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Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception
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Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception
Patronal church of the United States of America
Main façade of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception
Location of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C.
38°56′0″N 77°0′02″W / 38.93333°N 77.00056°W / 38.93333; -77.00056Coordinates: 38°56′0″N 77°0′02″W / 38.93333°N 77.00056°W / 38.93333; -77.00056
Location
Washington, D.C.
Country
United States
Denomination
Catholic
Tradition
Roman Rite
Website
Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception
Architecture
Status
Minor basilica, National shrine
Architect(s)
Maginnis & Walsh
Architectural type
Basilica
Style
Neo-Byzantine and Neo-Romanesque
Groundbreaking
1920 (1920)
Completed
1961 (1961)
Specifications
Capacity
10,000
Length
500 feet (150 m)
Width
240 feet (73 m)
Nave width
157 feet (48 m)
Height
329 feet (100 m)
Dome height (outer)
237 feet (72 m)
Dome height (inner)
159 feet (48 m)
Dome diameter (outer)
108 feet (33 m)
Dome diameter (inner)
89 feet (27 m)
Administration
Archdiocese
Archdiocese of Washington
Clergy
Rector
Monsignor Walter R. Rossi
Priest(s)
Walter R. Rossi
Vito A. Buonanno
Michael D. Weston
Raymond A. Lebrun
Laity
Director of music
Dr. Peter Latona
Organist(s)
Peter Latona
Benjamin Laprarie
Nathan Davy
Robert Grogan
The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception is a prominent Roman Rite Catholic basilica located in Washington, D.C., United States of America, honoring the Blessed Virgin Mary as the Immaculate Conception, the principal Patroness of the USA.
The shrine is the largest Catholic church in the United States and North America, one of the ten largest churches in the world, and the tallest habitable building in Washington, D.C.[1][2][3] Construction of this church, notable for its Neo-Byzantine architecture, began in 1920 under Philadelphia contractor John McShain. It opened unfinished in 1959 and currently hosts an estimated one million pilgrims each year.
The basilica is designated both as the national and patronal Catholic Church of the United States,[1] honoring the Virgin Mary, under the title Immaculate Conception, by which Pope Pius XI donated a mosaic of the same image in 1923. The basilica is not the cathedral church of the Archdiocese of Washington as the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle has served in this capacity since the creation of the archdiocese in 1939.
The shrine hosted Popes John Paul II, who designated the National Shrine as a Minor Basilica on October 12, 1990; Benedict XVI, who bestowed the honor of a Golden Rose on the basilica on April 16, 2008; and Francis, when he celebrated Mass on the east steps for the canonization of Junípero Serra, O.F.M. on September 23, 2015.
The basilica does not have its own parish community, but serves the adjacent Catholic University of America which donated the land for its construction, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, and hosts numerous Masses for various organizations of the Church from across the United States.
The rector of the shrine is the Monsignor Walter R. Rossi, who holds a Licentiate of Canon Law.
The basilica is on Michigan Avenue in the northeast quadrant of Washington. It is served by Brookland-CUA Metro Station on the Red Line, roughly 0.3 miles (0.5 km) away.
Contents
[hide]
1 Architecture
2 History
2.1 Patronage of the Immaculate Conception
2.2 Construction of the shrine
3 Priests
4 Photo gallery
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Architecture[edit]
View of the basilica from Mary's Garden looking southeast.
The basilica houses 70 chapels honoring Mary and reflecting the origins of the Catholic immigrants and religious orders whose generosity erected them. Its Greek-styled interior is crowned with numerous domes decorated in mosaics, similar to the Basilica of St. Mark in Venice, Italy, but much larger. The mosaics feature American renditions of traditional Catholic images. Artist Jan Henryk De Rosen, who presided over the shrine's iconography committee was also responsible for much of its decor, including composing the large mosaic over the northern apse.
The exterior of the basilica is 500 ft (152 m) long, 240 ft (73 m) wide, and 237 ft (72 m) tall to the top of the cross on the dome.[4] The diameter of the main (Trinity) dome of the basilica is only 7 feet (2 m) smaller than that of the dome of the United States Capitol. The shrine was built in the style of medieval churches, relying on masonry walls and columns in place of structural steel and reinforced concrete. It was designed to hold 10,000 worshipers and includes modern amenities such as a basement cafeteria, hidden public address speakers to carry speech at the altar to the rear of the building, air conditioning and the largest (in 1959) radiant heating slab in the world.[5]
In all, 70 chapels and sacred images flank the sides of the upper church and crypt.[6] It contains many works of art. There are arches outlined with iridescent Pewabic Pottery tile, large ceramic medallions set in the ceiling, and fourteen Stations of the Cross for the crypt.[7]
History[edit]
The Blessed Virgin Mary under the venerated title of the Immaculate Conception is the Principal Patroness of the country and its national shrine, as accorded by Pope Pius IX in 1847.
Patronage of the Immaculate Conception[edit]
In 1792 John Carroll, the bishop of Baltimore and America's first Roman Catholic bishop, consecrated the newly created United States under the protection of the Blessed Virgin Mary under the title of The Immaculate Conception. In 1847, the 7th Provincial Councils of Baltimore reiterated this episcopal choice to name the title Virgin Mary, conceived without sin as the principal patroness of the land, which Pope Pius IX formalized on February 7, 1847, but was not publicly proclaimed until July 2, 1847.
Construction of the shrine[edit]
Bishop Thomas Joseph Shahan, the fourth rector of The Catholic University of America in Washington, proposed the construction of a national shrine to commemorate the Immaculate Conception in the country's capital. Bishop Shahan took his appeal to Pope Pius X on August 15, 1913.[8]
Shahan received the pope's enthusiastic support and personal contribution of US$400. Shahan returned to the United States and persuaded the Board of Trustees of The Catholic University of America to donate land at the southwest corner of the campus for his shrine.
In January 1914, Shahan published the first issue of Salve Regina, a newsletter meant to stir enthusiasm for his project. He wrote that the shrine would be a "monument of love and gratitude, a great hymn in stone as perfect as the art of man can make it and as holy as the intentions of its builders could wish it to be." His newsletter was circulated to dioceses throughout the country and financial donations began to pour into Washington. In 1915, Shahan appointed Father Bernard McKenna of Philadelphia as first director of the national shrine. Shahan oversaw the construction of the shrine until his death on March 9, 1932. His are the only remains interred at the national shrine.
By 1919, Shahan and McKenna chose architectural drawings by the Boston firm of Maginnis & Walsh for construction of the national shrine. Initially, they considered a traditional Neo-Gothic architectural style, but Shahan opted instead for a Byzantine Revival-Romanesque Revival design.[9] Cardinal James Gibbons, archbishop of Baltimore, blessed the foundation stone on September 23, 1920. More than 10,000 people attended the Mass, including ambassadors, government officials, and military officers. In 1929, the Great Depression halted the construction above the crypt level. The beginning of American involvement in World War II stalled plans even further.
Interior view, including the mosaics completed in 2006.
After the war, in 1953, American bishops under the leadership of John Noll, archbishop ad personam of Fort Wayne, and Patrick O'Boyle, archbishop of Washington, pledged to raise the funds necessary to complete the upper church of the national shrine. On November 20, 1959, thousands of Catholics gathered with the bishops for the dedication of the Great Upper Church.
The crypt has displayed the Papal Tiara of Pope Paul VI since 1968.[10]
On October 7, 1979, Sister Theresa Kane R.S.M., former president of the LCWR, issued a formal plea during Pope John Paul II's Apostolic visit to the United States at the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception for "providing the possibility of women as persons being included in all ministries of the church."
In 1990, Pope John Paul II named the national shrine as the United States' 36th minor basilica.
In August 2006, work was completed on a mosaic covering the Redemption Dome in the Upper Church. This is the first new work done in many years and was part of the original architectural plans. Following its completion in the summer of 2007, the Incarnation Dome was blessed on November 17, 2007.[11] A small chapel on the crypt level honoring Our Lady of La Vang (Vietnam) was completed in 2006.[12]
In 2008, during his apostolic visit to the United States, Pope Benedict XVI bestowed the Golden Rose upon the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception.[13]
In June 2011, a new chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Lebanon was erected within the basilica, commemorating the fidelity of the Maronite Church and its faithful. A mosaic of Saint Maroun and the Crucifixion was copied from the 6th-century Rabboula Maronite manuscript, and was donated by Cardinal Donald Wuerl. The chapel was formally consecrated by Maronite Bishop Gregory J. Mansour on September 23, 2011.[14]
On January 26, 2013, the basilica held a televised thanksgiving Mass and enshrined two first class relics of Americans Catherine Tekakwitha and Marianne Cope, who were both canonized October 20, 2012.[15]
Pope Francis visited the shrine on September 23, 2015, and celebrated a Mass for the canonization of Junípero Serra, O.F.M. on the mall of The Catholic University of America. The altar, ambo, and chair used for this Mass match the existing marble in the basilica. After the Mass, the Papal altar was placed in front of the High Altar, and is now used as the altar in the Great Upper Church.[16]
On February 20, 2016, the Basilica was the site of the funeral mass of US Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia at which his son Fr. Paul Scalia was the celebrant.[17]
Priests[edit]
Walter R. Rossi, Rector of the National Shrine
Vito A. Buonanno, Associate Rector and Director of Pilgrimages
Michael D. Weston, Associate Rector and Director of Liturgy
Raymond A. Lebrun, O.M.I., Spiritual Director
Photo gallery[edit]
Panoramic view of the apse
Panoramic view from The Catholic University Mall
Interior view of the shrine
View of the baldachino altar from the rear
Interior of the main dome, prior to 2016 mosaic completion
Bishop's vesting altar in the upper church sacristy
Tabernacle in the Blessed Sacrament Chapel
Statue of Pope Saint Pius X
Exterior viewed from the east
Golden Rose bestowed by Pope Benedict XVI
Blessed Sacrament Chapel altar
Grave of Bishop Shahan, founder of the Shrine
Mosaics above the nave
Byzantine-Ruthenian chapel
See also[edit]
District of Columbia portal
Catholicism portal
Mary, Protector of Faith Sculpture in Mary's Garden
Tiara of Pope Paul VI
Top eight Catholic pilgrimage destinations in the United States
Ukrainian Catholic National Shrine of the Holy Family
List of basilicas
List of the Roman Catholic cathedrals of the United States
List of the Roman Catholic dioceses of the United States
Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in the United States (including ecclesiastical provinces)
Franciscan Monastery of the Holy Land in America
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception". National Shrine. Archived from the original on February 3, 2009. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The National Shrine". SkyscraperPage.com. Archived from the original on October 5, 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ The Washington Monument is taller, but is not a habitable building).
Jump up ^ "Architectural Style". National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ United Press International (November 8, 1959). "National Catholic Shrine Will be Dedicated Nov. 20". Reading Eagle. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Clay, Jennifer (April 2005). "National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2012-04-20.
Jump up ^ Bruner, Lousie (July 5, 1977). "Historian, Print Specialist Begin Museum Duties". The Blade. Toledo. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Morgan, David G.; Promey, Sally M. (2001). The Visual Culture of American Religions. University of California Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-520-22522-0.
Jump up ^ Morgan (2001), p. 79.
Jump up ^ Dugan, George (December 1, 1964). "Spellman's Surprise: Pope's Tiara Is Here". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
Jump up ^ McLaughlin, Moira (June 23, 2007). "A Work of Art in Many Pieces". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Black, Meredith (June 27, 2008). "Vietnamese Catholics Gather at National Shrine to celebrate their faith". Catholic Standard. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Press release (April 17, 2008). "Pope, US bishops exchange gifts". CatholicCulture.org. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Szczepanowski, Richard (September 26, 2011). "New chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Lebanon at national shrine". Catholic Standard.
Jump up ^ Sparke, Andy (July 23, 2013). "Native Americans celebrate faith, spirituality at Tekakwitha gathering". The Catholic Sun. Catholic News Service.
Jump up ^ Mena, Adelaide (June 8, 2015). "An altar for Pope Francis: CUA students' design to enliven DC Mass". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Wolf, Richard; Korte, Gregory (February 20, 2016). "At funeral Mass, Justice Scalia eulogized as a man of faith as well as law". USA Today.
Further reading[edit]
Tucker, Gregory W. (2000-02-01). America's Church: The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception. Our Sunday Visitor. ISBN 978-0-87973-700-9.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception.
Official website
Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. DC-859, "Basilica of the National Shrine of Immaculate Conception, 400 Michigan Avenue N.W., Washington, District of Columbia, DC"
Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception: Photo Gallery by The Catholic Photographer
Sculpture on the exterior of the Basilica (more than 100 pieces)
www.stainedglassphotography.com – images of the artwork in the Basilica
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Basilica of the Nat'l Shrine of the Immaculate Conception
Preceded by
Old Post Office Building (Washington, D.C.) Tallest Building in Washington, D.C.
1959–present
100m Succeeded by
None
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Federal Hall
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Federal Hall National Memorial
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Memorial
New York City Landmark
Federal Hall National Memorial in 2006
Location of Federal Hall in New York City
Federal Hall (New York)
Federal Hall (the US)
Show map of Lower Manhattan Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all
Location
26 Wall Street, Financial District, Manhattan, New York City
Coordinates
40°42′26″N 74°0′37″W / 40.70722°N 74.01028°W / 40.70722; -74.01028Coordinates: 40°42′26″N 74°0′37″W / 40.70722°N 74.01028°W / 40.70722; -74.01028
Area
0.45 acres (1,800 m2)
Built
May 26, 1842
Architect
John Frazee
Architectural style
Greek Revival
Visitation
156,707 (2004)
Website
Federal Hall National Memorial
NRHP reference #
66000095[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHP
October 15, 1966[3]
Designated NMEM
August 11, 1955
Designated NYCL
December 21, 1965[2]
Federal Hall is the name given to the first of two historic buildings located at 26 Wall Street, New York City. The original, a Greek Revival structure completed in 1703, served as New York's first City Hall. It was the site where the colonial Stamp Act Congress met to draft its message to King George III claiming entitlement to the same rights as the residents of Britain and protesting "taxation without representation". After the American Revolution, it served as meeting place for the Congress of the Confederation held under the Articles of Confederation.
In 1788, the building was remodeled and enlarged under the direction of Pierre Charles L'Enfant,[4] becoming the first example of Federal Style architecture in the United States. It was renamed Federal Hall when it became the first Capitol of the newly created United States in 1789 and hosted the 1st United States Congress. On its steps George Washington was sworn in as the first President. It was demolished in 1812.
The current structure, completed in 1842 and one of the best surviving examples of neoclassical architecture in New York, was built as the U.S. Custom House for the Port of New York.[5] Later it served as a sub-Treasury building. Though never referred to as "Federal Hall", today it is operated by the National Park Service as a national memorial and designated the Federal Hall National Memorial to commemorate the historic events that occurred at the previous structure.
Contents
1 History
1.1 First Structure
1.1.1 Federal Hall
1.2 Second structure
1.2.1 Customs House and Treasury building
1.2.2 Federal Hall National Memorial
2 Architecture
3 On U.S. postage
4 Gallery
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Federal Hall, Seat of Congress, 1790 hand-colored engraving by Amos Doolittle, depicting Washington's April 30, 1789 inauguration
First Structure[edit]
The original structure on the site was built as New York's second City Hall in 1699 - 1703, on Wall Street, in what is today the Financial District of Lower Manhattan. In 1735, John Peter Zenger, an American newspaper publisher, was arrested for committing libel against the British royal governor and was imprisoned and tried there. His acquittal on the grounds that the material he had printed was true established freedom of the press as it was later defined in the Bill of Rights.[6]
Archibald Robertson’s View up Wall Street with City Hall (Federal Hall) and Trinity Church, New York City, from around 1798
In October 1765, delegates from nine of the 13 colonies met as the Stamp Act Congress in response to the levying of the Stamp Act by the Parliament of Great Britain. Drawn together for the first time in organized opposition to British policy, the attendees drafted a message to King George III, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons, claiming entitlement to the same rights as the residents of Britain and protesting the colonies' "taxation without representation".
After the American Revolution, the City Hall served as the meeting place for the Congress of the Confederation of the United States under the Articles of Confederation, from 1785 until 1789. Acts adopted here included the Northwest Ordinance, which set up what would later become the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin, but more fundamentally prohibited slavery in these future states.
In 1788, the building was remodeled and enlarged under the direction of Pierre Charles L'Enfant,[7] who was later selected by President George Washington to design the capital city on the Potomac River. This was the first example of Federal Style architecture in the United States.
Federal Hall[edit]
The building was renamed Federal Hall when it became the first Capitol of the United States under the Constitution in 1789. The 1st United States Congress met there on March 4, 1789, to establish the new federal government, and the first thing it did was to count the votes that elected George Washington as the first President of the United States. He was inaugurated on the balcony of the building on April 30, 1789.
Many of the most important legislative actions in the United States occurred with the 1st Congress at Federal Hall. Foremost was the proposal and initial ratification of the Bill of Rights to the U.S. Constitution; twelve amendments to the Constitution were initially drafted (ten were later adopted), and on September 25, 1789, the United States Bill of Rights was proposed in Federal Hall, establishing the freedoms claimed by the Stamp Act Congress on the same site 24 years earlier. Also, the Judiciary Act of 1789 was enacted in the building, which set up the United States federal court system that is still in use today.
George Washington in front of Federal Hall National Memorial
Second structure[edit]
Customs House and Treasury building[edit]
In 1790, the United States capital was moved to Philadelphia, and what had been Federal Hall once again housed the government of New York City until 1812, when the building was razed with the opening of the current New York City Hall.[8] Part of the original railing and balcony floor where Washington was inaugurated are on display in the memorial.[9] The current structure, one of the best surviving examples of classical architecture in New York, was built as the first purpose-built U.S. Custom House for the Port of New York.[10] Designed by John Frazee, it was constructed of Tuckahoe marble and took more than a decade to complete. It opened in 1842.
In 1862, Customs moved to 55 Wall Street and the building served as one of six United States Sub-Treasury locations. Millions of dollars of gold and silver were kept in the basement vaults until the Federal Reserve Bank replaced the Sub-Treasury system in 1920.
In 1882, John Quincy Adams Ward's bronze George Washington statue was erected on its front steps, marking the approximate site where he was inaugurated as President in the former structure.
In 1920, a bomb was detonated across the street from Federal Hall at 23 Wall Street, in what became known as the Wall Street bombing. Thirty-eight people were killed and 400 injured, and 23 Wall Street was visibly damaged, but Federal Hall received no damage. A famous photograph of the event shows the destruction and effects of the bombing with the statue of President Washington standing stoically in the face of chaos (see below).
Federal Hall National Memorial[edit]
The building was designated as Federal Hall Memorial National Historic Site on May 26, 1939, and redesignated a national memorial on August 11, 1955. Administered by the National Park Service, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. Federal Hall was designated a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission on December 21, 1965.[11]
Congress convenes for a special session at Federal Hall National Memorial on September 6, 2002
On September 6, 2002, approximately 300 members of the United States Congress traveled from Washington, D.C. to New York to convene in Federal Hall National Memorial as a symbolic show of support for the city, still recovering from the September 11, 2001 attacks. Held just four blocks from the former World Trade Center's Twin Towers, the meeting was the first by Congress in New York since 1790.[8]
The site closed on December 3, 2004, for extensive renovations. In 2006, Federal Hall National Memorial reopened after a $16 million renovation, mostly to its foundation, after cracks threatening the structure were greatly aggravated by the collapse of the Towers.
It was reported on June 8, 2008, that New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg and ABC News invited 2008 United States presidential candidates John McCain and Barack Obama to a town hall forum at Federal Hall.[12] Both candidates declined the offer "because they do not want it limited to one television network."[13]
The National Park Service operates Federal Hall as a national memorial. As a national memorial, the site is open free to the public from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on weekdays. It has tourist information about the New York Harbor area's federal monuments and parks, and a New York City tourism information center. The gift shop has colonial and early American items for sale. Normally its exhibit galleries are open free to the public daily, except national holidays, and guided tours of the site are offered throughout the day. Exhibits include George Washington’s Inauguration Gallery, including the Bible used to swear his oath of office; Freedom of the Press, the imprisonment and trial of John Peter Zenger; and New York: An American Capital, preview exhibit created by the National Archives and Records Administration.
Architecture[edit]
Main hall of the memorial
Two prominent American ideals are reflected in the current building's Greek Revival architecture: The Doric columns of the facade, designed by Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis, resemble those of the Parthenon and serve as a tribute to the democracy of the Greeks; the domed ceiling inside, designed by John Frazee, echoes the Pantheon and is evocative of the republican ideals of the ancient Romans.[3]
The current structure is often overshadowed among downtown landmarks by the New York Stock Exchange, which is located diagonally across Wall and Broad Streets, but the site is one of the most important in the history of the United States and, particularly, the foundation of the United States government and its democratic institutions.
On U.S. postage[edit]
Issue of 1957
Engraved renditions of Federal Hall appear twice on U.S. postage stamps. The first stamp showing Federal Hall was issued on April 30, 1939, the 150th anniversary of President Washington's inauguration, where he is depicted on the balcony of Federal Hall taking the oath of office.
The second issue was released in 1957, the 200th anniversary of Alexander Hamilton's birth. This issue depicts Alexander Hamilton and a full view of Federal Hall.[14][15]
Gallery[edit]
View from north
The George Washington Inaugural Bible, on which Washington took his inaugural oath in 1789
Brass relief of Washington kneeling in prayer.
Plaque commemorating the Northwest Ordinance and the establishment of the state of Ohio
The 1920 Wall Street bombing, with the sub-treasury building in the background at right
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ National Park Service (2009-03-13). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
Jump up ^ "Federal Hall National Memorial" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. December 21, 1965. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Federal Hall National Memorial". National Park Service. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "THE STORY OF A STREET".
Jump up ^ "Federal Hall -- U.S. Custom House". FEDERAL HALL. Retrieved 2016-10-25.
Jump up ^ "The Trial of John Peter Zenger". nps.gov.
Jump up ^ "THE STORY OF A STREET".
^ Jump up to: a b "CNN.com - Breaking News, U.S., World, Weather, Entertainment & Video News". cnn.com.
Jump up ^ "Inaugural Balcony". nps.gov.
Jump up ^ "Federal Hall -- U.S. Custom House". FEDERAL HALL. Retrieved 2016-10-25.
Jump up ^ http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/FEDERAL-HALL-ORIGINAL.pdf
Jump up ^ ABC News. "New York Mayor, ABC News Invite Obama, McCain to Historic Town Hall". ABC News.
Jump up ^ https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080608/ap_on_el_pr/bloomberg_town_hall
Jump up ^ "The Presidents". The White House.
Jump up ^ Scott's US Stamp Catalogue
Sources
The National Parks: Index 2001–2003. Washington: U.S. Department of the Interior.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Federal Hall.
Official NPS website: Federal Hall National Memorial
Federal Hall
Federal Hall History Timeline
National Parks of NY Harbor Conservancy: Federal Hall Visitor Information
Manhattan Historic Sites Archive: Federal Hall
Library of Congress - The New Capital City
U. S. Custom House, 28 Wall Street, New York, New York, NY, Historic American Buildings Survey
Engraving: Federal Hall, The Seat of Congress
Lithograph: A View of the Federal Hall, 1797
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Park of the Americas

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