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Legislature
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Template:Legislative branch
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A legislative branch is a deliberative assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city. Legislatures form important parts of most governments; in the separation of powers model, they are often contrasted with the executive and judicial branches of government.
Laws enacted by legislatures are known as legislation. Legislatures observe and steer governing actions and usually have exclusive authority to amend the budget or budgets involved in the process.
The members of a legislature are called legislators. In a democracy, legislators are most commonly popularly elected, although indirect election and appointment by the executive are also used, particularly for bicameral legislatures featuring an upper chamber.
Contents
[hide]
1 Internal organization
2 Power
2.1 Delegation
3 Members
4 Terminology
5 Chambers
6 Size
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
Internal organization[edit]
Each chamber of legislature consists of a number of legislators who use some form of parliamentary procedure to debate political issues and vote on proposed legislation. There must be a certain number of legislators present to carry out these activities; this is called a quorum.
Some of the responsibilities of a legislature, such as giving first consideration to newly proposed legislation, are usually delegated to committees made up of small selections of the legislators.
The members of a legislature usually represent different political parties; the members from each party generally meet as a caucus to organize their internal affairs.
The internal organization of a legislature is also shaped by the informal norms that are shared by its members.
Power[edit]
Legislatures vary widely in the amount of political power they wield, compared to other political players such as judiciaries, militaries, and executives. In 2009, political scientists M. Steven Fish and Matthew Kroenig constructed a Parliamentary Powers Index in an attempt to quantify the different degrees of power among national legislatures. The German Bundestag, the Italian Parliament, and the Mongolian State Great Khural tied for most powerful, while Myanmar's House of Representatives and Somalia's Transitional Federal Assembly (since replaced by the Federal Parliament of Somalia) tied for least powerful.[1]
Some political systems follow the principle of legislative supremacy, which holds that the legislature is the supreme branch of government and cannot be bound by other institutions, such as the judicial branch or a written constitution. Such a system renders the legislature more powerful.
Delegation[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2016)
Legislatures will sometime delegate their legislative power to administrative or executive agencies.[2]
Members[edit]
Legislatures are made up of individual members, known as legislators, who vote on proposed laws. A legislature usually contains a fixed number of legislators; because legislatures usually meet in a specific room filled with seats for the legislators, this is often described as the number of "seats" it contains. For example, a legislature that has 100 "seats" has 100 members. By extension, an electoral district that elects a single legislator can also be described as a "seat", as, for, example, in the phrases "safe seat" and "marginal seat".
Terminology[edit]
Map showing the terminology for each country's legislature.
In parliamentary systems of government, the executive is responsible to the legislature which may remove it with a vote of no confidence. On the other hand, according to the separation of powers doctrine, the legislature in a presidential system is considered an independent and coequal branch of government along with both the judiciary and the executive.[3]
Names for national legislatures include "parliament", "congress", "diet" and "assembly".
Chambers[edit]
The Congress of the Republic of Peru, the country's national legislature, meets in the Legislative Palace in 2010
A legislature may debate and vote upon bills as a single unit, or it may be composed of multiple separate assemblies, called by various names including legislative chambers, debate chambers, and houses, which debate and vote separately and have distinct powers. A legislature which operates as a single unit is unicameral, one divided into two chambers is bicameral, and one divided into three chambers is tricameral.
The British House of Commons, its lower house
In bicameral legislatures, one chamber is usually considered the upper house, while the other is considered the lower house. The two types are not rigidly different, but members of upper houses tend to be indirectly elected or appointed rather than directly elected, tend to be allocated by administrative divisions rather than by population, and tend to have longer terms than members of the lower house. In some systems, particularly parliamentary systems, the upper house has less power and tends to have a more advisory role, but in others, particularly presidential systems, the upper house has equal or even greater power.
The German Bundestag, its theoretical lower house
In federations, the upper house typically represents the federation's component states. This is a case with the supranational legislature of the European Union. The upper house may either contain the delegates of state governments – as in the European Union and in Germany and, before 1913, in the United States – or be elected according to a formula that grants equal representation to states with smaller populations, as is the case in Australia and the United States since 1913.
The Australian Senate, its upper house
Tricameral legislatures are rare; the Massachusetts Governor's Council still exists, but the most recent national example existed in the waning years of Caucasian-minority rule in South Africa. Tetracameral legislatures no longer exist, but they were previously used in Scandinavia.
Size[edit]
Legislatures vary widely in their size. Among national legislatures, China's National People's Congress is the largest with 2 987 members, while Vatican City's Pontifical Commission is the smallest with 7. Neither legislature is democratically elected, and the National People's Congress has little independent power.
Legislative size is a tradeoff between efficiency and representation; the smaller the legislature, the more efficiently it can operate, but the larger the legislature, the better it can represent the political diversity of its constituents. Comparative analysis of national legislatures has found that size of a country's lower house tends to correspond to the cube root of its population; that is, the size of the lower house tends to increase along with population, but much more slowly.[4]
See also[edit]
Law portal
Politics portal
House of Assembly
Legislative Assembly
Legislative Council
National Assembly
Parliament
Congress
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fish, M. Steven; Kroenig, Matthew (2009). The handbook of national legislatures: a global survey. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51466-8.
Jump up ^ Schoenbrod, David (2008). "Delegation". In Hamowy, Ronald. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 117–18. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n74.
Jump up ^ "Governing Systems and Executive-Legislative Relations (Presidential, Parliamentary and Hybrid Systems)". United Nations Development Programme. Archived from the original on 2008-10-17. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
Jump up ^ Frederick, Brian (December 2009). "Not Quite a Full House: The Case for Enlarging the House of Representatives". Bridgewater Review. Retrieved 2016-05-15.
Further reading[edit]
Carey, John M. (2006). "Legislative organization". The Oxford handbook of political institutions. Oxford University Press. pp. 431–454. ISBN 978-0-19-927569-4.
Bauman, Richard W.; Kahana, Tsvi, eds. (2006). The least-examined branch: the role of legislatures in the constitutional state. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85954-7.
Martin, Shane; Saalfeld, Thomas; Strøm, Kaare W., eds. (2014). The Oxford handbook of legislative studies. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-191-01907-4.
Olson, David M. (2015). Democratic legislative institutions: a comparative view. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-47314-5.
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Application layer
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An application layer is an abstraction layer that specifies the shared communications protocols and interface methods used by hosts in a communications network. The application layer abstraction is used in both of the standard models of computer networking: the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) and the OSI model. Although both models use the same term for their respective highest level layer, the detailed definitions and purposes are different.
In TCP/IP, the application layer contains the communications protocols and interface methods used in process-to-process communications across an Internet Protocol (IP) computer network. The application layer only standardizes communication and depends upon the underlying transport layer protocols to establish host-to-host data transfer channels and manage the data exchange in a client-server or peer-to-peer networking model. Though the TCP/IP application layer does not describe specific rules or data formats that applications must consider when communicating, the original specification (in RFC 1123) does rely on and recommend the robustness principle for application design.[1]
In the OSI model, the definition of the application layer is narrower in scope. The OSI model defines the application layer as the user interface responsible for displaying received information to the user. In contrast, the Internet Protocol Suite does not concern itself with such detail. OSI also explicitly distinguishes additional functionality below the application layer, but above the transport layer at two additional levels: the session layer, and the presentation layer. OSI specifies a strict modular separation of functionality at these layers and provides protocol implementations for each layer.
Internet protocol suite
Application layer
BGP
DHCP
DNS
FTP
HTTP
IMAP
LDAP
MGCP
MQTT
NNTP
NTP
POP
ONC/RPC
RTP
RTSP
RIP
SIP
SMTP
SNMP
SSH
Telnet
TLS/SSL
XMPP
more...
Transport layer
TCP
UDP
DCCP
SCTP
RSVP
more...
Internet layer
IP
IPv4
IPv6
ICMP
ICMPv6
ECN
IGMP
IPsec
more...
Link layer
ARP
NDP
OSPF
Tunnels
L2TP
PPP
MAC
Ethernet
DSL
ISDN
FDDI
more...
v
t
e
OSI model
by layer
7. Application layer[show]
NNTP
SIP
SSI
DNS
FTP
Gopher
HTTP
NFS
NTP
SMPP
SMTP
SNMP
Telnet
DHCP
Netconf
more....
6. Presentation layer[show]
MIME
XDR
ASN.1
5. Session layer[show]
Named pipe
NetBIOS
SAP
PPTP
RTP
SOCKS
SPDY
4. Transport layer[show]
TCP
UDP
SCTP
DCCP
SPX
3. Network layer[show]
IP
IPv4
IPv6
ICMP
IPsec
IGMP
IPX
AppleTalk
X.25 PLP
2. Data link layer[show]
ATM
ARP
IS-IS
SDLC
HDLC
CSLIP
SLIP
GFP
PLIP
IEEE 802.2
LLC
MAC
L2TP
IEEE 802.3
Frame Relay
ITU-T G.hn DLL
PPP
X.25 LAPB
Q.921 LAPD
Q.922 LAPF
1. Physical layer[show]
EIA/TIA-232
EIA/TIA-449
ITU-T V-Series
I.430
I.431
PDH
SONET/SDH
PON
OTN
DSL
IEEE 802.3
IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.15
IEEE 802.16
IEEE 1394
ITU-T G.hn PHY
USB
Bluetooth
RS-232
RS-449
v
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Contents
1 Application layer protocols
1.1 Design patterns for application layer protocols
2 Other protocol examples
3 References
4 External links
Application layer protocols[edit]
(Session Layer under OSI model) The IETF definition document for the application layer in the Internet Protocol Suite is RFC 1123. It provided an initial set of protocols that covered the major aspects of functionality of the early Internet.[1]
Remote login to hosts: Telnet
File transfer: File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
Electronic mail transport: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Networking support: Domain Name System (DNS)
Host initialization: BOOTP
Remote host management: Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), Common Management Information Protocol over TCP (CMOT)
Design patterns for application layer protocols[edit]
There are commonly reoccurring problems that occur in the design and implementation of communication protocols that can be addressed by patterns from several different pattern languages: Pattern Language for Application-level Communication Protocols (CommDP[2]),[3][4] Service Design Patterns,[5] Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture,[6] and Pattern-Oriented Software Architecture: A Pattern Language for Distributed Computing.[7] The first of these pattern languages focuses on the design of protocols and not their implementations. The others address issues in either both areas or just the latter.
Other protocol examples[edit]
9P, Plan 9 from Bell Labs distributed file system protocol
AFP, Apple Filing Protocol
APPC, Advanced Program-to-Program Communication
AMQP, Advanced Message Queuing Protocol
Atom Publishing Protocol
BEEP, Block Extensible Exchange Protocol
Bitcoin
BitTorrent
CFDP, Coherent File Distribution Protocol
CoAP, Constrained Application Protocol
DDS, Data Distribution Service
DeviceNet
eDonkey
ENRP, Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol
FastTrack (KaZaa, Grokster, iMesh)
Finger, User Information Protocol
Freenet
FTAM, File Transfer Access and Management
Gopher, Gopher protocol
HL7, Health Level Seven
HTTP, HyperText Transfer Protocol
H.323, Packet-Based Multimedia Communications System
IRCP, Internet Relay Chat Protocol
IPFS, InterPlanetary File System
Kademlia
LDAP, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
LPD, Line Printer Daemon Protocol
MIME (S-MIME), Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions and Secure MIME
Modbus
MQTT Protocol
Netconf
NFS, Network File System
NIS, Network Information Service
NNTP, Network News Transfer Protocol
NTCIP, National Transportation Communications for Intelligent Transportation System Protocol
NTP, Network Time Protocol
OSCAR, AOL Instant Messenger Protocol
POP, Post Office Protocol
PNRP, Peer Name Resolution Protocol
RDP, Remote Desktop Protocol
RELP, Reliable Event Logging Protocol
RIP, Routing Information Protocol
Rlogin, Remote Login in UNIX Systems
RPC, Remote Procedure Call
RTMP, Real Time Messaging Protocol
RTP, Real-time Transport Protocol
RTPS, Real Time Publish Subscribe
RTSP, Real Time Streaming Protocol
SAP, Session Announcement Protocol
SDP, Session Description Protocol
SIP, Session Initiation Protocol
SLP, Service Location Protocol
SMB, Server Message Block
SMTP, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNTP, Simple Network Time Protocol
SSH, Secure Shell
SSMS, Secure SMS Messaging Protocol
TCAP, Transaction Capabilities Application Part
TDS, Tabular Data Stream
Tor (anonymity network)
Tox
TSP, Time Stamp Protocol
VTP, Virtual Terminal Protocol
Whois (and RWhois), Remote Directory Access Protocol
WebDAV
X.400, Message Handling Service Protocol
X.500, Directory Access Protocol (DAP)
XMPP, Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Robert Braden, ed. (October 1989). "RFC 1123: Requirements for Internet Hosts – Application and Support". Network Working Group of the IETF.
Jump up ^ CommDP
Jump up ^ Jorge Edison Lascano, Stephen Clyde, and Ali Raza. “Communication-protocol Design Patterns (CommDP) - COMMDP.” Accessed: 17-Mar-2017.
Jump up ^ J. E. Lascano and S. Clyde, “A Pattern Language for Application-level Communication Protocols,” presented at the ICSEA 2016, The Eleventh International Conference on Software Engineering Advances, 2016, pp. 22–30.
Jump up ^ R. Daigneau, Service Design Patterns: Fundamental Design Solutions for SOAP/WSDL and RESTful Web Services, 1 edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley Professional, 2011.
Jump up ^ M. Fowler, Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture, 1 edition. Boston: Addison-Wesley Professional, 2002.
Jump up ^ F. Buschmann, K. Henney, and D. C. Schmidt, Pattern-Oriented Software Architecture Volume 4: A Pattern Language for Distributed Computing, Volume 4 edition. Chichester England; New York: Wiley, 2007.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to application layer protocols.
Wikiversity has learning resources about Application layer
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Application_layer&oldid=854056617"
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text:
2017 World Cup (snooker)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
World Cup
Tournament information
Dates
3–9 July 2017
Venue
Wuxi City Sports Park Stadium
City
Wuxi
Country
China
Organisation(s)
WPBSA
Format
Non-ranking team event
Total prize fund
$800,000
Winner's share
$200,000
Highest break
140
Final
Champion
China A
Ding Junhui
Liang Wenbo
Runner-up
England
Judd Trump
Barry Hawkins
Score
4–3
← 2015
2019 →
The 2017 Little Swan World Cup was a professional non-ranking team snooker tournament that took place from 3 to 9 July 2017 at the Wuxi City Sports Park Stadium in Wuxi, China.[1] It was the 15th edition of the event, and was televised live by Eurosport Player and repeated on Eurosport 1.
The China A pair of Ding Junhui and Liang Wenbo won the event, beating the English pair of Judd Trump and Barry Hawkins 4–3 in the final, winning the last three frames. Ding Junhui made a break of 59 in the deciding frame against Judd Trump.
Contents
[hide]
1 Teams and players
2 Prize fund
3 Format
4 Group stage
4.1 Group A
4.2 Group B
4.3 Group C
4.4 Group D
5 Knock-out stage
5.1 Final
6 Century breaks
7 References
8 External links
Teams and players[edit]
Seed
Nation
Player 1
Player 2
1 China B Zhou Yuelong Yan Bingtao
2 Scotland John Higgins Anthony McGill
3 England Judd Trump Barry Hawkins
4 China A Ding Junhui Liang Wenbo
5 Hong Kong Marco Fu Au Chi-wai
6 Australia Neil Robertson Kurt Dunham
7 Northern Ireland Mark Allen Joe Swail
8 Wales Mark Williams Ryan Day
Ireland Fergal O'Brien Ken Doherty
Norway Kurt Maflin Christopher Watts
Thailand Thepchaiya Un-Nooh Noppon Saengkham
Belgium Luca Brecel Jeff Jacobs
India Aditya Mehta Brijesh Damani
Brazil Igor Figueiredo Itaro Santos
Malta Alex Borg Duncan Bezzina
Iran Hossein Vafaei Soheil Vahedi
Malaysia Thor Chuan Leong Moh Keen Ho
Germany Lukas Kleckers Simon Lichtenberg
Pakistan Hamza Akbar Shahram Changezi
Cyprus Michael Georgiou Antonis Poullos
Switzerland Alexander Ursenbacher Darren Paris
Egypt Hatem Yassen Basem Eltahhan
Israel Eden Sharav Shachar Ruberg
Finland Robin Hull Heikki Niva
[2]
Prize fund[edit]
Winner: $200,000
Runner-Up: $100,000
Semi-final: $60,000
Quarter-final: $40,000
Third in group: $22,500
Fourth in group: $15,000
Fifth in group: $10,000
Sixth in group: $7,500
Total: $800,000
Format[edit]
The 2017 World Cup used the same format as that used in 2015. There were 24 national teams, with two players competing for each side, and the initial round divided the entrants into four groups of six. During the Group Stage, every national team played a best-of-five frame match against each of the other sides in their pool. All matches consisted of five frames, two singles, a doubles frame, and two reverse singles. The top two teams from each group advanced to the Knockout Stages, the order being determined by total frames won. If there is a tie in either of the first two places the following rules determine the positions. If two teams are equal, the winner of the match between the two teams will be ranked higher. If three or more teams are tied, a sudden-death blue ball shoot-out will be played. Teams tied for position 3 to 6 will remained tied and share the prize money for those positions.
During the Quarter-Finals, Semi-Finals, and Championship Final, the eight qualifying team were paired off in a head-to-head knockout. The format for these matches was a best-of-seven frame competition with the contest coming to an end as soon as one team had won four frames. These encounters were scheduled as two singles, a doubles frame, two reverse singles, another doubles frame, and a winner-take-all singles if necessary.
Group stage[edit]
[3]
Group A[edit]
Date
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Team 1
Score
Team 2
3 July 2017 China B 4–1 Finland
Wales 5–0 Norway
Malaysia 0–5 Brazil
4 July 2017 China B 3–2 Norway
Wales 3–2 Malaysia
Finland 2–3 Brazil
5 July 2017 China B 4–1 Brazil
Wales 5–0 Finland
Norway 2–3 Malaysia
6 July 2017 China B 1–4 Wales
Norway 2–3 Brazil
Finland 2–3 Malaysia
7 July 2017 China B 3–2 Malaysia
Wales 2–3 Brazil
Norway 2–3 Finland
Place
Seed
Team
Games
Frames
Frames won
Frames lost
Difference
Points
1 8 Wales 5 25 19 6 13 19
2 1 China B 5 25 15 10 5 15
3 Brazil 5 25 15 10 5 15
4 Malaysia 5 25 10 15 −5 10
5= Finland 5 25 8 17 −9 8
5= Norway 5 25 8 17 −9 8
China B finished above Brazil because they won the match between the two teams.
Group B[edit]
Date
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Team 1
Score
Team 2
3 July 2017 China A 5–0 Ireland
Hong Kong 4–1 Germany
Belgium 4–1 Egypt
4 July 2017 China A 3–2 Germany
Hong Kong 1–4 Belgium
Ireland 3–2 Egypt
5 July 2017 China A 4–1 Egypt
Hong Kong 4–1 Ireland
Germany 1–4 Belgium
6 July 2017 China A 2–3 Belgium
Hong Kong 4–1 Egypt
Germany 2–3 Ireland
7 July 2017 China A 3–2 Hong Kong
Germany 4–1 Egypt
Ireland 3–2 Belgium
Place
Seed
Team
Games
Frames
Frames won
Frames lost
Difference
Points
1 Belgium 5 25 17 8 9 17
2 4 China A 5 25 17 8 9 17
3 5 Hong Kong 5 25 15 10 5 15
4= Ireland 5 25 10 15 −5 10
4= Germany 5 25 10 15 −5 10
6 Egypt 5 25 6 19 −13 6
Belgium finished above China A because they won the match between the two teams.
Group C[edit]
Date
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Team 1
Score
Team 2
3 July 2017 England 5–0 Switzerland
Australia 2–3 Malta
Pakistan 2–3 Iran
4 July 2017 England 4–1 Malta
Australia 4–1 Pakistan
Switzerland 2–3 Iran
5 July 2017 England 4–1 Iran
Australia 4–1 Switzerland
Malta 3–2 Pakistan
6 July 2017 England 5–0 Pakistan
Australia 1–4 Iran
Malta 1–4 Switzerland
7 July 2017 England 4–1 Australia
Malta 0–5 Iran
Switzerland 2–3 Pakistan
Place
Seed
Team
Games
Frames
Frames won
Frames lost
Difference
Points
1 3 England 5 25 22 3 19 22
2 Iran 5 25 16 9 7 16
3 6 Australia 5 25 12 13 −1 12
4 Switzerland 5 25 9 16 −7 9
5= Malta 5 25 8 17 −9 8
5= Pakistan 5 25 8 17 −9 8
Group D[edit]
Date
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Team 1
Score
Team 2
3 July 2017 Scotland 2–3 Thailand
Northern Ireland 4–1 Cyprus
India 2–3 Israel
4 July 2017 Scotland 3–2 Cyprus
Northern Ireland 3–2 India
Thailand 3–2 Israel
5 July 2017 Scotland 4–1 Israel
Northern Ireland 3–2 Thailand
Cyprus 1–4 India
6 July 2017 Scotland 2–3 Northern Ireland
Thailand 5–0 India
Cyprus 0–5 Israel
7 July 2017 Scotland 3–2 India
Northern Ireland 3–2 Israel
Cyprus 0–5 Thailand
Place
Seed
Team
Games
Frames
Frames won
Frames lost
Difference
Points
1 Thailand 5 25 18 7 11 18
2 7 Northern Ireland 5 25 16 9 7 16
3 2 Scotland 5 25 14 11 3 14
4 Israel 5 25 13 12 1 13
5 India 5 25 10 15 −5 10
6 Cyprus 5 25 4 21 −17 4
Knock-out stage[edit]
Quarterfinals
Best of 7 frames
(8 July 2017) Semifinals
Best of 7 frames
(9 July 2017) Final
Best of 7 frames
(9 July 2017)
A1 Wales 1
B2 China A 4
B2 China A 4
D1 Thailand 2
D1 Thailand 4
C2 Iran 1
B2 China A 4
C1 England 3
B1 Belgium 3
A2 China B 4
A2 China B 3
C1 England 4
C1 England 4
D2 Northern Ireland 3
Final[edit]
Final: Best of 7 frames. Referee: Maike Kesseler
Wuxi City Sports Park Stadium, Wuxi, China, 9 July 2017
Ding Junhui
Liang Wenbo
China A 4–3 Judd Trump
Barry Hawkins
England
47–70, 76–21 (68), 22–67 (57), 0–72, 70–18 (69), 60–37, 88–4 (59)
69 Highest break 57
0 Century breaks 0
3 50+ breaks 1
Century breaks[edit]
There were 14 century breaks made in the tournament.
Wales – 140 Ryan Day, 109 Mark Williams
Thailand – 133, 116 Thepchaiya Un-Nooh, 101 Noppon Saengkham
Northern Ireland – 133, 104 Mark Allen
Scotland – 130 John Higgins
Belgium – 121 Luca Brecel
England – 112 Judd Trump
China B – 112 Zhou Yuelong
Australia – 105 Neil Robertson
Malta – 105 Duncan Bezzina
Hong Kong – 103 Marco Fu
References[edit]
Jump up ^ World Cup draw and format
Jump up ^ http://www.worldsnooker.com/2017-world-cup-teams/
Jump up ^ World Cup Group Tables
External links[edit]
Official website
[hide]
v
t
e
Snooker season 2017/2018
Ranking events
Riga Masters
China Championship
Paul Hunter Classic
Indian Open
World Open
European Masters
English Open
International Championship
Shanghai Masters
Northern Ireland Open
UK Championship
Scottish Open
German Masters
Snooker Shoot-Out
World Grand Prix
Welsh Open
Gibraltar Open
Players Championship
China Open
World Snooker Championship
Non-ranking events
World Cup (team event)
Hong Kong Masters
World Games
CVB Snooker Challenge (team event)
Haining Open
Champion of Champions
The Masters
Championship League
World Seniors Tour
UK Seniors Championship
Irish Seniors Masters
World Seniors Championship
The Seniors Masters
Variant events
Six-red World Championship
2017/18 world rankings
ranking points
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_World_Cup_(snooker)&oldid=796667714"
Categories:
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2017 in snooker
2017 in Chinese sport
Snooker competitions in China
Sport in Wuxi
July 2017 sports events in Asia
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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text:
You Don't Bring Me Flowers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"You Don't Bring Me Flowers"
Single by Barbra & Neil
from the album Barbra Streisand's Greatest Hits Vol. 2 and You Don't Bring Me Flowers
A-side
"You Don't Bring Me Flowers (Duet)"
B-side
"You Don't Bring Me Flowers (Instrumental)"
Released
October 1978
Format
7" single
Genre
Easy listening
Length
3:25
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Neil Diamond
Alan Bergman and Marilyn Bergman
Producer(s)
Bob Gaudio
Barbra Streisand singles chronology
"Prisoner (Love Theme from Eyes of Laura Mars)"
(1978) "You Don't Bring Me Flowers"
(1978) "The Main Event/Fight"
(1979)
"Prisoner (Love Theme from Eyes of Laura Mars)"
(1978) "You Don't Bring Me Flowers"
(1978) "The Main Event/Fight"
(1979)
Neil Diamond singles chronology
"Desiree"
(1977) Desiree1977 "You Don't Bring Me Flowers"
(1978) You Don't Bring Me Flowers1978 "Forever in Blue Jeans"
(1979) Forever in Blue Jeans1979
"You Don't Bring Me Flowers" is a song that hit the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1978. It is a song about two lovers who have drifted apart while they "go through the motions" and heartache of life together.
The song was written by Neil Diamond with Alan and Marilyn Bergman for the ill-fated daily TV sitcom All That Glitters.[1] The song was intended to be the theme song, but Norman Lear, the show’s creator, changed the concept of the show and the song was no longer appropriate. Diamond then expanded the track from 45 seconds to 3:17, adding instrumental sections and an additional verse. The Bergmans contributed to the song's lyrics.[2]
In 1977, Diamond released the album I'm Glad You're Here with Me Tonight, which included the track "You Don't Bring Me Flowers" as a solo performance. Early in 1978, Barbra Streisand covered the song on her album Songbird.
These solo recordings were famously spliced together by different radio stations, creating unofficial duets, the success of which led to the studio bringing the two performers together for an official duet recording – which counts as the subject of this article.
Contents
1 Duet version created
2 Other versions
3 See also
4 References
Duet version created[edit]
The roots of the duet version, as chronicled in myriad Streisand and Diamond biographies as well as Streisand's Just for the Record box set, revolve around WAKY-AM/Louisville KY program director, Gary Guthrie, who spliced the two solo tracks together as a going away present to his wife, whom he had just divorced. As the real life fairytale behind the song unfolded, it triggered a media buzz worldwide from Good Morning America and People magazine to the BBC. Interest in the unofficial version of the duet caused such a clamor on the retail level that Columbia Records was compelled to bring Streisand and Diamond into the studio to record an "official" version in October 1978. The song reached number one on the Hot 100 chart for two non-consecutive weeks in December 1978, producing the third number-one hit for both singers.[3] Acknowledgment and gratitude for Guthrie came from CBS with a Gold record plaque, flowers from Diamond and a telegram from Streisand. The duo performed the song at the 1980 Grammy Awards show, a performance released on the 1994 album Grammy's Greatest Moments Volume I.[4]
The solo versions had also drawn attention from other radio stations, resulting in other radio personalities receiving recognition for helping to increase the popularity of a “spliced” duet, further contributing to the decision to create an official duet.
Chicago’s WGN radio personality Roy Leonard and producer Peter Marino are also credited for coming up with the idea to create this duet. Leonard and Marino had put the separately recorded versions together.[5][6] Leonard and Marino liked and often played Neil Diamond’s solo version of “You Don’t Bring Me Flowers.” Shortly thereafter, Barbra Streisand included the romantic ballad on her new album. When Marino heard the Streisand rendition he came up with the idea of creating a "duet." He went into one of the WGN radio studios along with an engineer and a record turner. Streisand’s album was placed on one turntable and Diamond’s on another. They began with Streisand singing and Diamond’s vocal followed. Streisand and Diamond repeated the same lyrics back and forth to each other. There weren't any edits and the recording was mixed in one take.
When Leonard heard the way the two separate recordings blended together he immediately put it on the air. Instantly, the WGN phone lines lit up. Listeners throughout the Midwest called asking where they could buy the record. The Roy Leonard Show version became so popular that years after Columbia Records released their official duet, listeners continued to call in requesting to hear the WGN version.
“You Don’t Bring Me Flowers” became a Chicago radio market sensation and with WGN radio’s reach, the “duet” could be heard in at least seven Midwestern states and as far as Windsor, Ontario.
Neil Diamond, who Leonard had interviewed on several occasions, was sent a copy of the tape and a copy was sent to Streisand’s office. The duet became a worldwide hit. Columbia presented both Leonard and Marino with a gold record commemorating over one million records sold. The song eventually went Platinum. Grammy producer Ken Ehrlich, who has produced the show every year since 1980, stated in his 2007 book, AT THE GRAMMYS! that Marino and Leonard had figured out that you could carefully put the two solo versions together and make one amazing duet.
Ehrlich, on the morning of the Grammy broadcast, called to tip Leonard and Marino off that Diamond and Streisand would make a surprise appearance that night. Ken Ehrlich was asked if he would agree to an on air call with Roy Leonard to let his WGN radio audience in on “the secret.” Ehrlich did agree and Leonard’s audience knew in advance, before the rest of the world, that Neil Diamond and Barbra Streisand would perform the song ”live” for the first time ever on the 22nd Annual Grammy Awards.
The story of how it happened was recalled by Alicia Keyes on the CBS network television special, My Night at the Grammys which aired on November 30, 2007. Keyes said, “It might very well have been the first Grammy moment and how it happened was a pretty good story. You see Barbra Streisand and Neil Diamond had both recorded versions of "You Don’t Bring Me Flowers" but it wasn’t until a Chicago disc jockey had the brilliant idea of doing one of the first ever “mash ups” that people heard both voices together in one version but they never performed the song “live” together, so on February 27, 1980 the lights dimmed at the Shrine Auditorium and Barbara and Neil took the stage to sing one of the classic television duets of all time.” The surprise performance of these two superstars turned out to be, as Ken Ehrlich had predicted, a showstopper. A true Grammy moment.
Radio personalities Jack Hood and Gene Kruszewski of WJR-AM/Detroit also cut a duet version of the song which was a local and regional hit and helped escalate the song’s novelty. Columbia Records granted gold records to Hood and Kruszewski in recognition of their efforts.
Diamond and Streisand had planned to star in a motion picture based on the song, but such plans were canceled when Diamond starred in a remake of The Jazz Singer.
Other versions[edit]
Concurrent with the success of Diamond and Streisand's version of the song, country singers Jim Ed Brown and Helen Cornelius released a country version of the song which reached number ten on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in early 1979. Also, in the same year, Lynda Carter (of Wonder Woman fame) re-performed this song on Dick Emery's British variety show, The Dick Emery Hour.
In 1980 a cover version of the song was recorded by expatriate American singer Dean Reed and Hungarian vocalist Kati Kovács in German and in English.[7]
In 1982 Julie Andrews covered the song for her country music inspired-album, Love Me Tender, though it was only included on the international version of the album.
In 1986 Norwegian soprano Sissel Kyrkjebø performed the song on Norwegian Television in the TV-show "Kanal 1". In 2006 this performance was included on her album De beste, 1986–2006.[8]
In 1993 UK TV presenter Noel Edmonds was tricked into singing the whole song on his show, Noel's House Party. Noel Edmonds had earlier recorded a duet of the song sung by fellow DJs John Peel and Tony Blackburn for use on his BBC Radio 1 show in 1979.
In 1996 the song was sung by rappers Ice-T and Tupac Shakur during a Saturday Night Live show.
In 1997 it was parodied by Bob Rivers as "You Don't Smell Like Flowers Anymore".[9] There is also a parody by Weird Al Yankovic which he performed on the Dr. Demento show, "You Don't Take Your Showers".
See also[edit]
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1978 (U.S.)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Alan and Marilyn Bergman on Songwriting: Part 1
Jump up ^ "You Don't Bring Me Flowers". All Music Guide. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1996). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 6th Edition (Billboard Publications)
Jump up ^ "Grammy's Greatest Moments, Volume 1: Various Artists". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2011-11-21.
Jump up ^ Erhlich, Ken. "At The Grammys! Behind the Scenes at Music's Biggest Night". Hal Leonard Corporation. Retrieved 2014-09-05.
Jump up ^ Jones, Chris. "Roy Leonard, beloved WGN Radio personality, is dead at 83". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2014-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Dean Reed - You Don't Bring Me Flowers". YouTube. 2006-12-31. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
Jump up ^ "Sissel - You Don't Bring Me Flowers (1986)". YouTube.com. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
Jump up ^ http://www.last.fm/music/Bob+Rivers/_/You+Don%27t+Smell+Like+Flowers
hide
v
t
e
Neil Diamond singles discography
Singles 1960s
1962
"You Are My Love at Last"
"I'm Afraid"
1963
"At Night"
1966
"Solitary Man"
"Cherry, Cherry"
"I Got the Feelin' (Oh No No)"
1967
"Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon"
"Thank the Lord for the Night Time"
"Kentucky Woman"
"Some Day Baby"
1968
"New Orleans"
"Red Red Wine"
"Brooklyn Roads"
"Two-Bit Manchild"
"Shilo"
"Sunday Sun"
1969
"Brother Love's Travelling Salvation Show"
"Sweet Caroline"
"Holly Holy"
Singles 1970s
1970
"Shilo"
"Until It's Time for You to Go"
"Soolaimon"
"And The Grass Won't Pay No Mind"
"Solitary Man"
"Cracklin' Rosie"
"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother"
"Do It"
1971
"I Am... I Said"
"Done Too Soon"
"I'm a Believer"
"Stones"
1972
"Song Sung Blue"
"Play Me"
"Walk on Water"
1973
"Cherry, Cherry"
"The Long Way Home"
"The Last Thing on My Mind"
"Be"
1974
"Skybird"
"Longfellow Serenade"
1975
"Morningside"
"I've Been This Way Before"
"The Last Picasso"
1976
"If You Know What I Mean"
"Don't Think... Feel"
"Beautiful Noise"
1977
"Stargazer"
"Lady-Oh"
"Desiree"
1978
"God Only Knows"
"Let Me Take You In My Arms Again"
"I'm Glad You're Here With Me Tonight"
"You Don't Bring Me Flowers"
"The Dancing Bumble Bee / Bumble Boogie"
1979
"Forever in Blue Jeans"
"Say Maybe"
"The American Popular Song"
"September Morn"
Singles 1980s
1980
"That Kind"
"The Good Lord Loves You"
"Dancing in the Street"
"Love on the Rocks"
1981
"Hello Again"
"America"
"Yesterday's Songs"
1982
"On the Way to the Sky"
"Be Mine Tonight"
"Rainy Day Song"
"Heartlight"
1983
"I'm Alive"
"Turn Around"
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text:
Nervous tissue
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Nervous tissue
Example of nervous tissue
Cells of nervous tissue
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Nervous tissue, also called neural tissue or nerve tissue, is the main tissue component of the nervous system. The nervous system regulates and controls bodily functions and activity and consists of two parts: the central nervous system (CNS) comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprising the branching peripheral nerves. It is composed of neurons, or nerve cells, which receive and transmit impulses, and neuroglia, also known as glial cells or glia, which assist the propagation of the nerve impulse as well as provide nutrients to the neurons.
Nervous tissue is made up of different types of nerve cells, all of which have an axon. An axon is the long stem-like part of the cell that sends action potential signals to the next cell. Bundles of axons make up the nerves in the PNS and tracts in the CNS.
Functions of the nervous system are sensory input, integration, control of muscles and glands, homeostasis, and mental activity.
Contents
1 Structure
1.1 Components
1.2 Classification of tissue
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Tumours
4 References
Structure[edit]
Nervous tissue is composed of neurons, also called nerve cells, and neuroglial cells. Four types of neuroglia found in the CNS are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells and oligodendrocytes. Two types of neuroglia found in the PNS are satellite cells and Schwann cells. In the central nervous system (CNS), the tissue types found are grey matter and white matter. The tissue is categorized by its neuronal and neuroglial components.[1]
Components[edit]
Neurons are cells with specialized features that allow them to receive and facilitate nerve impulses, or action potentials, across their membrane to the next neuron.[2] They possess a large cell body (soma), with cell projections called dendrites and an axon. Dendrites are thin, branching projections that receive electrochemical signaling (neurotransmitters) to create a change in voltage in the cell. Axons are long projections that carry the action potential away from the cell body toward the next neuron. The bulb-like end of the axon, called the axon terminal, is separated from the dendrite of the following neuron by a small gap called a synaptic cleft. When the action potential travels to the axon terminal, neurotransmitters are released across the synapse and bind to the post-synaptic receptors, continuing the nerve impulse.[3]
Neurons are classified both functionally and structurally.
Functional classification:[4]
Sensory neurons (afferent): Relay sensory information in the form of an action potential (nerve impulse) from the PNS to the CNS
Motor neurons (efferent): Relay an action potential out of the CNS to the proper effector (muscles, glands)
Interneurons: Cells that form connections between neurons and whose processes are limited to a single local area in the brain or spinal cord
Structural classification:[4]
Multipolar neurons: Have 3 or more processes coming off the soma (cell body). They are the major neuron type in the CNS and include interneurons and motor neurons.
Bipolar neurons: Sensory neurons that have two processes coming off the soma, one dendrite and one axon
Pseudounipolar neurons: Sensory neurons that have one process that splits into two branches, forming the axon and dendrite
Unipolar brush cells: Are excitatory glutamatergic interneurons that have a single short dendrite terminating in a brush-like tuft of dendrioles. These are found in the granular layer of the cerebellum.
Neuroglia encompasses the non-neural cells in nervous tissue that provide various crucial supportive functions for neurons. They are smaller than neurons, and vary in structure according to their function.[3]
Neuroglial cells are classified as follows:[5]
Microglial cells: Microglia are macrophage cells that make up the primary immune system for the CNS.[6] They are the smallest neuroglial cell.
Astrocytes: Star-shaped macroglial cells with many processes found in the CNS. They are the most abundant cell type in the brain, and are intrinsic to a healthy CNS.[7]
Oligodendrocytes: CNS cells with very few processes. They form myelin sheaths on the axons of a neuron, which are lipid-based insulation that increases the speed at which the action potential, can travel down the axon.[4]
NG2 glia: CNS cells that are distinct from astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia, and serve as the developmental precursors of oligodendrocytes[5]
Schwann cells: The PNS equivalent of oligodendrocytes, they help maintain axons and form myelin sheaths in the PNS.[4]
Satellite glial cell: Line the surface of neuron cell bodies in ganglia (groups of nerve body cells bundled or connected together in the PNS)[8]
Enteric glia: Found in the enteric nervous system, within the gastrointestinal tract.[9]
Classification of tissue[edit]
In the central nervous system:[10]
Grey matter is composed of cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, protoplasmic astrocytes (astrocyte subtype), satellite oligodendrocytes (non-myelinating oligodendrocyte subtype), microglia, and very few myelinated axons.
White matter is composed of myelinated axons, fibrous astrocytes, myelinating oligodendrocytes, and microglia.
In the Peripheral Nervous System:[11]
Ganglion tissue is composed of cell bodies, dendrites, and satellite glial cells.
Nerves are composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axons, Schwann cells surrounded by connective tissue.
The three layers of connective tissue surrounding each nerve are:[10]
Endoneurium. Each nerve axon, or fiber is surrounded by the endoneurium, which is also called the endoneurial tube, channel or sheath. This is a thin, delicate, protective layer of connective tissue.
Perineurium. Each nerve fascicle containing one or more axons, is enclosed by the perineurium, a connective tissue having a lamellar arrangement in seven or eight concentric layers. This plays a very important role in the protection and support of the nerve fibers and also serves to prevent the passage of large molecules from the epineurium into a fascicle.
Epineurium. The epineurium is the outermost layer of dense connective tissue enclosing the (peripheral) nerve.
Function[edit]
Myelinated axons conduct impulses faster than unmyelinated axons.
The function of nervous tissue is to form the communication network of the nervous system by conducting electric signals across tissue.[12] In the CNS, grey matter, which contains the synapses, is important for information processing. White matter, containing myelinated axons, connects and facilitates nerve impulse between grey matter areas in the CNS.[13] In the PNS, the ganglion tissue, containing the cell bodies and dendrites, contain relay points for nerve tissue impulses. The nerve tissue, containing myelinated axons bundles, carry action potential/nerve impulses.[10]
Clinical significance[edit]
Tumours[edit]
Neoplasms (tumours) in nervous tissue include:
Gliomas (glial cell tumors)
Gliomatosis cerebri, Oligoastrocytoma, Choroid plexus papilloma, Ependymoma, Astrocytoma (Pilocytic astrocytoma, Glioblastoma multiforme), Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour, Oligodendroglioma, Medulloblastoma, Primitive neuroectodermal tumor
Neuroepitheliomatous tumors
Ganglioneuroma, Neuroblastoma, Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor, Retinoblastoma, Esthesioneuroblastoma
Nerve sheath tumors
Neurofibroma (Neurofibrosarcoma, Neurofibromatosis), Schwannoma, Neurinoma, Acoustic neuroma, Neuroma
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Peripheral Nervous System". Histology and Virtual Microscopy Learning Resource. University of Michigan Medical School. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Byrne, John; Roberts, James (2004). From Molecules to Networks. California: Academic Press. p. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b Swenson, Rand. "Review of Clinical and Functional Neuroscience". Dartmouth Medical School. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Waymire, Jack. "Organization of Cell Types". Neuroscience Online. The University of Texas Medical School. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Verkhratsky, Alexi; Butt, Arthur (2013). Glial Physiology and Pathaphysiology (PDF) (First ed.). Chinchester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. p. 76. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Brodal, Per (March 1, 2010). The Central Nervous System: Structure and Function (Fourth ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 19. ISBN 9780199701049. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Sofroniew, Michael; Vinters, Harry (2009). "Astrocytes: biology and pathology". Acta Neuropathol. 119 (1): 7–35. doi:10.1007/s00401-009-0619-8. PMC 2799634. PMID 20012068.
Jump up ^ M, Hanani (2010). "Satellite glial cells in sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia: in search of function". Brain Research Reviews. 64 (2): 304–27. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.04.009. PMID 20441777. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Gershon, Michael; Rothman, Taube (1991). "Enteric Glia". Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology. 4 (2): 195–204. doi:10.1002/glia.440040211. PMID 1827778.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Neurons and Support Cells". SIU Med. Southern Illinois University School of Medicine. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cellular Components of Nervous Tissue" (PDF). RMC faculty. Randolph-Macon College. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nervous Tissue". Sidwell School. Archived from the original on 12 June 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Robertson, Sally (November 2010). "What is Grey Matter". News Medical. AZo Network. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
hide
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Nervous tissue
CNS
Tissue Types
Grey matter
White matter
Projection fibers
Association fiber
Commissural fiber
Lemniscus
Nerve tract
Decussation
Commissure
Neuropil
Meninges
Cell Types
Neuronal
Pyramidal
Purkinje
Granule
Glial
insulating:
Myelination: Oligodendrocyte
other
Astrocyte
Radial glial cell
Ependymal cells
Tanycyte
Microglia
PNS
General
Dorsal
Root
Ganglion
Ramus
Ventral
Root
Ramus
Ramus communicans
Gray
White
Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers
Postganglionic nerve fibers)
Nerve fascicle
Funiculus
Connective tissues
Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium
Neuroglia
Myelination: Schwann cell
Neurilemma
Myelin incisure
Node of Ranvier
Internodal segment
Satellite glial cell
Neurons/
nerve fibers
Parts
Soma
Axon hillock
Axon
Telodendron
Axon terminals
Axoplasm
Axolemma
Neurofibril/neurofilament
Dendrite
Nissl body
Dendritic spine
Apical dendrite/Basal dendrite
Types
Bipolar
Unipolar
Pseudounipolar
Multipolar
Interneuron
Renshaw
Afferent nerve fiber/
Sensory neuron
GSA
GVA
SSA
SVA
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The Ballantyne Novels
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The Ballantyne Novels
Author
Wilbur Smith
Genre
Novel
Publisher
Pan Macmillan
Publication date
1980–1984;
2005
The Ballantyne Novels are a series of four novels published between 1980 and 1984 by Wilbur Smith. They chronicle the lives of the Ballantyne family, from the 1860s through until 1980’s. against a background of the history of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). A fifth novel published in 2005 seeks to combine the Ballantyne narrative with that of Smith's other family saga, The Courtney Novels.
Contents
1 The Ballantyne Series
1.1 A Falcon Flies
1.2 Men of Men
1.3 The Angels Weep
1.4 The Leopard Hunts in Darkness
2 Book list
3 References
4 External links
The Ballantyne Series[edit]
The Ballantyne Family Tree
The books are in the following series
A Falcon Flies 1860
Men of Men 1870s-1890s
Triumph of the Sun 1880s
The Angels Weep 1st part 1890s, 2nd part 1977
The Leopard Hunts in Darkness 1980s
A Falcon Flies[edit]
In 1860 the slave trade is still flourishing in southern Africa. Fuller Ballantyne, a famous missionary and explorer, has disappeared in the wild areas of the sub-continent. His two children, Robyn (a daughter) and Zouga (a son) set out on an expedition to find their father. She is determined to bring Christianity, medicine and commerce to the Africans, but he wants to seek his fortune. They get passage on a clipper from England, only to discover that the captain, an American named Mungo St John, is a slaver. She falls in love with him but is determined to fight his trade in human flesh. She gets the support of a British naval captain, Clinton Codrington, who is himself a fanatical anti-slave trader. He falls in love with her.
Zouga goes hunting for ivory and gold. In his travels he comes across a secret cavern of an African oracle and steals a soapstone falcon figure from the ruins of an ancient city. Unwittingly, he is fulfilling a prophecy which states that loss of the stone falcons shall bring desolation to the people and the land.
As Robyn locates the slave traders' route, she almost becomes a victim of the slavers herself; she's saved in the nick of time by Mungo St John and has to accompany him on his ship. She makes a successful attempt to contact Clinton and eventually causes the sea battle between the two men who love her. St John is then tried for his crimes.
Men of Men[edit]
This is the second of the Ballantyne sequence of books, which gives a fictionalized account of the origins of Rhodesia and its later violent transformation into Zimbabwe. In this novel, the Ballantyne saga continues with the interaction between Zouga Ballantyne, Cecil Rhodes and the other whites who took over southern Africa. Zouga has now got a frail wife and two sons, Ralph and Jordan. He hopes to raise enough resources from the new diamond working in Kimberley. His wife dies but his sons thrive and grow into young men with differing personalities: Ralph becomes impetuous, determined and very loyal to his father; Jordan becomes as delicate as his mother and rises in the ranks of diamond sorters. Cecil Rhodes enters the tale and becomes Zouga's ally for some years, until Zouga makes a daring gamble and loses everything - his claim, his money and his sons.
A grown-up Ralph sets out to retrieve his father's stash of ivory, while Jordan becomes Rhodes' personal secretary. The labourers at the Kimberley diamond workings scatter and one of them, named Bazo, returns to his homeland in Matabeleland with illegally obtained diamonds. Rhodes uses his wealth obtained from Kimberley to open up the land north of the Limpopo River: he sponsors a "Pioneer" expedition and gives Zouga the task of negotiating with Lobengula, king of the Matabele people. Through machinations and betrayal, Rhodes annexes the land of the Matabele people and lays the foundation for the land that became Rhodesia. All the principal protagonists - Zouga, Ralph, Jordan, Robyn, Codrington, Mungo St John and Bazo - become inextricably bound up in the birth of the new country.
The Angels Weep[edit]
This is the third in the Ballantyne sequence of novels. It tells about how the Black Africans of Rhodesia tried to fight for their land but were defeated by the White settlers who were determined to carve out a homeland for themselves.
The Black Africans, after having been defeated in "Men of Men", now plan to rebel against the unwelcome White settlers. The Matabele rise and avenge their last defeat. They kill Mungo St John and Ralph's pregnant wife, Cathy. This breeds hatred in Ralph and he ruthlessly suppresses the Matabele uprising, killing his childhood friend Bazo in the process.
In the second part, the action moves fast forward to the 1970s as Rhodesia is caught up in a violent freedom struggle. The tactics of terror are employed by the freedom fighters, carrying firearms and operating in highly organised commando groups. Opposing them are the Rhodesian "Ballantyne Scouts", one of whose members is Roland Ballantyne, great-grandson of Ralph. His gentler cousin, Craig Mellow, is forced into a war where he has to clash with a childhood friend, Tungata, who is a descendant of Bazo. A trap is laid by Tungata for Roland, who is killed when he falls for it. Craig is crippled when he loses a leg. It takes a long time for Craig and his lover to find happiness.
The Leopard Hunts in Darkness[edit]
Following Rhodesia's independence (and its renaming as Zimbabwe), some white people left the country. One of those exiles is Craig Mellow, who now lives in New York. However, he misses his homeland, so he decides to return and buys back his family's farm. Within the country there is a re-emergence of ancient tribal rivalries, African pitted against African. The Matabele man named Tungata is now a government minister. Inadvertently Craig gets caught up in tribal politics. Fungabera, a Shona man, dupes Craig into framing Tungata for an ivory-poaching racket. Then Fungabera turns on Craig by accusing him of being a CIA agent and confiscating the farm he had bought.
When he realises that he has been used, Craig plots with Tungata's fiancee to free his erstwhile friend from a maximum security camp. They carry out the rescue and are chased by Shona soldiers. At last Fungabera is shown to be the head of the ivory-poaching ring. He is also discovered to be plotting an overthrow of the Zimbabwean government.
Book list[edit]
A Falcon Flies aka Flight of the Falcon 1980.
Men of Men 1981.
The Angels Weep 1982.
The Leopard Hunts in Darkness 1984.
The Triumph Of The Sun 2005 (Courtney and Ballantyne).
References[edit]
External links[edit]
The Ballantyne Novels
hide
v
t
e
Works by Wilbur Smith
Novels
When the Lion Feeds (1964)
The Dark of the Sun (1965)
The Sound of Thunder (1966)
Shout at the Devil (1968)
Gold Mine (1970)
The Diamond Hunters (1971)
The Sunbird (1972)
Eagle in the Sky (1974)
The Eye of the Tiger (1975)
Cry Wolf (1976)
A Sparrow Falls (1977)
Hungry as the Sea (1978)
Wild Justice (1979)
A Falcon Flies (1980)
Men of Men (1981)
The Angels Weep (1982)
The Leopard Hunts in Darkness (1984)
The Burning Shore (1985)
Power of the Sword (1986)
Rage (1987)
A Time to Die (1989)
Golden Fox (1990)
Elephant Song (1991)
River God (1994)
The Seventh Scroll (1995)
Birds of Prey (1997)
Monsoon (1999)
Warlock (2001)
Blue Horizon (2003)
The Triumph of the Sun (2005)
The Quest (2007)
Assegai (2009)
Those in Peril (2011)
Vicious Circle (2013)
Desert God (2014)
Golden Lion (2015)
Predator (2016)
Pharaoh (2016)
War Cry (2017)
A Tiger's Prey (2017)
Courtney's War (2018)
Memoir
On Leopard Rock (2018)
Adaptations
Dark of the Sun (1968)
The Last Lion (1972)
Gold (1974)
The Kingfisher Caper (1975)
Shout at the Devil (1976)
Mountain of Diamonds (1991 TV movie)
Wild Justice (1994 TV movie)
The Seventh Scroll (1999 mini-series)
The Diamond Hunters (2001 mini-series)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ballantyne_Novels&oldid=822257968"
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This page was last edited on 25 January 2018, at 09:30 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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