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Tainted Love
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"Tainted Love"
Single by Gloria Jones
A-side
"My Bad Boy's Comin' Home"
Released
May 1965
Format
7", 45 rpm
Recorded
1964
Genre
Northern soul[1], Rhythm and blues
Label
Champion (distributed by Vee-Jay)
Songwriter(s)
Ed Cobb
Producer(s)
Ed Cobb
Gloria Jones singles chronology
"My Bad Boy's Comin' Home" / "Tainted Love"
(1965) "Come Go with Me"
(1966)
"My Bad Boy's Comin' Home" / "Tainted Love"
(1965) "Come Go with Me"
(1966)
"Tainted Love" is a song composed by Ed Cobb, formerly of American group the Four Preps, which was originally recorded by Gloria Jones in 1964.[2] It attained worldwide fame after being covered by Soft Cell in 1981 and has since been covered by numerous groups and artists.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Gloria Jones version (1965)
2 Soft Cell version (1981)
2.1 Chart performance
2.1.1 Weekly singles charts
2.1.2 Year-end charts
3 Marilyn Manson cover (2001)
3.1 Charts
4 References
5 Bibliography
Gloria Jones version (1965)[edit]
American artist Gloria Jones recorded the original version of "Tainted Love", which was written and produced by Ed Cobb. It was the B-side of her 1965 single "My Bad Boy's Comin' Home",[4] which was a commercial flop, failing to chart in either the US or the UK. Before Jones recorded the song, Cobb had offered it to the Standells, whom he managed and produced, but they, according to Nick Talevski, rejected it.[5] The Standells themselves in their Facebook page denies a fact of offering from Cobb, as they weren’t signed to Cobb’s company Greengrass Productions until 1966, some two years after Jones recording.[6]
In 1973, British club DJ Richard Searling purchased a copy of the almost decade-old single while on a trip to the United States. The track's Motown-influenced sound (featuring a fast tempo, horns, electric rhythm guitar and female backing vocals) fit in perfectly with the music favoured by those involved in the UK's Northern Soul club scene of the early 1970s, and Searling popularised the song at the Northern Soul club Va Va’s in Bolton, and later, at Wigan Casino.[7]
Owing to the new-found underground popularity of the song, Jones re-recorded "Tainted Love" in 1976 and released it as a single, but it also failed to chart. This version was released on her album Vixen and was produced by her boyfriend Marc Bolan.[8]
In 2014, NME ranked it number 305 in their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.[9]
Soft Cell version (1981)[edit]
"Tainted Love"
Single by Soft Cell
from the album Non-Stop Erotic Cabaret
A-side
""Tainted Love" / "Where Did Our Love Go""
B-side
""Memorabilia" / "Tainted Dub""
Released
July 7, 1981 (UK)
January 16, 1982 (US)
Format
7", 12"
Recorded
1981
Genre
Synthpop,[10] new wave[11]
Length
2:34 (album version)
2:41 (single version)
8:58 (extended dance version with "Where Did Our Love Go?" cover)
("30 extended version of "Where Did Our Love Go?" cover) (11:04)
Label
Some Bizzare
Sire/Warner Bros. Records (US)
Songwriter(s)
Ed Cobb
Producer(s)
Mike Thorne
Soft Cell singles chronology
"Memorabilia"
(1981) "Tainted Love"
(1981) "Bedsitter"
(1981)
"Memorabilia"
(1981) "Tainted Love"
(1981) "Bedsitter"
(1981)
English vocal-and-synth duo Soft Cell became aware of the song through its status as a UK "Northern Soul" hit,[12] and recorded a drastically different arrangement in 1981. The Soft Cell recording featured a slower tempo than Jones' version, and was in the key of G rather than the original C to match Marc Almond's lower voice. Synthesizers and rhythm machines replaced the original's guitars, bass, drums, and horns. Soft Cell's version was recorded in a day and a half with Almond's first vocal take being used on the record.[13] Producer Mike Thorne commented that he was surprised by the choice as he had not been impressed by the 1976 version on hearing it, but was impressed by the new arrangement and Almond's sinister vocal: "You could smell the coke on that second, Northern Soul version, it was really so over-ramped and so frantic. It was good for the dance floor, but I didn't like the record...when Soft Cell performed the song I heard a very novel sound and a very nice voice, so off we went."[14]
The band's record label[clarification needed] chose to release "Tainted Love" on July 7, 1981 as Soft Cell's second single (their first was "Memorabilia", which did not chart).[14] The Phonogram Records representatives implied that this single would be Soft Cell's final release on Some Bizzare if the single did not sell.[14] The 12" single version (extended dance version) was a medley, transitioning to a cover of the Supremes' "Where Did Our Love Go" halfway through the song. Buoyed by the then-dominant synthpop sound of the time and a memorable performance on Top of the Pops, "Tainted Love" rapidly reached number 1 on the UK singles chart. "Tainted Love" was the best-selling single of 1981 in the UK and has sold 1.35 million copies as of August 2017.[15]
On the US chart dated January 16, 1982, the song entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 90. It appeared to peak at number 64 and fell to number 100 on February 27. After spending a second week at number 100, it started climbing again. It took 19 weeks to crack the US Top 40. The song reached number 8 during the summer of 1982 and spent a then record-breaking 43 weeks on the Hot 100.
A video was recorded specially for Soft Cell's video album Non-Stop Exotic Video Show featuring band members David Ball as a cricketer meeting Marc Almond in a toga on Mount Olympus.[16]
A remixed version of the song was issued in 1991, seven years after Soft Cell's dissolution in 1984. The video for the remix, directed by Peter Christopherson of Hipgnosis, features a man pacing at night and dancing with starry apparitions, while Almond sings amongst the stars.[17] Christopherson's band Coil had covered "Tainted Love" in 1985, with a music video that included a cameo appearance by Almond.[18]
Soft Cell's version of "Tainted Love" ranked number 5 on VH1's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 1980s.[19] It was also heavily sampled on Rihanna's 2006 single "SOS" and the Veronicas's 2007 single "Hook Me Up".[20] In 2015 the song was voted by the British public as the nation's fourth favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV.[21]
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly singles charts[edit]
Chart (1981-82)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[22] 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[23] 2
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[24] 1
Canada (RPM 50 Singles)[25] 1
France (SNEP)[26] 4
Germany (Official German Charts)[27] 1
Ireland (IRMA)[28] 4
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[29] 5
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[30] 7
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[31] 2
South Africa (Springbok Radio)[32] 1
Spain (AFYVE)[33] 4
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[34] 4
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[35] 2
UK (Official Charts Company)[36] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[37] 8
US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play[37] 4
US Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks[37] 12
Chart (1985)
Peak
position
UK (Official Charts Company)[38] 43
Chart (1991)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[28] 4
UK (Official Charts Company)[38] 5
Chart (1999)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play[37] 24
US Billboard Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales[37] 6
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1981)
Rank
UK Singles[39] 1
Chart (1982)
Rank
Australia [40] 3
Canada (RPM) [41] 7
New Zealand [42] 14
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[43] 11
Marilyn Manson cover (2001)[edit]
"Tainted Love"
Single by Marilyn Manson
from the album Not Another Teen Movie soundtrack and The Golden Age of Grotesque
Released
November 2001
Genre
Electronic rock[44]
Length
3:20
Label
Nothing/Interscope/Universal Records
Songwriter(s)
Ed Cobb
Producer(s)
Marilyn Manson, Tim Sköld
Marilyn Manson singles chronology
"The Nobodies"
(2001) "Tainted Love"
(2001) "Mobscene"
(2003)
"The Nobodies"
(2001) "Tainted Love"
(2001) "Mobscene"
(2003)
American band Marilyn Manson covered "Tainted Love" with an arrangement based on Soft Cell's version, and released it in 2001 as a single from the Not Another Teen Movie soundtrack. It was later included on the band's following album The Golden Age of Grotesque as a bonus track. The band's frontman Marilyn Manson states in the Kerrang! interview that he wasn't "really thinking about '80s nostalgia" during the recording, while realising it as a main concept behind the soundtrack.[45]
Released in the UK on March 23, 2002, it is the band's biggest hit in that country. The song entered the UK singles chart at number 6 the week before its official release date, as a result of substantial import sales. The song reached its peak position of number 5 the following week, and spent a total of 22 weeks in the Top 75.[46] The song topped the Portuguese chart.[47] It was nominated for the Kerrang! Award for Best Single in 2002.
Charts[edit]
Chart (2001-02)
Peak
position
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[48] 2
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[49] 18
Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[50] 16
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[51] 11
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[52] 7
Denmark (Tracklisten)[53] 3
Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)[47] 3
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[54] 11
France (SNEP)[55] 25
Germany (Official German Charts)[56] 3
Ireland (IRMA)[28] 11
Italy (FIMI)[57] 2
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[58] 44
Norway (VG-lista)[59] 7
Poland (Polish Singles Chart)[60] 20
Portugal (Billboard)[47] 1
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[61] 4
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[62] 4
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[63] 11
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[64] 2
UK (Official Charts Company)[65] 5
US Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks[66] 30
US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks[66] 33
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Tainted Love — Songlexikon". Songlexikon.de. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ Various Versions Of Tainted Love. YouTube. Retrieved October 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Rob Finnis; Tony Rounce (2008). You Heard It Here First! (CD booklet). London: Ace Records Ltd. p. 2. CDCHD 1204.
Jump up ^ Talevski 2006, p. 90.
Jump up ^ Standells (February 21, 2015). "The Standells rejected “Tainted Love”? Okay, let’s clear this up once-and-for-all.". Facebook. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Haslam 1999, p. 172, chapter 6.
Jump up ^ Saint Cad (October 14, 2012). "10 More Famous Songs With Unknown Originals". Listverse.com. Listverse Ltd. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rocklist.net....NME The 500 Greatest Songs Of All Time.. 2014". NME. August 8, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ William Ruhlmann. "Non-Stop Erotic Cabaret review at Allmusic". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved June 24, 2013. "the remake of Gloria Jones' "Tainted Love," which dominated dance clubs and eventually peaked in the pop Top Ten with its synth-pop sound and Almond's plaintive vocal in 1981-1982."
Jump up ^ Tim Sendra. "Pop & Wave, Vol. 1 review at Allmusic". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved June 24, 2013. "the collection has some of the biggest hits of the new wave era. Songs like "Cars" by Gary Numan, "Tainted Love" by Soft Cell (...) are the type of tunes that define the era."
Jump up ^ Davis 2012, September 1981. Soft Cell: Tainted Love.
Jump up ^ Thorne 1999.
^ Jump up to: a b c Buskin 2012.
Jump up ^ Copsey, Rob (August 31, 2017). "Official Charts Flashback 1981: Soft Cell - Tainted Love". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mojo Magazine 2007, p. 464.
Jump up ^ "WEEKEND | The bizarreness of Soft Cell's 'Tainted Love' videos". Yale Daily News. March 23, 2011. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Matt Keeley (August 14, 2016). "WATCH: The First Ever AIDS Charity Music Single was Incredibly Dark and Boldly Gay". Unicorn Booty. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ali, Rahsheeda (May 2, 2013). "100 Greatest One-Hit Wonders of the '80s | Music News + Gossip | VH1 Music — Page 97". Vh1.com. Archived from the original on September 12, 2014. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Wood, Mikael (24 June 2008). "Review - The Veronicas' Hook Me Up". The Village Voice. Village Voice Media. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Westbrook, Caroline (25 July 2015). "The Nation’s Favourite 80s Number One: 12 more classic 80s chart-toppers which didn’t make the cut". Metro. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Australian n°1 Hits - 80's". Worldcharts.co.uk. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Soft Cell – Tainted Love" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Soft Cell – Tainted Love" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Top Singles — Volume 36, No. 3, February 27, 1982". Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "InfoDisc : Tous les Titres par Artiste". Dominic DURAND / InfoDisc (in French). InfoDisc.fr. June 24, 2013. Archived from the original on October 26, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2013. You have to use the index at the top of the page and search "Soft Cell"
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Soft Cell – Tainted Love". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Irish Charts — All there is to know". IRMA. Retrieved July 25, 2013. Only results when searching "Tainted love"
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Soft Cell — Tainted Love search results" (in Dutch) Dutch Top 40. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Soft Cell – Tainted Love" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Soft Cell – Tainted Love". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 - 1989 Acts (S)". Rock.co.za. John Samson. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ Salaverri 2005.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Soft Cell – Tainted Love". Singles Top 100. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Soft Cell – Tainted Love". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Soft Cell". Official Charts Company. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Soft Cell awards at Allmusic". Allmusic. All Media Network. Archived from the original on June 12, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Soft Cell". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Chartfile Top 100" Record Mirror 26 December 1981: 27
Jump up ^ David Kent's "Australian Chart Book 1970-1992"
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-25.
Jump up ^ Top Selling Singles of 1982 | The Official New Zealand Music Chart
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1982/Top 100 Songs of 1982". Retrieved July 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Golden Age of Grotesque BBC review". BBC. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Winwood, Ian (February 23, 2002). "Paranoia. Jail Sentences. September 11. And Kittens?" (transcription). Kerrang!. No. 892. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Tobias Zywietz. "Chart Log UK: M — My Vitriol". Dipl.-Bibl.(FH) Tobias Zywietz. Zobbel.de. Retrieved August 14, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Danyel Smith, ed. (May 18, 2002). "Hits of The World". Billboard. Vol. 114 no. 20. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved April 21, 2017. cf. last week position for Portugal peak position
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Marilyn Manson – Tainted Love" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Marilyn Manson – Tainted Love" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Marilyn Manson – Tainted Love" (in French). Ultratip. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Marilyn Manson – Tainted Love" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Marilyn Manson – Tainted Love" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – Marilyn Manson – Tainted Love". Tracklisten. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Marilyn Manson: Tainted Love" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Marilyn Manson – Tainted Love" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Marilyn Manson – Tainted Love". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – Marilyn Manson – Tainted Love". Top Digital Download. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Marilyn Manson – Tainted Love" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Marilyn Manson – Tainted Love". VG-lista. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "TAINTED LOVE — Marilyn Manson". Nowe Media, Polskie Radio. LP3.polskieradio.pl. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Archive Chart: March 24, 2002". Scottish Singles Top 40. Retrieved NOvember 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – Marilyn Manson – Tainted Love" Canciones Top 50. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Marilyn Manson – Tainted Love". Singles Top 100. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Marilyn Manson – Tainted Love". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Marilyn Manson". Official Charts Company. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Marilyn Manson awards at Allmusic". Allmusic. All Media Network. Archived from the original on February 14, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
Bibliography[edit]
Chuck Miller (2011). Tracy L. Schmidt, ed. Warman's American Records. Krause Publications. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-4402-2821-6.
Nick Talevski (2006). Knocking on Heaven's Door: Rock Obituaries. Omnibus Press. p. 90. ISBN 1-84609-091-1. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
Haslam, Dave (1999). Manchester, England: The Story of the Pop Cult City. Fourth Estate. ISBN 978-1-8411-5145-8.
Davis, Sharon (2012). "September 1981. Soft Cell: Tainted Love". 80s Chart-Toppers: Every Chart-Topper Tells a Story. Random House. ISBN 978-1-7805-7411-0.
Buskin, Richard (April 2012). "Classic Tracks: Tainted Love". Sound on Sound. Retrieved April 20, 2017. CS1 maint: Date and year (link)
Mike Thorne (March 1999). "Soft Cell: Tainted Love". The Stereo Society. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
Mojo Magazine (2007). Jim Irvin & Colin McLear, ed. The Mojo Collection (4th Edition ed.). Canongate Books. p. 464. ISBN 978-1-8476-7643-6. CS1 maint: Extra text (link)
Fernando Salaverri (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
Preceded by
"Japanese Boy" by Aneka UK number-one single (Soft Cell version)
September 5, 1981 – September 18, 1981 Succeeded by
"Prince Charming" by Adam and the Ants
Preceded by
"Trouble" by Lindsey Buckingham Australian Kent Music Report number-one single (Soft Cell version)
February 22, 1982 – March 8, 1982 Succeeded by
"Centerfold" by The J. Geils Band
Preceded by
"Centerfold" by The J. Geils Band Canadian "RPM" Singles Chart number-one single (Soft Cell version)
February 27, 1982 – March 13, 1982 Succeeded by
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" by Joan Jett and the Blackhearts
[show]
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Gloria Jones
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"Tainted Love"
[show]
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Non-Stop Erotic Cabaret
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Say Hello to Soft Cell
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Soft Cell's Non-Stop Exotic Video Show
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[show]
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Best-selling singles by year in the United Kingdom
1952–1969
1952: "Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart" – Vera Lynn (UK)
1953: "I Believe" – Frankie Laine
1954: "Secret Love" – Doris Day
1955: "Rose Marie" – Slim Whitman
1956: "I'll Be Home" – Pat Boone
1957: "Diana" – Paul Anka
1958: "Jailhouse Rock" – Elvis Presley
1959: "Living Doll" – Cliff Richard (UK)
1960: "It's Now or Never" – Elvis Presley
1961: "Wooden Heart" – Elvis Presley
1962: "I Remember You" – Frank Ifield (UK)
1963: "She Loves You" – The Beatles (UK)
1964: "Can't Buy Me Love" – The Beatles (UK)
1965: "Tears" – Ken Dodd (UK)
1966: "Green, Green Grass of Home" – Tom Jones (UK)
1967: "Release Me" – Engelbert Humperdinck (UK)
1968: "Hey Jude" – The Beatles (UK)
1969: "Sugar, Sugar" – The Archies
1970–1989
1970: "The Wonder of You" – Elvis Presley
1971: "My Sweet Lord" – George Harrison (UK)
1972: "Amazing Grace" – The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band (UK)
1973: "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" – Tony Orlando and Dawn
1974: "Tiger Feet" – Mud (UK)
1975: "Bye Bye Baby" – Bay City Rollers (UK)
1976: "Save Your Kisses for Me" – Brotherhood of Man (UK)
1977: "Mull of Kintyre" / "Girls' School" – Wings (UK)
1978: "Rivers of Babylon" / "Brown Girl in the Ring" – Boney M.
1979: "Bright Eyes" – Art Garfunkel
1980: "Don't Stand So Close to Me" – The Police (UK)
1981: "Don't You Want Me" – The Human League (UK)
1982: "Come On Eileen" – Dexys Midnight Runners (UK)
1983: "Karma Chameleon" – Culture Club (UK)
1984: "Do They Know It's Christmas?" – Band Aid (UK)
1985: "The Power of Love" – Jennifer Rush
1986: "Don't Leave Me This Way" – The Communards (UK)
1987: "Never Gonna Give You Up" – Rick Astley (UK)
1988: "Mistletoe and Wine" – Cliff Richard (UK)
1989: "Ride on Time" – Black Box
1990–2009
1990: "Unchained Melody" – The Righteous Brothers
1991: "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" – Bryan Adams
1992: "I Will Always Love You" – Whitney Houston
1993: "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" – Meat Loaf
1994: "Love Is All Around" – Wet Wet Wet (UK)
1995: "Unchained Melody" – Robson & Jerome (UK)
1996: "Killing Me Softly" – Fugees
1997: "Something About the Way You Look Tonight" / "Candle in the Wind 1997" – Elton John (UK)
1998: "Believe" – Cher
1999: "...Baby One More Time" – Britney Spears
2000: "Can We Fix It?" – Bob the Builder (UK)
2001: "It Wasn't Me" – Shaggy featuring Rikrok (UK)
2002: "Anything Is Possible" / "Evergreen" – Will Young (UK)
2003: "Where Is the Love?" – The Black Eyed Peas
2004: "Do They Know It's Christmas?" – Band Aid 20 (UK)
2005: "Is This the Way to Amarillo" – Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay (UK)
2006: "Crazy" – Gnarls Barkley
2007: "Bleeding Love" – Leona Lewis (UK)
2008: "Hallelujah" – Alexandra Burke (UK)
2009: "Poker Face" – Lady Gaga
2010–present
2010: "Love the Way You Lie" – Eminem featuring Rihanna
2011: "Someone Like You" – Adele (UK)
2012: "Somebody That I Used to Know" – Gotye featuring Kimbra
2013: "Blurred Lines" – Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams
2014: "Happy" – Pharrell Williams
2015: "Uptown Funk" – Mark Ronson (UK) featuring Bruno Mars
2016: "One Dance" – Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla (UK)
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Appalachian Plateau
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Appalachian zones in the US - USGS
The Appalachian Plateau is a series of rugged, high plains located on the western side of the Appalachian Highlands. The Appalachian Highlands are a mountain range that run down the entire east coast of the United States. The Appalachian Plateau is the northwestern part of the Appalachian Mountains, stretching from New York to Alabama. The plateau is a second level United States physiographic region, covering parts of the states of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography and physiography
1.1 Physiographic regions
2 Geology
3 History
3.1 Native Americans
3.2 European settlement
4 Protected lands
5 Wildlife
5.1 Plants
5.2 Animals
6 Natural resources
7 Landmarks and state parks
8 See also
9 References
Geography and physiography[edit]
The formation of the plateau began during the Paleozoic Era. Regional uplift during this time caused the area to rise altogether without changing the topography of the land. The eastern side of the plateau appears as a mountain range. This false appearance is due to a very steep slope on the eastern side known as the Allegheny Front. The eastern edge is the highest part of the Appalachian Plateau. In Pennsylvania, the altitude ranges from 1,750 to 3,000 feet and continues to rise toward West Virginia, where the elevation is around 4,800 feet. From West Virginia to Tennessee, the elevation lowers to 3,000 feet and continues slanting downward to 1,000 feet in Alabama. On the western side of the plateau, the elevation is 900 feet in Ohio, increasing to about 2,000 feet in Kentucky. From Kentucky the elevation drops down to 500 feet in northwestern Alabama. The plateau has a slight slant towards the northwest, making it higher on the eastern side.[1]
A large portion of the plateau is a coalfield, which was formed approximately 320 million years ago during the Pennsylvanian Age.[2] The plateau was subjected to glaciation during the Pleistocene ice age. As a result, the topography of this section of the plateau is relatively flat in comparison to the rest of the physiographic province. This portion of the plateau is marked with evidence of a glaciated past including bogs, lakes, and small hills of sand and gravel. The topography of the rest of the plateau was created mainly from stream erosion. The result is a rugged landscape, unlike many other plateaus, that includes many narrow stream valleys surrounded by steep ridges.[3]
Physiographic regions[edit]
A physiographic region is a large portion of land that is grouped together by several factors. Each region has similar geology, topography, and groups of plants and animals. There are eight physiographic regions in the United States. Each region is divided into provinces, there are 25 provinces in the United States. Each region is then divided into sections, creating 85 different physio-graphic sections in the United States. The Appalachian Plateau is a province of the physiographic region of the Appalachian Highlands. The Appalachian Plateau province is divided into seven physio-graphic sections: Mohawk, Catskill, Southern New York, Allegheny Mountains, Kanawha, Cumberland Plateau, and the Cumberland Mountains. Each section is classified under the Appalachian Plateau province because of its similarities in geologic makeup, topography, and wildlife. Likewise, the Appalachian Plateau falls under the classification of Appalachian Highlands because of those similar characteristics.[citation needed]
Geology[edit]
The rock underlying the Appalachian Plateau consists of a base of Precambrian rock, overlain by sedimentary rock from the Paleozoic Era. On top of the basement is a thick layer, approximately 20,000 feet, of a mixture of Cambrian, Ordovician, and Middle Silurian rock. This rock consists of shale, siltstone, and sandstone. Above this layer is the Upper Silurian evaporate basin, or basin of chemically formed sedimentary rocks. The Plateau fold belt consists of structurally complex Paleozoic strata which were thrust faulted over the younger evaporates.[4]
When the Appalachian mountains were formed, the plateau was lifted. Ridges and valleys all die down underneath the plateau. There are multiple valleys throughout the region which consist of exposed areas of limestone and shale.[4]
History[edit]
Child coal miners in Gary, West Virginia, 1908, minding the mules
Native Americans[edit]
Archaeologists have evidence that Native Americans lived in the Appalachian region more than twelve thousand years ago; however, it is hard to say exactly when the occupants first inhabited the land. Human artifacts were collected near the Meadowcroft Rockshelter in southern Pennsylvania that were at least sixteen thousand years old. Because the early Native Americans were hunter-gatherers living off the land, they left little material traces of their lives behind them. This is why it is so hard for researchers to determine when they settled in this area. Much like many historic Native American tribes, the early Appalachian inhabitants survived as nomads, following their food on a seasonal basis.[5]
Around this period, North America was still recuperating from its last glacial period, and the climate was much different than now. The climate and habitat more closely resembled a tundra, with lower temperatures, numerous conifer trees, and large mammals, such as mammoths and saber-toothed tigers. Eventually, the climate began to warm up again, the large mammals started to disappear, and the vegetation seen more often today began to flourish. These climatic changes made life more sustainable for the Native Americans. They continued to invent new weapons and made advancements in agriculture until the Europeans arrived in North America.[5]
European settlement[edit]
Europeans settled in North America beginning in the seventeenth century. In 1749, Jacob Martin and Steven Sewell were the first Europeans known to settle the Appalachian Plateau, specifically in what is now Pocahontas County in West Virginia. European colonization and competition with the Native Americans resulted in high mortality due to new diseases, as well as more deaths and social disruption due to warfare. After pushing out the Native Americans, the European American settlers developed much of this land for agriculture..[5]
From 1861 to 1865, the Appalachian Plateau suffered from the Civil War, but in comparison to many other parts of the country, little damage was done. During the war, Union forces gained control over a majority of the plateau, and afterwards that possession was not challenged. Only three noteworthy battles occurred in the plateau region during the war, so not much of the land was destroyed.[5]
After the war, the coal industry boomed. Many counties in the Appalachian Plateau region, such as McDowell County in West Virginia, became dominated by coal mining. Coal mining towns were created, and many immigrants were attracted to the region for work. Although mining was good for the economy, deaths were high in the harsh work of the mines. Among the terrible coal incidents was the Monongah mining disaster of 1907.[5]
Protected lands[edit]
Protecting the Appalachian Region from damage of human influence has been important in the modern era. Conservationists have been fighting to preserve the wildlife in the Appalachia region. The region has proved that with good care, the flora and fauna can be very resilient. However, back in 1890, the destruction of the Appalachian region's forest was at full-scale with the invention of the railroad, saw-mills, and clear-cutting of trees. This caused major flooding and wildfires to the region and destroyed keystone species across the region. Realizing that the destruction of the forest was becoming a major issue, the government passed the Weeks Act of 1911, which allowed the federal government to purchase private land in order to protect rivers and watersheds in the eastern United States.
The first purchase under this act was the Pisgah National forest. In 1964, the Wilderness Act expanded protections for millions of acres of federal land, such as the Shining Rock and Linville Gorge. The 1975 Eastern Wilderness Act created expanded protected areas in North Carolina, Virginia, and Tennessee. Today, close to 21% of the region is protected. Conservation groups that are dedicated to preserving the Appalachian Plateau region include the Southern Appalachian Forest Coalition and the Northern Forest Alliance. Ultimately, experts and researchers say the best way to continue protecting the Appalachian region is to incorporate conservation into public education so that people understand and support the benefits of conserving the lands.[6]
Wildlife[edit]
Rhododenron
Plants[edit]
The Appalachian region is home to a wide variety of plant and animal life due to its vast array of climate and conditions giving the Appalachian Plateau region great biodiversity. To the north are many conifers, such as red spruce and balsam fir which can be seen growing at the northernmost latitudes of the Appalachian region. In the northern sections of the plateau at lower elevations you can find northern hardwoods, such as sugar maple and white oak. In southern Appalachia, growth of sycamore, walnut, and hickory trees are common. It is estimated that there is around 2,000 species of flora within the Appalachia region. Flowers vary due to elevation and climate of the area of Appalachia region. Different types of flowers in the northern and southern sections of the Appalachia. Flowers such as rhododendron, azalea and mountain laurel can be found in southern regions while up north trees will bear serviceberry, redbud, sourwood, and many others.[7]
Animals[edit]
Fauna such as bison and wolves used to be native to the Appalachian region but have subsequently vanished. Elk still are present in some regions. Throughout all of the Appalachian Plateau region there is an abundance of fox, raccoon, wild boar, black bears, white-tailed deer, and beaver. Researchers also found there to be over 200 species of game and song birds including wild turkey, heron, geese, hawks, ducks and many more.[8]
Fungi are also prominent in the Appalachia region. Abundant mushroom and lichen can be found including chanterelle, oyster mushroom and rock tripe.[8]
Natural resources[edit]
The Appalachian Plateau has a vast array of natural resources throughout its rugged landscape. Within these resources, there are many sedimentary substances. In the valleys of the Appalachian Plateau there is an abundance of limestone. This limestone is still mined for cement and aggregate. Due to excessive mining over time, limestone fields are depleted in many areas but some are still relatively plentiful. Ironstone and coal are also among the plentiful natural resources found. In different regions of the Appalachian Plateau, enough plant debris accumulated to form peat, which upon burial, compaction and heating was made into the coal of the Appalachian coalfields. Due to the abundant coal in the Appalachian Plateau, coal mining has been a staple of the area and has proved to be a very successful mining hub. Iron ore was once an extremely abundant natural resource but due to the thin layer of iron, over time it was mostly depleted. A very well known natural resource of the Appalachian Plateau is its land and soil. The soil is rich and it is ideal for farmland. Within the limestone found throughout the Appalachian Plateau there are many fossilized substances such as old plant and stems, which may help to explain why the plateau also has a rich amount of natural gases and petroleum.[9] [10]
Landmarks and state parks[edit]
Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee
The Appalachian Plateau has many landmarks and public spaces to camp out, go hiking, and sight see. The Cloudland Canyon State Park is a prominent landmark in the Appalachian Plateau. At 3,485 acres, the Cloudland Canyon State Park is one of the largest and most scenic parks throughout the Appalachian Plateau. Its rugged geology offers a wide range of activities for tourists and campers to take part in. Spacious views of the canyon can be seen anywhere from the midst of the trail, to picnic tables at resting areas.
Another well-known landmark in the Appalachian Plateau is The Great Smoky Mountains. The Smoky Mountains are an estimated 187,000 acres and consist of old growth forests. The name “Smoky” comes from the natural fog that sometimes hangs over the mountain range and looks like a cloud of smoke from a distance. The Hocking Hills are deeply dissected in the Appalachian Plateau area. The hills themselves feature cliffs, gorges, waterfalls and even rock shelters. It is a very historic landmark and many tourists along with campers and hikers come to see the beauty and serenity of the hills. The hills are known to be thick, hard and weather resistant, which in turn builds deep gorges and very high cliffs.
State
National/State Park [11]
Georgia
Virginia
Ohio
Tennessee
Ohio
Cloudland Canyon State Park
Wilderness Road State Park
Tar Hollow State Park
Great Smoky Mountain National Park
Lake Milton State Park
[12]
See also[edit]
Geology of the Appalachians[13]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Soil Information for Environmental Modeling and Ecosystem Management". PA Soil Landscapes. 4 March 1999. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Appalachian Region: Multi-State Priority Area" (PDF). Appendix 5K. 16 October 2009. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Davies, William. "Physiography". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Mount, Van S. (2014). ""Structural style of the Appalachian Plateau fold belt, north-central Pennsylvania."". Journal of Structural Geology. 69, December 2014: 284–303. doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2014.04.005.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Stephenson, Steven (2013). A Natural History of the Central Appalachians. West Virginia University. pp. 212–220.
Jump up ^ Pickering, John, Roland Kays, Albert Meier, Susan Andrew, and Kay Yatskievych. "Appalachian Mountains Chapter for Conservation International Book on Wilderness." Conservation: THE APPALACHIANS
Jump up ^ Stephenson, Steven L. A Natural History of the Central Appalachians. Morgantown: West Virginia UP, 2013. Print. (pg. 30-129)
^ Jump up to: a b Stephenson, Steven L. A Natural History of the Central Appalachians. Morgantown: West Virginia UP, 2013. Print. (pg. 130-211)
Jump up ^ Chowns, Timothy. "Appalachian Plateau Geologic Province." New Georgia Encyclopedia. N.p., 6 Oct. 2006. Web. 13 Nov. 2016
Jump up ^ Jackson, Ed, and Mary Stakes. "Geographic Regions of Georgia." Georgia Info. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2016.
Jump up ^ Wagner, Nancy. "State Parks in the Appalachian Plateau." USA Today. 13 Nov. 2016
Jump up ^ "Footpath For the People." National Park Service. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2016.
Jump up ^ Chowns, Timothy. "Appalachian Plateau Geologic Province." New Georgia Encyclopedia. N.p., 6 Oct. 2006. Web. 13 Nov. 2016.
Coordinates: 40°N 78°W / 40°N 78°W / 40; -78
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Swarming (honey bee)
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A swarm about to land
Hi-resolution picture of a swarm of bees located in Melbourne, Australia
Swarming is the process by which a new honey bee colony is formed when the queen bee leaves the colony with a large group of worker bees. In the prime swarm, about 60% of the worker bees leave the original hive location with the old queen. This swarm can contain thousands to tens of thousands of bees. Swarming is mainly a spring phenomenon, usually within a two- or three-week period depending on the locale, but occasional swarms can happen throughout the producing season. Secondary afterswarms may happen but are rare. Afterswarms are usually smaller and are accompanied by one or more virgin queens. Sometimes a beehive will swarm in succession until it is almost totally depleted of workers.[1][2]
Swarming is honey bee colonies' natural means of reproduction. In the process of swarming the original single colony reproduces to two and sometimes more colonies.[3] For instance, one species of honey bee that participates in such swarming behavior is Apis cerana. The reproduction swarms of this species settle 20–30 m away from the natal nest for a few days and will then depart for a new nest site after getting information from scout bees. Scout bees search for suitable cavities in which to construct the swarm’s home. Successful scouts will then come back and report the location of suitable nesting sites to the other bees.[4]
Contents
1 Preparation
2 Nest site selection
3 Beekeeping
3.1 Swarm control methods
3.2 Swarm capture
3.3 Human behavior
4 References
5 External links
Preparation[edit]
Honey bee queen cup
Worker bees create queen cups throughout the year. When the hive is getting ready to swarm, the queen lays eggs into the queen cups. New queens are raised and the hive may swarm as soon as the queen cells are capped and before the new virgin queens emerge from their queen cells. A laying queen is too heavy to fly long distances. Therefore, the workers will stop feeding her before the anticipated swarm date and the queen will stop laying eggs. Swarming creates an interruption in the brood cycle of the original colony. During the swarm preparation, scout bees will simply find a nearby location for the swarm to cluster. When a honey bee swarm emerges from a hive they do not fly far at first. They may gather in a tree or on a branch only a few metres from the hive. There, they cluster about the queen and send 20 - 50 scout bees out to find suitable new nest locations. This intermediate stop is not for permanent habitation and they will normally leave within a few hours to a suitable location. It is from this temporary location that the cluster will determine the final nest site based on the level of excitement of the dances of the scout bees. It is unusual if a swarm clusters for more than three days at an intermediate stop.
Swarming creates a vulnerable time in the life of honey bees. Cast swarms are provisioned only with the nectar or honey they carry in their stomachs. A swarm will starve if it does not quickly find a home and more nectar stores. This happens most often with early swarms that are cast on a warm day that is followed by cold or rainy weather in spring. The remnant colony after having cast one or more swarms is usually well provisioned with food, but the new queen can be lost or eaten by predators during her mating flight, or poor weather can prevent her mating flight. In this case the hive has no further young brood to raise additional queens, and it will not survive. An afterswarm will usually contain a young virgin queen.
The propensity to swarm differs between the honey bee races. Africanized bees are notable for their propensity to swarm or abscond. Absconding is a process where the whole hive leaves rather than splits like in swarming. Being tropical bees, they tend to swarm or abscond any time food is scarce, thus making themselves vulnerable in colder locales. Mainly for lack of sufficient winter stores, the Africanized bee colonies tend to perish in the winter in higher latitudes.
Generally, a weak bee colony will not swarm until the colony has produced a larger population of bees. Weak bee colonies can be the result of low food supply, disease such as Foulbrood Disease, or from a queen that produces low quantities of eggs.
Nest site selection[edit]
Bee swarm of Apis mellifera ligustica on a fallen log
Bee swarm of Apis mellifera carnica on Black locust
The scout bees are the most experienced foragers in the cluster. An individual scout returning to the cluster promotes a location she has found. She uses the waggle dance to indicate direction, distance, and quality to others in the cluster. The more excited she is about her findings the more excitedly she dances. If she can convince other scouts to check out the location she found, they may take off, check out the proposed site, and may choose to promote the site further upon their return. Several different sites may be promoted by different scouts at first. After several hours and sometimes days, slowly a favorite location emerges from this decision making process. In order for a decision to be made in a relatively short amount of time (the swarm can only survive for about three days on the honey on which they gorged themselves before leaving the hive), a decision will often be made when somewhere around 80% of the scouts have agreed upon a single location, and/or when there is a quorum of 20-30 scouts present at a potential nest site. When that happens, the whole cluster takes off and flies to it. A swarm may fly a kilometer or more to the scouted location, with the scouts guiding the rest of the bees by quickly flying overhead in the proper direction. This collective decision making process is remarkably successful in identifying the most suitable new nest site and keeping the swarm intact. A good nest site has to be large enough to accommodate the swarm (minimum 15 liters in volume, preferably ~40 liters), has to be well protected from the elements, have a small entrance (approximately 12.5 cm squared) located at the bottom of the cavity, receive a certain amount of warmth from the sun and not be infested with ants. In addition to these criteria, nest sites with abandoned honeycombs are preferred, as this allows the bees to better conserve their resources.[5][6][7][8][9][10]
Beekeeping[edit]
Swarm control methods[edit]
Beekeepers who do not wish to increase their number of active hives may use one or more of many methods for swarm control. Most methods simulate swarming to extinguish the swarming drive.
Clipping one wing of the queen. When one wing of the queen is clipped, a swarm may issue but due to the queen's inability to fly, the swarm will gather right outside the original hive, where the swarm can be easily collected. Even though this is not a swarm prevention method it is a method of swarm retrieval.
In the Demaree method a frame of capped brood is removed with the old queen. This frame is put in a hive box with empty drawn frames and foundation at the same location of the old hive. A honey super is added to the top of this hive topped by a crown board (known as an "inner cover" in America). The remaining hive box sans queen is inspected for queen cells. All queen cells are destroyed. This hive box, which has most of the bees, is put on top of the crown board. Foraging bees will return to the lower box depleting the population of the upper box. After a week to ten days both parts are inspected again and any subsequent queen cells destroyed. After another period of separation the swarming drive is extinguished and the hives can be re-combined.
Simply keep the brood nest open. In preparation for swarming, bees fill the brood nest with honey. The queen stops laying to be trim enough to fly, and her newly unemployed nurse bees go with her. The concept of this method is to open the brood nest to employ those nurse bees and get the queen laying again and redirect this sequence of events. This is done by any number of slight variations from empty frames in the brood nest, frames of bare foundation in the brood nest or drawn combs in the brood nest, or moving brood combs to the box above to cause more expansion of the brood nest.
Checkerboarding. In the late winter, frames are rearranged above the growing brood nest. The frames above the brood nest are alternated between full honey frames and empty drawn out frames or even foundationless frames. It is believed that only colonies that perceive to have enough reserves will attempt to swarm. Checkerboarding frames above the brood nest apparently destroys this sense of having reserves.[11]
Alternatively, there are also swarm traps with Nasonov pheromone lures that can be used to attract swarms. Beekeepers who are aware that a colony has swarmed may add brood with eggs that is free of mites. Given young brood the bees have a second chance to raise a new queen if the first one fails.
Swarm capture[edit]
Bee swarm on tree branch in eastern Arkansas.
Beekeepers are sometimes called to capture swarms that are cast by feral honey bees or from the hives of domestic beekeepers.[12][13] Most beekeepers will remove a honeybee swarm for a small fee or maybe even free if they are nearby. Usually a beekeeper or bee removal company will use a bee vacuum to capture the bees in a caged container so they can transport to a new hive. This way is easy and if done with just the right amount of suction, few bees are lost. Bee swarms can almost always be collected alive and relocated by a competent beekeeper or bee removal company.[14] Extermination of a bee swarm is rarely necessary and discouraged if bee removal is possible.[15]
There are various methods to capture a swarm. When the swarm first settles down and forms a cluster it is relatively easy to capture the swarm in a suitable box or nuc. One method that can be employed on a sunny day when the swarm is located on a lower branch or small tree is to put a white sheet under the swarm location. A nuc box is put on the sheet. The swarm is sprayed from the outside with a sugar solution (soaks the bees so they become too heavy to fly away) and then vigorously shaken off the branch. The main cluster, hopefully including the queen, will fall onto the white sheet and the bees will quickly go for the first dark entrance space in sight, which is the opening of the nuc. An organized march toward the opening will ensue and after 15 minutes the majority of bees will be inside the nuc. This capture method does not work at night though.
If the swarm is too embroiled in its perch so it cannot be dropped into a box or sheet, a skep can be suspended over it and gentle smoke used to "herd" the swarm into the skep. Smoke is not recommended to calm a clustered swarm. Smoke will have the opposite effect on a clustered swarm as many bees will become agitated and fly about instead of settling down.
Human behavior[edit]
A beekeeper collecting a bee swarm.
A swarm of bees sometimes frightens people, though the bees are usually not aggressive at this stage of their life cycle. This is principally due to the swarming bees' lack of brood (developing bees) to defend and their interest in finding a new nesting location for their queen. This does not mean that bees from a swarm will not attack if they perceive a threat; however, most bees only attack in response to intrusions against their colony. Additionally, bees seldom swarm except when the position of the sun is direct and impressive. Swarm clusters, hanging from a tree branch, will move on and find a suitable nesting location in a day or two. Encountering a bee swarm for the first time can be alarming. Bees tend to swarm near their hives or honeycombs, so if a swarm is visible then a nest is nearby. Swarms are usually not aggressive unless provoked, so it is important to keep a good distance from swarms in order to avoid provoking them.[16]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Villa, José D. (2004). "Swarming Behavior of Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Southeastern Louisiana". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 97 (1): 111–116. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2004)097[0111:SBOHBH]2.0.CO;2.
Jump up ^ Avitabile, A.; Morse, R. A.; Boch, R. (November 1975). "Swarming honey bees guided by pheromones". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 68 (6): 1079–1082. doi:10.1093/aesa/68.6.1079.
Jump up ^ Miller, Peter. "Swarm Theory". National Geographic. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Seeley, Thomas D. The wisdom of the hive: the social physiology of honey bee colonies. Harvard University Press, 2009.
Jump up ^ Milius, Susan (May 9, 2009). "Swarm Savvy: How bees, ants and other animals avoid dumb collective decisions". Science News. 175 (10): 16–21. doi:10.1002/scin.2009.5591751017. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ Bee Swarms Follow High-speed 'Streaker' Bees To Find A New Nest; ScienceDaily (Nov. 24, 2008)
Jump up ^ Seeley, Thomas D.; Visscher, P. Kirk (September 2003). "Choosing a home: How the scouts in a honey bee swarm perceive the completion of their group decision making". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 54 (5): 511–520. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.112.4277  . doi:10.1007/s00265-003-0664-6.
Jump up ^ Morse, Roger A. (July 1963). "Swarm Orientation in Honeybees". Science. 141 (3578): 357–358. doi:10.1126/science.141.3578.357. PMID 17815993.
Jump up ^ Seeley, Thomas (May 2003). "Consensus building during nest-site selection in honey bee swarms: the expiration of dissent". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 53 (6): 417–424. doi:10.1007/s00265-003-0598-z. JSTOR 4602235.
Jump up ^ Seeley, Thomas (2010). Honeybee Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton U Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14721-5.
Jump up ^ Cushman, David Swarm Control of Honey Bee Colonies
Jump up ^ "Honey Bee Swarms". University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bee Control Tips". Bee Removal Specialists. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bee Removal Photo Gallery". www.dteklivebeeremoval.com. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bee swarm delays Astros' victory over Padres". Associated Press. July 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ Mussen, E. C. "Removing Honey Bee Swarms and Established Hives". UC Statewide IPM Program, University of California, Davis. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
External links[edit]
Swarm Prevention — MAAREC.
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La Habra High School
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
La Habra High School
Address
801 West Highlander Avenue
La Habra, Orange County, CA 90631
Information
Established
1954
Principal
Karl R. Zener, Ed.D
Grades
9-12
Age range
13-18
Number of students
2,230 (2014-15)[1]
Average class size
576
Color(s)
Royal blue and white
Fight song
"Hail to the Victors"
Mascot
Highlanders
Rival
Sonora, La Habra
Newspaper
Scotch Tape
Key products
La Habra Hub
Website
http://lahabrahighschool.net
La Habra High School is a public co-educational high school located in the Orange County, California city of La Habra. Located between the Coyote Hills to the south and Puente Hills to the north, LHHS opened in 1954 and graduated its first class in 1956. It is a California Distinguished High School and has been nominated as a National Blue Ribbon School. The school is a member of the Fullerton Joint Union High School District. LHHS absorbed a majority of the students from nearby Lowell High School when it closed in June 1980.
Contents
[hide]
1 Athletics
2 CIF championships
3 Notable alumni
4 References
5 External links
Athletics[edit]
La Habra's sports teams are known as the Highlanders and are members of the Freeway League in CIF Southern Section.
CIF championships[edit]
Football: 2002, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2015[2]
Girls volleyball: 1989, 1990, 1991, 1998, 2000[3]
Mens Soccer: 2007, 2008
Notable alumni[edit]
John N. Lotz, Air National Guard Brigadier General
Rusty Anderson, Guitarist for Paul McCartney's Band – Macca
Mark Kostabi, Artist
Anne Ramsay, Actress: Hawthorne, A League of Their Own, Mad About You
Jennifer Hanson, Miss California, Country music artist
Chuck Weatherspoon, Former NFL Running Back for Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL).
Jenny Topping, U.S. Olympic softball player
Alan Newman, Former professional baseball player, Tampa Bay Rays and Cleveland Indians
Dan Owens, Former NFL Defensive End who last played for the Detroit Lions
Kyle Peko, NFL Nose Tackle who is a member of the Denver Broncos practice squad
Ronnie Hillman, NFL Running Back who is a free agent.
Charles "Bubby" Rossman, Relief-Pitcher Los Angeles Dodgers Organization, Milb RC Quakes Relief Pitcher, Currently Sioux City Explores
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "La Habra High". NCES. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "CIF-Southern Section All Sports Press Guide and Record Book" (PDF). pp. 82, 83. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "CIF-Southern Section All Sports Press Guide and Record Book" (PDF). pp. 299, 300. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
External links[edit]
Official Site
Enrollment Count
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Lowell High School (closed in 1980), which was a part of the Fullerton Joint Union High School District, was located in Los Angeles County.
Coordinates: 33°56′14″N 117°57′23″W / 33.93722°N 117.95639°W / 33.93722; -117.95639
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Habra_High_School&oldid=823017658"
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This page was last edited on 29 January 2018, at 20:59.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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