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The Magnificent Seven (2016 film)
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The Magnificent Seven
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Antoine Fuqua
Produced by
Roger Birnbaum
Todd Black
Screenplay by
Nic Pizzolatto
Richard Wenk
Based on
Seven Samurai
by Akira Kurosawa
Shinobu Hashimoto
Hideo Oguni
Starring
Denzel Washington
Chris Pratt
Ethan Hawke
Vincent D'Onofrio
Byung-hun Lee
Manuel Garcia-Rulfo
Martin Sensmeier
Peter Sarsgaard
Haley Bennett
Music by
James Horner
Simon Franglen
Cinematography
Mauro Fiore
Edited by
John Refoua
Production
companies
LStar Capital
Village Roadshow Pictures
Pin High Productions
Escape Artists
Distributed by
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Columbia Pictures
Release date
September 8, 2016 (2016-09-08) (TIFF)
September 23, 2016 (2016-09-23) (United States)
Running time
133 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$107 million (gross)[2]
$90 million (net)[3]
Box office
$162.4 million[3]
The Magnificent Seven is a 2016 American Western action film directed by Antoine Fuqua and written by Nic Pizzolatto and Richard Wenk. It is a remake of the 1960 film of the same name, which in turn is a reimagining of Seven Samurai. The film stars Denzel Washington, Chris Pratt, Ethan Hawke, Vincent D'Onofrio, Lee Byung-hun, Manuel Garcia-Rulfo, Martin Sensmeier, Haley Bennett, and Peter Sarsgaard. It is the final film of composer James Horner, who died the previous year after composing a part of the score; his friend Simon Franglen completed the music.
Principal photography began on May 18, 2015, in the north of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The Magnificent Seven premiered on September 8, 2016, at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival, and was released in the United States on September 23, 2016, in conventional and IMAX theatres.[4] The film received mixed reviews from critics, although the cast and action sequences were praised, and grossed $162 million worldwide.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Music
3.4 Filming
4 Release
4.1 Marketing
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.1.1 North America
5.1.2 Outside North America
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Accolades
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1879, robber baron and gold-mining tycoon Bartholomew Bogue assumes control of the American frontier town of Rose Creek, and subjects its residents to forced labor in his mines. After a town church assembly denounces him, Bogue has the church torched and kills a group of rebellious locals led by Matthew Cullen. Matthew's widow, Emma Cullen, and her friend Teddy Q. ride in search of bounty hunters to help liberate the town. They recruit Sam Chisolm, an African-American U.S. Marshal, who expresses interest after hearing of Bogue's involvement.
With the help of Emma and Teddy, Chisolm recruits gambler and outlaw Joshua Faraday, Mexican fugitive Vasquez, former Confederate marksman Goodnight "Goody" Robicheaux, Robicheaux's Korean traveling partner Billy Rocks, and legendary game hunter Jack Horne. The group encounters a Comanche warrior named Red Harvest, whom Chisolm persuades to join the posse.
The Seven enter Rose Creek and eliminate 22 Blackstone private military contractors on Bogue's payroll. Chisolm sends the corrupt sheriff Mr. Harp away to inform Bogue that they now control his holdings in Rose Creek. Chisolm surmises that Bogue will return with an army in seven days; the Seven (plus Emma) liberate forced laborers from a Bogue Mining digsite, and spend the next week fortifying the town and training the locals in combat. Meanwhile, Bogue receives the news of Rose Creek's liberation, murders Harp for his failure, and orders his Comanche enforcer Denali and his right-hand-man McCann to assemble an army. Robicheaux, haunted by his experiences in the Civil War and fearing his own death if he kills again, leaves the town the night before Bogue's arrival; Emma volunteers to take his place.
The next morning, Bogue and his army attack Rose Creek, which has been surrounded with traps and explosive networks. As the battle goes on, Faraday is shot and wounded by McCann, who is killed by Vasquez, the defensive line collapses, and Robicheaux returns to help. Bogue and his remaining men fire a Gatling gun from a hill leading into the town, killing many Rose Creek residents and Bogue's own mercenaries. Realizing they are outgunned, the Seven evacuate the townspeople and mount their last stand. Horne protects a wounded Teddy Q. from gunfire, but is killed by Denali, who is later killed by Red Harvest.
Robicheaux and Billy are killed by a second round of gunfire; while Faraday makes a suicidal charge up the hill and destroys the Gatling gun with dynamite, killing most of Bogue's remaining men. Bogue and his two surviving mercenaries proceed into the town to confront Chisolm. After killing the two men, Chisolm enters a standoff with Bogue, and shoots his hand as he draws, disarming him. A wounded Bogue retreats into the church, where Chisolm reveals that his family was lynched in 1867 by ex-Confederate soldiers, who were hired by Bogue to drive homesteaders out of Kansas. After imploring Bogue to repent, Chisolm tries to garrote him; Bogue retrieves a revolver he stashed in his boot, but Emma shoots him dead from the church doorway.
The townspeople return to Rose Creek and thank Chisolm, Vasquez, and Red Harvest for their service as they ride off; while Faraday, Robicheaux, Billy, and Horne are buried near town and honored as heroes. Emma, in voice-over narration, reflects fondly on their noble sacrifice that made them "magnificent".
Cast[edit]
The Seven
Denzel Washington as Sam Chisolm, an African American United States Marshal warrant officer from Wichita, Kansas, and leader of the Seven.
Chris Pratt as Joshua Faraday, a gambler with a fondness for explosives and card tricks.
Ethan Hawke as Goodnight Robicheaux, a former Confederate soldier and sharpshooter who is troubled by his past.
Vincent D'Onofrio as Jack Horne, a very religious tracker and mountain man.
Byung-hun Lee as Billy Rocks, a Korean immigrant and companion of Robicheaux and assassin who uses knives.
Manuel Garcia-Rulfo as Vasquez, a Mexican outlaw who has been on the run for several months.
Martin Sensmeier as Red Harvest, an exiled Comanche warrior and the youngest of the Seven.
Others
Peter Sarsgaard as Bartholomew Bogue, a corrupt industrialist.
Haley Bennett as Emma Cullen, a young widow who hires the Seven.
Luke Grimes as Teddy Q, Emma's friend who helps her hire the Seven.
Matt Bomer as Matthew Cullen, Emma's farmer husband who is murdered by Bogue.
Jonathan Joss as Denali, an exiled Comanche warrior who works with Bogue.
Cam Gigandet as McCann, Bogue's right-hand-man.
Sean Bridgers as Fanning
Billy Slaughter as Josiah
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
I kept reminding myself of when I was a 12‑year‑old boy, when I was a kid watching it with my grandmother, what was the feeling I had? How much fun was it? How cool were they? For me, I always had my grandmother in my mind when making a film. Would she enjoy this film?
—Director Antoine Fuqua on his approach to the remake.[5]
The film was reported to be in the planning stages in 2012, with Tom Cruise starring. It was reported that Kevin Costner, Morgan Freeman, and Matt Damon might join the film.[6] In early 2014, MGM chairman Gary Barber and his cohorts approached Antoine Fuqua to read the script by Richard Wenk and Nic Pizzolatto, while Fuqua was making Southpaw.[7]
Fuqua has loved Western films since discovering the genre at the age of 12, and has said that his grandmother, with whom he would watch films such as Shane (1953) and The Searchers (1956),[8][9][10] was a key inspiration during the remake.[5][8][11] Fuqua also tried to stay true to the DNA of Seven Samurai, on which the film is based.[11]
Fuqua said he wanted to remake the film because the subject of tyranny and terrorism still prevails as it did in Seven Samurai. He has said that there is therefore a strong need for people to come and serve, which is what samurai means – "to serve."[12] Fuqua never imagined he would get a chance to direct a Western film, and when MGM called him to helm the picture, he hesitated at first, given the high regard he had for Seven Samurai and its director, Akira Kurosawa.
Casting[edit]
Fuqua worked to create a diverse cast[13] by incorporating actors of color such as African-American Denzel Washington, Korean Byung-hun Lee and Mexican Manuel Garcia-Rulfo, and making sure the lead female Emma Cullen (Haley Bennett) did not conform to stereotypes.[14][15] It is a decision Fuqua says reflects historical reality more than it does any conscious attempt to update the story. "There were a lot of black cowboys, a lot of Native Americans; Asians working on the railroads. The truth of the West is more modern than the movies have been."[16] When Fuqua met studio executives to see the possible actors for the film, he found out that they were all white. He found this to be problematic and wanted instead to make the cast diverse so that the audience could identify with more of the characters.[14] The actors were cast between December 2014 and July 2015.[17][18][19][20] At one point, Jason Momoa was in talks to join the project but had had to leave because he was already booked to play Aquaman.[21] The cast were put through cowboy training before filming commenced.[8] They were sent to boot camps in order to hone their skills.[14]
Denzel Washington's character, warrant officer and bounty hunter Sam Chisolm,[22] was renamed from Chris Adams (played by Yul Brynner in the original film).[23] It is Washington's first Western film.[24] Washington did not watch Western films growing up, as it was the end of the Western era in cinema. Moreover, he and his siblings were barred from going to the movies since his father was a minister in a church. They instead grew up watching biblical films like King of Kings and The Ten Commandments. However, he has admitted seeing portions of Rawhide and Bonanza shows.[12][24] Washington did not watch the original film in preparation for this but has watched Seven Samurai.[24] This was an arbitrary decision of his, since he figured that watching the original film would not help him much, "[Not seeing it] allowed me to do whatever I wanted to do. Instead of trying not to do what someone else did."[25][26] As with his previous films, Washington would start off the day by kneeling down and praying, asking for forgiveness for all his wrong-doings. "For me," he said, "this is more than just making movies. It is a platform."[12] Fuqua said that Washington, with whom he has twice collaborated, was his first choice to be cast irrespective of which role. The producers were skeptical whether he would take the job since it was a Western film, but Fuqua flew to New York City to negotiate with Washington, who accepted the offer.[5][9]
Chris Pratt described his character Josh Faraday as "a bit of a fox, a trickster. He's a gambler, a drinker. He loves the ladies. But he's deadly in a fire fight."[22] Like Washington, it is also Pratt's first Western film.[24] Pratt began watching Western films at the age of 31 while filming in London, and credits Gary Cooper for revitalizing his perspective towards Western films.[12][24] Fuqua, aware of Pratt's penchant towards Western films, reached out to Pratt, who called back in a few days singing "Oh Shenandoah," to which Fuqua replied, "He's it. He's Steve McQueen."[5]
Fuqua's approach to Ethan Hawke's character Goodnight Robicheaux, a former Confederate soldier, was to picture him as if Christopher Walken's character Nikanor "Nick" Chevotarevich in The Deer Hunter was an emotionally shattered Civil War veteran.[27] Hawke was the first person to come on board after the project was finalized.[7] Hawke stumbled upon Fuqua and Washington during the New York premiere of The Equalizer in 2014 and, upon learning that a remake was in the works, he asked Fuqua to cast him in the film.[27] Like Washington, The Magnificent Seven marks the third collaboration between Hawke and Fuqua after Training Day (2001) and Brooklyn's Finest (2009).[27]
Manuel Garcia-Rulfo described his character Vasquez, a bandit on the run from the law, as someone who loves gunfighting.[28]
Martin Sensmeier auditioned several times to land the role of Red Harvest, a native Comanche warrior.[29][28] Sensmeier stayed off social media and studied intently in order to portray his part.[13] Scotty Augere, who previously worked on Dances with Wolves, taught Sensmeier how to ride a horse bareback and would ride with him two hours a day.[13]
Vincent d'Onofrio was cast as mountain man Jack Horn on the urging of co-stars Chris Pratt and Ethan Hawke.[30] For the role, d'Onofrio developed a raw, high-pitched voice to give the impression of a man who'd lived in the wilderness for years without speaking to people. When he asked to test the voice for Fuqua, the director refused to listen, instructing the actor to surprise him with it in his first scene, which resulted in a delighted Fuqua laughing so hard that he almost ruined the take.[31]
Music[edit]
James Horner was tapped to write the film's score, but he died in June 2015, before filming could commence. In July 2015, Fuqua learned that Horner had already begun working on the music before his passing, and had intended to present it as a surprise.[32] Horner's friend and score producer Simon Franglen co-composed the score afterward. It was released on September 16, 2016 by Sony Classical, and is the third Horner-score released posthumously.[33]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography on the film lasted 64 days, from March 18 to August 18, 2015, in the north of Baton Rouge, Louisiana.[34][35][36] Other locations include St. Francisville; Zachary, Louisiana; Ridgway, Colorado; and New Mexico.[7][35][36] Filming in St. Francisville was completed between May 18 and May 29, 2015.[37]
The climactic battle between the Seven and a small army led by Bogue took three weeks to shoot; the weather was inclement.[7] Sometimes the cast and crew would wait in the on-set saloon for storms to pass, and, at times when the storm would worsen, the trailer would rock and they would have to leave the set.[7] Since his grandmother was the prime influence on the film, every day after filming, Fuqua would ask himself if she would have fun watching it.[8]
Release[edit]
The film had its world premiere at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2016,[38][39] and served as the closing-night film at the Venice Film Festival on September 9, 2016.[40] The film was originally set to be released on January 13, 2017;[41] however in February 2016, Sony Pictures Entertainment moved the release date this time from January 13, 2017, and then to September 23, 2016.[42]
Marketing[edit]
Sony kicked off its campaign on April 20, 2016, by launching the first trailer,[43] and the cast took to their social media platforms to reveal character-by-character.[44] Television advertisement began during the summer when the trailers were paired with the NBA finals and BET Awards as well as the 2016 Summer Olympics. Sony rounded out the campaign with a presence in live sporting events such as National Football League, NCAA Football and local Major League Baseball as well as highly anticipated fall premieres and original programming, like Empire, The Voice, American Horror Story, Fear the Walking Dead and Designated Survivor.[44]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The Magnificent Seven grossed $93.4 million in the United States Canada and $68.9 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $162.4 million, against a net production budget of $90 million.[3] The film had a global 2D IMAX opening of $4.3 million from 606 theaters.[45]
North America[edit]
In the United States and Canada, The Magnificent Seven opened alongside Storks, and was projected to open to around $30 million, with some estimates going as high as $50 million, which would make it one of the biggest September debuts of all-time.[46][47][48][49] The film opened in 3,674 theaters, including having the benefit of playing in all IMAX theaters for one week and a number of premium large formats and D-Box screens.[50] It made $1.75 million from Thursday previews and $12.7 million on its first day.[51][52] The film went on to gross $35.7 million in its opening weekend of which $2.9 million came from 372 IMAX theaters and managed to top the box office and scored the third biggest Western openers (not accounting for inflation), behind Rango ($38.1 million) and Cowboys & Aliens ($36.4 million).[53] It is also director Fuqua's second biggest opening and Washington's third biggest.[54]
The Magnificent Seven's robust opening in North America was partly attributed to the presence of Denzel Washington and Chris Pratt, with 61% of audiences citing them as the prime reason for seeing the film during its opening weekend.[54]
According to the Los Angeles Times, the film was released in theaters at a time when the Western genre had been struggling to attract wide audiences and accrue lucrative revenues, as it has shown considerable downfall in interest among patrons since the 1970s. The genre has had several recent box office flops such as The Lone Ranger (2013) and Cowboys & Aliens (2011), but has also found success in films like Django Unchained (2012) and True Grit (2010).[47] Its strong debut in North America was partly attributed to the presence of Denzel Washington, who industry analysts say is one of only a handful of movie stars today who consistently draws large audiences to theaters,[55] and also to Fuqua's direction.[56] Deadline.com pointed out that the production budget of films also plays an important role in determining a film's success. By comparison to other recent Western films, The Magnificent cost $90 million to make before promotion and marketing costs are included. The site pointed out that "the trick is keeping their budgets reasonable", unlike The Lone Ranger which cost a hefty $215 million to make and Cowboys & Aliens cost $163 million.[54] It became a financial recoverer for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer after the studio lost a great deal of money with Ben-Hur the previous month and became the studio's second hit of the year following the sleeper hit Me Before You released in June this year.[57]
Outside North America[edit]
The film was projected to make around $100 million with foreign box office prognosticators expecting a similar $101.6 million total of The Hateful Eight.[45][54] It was released in South Korea (the first market worldwide) on September 14, 2016 and delivered an opening of $5.1 million, finishing in third place at the box office behind local film The Age of Shadows and Hollywood tent pole Ben-Hur.[58] Internationally, it next opened in the United Kingdom and Ireland, Germany, Spain, and Russia.[48] The following weekend, the film expanded to 62 markets and grossed $19.2 million from 63 markets (including Korea). IMAX made up $1.4 million from 234 theaters.[45]
It opened in first place in Russia ($1.8 million) Spain ($1.1 million) and Malaysia ($560,000) and second in the United Kingdom and Ireland ($2.6 million), Germany ($1.4 million) and Brazil ($1.1 million),[45] and had similar openings in Australia ($2.8 million) and France ($1.9 million).[59] China is not yet determined.[45]
Critical response[edit]
The Magnificent Seven received mixed reviews, with critics praising the cast but noting the film did not offer much that is original or innovative.[60] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 63%, based on 276 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Magnificent Seven never really lives up to the superlative in its title – or the classics from which it draws inspiration – but remains a moderately diverting action thriller on its own merits."[61] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a score of 54 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[62] According to CinemaScore polls, audiences gave the film an average "A–" grade, on an A+ to F scale.[63]
IGN critic Terri Schwartz gave the film a 6.7/10 and summarized her review with: "The Magnificent Seven ends up being a bit too predictable to reach its full potential, but the fun the cast clearly had making it allows the movie to be an enjoyable ride while it lasts. Fuqua does his best to update the Western for the modern audience, but doesn't capture what made those films great in the process. The action is big and sleek, the characters are charismatic and the film looks beautiful, but this won't be a movie that stays with you long after you leave the theater.[64]
Chicago Sun-Times' Richard Roeper praised the film by giving a score of 3 stars out of 4, writing: "Over all [sic], this is a rousing, albeit sometimes cheesy, action-packed Western bolstered by Denzel Washington’s baddest-of-the-baddasses lead performance, mostly fine supporting work, and yep, some of the most impressively choreographed extended shootout sequences in recent memory."[65]
James Berardinelli of Reelviews gave a score of 2 stars out of 4, writing: "The original The Magnificent Seven found a perfect balance between moments of grand triumph and the understated, solemn denouement. This The Magnificent Seven has the dour ending without the high points preceding it. With two better versions of this story readily available, why bother with this mediocre re-telling? 'Currently recognizable actors' hardly seems like a good justification."[66]
MTV's Amy Nicholson decried the film, writing: "Fuqua’s made two clean piles separating good and evil, and in doing so, he’s thrown away the film’s point. Now we can trade our conscience for a bucket of popcorn. Today’s The Magnificent Seven is just another superhero flick that spends half its running time assembling a band of bulletproof daredevils. Which makes sense — the original inspired The Avengers, which published its first comic three years after it was a hit."[67]
Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three out of four stars, saying, "The new Seven isn't aiming for cinema immortality. It's two hours of hardcore, shoot-em-up pow and it's entertaining as hell."[68]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)
Alliance of Women Film Journalists December 21, 2016 Remake or Sequel That Shouldn't Have Been Made The Magnificent Seven Nominated [69]
[70]
Black Reel Awards February 16, 2017 Outstanding Actor Denzel Washington Nominated [71]
Outstanding Director Antoine Fuqua Nominated
Jupiter Awards March 29, 2017 Best International Film The Magnificent Seven Nominated [72]
Best International Actor Denzel Washington Won
Saturn Awards June 28, 2017 Best Action or Adventure Film The Magnificent Seven Nominated [73]
Teen Choice Awards July 31, 2016 Choice Movie Actor: AnTEENcipated Chris Pratt Nominated [74]
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Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford (September 23, 2016). "Box Office: 'Magnificent Seven' Earns $1.75 Million Thursday". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock (September 25, 2016). "Weekend Box Office: 'Magnificent Seven' Gallops to No. 1 With $35M". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Anthony D'Alessandro (September 25, 2016). "'Magnificent Seven's $35M Opening Is A Career Best For Director Antoine Fuqua; 'Storks' At $21.8M – Sunday AM B.O. Update". Deadline.com. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mekado Murphy (September 26, 2016). "The Box Office Power of Denzel Washington". The New York Times. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Tre'vell Anderson (September 26, 2016). "'Magnificent Seven' wins box office shoot-out over 'Storks'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes (September 25, 2016). "'The Magnificent Seven' Dominates Weekend North American Box Office". The New York Times. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sonia Kil (September 18, 2016). "Korea Box Office: 'Shadows' Holds Holiday Weekend". Variety. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione (October 2, 2016). "'Miss Peregrine' Books $36.5M; 'Finding Dory', 'Bridget Jones' Reach Milestones; Big Frame For Local Pics – Intl Box Office". Deadline.com. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Oliver Gettell (September 8, 2016). "Magnificent Seven reviews: Remake falls short of its title at TIFF". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Magnificent Seven (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Magnificent Seven Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Terri (September 22, 2016). "The Magnificent Seven Review". Retrieved October 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Roeper, Richard (September 20, 2016). "Lightweight 'Magnificent Seven' entertains with guns blazing". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Berardinelli, James (September 22, 2016). "Magnificent Seven, The (United States, 2016)". Retrieved October 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nicholson, Amy (September 23, 2016). "The Magnificent Seven gallops boldly into mediocrity". MTV. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Travers, Peter. "'The Magnificent Seven' Review: A Classic, Newly Diversified Western Rides Again". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Merin, Jennifer (December 16, 2016). "2016 AWFJ EDA Award Nominees". Alliance of Women Film Journalists. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ McCue, Michelle (December 16, 2016). "'Arrival', 'La La Land', 'Hell or High Water' Among The Nominees for the 2016 AWFJ EDA Awards". WeAreMovieGeeks.com. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Davis, Clayton (December 14, 2016). "Black Reel Award Nominees – 'Moonlight' Leads with 13 Nominations". AwardsCircuit.com. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Jupiter Awards 2017". Jupiter Awards. Retrieved December 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (March 2, 2017). "Saturn Awards Nominations 2017: 'Rogue One,' 'Walking Dead' Lead". Variety. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Vulpo, Mike (May 24, 2016). "Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced: See the "First Wave" of Potential Winners". E!. Archived from the original on May 25, 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
External links[edit]
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History of ballooning
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This 1818 technical illustration shows early balloon designs.
The history of ballooning, both with hot air and gas, spans many centuries. It includes many firsts, including the first human flight, first flight across the English Channel, first flight in North America, and first aircraft related disaster.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premodern and unmanned balloons
2 First hydrogen balloon
3 First unmanned flight
4 First manned flight
5 First manned hydrogen balloon flight
6 Further milestones
7 Ballooning in the British Isles
8 Military use
9 20th century
10 Modern day
10.1 Notable accidents
11 See also
12 Notes
13 References
14 External links
Premodern and unmanned balloons[edit]
A Kongming lantern, the oldest type of hot air balloon.
Unmanned hot air balloons are popular in Chinese history. Zhuge Liang of the Shu Han kingdom, in the Three Kingdoms era (c. AD 220-280) used airborne lanterns for military signaling. These lanterns are known as Kongming lanterns (孔明灯).[1][2]
It has been demonstrated that manned hot air balloons can be built using ancient materials.[3] While there is no direct documentary or archaeological evidence that any manned or unmanned flights prior to those discussed below occurred using these methods, Ege notes an indirect report of evidence that the Chinese "solved the problem of aerial navigation" using balloons, hundreds of years before the 18th century.[4] The Mongolian army studied Kongming lanterns from China and used them in the Battle of Legnica during the Mongol invasion of Poland.[5] This is the first time ballooning was known in the western world.
The first documented balloon flight in Europe was by the Brazilian-Portuguese priest Bartolomeu de Gusmão. On August 8, 1709, in Lisbon, Bartolomeu de Gusmão managed to lift a small balloon made of paper full of hot air about four meters in front of king John V and the Portuguese court.[6][7][8][9][10][11] According to the Portuguese speaking community, this was the "earliest recorded model balloon flight".[12]
First hydrogen balloon[edit]
Passarola, Bartolomeu de Gusmão’s airship
The balloon built by Jacques Charles and the Robert brothers is attacked by terrified villagers in Gonesse.
Following Robert Boyle's Boyle's Law which had been published in 1662, and Henry Cavendish's 1766 work on hydrogen, Joseph Black proposed that if the gaseous element filled a balloon, the inflated object could rise up into the air. Jacques Charles, whose study of gases led to his namesake law of volumes, had studied the works of Cavendish, Black, and Tiberius Cavallo,[13] and also thought that hydrogen could lift a balloon.
Jacques Charles designed the balloon, and the Robert brothers constructed a lightweight, airtight gas bag. Barthélémy Faujas de Saint-Fond[14] organized a crowd-funded subscription to finance the brothers' project. The Roberts dissolved rubber in a solution of turpentine, with which they varnished stitched-together sheets of silk, to make the main envelope. They used alternating strips of red and white silk, but the rubberising varnish yellowed the white silk.[13]
Jacques Charles and the Robert brothers began filling[14] the world's first hydrogen balloon on the 23rd of August 1783, in the Place des Victoires, Paris. The balloon was comparatively small, a 35 cubic metre sphere of rubberised silk (about 13 feet in diameter),[13] and only capable of lifting about 9 kg.[15] It was filled with hydrogen that had been made by pouring nearly a quarter of a tonne of sulphuric acid onto half a tonne of scrap iron.[15] The hydrogen gas was fed into the envelope via lead pipes; as it was not passed through cold water, the gas was hot when produced, and then contracted as it cooled in the balloon, causing great difficulty in filling the balloon completely. Daily progress bulletins were issued on the inflation, attracting a crowd that became so great, that on the 26th the balloon was moved secretly by night to the Champ de Mars (now the site of the Eiffel Tower), a distance of 4 kilometres.[16]. On August 27, 1783, the balloon was released; Benjamin Franklin was among the crowd of onlookers.[15]
The balloon flew northwards for 45 minutes, pursued by chasers on horseback, and landed 21 kilometres away in the village of Gonesse where the reportedly terrified local peasants attacked it with pitchforks[15] and knives[17], and destroyed it.
First unmanned flight[edit]
On 5 June 1783 the Montgolfier brothers first publicly demonstrated an unmanned hot-air balloon 35 feet (11 m) in diameter.[18] On 19 September 1783, their balloon Aerostat Réveillon was flown with the first (non-human) living creatures in a basket attached to the balloon: a sheep called Montauciel ("Climb-to-the-sky"), a duck and a rooster.[19][20] The sheep was believed to have a reasonable approximation of human physiology. The duck was expected to be unharmed by being lifted aloft. It was included as a control for effects created by the aircraft rather than the altitude. The rooster was included as a further control as it was a bird that did not fly at high altitudes. This demonstration was performed before a crowd at the royal palace in Versailles, before King Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie Antoinette.[19] The flight lasted approximately eight minutes, covered two miles (3 km), and obtained an altitude of about 1,500 feet (460 m). The craft landed safely after flying.[19]
First manned flight[edit]
The first manned hot-air balloon, designed by the Montgolfier brothers, takes off from the Bois de Boulogne, Paris, on November 21, 1783
The first clearly recorded instance of a balloon carrying (human) passengers used hot air to generate buoyancy and was built by the brothers Joseph-Michel and Jacques-Etienne Montgolfier in Annonay, France.[13][21] These brothers came from a family of paper manufacturers and had noticed ash rising in paper fires. The Montgolfier brothers gave their first public demonstration of their invention on June 4, 1783. After experimenting with unmanned balloons and flights with animals, the first tethered balloon flight with humans on board took place on October 19, 1783 with the scientist Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, the manufacture manager, Jean-Baptiste Réveillon and Giroud de Villette, at the Folie Titon in Paris.
Iordache Cuparencu is believed to be the first man to survive an air accident. A poster from 1808.
The first untethered, free flight with human passengers was on 21 November 1783.[22] King Louis XVI had originally decreed that condemned criminals would be the first pilots, but de Rozier, along with the Marquis François d'Arlandes, successfully petitioned for the honor.[23][24][25] For this occasion the diameter of the balloon rose to almost 50 feet with a smoky fire slung under the neck of the balloon placed in an iron basket, it was controllable and replenishable by the balloonists. In 25 minutes the two men traveled just over five miles. Enough fuel remained on board at the end of the flight to have allowed the balloon to fly four to five times as far, but burning embers from the fire threatened to engulf the balloon and the men decided to land as soon as they were over open countryside.
News of the balloon flights spread quickly. By December 1783 Goethe wrote to a friend on Wilhelm Heinrich Sebastian Bucholz's attempt in Weimar "to master the art of Montgolfier".[18] The pioneering work of the Montgolfier brothers in developing the hot air balloon was recognised by this type of balloon being named Montgolfière after them.
First manned hydrogen balloon flight[edit]
Contemporary illustration of the first flight by Professor Jacques Charles with Nicolas-Louis Robert, December 1, 1783. Viewed from the Place de la Concorde to the Tuileries Palace
Only a few days later, at 13:45 on December 1, 1783, professor Jacques Charles and the Robert brothers (Les Frères Robert) launched a new, manned hydrogen balloon from the Jardin des Tuileries in Paris, amid vast crowds and excitement.[13][15] The balloon was held on ropes and led to its final launch place by four of the leading noblemen in France, the Marechal de Richelieu, Marshal de Biron, the Bailli de Suffren, and the Duke of Chaulnes.[26] Jacques Charles was accompanied by Nicolas-Louis Robert as co-pilot of the 380-cubic-metre, hydrogen-filled balloon.[13][15] The envelope was fitted with a hydrogen release valve, and was covered with a net from which the basket was suspended. Sand ballast was used to control altitude.[13] They ascended to a height of about 1,800 feet (550 m)[15] and landed at sunset in Nesles-la-Vallée after a flight of 2 hours and 5 minutes, covering 36 km.[13][15][17] The chasers on horseback, who were led by the Duc de Chartres, held down the craft while both Charles and Robert alighted.[17]
Charles then decided to ascend again, but alone this time because the balloon had lost some of its hydrogen. This time he ascended rapidly to an altitude of about 3,000 metres[27][17]), where he saw the sun again. He began suffering from aching pain in his ears so he 'valved' to release gas, and descended to land gently about 3 km away at Tour du Lay.[17] Unlike the Robert brothers, Charles never flew again,[17] although a balloon using hydrogen for its lift came to be called a Charlière in his honour.
Charles and Robert carried a barometer and a thermometer to measure the pressure and the temperature of the air, making this not only the first manned hydrogen balloon flight, but also the first balloon flight to provide meteorological measurements of the atmosphere above the Earth's surface.[28]
It is reported that 400,000 spectators witnessed the launch, and that hundreds had paid one crown each to help finance the construction and receive access to a 'special enclosure' for a "close-up view" of the take-off.[17] Among the 'special enclosure' crowd was Benjamin Franklin, the diplomatic representative of the United States of America.[17] Also present was Joseph Montgolfier, whom Charles honoured by asking him to release the small, bright green, pilot balloon to assess the wind and weather conditions.[17]
Further milestones[edit]
Ascent of the Monsieur Bouclé's Montgolfier Balloon in the Gardens of Aranjuez, June 1784
Balloon landing in Mashgh square, Iran (Persia), at the time of Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar, around 1850.
The next great challenge was to fly across the English Channel, a feat accomplished on January 7, 1785 by Jean-Pierre Blanchard.
The first aircraft disaster occurred in May 1785 when the town of Tullamore, County Offaly, Ireland was seriously damaged when the crash of a balloon resulted in a fire that burned down about 100 houses, making the town home to the world's first aviation disaster. To this day, the town shield depicts a phoenix rising from the ashes.
Blanchard went on to make the first manned flight of a balloon in America on January 10, 1793.[20] His hydrogen-filled balloon took off from a prison yard in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The flight reached 5,800 feet (1,770 m) and landed in Gloucester County, New Jersey. President George Washington was among the guests observing the takeoff.
Gas balloons became the most common type from the 1790s until the 1960s.
Balloonists sought a means to control the balloon's direction. The first steerable balloon (also known as a dirigible) was flown by Henri Giffard in 1852. Powered by a steam engine, it was too slow to be effective. Like heavier than air flight, the internal combustion engine made dirigibles—especially blimps—practical, starting in the late 19th century. In 1872 Paul Haenlein flew the first (tethered) internal combustion motor-powered balloon. The first to fly in an untethered airship powered by an internal combustion engine was Alberto Santos Dumont in 1898.
On 3 July 2002, Steve Fossett became the first person to fly around the world alone, nonstop, in any kind of aircraft, by hot air balloon. He launched the balloon Spirit of Freedom from Northam, Western Australia on 19 June 2002 and returned to Australia on 3 July 2002, subsequently landing in Queensland. Duration and distance of this solo balloon flight was 13 days, 8 hours, 33 minutes (14 days 19 hours 50 minutes to landing), 20,626.48 statute miles (33,195.10 km).[29] The trip set a number of records for ballooning: Fastest (200 miles per hour (320 km/h), breaking his own previous record of 166 miles per hour (270 km/h)), Fastest Around the World (13.5 days), Longest Distance Flown Solo in a Balloon (20,482.26 miles (32,963.00 km)), and 24-Hour Balloon Distance (3,186.80 miles (5,128.66 km) on July 1).[30]
Ballooning in the British Isles[edit]
The first manned balloon flight in The British isles was by James Tytler on August 27, 1784. Tytler flew his balloon from Abbeyhill to Restalrig, then suburbs of Edinburgh. He flew for ten minutes at a height of 350 feet.[citation needed]
The first manned balloon flight in England was by Signor Vincent Lunardi who ascended from Moorfields (London) on 15 September 1784.[31] The first British woman to ascend was Letitia Ann Sage, who ascended in one of Lunardi's balloons in June 1785.[32]
Jean-Pierre Blanchard and Jeffries flew from Dover to Calais in 1785.
In the same year, a Mr Arnold went up from St Georges Fields (London), but came down in the River Thames, and a Major John Money (1752–1817) took off from Norwich, in an attempt to raise money for the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital. He passed over Lowestoft at 6pm and came down about 18 miles (29 km) into the North Sea and was saved by a revenue cutter about five hours later.[33]
The first ascent in Ireland was from Ranelagh Gardens in Dublin in 1785 by Richard Crosbie.[34]
James Sadler made many flights in England, but on 9 October 1812 he came down in the sea and was rescued near Holyhead. His son, Windham Sadler was killed when he fell from a balloon in 1825. Lieutenant Harris was killed falling from a balloon on 25 May 1824.
A model of the first dirigible, the 1852 steam powered Giffard Airship, on display at the London Science Museum.
Charles Green and others made a number of ascents in London between 1821 and 1852. His first ascent was on July 19, 1821. He claimed that in May 1828 he actually took his horse up with him but this was disputed, and the public had to wait until July 1850 when he lifted off from Vauxhall Gardens with a somewhat diminutive pony as his "steed". Further attempts were made in France until Madame Poitevin took off from Cremorne Gardens in London in August 1852, as "Europa on a Bull" (the bull dressed as rather a nervous "Zeus")[35] but this led to a charge of cruelty to animals, a police case, a diplomatic dilemma and general public outrage after which no animals were used.
In 1836, the “Royal Vauxhall” balloon which was used as a pleasure balloon in Vauxhall Gardens was used by Charles Green with two crew and after 18 hours came down safely at Weilburg in the German Duchy of Nassau, setting a record unbeaten until 1907.
Robert Cocking, an artist, devised a parachute based upon Garnerin’s prototype (in which he had great faith) and ascended in a balloon from Vauxhall (London) on 24 July 1837 to about 1500m. The parachute failed to open properly and Cocking was killed.[36]
Military use[edit]
Main article: History of military ballooning
The Union Army Balloon Intrepid being inflated from the gas generators for the Battle of Fair Oaks
The first military use of aircraft in Europe took place during the French Revolutionary Wars, when the French used a tethered hydrogen balloon to observe the movements of the Austrian army during the Battle of Fleurus (1794).
In 1811 Franz Leppich went to Napoleon and claimed that he could build a hydrogen balloon that would enable the French to attack from the air. Napoleon then ordered that he be removed from French Territory. In 1812 the secret service from Russia got Leppich Passports with the name Schmidt and then he and a secret undercover person went to Moscow to Count Rostopchin. Near Moscow a "Werft" was set up and with about 50 other German-speaking mechanics, and he started to build "air bouts". When the balloon was finally tried out, they worked but were unable to move against the wind .[37][38] Leppich did final work after the burning of Moscow, on this about a year longer near St. Petersburg and then he left for Germany again. There he worked on the subject up to 1817. In 1818 he received a patent in his and his brothers name in Vienna for making nails with a punch.[39][40]
In Tolstoy's novel, War and Peace, Count Pyótr Kiríllovich Bezúkhov (Pierre) makes an excursion to see this balloon though he does not see it. Tolstoy also includes a letter from the sovereign Emperor Alexander I to Count Rostopchin concerning the balloon.[41]
French Emperor Napoleon III employed a corps of observation balloons, led by Eugène Godard, for aerial reconnaissance over battlefields both in Franco-Austrian war of 1859, and in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War and the Siege of Paris.
Gas balloons in 1919.
Hot air balloons were employed during the American Civil War.[42] The military balloons used by the Union Army Balloon Corps under the command of Prof. Thaddeus S. C. Lowe were limp silk envelopes inflated with coal gas (town gas) or hydrogen.[citation needed]
20th century[edit]
During World War II, a large number of barrage balloons were inflated over the city of London in an effort to obstruct Luftwaffe air attacks during the Battle of Britain. Whatever their effectiveness, they were a cheap defense but did not stop heavy damage inflicted on Londoners during the Blitz, probably because the Heinkel He 111 bombers flew too high. Nonetheless, some 231 V-1 flying bombs were destroyed.[43]
In the early and mid-20th century, hydrogen balloons were used extensively in upper-atmosphere research in such projects as Osoaviakhim-1, the Stratobowl launches, Project Manhigh, and Project Strato-Lab. A series of ascensions set a number of high-altitude records before space flight eclipsed ballooning as an endeavor.[44] When governments lost interest in manned balloons, private citizens continued to strive to set records, especially for long distances, and to achieve "first" marks (such as Double Eagle II (first to cross the Atlantic Ocean) and Breitling Orbiter 3 (first to circumnavigate the world).
Although manned high-altitude balloon ascensions are still undertaken, they are more likely to be the work of adventurers than researchers.[45]
Modern day[edit]
A pair of Hopper balloons.
Modern hot air balloons, with a more sophisticated onboard heat source than the Montgolfier brothers' basket of hot coals, were pioneered by Ed Yost beginning in the 1950s which resulted in his first successful flight on October 22, 1960.[46] The first modern day hot air balloon to be built in the United Kingdom (UK) was the Bristol Belle in 1967. Today, hot air balloons are used primarily for recreation, and there are some 7,500 hot air balloons operating in the United States.[47]
The first tethered balloon in modern times was made in France at Chantilly Castle in 1994 by Aérophile SA.[citation needed]
Notable accidents[edit]
November 1975 Pilot Terry McCormack and passenger Tony Hayes were killed near Wagga Wagga, NSW as the balloon 'The New Endeavour' was struck by a whirlwind causing the envelope to collapse.[48]
See also: 1989 Alice Springs hot air balloon crash, 2012 Carterton hot air balloon crash, 2012 Ljubljana Marshes hot air balloon crash, 2013 Luxor hot air balloon crash, and List of ballooning accidents
On 13 August 1989, two hot air balloons collided near Alice Springs, Northern Territory in Australia. One balloon crashed to the ground killing 13 people.[49]
On 12 September 1995, three gas balloons participating in the Gordon Bennett Cup entered Belarusian air space. Despite the fact that competition organizers had informed the Belarusian Government about the race in May and that flight plans had been filed, a Mil Mi-24B attack helicopter of the Belarusian Air Force shot down one balloon,[50][51] killing two American citizens, Alan Fraenckel and John Stuart-Jervis.[52][53] Another of the balloons was forced to land while the third landed safely over two hours after the initial downing. The crews of the two balloons were fined for entering Belarus without a visa and released. Belarus has neither apologized nor offered compensation for the deaths.[54]
On 11 August 2007, a hot air balloon burned & crashed in British Columbia when a fuel line became dislodged from a propane tank, killing two passengers; the Transportation Safety Board of Canada subsequently ruled that fuel tanks should have automatic shutoff valves.[55]
On 1 January 2011, a hot air balloon crashed in Westfield, Somerset, United Kingdom, killing both people on board.[56]
On 7 January 2012, a scenic hot air balloon flight from Carterton, New Zealand, touched a power line, caught fire, and crashed just north of the town, killing all eleven people on board.[57]
On 23 August 2012 in Slovenia, a hot air balloon crash-landed due to a thunderstorm, killing 6 and injuring the other 26 people on board.[58]
On 26 February 2013 the deadliest ballooning accident in history occurred when a hot air balloon exploded and crashed near Luxor, Egypt. The crash killed 19 of the 21 people on board.[59]
On 30 July 2016, a hot air balloon carrying 16 people caught fire and crashed near Lockhart, Texas. There were no survivors.
See also[edit]
Airship
Aviation
Balloon (aeronautics)
Balloon satellite
Barrage balloon
Bristol International Balloon Fiesta
Cinebulle
Cluster ballooning
Espionage balloon
Early flying machines
Gas balloon
High-altitude balloon
Hopper balloon
Hot air balloon festivals
Hot air ballooning
Lighter than air
List of balloon uses
Montgolfier brothers
Non-rigid airship (Blimp)
Observation balloon
Research balloon
Skyhook balloon
Solar balloon
Thermal airship (Hot air airship)
Zeppelin
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Ancient Chinese Inventions
Jump up ^ The Ten Thousand Infallible Arts of the Prince of Huai-Nan Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Julian Nott. "The Extraordinary Nazca Prehistoric Balloon". Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2010-02-16. With just a loom and fire you can fly!
Jump up ^ Ege, L. (1973). Balloons and airships. Blandford. p. 6. Retrieved 2013-10-19. ...we came across a French source which tells of a missionary who once found, in archives in Pekin, a report of the way the civilised nations of the east solved the problems of aerial navigation by means of balloons, centuries before the Europeans.
Jump up ^ Joseph Needham (1965). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering; rpr. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
Jump up ^ AMEIDA, L. Ferrand de, "Gusmão, Bartolomeu Lourenço de", in SERRÃO, Joel, Dicionário de História de Portugal, Porto, Figueirinhas, 1981, vol. III, pp. 184–185
Jump up ^ CARVALHO, História dos Balões, Lisboa, Relógio d'Agua, 1991
Jump up ^ CRUZ FILHO, F. Murillo, Bartolomeu Lourenço de Gusmão: Sua Obra e o Significado Fáustico de Sua Vida, Rio de Janeiro, Biblioteca Reprográfica Xerox, 1985
Jump up ^ SILVA, Inocencio da, ARANHA, Brito, Diccionario Bibliographico Portuguez, Lisboa, Imprensa Nacional, T. I, pp. 332–334
Jump up ^ TAUNAY, Affonso d'Escragnolle, Bartolomeu de Gusmão: inventor do aerostato: a vida e a obra do primeiro inventor americano, S. Paulo, Leia, 1942
Jump up ^ TAUNAY, Affonso d'Escragnolle, Bartholomeu de Gusmão e a sua prioridade aerostatica, S. Paulo: Escolas Profissionaes Salesianas, 1935, Sep. do Annuario da Escola Polytechnica da Univ. de São Paulo, 1935
Jump up ^ "CIA Notable flights and performances: Part 01, 0000-1785". Svenska Ballong Federationen. Retrieved 2010-04-11. Date 1709-08-08 Pilot: Bartholomeu Lourenço de Gusmão, Earliest recorded model balloon flight.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Federation Aeronautique Internationale, Ballooning Commission, Hall of Fame, Robert Brothers. Archived 2008-05-16 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Science and Society, Medal commemorating Charles and Robert’s balloon ascent, Paris, 1783.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Eccentric France: Bradt Guide to mad, magical and marvellous France By Piers Letcher - Jacques Charles
Jump up ^ Today in Science, The Montgolfier and Charles Balloons, from 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Fiddlers Green, History of Ballooning, Jacques Charles
^ Jump up to: a b Ley, Willy (December 1961). "Dragons and Hot-Air Balloons". For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 79–89.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gillispie, CC (1983). The Montgolfier brothers and the invention of aviation 1783-1784. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08321-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Beischer, DE; Fregly, AR (1962). "Animals and man in space. A chronology and annotated bibliography through the year 1960". US Naval School of Aviation Medicine. ONR TR ACR-64 (AD0272581). Retrieved 2011-06-14.
Jump up ^ "CIA Notable flights and performances: Part 01, 0000-1785". Svenska Ballong Federationen. Retrieved 2010-04-11. Date 1783-11-21 Pilot: Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, First recorded manned flight.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Centennial of Flight Commisstion: Early Balloon Flight in Europe". Retrieved 2008-06-04.
Jump up ^ "Start-Flying: history of balloon flying". Retrieved 2007-12-28.
Jump up ^ "Lighter than air: The Montgolfier Brothers". Retrieved 2007-12-28.
Jump up ^ "National Air and Space Museum: Pioneers of Flight gallery". Retrieved 2007-12-28.
Jump up ^ Histoire Beuvry, Balloon revolution Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica - Balloon Flight
Jump up ^ Cira, Colo State.edu, Hilger, Metrology, Profile of Nicolas-Louis Robert Archived 2009-07-05 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Aviation Adventurer Steve Fossett Missing". CBS News. 4 September 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Jana. "NOAA helps guide balloonist around the world". NOAA. Retrieved 22 July 2016. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Praskavich, Michael and Griggs, Denise (2008) "Balloon Voyages in England". In "Conquest of the Skies: a history of ballooning", Lilly Library, University of Indiana. Retrieved 5 August 2012
Jump up ^ "Letitia Ann Sage". University of Wolverhampton. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Rawcliffe, Carole, Wilson, Richard and Clark, Christine. "Norwich Since 1550" Continuum International Publishing Group, 2004, page 207
Jump up ^ MacMahon, Bryan (2010). "Ascend or Die: Richard Crosbie - pioneer of balloon flight". The History Press, Ireland, 256 pp., ISBN 9781845889852, cited in James Scannell (2011), "First Flight by an Irishman". Ireland's Genealogical Gazette, ISSN 1649-7937, Volume 6, number 3, page 4, available at "Ireland's Genealogical Gazette" (PDF). (accessed 5 August 2012)
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2009-05-24.
Jump up ^ Dictionary of Dates for Universal Reference by Benjamin Vincent, London 1863
Jump up ^ Edmund Götschel, Geschichte des vaterländischen Krieges im Jahre 1812, Band 2, 1840, P. 229-230 (online)
Jump up ^ In: Cobbett's weekly political register. Volume 22, R. Bagshaw, 1812, P. 659–660 (online)
Jump up ^ Jahrbücher des Kaiserlichen Königlichen Polytechnischen Institutes in Wien, Volume 1, 1919, P. 405 (online).
Jump up ^ Amts- und Intelligenz-Blatt von Salzburg, F.X. Duyle, 1819, P. 44-46(online).
Jump up ^ War and Peace. Leo Tolstoy. 2007 Alfred A Knopf. New York. pgs 751 & 1240
Jump up ^ United States Centennial of Flight Commission (2003)"Balloons in the American Civil War" Archived 2007-10-25 at the Wayback Machine., accessed 5 August 2012
Jump up ^ "Barrage Balloons for Low-Level Air Defense". Air & Space Power Journal. Summer 1989. Archived from the original on 2007-08-12. Retrieved 2007-04-16.
Jump up ^ G. Pfotzer, "History of the Use of Balloons in Scientific Experiments", Space Science Reviews, Volume 13, Issue 2, pp. 199-242 (1972).
Jump up ^ E.g., "DIY balloon sent up 30km", Boing Boing, October 26, 2007. Accessed 2009.10.08.
Jump up ^ Hevesi, Dennis (June 4, 2007). "New York Times: Ed Yost, 87, Father of Modern Hot-Air Ballooning, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-04.
Jump up ^ "35th Annual QuickChek New Jersey Festival of Ballooning". Retrieved 24 July 2017.
Jump up ^ http://members.ozemail.com.au/~p0gwil/AEROSTATsoc-STUFF/ArchPagesZ/TerryPage2.html
Jump up ^ "Australia Balloon Crash Kills 13". New York Times. AP. August 14, 1989. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
Jump up ^ Browne, Malcolm W. (September 14, 1995). "2 American Balloonists Die When Shot Down in Belarus". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Racing Balloon Is Shot Down by Attack Helicopter in Belarus" (pdf). Flight Safety Foundation. July 1996. Retrieved July 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Cimons, Marlene; Williams, Carol J. (September 15, 1995). "Ill-Fated Balloonists Shared Passion for Flying". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Belarus shoots down US balloon". The Independent. London. September 14, 1995. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Belarus". United States Department of State. August 27, 2010. Retrieved July 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dislodged fuel line led to flaming balloon crash in B.C." CBC News.
Jump up ^ Batty, David (January 1, 2011). "Hot air balloon crash kills two". London: The Guardian. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Eleven dead in New Zealand hot air balloon crash". BBC News. 6 January 2012. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
Jump up ^ "Hot Air Balloon Crash In Slovenia Kills 4". Reuters. August 23, 2012. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Foreign tourists killed in Egypt balloon crash". NBCNEWS. 26 February 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
References[edit]
Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
External links[edit]
NOTABLE PERFORMANCES and ACHIEVEMENTS
History of Ballooning (Student Essay) - Student Essay on History of Ballooning
Video of The Double Eagle Balloon after crossing the Atlantic Ocean
British film Conquest of the Air starring Laurence Olivier as Vincent Lunardi
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Accidents and incidents involving hot air balloons
Accidents
Alice Springs, Australia (1989)
Carterton, New Zealand (2012)
Ljubljana, Slovenia (2012)
Luxor, Egypt (2013)
Lockhart, Texas, USA (2016)
Luxor, Egypt (2018)
Related lists
List of ballooning accidents
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