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Glitter (How I Met Your Mother)
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"Glitter"
How I Met Your Mother episode
Episode no.
Season 6
Episode 9
Directed by
Pamela Fryman
Written by
Kourtney Kang
Production code
6ALH08
Original air date
November 15, 2010 (2010-11-15)
Recurring/Guest appearances
Nicole Scherzinger (Jessica Glitter)
Chris Romano (Punchy)
Stefanie Black (Kelly)
Alan Thicke (himself)
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Natural History" Next →
"Blitzgiving"
"Glitter" is the ninth episode of the sixth season of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother, and the 121st episode overall. It aired on November 15, 2010.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Critical response
3 References
4 External links
Plot[edit]
When Lily becomes obsessed with babies, Robin becomes distant from her. Meanwhile, Barney has found a disc he calls "Robin Sparkles 3," which contains Space Teens, a variety series involving two Canadian teenagers, Robin Sparkles and Jessica Glitter (Nicole Scherzinger), using math to solve crimes presented by Alan Thicke. The group realizes that a lot of what they say end up coming off as sexual, which Robin denies. When conversation turns to why the group has never met Jessica if she and Robin were such good friends, Robin abruptly reveals that she hasn't spoken to Jessica in five years and attempts to drop the subject. When Robin leaves the apartment, Ted discovers a Christmas card Jessica sent to Robin with a picture of Jessica's baby. Ted speculates that Robin dumped Jessica as a friend when Jessica got pregnant, which upsets Lily, who fears that Robin will do the same to her.
When Lily continues to talk about having a baby, Robin becomes fed up with her and the two of them break up, which upsets Marshall. Marshall takes Lily to see Jessica, who works as the organist for the New York Rangers at Madison Square Garden. Jessica reveals that she and Robin became distant after Jessica had a baby and no longer had the time to do all the things best friends do. Jessica also revealed that it was she who stopped being friends with Robin, not the other way around. Jessica has considered getting back in touch with Robin, but never had the courage to try.
Lily finds Robin at The Hoser Hut and they reconcile; Robin reveals that she has been afraid that Lily will abandon her once she becomes pregnant like Jessica did, while Lily promises not to talk about babies so much. Jessica, who has come to the Hoser Hut as well, sings the Beaver Song from Space Teens and Robin joins her, rekindling their friendship.
Meanwhile, Robin and Jessica's estrangement prompts Ted to contact his old high school friend Punchy, who appears in New York. Punchy's male bonding with Ted irks Barney, who tells Ted that Punchy has to go. When Ted tells Punchy that he has to go back to Cleveland, Punchy said he thought Ted sounded depressed when he called and his girlfriend encouraged him to visit. Punchy tells Ted he's getting married and asks him to be his best man, an offer Ted gladly accepts.
Critical response[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2015)
Zach Oat of Television Without Pity gave the episode a B+ score, saying it added more material into Robin's origins but also upped viewer frustration to her being secretive on certain issues. He noted that Punchy's offer to Ted as best man fuels speculation that the wedding in "Big Days" is Punchy and Kelly's, and is set in Cleveland.[1]
The A.V. Club's Donna Bowman, on the other hand, graded the episode at A-, citing "season six-style" fan service to previous episodes and further detail on the characters' friendship, but noted excessiveness on Barney's reality-show catchphrases.[2]
Robert Canning of IGN gave the episode a rating of 8.5 out of 10.[3]
Chris O'Hara of TVFanatic.com gave the episode a rating of 4 out of 5.[4]
Brian Ford Sullivan of The Futon Critic rated this episode as 27th on their list of the 50 Best Television Episodes of 2010.[5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Zach Oat (2010-11-17). "How I Met Your Mother: Two Beavers Are Better Than One". Television Without Pity. NBC Universal.
Jump up ^ Donna Bowman (2010-11-15). "How I Met Your Mother "Glitter"". The A.V. Club. The Onion.
Jump up ^ Robert Canning (2010-11-16). "How I Met Your Mother: "Glitter" Review". IGN. News Corporation. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
Jump up ^ Chris O'Hara (2010-11-16). "How I Met Your Mother Review: Two Great Beavers....". TV Fanatic. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
Jump up ^ "Rants & Reviews - The 50 Best Episodes of 2010: #30-21". Retrieved 7 January 2012.
External links[edit]
"Glitter" on IMDb
[hide]
v
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e
How I Met Your Mother episodes
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Season 6
"Big Days"
"Cleaning House"
"Unfinished"
"Subway Wars"
"Architect of Destruction"
"Baby Talk"
"Canning Randy"
"Natural History"
"Glitter"
"Blitzgiving"
"The Mermaid Theory"
"False Positive"
"Bad News"
"Last Words"
"Oh Honey"
"Desperation Day"
"Garbage Island"
"A Change of Heart"
"Legendaddy"
"The Exploding Meatball Sub"
"Hopeless"
"The Perfect Cocktail"
"Landmarks"
"Challenge Accepted"
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Robot (Lost in Space)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Robot
Lost in Space character
Robot with Jonathan Harris as Dr. Smith
Created by
Robert Kinoshita
Portrayed by
Bob May
Voiced by
Dick Tufeld
Information
Aliases
The Robot, Robot B-9
Model
Class B-9-M-3 General Utility Non-Theorizing Environmental Control Robot
The Class B-9-M-3 General Utility Non-Theorizing Environmental Control Robot, known simply as Robot,[1] is a fictional character in the television series Lost in Space. His full designation was only occasionally mentioned on the show.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Features and abilities
3 After Lost In Space
4 References
History[edit]
Although a machine endowed with superhuman strength and futuristic weaponry, he often displayed human characteristics, such as laughter, sadness, and mockery, as well as singing and playing the guitar. With his major role often being to protect the youngest member of the crew, the Robot's catchphrases were "It does not compute" and "Danger, Will Robinson!",[4] accompanied by flailing his arms.
The Robot was performed by Bob May[5] in a prop costume built by Bob Stewart.[3] The voice was primarily dubbed by Dick Tufeld,[6] who was also the series' narrator, and Jorge Arvizu for the Spanish dubbing. The Robot was designed by Robert Kinoshita, who also designed Forbidden Planet's Robby the Robot.[7] Robby appears in Lost in Space episode #20 "War of the Robots" and in episode #60 "Condemned of Space". The Robot did not appear in the unaired pilot episode, but was added to the series once it had been greenlit.
Initially, the bellows-covered legs were articulated, and were moved separately by the actor inside. However, the metal edges inside the suit cut actor Bob May's legs, so changes were made. The legs were bolted together, and the robot was pulled along by a wire instead of walking as it had done before. A new lower section was constructed with the legs cut off at the knee. This was filmed either in close-up or behind something to obscure the actor's feet protruding out the bottom; this version of the suit was informally referred to by the cast and crew as "the Bermuda shorts."[8][9]
Features and abilities[edit]
Robot consisted, from top down, of
A glass bubble sensor unit with moving antennae;
A fluted, translucent ring collar (actually an arrangement of shaped ribs, through which performer Bob May could see);
A cylindrical, rotating trunk section with extending bellows arms that terminated in red mechanical claws. The trunk section had controls, indicators, a small sliding translucent door through which data tapes, similar to punched tape, could be accessed ("The Hungry Sea"), a removable power pack and a signature chest light that illuminated in synchrony with the Robot's speech (May had a key inside the suit that he would tap in time with his speech to illuminate the light, resulting in some scenes where one of the claws can be seen moving in time with the light);
Bellows legs that were understood to move with some agility but which, due to real-world practical limitations, were rarely seen on camera to move separately; and
Trapezoidal continuous track units at the bottom of each leg. These normally paired as a single locomotive device, but they also could function as individual feet. The leg and tractor sections apparently could be readily detached, allowing the Robot to be positioned in the rear of the Chariot ATV, although the actual disconnect operation was depicted only once.
According to the series
The Robot possessed powerful computers that allowed him to make complex calculations and to deduce many facts;
He had a variety of sensors that detected numerous phenomena and dangers;
He was programmed with extensive knowledge on many subjects, including how to operate the Jupiter 2 spaceship;
His construction allowed him to function in extreme environments and in the vacuum of space;
He was extremely strong, giving him utility both in performing difficult labor and in fighting when necessary. Moreover, his claws could fire laser beams and, most frequently, a powerful "electro-force" that was similar to arcing electricity.
In one first season episode, Dr. Smith was seen to remove the robot's programming tapes, which resemble a small reel of magnetic tape, from a hatch below the robot's chest panel.
After Lost In Space[edit]
Two versions of the robot were used during Lost in Space filming – a "hero robot" costume worn by Bob May, and a static, "stunt robot" prop that was used for distant or hazardous shots. Both versions fell into disrepair after the series, but these have since been discovered and restored. The "hero" is privately owned by TV and film producer Kevin Burns, who commissioned a replica in the early 1990s for touring and conventions. The "stunt robot" is in storage at the Science Fiction Museum and Hall of Fame in Seattle, Washington.
Like Robby the Robot, the B-9 Robot prop costume was re-used on at least one other show. On the Saturday morning children's show Mystery Island, it was modified to make the primary character "P.O.P.S." There it had different domes, different color scheme, and an added rectangular skirt of gold-colored tubes, covering the rubber bellows legs and base.
Full-size replicas of the robot are available commercially. Other versions have been built by hobbyists around the world,[10][11] who have built at least 15 detailed full-size replicas of the Robot.
In the 2018 Netflix series, the Robot is an alien AI which bears few resemblances with earlier versions, such as his famous line and loyalty to Will.
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robot (Lost in Space).
Jump up ^ "90 Autographed Original Lost In Space Scripts". The Irwin Allen News Network.
Jump up ^ Hamilton, John (September 1, 2006). Science Fiction in the Media. Edina, Minnesota: ABDO Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 9781596799943. OCLC 69021016. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Mumy, Bill; Dutkiewicz, Michal; Zahler, Thomas F.; Allen, Irwin (2005). Lost in Space: Voyage to the Bottom of the Soul. Olathe, Kansas: Bubblehead Publishing. ISBN 9780976543602. OCLC 153921250. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ David Romano (March 2016). "5. It Does Not Compute". Make: FPGAs. Maker Media. ISBN 9781457187841. Some of us remember hearing the phrase 'It does not compute' used by the robot from the hit 1960s television series Lost in Space. When it comes to contemplating what a computer really is, I think many of us can honestly say 'It does not compute' or even 'Danger, Will Robinson!'
Jump up ^ staff (June 21, 2007). "June Lockhart To Star At Museum Robofest". Palm Beach Daily News. Palm Beach, Florida. Retrieved August 17, 2012. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ Mansour, David (June 1, 2005). From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century. Kansas City, Missouri: Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 403. ISBN 9780740751189. OCLC 57316726.
Jump up ^ Raucci, Richard (1999). Personal Robotics: Real Robots to Construct, Program, and Explore the World. Natick, Massachusetts: A K Peters, Ltd. ISBN 9781568810898. OCLC 491860916. Retrieved August 17, 2012. ... Forbidden Planet (1956), designed by Robert Kinoshita, who would later create the familiar Robot (B-9) for the Lost in Space television series (1965).
Jump up ^ Newman, Richard (2010). "HighTechScience.org Lost in Space Robot". Richard Newman. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ ICONS (1998). "B-9 Robot Bob May Interview. An Interview with Robot Actor Bob May". B9 Robot Builders Club. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "B9 Robot Builders Club". 2005. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ Geranios, Nicholas K. (May 23, 2002). "Robot Hut takes visitors for a trip back in time". The Seattle Times. Seattle, Washington: Frank A. Blethen. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
[hide]
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Common coquí
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Common coquí
Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Leptodactylidae
Genus: Eleutherodactylus
Subgenus: Eleutherodactylus[2]
Species: E. coqui
Binomial name
Eleutherodactylus coqui
Thomas, 1966
The common coquí or coquí (Eleutherodactylus coqui) is a frog endemic to Puerto Rico belonging to the family Eleutherodactylidae. The species is named for the loud call the males make at night. This sound serves two purposes. "CO" serves to repel males and establish territory while the "KEE" serves to attract females.[3] Since the auditory systems of males and females respond preferentially to different notes of the male call, this is an example of a sex difference in a sensory system. The common coquí is a very important aspect of Puerto Rican culture, and it has become an unofficial territorial symbol of Puerto Rico.
"Sound of coqui"
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Contents
1 Taxonomy
2 Description
2.1 Physical Description
2.2 Behavioral Description
3 Habitat
3.1 Native Distribution
3.2 Distribution as an Invasive Species
4 Diet
5 Reproduction
6 See also
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 External links
Taxonomy[edit]
The common coquí was described by R. Thomas in 1966.[4] It belongs to the genus Eleutherodactylus which in Greek means free toes. This genus contains 185 species, which are found in the Southern United States, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean.
Description[edit]
Physical Description[edit]
Full-grown male coquís measure, from snout to vent, from 30 to 37 mm, with an average of 34 mm, while full-grown females measure from 36 to 52 mm, with an average of 41 mm. The location of the frog also effects the size, for example the higher the elevation, the larger the coquis become. The size differences between genders are a result of additional energy consumption related to breeding behavior by males.[5]
Coquís are muddy-brown in mottled coloration on the top with rust-tan flanks and a light-gray belly. As tree frogs, Coquís possess sticky pads on the tips of their toes which help them adhere to moistened or slippery surfaces[6] They do not possess webbed feet and are not adapted to swimming.
The known lifespan of the common coquí is up to 6 years in the wild, but majority of adults don’t live past one year.[citation needed]
Behavioral Description[edit]
The common coquis are nocturnal and their behavior is influenced by the surrounding environment, specifically the moisture levels. When humidity levels rise at night they emerge and begin climbing to their homes in the canopy. As these humidity levels decrease they move back down to lower levels where the humidity is higher. The younger coqui populations live in the under story on leaves during the drier periods. The leaves are particularly common with this population because they provide protection from invaders. As they grow into adulthood, the coquis journey up to the canopy and begin the process stated above.[7]
Habitat[edit]
Native Distribution[edit]
Common coquís are native to the islands of Puerto Rico, Vieques and Culebra, where they are widespread and abundant; the only notable exception occurs in Puerto Rican dry forests, where the species is rarer. The common coquí is the most abundant frog in Puerto Rico, with densities estimated at 20,000 individuals/ha.[8] Densities fluctuate depending on the season and habitat. Generally, densities are higher during the latter half of the wet season and decrease during the dry season.[9] The species is considered a habitat generalist, occurring in a wide range of habitats, including mesic broadleaf forests, mountains, and urban areas, found in bromeliads, tree holes, and under trunks, rocks or trash.[10] Since the species does not require bodies of water to reproduce, they can be found on most altitudes, provided sufficient moisture is available. In Puerto Rico, they are found from sea level to a maximum of 1,200 m (3,900 ft). Adults generally tend to be found at higher altitudes than juveniles.
The common coquís are often found in cohabitation with humans. Because of their unrestricted habitat use, it's common that E. coquí can be found in homes and parks. E. coquí are found in natural habitats including the human mountain forest at elevations less than 1,200 meters and in the dry forest. They are found specifically within the under story of forests at all elevations up to the canopy.[11]
Distribution as an Invasive Species[edit]
The species has been introduced to the Virgin Islands, the Dominican Republic,[12] Florida, and Hawaii,[13] where it has become a densely populated invasive species. It was accidentally introduced to the Hawaiian Islands in the late 1980s, most likely as a stowaway on potted plants, and quickly established itself on all four major islands. It is now considered a pest species by the State of Hawaii, and is on the list of the world's 100 worst invasive alien species.[14] As an invasive species, it can reach up to 91,000 individuals/ha.[15] Higher densities in its invaded range are likely bolstered by a release from native predators, lack of interspecific competitors, and abundant food availability. In Hawaii, they have been found at a maximum of 1,170 m (3,840 ft) above sea level.[16]
In areas that exceed rates of common coquís greater than 51,000 could consume over 300,000 invertebrates per night. Because of the immense amount of the species, Hawaii has begun to have concerns about both economic and ecological impacts. The common coquí currently costs this state nearly 3 million dollars a year and this spread has been commonly through nursery trades. As a result, many people are reluctant to buy plants from these nurseries due to the risk of infestation, so they began to perform quarantines and de-infestations in order to improve the economy. There has also been an effect in realty because the species have moved from public to residential land causing many to refrain from buying houses where the common coquís have infested.[17]
Diet[edit]
The common coquí is a general nocturnal predator, which can consume, as a population, 114,000 invertebrates each night per hectare.[8] Diets vary depending on age and size, but are primarily composed of arthropods. Juveniles consume smaller prey, such as ants, while adults consume more varied diets that include spiders, moths, crickets, snails, and small frogs.[8] The frogs are opportunistic sit-and-wait predators, and will forage on any abundant prey items. Males will occasionally consume eggs from their own clutch, likely to provide supplemental nourishment while guarding their nests.
Calling males eat less prey than quiet males, which consume most of their food by midnight, while calling males had eaten only 18% of their food by the same hour.[18]
Reproduction[edit]
Common coquís reproduce over the entire year, but breeding activity peaks around the wet season. Females usually lay between 16 and 40 eggs, four to six times each year, at about eight-week intervals. Eggs are guarded from predators—other common coquís and Subulina snails—by the males.[5] The gestation period of coquís is from 17–26 days. The maturation period, the time from egg to reproductive coquí, is around eight months.
Unlike most frogs, which lay their eggs in water, coquís lay their eggs on palm tree leaves or other terrestrial plants. Abandoned bird nests are also used as nests by E. coqui. The bananaquit, Puerto Rican bullfinch and Puerto Rican tody share nests with the coquí.[16] This method of reproduction allows the coquí to live in forests, mountains and other habitats without direct dependency on water. Since eggs are laid on land, coquís bypass the tadpole stage, proceeding to develop limbs within their eggs, rather than going through a metamorphosis as a larva in water. Thus, a fully independent froglet emerges from the egg, with a small tail that is lost shortly after. This stage of direct development has allowed the coqui to become a successful terrestrial colonizer in tropical areas. Eggs hatch within eight weeks and reach reproductive maturity within one year. The common coqui releases their young from the egg using an egg tooth that the genus Eleutherodactylus forms. Both males and females fight off intruders from their nests by jumping, chasing and sometimes biting. The males are the primary caretakers of the eggs. They offer protection and moist environments through skin contact. They will leave during very dry periods in order to collect more moisture for their offspring.[19]
Males begin their mating calls by perching above ground level.[20]
External audio
The coqui's distinct calls may be heard here, and here.
The coqui's call (or canto in Spanish) is used both as a way of attracting a mate and to establish a territorial boundary. A coqui may enter another's territory and challenge the incumbent by starting his call, at which point they may engage in a sort of singing duel (which can last for several minutes). The first to falter in keeping up with the cadence is considered the loser and leaves the area without resorting to physical violence. This behavior is consistent across different species (which have distinctive calls), so it is possible to hear a duel where one coqui sings "COQUI" and another "COQUIRIQUI".
See also[edit]
Puerto Rico portal
Biology portal
Amphibians and Reptiles portal
Fauna of Puerto Rico
List of amphibians and reptiles of Puerto Rico
List of endemic fauna of Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican spindalis
Flor de maga
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Common coquí.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hedges, B., Joglar, R., Thomas, R., Powell, R. & Rios-López, N. (2009) Eleutherodactylus coqui. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2.
Jump up ^ Heinicke, M.P., W.E. Duellman & S.B. Hedges (2007). "Major Caribbean and Central American frog faunas originated by ancient oceanic dispersal". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104 (24): 10092–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.0611051104. PMC 1891260. PMID 17548823. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Narins, Peter M.; Robert R. Capranica (1976). "Sexual Differences in the Auditory System of the Tree Frog Eleutherodactylus coqui". Science. 192 (4237): 378–380. doi:10.1126/science.1257772. PMID 1257772.
Jump up ^ Thomas, R. (1966). "New species of antillean Eleutherodactylus". Quart. J. Florida Acad. Sci. 28: 375–391.
^ Jump up to: a b Henderson and Schwartz, p. 42.
Jump up ^ Species profile Eleutherodactylus coqui. Available from: http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=105. "Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) 2015". www.iucngisd.org. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Wells, Kentwood D. (2010-02-15). The Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226893334.
^ Jump up to: a b c Douglas P. Reagan; Robert B. Waide, eds. (1996). The Food Web of a Tropical Rain Forest. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-70600-1.
Jump up ^ Jarrod H. Fogarty; Francisco J. Vilella (2002). "Population dynamic of Eleutherodactylus coqui in Cordillera Forest reserves of Puerto Rico". Journal of Herpetology. 36 (2): 193–201. doi:10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036[0193:PDOECI]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 1565991.
Jump up ^ Henderson and Schwartz, p. 41.
Jump up ^ www.upane.it, Upane -. "GISD". www.iucngisd.org. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
Jump up ^ Joglar, R.L.; Rios, N. (1998). "Eleutherodactylus coqui (Puerto Rican Coqui, Coquí Común) in Dominican Republic". Herpetological Review. 29: 107.
Jump up ^ Campbell III, Earl W. Kraus, Fred (2002). "Neotropical Frogs in Hawaii: Status and Management Options for an Unusual Introduced Pest" (PDF). Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for USDA national Wildlife Research Center. University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Retrieved 2007-12-13. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ S. Lowe; M. Browne; S. Boudjelas; M. De Poorter (2000). "100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species: A selection from the Global Invasive Species Database". The Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG), a specialist group of the Species Survival Commission (SSC) of the World Conservation Union (IUCN): 12.
Jump up ^ Karen H. Beard; Robert Al-Chokhachy; Nathania C. Tuttle; Eric O'Neill (2008). "Population density estimates and growth rates of Eleutherodactylus coqui in Hawaii". Journal of Herpetology. 42 (4): 626–636. doi:10.1670/07-314R1.1.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Ecology of Eleutherodactylus coqui". issg Database. Retrieved October 15, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Coqui (Eleutherodactylus coqui) - Species Profile". nas.er.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
Jump up ^ Woolbright, Lawrence L.; Stewart, Margaret M. (1987). "Foraging Success of the Tropical Frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui: The Cost of Calling". Copeia. 1987 (1): 69–75. doi:10.2307/1446039.
Jump up ^ Walsh,, Joseph S. (September 1992). "Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions, Distributions, and Natural History.Albert Schwartz , Robert W. Henderson". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 67 (3): 380–381. doi:10.1086/417717. ISSN 0033-5770.
Jump up ^ Listen to this species's mating call here.
Bibliography[edit]
Robert W. Henderson; A. Schwartz (1991). Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions, Distributions, and Natural History. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1049-7.
External links[edit]
Wikispecies has information related to Eleutherodactylus coqui
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eleutherodactylus coqui.
Scholia has a topic profile for Common coquí.
Control of Coqui Frog in Hawaii
Eleutherodactylus coqui information from HEAR
Children Story About Coqui; El Coqui De Madagascar
Taxon identifiers
Wikidata: Q616638
Wikispecies: Eleutherodactylus coqui
ADW: Eleutherodactylus_coqui
AmphibiaWeb: 2858
EoL: 330433
GBIF: 2424091
iNaturalist: 22454
IRMNG: 10585316
ITIS: 173559
IUCN: 56522
NCBI: 57060
uBio: 28281
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_coquí&oldid=861707301"
Categories:
IUCN Red List least concern species
Amphibians described in 1966
Eleutherodactylus
Endemic fauna of Puerto Rico
Amphibians of Puerto Rico
Invasive amphibian species
Invasive animal species of the Hawaiian Islands
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text:
Sunrise
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Sunrise (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Sunset or Dawn.
Hazy summer sunrise over the Mojave desert
Sunrise or sun up is the instant at which the upper edge of the Sun appears over the horizon in the morning.[1] The term can also refer to the entire process of the Sun crossing the horizon and its accompanying atmospheric effects.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Terminology
1.1 "Rise"
1.2 Beginning and end
2 Measurement
2.1 Angle
2.2 Time of day
2.3 Location on the horizon
3 Appearance
3.1 Colors
3.2 Optical illusions and other phenomena
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Terminology[edit]
"Rise"[edit]
Although the Sun appears to "rise" from the horizon, it is actually the Earth's motion that causes the Sun to appear. The illusion of a moving Sun results from Earth observers being in a rotating reference frame; this apparent motion is so convincing that most cultures had mythologies and religions built around the geocentric model, which prevailed until astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus first formulated the heliocentric model in the 16th century.[3]
Architect Buckminster Fuller proposed the terms "sunsight" and "sunclipse" to better represent the heliocentric model, though the terms have not entered into common language.
Beginning and end[edit]
Astronomically, sunrise occurs for only an instant: the moment at which the upper limb of the Sun appears tangent to the horizon.[1] However, the term sunrise commonly refers to periods of time both before and after this point:
Twilight, the period in the morning during which the sky is brightening, but the Sun is not yet visible. The beginning of morning twilight is called astronomical dawn.
The period after the Sun rises during which striking colors and atmospheric effects are still seen.[2]
Measurement[edit]
This diagram of the Sun at sunrise (or sunset) shows the effects of atmospheric refraction.
Angle[edit]
Sunrise actually occurs before the Sun truly reaches the horizon because Earth's atmosphere refracts the Sun's image. At the horizon, the average amount of refraction is 34 arcminutes, though this amount varies based on atmospheric conditions.[1]
Also, unlike most other solar measurements, sunrise occurs when the Sun's upper limb, rather than its center, appears to cross the horizon. The apparent radius of the Sun at the horizon is 16 arcminutes.[1]
These two angles combine to define sunrise to occur when the Sun's center is 50 arcminutes below the horizon, or 90.83° from the zenith.[1]
Time of day[edit]
The timing of sunrise varies throughout the year and is also affected by the viewer's longitude and latitude, altitude, and time zone. These changes are driven by the axial tilt of Earth, daily rotation of the Earth, the planet's movement in its annual elliptical orbit around the Sun, and the Earth and Moon's paired revolutions around each other. The analemma can be used to make approximate predictions of the time of sunrise.
Time of sunrise in 2008 for Libreville, Gabon. Near the equator, the variation of the time of sunrise is mainly governed by the variation of the equation of time. See here for the sunrise chart of a different location.
In late winter and spring, sunrise as seen from temperate latitudes occurs earlier each day, reaching its earliest time near the summer solstice; although the exact date varies by latitude. After this point, the time of sunrise gets later each day, reaching its latest sometime around the winter solstice. The offset between the dates of the solstice and the earliest or latest sunrise time is caused by the eccentricity of Earth's orbit and the tilt of its axis, and is described by the analemma, which can be used to predict the dates.
Variations in atmospheric refraction can alter the time of sunrise by changing its apparent position. Near the poles, the time-of-day variation is exaggerated, since the Sun crosses the horizon at a very shallow angle and thus rises more slowly.[1]
Accounting for atmospheric refraction and measuring from the leading edge slightly increases the average duration of day relative to night. The sunrise equation, however, which is used to derive the time of sunrise and sunset, uses the Sun's physical center for calculation, neglecting atmospheric refraction and the non-zero angle subtended by the solar disc.
Location on the horizon[edit]
Neglecting the effects of refraction and the Sun's non-zero size, whenever sunrise occurs, in temperate regions it is always in the northeast quadrant from the March equinox to the September equinox and in the southeast quadrant from the September equinox to the March equinox.[4] Sunrises occur approximately due east on the March and September equinoxes for all viewers on Earth.[5] Exact calculations of the azimuths of sunrise on other dates are complex, but they can be estimated with reasonable accuracy by using the analemma.
Appearance[edit]
Sunrise over Placida Harbor, Florida
Colors[edit]
Colors 10 minutes before sunrise. Rocher Percé (Pierced Rock), Quebec, Canada.
See also: Atmospheric optics
Air molecules and airborne particles scatter white sunlight as it passes through the Earth's atmosphere. This is done by a combination of Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering.[6]
As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to an observer, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles, changing the final color of the beam the viewer sees. Because the shorter wavelength components, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, these colors are preferentially removed from the beam.[6]
At sunrise and sunset, when the path through the atmosphere is longer, the blue and green components are removed almost completely leaving the longer wavelength orange and red hues seen at those times. The remaining reddened sunlight can then be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles to light up the horizon red and orange.[7] The removal of the shorter wavelengths of light is due to Rayleigh scattering by air molecules and particles much smaller than the wavelength of visible light (less than 50 nm in diameter).[8][9] The scattering by cloud droplets and other particles with diameters comparable to or larger than the sunlight's wavelengths (more than 600 nm) is due to Mie scattering and is not strongly wavelength-dependent. Mie scattering is responsible for the light scattered by clouds, and also for the daytime halo of white light around the Sun (forward scattering of white light).[10][11][12]
Sunset colors are typically more brilliant than sunrise colors, because the evening air contains more particles than morning air.[6][7][9][12]
Peach sunrise over the sea, Sydney, Australia
Ash from volcanic eruptions, trapped within the troposphere, tends to mute sunset and sunrise colors, while volcanic ejecta that is instead lofted into the stratosphere (as thin clouds of tiny sulfuric acid droplets), can yield beautiful post-sunset colors called afterglows and pre-sunrise glows. A number of eruptions, including those of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 and Krakatoa in 1883, have produced sufficiently high stratospheric sulfuric acid clouds to yield remarkable sunset afterglows (and pre-sunrise glows) around the world. The high altitude clouds serve to reflect strongly reddened sunlight still striking the stratosphere after sunset, down to the surface.
Optical illusions and other phenomena[edit]
This is a False Sunrise, a very particular kind of Parhelion
Atmospheric refraction causes the Sun to be seen while it is still below the horizon.
Light from the lower edge of the Sun's disk is refracted more than light from the upper edge. This reduces the apparent height of the Sun when it appears just above the horizon. The width is not affected, so the Sun appears wider than it is high.
The Sun appears larger at sunrise than it does while higher in the sky, in a manner similar to the moon illusion.
The Sun appears to rise above the horizon and circle the Earth, but it is actually the Earth that is rotating, with the Sun remaining fixed. This effect results from the fact that an observer on Earth is in a rotating reference frame.
Occasionally a false sunrise occurs, demonstrating a very particular kind of Parhelion belonging to the optical phenomenon family of halos.
Sometimes just before sunrise or after sunset a green flash can be seen. This is an optical phenomenon in which a green spot is visible above the sun, usually for no more than a second or two.[13]
See also[edit]
Analemma
Dawn
Day
Daytime
Dusk
Earth's shadow, visible at sunrise
False sunrise
Golden hour (photography)
Noon
Sunrise equation
Sunset
Twilight
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f U.S. Navy: Rise, Set, and Twilight Definitions
^ Jump up to: a b Sunrise – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Jump up ^ The Earth Is the Center of the Universe: Top 10 Science Mistakes
Jump up ^ Karen Masters (October 2004). "Curious About Astronomy: How does the position of Moonrise and Moonset change?". Curious About Astronomy? Ask an Astronomer. Cornell University Astronomy Department. Retrieved 2016-08-11.
Jump up ^ "Where Do the Sun and Stars Rise?". Stanford Solar Center. Retrieved 2012-03-20.
^ Jump up to: a b c K. Saha (2008). The Earth's Atmosphere – Its Physics and Dynamics. Springer. p. 107. ISBN 978-3-540-78426-5.
^ Jump up to: a b B. Guenther, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of Modern Optics. Vol. 1. Elsevier. p. 186.
Jump up ^ "Hyperphysics, Georgia State University". Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
^ Jump up to: a b Craig Bohren (ed.), Selected Papers on Scattering in the Atmosphere, SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham, WA, 1989
Jump up ^ Corfidi, Stephen F. (February 2009). "The Colors of Twilight and Sunset". Norman, OK: NOAA/NWS Storm Prediction Center.
Jump up ^ "Atmospheric Aerosols: What Are They, and Why Are They So Important?". nasa.gov. August 1996.
^ Jump up to: a b E. Hecht (2002). Optics (4th ed.). Addison Wesley. p. 88. ISBN 0-321-18878-0.
Jump up ^ "Red Sunset, Green Flash".
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Sunrise
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sunrises.
Sun or Moon Rise/Set Table for one Year
Full physical explanation of sky color, in simple terms
An Excel workbook with VBA functions for sunrise, sunset, solar noon, twilight (dawn and dusk), and solar position (azimuth and elevation)
Daily almanac including Sun rise/set/twillight for every location on Earth
Monthly calendar with Sun/Moon rise/set times for every location on Earth
Geolocation service to calculate the time of sunrise and sunset
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Related articles:
Belt of Venus
Blue hour
Golden hour
Terminator
Daylight
Forenoon
Noon
Afternoon
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Midnight sun
Polar night
Zodiacal light
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunrise&oldid=824444941"
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Nationstar Mortgage
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Industry
Mortgage Lending
Founded
1994
Headquarters
Dallas, Texas, United States
Key people
Jay Bray (Chairman and CEO)
Number of employees
7700+
Website
www.mrcooper.com
Nationstar Mortgage Holdings Inc. was founded in 1994 and is headquartered in the Dallas, Texas area. Nationstar Holdings consists of Nationstar Mortgage, which provides servicing and originations for homeowners throughout the United States, and Xome, which provides technology and data enhanced solutions to the real estate market and companies engaged in the origination and/or servicing of mortgage loans. As of June 30, 2017, Nationstar employed approximately 7,000 people and is one of the largest mortgage servicers in the United States with a servicing portfolio of approximately $500 billion and more than 3 million customers. [1] Became Mr. Cooper in August 2017. [2]
Contents
1 History
2 Acquisitions
3 FICO
4 References
History[edit]
Nationstar was founded in Denver, Colorado in 1994 as Nova Credit Corporation. In 1997, the company moved to Dallas, Texas, where homebuilder Centex Homes established Nova Credit Corporation as their in-house lender for new construction known and changed the company name to Centex Credit Corporation. In 2001, Centex Credit Corporation was merged into Centex Home Equity Company, and it operated as the subprime mortgage originator and servicer for Centex until 2005.
In 2005, Centex Homes decided to exit all of its non-core, non-homebuilding businesses, including the mortgage business. Fortress Investment Group acquired Centex Home Equity and renamed it Nationstar Mortgage in 2006.
Nationstar Mortgage Holdings, Inc. went public in March 2012 with an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange (NSM).[3]
As of June 30, 2017, Nationstar employed approximately 7,000 people and is one of the largest mortgage servicers in the United States with a servicing portfolio of approximately $500 billion and more than 3 million customers. [4]
In August 2017, Nationstar was rebranded as Mr. Cooper.[5]
Acquisitions[edit]
In 2013, Nationstar Mortgage purchased Greenlight Financial Services, a California consumer loan originator.[6]
In 2014, Nationstar Mortgage acquired Real Estate Digital, a real estate services company, for $18 million in cash.[7]
Nationstar Mortgage in November 2014 acquired Experience 1, the holding company for Title365 and technology subsidiaries X1 Labs and X1 Xpress.[8]
Nationstar completed acquiring Champion Mortgage from Keycorp (Keybank) March 1, 2007. The acquisition included everything but the loan portfolio, which was sold to HSBC Holdings.
On June 15, 2016 it was announced that Nationstar Mortgage Holdings Inc. had been selected by Seneca Mortgage Servicing LLC ("Seneca") as the subservicer for existing and future acquisitions of mortgage servicing rights held by Seneca.
FICO[edit]
In February 2015, Nationstar was recognized by President Barack Obama for making its FICO Scores available for free to its customers by the end of 2015. Nationstar partners with FICO, a "predictive analytics and decision management software company" whose "groundbreaking use of Big Data and mathematical algorithms to predict consumer behavior has transformed entire industries."[9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.housingwire.com/articles/40914-nationstar-posts-net-loss-of-20-million-but-the-news-is-better-than-it-seems
Jump up ^ https://www.housingwire.com/articles/40016-its-official-nationstar-will-become-mr-cooper-in-august-2017
Jump up ^ http://www.nasdaq.com/markets/ipos/company/nationstar-mortgage-holdings-inc-855544-67149#ixzz3JdOunuUe
Jump up ^ https://www.housingwire.com/articles/40914-nationstar-posts-net-loss-of-20-million-but-the-news-is-better-than-it-seems
Jump up ^ http://www.dsnews.com/daily-dose/05-02-2017/nationstar-mortgage-officially-become-mr-cooper
Jump up ^ Cho, Hanah (3 June 2013). "Nationstar Mortgage completes purchase of California consumer loan originator". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Cho, Hannah (8 May 2014). "Nationstar makes another acquisition". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Swanson, Brena (21 November 2014). "Nationstar buys title company". Housingwire. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
Jump up ^ President Barack Obama Recognizes Nationstar for Helping Protect Consumers: Company acknowledged for making FICO® Scores available for free to customers (PDF), Dallas, Texas, February 17, 2015, retrieved December 24, 2016
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nationstar_Mortgage&oldid=853025009"
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Mortgage lenders
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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