text:
The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)
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Tracy McConnell
How I Met Your Mother character
The Mother appearing in "The Locket"
First appearance
"Lucky Penny (unseen)"
"Something New" (seen)
Last appearance
"Last Forever"
Created by
Carter Bays
Craig Thomas
Portrayed by
Cristin Milioti
Information
Aliases
The Mother
Gender
Female
Spouse(s)
Ted Mosby
Significant other(s)
Max (deceased former boyfriend)
Louis (ex-boyfriend)
Children
Penny Mosby (daughter, born in 2015, played by Lyndsy Fonseca)
Luke Mosby (son, born in 2017, played by David Henrie)
Nationality
American
Birthdate
September 19, 1984 (1984-09-19) (age 33)
Tracy McConnell (colloquial: "The Mother") is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother. The show, narrated by Future Ted (Bob Saget), tells the story of how Ted Mosby (Josh Radnor) met The Mother. Tracy McConnell appears in eight episodes, from "Lucky Penny" to "The Time Travelers", as an unseen character; she was first seen fully in "Something New" and was promoted to a main character in season 9. The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti.
The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series, including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment. Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris) and Robin Scherbatsky's (Cobie Smulders) wedding; this scene is shown in "Last Forever", the series finale. The Mother's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024, also revealed in the series finale, received a mixed reaction from fans.
An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD. In the alternate ending, Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030.[1][2] In the video, Future Ted is heard saying, "...When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning, I can't help but be amazed how easy it all really was...", indirectly stating that The Mother is alive. The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling, implying that Ted never went back to Robin and went on to have a long, happy marriage with Tracy.[3]
Contents
1 Casting
2 Character history
2.1 Name
3 Death
4 Notes
5 References
Casting[edit]
During its first eight seasons, the successful sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother. Well-known actresses often made guest appearances on the show. Many fans expected that another would play one of the most-wanted roles in Hollywood, but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown. Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples, Thomas said that "We didn’t want it to be a big famous star because we didn’t want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be ... The whole idea is that Ted’s never seen this woman before, so it better feel that way to the audience", similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had "kept the show alive" when it began. Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call.[4][5]
They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once; her musical ability was also helpful, as The Mother had been described as a band member. After competing for the role against at least two others, Milioti filmed her first scene—for the last episode of season 8—having never watched How I Met Your Mother; she recalled, "I had ignorance on my side. So I didn’t know what it meant." Milioti learned of the character's importance only after binge watching the show during the summer.[5][6]
Character history[edit]
The Mother was born on September 19, 1984.[note 1]
The Mother, joined by her roommate Kelly (Ahna O'Reilly), awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max, only to receive a call informing her of his death. After the funeral service, she returns to the apartment to open Max's last gift to her — a ukulele. The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love.[7]
In "Wait for It", it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella. In "No Tomorrow", Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick's Day party which she also attended, as it had been two and a half years since Max's death. She is still grieving, but Kelly encourages her to go out and date again, bringing her to the same bar where Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris) and Ted are celebrating. The two women run into Mitch (Adam Paul), her old orchestra instructor; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment. Mitch tries to seduce her with a move called "The Naked Man", but she turns him down. Whilst Mitch is still naked, prompting the Mother to crack some jokes at him, they sit on her couch and start talking. That is when Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams. The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college.[7]
On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby, as seen in the season 4 finale "The Leap", he is seen in front of the classroom of students, one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother. But in the first episode of season 5, "Definitions", it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom — Economics instead of Architecture. At the same time in "How Your Mother Met Me", the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy (Rachel Bilson), whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate. They see Ted enter the room, but when he announces the subject, The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off. She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom.
Later, in "Girls Versus Suits", Ted dates Cindy, not knowing that her roommate is his future wife. Throughout the episode, Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate. When in Cindy and the mother's apartment he picks up many of The Mother's belongings, attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are (thinking the items are Cindy's) and glimpses the mother's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower. Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band. Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions, "this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back." In "How Your Mother Met Me", it is revealed that, after Ted left the apartment, the Mother had discovered the umbrella and, upon going to question Cindy, finds her in a state. As she tried to console her, Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted, and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive, before spontaneously kissing her, revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush. While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian, it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating, as the kiss was her first in a long time.
Some time after this, a man named Darren (Andrew Rannells) approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics. Darren gradually takes over the band.[7]
In the season 6 opener "Big Days" it is revealed Ted meets his future wife "the day of" the wedding at which he is the best man. In the episode "False Positive" Robin asks Ted to be her future best man, should she ever get married. In the episode "Challenge Accepted", it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney's wedding. In the last episode of season 7, "The Magician's Code" it is shown that Barney will marry Robin, and Ted will meet the mother "the day of" their wedding. On the premiere of season 8, Ted's wife appears after Barney and Robin's wedding, outside at the "Farhampton" station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar.
In the season 8 episode "Band or DJ?," Ted runs into Cindy and her partner on the subway and tells them that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute. The end result of the encounter is that Cindy's (now ex-) roommate's band plays at Barney and Robin's wedding.
The Mother is first shown meeting Louis (Louis Ferrigno Jr.) in "How Your Mother Met Me" as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now-lead band member Darren talks to his fans. Later at MacLaren's Pub, she tells him she's not yet ready to date. Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind, and they begin dating not long after. They live together for the next two years, but she knows deep down that she doesn't love him.
The Mother meets all of Ted's best friends - Barney, Robin, Lily Aldrin (Alyson Hannigan), and Marshall Eriksen (Jason Segel) - before she meets him. The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin, as revealed through a flashback in "Platonish". In "The Locket", Tracy meets Lily on a train journey.
In "Bass Player Wanted", the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall, carrying his infant son Marvin, on her way to Farhampton Inn. On their way, it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception, but Darren forced her to quit. The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band. Before she, however, Darren walks up to her, furious the groom's best man punched him for "no reason", and quits the band.
In "How Your Mother Met Me", it is shown that after this incident, the Mother returns to Louis' summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend. As she walks in the door, Louis proposes to her, but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes. She looks skyward and asks Max for permission to let him go and move on; she takes a sudden gust of wind as a "yes", says goodbye, and declines Louis' proposal when she goes back inside. She leaves his cottage and checks in at Farhampton Inn. On her room's balcony, she plays the ukulele and sings "La Vie en Rose". Ted hears her singing from his room next door.
In "Gary Blauman", Ted and the Mother are on their first date. Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish-Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner. On the way there, Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run-in with Louis. She says that she is in the "weirdest place on earth" right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating. Ted walks her back to her apartment. They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away. The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her. When the story is over, they say goodnight again. The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time, before deciding to carry on their date.
In a flashforward in "The Lighthouse", Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn. She immediately accepts. In another flashfoward in "Unpause", the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child, Luke, in the year 2017. She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton.
Name[edit]
The Mother's real name is not revealed until the series finale, "Last Forever". When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station, she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell. In the season 1 episode "Belly Full of Turkey", Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says "...that, kids, is the true story of how I met your mother". The children are horrified, but then he says he is joking,[9] which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother's name is Tracy.[10]
Death[edit]
See also: Last Forever
In the series finale, it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children, Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness. In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead. Ted says that she "became sick" and his children said that she has been "gone" for six years. Many fans expressed considerable disappointment with The Mother's death.[11] Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die, but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning.[12] Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was "an amazing character"[9] and that "over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy.[13] Kuchman said that "asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request", that the finale "advanced too quickly" and that "HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue".[9]
A petition was started, aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale. The petition has over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage.[14][15] On April 5, 2014, Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD. No new material was shot for this scene.[16][17] In the alternate ending, The Mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030.[18][1]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Mother celebrates her 21st birthday on the day that "Pilot" is set.[7] The pilot is set on September 19, 2005.[8]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Debnath, Neela (7 September 2014). "How I Met Your Mother alternative finale leaks online ahead of DVD release". The Independent. London, England: Independent Print Ltd. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel (September 6, 2014). "Watch the Happier 'How I Met Your Mother' Alternate Ending". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media LLC.
Jump up ^ MacGregor, Rachel (September 23, 2014). "8 reasons why How I Met Your Mother should've used its alternative ending". Metro UK. London, England: DMG Media. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Stransky, Tanner (May 13, 2013). "'How I Met Your Mother': Burning questions about the mother". Entertainment Weekly. New York City: Meredith Corporation.
^ Jump up to: a b Fallon, Kevin (May 14, 2013). "'How I Met Your Mother' Mother Revealed: Meet Cristin Milioti". The Daily Beast.
Jump up ^ Fallon, Kevin (November 3, 2015). "How Cristin Milioti Met 'Fargo'—And Left 'How I Met Your Mother' Behind". The Daily Beast.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "How Your Mother Met Me". How I Met Your Mother. Season 9. Episode 16. January 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Pilot". How I Met Your Mother. Season 1. Episode 1. September 19, 2005. CBS.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kuchman, Bill (April 4, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother' 'Last Forever' Recap: A Divisive Finale and What It Means for 'HIMYM'". Popculturology. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Rullo, Samantha (March 10, 2014). "What is The Mother's Name on 'How I Met Your Mother'? Episode Title Might Hold the Secret". Bustle. New York City: Bustle Digital Group. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "HIMYM Tomatometer Watch: Series Finale Currently Rotten - Majority of critics disappointed by 'Last Forever'". Rotten Tomatoes. April 2, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Rothman, Michael (4 October 2014). "Why Cristin Milioti Sobbed When She Found Out Her Character's Fate in 'How I Met Your Mother'". ABC News. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Kuchman, Bill (March 31, 2014). "'HIMYM' Finale Instant Reaction". Popculturology. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Grubb, Brian (April 4, 2014). "Now There's A Petition To 'Rewrite And Reshoot' The 'How I Met Your Mother' Ending". Uproxx. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Maresca, Rachel (April 3, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother' series finale sparks online petition from fans who want ending changed". New York Daily News. New York City: Tronc. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ @CarterBays (9 April 2014). "Update for those who've been asking: Alt #himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ James, Lauren (April 5, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother' May Get Alternate Ending After Petition, Says Carter Bays". Contact Music. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel (September 6, 2014). "Watch the Happier 'How I Met Your Mother' Alternate Ending". Rolling Stone. New York City: Wenner Media LLC. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
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Dumb and Dumber (franchise)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Dumb and Dumber
Directed by
Peter Farrelly (1, 3)
Bobby Farrelly (1, 3)
Troy Miller (2)
Produced by
Various
Written by
Peter Farrelly
Bobby Farrelly
Starring
Jim Carrey
Jeff Daniels
Distributed by
New Line Cinema (1994-2003)
Universal Pictures (2014)
Release date
1994–
Country
United States
Language
English
Dumb and Dumber is a series of comedy films starring Jim Carrey and Jeff Daniels. The films have been released from 1994 to 2014.
Contents
1 Films
1.1 Dumb and Dumber
1.2 Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd
1.3 Dumb and Dumber To
2 Television
2.1 Dumb and Dumber: The Animated Series
3 Music video
3.1 Crash Test Dummies - The Ballad of Peter Pumpkinhead
4 Cast and characters
5 Reception
5.1 Box office performance
5.2 Critical and public response
6 References
7 External links
Films[edit]
Dumb and Dumber[edit]
Main article: Dumb and Dumber
The first film was released on December 16, 1994. Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, it was a commercial success and developed a cult following in the years since its release. The success of Dumb and Dumber launched the career of the Farrelly brothers and solidified Carrey's.[1] The film follows the characters of Harry and Lloyd as they travel across the country to Aspen to return a briefcase.
Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd[edit]
Main article: Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd
In 2003, a prequel was theatrically released, entitled Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd. The film featured a cast and crew different from the previous film, and the Farrelly brothers had no involvement in the film's production. It was heavily panned by critics, receiving a 10% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, and was only a minor box office success, grossing approximately $39.2 million worldwide against a $19 million budget, as opposed to the original film's far greater $247 million worldwide gross against a $17 million budget.[2][3]
Dumb and Dumber To[edit]
Main article: Dumb and Dumber To
In October 2011, the Farrelly brothers confirmed that they would make a sequel to Dumb and Dumber.[4] The sequel, titled Dumb and Dumber To, was shot in the fall of 2013. Carrey and Daniels have returned to lead the film, and Bobby and Peter Farrelly returned to direct along with original screenwriter Bennett Yellin, and actors reprising their roles from the first film include Brady Bluhm, who played Billy in (Apartment) 4C, and Cam Neely, who played Sea Bass. Dumb and Dumber To was released on November 14, 2014.[5]
Unlike the original film, Dumb and Dumber To was not released by Warner Bros. but rather by Universal Pictures.[6] Despite Warner having no involvement in the film, its New Line Cinema division, which produced the first film and the prequel, was still given studio credit from Universal.[7][8]
Television[edit]
Dumb and Dumber: The Animated Series[edit]
Main article: Dumb and Dumber (TV series)
In 1995, a Hanna-Barbera-produced animated series aired on ABC, as part of its Saturday morning cartoon lineup; Matt Frewer provided the voice of Lloyd, while Bill Fagerbakke voiced Harry. In the cartoon, Harry and Lloyd have reacquired their van, now named "Otto". The cartoon also features a new character, Kitty, a female pet purple beaver who appears to be smarter than both men. The animated series was written by Bennett Yellin, co-writer of the film. The show was short-lived and was shelved after one season.
Music video[edit]
Crash Test Dummies - The Ballad of Peter Pumpkinhead[edit]
Main article: The Ballad of Peter Pumpkinhead
"The Ballad of Peter Pumpkinhead"
Single by Crash Test Dummies
from the album Dumb and Dumber soundtrack
Released
January 1995
Format
CD single
Genre
Alternative rock
Songwriter(s)
Andy Partridge
Crash Test Dummies singles chronology
"God Shuffled His Feet"
(1994) "The Ballad of Peter Pumpkinhead"
(1995) "He Liked to Feel It"
(1996)
"God Shuffled His Feet"
(1994) "The Ballad of Peter Pumpkinhead"
(1995) "He Liked to Feel It"
(1996)
The song was covered by Canadian group Crash Test Dummies in 1994 for the soundtrack to the film Dumb and Dumber. Crash Test Dummies' version is notable in that it was their first of two singles to feature Ellen Reid on lead vocals; it differs slightly from XTC's version, omitting the second verse. The video was filmed in Nathan Phillips Square, home to City Hall, in Toronto, Ontario; fans of the band were invited to an open casting by VJs on MuchMusic.
It features Jeff Daniels reprising his role of Harry Dunne from Dumb and Dumber. In the video, Harry falls and gets a Jack-o'-lantern stuck on his head. In his struggle to get it off, he foils a bank robbery and becomes a media sensation. However, he is unfairly found guilty of the bank robbery and narrowly avoids being hanged (he is saved by the pumpkin, which is placed on his head before he's put in the noose). It ends with a spoof of the religious imagery in the original video, as Harry's followers (oblivious to him having survived) venerate him as a martyr and establish the "Church of the Latter-Day Pumpkinheads" where they don Jack-o'-lantern masks, ape Harry's struggle to remove the pumpkin stuck to his head, and take communion of pumpkin seeds and wine sipped from a pumpkin stem.
Cast and characters[edit]
Characters
Films
Animated series
Dumb and Dumber
Dumb and Dumberer:
When Harry Met Lloyd
Dumb and Dumber To
Dumb and Dumber
1994
2003
2014
1995
Harry Dunne
Jeff Daniels Derek Richardson
Lucas Gregory
(young) Jeff Daniels
Dalton E. Gray
(young) Bill Fagerbakke
Lloyd Christmas
Jim Carrey Eric Christian Olsen
Colin Ford
(young, uncredited) Jim Carrey Matt Frewer
Mary Swanson
Lauren Holly
J.P. Shay
Karen Duffy
Joe "Mental" Mentalino
Mike Starr
Nicholas Andre
Charles Rocket
Beth Jordan
Victoria Rowell
Sea Bass
Cam Neely Cam Neely
Billy in 4C
Brady Bluhm Brady Bluhm
Jessica Matthews
Rachel Nichols
Principal Collins
Eugene Levy
Mrs. Dunne
Mimi Rogers
Ray the Janitor
Luis Guzman
Fraida Felcher
Julie Costello Kathleen Turner
Carly Craig
(young)
Adele Pinchelow
Laurie Holden
Dr. Pinchelow
Steve Tom
Penny Pinchelow
Rachel Melvin
Travis and Captain Lippencott
Rob Riggle
Reception[edit]
Box office performance[edit]
Film
Release date
Box office gross
Box office ranking
Budget
Ref(s)
North America
Other territories
Worldwide
All time
North America
All time
worldwide
Dumb and Dumber December 16, 1994 $127,175,374 $120,100,000 $247,275,374 #386 #444 $17 million [9]
Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd June 13, 2003 $26,276,465 $12,991,050 $39,267,515 #2,542 $19 million [10]
Dumb and Dumber To November 14, 2014 $86,208,010 $83,629,000 $169,837,010 #715 $40 million [11]
Total
$239,659,849
$216,720,050
$456,379,899
$76 million
[12]
Average
$79.9 million
$72.2 million
$152.1 million
List indicator(s)
A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film.
Critical and public response[edit]
Film
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic
CinemaScore
Dumb and Dumber 66% (50 reviews)[13] 41 (14 reviews)[14] B[15]
Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd 10% (119 reviews)[16] 19 (28 reviews)[17] C[15]
Dumb and Dumber To 29% (139 reviews)[18] 36 (36 reviews)[19] B[15]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Jim Carrey Biography". Bio. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd (2003)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Jr., Mike. "Peter And Bobby Farrelly Plan More 'Dumb And Dumber' For Jim Carrey & Jeff Daniels". Deadline. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Kristobak, Ryan (19 November 2013). "'Dumb And Dumber To' Release Date Set For Nov. 14, 2014". Huffington Post. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Jr., Mike. "TOLDJA! 'Dumb And Dumber To' Proves No-Brainer For Universal; Studio Locks Deal For Farrellys, Jim Carrey, Jeff Daniels Pic". Deadline. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Matt. "New Poster for DUMB AND DUMBER TO; First Trailer Premieres Tonight". Collider.com. Retrieved 2014-06-17.
Jump up ^ "Dumb and Dumber To Poster". Collider.com. Retrieved 2014-06-17.
Jump up ^ "Dumb and Dumber". Box Office Mojo.
Jump up ^ "Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd". Box Office Mojo.
Jump up ^ "Dumb and Dumber To". Box Office Mojo.
Jump up ^ "Dumb and Dumber Franchise". boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "DUMB AND DUMBER". rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Dumb and Dumber". metacritic.com. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "DUMB AND DUMBERER: WHEN HARRY MET LLOYD". rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd". metacritic.com. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "DUMB AND DUMBER TO". rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Dumb and Dumber To". metacritic.com. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Dumb and Dumber (franchise)
Official website
Dumb and Dumber on IMDb
Dumb and Dumber at Box Office Mojo
Dumb and Dumber at Rotten Tomatoes
Dumb and Dumber at Metacritic
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List of longest-living organisms
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For Oldest life forms, see Earliest known life forms.
This is a list of the longest-living organisms, that is, the individuals (in some instances, clones) of a species. This may be, for a given species:
Oldest known individuals that are currently living
Record holders, such as the most long-lived human, Jeanne Calment, or the most long-lived domestic cat, Creme Puff.
Ordinarily, this does not consider the age of the species itself, comparing species by the range of age-span of their individuals, or the time between first appearance (speciation) and extinction of the species.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biological immortality
2 Revived into activity after stasis
3 Clonal plant and fungal colonies
4 Individual microorganisms
5 Individual plant specimens
6 Humans
7 Other terrestrial and pagophilic animals
8 Aquatic animals
9 See also
10 Further reading
11 References
12 External links
Biological immortality[edit]
Hydras may not grow old.
Main article: Biological immortality
If the mortality rate of a species does not increase after maturity, the species does not age and is said to be biologically immortal. Many examples exist of plants and animals for which the mortality rate actually decreases with age, for all or part of the lifecycle.[1]
If the mortality rate remains constant, the rate determines the mean lifespan. The lifespan can be long or short, though the species technically "does not age".
Hydra species were observed for four years without any increase in mortality rate.[2]
Other species have been observed to regress to a larval state and regrow into adults multiple times.
The hydrozoan species Turritopsis dohrnii (formerly Turritopsis nutricula) is capable of cycling from a mature adult stage to an immature polyp stage and back again. This means no natural limit to its lifespan is known.[3] However, no single specimen has been observed for any extended period, and estimating the age of a specimen is impossible.
At least one hydrozoan (Laodicea undulata[4]) and one scyphozoan (Aurelia sp.1[5]) can also revert from medusa stage into polyp stage.
The larvae of skin beetles undergo a degree of "reversed development" when starved, and later grow back to the previously attained level of maturity. The cycle can be repeated many times.[6]
Revived into activity after stasis[edit]
This Judean Date Palm sprouted from a 2,000-year-old seed.
Various claims have been made about reviving bacterial spores to active metabolism after millions of years. Claims have been made of spores from amber being revived after 40 million years,[7] and spores from salt deposits in New Mexico being revived after 240 million years, the longest living organisms in history.[8][9] In a related find, a scientist was able to coax 34,000-year-old salt-captured bacteria to reproduce. His results were duplicated at a separate independent laboratory facility.[10]
A seed from the previously extinct Judean date palm was revived and managed to sprout after nearly 2,000 years.[11]
Silene stenophylla was grown from fruit found in an ancient squirrel's cache. The germinated plants bore viable seeds. The fruit was dated to be 31,800 years old ± 300 years.[12]
In 1994, a seed from a sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), dated at roughly 1,300 years old ± 270 years, was successfully germinated.[13][14]
During the 1990s, Raul Cano, a microbiologist at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, revived yeast trapped in amber for 25 million years.[15] Cano went on to found a brewery and crafted an "amber ale" with a 45-million-year-old variant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.[16] Cano's work and initial success were achieved with the help of entomologist George Poinar, the scientist whose 1982 paper on reviving specimens[17] influenced Michael Crichton to write his award-winning Jurassic Park.[18]
Clonal plant and fungal colonies[edit]
Pando is a clonal colony of quaking aspens that is at least 80,000 years old.
As with all long-lived plant and fungal species, no individual part of a clonal colony is alive (in the sense of active metabolism) for more than a very small fraction of the life of the entire colony. Some clonal colonies may be fully connected via their root systems, while most are not actually interconnected, but are genetically identical clones which populated an area through vegetative reproduction. Ages for clonal colonies, often based on current growth rates, are estimates.[19]
Pando is a Populus tremuloides (quaking aspen) tree or clonal colony that has been estimated at 80,000 years old.[20] Unlike many other clonal "colonies", the above-ground trunks remain connected to each other by a single massive subterranean root system. Whether it is to be considered a single tree is disputed, as it depends on one's definition of an individual tree.
The Jurupa Oak colony is estimated to be at least 13,000 years old, with other estimates ranging from 5,000 to 30,000 years old.[21]
A huge colony of the sea grass Posidonia oceanica in the Mediterranean Sea is estimated to be between 12,000 and 200,000 years old. The maximum age is theoretical, as the region it occupies was above water at some point between 10,000 and 80,000 years ago.[22][23][24]
Lomatia tasmanica in Tasmania: the sole surviving clonal colony of this species is estimated to be at least 43,600 years old.[25]
Eucalyptus recurva: clones in Australia are claimed to be 13,000 years old.[26]
King Clone is a creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) in the Mojave Desert estimated at 11,700 years old.[27] Another creosote bush has been said to be 12,150 years old, but this is as yet unconfirmed.
A Huon pine colony on Mount Read, Tasmania, is estimated at 10,000 years old, with individual specimens living over 3,000 years.[28]
Old Tjikko, a Norway spruce in Sweden, is a tree on top of roots that have been carbon dated to 9,550 years old. The tree is part of a clonal colony that was established at the end of the last ice age. Discovered by Professor Leif Kullman, at Umeå University, the tree is located in the county of Dalarna in Sweden. Old Tjikko is small, only 5 m (16 ft) in height.[29][30][31][32]
A box huckleberry bush in Pennsylvania is thought to be perhaps 8,000 years old.
"Humongous Fungus", an individual of the fungal species Armillaria solidipes in the Malheur National Forest, is thought to be between 2,000 and 8,500 years old.[33][34] It is thought to be the world's largest organism by area, at 2,384 acres (965 hectares).
Individual microorganisms[edit]
Some endoliths have extremely long lives. In August 2013, researchers reported evidence of endoliths in the ocean floor with a generation time of 10 millennia.[35] These are slowly metabolizing, not in a dormant state.
Individual plant specimens[edit]
The Llangernyw Yew may be the oldest tree in Europe.
A Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) is measured by ring count to be 5067 years old.[36] This is the oldest known tree in North America, and the oldest known living individual nonclonal tree in the world.
Llangernyw Yew may be the oldest individual tree in Europe and second- or third-oldest individual tree in the world. Believed to be aged between 4,000 years and 5,000 years old, this ancient yew (Taxus baccata) is in the churchyard of the village of Llangernyw in North Wales.
Fortingall Yew, an ancient yew (Taxus baccata) in the churchyard of the village of Fortingall in Perthshire, Scotland, is one of the oldest known individual trees in Europe. Various estimates have put its age between 2,000 and 5,000 years, although now believed to be at the lower end of this range.
Fitzroya cupressoides is the species with the second-oldest verified age, a specimen in Chile being measured by ring count as 3,622 years old.[19]
The President, located in Sequoia National Park, California, is the oldest known living giant sequoia at approximately 3,200 years of age.[36][not in citation given]
A sacred fig (Ficus religiosa), the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, is 2,300 years old (planted in 288 BC).[37] It is the oldest known living to date human-planted tree in the world.[38]
A specimen of Lagarostrobos franklinii in Tasmania is thought to be about 2,000 years old.[39]
Numerous olive trees are purported to be 2,000 years old or older. An olive tree in Ano Vouves, Crete, claiming such longevity, has been confirmed on the basis of tree ring analysis.[40][41]
Jōmon Sugi, the cryptomeria naturally grown in Yakushima Island, Kagoshima, Japan, is 2,170 to 7,200 years old.
Great sugi of Kayano, the cryptomeria deemed planted by humans in Kaga, Ishikawa, Japan, had an estimated age of 2,300 years in 1928.
Welwitschia is a monotypic genus of gymnosperm plant, composed solely of the distinct Welwitschia mirabilis. The plant is considered a living fossil. Radiocarbon dating has confirmed many individuals have lived longer than 1,000 years, and some are suspected to be older than 2,000 years.[citation needed]
Yareta is a tiny flowering plant in the family Apiaceae native to South America, occurring in the Puna grasslands of the Andes in Peru, Bolivia, the north of Chile, and the west of Argentina between 3,200 and 4,500 m altitude. Some yaretas could be up to 3,000 years old.[42]
Humans[edit]
Main articles: List of the verified oldest people and List of oldest living people
>80
77.5-80
75-77.5
72.5-75
70-72.5
67.5-70
65-67.5
60-65
55-60
50-55
45-50
40-45
<40
Life expectancy by region
Jeanne Calment lived to the age of 122 years, 164 days, becoming the oldest recorded human who ever lived. She died on August 4, 1997.[43]
The longest-living person who is still living and known is Nabi Tajima. (born 4 August 1900).[44]
These are single examples; for a broader view, see Life expectancy (includes humans).
Other terrestrial and pagophilic animals[edit]
Adwaita, an Aldabra giant tortoise, died at an estimated age of 255 in March 2006 in Alipore Zoo, Kolkata, India.[45] If verified, it will have been the oldest terrestrial animal in the world.
Tu'i Malila, a radiated tortoise, died at an age of 188 years in May 1965, at the time the oldest verified vertebrate.[46]
Jonathan, a Seychelles giant tortoise living on the island of Saint Helena, is reported to be about 184 years old, and may, therefore, be the oldest currently living terrestrial animal if the claim is true.[47]
Harriet, a Galápagos tortoise, died at the age of 175 years in June 2006.[48]
Timothy, a spur-thighed tortoise, born in Turkey died at an age of 165 years in 3 April 2004 in the UK.[49]
Nonja, a Sumatran orangutan, died at the age of 55 years in December 2007. She was claimed to be the oldest-living orangutan of her species.[50]
The tuatara, a lizard-like reptile native to New Zealand, can live well above 100 years. Henry, a tuatara at the Southland Museum in New Zealand, mated for the first time at the estimated age of 111 years in 2009 with an 80-year-old female and fathered 11 baby tuatara.[51]
Muja, the world's oldest alligator
Muja, an American alligator from Belgrade Zoo, is considered to be the oldest alligator in the world.[52] Muja is more than 80 years old.[53]
A female blue-and-yellow macaw named Charlie was reportedly hatched in 1899, which would make her 117 years old, as of 2016. Her age has not been independently confirmed and the claim may not be reliable. She is claimed to have formerly belonged to Winston Churchill, but Churchill's daughter denies the claim.[54]
Lin Wang, an Asian elephant, was the oldest elephant in the Taipei Zoo. He was born in January 18, 1917, and died in February 26, 2003, at 86 years, surpassing the previous record of 84. Normally, elephants live up to 50 years, while their maximum lifespan is generally estimated at 70.
A greater flamingo named Greater died at Adelaide Zoo in January 2014 at the age of at least 83.[55]
Thaao, an Andean condor, died at the age of 80.[56]
Cookie, (hatched June 30, 1933) an Australian-born Major Mitchell's cockatoo resident at Brookfield Zoo, Illinois, was the oldest member of his species in captivity, and died in August 2016 at a verified age of 83.[57]
A female Laysan albatross named Wisdom successfully laid an egg at Midway Atoll in December 2016, at the age of 66. As of 2017, she is the oldest known wild bird in the world.[58]
The oldest living horse on record was named Ol' Billy. Bill was allegedly born in the year 1760 in London, England. Bill died in 1822 at the age of 62 years. Henry Harrison, an occupant of London during the time, had also allegedly known Ol' Billy for 59 years until Bill's death.[59]
Creme Puff, a cat owned by Jake Perry of Austin, Texas, was born August 3, 1967, and died three days after her 38th birthday on August 6, 2005.[60]
The oldest bear on record was Andreas, a European brown bear, living in the ARCTUROS bear sanctuary in northern Greece. He was at least 50 years old at the time of his death.
Debby, the polar bear, an inhabitant of the Assiniboine Park Zoo in Winnipeg, Canada, was the oldest polar bear and third-oldest bear species on record when she died in 2008, at the age of 42 years.[61]
A wild-born black rhino called "Elly" was the oldest in North America at an estimated 45 years of age, and resided in California's San Francisco Zoo from April 1974 until passing in May 2017.[62]
Yoda was named as the oldest mouse in 2004 at age 4.[63]
The oldest bat recorded, a Brandt's bat, is at least 41 years old.[64]
Aquatic animals[edit]
Giant barrel sponges can live more than 2,000 years.
Glass sponges found in the East China Sea and Southern Ocean have been found over 10,000 years old.[65][66][67]
Specimens of the black coral genus Leiopathes, such as Leiopathes glaberrima, are among the oldest continuously living organisms on the planet: around 4,265 years old.[68]
The giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta is one of the longest-lived animals, with the largest specimens in the Caribbean estimated to be in excess of 2,300 years old.[69]
The black coral Antipatharia in the Gulf of Mexico may live more than 2,000 years.[70]
The Antarctic sponge Cinachyra antarctica has an extremely slow growth rate in the low temperatures of the Southern Ocean. One specimen has been estimated to be 1,550 years old.[71]
A specimen, "Ming" of the Icelandic cyprine Arctica islandica (also known as an ocean quahog), a mollusk, was found to have lived 507 years.[72] Another specimen had a recorded lifespan of 374 years.[73]
Many sub-families of the Oreosomatidae, including the Allocyttus, Neocyttus, and Pseudocyttus (collectively referred to as the Oreos) have been reported to live up to 170 years, based on otolith-increment estimates and radiometric dating [74][75][76]
Greenland shark had been estimated to live to about 200 years, but a study published in 2016 found that a 5.02 m (16.5 ft) specimen was 392 ± 120 years old, resulting in a minimum age of 272 and a maximum of 512.[77][78] That makes the Greenland shark the longest-lived vertebrate.
Some koi fish have reportedly lived more than 200 years, the oldest being Hanako, which died at an age of 226 years on July 7, 1977.[79][80]
Rougheye rockfish - 205 years old.[81]
Orange roughy, also known as deep sea perch, can live up to 149 years.[82]
Some confirmed sources estimate bowhead whales to have lived at least to 211 years of age, making them the oldest mammals.[83]
The maximum life-span of the freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) may be 210–250 years.[84][85][86]
Specimens of the Red Sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, have been found to be over 200 years old.[87]
The deepsea hydrocarbon seep tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi (Annelida, Polychaeta) lives for more than 170 years.[88]
Tardigrades, capable of cryptobiosis, have been shown to survive nearly 120 years in a dry state.[89]
Geoduck, a species of saltwater clam native to the Puget Sound, have been known to live more than 160 years.[90][91]
George the lobster was estimated to be about 140 years old by PETA in January 2009.[92]
In 2012, a sturgeon was caught in a Wisconsin river that was estimated to be 125 years old.[93]
A killer whale of the "Southern Resident Community" identified as J2 or Granny was estimated by some researchers to have been approximately 105 years old at her death in 2017; however, other dating methods estimated her age as 65-80.[94][95]
A Swedish man claimed that a European eel named Ale was 155 years old when it died in 2014. If correct, it would have been the world's oldest, having been hatched in 1859.[96]
See also[edit]
Biological immortality
Earliest known life forms
Immortality
Largest organism
Life timeline
List of oldest dogs
List of oldest trees
Lists of organisms by population
Longevity
Maximum life span
Nature timeline
Oldest people and List of oldest people
Regeneration
Further reading[edit]
Rachel Sussman (2014). The Oldest Living Things in the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226057507.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ainsworth, C; Lepage, M (2007). "Evolution's greatest mistakes". New Scientist. 195 (2616): 36–39. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(07)62033-8.
Jump up ^ Martínez, Daniel E. (1998). "Mortality patterns suggest lack of senescence in Hydra". Experimental Gerontology. Elsevier Science Inc. 33 (3): 217–225. PMID 9615920. doi:10.1016/S0531-5565(97)00113-7.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Scott F. (2010). "The Immortal Life Cycle of Turritopsis". Developmental Biology (9th ed.). Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-878-93384-6. Archived from the original on 2013-06-10.
Jump up ^ De Vito; et al. (2006). "Evidence of reverse development in Leptomedusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): the case of Laodicea undulata (Forbes and Goodsir 1851)". Marine Biology. 149 (2): 339–346. doi:10.1007/s00227-005-0182-3. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
Jump up ^ He; et al. (2015-12-21). "Life Cycle Reversal in Aurelia sp.1 (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa)". PLoS ONE. 10 (12): e0145314. PMC 4687044  . PMID 26690755. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145314. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
Jump up ^ Beck, SD; Bharadwaj, RK (1972). "Reversed development and cellular aging in an insect". Science. 178 (4066): 1210–1211. Bibcode:1972Sci...178.1210B. PMID 4637808. doi:10.1126/science.178.4066.1210.
Jump up ^ Cano, RJ; Borucki, MK (19 May 1995). "Revival and identification of bacterial spores in 25- to 40-million-year-old Dominican amber". Science. 268 (5213): 1060–1064. Bibcode:1995Sci...268.1060C. PMID 7538699. doi:10.1126/science.7538699.
Jump up ^ "Oldest Living Thing". Extremescience.com. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
Jump up ^ "The Permian Bacterium that Isn't". Oxford Journals. 2001-02-15. Retrieved 2010-11-16.
Jump up ^ "34,000 Year Old Organisms Found Buried Alive!". Yahoo News. January 13, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ Erlanger, Steven (June 12, 2005). "After 2,000 years, a seed from ancient Judea sprouts". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Yashina, S.; Gubin, S.; Maksimovich, S.; Yashina, A.; Gakhova, E.; Gilichinsky, D. (2012). "Regeneration of whole fertile plants from 30,000-y-old fruit tissue buried in Siberian permafrost". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (10): 4008–13. PMC 3309767  . PMID 22355102. doi:10.1073/pnas.1118386109.
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External links[edit]
Rachel Sussman: The world's oldest living things - TED Talk
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