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Soul Surfer (film)
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Soul Surfer
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Sean McNamara
Produced by
David Zelon
Douglas Schwartz
Dutch Hofstetter
David Brookwell
Sean McNamara
Screenplay by
Sean McNamara
Deborah Schwartz
Douglas Schwartz
Michael Berk
Story by
Sean McNamara
Deborah Schwartz
Douglas Schwartz
Michael Berk
Matt Allen
Caleb Wilson
Brad Gann
Based on
Soul Surfer: A True Story of Faith, Family, and Fighting to Get Back on the Board
by
Bethany Hamilton
Sheryl Berk
Rick Bundschuh
Starring
AnnaSophia Robb
Helen Hunt
Lorraine Nicholson
Carrie Underwood
Dennis Quaid
Music by
Marco Beltrami
Cinematography
John R. Leonetti
Edited by
Jeff Canavan
Production
company
Mandalay Vision
Brookwell McNamara Entertainment
Island Film Group
Enticing Entertainment
Affirm Films
Life's a Beach Entertainment
Distributed by
TriStar Pictures
FilmDistrict
Release date
April 8, 2011 (2011-04-08)
Running time
106 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$18 million
Box office
$47.1 million[1]
Soul Surfer is a 2011 American biographical drama directed by Sean McNamara, based on the 2004 autobiography Soul Surfer: A True Story of Faith, Family, and Fighting to Get Back on the Board by Bethany Hamilton about her life as a surfer after a horrific shark attack and her recovery. The film stars AnnaSophia Robb, Helen Hunt, Dennis Quaid, and Lorraine Nicholson with Carrie Underwood, Kevin Sorbo, Sonya Balmores, Branscombe Richmond, and Craig T. Nelson.
Filming took place in Hawaii in early 2010, with additional filming taking place in Tahiti in August 2010. Soul Surfer was released in theaters on April 8, 2011 in the United States and Canada by a partnership between FilmDistrict and TriStar Pictures, and was a commercial success, earning $47,088,990[1] on a $18 million budget, but received mixed reviews from critical audiences.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical reception
4.3 Home media
4.4 Accolades
5 Further reading
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
In 2003, teenager Bethany Hamilton lives in Kauai, Hawaii with her parents Tom and Cheri, and two brothers, Noah and Timmy. All are surfers, but she and her best friend Alana Blanchard have grown up with a passion for the sport and enter a competition. Her church youth ministry leader, Sarah Hill, is disappointed when she has to withdraw from a planned mission trip to Mexico because of the contest.
In the competition, Bethany and Alana place first and third, respectively. The following day, Tom goes to the hospital for knee surgery, and the girls go surfing with Alana's father Holt and brother Byron. As Bethany dangles her left arm in the water, a tiger shark is swimming just under her surfboard and notices her arm floating in the water. It unexpectedly attacks, ripping off her arm below the shoulder. Holt, Alana, and Byron get her out of the water where Holt makes a tourniquet out of his swimshirt to put on her while Byron calls 911 as Cheri is also informed. An ambulance meets them on the way to the hospital. Just before starting Tom's knee surgery, Dr. David Rovinsky is called to the emergency room to treat Bethany. Besides losing her left arm, she also lost 60% of her blood and Dr. Rovinsky calls her survival a miracle.
The onslaught of paparazzi also proves to be a great strain on her family and their privacy. The Hamiltons are grateful to Holt for his quick and active thinking and decisive action that saved her life. Her injury prevents her from participating in the Rip Curl photo shoots, but she wishes Alana well.
Bethany perseveres and after a recuperation period, gets back in the water, and learns to surf with one arm. Inside Edition offers to provide a prosthetic one that is cosmetically perfect and has bendable joints, in exchange for an interview. She angrily rejects it when she learns it will not help her surf as it is not weight bearing, as a result of the size of her arm stump.
Bethany eventually re-enters the competition, telling rival Malina not to go easy on her, and rejects a five-minute head start offered by the judges. She does not perform well because she cannot stay on the board long enough to go out and catch a competitive wave so Malina wins. Disappointed at this loss, she decides to give up competitive surfing and her friendship with Alana is strained following an argument.
Bethany decides to surprise Sarah by joining the youth group on another mission trip to help the people of Phuket, Thailand who were devastated by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Despite her recent tragedy, she joins her youth group to help the Thai children get over their fear of the ocean. They are understandably afraid of the water, including a little boy. She decides to go into it with a surfboard, hoping this will coax him into it. It works, and the realization that she can use her gift to inspire people motivates her to take up surfing again.
Tom, who believes that Bethany possesses a great surfer's instinct for sensing when the best waves will form, rigs a handle on her surfboard which she can use to prevent falling off while paddling out to the waves, which is not prohibited by the competition's rules. Bethany trains for the competition while rekindling her friendship with Alana. She enters the national championship. During the competition, she performs respectably, though she is still chasing third place. Suddenly, with only minutes left on the clock, the waves die down and all the surfers can only loiter, waiting for the waves to start back up. Tom's belief in his daughter's instinct is proven when she is the only one to sense a big wave forming, and she alone paddles out. When it forms, the others cannot get out in time and she catches it just as the horn sounds. If it is in time, she will win, but the judges rule that the time has expired. Malina is the winner, but she has finally gotten over her differences with Bethany, inviting her up on the platform to share first place.
Subsequently, Bethany lets the reporters interview her. One asks her what she would do if given the chance to undo the loss of her arm. She says that she would still lose it because she can embrace more people now than she ever could with both.
Cast[edit]
AnnaSophia Robb as Bethany Hamilton
Helen Hunt as Cheri Hamilton
Dennis Quaid as Tom Hamilton
Carrie Underwood as Sarah Hill
Kevin Sorbo as Holt Blanchard
Ross Thomas as Noah Hamilton
Chris Brochu as Timmy Hamilton
Lorraine Nicholson as Alana Blanchard
Jeremy Sumpter as Byron Blanchard
Sonia Balmores Chung as Malina Birch, Bethany's rival
Craig T. Nelson as Dr. David Rovinsky
Cody Gomes as Keoki
Branscombe Richmond as Ben
Bethany Hamilton as Herself (archive footage)
Alana Blanchard as Herself (archive footage)
Sean McNamara cameos as a Rip Curl executive.
Production[edit]
Plans for a biopic film about Hamilton have existed since months after her shark attack and her subsequent recovery in 2004. During Hamilton's media attention, the father of Bethany's friends Chantilly and Tiffany, Roy "Dutch" Hofstetter, became the Hamilton family's media manager. Hofstetter, in February 2004, envisioned a film based on Bethany's experience, provisionally titled The Bethany Hamilton Story.[2] Bethany published her biographical book Soul Surfer in 2004,[3] and BBC reported that a film about her life was scheduled to begin filming in January 2005.[4] Production did not begin as anticipated, and Time reported in July 2006 that production was scheduled for later in the year.[5] Variety reported that the project at one point had an investment of $7.5 million and the backing of Peter Schlessel, a Sony Pictures executive.[6]
Though production had not begun by the end of 2006, in January 2007 Sean McNamara was announced to be directing the biographical film.[7] While Hamilton had a series of surfing successes, turning pro in 2007, McNamara and producer David Brookwell with her manager Roy "Dutch" Hofstetter sought more material for the film. The book was considered "a straightforward account" that was targeted to Christian readers, so the filmmakers met with the Hamilton family to determine if there were any unpublished conflicts that could be highlighted in the film. They discovered that the incident had strained the family, that family members questioned their Christian faith, and that Bethany Hamilton struggled with her physical appearance and how boys would perceive her. The media attention on the family was described by Brookwell as "a second shark attack" that had made their lives uncomfortably public.[6]
"She was actually my suggestion. I'd seen her in several films like Bridge to Terabithia and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and thought she could play me really well. She visited me in Hawaii and my surf coach and I taught her how to surf, so she at least looked like she knew what she was doing!"
— Bethany Hamilton on suggesting AnnaSophia Robb to portray her[8]
McNamara, Brookwell, Hofstetter and Douglas Schwartz spent several years raising money for production.[6] The director wrote an adapted screenplay with Michael Berk, Douglas Schwartz and Deborah Schwartz. Additional uncredited writing was performed by Ron Bass, Jen Smolka and Kara Holden. Before the film entered production, Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions acquired distribution rights for North America and most other territories. The production companies Mandalay Vision, Brookwell McNamara Entertainment and Life's a Beach Entertainment collaborated for the production, with Enticing Entertainment and Island Film Group providing financing.[9] Bethany Hamilton chose with her mother AnnaSophia Robb to portray her, as well as Sonia Balmores Chung and Jeremy Sumpter to play Malina and Alana's brother, Byron.[10] In February 2010, Robb was announced to be part of the film as Bethany Hamilton, along with Dennis Quaid and Helen Hunt who were cast as Bethany's parents.[11] Singer Carrie Underwood, in her feature film debut, was cast as a church youth leader.[11] All the surfing scenes after the shark attack were done by Hamilton herself.[8] Filming began the same month in Hawaii.[11] Principal photography and second-unit aerial work took place for 40 days; cinematographer John R. Leonetti shot on 35mm film. During filming, Robb wore a green sleeve on her arm so visual effects could be included later.[6] Though McNamara was editing the film by May 2010,[12] additional filming took place in August 2010 in Tahiti. During post-production, the VFX company Engine Room worked on 450 arm-removal shots, digitally inserting the upper arm residuum in place of Robb's green sleeve.[6] The Hamilton family was involved in the choice of music.[10] Ultimately, the film's production budget was $18 million.[13]
Release[edit]
In July 2010, USA Today reported Soul Surfer as one of several faith-based films similar to The Blind Side, Get Low, Like Dandelion Dust, and Jumping the Broom.[14] In September 2010, independent studio FilmDistrict was launched, and the company formed a partnership with TriStar Pictures to release Soul Surfer.[9] FilmDistrict originally committed to release the film at 300 theaters, but when executives saw the final product, they invested $26 million in a print and advertising commitment with the goal of releasing Soul Surfer in 2,000 theaters.[6]
Prior to the film's commercial release, it was screened for religious leaders. A scene in which Dennis Quaid's character reads the Bible in the hospital at his daughter's bedside had the words "Holy Bible" digitally removed from the cover. Bethany Hamilton's father said that David Zelon, an executive at Mandalay Pictures, lobbied to reduce the Soul Surfer's Christian elements so the film could appeal more to non-Christian audiences. The Hamilton family objected, and the words "Holy Bible" were restored in the scene in a follow-up screening. Another debated scene was one in which Carrie Underwood's character, a church youth leader, quotes biblical scripture (Jeremiah 29:11[15]). While those involved with the film were fine with the verse, they did not want the scene to explicitly indicate that its origin was the Bible. Their stance was challenged, and the scene indicates the verse being from the Bible. The Hollywood Reporter cited the dust-up as an example of Hollywood learning to appeal to the faith-based community while still attracting secular audiences. The Blind Side, which accomplished both, had grossed $256 million in the United States and Canada.[16]
Box office[edit]
The film was released in 2,214 theaters in the United States and Canada on April 8, 2011. It grossed $10.6 million over its opening weekend, ranking fourth at the box office.[1] Sony Pictures reported that 80% of the audience was female and that 56% were under 25 years old.
Critical reception[edit]
Soul Surfer has received mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives a score of 46% based on reviews from 101 critics, with an average rating of 5.3/10. The site's consensus is: "There's an amazing true story at the heart of Soul Surfer -- and unfortunately, it's drowned by waves of Hollywood cheese."[17] CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare "A+" grade.[18]
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times was mildly positive in his review, giving the film two-and-a-half stars out of four and writing "Soul Surfer is a wholesome movie, intended as inspirational. Whether it will cheer viewers who are not as capable as Bethany is an excellent question. AnnaSophia Robb is a convincing, cheerful heroine. Dennis Quaid and Helen Hunt, as Bethany's parents, are stalwart and supportive, although the script indeed leaves them with no other choice."[19] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B grade, writing "[t]he more cynical viewers out there may say, 'Not for me.' But Soul Surfer, while formulaic in design, is an authentic and heartfelt movie."[20] S. Jhoanna Robledo of Common Sense Media gave the film three stars out of five, writing "Yes, it's a message movie, but the message burrows deep enough under your skin to make the movie, given its utter conventionality, unexpectedly stirring."[21]
Despite mixed critical reception, it was a hit among audiences; CinemaScore polls reports that the average grade moviegoers gave it was a rare A+.[22]
Home media[edit]
Soul Surfer was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 2, 2011 by TriStar Pictures and FilmDistrict.
Accolades[edit]
Awards and nominations
Association
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
Casting Society of America Outstanding Achievement in Casting: Feature – Studio or Independent Comedy Joey Paul Jensen Nominated [23]
Crystal Dove Seal Award Best Drama Soul Surfer Won [24]
ESPY Awards Best Sports Movie Soul Surfer Nominated [25]
Movieguide Awards Best Film for Family Audiences Soul Surfer Won [26]
Movieguide Awards Most Inspiring Performance in Movies in 2011 Dennis Quaid, AnnaSophia Robb, Kevin Sorbo Nominated [26]
People's Choice Awards Favorite Book Adaptation Soul Surfer Nominated
Satellite Awards Best Original Score Marco Beltrami Won [27]
Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Drama Soul Surfer Nominated [28]
Choice Movie Drama Actress AnnaSophia Robb Nominated [29]
Women Film Critics Circle Best Female Images in a Movie Soul Surfer Nominated [30]
Further reading[edit]
Hamilton, Bethany; Berk, Sheryl; Bundschuh, Rick (2006). Soul Surfer: A True Story of Faith, Family, and Fighting to Get Back on the Board. MTV. ISBN 978-1-4165-0346-0.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Soul Surfer (2011)". Box Office Mojo. IMDB. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Duncan (February 8, 2004). "To the power of one". The Observer. London.
Jump up ^ "Surfer Girl Makes Comeback After Shark Attack". cbs News. April 7, 2005.
Jump up ^ "Shark girl surfer hits the waves". BBC. April 6, 2005.
Jump up ^ Stinchfield, Kate (July 30, 2006). "Milestones: Bethany Hamilton". Time.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Caranicas, Peter (February 1, 2011). "Splashy finish for 'SoulSurfer'". Variety.
Jump up ^ Stewart, Ryan (January 27, 2007). "Soul Surfer Gets a Director, Now Needs a Star". Moviefone.
^ Jump up to: a b Pilkington, Maria (September 27, 2011). "Bethany Hamilton (Soul Surfer) Interview". The 405. Retrieved December 15, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b McClintock, Pamela (November 1, 2010). "'Soul Surfer' is first FilmDistrict pickup". Variety.
^ Jump up to: a b Clark, Mark (September 24, 2011). "SOUL SURFER Interview With Bethany Hamilton!". WhatCulture!. Retrieved December 15, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Siegel, Tatiana (February 3, 2010). "Carrie Underwood to star in 'Surfer' film". Variety.
Jump up ^ Agence France-Presse (May 18, 2010). "Shark bite surf princess still making waves". Bangkok Post.
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Amy (April 7, 2011). "Movie Projector: With 'Hop' and 'Arthur,' Russell Brand should top box office". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ "More faith-based films along lines of 'Blind Side'". USA Today. July 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ Soul Surfer DVD, scene 3. The Underwood character states chapter and verse.
Jump up ^ Bond, Paul (February 16, 2011). "Producer Tried to Edit Bible Out of Sony's 'Soul Surfer'". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ "Soul Surfer". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixter. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock (August 19, 2011). "Why CinemaScore Matters for Box Office". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Soul Surfer Movie Review & Film Summary (2011)". Chicago Sun-Times. April 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Movie Review: Soul Surfer". Entertainment Weekly. April 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ http://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/soul-surfer
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (August 12, 2011). "15 Movies That Made The Grade: A+ CinemaScore Posse". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ "2011 Artios Award Nominations for Outstanding Achievement in Casting". Casting Society of America. 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "2011 Crystal Dove Seal Award Winners". Dove.org. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "ESPY Awards 2011". International Business Times. July 14, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "20th Annual MOVIEGUIDE® Faith & Values Awards Gala and Report to the Entertainment Industry Winners List". Movieguide.org. February 11, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Satellite Awards - Soul Surfer". International Press Academy. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Blake Lively Wins Choice TV Drama Actress The Teen Choice Awards! Here Are More Winners!". Hollywood Life. August 7, 2011. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Blake Lively Wins Choice TV Drama Actress The Teen Choice Awards! Here Are More Winners!". Hollywood Life. August 7, 2011. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Iron Lady' and 'Kevin' Top Women Film Critics' Awards". indieWire. December 19, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Soul Surfer
Official website
Soul Surfer on IMDb
Soul Surfer at the TCM Movie Database
Soul Surfer at AllMovie
Soul Surfer at Rotten Tomatoes
Soul Surfer at Box Office Mojo
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Sean McNamara
Hollywood Chaos (1989)
Galgameth (1996)
Casper: A Spirited Beginning (1997)
3 Ninjas: High Noon at Mega Mountain (1998)
Casper Meets Wendy (1998)
P.U.N.K.S. (1999)
Treehouse Hostage (1999)
Race to Space (2001)
The Even Stevens Movie (2003)
Raise Your Voice (2004)
The Cutting Edge: Going for the Gold (2006)
Bratz (2007)
The Suite Life Movie (2011)
Soul Surfer (2011)
Field of Lost Shoes (2013)
Robosapien: Rebooted (2013)
Spare Parts (2015)
The Three Little Stooges (2018)
The King's Daughter (TBA)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soul_Surfer_(film)&oldid=813976722"
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Films directed by Sean McNamara
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Seat belt laws in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Seat belt laws for front seat passengers in the U.S. as of 2009
No enforcement for adults (primary enforcement for minors)
Secondary enforcement
Secondary enforcement; primary under certain ages
Primary enforcement
Most seat belt laws in the United States are left to the states. However, the first seat belt law was a federal law, Title 49 of the United States Code, Chapter 301, Motor Vehicle Safety Standard, which took effect on January 1, 1968, that required all vehicles (except buses) to be fitted with seat belts in all designated seating positions.[1] This law has since been modified to require three-point seat belts in outboard-seating positions, and finally three-point seat belts in all seating positions.[2] Initially, seat belt use was voluntary. New York was the first state to pass a law which required vehicle occupants to wear seat belts, a law that came into effect on December 1, 1984. Officer Nicholas Cimmino of the Westchester County Department of Public Safety wrote the nation's first ticket for such violation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Primary and secondary enforcement
2 Laws by state
3 Damages reduction
4 Effectiveness
5 See also
6 References
Primary and secondary enforcement[edit]
U.S. seatbelt laws may be subject to primary enforcement or secondary enforcement. Primary enforcement allows a police officer to stop and ticket a driver if he or she observes a violation. Secondary enforcement means that a police officer may only stop or cite a driver for a seatbelt violation if the driver committed another primary violation (such as speeding, running a stop sign, etc.) at the same time. New Hampshire is the only U.S. state that does not by law require adult drivers to wear safety belts while operating a motor vehicle.
In 18 of the 50 states, the seat belt law is considered a secondary offense, which means that a police officer cannot stop and ticket a driver for the sole offense of not wearing a seatbelt. (One exception to this is Colorado, where children not properly restrained is a primary offense and brings a much larger fine.) If a driver commits a primary violation (e.g., for speeding) he may additionally be charged for not wearing a seatbelt. In most states the seat belt law was originally a secondary offense; in many it was later changed to a primary offense: California was the first state to do this, in 1993. Of the 30 with primary seat belt laws, all but 8, Connecticut, Hawaii, Iowa, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, and Texas, originally had only secondary enforcement laws.
Laws by state[edit]
This table contains a brief summary of all seatbelt laws in the United States.[3][4] This list includes only seatbelt laws, which often do not themselves apply to children; however, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have separate child restraint laws. Keep in mind these fines are the base fines only. In many cases considerable extra fees such as the head injury fund and court security fees can mark up the fine to almost five times as much in some cases. These are also "first offense" fines; a subsequent offense may be much higher.
State
Type of law
Date of first law
Who is covered
Base fine before fees
Seat Belt Usage[5]
Alabama Primary Enforcement July 18, 1991 Age 15+ in front seats $25 91.4%
Alaska Primary Enforcement September 12, 1990 Age 16+ in all seats $15 ($25 actual) 86.8%
Arizona Secondary Enforcement January 1, 1991 Age 8+ in front seats; Age 8–15 in all seats $10 ($37.20 actual) 81.8%
Arkansas Primary Enforcement July 15, 1991 Age 15+ in front seats $25 78.3%
California Primary Enforcement January 1, 1986 Age 16+ in all seats $20 ($162 actual) $50 second offense ($190 actual)5 96.2%
Colorado Secondary Enforcement1 exception Mountain View where it is a primary violation[6] July 1, 1987 Age 16+ in front seats $71 82.9%
Connecticut Primary Enforcement January 1, 1986 Age 7+ in front seats $92 88.2%
Delaware Primary Enforcement January 1, 1992 Age 16+ in all seats $25 90.7%
District of Columbia Primary Enforcement December 12, 1985 Age 16+ in all seats $504 92.3%
Florida Primary Enforcement July 1, 1986 6+ years in front seat; 6 through 17 years in all seats $30 ($116 actual) 87.4%
Georgia Primary Enforcement September 1, 1988 Age 8–17 in all seats; Age 18+ in front seats $15 89.6%
Hawaii Primary Enforcement December 16, 1985 Age 8+ in all seats $45 ($112 actual) 97.6%
Idaho Secondary Enforcement2 July 1, 1986 Age 7+ in all seats $10 ($51.50 actual) 77.9%
Illinois Primary Enforcement January 1, 1988 Age 16+ in all seats $25 ($60 actual or $95 if choosing traffic school) 92.6%
Indiana Primary Enforcement July 1, 1987 Age 16+ in all seats $25 92.4%
Iowa Primary Enforcement July 1, 1986 All ages in front seats; under 18 in rear seats[7] $25 ($127.50 actual) 93.1%
Kansas Primary Enforcement3 July 1, 1986 Age 14+ in all seats $60 for age 14-17; $10 for 18+ 81.8%
Kentucky Primary Enforcement July 15, 1994 Age 7 and younger and more than 57 inches in all seats; 8+ in all seats $25 80.3%
Louisiana Primary Enforcement July 1, 1986 Age 13+ in front seats $25 75.9%
Maine Primary Enforcement December 26, 1995 Age 18+ in all seats $50 82.0%
Maryland Primary Enforcement3 July 1, 1986 Age 16+ in all seats $83 94.7%
Massachusetts Secondary Enforcement February 1, 1994 Age 13+ in all seats [8] $25 73.7%
Michigan Primary Enforcement July 1, 1985 Age 16+ in front seats $25 ($65 actual) 95.2%
Minnesota Primary Enforcement August 1, 1986 7 and younger and more than 57 inches in all seats; 8+ in all seats $25 + $75 fee 92.3%
Mississippi Primary Enforcement July 1, 1994 Age 7+ in all seats $25 81.0%
Missouri Secondary Enforcement1 September 28, 1985 Age 16+ in front seats; age 8-15 in all seats $10 for age 16+; $50 for age 8-15 76.0%
Montana Secondary Enforcement October 1, 1987 Age 6+ in all seats $20 78.9%
Nebraska Secondary Enforcement January 1, 1993 Age 18+ in front seats $25 84.1%
Nevada Secondary Enforcement July 1, 1987 Age 6+ in all seats $25 93.2%
New Hampshire None, Primary for children only No law Age 17 and under in all seats $50 72.2%
New Jersey Primary Enforcement3 March 1, 1985 Age 8+ in all seats $46 per person 93.7%
New Mexico Primary Enforcement January 1, 1986 Age 18+ in all seats $254 89.8%
New York Primary Enforcement December 1, 1984 Age 16+ in front seats; under 16 in all seats $50 ($135 Actual after surcharges)[9] 89.8%
North Carolina Primary Enforcement, Secondary for Backseat[10] October 1, 1985 All ages in all seats $161 for front seat; $10 for rear seat 89.7%
North Dakota Secondary Enforcement2 July 14, 1994 Age 18+ in front seats;
under 18 in all seats
$20 for age 18+; $25 + 1 point on license for under 184 74.8%
Ohio Secondary Enforcement May 6, 1986 Age 15+ in front seat; 8–14 in all seats $30 for driver; $20 for passenger 83.8%
Oklahoma Primary Enforcement February 1, 1987 Age 13+ in front seats $20 85.9%
Oregon Primary Enforcement December 7, 1990 All ages in all seats $130 97.0%
Pennsylvania Secondary Enforcement2 November 23, 1987 Age 18+ in front seats; age 8-17 in all seats $10 86.0%
Rhode Island Primary Enforcement June 18, 1991 Age 8+ in all seats $75 78.0%
South Carolina Primary Enforcement July 1, 1989 Age 6+ in all seats $25 85.4%
South Dakota Secondary Enforcement January 1, 1995 Age 18+ in front seats $25 74.5%
Tennessee Primary Enforcement April 21, 1986 Age 16+ in front seats $25 87.1%
Texas Primary Enforcement September 1, 1985 Age 7 years and younger and 57 inches or taller in all seats; age 8+ years in all seats $200 if under 17 (driver); $50 if over 15 (driver or passenger) 93.8%
Utah Primary Enforcement April 28, 1986 All ages in all seats $45 89.0%
Vermont Secondary Enforcement2 January 1, 1994 All ages in all seats $25 85.2%
Virginia Secondary Enforcement2 January 1, 1988 All drivers; age 18+ in front seats; under 18 in all seats $25 80.5%
Washington Primary Enforcement June 11, 1986 Age 8+ in all seats $124 97.6%
West Virginia Primary Enforcement September 1, 1993 All ages in front seats; 8–17 in rear seats $25 82.1%
Wisconsin Primary Enforcement December 1, 1987 Age 8+ in all seats $10 79.2%
Wyoming Secondary Enforcement June 8, 1989 Age 9+ in all seats $25 for driver; $10 for passenger 78.9%
1 Colorado and Missouri's law is Secondary for adults but Primary for under the age of 16.
2 Idaho, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Vermont and Virginia's law is Secondary for adults but Primary for under 18.
3 Kansas, Maryland, and New Jersey, law is Secondary Enforcement for rear seat occupants (18+ in Kansas).
4 These states assess points on one's driving record for the seat belt violation.
5 In California- An additional penalty of $24 shall be levied upon every $10 or fraction thereof, of every fine, penalty, or forfeiture imposed by and collected by the court for criminal offenses, including all traffic offenses, except parking offenses as defined in subdivision (i) of Penal Code § 1463. The additional penalty is calculated as follows:
• State penalty required by PC 1464 $10,
• County penalty required by GC 76000(e), $ 7 • Court facilities construction penalty required by GC 70372(a),$ 3 • DNA Identification Fund penalty required by GC 76104.6 and 76104.7,$ 2
• Emergency medical services penalty required by GC 76000.5,$ 2
Penal Code § 1465.8 requires imposition of an additional fee of twenty dollars ($20) for court security on every conviction for a criminal offense, including a traffic offense, except parking offenses as defined in Penal Code § 1463,$20
Damages reduction[edit]
A person involved in a car accident who was not using a seatbelt may be liable for damages far greater than if they had been using a seatbelt. However, when in court, most states protect motorists from having their damages reduced in a lawsuit due to the nonuse of a seatbelt, even if they were acting in violation of the law by not wearing the seatbelt. Currently, damages may be reduced for the nonuse of a seatbelt in 16 states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida (See F.S.A. 316.614(10)), Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.[11]
Effectiveness[edit]
Seat belt laws are effective in reducing car crash deaths.[12] One study found that mandatory-seatbelt laws reduced traffic fatalities by 8% and serious traffic-related injuries by 9%, respectively.[13] Primary-seatbelt laws seem to be more effective at reducing crash deaths than secondary laws.[14][15]
See also[edit]
Seat belt legislation
Seat belt use rates in the United States
Transportation safety in the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ US Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (January 1, 1968). "Title 49 of the United States Code, Chapter 301, Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 208 - Occupant Crash Protection Passenger Cars".
Jump up ^ US Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (January 1, 1968). "Title 49 of the United States Code, Chapter 301, Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 208 - Occupant Crash Protection Passenger Cars".
Jump up ^ "Safety belt use laws". Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
Jump up ^ "Governors highway safety association". Ghsa.org. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
Jump up ^ "Seat Belt Use in 2010 – Use Rates in the States and Territories" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-03-05.
Jump up ^ 9News Jeremy Jojola on Denver Metro Speed Traps. 9News. 8 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Iowa Seat Belt Law Guide" (PDF).
Jump up ^ MGL PartI TitleXIV Chapter90 Section13a See also: the child passenger restraint law
Jump up ^ "vehicle and traffic state mandated surcharges $85 for seatbelt". Horseheads.org. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
Jump up ^ "Home | GHSA". ghsa.org. Retrieved 2017-10-17.
Jump up ^ "Child restraint/belt use laws". Iihs.org. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Alma; Einav, Liran (November 2003). "The Effects of Mandatory Seat Belt Laws on Driving Behavior and Traffic Fatalities". Review of Economics and Statistics. 85 (4): 828–843. doi:10.1162/003465303772815754.
Jump up ^ Carpenter, Christopher S.; Stehr, Mark (May 2008). "The effects of mandatory seatbelt laws on seatbelt use, motor vehicle fatalities, and crash-related injuries among youths". Journal of Health Economics. 27 (3): 642–662. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2007.09.010. PMID 18242744.
Jump up ^ Lee, Lois K.; Monuteaux, Michael C.; Burghardt, Lindsey C.; Fleegler, Eric W.; Nigrovic, Lise E.; Meehan, William P.; Schutzman, Sara A.; Mannix, Rebekah (4 August 2015). "Motor Vehicle Crash Fatalities in States With Primary Versus Secondary Seat Belt Laws". Annals of Internal Medicine. 163 (3): 184. doi:10.7326/M14-2368. PMID 26098590.
Jump up ^ Rivara, FrederickP.; Thompson, DianeC.; Cummings, Peter (January 1999). "Effectiveness of primary and secondary enforced seat belt laws". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 16 (1): 30–39. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00113-5.
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Romeo + Juliet
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
1996 film directed by Baz Luhrmann
This article is about the film. For Hamza Nadeem' 2007 ballet, see Romeo + Juliet (ballet). For other uses, see Romeo and Juliet (disambiguation).
"Verona Beach" redirects here. For the park in Upstate New York, see Verona Beach State Park.
Romeo + Juliet
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Baz Luhrmann
Produced by
Baz Luhrmann
Gabriella Martinelli
Screenplay by
Craig Pearce
Baz Luhrmann
Based on
Romeo and Juliet
by William Shakespeare
Starring
Leonardo DiCaprio
Claire Danes
Brian Dennehy
John Leguizamo
Pete Postlethwaite
Paul Sorvino
Paul Rudd
Diane Venora
Music by
Nellee Hooper
Marius de Vries
Craig Armstrong
Cinematography
Donald M. McAlpine
Edited by
Jill Bilcock
Production
company
Bazmark Productions
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
October 27, 1996 (1996-10-27) (Mann's Chinese Theatre)
November 1, 1996 (1996-11-01) (United States)
Running time
120 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$14.5 million
Box office
$147.5 million[2]
William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (shortened to Romeo + Juliet) is a 1996 American romantic crime film directed, co-produced, and co-written by Baz Luhrmann, co-produced by Gabriella Martinelli, and co-written by Craig Pearce, being an adaptation and modernization of William Shakespeare's tragedy Romeo and Juliet. The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes in the leading roles of Romeo and Juliet, who instantly fall in love when Romeo crashes a party and meets her, despite their being members of the Montague and Capulet family; Brian Dennehy, John Leguizamo, Pete Postlethwaite, Paul Sorvino, and Diane Venora star in supporting roles.
While it retains the original Shakespearean dialogue, the film represents the Montagues and the Capulets as warring mafia empires (with legitimate business fronts) during 1990s America, and swords are replaced with guns (with brand names such as "Dagger" and "Sword"). Some characters' names are also changed. Lord and Lady Montague and Lord and Lady Capulet are given first names (in the original, their first names are never mentioned); Friar Laurence becomes Father Laurence, and Prince Escalus is renamed Captain Prince. The adaptation eliminates the character of Friar John, and some characters change families—in the original, Gregory and Sampson are Capulets, but in the film, they are Montagues (Abram, as Abra, and Petruchio, conversely, are shifted from the Montague to the Capulet family). In addition, a few plot details are shifted, most notably toward the ending.
The film was released on November 1, 1996 by 20th Century Fox to commercial success, and was met with generally positive reviews. The film grossed over $147.5 million over a $14.5 million budget. At the 47th Berlin International Film Festival in 1997, DiCaprio won the Silver Bear for Best Actor and Luhrmann won the Alfred Bauer Prize.[3] Luhrmann was also nominated for the Golden Bear Award for Best Picture.[4] At the 69th Academy Awards, Catherine Martin and Brigitte Broch were nominated for Best Art Direction/Set Decoration.[4] In 2005, the film was included on the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
4.3 Home media
5 Soundtrack
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
In Verona Beach, the Capulets and the Montagues are arch-rivals.[6] The animosity of the older generation—Fulgencio and Gloria Capulet and Ted and Caroline Montague—is felt by their younger relatives. A gunfight between the Montague boys led by Benvolio, Romeo's cousin, and the Capulet boys led by Tybalt, Juliet's cousin, creates chaos in the city. The Chief of Police, Captain Prince, reprimands the families, warning them that if such behavior continues, their lives "shall pay the forfeit of the peace".
Benvolio meets Romeo on a beach. While playing a game of pool they learn of a party being held by the Capulets that evening which they decide to gate-crash. Romeo agrees to come after discovering that Rosaline, with whom he is in love, is attending. Later, the Montague boys meet their friend, Mercutio, who has tickets to the party. Romeo takes ecstasy Mercutio gave him and they proceed to the Capulet mansion. The effects of the drug and the party overwhelm Romeo, who goes to the restroom. While admiring an aquarium, he sees Juliet on the other side, and the two instantly fall in love. Tybalt spots Romeo and vows to kill him for invading his family's home, but Fulgencio stops him.
Romeo and Juliet sneak into an elevator and kiss. The nurse spots them when the doors open and drags Juliet away, telling her that Romeo is a Montague. At the same time, Romeo realizes that Juliet is a Capulet. Mercutio removes Romeo from the party, but he sneaks back to the mansion, hiding under Juliet’s balcony. Juliet emerges into the courtyard and proclaims her love for Romeo before he sneaks up behind her. Juliet warns him that he is risking his life, but Romeo tells her he doesn't care whether he is caught. Knowing her nurse is looking for her, Juliet tells him that, if he sends word by the following day, they will be betrothed. The next day, Romeo visits Father Laurence, telling him he wants to marry Juliet. He agrees to marry the pair in hopes that their marriage will end the violence between the families. Romeo passes the word on to Juliet’s nurse and the lovers are married.
Tybalt encounters Mercutio at the beach just as Romeo arrives. Romeo attempts to make peace, but Tybalt assaults him. Mercutio intervenes and batters Tybalt, and is about to finish him off when Romeo stops him. Tybalt then slashes Mercutio with a shard of glass in his stomach. Mercutio curses both the Montagues and the Capulets before dying in Romeo's arms. Enraged, Romeo chases after a fleeing Tybalt and guns him down.
Captain Prince banishes Romeo from the city. Romeo goes into hiding with Father Laurence, who treats his injuries and says that, after some time passes, he will help Romeo and Juliet return to the city and reconcile with their family and friends. The nurse arrives and tells Romeo that Juliet is waiting for him. When Romeo climbs over Juliet's balcony, she kisses him and they consummate their marriage. Meanwhile, Fulgencio decides Juliet will marry Dave Paris, the governor's son.
The next morning, Romeo narrowly escapes the Capulet mansion as Gloria tells Juliet that the family has promised she will marry Paris. She refuses, and Fulgencio threatens to disown her. Her mother and nurse insist it would be in her best interest to marry Paris. To get out of this, Juliet runs away and seeks out Father Laurence, imploring him to help her and threatening to commit suicide. Father Laurence proposes she fake her own death and be put in the Capulet vault to awaken 24 hours later. Romeo will be told of the plot, sneak into the vault, and once reunited the two can escape to Mantua. He gives her a potion which mimics death. After saying goodnight to her mother, Juliet drinks the potion and slips into a coma. She is found in the morning, declared dead, and placed in the vault. Balthasar, one of Romeo's cousins, learns that Juliet is dead and tells Romeo, who is not home when the messenger arrives with a letter from Father Laurence.
Romeo returns to Verona and buys a vial of poison. As he goes to the church, Captain Prince finds out he is back, and tries to capture him, without success. Father Laurence learns that Romeo never got his letter and has no idea Juliet is alive. Romeo enters the church where Juliet lies and bids her goodbye. She awakens just as Romeo takes the poison; the two thus see each other and share a final kiss before he dies. A distraught Juliet picks up Romeo's gun and shoots herself in the head, dying instantly. The two lovers are soon discovered in each other's arms. Prince condemns both families, whose feuding led to such tragedy, while coroners quickly transport the two bodies to the morgue.
Cast[edit]
The House of Montague
Brian Dennehy as Ted Montague, Romeo's father[7]
Christina Pickles as Caroline Montague, Romeo's mother
Leonardo DiCaprio as Romeo Montague
Dash Mihok as Benvolio Montague, Romeo's cousin
Jesse Bradford as Balthasar Montague, Romeo's cousin
Zak Orth as Gregory Montague, Romeo's cousin
Jamie Kennedy as Sampson Montague, Romeo's cousin
The House of Capulet
Paul Sorvino as Fulgencio Capulet, Juliet's father
Diane Venora as Gloria Capulet, Juliet's mother
Claire Danes as Juliet Capulet/Juliet Capulet-Montague
John Leguizamo as Tybalt Capulet, Juliet's cousin
Vincent Laresca as Abra Capulet, Juliet's cousin
Carlos Martín Manzo Otálora as Petruchio Capulet, Juliet's cousin
Miriam Margolyes as Nurse, Juliet's nanny
Others
Harold Perrineau as Mercutio, Romeo's best friend
Pete Postlethwaite as Father Laurence, the priest who marries Romeo and Juliet
Paul Rudd as Dave Paris, the governor's son and Juliet's fiance
Vondie Curtis-Hall as Captain Prince, the chief of police
M. Emmet Walsh as Apothecary
Quindon Tarver as Choir Boy, the singer at Romeo and Juliet's wedding
Edwina Moore as the Anchorwoman, who assumes the role of the Chorus
Natalie Portman had been cast as Juliet but, during rehearsals, it was felt that the footage looked as though DiCaprio was "molesting" her.[8] Baz Luhrmann has also stated that Portman was too young at the time, and made DiCaprio look older than intended. He was 21 at the time of filming and Portman was only 14.[original research?]
After Sarah Michelle Gellar turned down the role due to scheduling conflicts, DiCaprio proclaimed that Danes should be cast, as he felt she was genuine in her line delivery and did not try to impress him by acting flirtatious.[9]
Production[edit]
After the success of Strictly Ballroom, Luhrmann took some time over deciding what his next project would be:
Our philosophy has always been that we think up what we need in our life, choose something creative that will make that life fulfilling, and then follow that road. With Romeo and Juliet what I wanted to do was to look at the way in which Shakespeare might make a movie of one of his plays if he was a director. How would he make it? We don't know a lot about Shakespeare, but we do know he would make a 'movie' movie. He was a player. We know about the Elizabethan stage and that he was playing for 3000 drunken punters, from the street sweeper to the Queen of England - and his competition was bear-baiting and prostitution. So he was a relentless entertainer and a user of incredible devices and theatrical tricks to ultimately create something of meaning and convey a story. That was what we wanted to do.[10]
Luhrmann obtained some funds from Fox to do a workshop and shoot some teaser footage in Sydney. Leonardo DiCaprio agreed to pay his own expenses to fly to Sydney and be part of it. Once Fox saw footage of the fight scene, they agreed to support it.[10]
All of the development was done in Australia, with pre-production in Australia and Canada and post-production in Australia. While some parts of the film were shot in Miami, most of the film was shot in Mexico City and Boca del Rio, Veracruz. For instance, the Capulet mansion was set at Chapultepec Castle while the ballroom was built on Stage One of Churubusco Studios; and the church is Immaculate Heart of Mary in the Del Valle neighborhood.[11]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The film premiered on November 1, 1996 in the United States and Canada, in 1,276 theaters, and grossed $11.1 million its opening weekend, ranking #1 at the box office. It went on to gross $46.3 million in the United States and Canada,[12] with a worldwide total of USD$147,554,998.[2]
Critical response[edit]
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes rated the film "Fresh", with 72% of 53 critics giving positive reviews with an average rating of 6.5/10 with the consensus that says, "Baz Luhrmann's visual aesthetic is as divisive as it is fresh and inventive".[13] James Berardinelli gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote, "Ultimately, no matter how many innovative and unconventional flourishes it applies, the success of any adaptation of a Shakespeare play is determined by two factors: the competence of the director and the ability of the main cast members. Luhrmann, Danes, and DiCaprio place this Romeo and Juliet in capable hands."[14]
Leonardo DiCaprio won Favorite Actor and Claire Danes won Favorite Actress in a Romance at the 1997 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards.[4] At the 1997 MTV Movie Awards, Danes won Best Female Performance. DiCaprio was nominated for Best Male Performance, and DiCaprio and Danes were both nominated for Best Kiss and Best On-Screen Duo.[4] At the 51st BAFTA Film Awards, director Baz Luhrmann won Best Direction, Luhrmann and Mary Haile won the Best Adapted Screenplay, Nellee Hooper won the Best Film Music, and Catherine Martin won the Best Production Design. The film was also nominated for Best Cinematography, Best Editing, and Best Sound.[4]
The film won several awards.[4] At the 47th Berlin International Film Festival in 1997, DiCaprio won the Silver Bear for Best Actor and Luhrmann won the Alfred Bauer Prize.[3] Luhrmann was also nominated for the Golden Bear Award for Best Picture.[4] At the 69th Academy Awards, Catherine Martin and Brigitte Broch were nominated for Best Art Direction/Set Decoration.[4]
Conversely, Roger Ebert gave the film a mixed review of only 2 stars out of 4, saying, "I've seen “King Lear” as a samurai drama and “Macbeth” as a Mafia story, and two different “Romeo and Juliets” about ethnic difficulties in Manhattan (“West Side Story” and “China Girl”), but I have never seen anything remotely approaching the mess that the new punk version of “Romeo & Juliet” makes of Shakespeare's tragedy."[15]
The film was nominated to appear on the American Film Institute's 100 Years...100 Passions list in 2002.[16]
Home media[edit]
The film was originally released on VHS and DVD in 1997. A 10th anniversary special edition DVD containing extra features and commentary was released on February 6, 2007, while a Blu-ray edition was released on October 19, 2010.
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: Romeo + Juliet (soundtrack)
"#1 Crush" – Garbage
"Local God" – Everclear
"Angel" – Gavin Friday
"Pretty Piece of Flesh" – One Inch Punch
"Kissing You (Love Theme from Romeo & Juliet)" – Des'ree
"Whatever (I Had a Dream)" – Butthole Surfers
"Lovefool" – The Cardigans
"Young Hearts Run Free" – Kym Mazelle
"Everybody's Free (To Feel Good)" – Quindon Tarver
"To You I Bestow" – Mundy
"Talk Show Host" – Radiohead
"Little Star" – Stina Nordenstam
"You and Me Song" – The Wannadies
"Layers of Darkness" - Marching Show Concept's Recording
"Exit Music (For a Film)”- Radiohead
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE'S ROMEO + JULIET (12)". 20th Century Fox. British Board of Film Classification. December 2, 1996. Retrieved October 10, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Romeo + Juliet (1996)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
^ Jump up to: a b "Berlinale: 1997 Prize Winners". berlinale.de. Retrieved 2012-01-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Romeo + Juliet (1996): Awards". IMDb.com. IMDb. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
Jump up ^ Packard, Kim. "CONSIDERING 'THE BFI LIST OF 50 FILMS YOU SHOULD WATCH BY THE AGE OF 14'". MUBI. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Whitington, Paul (November 21, 2007). "From stage to screen". Irish Independent. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Lahr, John (September 9, 2013). "Where do Claire Danes' Volcanic Performances Come From?". New Yorker Magazine. New Yorker Magazine. p. 2. Retrieved September 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ryan, James (February 25, 1996). "UP AND COMING: Natalie Portman; Natalie Portman (Not Her Real Name)". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Lahr, John. "Where do Claire Danes' Volcanic Performances Come From?". NewYorker.com. The New Yorker. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Interview with Baz Luhrmann", Signet, 19 December 1996 accessed 19 November 2012
Jump up ^ "Romeo + Juliet - Official Website, Production Notes".
Jump up ^ "Romeo + Juliet (1996) - Weekend Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
Jump up ^ "William Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet - Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2007-10-13.
Jump up ^ Berardinelli, James (1996). "Review: Romeo and Juliet (1996)". ReelReviews.net. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger. "Romeo + Juliet Movie Review & Film Summary (1996) | Roger Ebert". www.rogerebert.com. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-08-19.
General
Lehmann, Courtney. "Strictly Shakespeare? Dead Letters, Ghostly Fathers, and the Cultural Pathology of Authorship in Baz Luhrmann's 'William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet'." Shakespeare Quarterly. 52.2 (Summer 2001) pp. 189–221.
Malone, Toby. Behind the Red Curtain of Verona Beach: Baz Luhrmann's 'William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet' Shakespeare Survey. 65 (1), 2012. pp 398-412.
External links[edit]
Film in the United States portal
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Official website (Archive)
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Romeo + Juliet at Box Office Mojo
Romeo + Juliet at Rotten Tomatoes
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Romeo + Juliet at Virtual History
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In Fair Palestine: A Story of Romeo and Juliet (2006)
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values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

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