as "The White Shadow", because he was a Caucasian boy adopted by an African-American family.
See also[edit]
List of The White Shadow episodes
White savior § Appearance in television
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kathleen Fearn-Banks, Anne Burford-Johnson. "Historical Dictionary of African American Television". p. 57.
Jump up ^ distribution-point.com. "The White Shadow".
^ Jump up to: a b The White Shadow - Heroes and Icons TV.com
Jump up ^ The White Shadow the complete second season, disk 3 episode 18: "Gonna Fly Now"
Jump up ^ "The White Shadow DVD news: Season 1 Release Info - TVShowsOnDVD.com". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on January 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The White Shadow DVD news: Season 2 artwork - TVShowsOnDVD.com". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on January 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Decades schedule". Decades.
Jump up ^ "The White Shadow on Hulu". Hulu.
Jump up ^ 9 September 2010 Pete Thamel article The New York Times accessed on September 11, 2010
External links[edit]
The White Shadow on IMDb
The White Shadow at TV.com
The White Shadow at epguides.com
Thamel, Pete. "In the Bird and Magic Era, Inspired by Coolidge and Salami," The New York Times, Friday, September 10, 2010.
[hide]
v
t
e
MTM Enterprises
Mary Tyler Moore
Grant Tinker
TV shows
The Mary Tyler Moore Show (1970–77)
The Bob Newhart Show (1972–78)
Paul Sand in Friends and Lovers (1974–1975)
The Texas Wheelers (1974–75)
Rhoda (1974–78)
The Bob Crane Show (1975)
Doc (1975–76)
Three for the Road (1975)
Phyllis (1975–77)
The Tony Randall Show (1976–78)
Lou Grant (1977–82)
The Betty White Show (1977–78)
We've Got Each Other (1977–78)
The White Shadow (1978–81)
WKRP in Cincinnati (1978–82)
Mary (1978)
The Mary Tyler Moore Hour (1979)
The Last Resort (1979–80)
Paris (1979–80)
Hill Street Blues (1981–87)
Remington Steele (1982–87)
St. Elsewhere (1982–88)
Newhart (1982–90)
Bay City Blues (1983)
The Duck Factory (1984)
Mary (1985–86)
Fresno (1986)
The Popcorn Kid (1987)
Beverly Hills Buntz (1987–88)
Eisenhower and Lutz (1988)
Annie McGuire (1988)
Tattingers (1988–89)
City (1990)
Capital News (1990)
Evening Shade (1990-94)
The Trials of Rosie O'Neill (1990–91)
You Take the Kids (1990–91)
The New WKRP in Cincinnati (1991–93)
Xuxa (1993)
Boogies Diner (1994–95)
Wild Animal Games (1995–96)
Family Challenge (1995–97)
Wait 'til You Have Kids (1996–97)
Bailey Kipper's P.O.V. (1996–97)
Shopping Spree (1996–98)
Sparks (1996–98)
The Pretender (1996-2000)
It Takes Two (1997)
Good News (1997–98)
Films
Something for Joey (1977)
The Boy Who Drank Too Much (1980)
A Little Sex (1982)
Just Between Friends (1986)
Clara's Heart (1988)
Night of the Twisters (1996)
Christmas Every Day (1996)
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