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Plant reproductive morphology
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Close-up of a flower of Schlumbergera (Christmas or Holiday Cactus), showing part of the gynoecium (the stigma and part of the style is visible) and the stamens that surround it
Plant reproductive morphology is the study of the physical form and structure (the morphology) of those parts of plants directly or indirectly concerned with sexual reproduction.
Among all living organisms, flowers, which are the reproductive structures of angiosperms, are the most varied physically and show a correspondingly great diversity in methods of reproduction.[1] Plants that are not flowering plants (green algae, mosses, liverworts, hornworts, ferns and gymnosperms such as conifers) also have complex interplays between morphological adaptation and environmental factors in their sexual reproduction. The breeding system, or how the sperm from one plant fertilizes the ovum of another, depends on the reproductive morphology, and is the single most important determinant of the genetic structure of nonclonal plant populations. Christian Konrad Sprengel (1793) studied the reproduction of flowering plants and for the first time it was understood that the pollination process involved both biotic and abiotic interactions. Charles Darwin's theories of natural selection utilized this work to build his theory of evolution, which includes analysis of the coevolution of flowers and their insect pollinators.
Contents
[hide]
1 Use of sexual terminology
2 Flowering plants
2.1 Basic flower morphology
2.2 Variations
2.3 Terminology
2.4 Outcrossing
3 See also
4 References
5 Sources
6 Further reading
7 External links
Use of sexual terminology[edit]
Dioicous gametophytes of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. In this species, gametes are produced on different plants on umbrella-shaped gametophores with different morphologies. The radiating arms of female gameteophores (left) protect archegonia that produce eggs. Male gametophores (right) are topped with antheridia that produce sperm.
Plants have complex lifecycles involving alternation of generations. One generation, the sporophyte, gives rise to the next generation asexually via spores. Spores may be identical isospores or come in different sizes (microspores and megaspores), but strictly speaking, spores and sporophytes are neither male nor female because they do not produce gametes. The alternate generation, the gametophyte, produces gametes, eggs and/or sperm. A gametophyte can be monoicous (bisexual), producing both eggs and sperm or dioicous (unisexual), either female (producing eggs) or male (producing sperm).
In the bryophytes (liverworts, mosses and hornworts), the sexual gametophyte is the dominant generation. In ferns and seed plants (including cycads, conifers, flowering plants, etc.) the sporophyte is the dominant generation. The obvious visible plant, whether a small herb or a large tree, is the sporophyte, and the gametophyte is very small. In seed plants, each female gametophyte, and the spore that gives rise to it, is hidden within the sporophyte and is entirely dependent on it for nutrition. Each male gametophyte typically consists of from two to four cells enclosed within the protective wall of a pollen grain.
The sporophyte of a flowering plant is often described using sexual terms (e.g. "female" or "male") based on the sexuality of the gametophyte it gives rise to. For example, a sporophyte that produces spores that give rise only to male gametophytes may be described as "male", even though the sporophyte itself is asexual, producing only spores. Similarly, flowers produced by the sporophyte may be described as "unisexual" or "bisexual", meaning that they give rise to either one sex of gametophyte or both sexes of gametophyte.[2]
Flowering plants[edit]
Basic flower morphology[edit]
Flower of Ranunculus glaberrimus
The flower is the characteristic structure concerned with sexual reproduction in flowering plants (angiosperms). Flowers vary enormously in their construction (morphology). A "complete" flower, like that of Ranunculus glaberrimus shown in the figure, has a calyx of outer sepals and a corolla of inner petals. The sepals and petals together form the perianth. Next inwards there are numerous stamens, which produce pollen grains, each containing a microscopic male gametophyte. Stamens may be called the "male" parts of a flower and collectively form the androecium. Finally in the middle there are carpels, which at maturity contain one or more ovules, and within each ovule is a tiny female gametophyte.[3] Carpels may be called the "female" parts of a flower and collectively form the gynoecium.
Each carpel in Ranunculus species is an achene that produces one ovule,[4] which when fertilized becomes a seed. If the carpel contains more than one seed, as in Eranthis hyemalis it is called a follicle. Two or more carpels may be fused together to varying degrees and the entire structure, including the fused styles and stigmas may be called a pistil. The lower part of the pistil, where the ovules are produced, is called the ovary. It may be divided into chambers (locules) corresponding to the separate carpels.[5]
Variations[edit]
See also: Flower § Floral function
Alnus serrulata has unisexual flowers and is monoecious. Shown here: maturing male flower catkins on the right, last year's female catkins on the left.
Ilex aquifolium is dioecious: (above) shoot with flowers from male plant; (top right) male flower enlarged, showing stamens with pollen and reduced, sterile stigma; (below) shoot with flowers from female plant; (lower right) female flower enlarged, showing stigma and reduced, sterile stamens (staminodes) with no pollen
A "perfect" flower has both stamens and carpels, and may be described as "bisexual" or "hermaphroditic". A "unisexual" flower is one in which either the stamens or the carpels are missing, vestigial or otherwise non-functional. Each flower is either "staminate" (having only functional stamens) and thus "male", or "carpellate" (or "pistillate") (having only functional carpels) and thus "female". If separate staminate and carpellate flowers are always found on the same plant, the species is called monoecious. If separate staminate and carpellate flowers are always found on different plants, the species is called dioecious.[6] A 1995 study found that about 6% of angiosperm species are dioecious, and that 7% of genera contain some dioecious species.[7]
Members of the birch family (Betulaceae) are examples of monoecious plants with unisexual flowers. A mature alder tree (Alnus species) produces long catkins containing only male flowers, each with four stamens and a minute perianth, and separate stalked groups of female flowers, each without a perianth.[8] (See the illustration of Alnus serrulata.)
Most hollies (members of the genus Ilex) are dioecious. Each plant produces either functionally male flowers or functionally female flowers. In Ilex aquifolium (see the illustration), the common European holly, both kinds of flower have four sepals and four white petals; male flowers have four stamens, female flowers usually have four non-functional reduced stamens and a four-celled ovary.[9] Since only female plants are able to set fruit and produce berries, this has consequences for gardeners. Amborella represents the first known group of flowering plants to separate from their common ancestor. It too is dioecious; at any one time, each plant produces either flowers with functional stamens but no carpels, or flowers with a few non-functional stamens and a number of fully functional carpels. However, Amborella plants may change their "sex" over time. In one study, five cuttings from a male plant produced only male flowers when they first flowered, but at their second flowering three switched to producing female flowers.[10]
In extreme cases, all of the parts present in a complete flower may be missing, so long as at least one carpel or one stamen is present. This situation is reached in the female flowers of duckweeds (Lemna), which comprise a single carpel, and in the male flowers of spurges (Euphorbia) which comprise a single stamen.[11]
A species such as Fraxinus excelsior, the common ash of Europe, demonstrates one possible kind of variation. Ash flowers are wind-pollinated and lack petals and sepals. Structurally, the flowers may be bisexual, consisting of two stamens and an ovary, or may be male (staminate), lacking a functional ovary, or female (carpellate), lacking functional stamens. Different forms may occur on the same tree, or on different trees.[8] The Asteraceae (sunflower family), with close to 22,000 species worldwide, have highly modified inflorescences made up of flowers (florets) collected together into tightly packed heads. Heads may have florets of one sexual morphology – all bisexual, all carpellate or all staminate (when they are called homogamous), or may have mixtures of two or more sexual forms (heterogamous).[12] Thus goatsbeards (Tragopogon species) have heads of bisexual florets, like other members of the tribe Cichorieae,[13] whereas marigolds (Calendula species) generally have heads with the outer florets bisexual and the inner florets staminate (male).[14]
Like Amborella, some plants undergo sex-switching. For example, Arisaema triphyllum (Jack-in-the-pulpit) expresses sexual differences at different stages of growth: smaller plants produce all or mostly male flowers; as plants grow larger over the years the male flowers are replaced by more female flowers on the same plant. Arisaema triphyllum thus covers a multitude of sexual conditions in its lifetime: nonsexual juvenile plants, young plants that are all male, larger plants with a mix of both male and female flowers, and large plants that have mostly female flowers.[15] Other plant populations have plants that produce more male flowers early in the year and as plants bloom later in the growing season they produce more female flowers.[citation needed]
Terminology[edit]
The complexity of the morphology of flowers and its variation within populations has led to a rich terminology.
Androdioecious: having male flowers on some plants, bisexual ones on others.[6]
Androecious: having only male flowers (the male of a dioecious population); producing pollen but no seed.[16]
Androgynous: see bisexual.[6]
Androgynomonoecious: having male, female, and bisexual flowers on the same plant, also called trimonoecious.[16]
Andromonoecious: having both bisexual and male flowers on the same plant.[6]
Bisexual: each flower of each individual has both male and female structures, i.e. it combines both sexes in one structure.[6] Flowers of this kind are called perfect, having both stamens and carpels. Other terms used for this condition are androgynous, hermaphroditic, monoclinous and synoecious.
Dichogamous: having sexes developing at different times; producing pollen when the stigmas are not receptive,[6] either protandrous or protogynous. This promotes outcrossing by limiting self-pollination.[17] Some dichogamous plants have bisexual flowers, others have unisexual flowers.
Diclinous: see Unisexual.[6]
Dioecious: having either only male or only female flowers.[6] No individual plant of the population produces both pollen and ovules.[18] (From the Greek for "two households". See also the Wiktionary entry for dioecious.)
Gynodioecious: having hermaphrodite flowers and female flowers on separate plants.[19]
Gynoecious: having only female flowers (the female of a dioecious population); producing seed but not pollen.[citation needed]
Gynomonoecious: having both bisexual and female flowers on the same plant.[6]
Hermaphroditic: see bisexual.[6]
Imperfect: (of flowers) having some parts that are normally present not developed,[20] e.g. lacking stamens. See also Unisexual.
Monoclinous: see bisexual.[6]
Monoecious: In the commoner narrow sense of the term, it refers to plants with unisexual flowers which occur on the same individual.[2] In the broad sense of the term, it also includes plants with bisexual flowers.[6] Individuals bearing separate flowers of both sexes at the same time are called simultaneously or synchronously monoecious.[citation needed] Individuals that bear flowers of one sex at one time are called consecutively monoecious.[citation needed] (From the Greek monos "single" + oikia "house". See also the Wiktionary entry for monoecious.)
Perfect: (of flowers) see bisexual.[6]
Polygamodioecious: mostly dioecious, but with either a few flowers of the opposite sex or a few bisexual flowers on the same plant.[2]
Polygamomonoecious: see polygamous.[6] Or, mostly monoecious, but also partly polygamous.[2]
Polygamous: having male, female, and bisexual flowers on the same plant.[6] Also called polygamomonoecious or trimonoecious.[21] Or, with bisexual and at least one of male and female flowers on the same plant.[2]
Protandrous: (of dichogamous plants) having male parts of flowers developed before female parts, e.g. having flowers that function first as male and then change to female or producing pollen before the stigmas of the same plant are receptive.[6] (Protoandrous is also used.)
Protogynous: (of dichogamous plants) having female parts of flowers developed before male parts, e.g. having flowers that function first as female and then change to male or producing pollen after the stigmas of the same plant are receptive.[6]
Subandroecious: having mostly male flowers, with a few female or bisexual flowers.[citation needed]
Subdioecious: having some individuals in otherwise dioecious populations with flowers that are not clearly male or female. The population produces normally male or female plants with unisexual flowers, but some plants may have bisexual flowers, some both male and female flowers, and others some combination thereof, such as female and bisexual flowers. The condition is thought to represent a transition between bisexuality and dioecy.[22][23]
Subgynoecious: having mostly female flowers, with a few male or bisexual flowers.[citation needed]
Synoecious: see bisexual.[6]
Trimonoecious: see polygamous[6] and androgynomonoecious.[16]
Trioecious: see polygamous.[citation needed]
Unisexual: having either functionally male or functionally female flowers.[6] This condition is also called diclinous, incomplete or imperfect.
Outcrossing[edit]
Outcrossing, cross-fertilization or allogamy, in which offspring are formed by the fusion of the gametes of two different plants, is the most common mode of reproduction among higher plants. About 55% of higher plant species reproduce in this way. An additional 7% are partially cross-fertilizing and partially self-fertilizing (autogamy). About 15% produce gametes but are principally self-fertilizing with significant out-crossing lacking. Only about 8% of higher plant species reproduce exclusively by non-sexual means. These include plants that reproduce vegetatively by runners or bulbils, or which produce seeds without embryo fertilization (apomixis). The selective advantage of outcrossing appears to be the masking of deleterious recessive mutations.[24]
The primary mechanism used by flowering plants to ensure outcrossing involves a genetic mechanism known as self-incompatibility. Various aspects of floral morphology promote allogamy. In plants with bisexual flowers, the anthers and carpels may mature at different times, plants being protandrous (with the anthers maturing first) or protogynous (with the carpels mature first).[citation needed] Monoecious species, with unisexual flowers on the same plant, may produce male and female flowers at different times.[citation needed]
Dioecy, the condition of having unisexual flowers on different plants, necessarily results in outcrossing, and might thus be thought to have evolved for this purpose. However, "dioecy has proven difficult to explain simply as an outbreeding mechanism in plants that lack self-incompatibility".[7] Resource-allocation constraints may be important in the evolution of dioecy, for example, with wind-pollination, separate male flowers arranged in a catkin that vibrates in the wind may provide better pollen dispersal.[7] In climbing plants, rapid upward growth may be essential, and resource allocation to fruit production may be incompatible with rapid growth, thus giving an advantage to delayed production of female flowers.[7] Dioecy has evolved separately in many different lineages, and monoecy in the plant lineage correlates with the evolution of dioecy, suggesting that dioecy can evolve more readily from plants that already produce separate male and female flowers.[7]
See also[edit]
Book: Sex
Plants portal
Apomixis
Botany
Evolution of sexual reproduction
Flower
Evolutionary history of plants: Flowers
Flower: Development
Meiosis
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Barrett, S.C.H. (2002). "The evolution of plant sexual diversity" (PDF). Nature Reviews Genetics. 3 (4): 274–284. doi:10.1038/nrg776.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hickey, M. & King, C. (2001). The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms. Cambridge University Press.
Jump up ^ Sporne 1974, pp. 14–15.
Jump up ^ Whittemore, Alan T. "Ranunculus". http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=127971. Retrieved 2013-03-04. Missing or empty |title= (help) In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (1982)
Jump up ^ Sporne 1974, pp. 125–127.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Beentje, Henk (2010). The Kew Plant Glossary. Richmond, Surrey: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 978-1-84246-422-9.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Renner, S.S. & Ricklefs, R.E. (1995). "Dioecy and its correlates in the flowering plants". American Journal of Botany. 82: 596–606. JSTOR 2445418. doi:10.2307/2445418.
^ Jump up to: a b Stace 2010, pp. 292–296.
Jump up ^ Stace 2010, p. 669.
Jump up ^ Buzgo, Matyas; Soltis, Pamela S. & Soltis, Douglas E. (2004). "Floral Developmental Morphology of Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae)". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 165 (6): 925–947. doi:10.1086/424024.
Jump up ^ Sporne 1974, pp. 15–16.
Jump up ^ Barkley, Theodore M.; Brouillet, Luc & Strother, John L. "Asteraceae". http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10074. Retrieved 2013-03-04. Missing or empty |title= (help) In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (1982)
Jump up ^ Barkley, Theodore M.; Brouillet, Luc & Strother, John L. "Chichorieae". http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=20701. Retrieved 2013-03-04. Missing or empty |title= (help) In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (1982)
Jump up ^ Strother, John L. "Calendula". http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=105062. Retrieved 2013-03-04. Missing or empty |title= (help) In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (1982)
Jump up ^ Ewing, J.W. & Klein, R.M. (1982). "Sex Expression in Jack-in-the-Pulpit". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 109 (1): 47–50. doi:10.2307/2484467.
^ Jump up to: a b c Janick, J. (2010). Plant Breeding Reviews. Wiley. ISBN 9780470650028.
Jump up ^ Stace, H.M. (1995). "Protogyny, Self-Incompatibility and Pollination in Anthocercis gracilis (Solanaceae)". Australian Journal of Botany. 43 (5): 451–459. doi:10.1071/BT9950451.
Jump up ^ Baskauf, Steve (2002). "Sexual systems in angiosperms". Retrieved 2013-02-27.
Jump up ^ "Gynodioecious". Dictionary of Botany. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
Jump up ^ Cook 1968, p. 131.
Jump up ^ Geber, Monica A. (1999). Gender and sexual dimorphism in flowering plants. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3-540-64597-7. p. 4
Jump up ^ Olson, Matthew S. & Antonovics, Janis (2000). "Correlation between male and female reproduction in the subdioecious herb Astilbe biternata (Saxifragaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 87 (6): 837. doi:10.2307/2656891.
Jump up ^ Strittmatter, L.I.; Negrón-Ortiz, V. & Hickey, R.J. (2002). "Subdioecy in Consolea spinosissima (Cactaceae): breeding system and embryological studies". American Journal of Botany. 89 (9): 1373–1387. PMID 21665739. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.9.1373.
Jump up ^ Bernstein, C. & Bernstein, H. (1991). Aging, Sex, and DNA Repair. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-092860-6.
Sources[edit]
Cook, J. Gordon (1968). ABC of plant terms. Watford, UK: Merrow. OCLC 474319451.
Flora of North America Editorial Committee, ed. (1982). Flora of North America (online). eFloras.org. Retrieved 2013-03-04.
Sporne, K.R. (1974). The Morphology of Angiosperms. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 978-0-09-120611-6.
Stace, Clive (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (3rd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-70772-5.
Further reading[edit]
Darwin, Charles (1877). The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species. London: J. Murray.
Linnaeus, Carl (1735). Systema Naturae.
Sattler, Rolf (1973). Organogenesis of Flowers: a Photographic Text-Atlas. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-1864-9.
External links[edit]
Images of sexual systems in flowering plants at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
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Kim's Convenience (TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Kim's Convenience
Based on
Kim's Convenience
by Ins Choi
Developed by
Ins Choi
Kevin White
Starring
Paul Sun-Hyung Lee
Jean Yoon
Simu Liu
Andrea Bang
Andrew Phung
Nicole Power
Country of origin
Canada
No. of seasons
2
No. of episodes
26
Production
Executive producer(s)
Ivan Fecan
Alexandra Raffe
Ins Choi
Kevin White
Alan Dilworth
Tania Senewiratne
Producer(s)
Ivan Fecan
Running time
30 minutes
Production company(s)
Thunderbird Films
Release
Original network
CBC Television
Picture format
480i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)
Original release
October 11, 2016 – present
External links
Website
Kim's Convenience is a Canadian television sitcom that premiered on CBC Television in October 2016.[1][2] The series centres on the Korean Canadian Kim family who run a convenience store in the Moss Park neighbourhood of Toronto: parents "Appa" (Paul Sun-Hyung Lee) and "Umma" (Jean Yoon) – Korean for "dad" and "mom" – along with their daughter Janet (Andrea Bang) and estranged son Jung (Simu Liu). Additional characters include Jung's friend and co-worker Kimchee (Andrew Phung) and his manager Shannon (Nicole Power).[3] The series is based on Ins Choi's 2011 play of the same name.
The first season was filmed from June to August 2016 at Showline Studios in Toronto. It is produced by Thunderbird Films in conjunction with Toronto's Soulpepper Theatre Company, with Lee and Yoon reprising their roles from the play.[4] Scripts were created by Choi and Kevin White, who had previously written for Corner Gas.[5]
The second season premiered on September 26, 2017.[6][7] The show has been renewed for two more seasons.[8]
In July 2018, the series became available to audiences outside of Canada when it debuted internationally on Netflix [9].
Contents
1 Cast and characters
1.1 Main
1.2 Recurring
2 Production
2.1 Shooting locations
3 Episodes
3.1 Season 1 (2016)
3.2 Season 2 (2017)
3.3 Season 3
3.4 Season 4
4 DVD releases
5 Reception
5.1 Critical response
5.2 Ratings
5.3 Awards
6 References
7 External links
Cast and characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Paul Sun-Hyung Lee as Kim Sang-il ("Mr. Kim"/"Appa") - The family patriarch, Mr. Kim was a teacher in his homeland before immigrating to Canada with his wife where they now own and operate 'Kim's Convenience', a grocery store in Toronto's Moss Park neighbourhood. Mr. Kim is traditional, proud and stubborn, practical, opinionated and blunt. He is estranged from his son Jung, 56 years old at the start of the series.[10]
Jean Yoon as Kim Yong-mi ("Mrs. Kim"/"Umma") - The family matriarch, Mrs. Kim, 54 at the start of the series, was also a teacher in Korea. She is hardworking and kind but also meddles in the lives of her family. Her life revolves around the store, family, and church, where she volunteers.[11]
Simu Liu as Jung Kim, 24 at the start of the series. Mr. and Mrs. Kim's son and Janet's brother. Jung works at Handy Car Rental, where he is promoted to assistant manager at the beginning of the series. He was a rebellious teenager who had engaged in petty street crimes, earning him a brief stint in juvenile detention, but has since cleaned up his act. He was kicked out of the family home by Mr. Kim after stealing from him and remains estranged from his father though he is still in contact with the rest of the family.[12]
Andrea Bang as Janet Kim, 20 at the start of the series, Mr. and Mrs. Kim's daughter and Jung's sister. She is the family member in most frequent contact with Jung. Attending OCAD University, where she studies photography, Janet is a talented artist but is frustrated by her parents' traditionalism, their lack of support for her art, and the fact that they overparent her due to Jung's estrangement from the household.[13]
Andrew Phung as Kimchee, 25 at the start of the series. Jung's best friend, co-worker, roommate, and former partner in crime.[14]
Nicole Power as Shannon Ross, 26. The manager of Handy Car Rental, and Jung and Kimchee's boss, she has a crush on Jung in season 1 and is often awkward in her attempts to appear cool and hip.[15]
Recurring[edit]
John Ng as Mr. Chin, Mr. Kim's friend and a successful entrepreneur, owning several businesses. Fastidious, he does not like to do manual labour.
Ben Beauchemin as Gerald, Janet's friend, roommate, and a fellow student at OCAD. He's intimidated by Mr. Kim and has awkward interactions with him.
Michael Musi as Terence, a mild-mannered employee at Handy Car Rental whom Kimchee inexplicably hates.
Getenesh Berhe as Semira, another of Janet's OCAD photography classmates and friends.
Soo-Ram Kim as Nayoung, Janet's cousin who visits from South Korea in season 1. In season 2 she moves to Canada to attend the University of Waterloo.
Michael Xavier as Alex Jackson, a police officer who was Jung's childhood friend and who is getting reacquainted with Janet.
Sabrina Grdevich as Ms Murray, one of Janet's professors at OCAD.
Sugith Varughese as Mr. Mehta, a friend of Mr. Kim's who plays cards with him and owns an Indian restaurant.
Hiro Kanagawa as Pastor Choi, the pastor at Mrs. Kim's church.
Christina Song as Mrs. Lee, Grace Lee's mother and Mrs. Kim's friend.
Uni Park as Mrs. Park, a supercilious and well-to-do parishioner at Mrs. Kim's church who looks down on the Kims.
Amanda Brugel as Pastor Nina Gomez, associate pastor at Mrs. Kim's church.
Rodrigo Fernandez-Stoll as Enrique, a nurse and regular customer.
Tina Jung as Jeanie Park, Mrs. Park's introverted teenage daughter.
Kris Hagen as Sketchy-Looking Dude, a regular customer.
Marco Grazzini as Alejandro, Shannon's new boyfriend at the end of season one, continuing into season two.
Derek McGrath as Frank, a repairman and friend of Mr. Kim's who tells pointless anecdotes.
Ellora Patnaik as Mrs. Mehta, Mr. Mehta's wife and a friend of Mrs. Kim.
Production[edit]
An existing convenience store in Toronto, Mimi's Convenience Store, at 252 Queen Street East, was redesigned to stand in for exterior shots in the show.
Shooting locations[edit]
Interior scenes at the store, Handy Car Rental and home are shot at Showline Studios at 901 Lake Shore Boulevard East, where an exact replica of Mimi Variety, the model for the store, has been recreated. The studio is also used as the exterior of the car rental business. One episode was shot in Koreatown at Bloor and Christie Streets. The long established "Mimi Variety" store at 252 Queen Street East is used for exterior shots and as the model for the interior set built in the studio. While the signage has been adjusted, the "Kim's Convenience" sign uses the same red and green lettering and all other sections, such as the "7 DAYS A WEEK", are the original signage of Mimi Variety.[16] The producers also painted a mural on an exterior wall, mostly seen in the credit sequence and for stock transitional shots as well as for promotional shots. The owners of the store have retained the new signage although the business has not officially changed its name.[16][17]
Episodes[edit]
Originally set to premiere on October 4, 2016, on CBC, the series premiere was delayed to October 11, 2016, with back-to-back episodes, so it would not conflict with the Toronto Blue Jays' American League Wild Card Game.[18] The first season consists of 13 half-hour episodes.[19]
CBC announced on December 20, 2016, that it had renewed Kim's Convenience for a second season of 13 episodes.[7] Season 2 premiered on September 26, 2017.[6]
Season 1 (2016)[edit]
#
overall
# in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Canadian viewers
(millions)
1
1 "Gay Discount" Kaeden Michlick Ins Choi & Kevin White October 11, 2016 (2016-10-11) 0.835[20]
After being accused of homophobia, Appa decides to offer a store discount to gay customers during Toronto Pride Week — but he doesn't seem to be very good at determining who qualifies for it. Meanwhile, Eomma tries to find a "cool Christian Korean boyfriend" for Janet.
2
2 "Janet's Photos" Kaeden Michlick Ins Choi & Kevin White October 11, 2016 (2016-10-11) 0.805[20]
When Janet's photos start getting attention from admirers, Appa tries to prove he's a better photographer. Meanwhile, Jung decides to apply for a promotion at the car rental agency, to the dismay of Kimchee and Eomma, though for different reasons.
3
3 "Ddongjeem & Eomma's Picture" Peter Wellington Garry Campbell October 18, 2016 (2016-10-18) 0.749[22]
Jung draws the wrong kind of attention from his boss when he gives Kimchee a ddong chim (Korean "wedgie") at work. Mr. Kim commissions Janet's friend, Gerald, to take his photo instead of asking Janet.[21]
4
4 "Frank and Nayoung" Dawn Wilkinson Ins Choi & Kevin White October 25, 2016 (2016-10-25) 0.763[23]
Mr. Kim is frustrated with Frank (Derek McGrath), a repairman who talks too much, while Janet's cousin Nayoung (Soo-Ram Kim) visits from Korea, challenging Janet's sense of what it means to be 'Korean.' Jung and Shannon get tickets to a Toronto Raptors game, but Jung starts to wonder if Shannon thinks it's a date.
5
5 "Wingman" James Genn Garry Campbell November 1, 2016 (2016-11-01) N/A
Mr. Chin asks Mr. Kim to be his wingman on a date, which is fine until Mrs. Kim tags along. Janet asks Jung to help her fix a dripping pipe at the store, but the repair is interrupted by an intruder. A police officer (Michael Xavier) helps Jung resolve a misunderstanding and Jung recognizes him as his childhood friend Alex, who becomes reacquainted with Janet.
6
6 "Rude Kid"[24] James Genn Sonja Bennett November 15, 2016 (2016-11-15) N/A
Mr. Kim scolds Janet's professor's 5 year-old kid, when he misbehaves in the store, with unexpected consequences for Janet; Jung discovers Kimchee is making extra money by moonlighting for a carsharing company, illicitly using Handy Car Rental cars, and has to decide whether to let Terence get fired when Shannon wrongly suspects him as the culprit.[24]
7
7 "Hapkido"[25] Dawn Wilkinson Ins Choi November 22, 2016 (2016-11-22) 0.887[26]
Janet takes a Hapkido class but Mr. Kim thinks he knows more than her teacher (Tommy Chang). Jung runs into Grace Lee (Eileen Li), an old flame; they both discover that their meeting was not accidental but part of a plan by their mothers to get them back together.[25]
8
8 "Service"[27] James Genn Rebecca Kohler November 29, 2016 (2016-11-29) 0.878[28]
Mr. and Mrs. Kim's relationship is tested when Mr. Kim offers the attractive new female pastor (Amanda Brugel) some free items from the store. Janet dates Jung's friend, Alex, and Jung pretends to be cool with it.[27]
9
9 "Best Before"[29] James Genn Story by : Kevin White and Ins Choi
Teleplay by : Anita Kapila December 6, 2016 (2016-12-06) N/A
Mr. Kim tries to prove that "best before" dates mean nothing when Janet objects to his selling expired ravioli; Mrs. Kim's serving up her homemade galbijjim at the church bazaar when a surprise visit by Jung forces her to admit that she's embarrassed by his troubled past.[29]
10
10 "Janet's New Job"[30] Dawn Wilkinson Anita Kapila December 13, 2016 (2016-12-13) N/A
Janet is sick of working for free and finds a job at Handy Car Rental putting Jung in a difficult position when she notices that Jung and Shannon are attracted to each other; Appa hires Gerald to work in the store but Gerald is nervous and clumsy whenver Appa is around, which is all the time.[30]
11
11 "Handyman"[31] Dawn Wilkinson Kevin White December 20, 2016 (2016-12-20) 0.690[32]
Mr. Kim fixes a broken toilet for Kimchee; Jung hides out with Shannon; when Edwin Carter (Kevin Bundy), an old acquaintance of Eomma's drops by, Janet believes there's more to his relationship with Mrs. Kim.[31]
12
12 "Appa's Lump"[33] Peter Wellington Anita Kapila December 27, 2016 (2016-12-27) 0.805[34]
Mr. Kim finds a lump on his back and goes in for a biopsy; Janet wins an award at school; Shannon brings Jung to a work event which may also be a date, when he learns of Mr. Kim's surgery and must decide whether or not to ditch Shannon and go to hospital.
13
13 "Family Singing Contest"[35] Peter Wellington Ins Choi & Kevin White December 27, 2016 (2016-12-27) 0.938[34]
Janet signs a lease with Gerald and Semira but doesn't know how to break the news to her parents. Mrs Kim really wants her family to beat the Parks at the church's family singing festival, but Jung is reluctant to join them while Janet hopes entering the contest will put Eomma in a good mood to receive her news; Mr. Kim gets attention for his new SUV. Jung is surprised to learn that Shannon has a new boyfriend, Alejandro, (Marco Grazzini), whom she brings to the church festival, resulting in Jung realising he may have feelings for her.
Season 2 (2017)[edit]
#
overall
# in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Canadian viewers
(millions)
14
1 "Janet's Roommate"[36] Peter Wellington Ins Choi & Kevin White September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26) 0.516[37]
Appa and Umma encourage Janet to stay home when her plans to move in with Gerald and Semira hit a snag. Kimchee tells Jung to make a move on Shannon, but her relationship with Alejandro shows no sign of ending.
15
2 "Business Award"[36] Peter Wellington Matt Kippen October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03) N/A
An award comes between Appa and Umma. Shannon begins biking to work. Janet and Gerald have their first argument as roommates.
16
3 "House Guest"[38] Peter Wellington Ins Choi & Kevin White October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10) N/A
Pastor Nina stays with the Kims while her apartment is being renovated. After a night with Janet and her college friends, Jung is worried he might not be that bright.
17
4 "Cardboard Jung"[36] Dawn Wilkinson Ins Choi & Kevin White October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17) N/A
Appa is ambivalent when Umma brings home a lifesized cardboard cutout of Jung made by Handy Car Rental as a promotion. Janet's cousin Nayoung returns.
18
5 "Date Night"[36] Aleysa Young Ins Choi & Kat Sandler October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24) N/A
Appa is pressured to make his date night with Umma more special. Jung looks online to replace Kimchee's sneakers.
19
6 "Resting Place"[36] Peter Wellington Anita Kapila October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31) N/A
A money-saving scheme comes back to haunt Appa when Umma discovers that he sold her burial plot 20 years ago; Janet's bedroom habits make Gerald uncomfortable; Jung does damage control after losing a play wrestling match to Kimchee.
20
7 "Sneak Attack"[36] Gary Campbell Anita Kapila November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07) N/A
Appa wants in on Umma's side business, while Janet assumes a new identity accidentally on purpose when she tries to get into a film festival after party. When Umma offers the store's old freezer to Jung and Kimchee, Jung is reluctant to accept it while Kimchee and Janet fight over who will get the freezer for their respective apartment.
21
8 "Silent Auction"[36] Dawn Wilkinson Anita Kapila November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14) N/A
Umma has her heart set on a coat at the auction; Jung accuses Shannon of acting unprofessional; Janet's big payday gets foiled.
22
9 "New TV"[36] Renuka Jeyapalan Nadyia Chettiar &
Kevin White November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21) N/A
Appa buys a new TV and Umma donates the old one to a newly arrived refugee family; a photography lecturer notices Janet; Kimchee worries about Jung stealing his girlfriend.
23
10 "Janet's Boyfriend"[39] Renuka Jeyapalan Matt Kippen November 28, 2017 (2017-11-28) N/A
Janet tries to keep her relationship with Raj Mehta (Ishan Dave) from Appa and Umma; Jung and Kimchee can't agree about their house party.
24
11 "Good Neighbours"[39] Siobhan Devine Nadyia Chettiar &
Carly Stone December 5, 2017 (2017-12-05) N/A
Appa and Umma meet their new neighbour; Jung starts a new work romance; Janet doesn't like how sweet Gerald's new girlfriend is.
25
12 "Appa's First Text"[39] Peter Wellington Carly Stone &
Kevin White December 12, 2017 (2017-12-12) N/A
Appa inherits Janet's smartphone; Umma discovers a pest in the store; Kimchee tries to help Janet with her F.O.M.O.; Jung tries to reconnect with a girl.
26
13 "Handy Graduation"[40] Peter Wellington Anita Kapila, Matt Kippen & Kevin White December 19, 2017 (2017-12-19) 0.722[41]
Umma wants the family to celebrate Jung getting his GED; Shannon organizes a party to celebrate Jung's achievement but is conflicted when their feelings for each other surface. Janet gets tired of being the good one and feels unappreciated when Umma and Appa celebrate Jung's achievement while ignoring hers. Jung struggles to tell Shannon that he's taking a job elsewhere.
Season 3[edit]
On March 12, 2018, the cast of Kim's Convenience took to Facebook and Twitter to announce that there would be a Season 3.[42] Season 3 of the show is scheduled to begin airing in early 2019.[43]
Season 4[edit]
On May 24, 2018, just 2 months after announcing the season 3 renewal of the show, CBC announced that the show had also been renewed for a season 4. In this unprecedented move, the show was renewed for a fourth season even before the third season of the show had begun production.[43]
DVD releases[edit]
Entertainment One released the first season of Kim's Convenience on Region 1 DVD on March 7, 2017.[44]
Season
Episodes
Release Date
Region 1
1 13 March 7, 2017
2 13 March 6, 2018[45]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The show has received mostly positive reviews.
John Doyle of The Globe and Mail wrote that the show "stays away from the pseudo-seriousness that could easily plague a comedy about immigrants and family dynamics." In conclusion, Doyle called it "a clever, generally engaging screwball comedy with an eye on entertainment".[46] The Toronto Star's Tony Wong wrote that "the show is good. Possibly even great. The dialogue is sharp, on point and borderline subversive. It has the potential to be a future classic. It has bite...It’s funny and true, but not a reality we typically see reflected on television."[47]
Rick Salutin, also of the Star, was less enthusiastic of the show's portrayal of minorities on television saying "only accents are funny in Kim's Convenience" and that audiences are "laughing at the characters not with them". Salutin concluded by stating "I don't see why supporting Canadian culture means you should be uncritical, as if someone will take it away if you weren't. You should be most critical about what you care most about like public education or the CBC, you want them to be good not just there".[48]
Ratings[edit]
Midway through its first season, Kim's Convenience was estimated by Numeris to have an average audience of 933,000 per episode, with 39% of viewers between the ages of 25 and 54.[7]
Awards[edit]
For the 5th Canadian Screen Awards in 2017, Kim's Convenience garnered 11 nominations, including Best Comedy Series, Best Actor in a Comedy Series (Lee), Best Actress in a Comedy Series (Yoon and Bang), and Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series (Phung).[49] Lee won the award for best actor in a continuing leading comedic role for his portrayal of Appa,[50] and Phung won Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of Kimchee.[51]
Kim's Convenience won two awards at the 2017 Toronto ACTRA Awards, Outstanding Performance - Female for actress Jean Yoon and the Members’ Choice Series Ensemble Award for Best Cast.[52][53]
The first-season episodes “Ddong Chim” and “Janet’s Photos” are 2017 Writers Guild of Canada's Canadian Screenwriting Awards finalists in the TV comedy category.[54]
At the 6th Canadian Screen Awards in 2018, the series received 12 nominations. It won the awards for Best Comedy Series, Best Actor in a Comedy Series (Lee) and Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series (Phung).
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref.
2017 15th ACTRA Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actress Jean Yoon ("Gay Discount") Won [55][56]
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble Won
5th Canadian Screen Awards Best Comedy Series Nominated [57]
Best Direction in a Comedy Program or Series Peter Wellington ("Gay Discount") Nominated
Best Writing in a Comedy Program or Series Ins Choi, Kevin White ("Gay Discount") Nominated
Garry Campbell ("Ddong Chim") Nominated
Best Performance by an Actress in a Continuing Leading Comedic Role Jean Yoon Nominated
Andrea Bang Nominated
Best Performance by an Actor in a Continuing Leading Comedic Role Paul Sun-Hyung Lee Won
Best Achievement in Casting Deirdre Bowen, Millie Tom ("Frank & Nayiyng") Won
Best Performance by an Actor in a Featured Supporting Role
or Guest Role in a Comedic Series Andrew Phung ("Janet's Photos", "Ddong Chim") Won
Best Photography in a Comedy Program or Series Fraser Brown ("Frank & Nayiyng") Nominated
Best Picture Editing in a Comedy Program or Series Kye Meechan ("Gay Discount") Won
21st WGC Screenwriting Awards TV Comedy Garry Campbell ("Ddong Chim") Nominated [58]
Ins Choi, Kevin White ("Janet's Photos") Nominated
2018 16th ACTRA Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor Paul Sun-Hyung Lee ("Hapkido") Nominated [59]
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble Nominated
6th Canadian Screen Awards Best Comedy Series Won [60][61]
Best Direction, Comedy Aleysa Young ("Date Night") Nominated
Best Photography, Comedy Fraser Brown ("Cardboard Jung") Nominated
Best Picture Editing, Comedy Aren Hansen ("Date Night") Nominated
Best Writing, Comedy Anita Kapila ("Resting Place") Nominated
Matt Kippen ("Business Award") Nominated
Best Achievement in Casting Deidre Bowen Nominated
Best Lead Actor, Comedy Paul Sun-Hyung Lee Won
Best Supporting or Guest Actor, Comedy Andrew Phung ("Cardboard Jung", "Resting Place") Won
Best Lead Actress, Comedy Andrea Bang Nominated
Jean Yoon Nominated
Best Supporting or Guest Actress, Comedy Nicole Power Nominated
22nd WGC Screenwriting Awards TV Comedy Anita Kapila ("Resting Place") Pending [62]
Matt Kippen ("Business Award") Pending
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "CBC unveils fall-winter slate: Kim's Convenience, Steven Sabados returns, digital comedies". CBC News, May 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "CBC reveals new TV shows, revives Michael: Tuesdays and Thursdays". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "About Kim's Convenience". CBC News. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nestruck, J. Kelly (November 3, 2015). "Toronto's Soulpepper Theatre Company announces 2016 lineup". Globe and Mail. Retrieved November 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Shop Talk: Can Kim's Convenience help fix TV's diversity problem?". The Walrus, October 2016, pages 61-65
^ Jump up to: a b "Season 2 premiere date set for September 26". CBC. August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "CBC Renews Canada's Number-One New Comedy - Kim's Convenience - for a Second Season". CBC. December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/kimsconvenience/m/blog/season-3-of-kims-convenience-has-been-officially-announced
Jump up ^ "If You Love Family Sitcoms, Watch Kim's Convenience". Vulture. August 19, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Mr. Kim ("Appa") - Characters - Kim's Convenience: New episodes Tuesdays".
Jump up ^ "Mrs. Kim ("Umma") - Characters - Kim's Convenience: New episodes Tuesdays".
Jump up ^ "Jung - Characters - Kim's Convenience: New episodes Tuesdays".
Jump up ^ "Janet - Characters - Kim's Convenience: New episodes Tuesdays".
Jump up ^ "Kimchee - Characters - Kim's Convenience: New episodes Tuesdays".
Jump up ^ "Shannon - Characters - Kim's Convenience: New episodes Tuesdays".
^ Jump up to: a b Wong, Tony (2016-10-16). "The real store that became Kim's Convenience". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
Jump up ^ Zhu, Yeye (November 24, 2016). "Kim's Convenience wins fame for local store".
Jump up ^ "CBC's Kim's Convenience gives way to Blue Jays". The Canadian Press. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ David, Greg (July 12, 2016). "Production on Thunderbird's Kim's Convenience begins for CBC". TV, eh?. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Brioux, Bill (October 13, 2016). "Kim's Convenience an overnight success for CBC". Brioux.tv. Retrieved December 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "First look: Episode 103". Kim's Convenience. CBC Television. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ @BillBriouxTV (October 20, 2016). "TUES o'nites ...CBC MERCER 625K 22MIN 597K KIM'S 749K MR.D (S Premiere) 363K CTV2 VOICE 590K CITY BROOKLYN99 345K W BACHETTE 250K AFTER 270K" (Tweet). Retrieved December 22, 2016 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ @BillBriouxTV (October 26, 2016). "TUES o'nites ... CBC 22MIN 743K KIM'S 763K MR.D 345K CTV2 VOICE 683K DISC HWYTHRUHELL 368K" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ Jump up to: a b "TV Listings Grid, TV Guide and TV Schedule, Where to Watch TV Shows - Screener".
^ Jump up to: a b "TV Listings Grid, TV Guide and TV Schedule, Where to Watch TV Shows - Screener".
Jump up ^ @BillBriouxTV (December 6, 2016). "CND TOP 30 TOTALS NOV. 21 - 27 (Numeris): 1. TSN GREY CUP 3646k 13. @CBCMurdoch 1340k 27. #HNiC Prime East 1022k 29. @KimsConvenience 887k" (Tweet). Retrieved December 21, 2016 – via Twitter.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kim's Convenience Episode Guide". zap2it. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Numeris - November 28 - December 4, 2016" (PDF). Numeris. Retrieved December 22, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kim's Convenience Episode Guide". zap2it. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kim's Convenience Episode Guide". zap2it. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kim's Convenience Episode Guide". zap2it. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "December 19, 2016 - December 25, 2016 (National)" (PDF). Numeris. January 3, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kim's Convenience Episode Guide". zap2it. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "December 26, 2016 - January 1, 2017 (National)" (PDF). Numeris. January 9, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kim's Convenience Episode Guide". zap2it. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Kim's Convenience Episode Guide". zap2it. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ @BillBriouxTV (September 30, 2017). "CBC PREMIERE WEEK o'nite MON Murdoch 978k AliasGrace 442k TUES Mercer 591k 22Min 590k Kim's 516k MrD 227k WED GBritBake 269k THURS DDen 590k" (Tweet). Retrieved January 9, 2018 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ "Program Guide - Schedule". CBC. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Kim's Convenience Episode Guide". zap2it. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kim's Convenience Episode Guide". zap2it. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "December 18, 2017 - December 24, 2017 (National)" (PDF). Numeris. January 2, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Season 3 of Kim's Convenience has been officially announced!". cbc.ca. March 12, 2018. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
^ Jump up to: a b "Season 3 premieres winter 2019 and season 4 has been greenlit". cbc.ca. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Kim's Convenience DVD news: Announcement for Season 1". TVShowsOnDVD.com. CBS Interactive. January 18, 2017. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Product Details". amazon.ca. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "John Doyle: CBC's big week starts with the excellent Kim's Convenience". The Globe and Mail. September 30, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kim's Convenience mines Korean grocery store for laughs". Toronto Star. October 9, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Only accents are funny in Kim's Convenience". Toronto Star. November 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Orphan Black, Schitt's Creek, Kim's Convenience up for Canadian Screen Awards". CBC News, January 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Orphan Black' Star Tatiana Maslany Dominates Canadian Screen Awards With Two Best Actress Wins". The Hollywood Reporter, March 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Screen Awards 2017: Baroness von Sketch Show, Orphan Black big winners". CBC News, March 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kim's Convenience scores two prizes at ACTRA Awards". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "2017 ACTRA Awards in Toronto Nominees - ACTRA Toronto". www.actratoronto.com. Archived from the original on February 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Thunderbird — ANNOUNCING THE WGC SCREENWRITING AWARDS FINALISTS". thunderbird.tv.
Jump up ^ "Award History". actratoronto.com. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The 15th Annual ACTRA Awards in Toronto nominees". newswire.ca. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "2017 TV Nominees". academy.ca. Archived from the original on November 4, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2018. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "2017 Awards Finalists and Winners". wgc.ca. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The 2018 Winners & Nominee". actratoronto.com. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "2018 TV Nominees". academy.ca. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "'Maudie' Wins Big At 2018 Canadian Screen Awards". etcanada.com. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "2018 Finalists". wgc.ca. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
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Long John (doughnut)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Long John (pastry)
A maple Long John from Bloedow’s in Winona, Minnesota, United States
Alternative names
Cream Stick, Chocolate Bar, Maple Bar (in some regions)
Type
pastry
Main ingredients
Dough, glaze or icing
Cookbook: Long John (pastry) Media: Long John (pastry)
The Long John is a bar-shaped, yeast risen[1] pastry often coated with glaze or icing. In some parts of the United States, such as the southern Indiana region, unfilled bar doughnuts are called Long Johns and their filled counterparts are called éclairs. In other parts of the United States, such as the Mid-Atlantic, Long Johns are marketed as éclairs; the two pastries look similar but are created with different types of dough and fillings.
A Bismark is a filled round doughnut.
Contents
[hide]
1 Other names
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Other names[edit]
On the American west coast, unfilled Long Johns are called bar doughnuts, such as Maple Bars and Chocolate Bars, depending on the frosting. Filled Long Johns are called filled bars, or filled bar doughnuts. For example, an unfilled Long John with maple-flavored icing is called a Maple bar in California.
See also[edit]
List of doughnut varieties
List of breakfast foods
List of foods made from maple
Boston cream doughnut, the round cream filled donut, with chocolate
Cruller, the German American rectangular donut with a twisted shape
Eclair (pastry)
Food portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Serious Eats Doughnut Glossary
External links[edit]
Media related to Long Johns at Wikimedia Commons
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_John_(doughnut)&oldid=806250855"
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