text:
Lapse rate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Lapse rate is the rate at which Earth's atmospheric temperature decreases with an increase in altitude, or increases with the decrease in altitude. [1][2] Lapse rate arises from the word lapse, in the sense of a gradual change.
Although this concept is most often applied to Earth's troposphere, lapse rate can be extended to any gravitationally supported parcel of gas.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 Convection and adiabatic expansion
3 Moist adiabatic lapse rate
4 Environmental lapse rate
5 Effect on weather
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Additional reading
10 External links
Definition[edit]
A formal definition from the Glossary of Meteorology[3] is:
The decrease of an atmospheric variable with height, the variable being temperature unless otherwise specified.
In general, a lapse rate is the negative of the rate of temperature change with altitude change, thus:
Γ = − d T d z {\displaystyle \Gamma =-{\frac {dT}{dz}}}
where Γ {\displaystyle \Gamma } is the lapse rate given in units of temperature divided by units of altitude, T = temperature, and z = altitude.[a]
Convection and adiabatic expansion[edit]
Emagram diagram showing variation of dry adiabats (bold lines) and moist adiabats (dash lines) according to pressure and temperature
The temperature profile of the atmosphere is a result of an interaction between radiation and convection. Sunlight hits the ground and heats it. The ground then heats the air at the surface. If radiation were the only way to transfer heat from the ground to space, the greenhouse effect of gases in the atmosphere would keep the ground at roughly 333 K (60 °C; 140 °F), and the temperature would decay exponentially with height.[6]
However, when air is hot, it tends to expand, which lowers its density. Thus, hot air tends to rise and transfer heat upward. This is the process of convection. Convection comes to equilibrium when a parcel of air at a given altitude has the same density as the other air at the same elevation.
When a parcel of air expands, it pushes on the air around it, doing work (thermodynamics). Since the parcel does work but gains no heat, it loses internal energy so that its temperature decreases. The process of expanding and contracting without exchanging heat is an adiabatic process. The term adiabatic means that no heat transfer occurs into or out of the parcel. Air has low thermal conductivity, and the bodies of air involved are very large, so transfer of heat by conduction is negligibly small.
The adiabatic process for air has a characteristic temperature-pressure curve, so the process determines the lapse rate. When the air contains little water, this lapse rate is known as the dry adiabatic lapse rate: the rate of temperature decrease is 9.8 °C/km (5.38 °F per 1,000 ft) (3.0 °C/1,000 ft). The reverse occurs for a sinking parcel of air.[7]
Note that only the troposphere (up to approximately 12 kilometres (39,000 ft) of altitude) in the Earth's atmosphere undergoes convection: the stratosphere does not generally convect.[8] However, some exceptionally energetic convection processes -- notably volcanic eruption columns and overshooting tops associated with severe supercell thunderstorms -- may locally and temporarily inject convection through the tropopause and into the stratosphere.
The mathematics of the adiabatic lapse rate can be derived from thermodynamics, which defines an adiabatic process via:
P d V = − V d P / γ {\displaystyle PdV=-VdP/\gamma }
the first law of thermodynamics can be written as
m c v d T − V d p / γ = 0 {\displaystyle mc_{v}dT-Vdp/\gamma =0}
Also, since α = V / m {\displaystyle \alpha =V/m} and γ = c p / c v {\displaystyle \gamma =c_{p}/c_{v}} , we can show that:
c p d T − α d P = 0 {\displaystyle c_{p}dT-\alpha dP=0}
where c p {\displaystyle c_{p}} is the specific heat at constant pressure and α {\displaystyle \alpha } is the specific volume.
Assuming an atmosphere in hydrostatic equilibrium:[9]
d P = − ρ g d z {\displaystyle dP=-\rho gdz}
where g is the standard gravity and ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the density. Combining these two equations to eliminate the pressure, one arrives at the result for the dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR),[10]
Γ d = − d T d z = g c p = 9.8 ∘ C / k m {\displaystyle \Gamma _{d}=-{\frac {dT}{dz}}={\frac {g}{c_{p}}}=9.8\ ^{\circ }\mathrm {C} /\mathrm {km} }
Moist adiabatic lapse rate[edit]
The presence of water within the atmosphere complicates the process of convection. Water vapor contains latent heat of vaporization. As a parcel of air rises and cools, it eventually becomes saturated; that is, the vapor pressure of water in equilibrium with liquid water has decreased (as temperature has decreased) to the point where it is equal to the actual vapor pressure of water. With further decrease in temperature the water vapor in excess of the equilibrium amount condenses, forming cloud, and releasing heat (latent heat of condensation). Before saturation, the rising air follows the dry adiabatic lapse rate. After saturation, the rising air follows the moist adiabatic lapse rate.[11] The release of latent heat is an important source of energy in the development of thunderstorms.
While the dry adiabatic lapse rate is a constant 9.8 °C/km (5.38 °F per 1,000 ft, 3 °C/1,000 ft), the moist adiabatic lapse rate varies strongly with temperature. A typical value is around 5 °C/km, (9 °F/km, 2.7 °F/1,000 ft, 1.5 °C/1,000 ft).[12] The formula for the moist adiabatic lapse rate is given by:[13]
Γ w = g 1 + H v r R s d T c p d + H v 2 r R s w T 2 = g R s d T 2 + H v r T c p d R s d T 2 + H v 2 r ϵ {\displaystyle \Gamma _{w}=g\,{\frac {1+{\dfrac {H_{v}\,r}{R_{sd}\,T}}}{c_{pd}+{\dfrac {H_{v}^{2}\,r}{R_{sw}\,T^{2}}}}}=g\,{\frac {R_{sd}\,T^{2}+H_{v}\,r\,T}{c_{pd}\,R_{sd}\,T^{2}+H_{v}^{2}\,r\,\epsilon }}}
where:
Γ w {\displaystyle \Gamma _{w}} = Wet adiabatic lapse rate, K/m
g {\displaystyle g} = Earth's gravitational acceleration = 9.8076 m/s2
H v {\displaystyle H_{v}} = Heat of vaporization of water, = 2501000 J/kg
R s d {\displaystyle R_{sd}} = Specific gas constant of dry air = 287 J kg−1 K−1
R s w {\displaystyle R_{sw}} = Specific gas constant of water vapour = 461.5 J kg−1 K−1
ϵ = R s d R s w {\displaystyle \epsilon ={\frac {R_{sd}}{R_{sw}}}} =The dimensionless ratio of the specific gas constant of dry air to the specific gas constant for water vapour = 0.622
e {\displaystyle e} = The water vapour pressure of the saturated air
p {\displaystyle p} = The pressure of the saturated air
r = ϵ e / ( p − e ) {\displaystyle r=\epsilon e/(p-e)} = The mixing ratio of the mass of water vapour to the mass of dry air[14]
T {\displaystyle T} = Temperature of the saturated air, K
c p d {\displaystyle c_{pd}} = The specific heat of dry air at constant pressure, = 1003.5 J kg−1 K−1
Environmental lapse rate[edit]
The environmental lapse rate (ELR), is the rate of decrease of temperature with altitude in the stationary atmosphere at a given time and location. As an average, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) defines an international standard atmosphere (ISA) with a temperature lapse rate of 6.49 K/km[15] (3.56 °F or 1.98 °C/1,000 ft) from sea level to 11 km (36,090 ft or 6.8 mi). From 11 km up to 20 km (65,620 ft or 12.4 mi), the constant temperature is −56.5 °C (−69.7 °F), which is the lowest assumed temperature in the ISA. The standard atmosphere contains no moisture. Unlike the idealized ISA, the temperature of the actual atmosphere does not always fall at a uniform rate with height. For example, there can be an inversion layer in which the temperature increases with altitude.
Effect on weather[edit]
The latent heat of vaporization adds energy to clouds and storms.
The varying environmental lapse rates throughout the Earth's atmosphere are of critical importance in meteorology, particularly within the troposphere. They are used to determine if the parcel of rising air will rise high enough for its water to condense to form clouds, and, having formed clouds, whether the air will continue to rise and form bigger shower clouds, and whether these clouds will get even bigger and form cumulonimbus clouds (thunder clouds).
As unsaturated air rises, its temperature drops at the dry adiabatic rate. The dew point also drops (as a result of decreasing air pressure) but much more slowly, typically about −2 °C per 1,000 m. If unsaturated air rises far enough, eventually its temperature will reach its dew point, and condensation will begin to form. This altitude is known as the lifting condensation level (LCL) when mechanical lift is present and the convective condensation level (CCL) when mechanical lift is absent, in which case, the parcel must be heated from below to its convective temperature. The cloud base will be somewhere within the layer bounded by these parameters.
The difference between the dry adiabatic lapse rate and the rate at which the dew point drops is around 8 °C per 1,000 m. Given a difference in temperature and dew point readings on the ground, one can easily find the LCL by multiplying the difference by 125 m/°C.
If the environmental lapse rate is less than the moist adiabatic lapse rate, the air is absolutely stable — rising air will cool faster than the surrounding air and lose buoyancy. This often happens in the early morning, when the air near the ground has cooled overnight. Cloud formation in stable air is unlikely.
If the environmental lapse rate is between the moist and dry adiabatic lapse rates, the air is conditionally unstable — an unsaturated parcel of air does not have sufficient buoyancy to rise to the LCL or CCL, and it is stable to weak vertical displacements in either direction. If the parcel is saturated it is unstable and will rise to the LCL or CCL, and either be halted due to an inversion layer of convective inhibition, or if lifting continues, deep, moist convection (DMC) may ensue, as a parcel rises to the level of free convection (LFC), after which it enters the free convective layer (FCL) and usually rises to the equilibrium level (EL).
If the environmental lapse rate is larger than the dry adiabatic lapse rate, it has a superadiabatic lapse rate, the air is absolutely unstable — a parcel of air will gain buoyancy as it rises both below and above the lifting condensation level or convective condensation level. This often happens in the afternoon mainly over land masses. In these conditions, the likelihood of cumulus clouds, showers or even thunderstorms is increased.
Meteorologists use radiosondes to measure the environmental lapse rate and compare it to the predicted adiabatic lapse rate to forecast the likelihood that air will rise. Charts of the environmental lapse rate are known as thermodynamic diagrams, examples of which include Skew-T log-P diagrams and tephigrams. (See also Thermals).
The difference in moist adiabatic lapse rate and the dry rate is the cause of foehn wind phenomenon (also known as "Chinook winds" in parts of North America). The phenomenon exists because warm moist air rises through orographic lifting up and over the top of a mountain range or large mountain. The temperature decreases with the dry adiabatic lapse rate, until it hits the dew point, where water vapor in the air begins to condense. Above that altitude, the adiabatic lapse rate decreases to the moist adiabatic lapse rate as the air continues to rise. Condensation is also commonly followed by precipitation on the top and windward sides of the mountain. As the air descends on the leeward side, it is warmed by adiabatic compression at the dry adiabatic lapse rate. Thus, the foehn wind at a certain altitude is warmer than the corresponding altitude on the windward side of the mountain range. In addition, because the air has lost much of its original water vapor content, the descending air creates an arid region on the leeward side of the mountain.[16]
See also[edit]
Adiabatic process
Atmospheric thermodynamics
Fluid dynamics
Foehn wind
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Note: In some cases, Γ {\displaystyle \Gamma } or α {\displaystyle \alpha } can be used to represent the adiabatic lapse rate in order to avoid confusion with other terms symbolized by γ {\displaystyle \gamma } , such as the specific heat ratio[4] or the psychrometric constant.[5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mark Zachary Jacobson (2005). Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83970-X.
Jump up ^ C. Donald Ahrens (2006). Meteorology Today (8th ed.). Brooks/Cole Publishing. ISBN 0-495-01162-2.
Jump up ^ Todd S. Glickman (June 2000). Glossary of Meteorology (2nd ed.). American Meteorological Society, Boston. ISBN 1-878220-34-9. (Glossary of Meteorology)
Jump up ^ Salomons, Erik M. (2001). Computational Atmospheric Acoustics (1st ed.). Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 1-4020-0390-0.
Jump up ^ Stull, Roland B. (2001). An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology (1st ed.). Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-277-2769-4.
Jump up ^ Goody, Richard M.; Walker, James C.G. (1972). "Atmospheric Temperatures" (PDF). Atmospheres. Prentice-Hall.
Jump up ^ Danielson, Levin, and Abrams, Meteorology, McGraw Hill, 2003
Jump up ^ "The stratosphere: overview". UCAR. Retrieved 2016-05-02.
Jump up ^ Landau and Lifshitz, Fluid Mechanics, Pergamon, 1979
Jump up ^ Kittel; Kroemer (1980). "6". Thermal Physics. Freeman. problem 11
Jump up ^ "Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate". tpub.com. Archived from the original on 2016-06-03. Retrieved 2016-05-02.
Jump up ^ Minder, JR; Mote, PW; Lundquist, JD (2010). "Surface temperature lapse rates over complex terrain: Lessons from the Cascade Mountains". J. Geophys. Res. 115: D14122. Bibcode:2010JGRD..11514122M. doi:10.1029/2009JD013493.
Jump up ^ "Saturation adiabatic lapse rate". Glossary. American Meteorological Society.
Jump up ^ "Mixing ratio". Glossary. American Meteorological Society.
Jump up ^ Manual of the ICAO Standard Atmosphere (extended to 80 kilometres (262 500 feet)) (Third ed.). International Civil Aviation Organization. 1993. ISBN 92-9194-004-6. Doc 7488-CD.
Jump up ^ Whiteman, C. David (2000). Mountain Meteorology: Fundamentals and Applications. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513271-8.
Additional reading[edit]
Beychok, Milton R. (2005). Fundamentals Of Stack Gas Dispersion (4th ed.). author-published. ISBN 0-9644588-0-2. www.air-dispersion.com
R. R. Rogers and M. K. Yau (1989). Short Course in Cloud Physics (3rd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3215-1.
External links[edit]
Definition, equations and tables of lapse rate from the Planetary Data system.
National Science Digital Library glossary:
Lapse Rate
Environmental lapse rate
Absolute stable air
An introduction to lapse rate calculation from first principles from U. Texas
[hide]
v
t
e
Meteorological data and variables
General
Adiabatic processes
Advection
Buoyancy
Lapse rate
Lightning
Surface solar radiation
Surface weather analysis
Visibility
Vorticity
Wind
Wind shear
Condensation
Cloud
Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)
Fog
Convective condensation level (CCL)
Lifted condensation level (LCL)
Precipitation
Water vapor
Convection
Convective available potential energy (CAPE)
Convective inhibition (CIN)
Convective instability
Convective momentum transport
Convective temperature (Tc)
Equilibrium level (EL)
Free convective layer (FCL)
Helicity
K Index
Level of free convection (LFC)
Lifted index (LI)
Maximum parcel level (MPL)
Bulk Richardson number (BRN)
Temperature
Dew point (Td)
Dew point depression
Dry-bulb temperature
Equivalent temperature (Te)
Forest fire weather index
Haines Index
Heat index
Humidex
Humidity
Relative humidity (RH)
Mixing ratio
Potential temperature (θ)
Equivalent potential temperature (θe)
Sea surface temperature (SST)
Thermodynamic temperature
Vapor pressure
Virtual temperature
Wet-bulb temperature
Wet-bulb potential temperature
Wind chill
Pressure
Atmospheric pressure
Baroclinity
Barotropicity
Pressure gradient
Pressure-gradient force (PGF)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lapse_rate&oldid=815595689"
Categories:
Atmospheric thermodynamics
Climate feedbacks
Fluid mechanics
Spatial gradient
Temperature
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
Català
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 15 December 2017, at 20:36.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: b

value: sup

value: i

values:
/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere
mw-redirect
Earth's atmosphere

values: vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:10.1ex; height:5.509ex;

values: {\displaystyle \Gamma =-{\frac {dT}{dz}}}

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.463ex; height:2.176ex;

values:
/wiki/Physical_unit
mw-redirect
Physical unit

values: Edit section: Convection and adiabatic expansion

values:
/wiki/Heat_conduction
mw-redirect
Heat conduction

values:
/wiki/Supercell_thunderstorms
mw-redirect
Supercell thunderstorms

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.933ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.76ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.628ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:9.693ex; height:3.009ex;

values: vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:16.57ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.084ex; height:2.343ex;

values:
/wiki/Specific_heat
mw-redirect
Specific heat

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.498ex; height:1.676ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.573ex; height:2.676ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.212ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:31.028ex; height:6.009ex;

values: Edit section: Moist adiabatic lapse rate

values:
/wiki/Heat_of_vaporization
mw-redirect
Heat of vaporization

values: vertical-align: -6.005ex; width:46.567ex; height:12.676ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.88ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.126ex; height:2.009ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.652ex; height:2.509ex;

values:
/wiki/Specific_gas_constant
mw-redirect
Specific gas constant

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.969ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:8.869ex; height:5.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.094ex; height:1.676ex;

values:
/wiki/Vapour_pressure
mw-redirect
Vapour pressure

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.079ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.344ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.647ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.951ex; height:2.343ex;

values: International Civil Aviation Organization

values:
/wiki/International_standard_atmosphere
mw-redirect
International standard atmosphere

values:
/wiki/ICAO_Standard_Atmosphere
mw-redirect
ICAO Standard Atmosphere

values:
/wiki/Temperature_inversion
mw-redirect
Temperature inversion

values:
/wiki/Lifting_condensation_level
mw-redirect
Lifting condensation level

values:
/wiki/Orographic_lifting
mw-redirect
Orographic lifting

values:
/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)
mw-redirect
Precipitation (meteorology)

values:
/wiki/Adiabatic_compression
mw-redirect
Adiabatic compression

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.273ex; height:2.176ex;

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1029%2F2009JD013493

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.air-dispersion.com

values:
/wiki/Solar_radiation
mw-redirect
Solar radiation

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Lapse_rate
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: معدل السقوط – Arabic

values: Atmosphärischer Temperaturgradient – German

values: Κατακόρυφη θερμοβαθμίδα – Greek

values: آهنگ کاهش – Persian

values: Gradiente adiabático saturado – Galician

values: Stopa opadanja temperature u troposferi – Croatian

values: מפל הטמפרטורה באטמוספירה – Hebrew

values: Adiabatisk temperaturendring – Norwegian

values: Adiabatisk temperaturendring – Norwegian Nynorsk

values: Адиабатический градиент температуры – Russian

values: Stopa opadanja temperature u troposferi – Serbo-Croatian

values: Термічний градієнт в атмосфері – Ukrainian

values: 氣溫垂直遞減率 – Chinese

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Lapse_rate rootpage-Lapse_rate skin-vector action-view


text:
M. N. Roy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
M. N. Roy
Manabendra Nath Roy
Born
Narendra Nath Bhattacharya
(1887-03-21)21 March 1887
Changripota, 24 Parganas, Bengal Presidency, British India
Died
26 January 1954(1954-01-26) (aged 66)
Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Nationality
Indian
Alma mater
Bengal Technical Institute, Communist University of the Toilers of the East
Occupation
Revolutionary, radical activist, political theorist, philosopher
Organization
Jugantar, Communist Party of India, Communist Party of Mexico,
Movement
Indian Independence Movement
Indian revolutionary movement
Hindu–German Conspiracy
Manabendra Nath Roy (21 March 1887 –26 January 1954), born Narendra Nath Bhattacharya, was an Indian revolutionary, radical activist and political theorist, as well as a noted philosopher in the 20th century. Roy was a founder of the Mexican Communist Party and the Communist Party of India. He was also a delegate to congresses of the Communist International and Russia's aide to China. Following the rise of Joseph Stalin, Roy left the mainline communist movement to pursue an independent radical politics. In 1940 Roy was instrumental in the formation of the Radical Democratic Party, an organisation in which he played a leading role for much of the decade of the 1940s.
In the aftermath of World War II Roy moved away from Marxism to espouse the philosophy of radical humanism, attempting to chart a third course between liberalism and communism.
Contents
1 Biography
1.1 Early years
1.2 Nationalist revolutionary
1.3 The Indo-German conspiracy
1.4 International revolutionary
1.5 Imprisonment
1.6 Radical humanist
1.7 Death and legacy
2 Bibliography
3 Footnotes
4 Further reading
5 External links
Biography[edit]
Early years[edit]
Part of a series on
Communism in India
Personalities[show]
M.P.T. Acharya
Abani Mukherji
M. N. Roy
P. Krishna Pillai
Puran Chand Joshi
A. K. Gopalan
Ajoy Ghosh
Puchalapalli Sundaraiah
Bhupesh Gupta
B. T. Ranadive
Shripad Amrit Dange
S.K. Limaye
Shibdas Ghosh
E. M. S. Namboodiripad
Charu Majumdar
T. Nagi Reddy
Saroj Dutta
Kondapalli Seetharamaiah
E. K. Nayanar
Geeta Mukherjee
Mohit Sen
Indrajit Gupta
Vinod Mishra
Ganapathy
Harkishan Singh Surjeet
Jyoti Basu
V. S. Achuthanandan
Sitaram Yechury
Colonial Period and Partition[show]
Labour Kisan Party
Workers and Peasants Party
Comrades Association
Tebhaga movement
Telangana Rebellion
Communist Party of French India
Lal Communist Party
2nd Party Congress
Cold War years[show]
Naxalbari uprising
Srikakulam
CPI(M-L)
Contemporary movements[show]
CPI(M)
CPI
CPI(ML) Liberation
SUCI(C)
Other articles[show]
Lal Salam
Communism in Kerala
Lal Sena
Communism portal
v
t
e
Anushilan Samiti
Influence
Indian Nationalism (Militant nationalism)
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
Swami Vivekananda
Sister Nivedita
Aurobindo Ghosh
Shakta philosophy
Indian National Congress
Bipin Chandra Pal
1905 Partition of Bengal
Bande Mataram
Jugantar
M. C. Samadhyayi
Anushilan Samiti
History
Dhaka Anushilan Samiti
Jugantar
Aurobindo
Raja Subodh Mallik
Pramathanath Mitra
Sarala Devi
C.R. Das
Surendranath Tagore
Kanailal Dutta
Jatindra Nath Banerjee
Barin Ghosh
Pulin Behari Das
Bhupendranath Datta
Bagha Jatin
Atulkrishna Ghosh
Jadugopal Mukherjee
Rash Behari Bose
Bhupendra Kumar Datta
Hemchandra Kanungo
Ullaskar Dutta
Khudiram Bose
Prafulla Chaki
Tarak Nath Das
Abhinash Bhattacharya
Guran Ditt Kumar
Naren Bhattacharya
Bhavabhushan Mitra
Bipin Behari Ganguli
Sachindra Nath Sanyal
Jogesh Chandra Chattopadhyay
Pratul Chandra Ganguli
Hindustan Republican Association
Narendra Mohan Sen
Niranjan Sen Gupta
M. N. Roy
Jatin Das
Surya Sen
Pritilata Waddedar
Revolutionary Socialist Party
More
Notable events
Alipore Bomb Conspiracy
Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy
Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy
Barisal Conspiracy
Rodda robbery
Indo-German Conspiracy
Annie Larsen
Christmas Day plot
Kakori conspiracy
Chittagong armoury raid
More
Related topics
Sir Andrew Fraser
Department of Criminal Intelligence
Sir Harold Stuart
Sir Charles Stevenson-Moore
Sir Robert Nathan
John Wallinger
India House
Paris Indian Society
Abhinav Bharat Society
V.D. Savarkar
Madam Cama
Har Dayal
Ghadar Party
More
v
t
e
Narendra Nath "Naren" Bhattacharya, later known as M. N. Roy, was born on 21 March 1887 at Arbelia, located in the North 24 Parganas of West Bengal, near Calcutta (Kolkata).[1]
The Bhattacharyas were Sakta brahmins – a family of hereditary priests.[2] Naren's paternal grandfather was the head priest of the goddess Ksheputeswari in the village of Ksheput, located in the Midnapore district of West Bengal.[2] Naren's father also served for a time in priestly capacity there, although the large size of his family – he being one of 11 siblings – forced a relocation to the village of Arbelia and a change of occupation.[2]
Following the death of his first wife, the elder Bhattacharya married Basantakumari Devi, the niece of Dwarkanath Vidyabhusan and was appointed as a teacher of Sanskrit in the nearby Arbelia English school.[3] The couple had a total of eight children, including the fourth-born Naren.[2]
Naren Bhattacharya's early schooling took place at Arbelia.[3] In 1898 the family moved to Kodalia.[3] Bhattacharya continued his studies at the Harinavi Anglo-Sanskrit School, at which his father taught, until 1905.[3]
Bhattacharya later enrolled at the National College under Sri Aurobindo, before moving to the Bengal Technical Institute, where he studied Engineering and Chemistry.[3] Much of Bhattacharya's knowledge was gained through self-study, however.[3]
Nationalist revolutionary[edit]
Towards the end of the 19th Century revolutionary nationalism began to spread among the educated middle classes of Bengal, inspired by the writings of Bankim and Vivekananda.[4] Naren Bhattacharya was swept up in this movement, reading both of these leading luminaries extensively.[4]
According to one biographer, Roy gained an appreciation from Bankim that true religion required one not to be cloistered from the world, but to work actively for the public good; Vivekananda reinforced this notion of social service and further advanced the idea that Hinduism and Indian culture was superior to anything the western world could offer.[5]
With his cousin and childhood friend Hari Kumar Chakravarti (1882–1963), he formed a band of free-thinkers including Satcowri Banerjee and the brothers, Saileshvar and Shyamsundar Bose. Two other cousins of Bhattacharya and Chakravarti — Phani and Narendra Chakravarti – often came from Deoghar, where they went to school with Barin Ghosh.[6] A mysterious Vedic scholar, Mokshadacharan Samadhyayi, active organiser of secret branches of the Anushilan Samiti in Chinsura started frequenting Bhattacharya group.
In July 1905 a partition of Bengal was announced, scheduled to take effect in October. A spontaneous mass movement aimed at annulment of the partition emerged, giving radical nationalists like Naren Bhattacharya and his co-thinkers an opportunity to build broader support for their ideas.[7] Following his expulsion from high school for organising a meeting and a march against the partition, Bhattacharya and Chakravarti moved to Kolkata and joined in the active work of the Anushilan.[7]
Under Mokshada's leadership, on 6 December 1907 Bhattacharya successfully committed the first act of political banditry to raise money for the secret society. When arrested, he was carrying two seditious books by Barin Ghosh. Defended by the Barrister J.N. Roy (close friend of Jatindranath Mukherjee or Bagha Jatin) and the pleader Promothonath Mukherjee, he got released on bail, thanks to his reputation as a student and social worker.[8]
Unhappy with Barin's highly centralised and authoritative way of leadership, Bhattacharya and his group had been looking for something more constructive than making bombs at the Maniktala garden. Two incidents sharpened their interest in an alternative leadership. Barin had sent Prafulla Chaki with Charuchandra Datta to see Bagha Jatin at Darjeeling who was posted there on official duty, and do away with the Lt. Governor; on explaining to Prafulla that the time was not yet ripe, Jatin promised to contact him later. Though Prafulla was much impressed by this hero, Barin cynically commented that it would be too much of an effort for a Government officer to serve a patriotic cause. Shortly after, Phani returned from Darjeeling, after a short holiday: fascinated by Jatin’s charisma, he informed his friends about the unusual man. On hearing Barin censuring Phani for disloyalty, Bhattacharya decided to see that exceptional Dada and got caught for good.[9]
The Howrah-Shibpur Trial (1910–11) brought Bhattacharya closer to Jatindra Mukherjee.
The Indo-German conspiracy[edit]
Many Indian nationalists, including Roy, became convinced that only an armed struggle against the British Raj would be sufficient to separate India from the British empire. To the furtherance of this end, revolutionary nationalists looked to a rival imperial power, that of Kaiser Wilhelm's Germany, as a potential source of funds and armaments.
In August 1914 a massive European war erupted between Britain and Germany. Expatriate Indian nationalists organised as the Indian Revolutionary Committee in Berlin made an informal approach to the German government in support of aid to the cause of anti-British armed struggle in their native land.[10] These contacts were favourable and towards the end of the year word reached India that the Germans had agreed to provide the money and material necessary for the launch of an Indian war of independence from British rule.[10] Revolution seemed near.[10]
The task of obtaining funds and armaments for the coming struggle was entrusted to Naren Bhattacharya.[10] Bhattacharya was dispatched first to Java, where over the next two months he was able to obtain some limited funds, albeit no armaments.[10]
Early in 1915, Bhattacharya set out again, leaving India in search of vaguely promised German armaments which were believed to be en route, somewhere on the Pacific.[11] Roy would not see his homeland again for 16 years.[11]
The actual plan seemed fantastic, as Bhattacharya-Roy later recounted in his posthumously published memoirs:
"The plan was to use German ships interned in a port at the northern tip of Sumatra, to storm the Andaman Islands and free and arm the prisoners there, and land the army of liberation on the Orissa coast. The ships were armoured, as many big German vessels were, ready for wartime use. they also carried several guns each. The crew was composed of naval ratings. They had to escape from the internment camp, seize the ships, and sail.... Several hundred rifles and other small arms with an adequate supply of ammunition could be acquired through Chinese smugglers who would get then on board the ships."[12]
At the last minute, money for the conduct of the operation failed to materialise and "the German Consul General mysteriously disappeared on the day when he was to issue orders for the execution of the plan," Bhattacharya recalled.[13]
Disgusted but still holding out hope, Bhattacharya left Indonesia for Japan, hoping to win Japanese support for the independence of Asia from European imperialism, despite Japan's nominal alliance with Great Britain.[13] There he met with Chinese nationalist leader Sun Yat-sen, who had escaped to Japan following the failure of a July 1913 uprising in Nanking.[13]
Sun Yat-sen refused to assist Bhattacharya in his task of organising anti-British revolution in India, instead expressing faith in the ultimate liberating mission of Japan and his own powerlessness owing to British control of Hong Kong, Sun's base of operations in South China.[14] Efforts to raise money from the German Ambassador to China were likewise unsuccessful.[15]
Bhattacharya's activities soon drew the attention of the Japanese secret police, who were concerned about Bhattacharya's efforts at fomenting revolution.[15] Upon learning that he was about to be served formal notice to leave Japan within 24 hours and not wishing to be deported to Shanghai, Bhattacharya immediately set about leaving the country overland through Korea.[16] He tried to make his way from there to Peking (Beijing), but by this time he was spotted and identified by the British secret police, who detained him.[17] Only through a stroke of good fortune was Bhattacharya able to win his release from the police, due to the British Consul General's ill ease with holding a British subject indefinitely without having formal charges first been preferred.[18]
Further efforts to raise funds for armaments from the German consulate at Hankow resulted in a further tentative agreement.[19] However, this plan also came to naught owing to the size of the commitment, which had to be approved in Berlin, according to German Ambassador to China Admiral Paul von Hintze.[20] Bhattacharya determined to take his plan for German funding next to the German Ambassador in the United States, before heading to Germany itself.[20] Employees of the German embassy were able to assist Bhattacharya in obtaining a place as a stowaway aboard an American ship with a German crew, bound for San Francisco.[20]
Although they knew he was on board the ship, British authorities stopping the vessel in international waters were unable to locate Bhattacharya in the secret compartment in which he was hurriedly hidden.[21] In an effort to throw the British off his trail – and in an effort to obtain more suitable accommodations for the long trans-Pacific voyage, Bhattacharya stealthily disembarked at Kobe, Japan.[22]
In Kobe Bhattacharya made use of a false French-Indian passport previously obtained for him by the Germans in China.[22] Posing as a seminary student bound for Paris, Bhattacharya obtained an American passport visa, bought a ticket, and sailed for San Francisco.[22]
International revolutionary[edit]
During his stay in Palo Alto, a period of about two months, Roy met his future wife, a young Stanford University graduate named Evelyn Trent. The pair fell in love and journeyed together across the country to New York City.[23]
It was in the New York City public library that Roy began to develop his interest in Marxism.[24] His socialist transition under Lala owed much to Bankim Chandra Chatterjee's essays on communism and Vivekananda's message of serving the proletariat. Bothered by British spies, Roy fled to Mexico in July 1917 with Evelyn. German military authorities, on the spot, gave him large amounts of money.
The Mexican president Venustiano Carranza and other liberal thinkers appreciated Roy's writings for El Pueblo. The Socialist Party he founded (December 1917), was converted into the Communist Party of Mexico in 1919, the first Communist Party outside Russia. The Roys lodged a penniless Mikhail Borodin, the Bolshevik leader, under special circumstances. On the basis of a grateful Borodin's reports on Roy's activities, Moscow was to invite Roy to the 2nd World Congress of the Communist International, held in Moscow during the summer of 1920.[25]
A few weeks before the Congress, Vladimir Lenin personally received Roy with great warmth. At Lenin's behest, Roy formulated his own ideas as a supplement to Lenin's Preliminary Draft Theses on the National and the Colonial Questions.[26]
Material from Roy's pen was published by International Press Correspondence (Inprecor), the weekly bulletin of the Communist International. Roy served as a member of the Comintern's Presidium for eight years[27] and at one stage was a member of the Presidium, the Political Secretariat, the Executive Committee, and the World Congress.
Commissioned by Lenin to prepare the East – especially India – for revolution, Roy founded military and political schools in Tashkent. In October 1920, as he formed the Communist Party of India, he contacted his erstwhile revolutionary colleagues who, at this juncture, were hesitating between Radicalism (Jugantar) and Mohandas K. Gandhi's novel programme. Close to the Jugantar in spirit and action, C. R. Das inspired Roy's confidence. From Moscow, Roy published his major reflections, India in Transition, almost simultaneously translated into other languages. In 1922 appeared Roy's own journal, the Vanguard, organ of the emigre Communist Party of India. These were followed by The Future of Indian Politics (1926) and Revolution and Counter-revolution in China (1930), while he had been tossing between Germany and France.
Leading a Comintern delegation appointed by Joseph Stalin to develop agrarian revolution in China, Roy reached Canton in February 1927. Despite fulfilling his mission with skill,[citation needed] a disagreement with the CCP leaders and Borodin led to a fiasco. Roy returned to Moscow where factions supporting Leon Trotsky and Grigory Zinoviev were busy fighting with Stalin's.
Stalin refused to meet Roy and give him a hearing at the plenum in February 1928. Denied a decent treatment for an infected ear, Roy escaped with Nikolai Bukharin's help, sparing himself Stalin's anger. Shortly after Trotsky's deportation, on 22 May 1928, Roy received the permission to go abroad for medical treatment on board a Berlin-bound plane of the Russo-German Airline Deruluft.[28] In December 1929, the Inprecor announced Roy's expulsion from the Comintern, almost simultaneously with Bukharin's fall from grace.
Imprisonment[edit]
Roy returned to India for the first time in December 1930.[29] Upon reaching Bombay, Roy met leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Bose, the former of whom recalled that despite significant political differences, "I was attracted to him by his remarkable intellectual capacity."[30]
Roy's political activity in India proved to be brief, on 21 July 1931 he was arrested in Bombay on an arrest warrant issued in 1924.[29] Roy was taken to Kanpur to face charges under Section 121-A of the Indian Penal Code, "conspiring to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty in India."[29]
No trial was held in open court; rather, the proceedings were conducted inside the jail in which Roy was held.[31] Roy was allowed neither trial by jury nor defense witnesses, nor was he allowed to make a defense statement.[32] Proceedings were conducted from 3 November 1931 until 9 January 1932, at which time Roy was sentenced to 12 years of rigorous imprisonment.[32]
Roy was taken immediately under armed guard to Bareilly Central Jail for completion of his sentence managing, however, to smuggle out the defence statement which he was not allowed to present in court.[32] This disallowed declaration was published in full by Roy's supporters in India as My Defence, and in abridged form in New York as I Accuse.[32]
Roy was unapologetic for his advocacy of the use of armed struggle against British colonialism, in his own defence declaring
The oppressed people and exploited classes are not obliged to respect the moral philosophy of the ruling power.... A despotic power is always overthrown by force. The force employed in this process is not criminal. On the contrary, precisely the guns carried by the army of the British government in India are instruments of crime. They become instruments of virtue when they are turned against the imperialist state.[33]
Roy filed an appeal in his case to the Allahabad High Court, but this was dismissed on 2 May 1933 – although Roy's sentence was at the same time reduced from 12 years to 6 by the court.[32] Roy ultimately served 5 years and 4 months of this term, sitting in five different jails.[32] Dismal prison conditions took a severe toll on Roy's health, and he suffered lasting damage to his heart, kidneys, lungs, and digestive tract as a result of his time behind bars.[34] Roy also lost several teeth, was frequently feverish, and suffered constant pain from a chronically infected inner ear.[34]
Despite his imprisonment, Roy still managed to contribute to the Indian independence movement. A steady stream of letters and articles were smuggled out of jail. He also wrote a 3000-page draft manuscript provisionally titled The Philosophical Consequence of Modern Science. His followers, including A. A. Alwe, formed the Bombay Provincial Working Class Party in 1933 to continue his work while he was imprisoned.[35]
Released in November 1936 in broken health, Roy went to Allahabad for recovery, invited by Nehru. Defying the Comintern order to boycott the Indian National Congress, Roy urged Indian Communists to join this Party to radicalise it. Nehru, in his presidential address at Faizpur session in December 1936, greeted the presence of Roy, as
...one who, though young, is an old and well-tried soldier in India's fight for freedom. Comrade M.N. Roy has just come to us after a long and most distressing period in prison, but though shaken up in body, he comes with a fresh mind and heart, eager to take part in that old struggle that knows no end till it ends in success.[36]
From the podium Roy in his speech recommended the capture of power by Constituent Assembly. Unable to collaborate with Gandhi, however, Roy was to stick to his own conviction. In April 1937, his weekly Independent India appeared and was welcomed by progressive leaders like Bose and Nehru, unlike Gandhi, and the staunch Communists who accused Roy of deviation.
Radical humanist[edit]
In marrying Ellen Gottschalk, his second wife, "Roy found not only a loving wife but also an intelligent helper and close collaborator."[37] They settled in Dehra Dun. Roy proposed an alternative leadership, seized the crisis following Bose's re-election as the Congress President, in 1938: in Pune, in June, he formed his League of Radical Congressmen. Disillusioned with both bourgeois democracy and communism, he devoted the last years of his life to the formulation of an alternative philosophy which he called Radical Humanism and of which he wrote a detailed exposition in Reason, Romanticism and Revolution.
In his monumental biography, In Freedom's Quest, Sibnarayan Ray writes:
If Nehru had his problems, so had Roy. From early life his sharp intellect was matched by a strong will and extra-ordinary self-confidence. It would seem that in his long political career there were only two persons and a half who, in his estimate, qualified to be his mentors. The first was Jatin Mukherji (or Bagha Jatin) from his revolutionary nationalist period; the second was Lenin. The half was Josef Stalin....[38]
With the declaration of World War II, Roy (in a position close to that of Sri Aurobindo) condemned the rising totalitarian regimes in Germany and Italy, instead supporting England and France in the fight against fascism. He severed connections with the Congress Party and created the Radical Democratic Party in 1940. Gandhi proceeded to foment Quit India in August 1942. In response The British imprisoned without trial almost the entire Indian National Congress leadership within hours. Roy's line was clearly different from that of the mainstream of the independence movement. According to Roy, a victory for Germany and the Axis powers would have resulted in the end of democracy worldwide and India would never be independent. In his view India could win her independence only in a free world. Subhas Chandra Bose took the pro-active stance that The enemy of my enemy is my friend; escaping house-arrest and India he formed the Azad Hind Provisional Indian Government in Exile and allied with the Japanese brought the Indian National Army to India's doorstep.
Sensing India's independence to be a post-war reality following the defeat of the Axis powers and the weakening of British imperialism, Roy wrote a series of articles in Independent India on the economic and political structures of new India, even presenting a concrete ten-year plan, and drafting a Constitution of Free India (1944).
Roy in his philosophy devised means to ensure human freedom and progress. Remembering Bagha Jatin who "personified the best of mankind", Roy worked "for the ideal of establishing a social order in which the best in man could be manifest." In 1947, he elaborated his theses into a manifesto, New Humanism, expected to be as important as the Communist Manifesto by Marx a century earlier.[39]
Death and legacy[edit]
A lecture tour to the USA was to be suspended, as Roy died on 25 January 1954.
Beginning in 1987, Oxford University Press began the publication of the Selected Works of M.N. Roy. A total of 4 volumes were published through 1997, gathering Roy's writings through his prison years. Project editor Sibnarayan Ray died in 2008, however,[40] and the Roy works publishing project was therefore prematurely terminated.
The house where he lived during the time he spent in Mexico City, today is a private nightclub that bears his name: M.N. Roy.[41]

Bibliography[edit]
Note: Adapted from "A Checklist of the Writings of M.N. Roy" in M.N. Roy's Memoirs. Delhi: Ajanta Publications, 1984; pp. 607–617.
La voz de la India (The Voice of India). Mexico City: n.p., n.d. [c. 1917].
La India: Su Pasado, Su Presente y Su Porvenir (India: Its Past, Its Present, and Its Future). Mexico City: n.p., 1918.
Indien (India). Hamburg: Verlag der Kommunistischen Internationale, 1922.
India in Transition. With Abani Mukherji. Geneva: J.B. Target, 1922.
What Do We Want? Geneva: J.B. Target, 1922.
One Year of Non-Cooperation from Ahmedabad to Gaya. With Evelyn Roy. Calcutta: Communist Party of India, 1923. —Imprint probably fictitious.
India's Problem and Its Solution. n.c.: n.p., n.d. [c. 1923].
Political Letters. Zurich: Vanguard Bookshop, 1924. —Alternate title: Letters to Indian Nationalists.
Cawnpore Conspiracy Case: An Open Letter to the Rt. Hon. J.R. MacDonald. London: Indian Defence Committee, 1924.
The Aftermath of Non-Cooperation: Indian Nationalism and Labour Politics. London: Communist Party of Great Britain, 1926.
The Future of Indian Politics. London: R. Bishop [Communist Party of Great Britain], 1926.
Our Task in India. n.c.: Bengal Committee of the Revolutionary Party of the Indian Working Class, n.d. [c. 1932].
"I Accuse!" : From the Suppressed Statement of Manabendra Nath Roy on Trial for Treason before Sessions Court, Cawnpore, India. New York: Roy Defense Committee of India, 1932. —Title of unexpurgated Indian edition: My Defence.
Congress at Crossroads, by a Congressman (M.N. Roy). Bombay: Independence of India League, [c. 1934].
On Stepping Out of Jail. Bombay: V.B. Karnik, n.d. [c. 1936].
Letters by M.N. Roy to the Congress Socialist Party, Written in 1934. Bombay: Renaissance Publishing Co., 1937.
The Historical Role of Islam: An Essay on Islamic Culture. Bombay: Vora, 1937.
Presidential Address of M.N. Roy, United Provinces Youths' Conference, 29 and 30 May 1937, Sitapur. Bombay: R.D. Nadkarni, n.d. [1937].
Materialism and Spiritualism: Presidential Address of M.N. Roy at the 3rd Session of the Madras Presidency Radical Youths' Conference, Held at Madras on 25 July 1937. Bombay: R.D. Nadkarni, n.d. [1937].
My Crime. Bombay: Ramesh D. Nadkarni, n.d. [c. 1937].
The Russian Revolution: A Review and the Perspective. Calcutta: D.M. Library, n.d. [c. 1937].
Presidential Address of Com. M.N. Roy, First Rajputana-Central India Students' Conference, Benwar, 1 and 2 January 1938. Bombay: n.p., n.d. [1938].
All-India Sugar Mill Workers' Conference, Gorakhpur, Held on 30 April and 1 May 1938: Presidential Address by Manabendra Nath Roy. Gorakhpur: n.p., n.d. [1938].
Fascism: Its Philosophy, Professions and Practice. Calcutta: D.M. Library, 1938.
On the Congress Constitution. Calcutta: "Independent India" Office, 1938.
Our Differences. With V.B. Karnik. Calcuta: Saraswaty Library, 1938.
Our Problems. With V.B. Karnik. Calcutta; Barendra Library, 1938.
Gandhi vs. Roy: Containing Com. Roy's Letter to Gandhiji, the Latter's Reply and the Former's Rejoinder. Bombay: V.B. Karnik, 1939.
Heresies of the Twentieth Century: Philosophical Essays. Bombay: Renaissance Publishers, 1939.
Presidential Address by M.N. Roy at the First All-India Conference of the League of Radical Congressmen, Poona, 27 and 28 June 1939. Bombay: n.p., n.d. [1939].
Tripuri and After. Nasik: Radical Congressmen's League, n.d. [1930s].
Which Way, Lucknow? By a Radical Congressman (M.N. Roy). Bombay: M.R. Shetty, n.d. [1930s].
The Memoirs of a Cat. n.c. [Dehra Dun]: Renaissance Publishers, 1940.
Whither Europe? Bombay: Vora, 1940.
The Alternative. Bombay: Vora, 1940.
From Savagery to Civilisation. Calcutta: Digest Book House, 1940.
Gandhism, Nationalism, Socialism. Calcutta: Bengal Radical Club, 1940.
Science and Superstition. Dera Dun: Indian Renaissance Association, 1940.
Materialism: An Outline of the History of Scientific Thought. Dera Dun: Renaissance Publishers, 1940.
World Crisis (International Situation). (contributor) Ahmedabad: Gujarat Radical Democratic People's Party, 1940.
The Relation of Classes in the Struggle for Indian Freedom. Patna: Bihar Radical Democratic People's Party, n.d. [c. 1940].
Science, Philosophy and Politics. Moradabad: J.S. Agarwal, n.d. [c. 1940].
A New Path: Manifesto and Constitution of the Radical Democratic Party. Bombay: V.B. Karnik, n.d. [c. 1940].
Twentieth Century Jacobinism: Role of Marxism in Democratic Revolution. Patna: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [c. 1940].
Some Fundamental Problems of Mass Mobilization. Calcutta: D. Goonawardhana, n.d. [c. 1940].
My Differences with the Congress: Speech at Allahbad University, 27 November 1940. Bombay: V.B. Karnik, League of Radical Congressmen, n.d. [c. 1940].
On Communal Question. With V.B. Karnik. Lucknow: A.P. Singh, n.d. [c. 1940].
Culture at the Crossroads: Cultural Requisites of Freedom. Calcutta: Leftist Book Club, n.d. [1940s].
Radical Democratic Party's Message to the USSR. Calcutta: D. Goonawardhan, n.d. [1940s].
Presidential Address by Com. M.N. Roy at the Maharashtra Provincial Conference of the Radical Democratic Party held at Poona on 22 and 23 March 1941. Bombay: V.B. Karnik, n.d. [1941].
The Ideal of Indian Womanhood. n.c. [Dehra Dun?]: Renaissance Publishers, 1941.
Problem of the Indian Revolution. Bombay: Rajaram Panday, 1941.
All-India Anti-Fascist Trade Union Conference: Presidential Address by M.N. Roy: Lahore, 29–30 November 1941. Lahore: M.A. Kahn, n.d. [1941].
Scientific Politics: Lectures in the All India Political Study Camp, Dehradun, May and June 1940: Held under Auspices of All-India League of Radical Congressmen. Dehra Dun: Indian Renaissance Association, 1942.
Freedom or Fascism? n.c. [Bombay?]: Radical Democratic Party, 1942.
India and the War. (contributor) Lucknow: Radical Democratic Party, 1942.
This War and Our Defence. Karachi: Sind Provincial Radical Democratic Party, 1942.
War and Revolution: International Civil War. Madras: Radical Democratic Party, 1942.
Origin of Radicalism in the Congress. Lucknow: S.S. Suri, 1942.
Library of a Revolutionary: Being a List of Books for Serious Political Study. Lucknow: New Life Union, for the Indian Renaissance Association, 1942.
This Way to Freedom: Report of the All-India Conference of the Radical Democratic Party held in December 1942. (contributor) Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1942.
Nationalism: An Antiquated Cult. Bombay: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [c. 1942].
Nationalism, Democracy, and Freedom. Bombay: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [c. 1942].
Letters from Jail. n.c. [Dehra Dun?]: Renaissance Publishing, 1943.
The Communist International. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1943.
What is Marxism? Bombay: n.p., 1943.
The Future of Socialism: Talk to the Calcutta Students' Club, November 1943. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, n.d. [1943].
Poverty or Plenty? Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1943.
Indian Labour and Post-war Reconstruction. Lucknow: A.P. Singh, 1943.
Indian Renaissance Movement: Three Lectures. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1944.
The Future of the Middle Class: Lecture Delivered in Poona on 29 May 1944, in the Annual Spring Lecture Series. Patna: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [1944].
Constitution of India, A Draft: Endorsed and Released for Public Discussion by the Central Secretariat of the Radical Democratic Party. Delhi: V.B. Karnik, 1944.
Your Future: An Appeal to the Educated Middle Class. Issued by the Radical Democratic Party. Lucknow: Radical Democratic Party, 1944.
Planning a New India. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, n.d. [c. 1944].
National Government or People's Government? Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, n.d. [c. 1944].
Constitution of Free India, A Draft by M.N. Roy: Endorsed and Released for Public Discussion by the Radical Democratic Party. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1945.
The Last Battles of Freedom: Being the Report of the Calcutta Conference of the Radical Democratic Party, 27 to 30 December 1944. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [1945].
Post-War Perspective: A Peep into the Future. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1945.
Future of Democracy in India: Being the Full Text of a Speech Delivered at a Public Meeting Held at the Town Hall, Lucknow, on 6 October 1945. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [1945].
The Problem of Freedom. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1945.
My Experiences in China. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1945.
Sino-Soviet Treaty. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1947.
Jawaharial Nehru. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [c. 1945].
INA and the August Revolution. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1946.
Revolution and Counter-Revolution in China. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1946. —Published in German in 1931.
A New Orientation: Statement on the International Situation. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1946.
A New Orientation: Review and Perspective of the International Struggle for a New World Order of Democratic Freedom, Economic Prosperity, and Cultural Progress. Dehra Dun: Radical Democratic Party, Bengal, 1946.
New Orientation: Lectures Delivered at the Political Study Camp Held at Dehra Dun, from 8 to 18 May 1946. With Phillip Spratt. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1946.
Radical Democratic Party Conference Inaugural Address: Bombay, 20th, 21st, 22 Dec 1946: Presidential Address and Resolutions. Bombay: V.B. Karnik, n.d. [1947].
Principles of Radical Democracy: Adopted by the Third All-India Conference by the Radical Democratic Party of India held in Bombay, 26 to 29 December 1946. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1947. —Attributed to Roy.
Leviathan and Octopus. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [1947].
Asia and the World: A Manifesto. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1947.
Science and Philosophy. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1947.
New Humanism: A Manifesto. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1947.
Beyond Communism. With Philip Spratt. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1947.
A New Approach to the Communal Program: Lecture Delivered at the International Fellowship, Madras, 22 Feb 1941. Bombay: V.B. Karnik, n.d. [c. 1947].
The Russian Revolution. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1949.
India's Message. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1950.
The Rhythm of Cosmos: Inaugural Address of the Second All-India Rationalist Conference at Tenali held on 9 and 10 Feb 1952. Tenali: n.p., n.d. [1952].
Radical Humanism. New Delhi: n.p., 1952.
Reason, Romanticism and Revolution. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1952.
The Way Ahead in Asia. n.c.: British Information Service in Southeast Asia, n.d. [c. 1950s].
Crime and Karma, Cats and Women. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1957.
Memoirs. Bombay: Allied Publishers, 1964. —Reissued 1984.
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ This date found in the Dictionary of National Biography and accepted by Sibnarayan Ray, In Freedom's Quest: Life of M.N. Roy (Vol. 1: 1887–1922). Calcutta: Minerva Associates, 1998; p. 14. This is based on the diary of Dinabandhu. Samaren Roy in The Restless Brahmin claims that Bhattacharya was born on 22 February 1887 in Arbelia.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ray, In Freedom's Quest, vol. 1, p. 14.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Manabendra Nath Roy," Archived 1 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Banglapedia
^ Jump up to: a b Ray, In Freedom's Quest, vol. 1, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Ray, In Freedom's Quest, vol. 1, pp. 15–16.
Jump up ^ Sealy's Report in Terrorism in Bengal, Vol. V, p. 17.
^ Jump up to: a b Ray, In Freedom's Quest, vol. 1, p. 16.
Jump up ^ V.B. Karnik, M.N. Roy: Political Biography. Bombay: Nav Jagriti Samaj, 1978; pp. 11–12.
Jump up ^ M. N. Roy, Jatindranath Mukherjee in Men I Met, reprinted from Independent India, 27 February 1949. Sibnarayan in vol. I, p. 19 quotes Bhattacharya farther: "all the Dadas practised magnetism: only Jatin Mukherjee possessed it."
^ Jump up to: a b c d e M.N. Roy, M.N. Roy's Memoirs. Delhi: Ajanta Publications, 1984; p. 3.
^ Jump up to: a b Roy, M.N. Roy's Memoirs, p. 4.
Jump up ^ Roy, M.N. Roy's Memoirs, pp. 4–5.
^ Jump up to: a b c Roy, M.N. Roy's Memoirs, p. 5.
Jump up ^ Roy, M.N. Roy's Memoirs, p. 6.
^ Jump up to: a b Roy, M.N. Roy's Memoirs, p. 7.
Jump up ^ Roy, M.N. Roy's Memoirs, p. 8.
Jump up ^ Roy, M.N. Roy's Memoirs, p. 9.
Jump up ^ Roy, M.N. Roy's Memoirs, p. 10.
Jump up ^ Roy, M.N. Roy's Memoirs, pp. 12–13.
^ Jump up to: a b c Roy, M.N. Roy's Memoirs, p. 14.
Jump up ^ Roy, M.N. Roy's Memoirs, p. 16.
^ Jump up to: a b c Roy, M.N. Roy's Memoirs, p. 18.
Jump up ^ Satyabrata Rai Chowdhuri, Leftism in India, 1917–1941. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007; p. 46.
Jump up ^ Diary of Lala Lajpat Rai, 1914–1917[permanent dead link], [[ National Archives of India |National Archives]], New Delhi
Jump up ^ Goebel, "Geopolitics," pp. 488-490.
Jump up ^ Sibnarayan, vol. 1, pp. 93–94
Jump up ^ "M.N. Roy Dead," Archived 13 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine. The Hindu, 29 January 1954.
Jump up ^ Sibnarayan, III/pp57-58
^ Jump up to: a b c Sibnarayan Ray, "Introduction to Volume IV," Selected Works of M.N. Roy: Volume IV, 1932–1936. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997; p. 3.
Jump up ^ Jawaharlal Nehru, An Autobiography (Nehru)| The Bodley Head, London, 1936; pp, 154, 218.
Jump up ^ Ray, "Introduction to Volume IV," pp. 3–4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Ray, "Introduction to Volume IV," p. 4.
Jump up ^ M.N. Roy, "I Accuse!" From the Suppressed Statement of Marabendra Nath Roy on Trial for Treason Before Sessions Court, Cawnpore, India. New York: Roy Defense Committee of India, January 1932; pp. 11–12.
^ Jump up to: a b Ray, "Introduction to Volume IV," p. 11.
Jump up ^ Roy, Subodh, Communism in India – Unpublished Documents 1925-1934. Calcutta: National Book Agency, 1998. p. 240
Jump up ^ Tribune, Lahore, 24 and 27 December 1936, quoted by Sibnarayan, III/p323
Jump up ^ Karnik, M.N. Roy, p. 86.
Jump up ^ op. cit, Vol. III-Part I, 2005, p. 320
Jump up ^ V.B. Karnik, M.N. Roy, p. 104
Jump up ^ Selected Works of M.N. Roy, Edited by Sibnarayan Ray,[permanent dead link] UO Libraries, University of Oregon, janus.uoregon.edu/
Jump up ^ "El Roy y su música". vice.com. 11 June 2014. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
Further reading[edit]
R.K. Awasthi, Scientific Humanism: Socio-Political Ideas of M.N. Roy: A Critique. Delhi: Research Publications in Social Sciences, 1973.
Shiri Ram Bakshi, M.N. Roy. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1994.
N.R. Basannavar, 'The Indian in the Comintern'. University of Bristol Dissertation 2007
G.P. Bhattacharjee, Evolution of Political Philosophy of M.N. Roy. Calcutta: Minerva Associates, 1971.
M.N. Roy and Radical Humanism. Bombay: A.J.B.H. Wadia Publication, 1961.
Phanibhusan Chakravartti, M.N. Roy. Calcutta: M.N. Roy Death Anniversary Observance Committee, 1961.
Prakash Chandra, Political Philosophy of M.N. Roy. Meerut: Sarup & Sons, 1985.
Satyabrata Rai Chowdhuri, Leftism in India, 1917–1947. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave, 2007.
Ramyansu Sekhar Das, M.N. Roy the Humanist Philosopher. Calcutta, W. Newman, 1956.
B.N. Dasgupta, M.N. Roy: Quest for Freedom. Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay, 1970.
Niranjan Dhar, The Political Thought of M.N. Roy, 1936–1954. Calcutta, Eureka Publishers, 1966.
S.M. Ganguly, Leftism in India: M.N. Roy and Indian Politics, 1920–1948. Columbia, MO: South Asia Books, 1984.
Dharmadasa Goonawardhana and Debassaran Das Gupta (eds.), Royism Explained. Calcutta: Saraswaty Library, 1938.
Michael Goebel, "Geopolitics, Transnational Solidarity, or Diaspora Nationalism? The Global Career of M.N. Roy, 1915-1930,"European Review of History 21, no. 4 (2014), pp. 485–499.
D.C. Grover, M. N. Roy: a Study of Revolution and Reason in Indian Politics. Calcutta: Minerva Associates, 1973.
John Patrick Haithcox, Communism and Nationalism in India; M.N. Roy and Comintern Policy, 1920–1939. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971.
V.B. Karnik, M.N. Roy: Political Biography. Bombay: Nav Jagriti Samaj, 1978.
Usha Krishna, M.N Roy and the Radical Humanist Movement in India: A Sociological Study. Meerut: Chaudhary Charan Singh University, 2005.
B. K. Mahakul, "Radical Humanism of M.N. Roy," Indian Journal of Political Science, vol. 66, no. 3 (July 2005), pp. 607–618. In JSTOR
Kris Manjapra, M.N. Roy: Marxism and Colonial Cosmopolitanism. Delhi: Routledge India, 2010.
Giles Milton Russian Roulette: How British Spies Thwarted Lenin's Global Plot, Sceptre, 2013. ISBN 978 1 444 73702 8
Innaiah Narisetti (ed.), M.N. Roy: Radical Humanist: Selected Writings. New York: Prometheus Books, 2004.
R.L. Nigram, Radical Humanism of M.N. Roy An Exposition of his 22 Theses. n.c.: Indus Publishing Co., n.d.
Robert C. North and Xenia J. Eudin, M.N. Roy's Mission to China: The Communist-Kuomintang Split of 1927. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963.
Vishnudeo Narain Ojha, M.N. Roy and His Philosophical Ideas. n.c. [Muzaffarpur]: Shankhnad Prakashan, 1969.
Alok Pant, Indian Radicalism and M.N. Roy. Delhi: Adhyayan, 2005.
Govardhan Dhanaraj Parikh (ed.), Essence of Royism: Anthology of M.N. Roy's Writings. Bombay: Nav Jagriti Samaj, 1987.
Ramendra, M. N. Roy's New Humanism and Materialism. Patna: Buddhiwadi Foundation, 2001.
Sibnarayan Ray, In Freedom's Quest: Life of M.N. Roy (Vol. 1: 1887–1922). Calcutta: Minerva, 1998. —No other volumes issued.
M.N. Roy: Philosopher-Revolutionary: A Symposium. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1959.
Dipti Kumar Roy, Leftist Politics in India: M.N. Roy and the Radical Democratic Party. Calcutta: Minerva, 1989.
Trade Union Movement in India: Role of M.N. Roy. Calcutta: Minerva, 1990.
Samaren Roy, The Restless Brahmin: Early Life of M.N. Roy. Bombay: Allied Publishers, 1970.
The Twice-Born Heretic: M.N. Roy and the Comintern. Calcutta: KLM Private, 1986.
B.S. Sharma, The Political Philosophy of M.N. Roy. Delhi, National Publishing House, 1965.
Sita Ram Sharma, Life and Works of M.N. Roy. Jaipur: Sublime Publications, 2010.
M. Shiviah, New Humanism and Democratic Politics: A Study of M.N. Roy's Theory of the State. Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1977.
Reeta Sinha, Political Ideas of M.N. Roy. New Delh: National Book Organisation, 1991.
Sada Nand Talwar, Political Ideas of M.N. Roy. Delhi: Khosla Publishing House, 1978.
J.B.H. Wadia, M.N. Roy, The Man: An Incomplete Royana. Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1983.
Syamales Das, M. N. Roy, Biplabi, Rajnitik O Darshonik. Calcutta: Sribhumi Publishing Co., 1999.
External links[edit]
Manbendra Nath Roy (1887—1954) at Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Manabendra Nath Roy Internet Archive, Marxists Internet Archive, www.marxists.org/
Roy on the cover of Ogonëk, April 5, 1925.
M. N. Roy materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)
Satish Kr. Jha, "Lecture on Radical Humanism of M.N. Roy," New Delhi: Consortium for Educational Communication-UGC, 2017. —Video.
show
v
t
e
Hindu–German Conspiracy
Background
Indian independence movement (militant)
Shyamji Krishna Varma
Bhikaiji Cama
India House
Anushilan Samiti
Jugantar
Alipore Bomb Case
Delhi Conspiracy
More
Ghadar
Hardayal
Sohan Singh
Pandurang Khankhoje
Hindustan Ghadar
Ghadar di gunj
Ghadar Party
Tarak Nath
Guran Ditt
Baba Gurdit Singh
Komagata Maru
Bhagwan Singh
Bhai Parmanand
Ram Chandra
Kartar Singh
Ganesh Pingle
Kanshi Ram
Agnes Smedley
More
Berlin Committee
Chatto
Champak
A. R. Pillai
M. P. T. Acharya
Barkatullah
Bhupendranath Datta
Abhinash Bhattacharya
Mahendra Pratap
Herambalal Gupta
More
Indian figures
Bagha Jatin
Rash Behari
Sachin Sanyal
Bhavabhushan Mitra
M. N. Roy
Pritam Singh
Amarendranath Chatterjee
Atulkrishna Ghosh
Deobandi
Mahmud al-Hasan
Ubaidullah Sindhi
Sufi Amba Prasad
More
German figures
Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg
Zimmermann
Intelligence Bureau for the East
Max von Oppenheim
Papen
von Bernstorff
George Rodiek
Hentig
Niedermayer
More
Conspiracy
Annie Larsen
SS Maverick
February plot
Singapore mutiny
Lahore Conspiracy Case trial
Christmas Day Plot
Silk Letter Conspiracy
Kabul Mission
Provisional Government of India
Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial
More
Counter-intelligence
W. C. Hopkinson
John Wallinger
Indian Political Intelligence
Basil Thomson
MI5(g)
Vernon Kell
Robert Nathan
Kirpal Singh
Oren
Vincent Kraft
William Wiseman
Charles Tegart
Guy Gaunt
W. Somerset Maugham
East Persia Cordon
Related topics
Lawrence of Arabia
Defence of India Act 1915
Ingress into India Ordinance
Sidney Rowlatt
Rowlatt Committee
Jallianwala Bagh massacre
Pan-Asianism
Tōyama Mitsuru
show
v
t
e
Indian Independence Movement
History
Colonisation
Porto Grande de Bengala
Dutch Bengal
East India Company
British Raj
French India
Portuguese India
Battle of Plassey
Battle of Buxar
Anglo-Mysore Wars
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Anglo-Maratha Wars
First
Second
Third
Polygar Wars
Vellore Mutiny
First Anglo-Sikh War
Second Anglo-Sikh War
Sannyasi Rebellion
Rebellion of 1857
Radcliffe Line
more
Philosophies
and ideologies
Ambedkarism
Gandhism
Hindu nationalism
Indian nationalism
Khilafat Movement
Muslim nationalism in South Asia
Satyagraha
Socialism
Swadeshi movement
Swaraj
Events and
movements
Partition of Bengal (1905)
Partition of Bengal (1947)
Revolutionaries
Direct Action Day
Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy
The Indian Sociologist
Singapore Mutiny
Hindu–German Conspiracy
Champaran Satyagraha
Kheda Satyagraha
Rowlatt Committee
Rowlatt Bills
Jallianwala Bagh massacre
Noakhali riots
Non-Cooperation Movement
Christmas Day Plot
Coolie-Begar Movement
Chauri Chaura incident, 1922
Kakori conspiracy
Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre
Flag Satyagraha
Bardoli
1928 Protests
Nehru Report
Fourteen Points of Jinnah
Purna Swaraj
Salt March
Dharasana Satyagraha
Vedaranyam March
Chittagong armoury raid
Gandhi–Irwin Pact
Round table conferences
Act of 1935
Aundh Experiment
Indian Legion
Cripps Mission
Quit India
Bombay Mutiny
Coup d'état of Yanaon
Provisional Government of India
Independence Day
Praja Mandala movement
Organisations
All India Kisan Sabha
All-India Muslim League
Anushilan Samiti
Arya Samaj
Azad Hind
Berlin Committee
Ghadar Party
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
Indian National Congress
India House
Indian Home Rule movement
Indian Independence League
Indian National Army
Jugantar
Khaksar Tehrik
Khudai Khidmatgar
Swaraj Party
more
Social
reformers
A. Vaidyanatha Iyer
Ayya Vaikundar
Ayyankali
B. R. Ambedkar
Baba Amte
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Dayananda Saraswati
Dhondo Keshav Karve
G. Subramania Iyer
Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty
Gopal Ganesh Agarkar
Gopal Hari Deshmukh
Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
J. B. Kripalani
Jyotirao Phule
Kandukuri Veeresalingam
Mahadev Govind Ranade
Mahatma Gandhi
Muthulakshmi Reddi
Narayana Guru
Niralamba Swami
Pandita Ramabai
Periyar E. V. Ramasamy
Ram Mohan Roy
Rettamalai Srinivasan
Sahajanand Saraswati
Savitribai Phule
Shahu
Sister Nivedita
Sri Aurobindo
Syed Ahmad Khan
Vakkom Moulavi
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
Vinoba Bhave
Vitthal Ramji Shinde
Vivekananda
Independence
activists
Abul Kalam Azad
Accamma Cherian
Achyut Patwardhan
A. K. Fazlul Huq
Alluri Sitarama Raju
Annapurna Maharana
Annie Besant
Ashfaqulla Khan
Babu Kunwar Singh
Bagha Jatin
Bahadur Shah II
Bakht Khan
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Basawon Singh
Begum Hazrat Mahal
Bhagat Singh
Bharathidasan
Bhavabhushan Mitra
Bhikaiji Cama
Bhupendra Kumar Datta
Bidhan Chandra Roy
Bipin Chandra Pal
C. Rajagopalachari
Chandra Shekhar Azad
Chetram Jatav
Chittaranjan Das
Dadabhai Naoroji
Dayananda Saraswati
Dhan Singh
Dukkipati Nageswara Rao
Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Govind Ballabh Pant
Har Dayal
Hemu Kalani
Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi
Jatindra Mohan Sengupta
Jatindra Nath Das
Jawaharlal Nehru
K. Kamaraj
Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
Khudiram Bose
Shri Krishna Singh
Lala Lajpat Rai
M. Bhaktavatsalam
M. N. Roy
Mahadaji Shinde
Mahatma Gandhi
Mangal Pandey
Mir Qasim
Mithuben Petit
Muhammad Ali Jauhar
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari
Nagnath Naikwadi
Nana Fadnavis
Nana Sahib
P. Kakkan
Prafulla Chaki
Pritilata Waddedar
Pritilata Waddedar
Purushottam Das Tandon
R. Venkataraman
Rahul Sankrityayan
Rajendra Prasad
Ram Prasad Bismil
Rani Lakshmibai
Rash Behari Bose
Sahajanand Saraswati
Sangolli Rayanna
Sarojini Naidu
Satyapal Dang
Shuja-ud-Daula
Shyamji Krishna Varma
Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi
Siraj ud-Daulah
Subhas Chandra Bose
Subramania Bharati
Subramaniya Siva
Surya Sen
Syama Prasad Mukherjee
Tara Rani Srivastava
Tarak Nath Das
Tatya Tope
Tiruppur Kumaran
Ubaidullah Sindhi
V O Chidamabaram
V. K. Krishna Menon
Vallabhbhai Patel
Vanchinathan
Veeran Sundaralingam
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
Virendranath Chattopadhyaya
Yashwantrao Holkar
Yogendra Shukla
more
British leaders
Wavell
Canning
Cornwallis
Irwin
Chelmsford
Curzon
Ripon
Minto
Dalhousie
Bentinck
Mountbatten
Wellesley
Lytton
Clive
Outram
Cripps
Linlithgow
Hastings
Independence
Cabinet Mission
Annexation of French colonies in India
Constitution
Republic of India
Indian annexation of Goa
Indian Independence Act
Partition of India
Political integration
Simla Conference
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb12175380k (data)
GND: 12125058X
ISNI: 0000 0001 2127 341X
LCCN: n50025968
SUDOC: 066872316
VIAF: 34499216
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._N._Roy&oldid=863347480"
Categories:
1887 births
1954 deaths
People from North 24 Parganas district
Anushilan Samiti
Hindu–German Conspiracy
Indian revolutionaries
Indian communists
Indian Marxists
Indian expatriates in Mexico
Executive Committee of the Communist International
Right Opposition
Indian atheists
Indian humanists
Contemporary Indian philosophers
Indian prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of British India
Indian political theorists
Mexican people of Indian descent
20th-century Indian philosophers
20th-century Indian non-fiction writers
Indian male writers
Indian male philosophers
Scholars from West Bengal
20th-century Indian social scientists
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from May 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Use dmy dates from November 2013
Use Indian English from November 2013
All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English
Infobox person using alma mater
Articles with hCards
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikisource
Languages
অসমীয়া
বাংলা
Deutsch
Español
Français
한국어
हिन्दी
ქართული
മലയാളം
मराठी
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Polski
Русский
سنڌي
Svenska
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
中文
12 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 10 October 2018, at 06:15 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: p

value: span

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: href title

values: Communist University of the Toilers of the East

values:
/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Mexico
mw-redirect
Communist Party of Mexico

values:
/wiki/Indian_Independence_Movement
mw-redirect
Indian Independence Movement

values:
/wiki/Indian_revolutionary_movement
mw-redirect
Indian revolutionary movement

values:
/wiki/Radical_humanism
mw-redirect
Radical humanism

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;border-top:1px red solid; padding-top:0.2em;

values: 2nd Congress of the Communist Party of India

values: Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)

values: Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation

values: Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;background:white

values: Revolutionary movement for Indian independence

values:
/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay
mw-redirect
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

values:
/wiki/Abhinash_Bhattacharya
mw-redirect
Abhinash Bhattacharya

values:
/wiki/Manabendra_Nath_Roy
mw-redirect
Manabendra Nath Roy

values: Hindustan Socialist Republican Association

values:
/wiki/Andrew_Fraser_(civil_servant)
mw-redirect
Andrew Fraser (civil servant)

values: Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence

values:
/wiki/Barin_Ghosh
mw-redirect
Barin Ghosh

values: Edit section: The Indo-German conspiracy

values:
/wiki/British_empire
mw-redirect
British empire

values:
/wiki/German_empire
mw-redirect
German empire

values:
/wiki/Second_Revolution_(China)
mw-redirect
Second Revolution (China)

values: Edit section: International revolutionary

values:
/wiki/El_Pueblo_(newspaper)
mw-redirect
El Pueblo (newspaper)

values:
/wiki/Mohandas_K._Gandhi
mw-redirect
Mohandas K. Gandhi

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party
mw-redirect
Chinese Communist Party

values:
/wiki/Subhas_Bose
mw-redirect
Subhas Bose

values:
/wiki/Trial_by_jury
mw-redirect
Trial by jury

values:
/wiki/Constituent_Assembly
mw-redirect
Constituent Assembly

values:
/wiki/Subhas_Bose#National_politics
mw-redirect
Subhas Bose

values:
/wiki/Communist_Manifesto
mw-redirect
Communist Manifesto

values:
/wiki/Jatindranath_Mukherjee
mw-redirect
Jatindranath Mukherjee

values: -moz-column-width: 40em; -webkit-column-width: 40em; column-width: 40em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856152

values:
nofollow
http://www.iep.utm.edu/roy_mn/
external text

values:
/wiki/Alipore_Bomb_Case
mw-redirect
Alipore Bomb Case

values:
navbox-image
8
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: British counter-intelligence against the Indian revolutionary movement during World War I

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Template talk:Indian Independence Movement

values:
/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny
mw-redirect
Vellore Mutiny

values:
/wiki/Sannyasi_Rebellion
mw-redirect
Sannyasi Rebellion

values:
/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha
mw-redirect
Kheda Satyagraha

values:
/wiki/Babu_Kunwar_Singh
mw-redirect
Babu Kunwar Singh

values:
/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_II
mw-redirect
Bahadur Shah II

values:
/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan
mw-redirect
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

values:
/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jauhar
mw-redirect
Muhammad Ali Jauhar

values:
/wiki/Rani_Lakshmibai
mw-redirect
Rani Lakshmibai

values:
/wiki/Sibghatullah_Shah_Rashidi
mw-redirect
Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi

values:
/wiki/V_O_Chidambaram_Pillai
mw-redirect
V O Chidambaram Pillai

values: Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis

values: Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford

values: George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston

values: Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto

values: James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie

values: Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma

values: Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley

values: Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton

values: Causes for liberation of French colonies in India

values:
/wiki/Indian_annexation_of_Goa
mw-redirect
Indian annexation of Goa

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/12125058X

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/000000012127341X

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/066872316

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/34499216

values: Category:People from North 24 Parganas district

values: Category:Executive Committee of the Communist International

values: Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India

values: Category:Mexican people of Indian descent

values: Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers

values: Category:20th-century Indian social scientists

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Use dmy dates from November 2013

values: Category:Use Indian English from November 2013

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English

values: Category:Infobox person using alma mater

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/M._N._Roy
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: মানবেন্দ্ৰ নাথ ৰয় – Assamese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-as
display: none;

values: মানবেন্দ্রনাথ রায় – Bangla

values: 마나벤드라 나트 로이 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: मानवेन्द्रनाथ राय – Hindi

values: მანაბენდრა როი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: മാനവേന്ദ്രനാഥ റോയ് – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: मानवेंद्रनाथ रॉय – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values: ਐੱਮ ਐੱਨ ਰਾਏ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Рой, Манабендра – Russian

values: ايم اين رائي – Sindhi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sd
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.N._Roy
M.N. Roy – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: எம். என். ராய் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: ఎం.ఎన్.రాయ్ – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Манабендранатх Рой – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: نریندر ناتھ – Urdu

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-M_N_Roy rootpage-M_N_Roy skin-vector action-view