text:
Advent wreath
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 15 December 2017.
Jump to: navigation, search
For the use of a single candle marked with the days of Advent, see Advent candle.
Advent wreath with purple and rose candles (top) and Advent wreath featuring Christ candle in the center (bottom)
The Advent wreath, or Advent crown, is a Christian tradition that symbolizes the passage of the four weeks of Advent in the liturgical calendar of the Western church. It is traditionally a Lutheran practice, although it has spread to many other Christian denominations.[1][2][3]
It is usually a horizontal evergreen wreath with four candles, sometimes with a fifth, white candle in the center. Beginning with the First Sunday of Advent, the lighting of a candle can be accompanied by a Bible reading, devotional time and prayers.[4][5] An additional candle is lit during each subsequent week until, by the last Sunday before Christmas, all four candles are lit. Many Advent wreaths include a fifth, Christ candle which is lit at Christmas Eve or Christmas Day.[6] The custom is observed both in family settings and at public church services.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Forms of the Advent wreath
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History
The concept of the Advent wreath originated among German Lutherans in the 16th Century.[7] However, it was not until three centuries later that the modern Advent wreath took shape.[8]
Advent wreath as designed by Wichern
Research by Prof. Haemig of Luther Seminary, St. Paul, points to Johann Hinrich Wichern (1808–1881), a Protestant pastor in Germany and a pioneer in urban mission work among the poor as the inventor of the modern Advent wreath in the 19th century.[9] During Advent, children at the mission school Rauhes Haus, founded by Wichern in Hamburg, would ask daily if Christmas had arrived. In 1839, he built a large wooden ring (made out of an old cartwheel) with 20 small red and 4 large white candles. A small candle was lit successively every weekday and Saturday during Advent. On Sundays, a large white candle was lit. The custom gained ground among Protestant churches in Germany and evolved into the smaller wreath with four or five candles known today. Roman Catholics in Germany began to adopt the custom in the 1920s, and in the 1930s it spread to North America.[10] Professor Haemig's research also indicates that the custom did not reach the United States until the 1930s, even among German Lutheran immigrants.
In Medieval times Advent was a fast during which people's thoughts were directed to the expected second coming of Christ; but in modern times it has been seen as the lead up to Christmas, and in that context Advent Wreath serves as a reminder of the approach of the feast.
In 1964, an Advent crown made at home from wire coathangers and tinsel, appeared on the bi-weekly children's TV program Blue Peter. This 'make' became one of the program's most iconic, repeated each year, and was the introduction of this tradition to most of the broadly Anglican audience.[11] In later years, the candles were replaced by baubles, out of concern over fire.
More recently, some Eastern Orthodox families have adopted an Advent wreath with six candles symbolizing the longer Christmas fast in Orthodox tradition, which corresponds to Advent in Western Christianity.[12]
Forms of the Advent wreath
Further information: Advent § Liturgical colors
Advent wreaths are circular, representing God's infinite love, and are usually made of evergreen leaves, which "represent the hope of eternal life brought by Jesus Christ."[13] Within the Advent wreath are candles that generally represent the four weeks of the Advent season as well as "the light of God coming into the world through the birth of Jesus Christ" although each of the candles has its own significance as well;[13] individually, the candles specifically symbolize the Christian concepts of hope (week one), peace (week two), joy (week three) and love (week four) in many traditions.[14][15][16][17] Many Advent wreaths also have a white candle in the centre to symbolize the arrival of Christmastide, sometimes known as the "Christ candle." It is lit on Christmas Eve or Christmas Day. The Christ candle is coloured white because this is the traditional festal colour in the Western Church.[18]
In many Catholic and Protestant churches, the most popular colours for the four surrounding Advent candles are violet and rose, corresponding with the colors of the liturgical vestments for the Sundays of Advent. For denominations of the Western Christian Church, violet is the historic liturgical color for three of the four Sundays of Advent: Violet is the traditional color of penitential seasons.[16] Blue is also a popular alternative color for both Advent vestments and Advent candles, especially in some Anglican and Methodist churches,[16] which use a blue shade associated with the Sarum rite, in addition to Lutheran churches that also implement this practice. One interpretation holds that blue means hope and waiting, which aligns with the seasonal meaning of Advent. Rose is the liturgical color for the Third Sunday of Advent, known as Gaudete Sunday from the Latin word meaning "to rejoice"—also from the first line of the traditional entrance prayer (called the Introit) for the Mass or Worship Service of the third Sunday of Advent; it is a pause from the penitential spirit of Advent.[19][20] As such, the third candle, representing joy, is often a different color from the other three.[16][14]
In other Protestant churches, especially in the United Kingdom, it is more common for Advent wreaths to have four red candles (reflecting their traditional use in Christmas decorations).[21] The Advent wreath used by Pope Benedict XVI of the Catholic Church also had four red candles.[22]
See also
Christianity portal
Christmas portal
Germany portal
Advent calendar
Chrismon tree
Christingle
Daily devotional
References
Jump up ^ Peter C. Bower. The Companion to the Book of Common Worship. Office of Theology and Worship, Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). Retrieved 2010-12-02. It apparently emanated from the Lutheran tradition, but it has been appropriated by almost all other traditions.
Jump up ^ John Trigilio, Kenneth Brighenti. The Catholicism Answer Book: The 300 Most Frequently Asked Questions. Sourcebooks. Retrieved 2010-12-02. Historically, the Advent wreath is a Lutheran custom dating back three hundred years ago.
Jump up ^ Carl Seaburg. Celebrating Christmas: An Anthology. Unitarian Universalist Ministers Association. Retrieved 2010-12-02. The use of an Advent Wreath originated a few hundred years ago among Lutherans in Germany.
Jump up ^ Geddes, Gordon; Griffiths, Jane (2001). Christianity. Heinemann. p. 96. ISBN 9780435306953. Every day during Advent, the candle is lit and burnt down to the next number. In many homes, a reading from the Bible and a prayer accompanies the lighting of the candle.
Jump up ^ Bradner, John (1977). Symbols of Church Seasons and Days. Morehouse-Barlow Company. ISBN 9780819212283. The Advent wreath usually rests on a horizontal surface. This is especially appropriate when it is used in the home as the center for daily Advent devotions.
Jump up ^ Dennis Bratcher. The Season of Advent: Anticipation and Hope. Christian Research Institute. Archived from the original on 2011-01-02. Retrieved 2010-12-02. Finally, the light that has come into the world is plainly visible as the Christ candle is lighted at Christmas, and worshippers rejoice over the fact that the hope and promise of long ago have been realized.
Jump up ^ Colbert, Teddy (1996). The Living Wreath. Gibbs Smith. ISBN 9780879057008. It is believed that the European advent wreath began as a Lutheran innovation in the sixteenth century.
Jump up ^ Mosteller, Angie (2010-05-15). Christmas, Celebrating the Christian History of Classic Symbols, Songs and Stories. Holiday Classics Publishing. p. 167. ISBN 098456490X. The first clear association with Advent is generally attributed to German Lutherans in the 16th century. However, another three centuries would pass before the modern Advent wreath took shape. Specifically, a German theologian and educator by the name of Johann Hinrich Wichern (1808-1881) is credited with the idea of lighting an increasing number of candles as Christmas approached.
Jump up ^ BAYERN TOURISMUS Marketing GmbH (2013-12-29). "Bavaria- Christmas customs and recipes - Christmas customs - Tradition - About Bavaria". BAYERN TOURISMUS Marketing GmbH. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
Jump up ^ "Johann Hinrich Wichern biography (in German)". Medienwerkstatt-online.de. 2008-01-05. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
Jump up ^ An Advent Crown for Christmas. Blue Peter annual. BBC.
Jump up ^ "Orthodoxy Today". Orthodoxy Today. 2010-02-02. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
^ Jump up to: a b Geddes, Gordon; Griffiths, Jane (2002). Christian Belief and Practice. Heinemann. p. 97. ISBN 9780435306915. The wreath's circle reminds Christians of God's endless love and mercy. The evergreen leaves represent the hope of eternal life brought by Jesus Christ. The candles symbolize the light of God coming into the world through the birth of Jesus Christ.
^ Jump up to: a b "Advent Wreath Prayers" (PDF). St. Robert Bellarmine Parish: A Roman Catholic Faith Community. Retrieved 25 November 2016. The first week of Advent we remember the gift of hope we have in Christ. ... The second week of Advent we remember the gift of Peace we have in Christ. ... The third week of Advent we remember the gift of Joy we have in Christ. ... The fourth week of Advent we remember the gift of Love we have in Christ.
Jump up ^ Howe, Heath (2013). "The Gifts of Hope, Peace, Joy and Love". Episcopal Church of the Holy Comforter. Retrieved 25 November 2016. Week one of Advent we light one candle on the Advent wreath and reflect on the gift of Hope. Week two we dedicate to Peace. Week three honors Joy. Week four, Love.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "What do the candles in our Advent wreath mean?". The United Methodist Church. Retrieved 25 November 2016. The Advent wreath, four candles on a wreath of evergreen, is shaped in a perfect circle to symbolize the eternity of God. In some churches, four purple candles, one for each week in Advent, are used with one larger white candle in the middle as the Christ candle. Other churches prefer three purple or blue candles with one candle being rose or pink, to represent joy. ...During each Sunday of the Advent season, we focus on one of the four virtues Jesus brings us: Hope, Love, Joy and Peace.
Jump up ^ "Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)". pcusa.org. 2012-10-26. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
Jump up ^ Garrison, Greg (27 November 2010). "Birmingham Catholic Bishop Robert J. Baker writes Advent devotional". The Birmingham News. Retrieved 31 January 2016. An Advent wreath is traditionally made of evergreens in a circle, symbolizing God's unending love. It includes three purple candles, and the candle for the third week of Advent is pink in most Advent wreaths. It signifies the hope of the coming of Christ, Baker said. "Hope is needed in our culture," Baker said. "People are struggling economically. People are in dire need of hope." For Christians, that hope comes from the birth of Jesus, he said. For the first week, there is one purple candle lit on the Advent wreath every day. Another is added the second week. A pink candle is lit the third week, another purple candle the fourth week. The three purple candles and the pink candle are all lit on the last Sunday before Christmas and throughout that week. A white candle at the center of most Advent wreaths, the Christ candle, is lit on Christmas day, Baker said.
Jump up ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Advent". Newadvent.org. 1907-03-01. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
Jump up ^ "What Color is Lent?". Adoremus.org. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
Jump up ^ BBC News, "Christian celebration of Advent" (BBC Mobile, 16 November 2010, accessed December 19, 2010).[1]
Jump up ^ Manning, Kathleen (2015). "Why are Advent candles pink and purple?". U.S. Catholic Magazine. Retrieved 25 November 2016. In 2006 photographers snapped a few shots of the Advent wreath in Benedict XVI’s office. The German pontiff’s wreath featured four red candles.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Advent wreaths.
Advent wreath FAQ at the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America web site
Advent hymns including two examples of Advent Wreath carols
Advent Bible Themes
[show]
v
t
e
Advent
Liturgy
Advent Sunday
Angelus
Ave Maria
Christmas Eve
Ember days
Gaudete Sunday
Magnificat
Saint Nicholas Day
Narratives
Fall of man
Christian messianic prophecies
Isaiah 9:6
Isaiah 53
Davidic dynasty in Bible prophecy
Genealogy of Jesus
John 1:1
John the Baptist
Saint Joseph's dreams
Tree of Jesse
Traditions
Advent calendar
Advent candle
Christingle
Hanging of the greens
Christmas markets
List
Stir-up Sunday
Advent wreath
Moravian star
Songs and hymns
"Adam lay ybounden"
"Advent är mörker och kyla"
Advent song
Adventstid
Angelus ad virginem
"Bereden väg för Herran"
"Come, thou Redeemer of the earth"
"Conditor alme siderum"
"The Cherry-Tree Carol"
"Come, Thou Long Expected Jesus"
"Det är advent"
"Es ist ein Ros entsprungen"
Gabriel's Message
"The Holly and the Ivy"
"Hosianna, Davids son"
"Jesus Christ the Apple Tree"
"Lo! He comes with clouds descending"
"Long Ago, Prophets Knew"
"Macht hoch die Tür"
"Maria durch ein Dornwald ging"
"Der Morgenstern ist aufgedrungen"
"Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland"
O Antiphons
"O Come, O Come, Emmanuel"
"O Heiland, reiß die Himmel auf"
"Of the Father's Heart Begotten"
Rorate Coeli
"Sei uns willkommen, Herre Christ"
"Night of Silence"
"There is no rose of such virtue"
"Vi tänder ett ljus i advent"
"Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme"
Cantatas and music
Ärgre dich, o Seele, nicht, BWV 186a
Bereitet die Wege, bereitet die Bahn, BWV 132
Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben, BWV 147a
Handel's Messiah (Part I)
Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 61
Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 62
This Is the Record of John
Unser lieben Frauen Traum
Virga Jesse (Bruckner)
Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 140
Wachet! betet! betet! wachet! BWV 70a
List of Advent Cantatas
Music publications
Carols for Choirs
New English Hymnal
New Oxford Book of Carols
Oxford Book of Carols
Piae Cantiones
English Hymnal
Hymns Ancient and Modern
The Hymnal 1982
Related topics
Anglican church music
Catholic music
Lutheran hymns
Carol service
Christmastide
Liturgical year
Category
Commons
Christianity portal
Christian music Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Christmas
Christmas Eve
Children's Day
Boxing Day
Nochebuena
Saint Nicholas Day
St. Stephen's Day
Sol Invictus
Yule
In
Christianity
Biblical Magi
Adoration of the Magi
Adoration of the Shepherds
Advent
Angel Gabriel
Annunciation
Annunciation to the shepherds
Baptism of the Lord
Bethlehem
Christingle
Christmastide
Epiphany
Herod the Great
Jesus
Joseph
Mary
Massacre of the Innocents
flight into Egypt
Nativity Fast
Nativity of Jesus
in art
in later culture
Nativity scene
Saint Nicholas
Star of Bethlehem
Twelfth Night
In folklore
Badalisc
La Befana
Belsnickel
Caganer
Christkind
Ded Moroz
Elves
Father Christmas
Grýla
Jack Frost
Joulupukki
Knecht Ruprecht
Korvatunturi
Krampus
Mikulás
Miner's figure
Mrs. Claus
Nisse/Tomte
North Pole
Old Man Winter
Olentzero
Père Fouettard
Père Noël
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
Saint Lucy
Santa's reindeer
Santa's workshop
Sinterklaas
Tió de Nadal
Vertep
Yule Cat
Yule Lads
Zwarte Piet
Gift-bringers
Saint Nicholas
Santa Claus
List of Christmas gift-bringers by country
Traditions
Advent calendar
Advent candle
Advent wreath
Boar's Head Feast
Candle arches
Cards
Carols by Candlelight
Cavalcade of Magi
Crackers
Decorations
Events and celebrations
Feast of the Seven Fishes
Flying Santa
Hampers
Las Posadas
Letters
Lights
Markets
Meals and feasts
Moravian star
Nine Lessons and Carols
NORAD Tracks Santa
Nutcrackers
dolls
Ornaments
Parades
list
Piñatas
Pyramids
Räuchermann
Seals
Secret Santa
Spanbaum
Stamps
Stockings
Tree
Twelve Days
Wassailing
Windows
Yule Goat
Yule log
By country
Australia and New Zealand
Denmark
Germany
Hawaii
Hungary
Iceland
Indonesia
Ireland
Mexico
Norway
Philippines
Poland
Romania
Russia
Scotland
Serbia
Sweden
Ukraine
Music
Carols
list
Hit singles UK
Hit singles US
Music books
Carols for Choirs
Oxford Book of Carols
New Oxford Book of Carols
Piae Cantiones
Other media
Films
Poetry
"Old Santeclaus with Much Delight"
"A Visit from St. Nicholas"
Television
specials
Yule Log
In
modern
society
Advent Conspiracy
Black Friday (partying)
Black Friday (shopping)
Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
Christmas club
Christmas creep
Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
Christmas Lectures
Christmas Mountains
Christmas truce
Controversies
Cyber Monday
Economics
Giving Tuesday
El Gordo
Holiday season
In July
In August
Leon Day
NBA games
NFL games
Puritan New England
American Civil War
Post-War United States
Running of the Santas
SantaCon
Santa's Candy Castle
Small Business Saturday
Super Saturday
Virginia O'Hanlon
White Christmas
Winter festivals
WWE Tribute to the Troops
Xmas
Food and
drink
Dinner
Joulupöytä
Julebord
Kūčios
Réveillon
Twelve-dish supper
Smörgåsbord
Wigilia
Sweets
bûche de Noël
Cake
Candy cane
Cookies
Fruitcake
Gingerbread
Kourabiedes
Melomakarono
Mince pie
Pavlova
Pecan pie
Pumpkin pie
Pudding
Rosca de reyes
Szaloncukor
Turrón
Soup
Menudo
Sauce
Cranberry sauce
Beverages
Apple cider
Champurrado
Eggnog
Mulled wine
Smoking Bishop
Ponche crema
Dumpling
Hallaca
Tamale
Meat
Ham
Roast goose
Romeritos
Turkey
Stuffing
Category
Commons
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advent_wreath&oldid=815574764"
Categories:
Christmas in Germany
Christian religious objects
Christmas traditions
Floristry
Advent
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia semi-protected pages
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Français
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Íslenska
Italiano
Кырык мары
Lëtzebuergesch
Malti
Nederlands
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Svenska
Українська
Walon
Edit links
This page was last edited on 15 December 2017, at 17:48.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href title

values: This article is semi-protected until January 5, 2018.

attrs: class id

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class src alt title

values: Changes must be reviewed before being displayed on this page.

attrs: id class src style alt

attrs: class href

value: i

attrs: id style class

values: flaggedrevs_short flaggedrevs_stable_synced plainlinks noprint nomobile

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href class

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Liturgical_calendar
mw-redirect
Liturgical calendar

values:
/wiki/Christian_denominations
mw-redirect
Christian denominations

values:
/wiki/Christmas_bauble
mw-redirect
Christmas bauble

values:
/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox
mw-redirect
Eastern Orthodox

values:
/wiki/Jesus_Christ
mw-redirect
Jesus Christ

values:
/wiki/Christian_symbol
mw-redirect
Christian symbol

values:
/wiki/Christmas_decorations
mw-redirect
Christmas decorations

values: Adventskranz mit Kerze - Advent wreath (30922237534).jpg

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Chrismon_tree
mw-redirect
Chrismon tree

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.crivoice.org/cyadvent.html

values:
/wiki/The_United_Methodist_Church
mw-redirect
The United Methodist Church

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.adoremus.org/color-lent.html

values: ;background:#D7C9F2;border-style:solid; border-color:transparent #6600CC transparent #6600CC; border-width: 0 2.7em;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;

values:
/wiki/File:Adventwreath.jpg
image
Advent wreath

values:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Come,_thou_Redeemer_of_the_earth
mw-redirect
Come, thou Redeemer of the earth

values:
/wiki/There_is_no_rose_of_such_virtue
mw-redirect
There is no rose of such virtue

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Day
mw-redirect
St. Stephen's Day

values:
/wiki/Old_Man_Winter
mw-redirect
Old Man Winter

values: List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers by country

values: Category:Christmas events and celebrations

values: List of Christmas and holiday season parades

values: List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom

values: List of popular Christmas singles in the United States

values:
/wiki/Leon_Day_(holiday)
mw-redirect
Leon Day (holiday)

values: National Basketball Association Christmas games

values: National Football League Christmas games

values: List of multinational festivals and holidays

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Advent_wreath
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Калядны вянок – Belarusian

values: Калядны вянок – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: Սուրբծննդյան պսակ – Armenian

values: Шартял ӓршӓш – Western Mari

values: Рождественский венок – Russian

values: Різдвяний вінок – Ukrainian

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Advent_wreath rootpage-Advent_wreath skin-vector action-view


text:
Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Paris Barclay
Produced by
Keenen Ivory Wayans
Eric L. Gold
Written by
Shawn Wayans
Marlon Wayans
Phil Beauman
Starring
Shawn Wayans
Marlon Wayans
Bernie Mac
Suli McCullough
Helen Martin
Chris Spencer
Antonio Fargas
Vivica A. Fox
Keenen Ivory Wayans
LaWanda Page
Music by
John Barnes
Cinematography
Russ Brandt
Edited by
Marshall Harvey
William Young
Production
company
Island Pictures
Ivory Way Productions
Distributed by
Miramax Films
Release date
January 12, 1996 (1996-01-12)
Running time
89 minutes
94 minutes (Unrated)
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$3.8 million
Box office
$20,109,115[1]
Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood (or simply Don't Be a Menace) is a 1996 American crime comedy parody film directed by Paris Barclay in his feature film directorial debut, and produced by Keenen Ivory Wayans, and also written by Wayans brothers Shawn and Marlon Wayans, who also both starred in the lead roles. The film was released in the United States on January 12, 1996.
Similar to I'm Gonna Git You Sucka, the film spoofs a number of African-American, coming-of-age, hood films such as Juice, Jungle Fever, South Central, Higher Learning, Do the Right Thing, Poetic Justice, New Jack City, Dead Presidents, Friday, and most prominently Boyz n the Hood, Menace II Society and Above the Rim. The film's title borrows phrases from some of those films, and some of the actors who starred in those movies appear in the film, in some cases appearing in similar roles or scenes as the films being parodied.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Reception
4 Soundtrack
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Ashtray, Tray for short, is sent to the inner city to live with his father. Tray gets an education about life on the streets from his psychotic, gun-toting cousin Loc Dog, Preach, and Crazy Legs. At a picnic Tray falls for the infamous Dashiki much to the distaste of ex-convict Toothpick. While Ashtray and Loc Dog head to buy some snacks, Toothpick and his posse confront Ashtray and hold him at gunpoint, until Loc Dog threatens them and they flee.
Loc Dog and Ashtray get harassed in a Korean store by the owners and Loc Dog shoots at the owners when a remark is made about his mother. The two are then confronted by 'The Man' (a mysterious white, government figure) who kills the Koreans and tosses them his gun to frame them and leaves.
Meanwhile, Ashtray and Loc Dog's Grandma ride to church and another elderly woman disses her, resulting in a breakdancing contest that Grandma wins.
Ashtray visits Dashiki where they engage in sexual intercourse and Tray impregnates Dashiki. Feeling like he's not responsible enough to be the father, Dashiki kicks him out. Someone from Toothpick's posse threatens Ashtray, Loc Dog, Preach, and Crazy Legs. Loc Dog knocks him out as he and Preach proceed to stomp him, flattening him (literally). The quartet decides to get protection from their friend Old School. This tactic fails as Toothpick performs another drive-by and Crazy Legs is injured. With Crazy Legs hospitalized, himself and Loc Dog being arrested, and the Korean store shooting, Tray decides to confront Dashiki and be the father. Dashiki agrees to give Tray another try and they decide to leave the hood as planned. Ashtray and Loc Dog talk about Ashtray's departure as Toothpick and his posse prepare for another drive-by and he and Loc Dog clash as Ashtray flees and trips and is knocked out as Loc and Toothpick continue to shoot at each other. They are saved when Grandma pops out of the dumpster and shoots Toothpick's car as Toothpick is flung out and he lands on a cop car. Preach and Dashiki find Ashtray hurt and he regains consciousness and kisses Dashiki. A woman finds Toothpick (who turns out to be his mother) and beats him with his shoe for stealing from her in the past.
Afterwards, everyone goes their separate ways: Ashtray and Dashiki marry and enjoy their lives, Loc Dog becomes a host and introduces himself with extreme profanity, Preach and his crush settle down and perform sexual intercourse, Crazy Legs becomes a dancer as he had dreamed of, and Grandma is, as Ashtray puts it, "still Grandma" (showing her smoking marijuana).
Cast[edit]
Shawn Wayans as Ashtray, the everyman, trying to make his way through a confusing world, is sent by his mother to live in the ghetto where his father might teach him how to become a man. Based on Tre Styles from Boyz n the Hood and Caine Lawson from Menace II Society.
Vivica A. Fox as Ashtray's mother, whose one-scene, one-line cameo at the beginning ends with her son asking: "So will I see you again?" and her reply, "Sorry baby. You know there ain't no positive black females in these movies." Based on Reva Devereaux-Styles from Boyz n the Hood.
Lahmard Tate as Ashtray's father, Ashtray's temperamental role model who dispenses sage advice to his son. According to Ashtray, he is only "a couple years older than I am." Though many references were made to Ashtray possibly being older than he was, such as Ashtray attending a party that his father is not old enough to attend. Based on Furious Styles from Boyz n the Hood.
Marlon Wayans as Loc Dog: Ashtray's cousin and gangsta/drug dealer/criminal. He drives a USPS delivery truck which is loaded in the back with ballistics, including a nuclear weapon. Based on O-Dog from Menace II Society and Doughboy from Boyz n the Hood.
Helen Martin as Grandma, Ashtray and Loc Dog's grandmother; a marijuana-smoking, foul-mouthed, church-going woman.
Chris Spencer as Preach, Ashtray's friend and former gang member turned 'politically conscious' activist, resembling a Nation of Islam member, but is now just "confused"; he has a fetish for white girls. Based on Sharif from Menace II Society and Ali from South Central.
Suli McCullough as Crazy Legs: Ashtray's friend; was paralyzed in a drive-by. Has a dream to be a professional dancer. Based on Chris from Boyz n the Hood.
Tracey Cherelle Jones as Dashiki, the object of Ashtray's affections. A "hood mother" with seven kids by seven different men. Dashiki's address is 6969 Penetration Avenue. Based on Ronnie from Menace II Society and Justice from Poetic Justice.
Isaiah Barnes as Doo Rag: Dashiki's oldest son and the only one of her kids who has more than one line of dialogue. He pulls a gun on Ashtray after losing a video game. When he admits he learned about guns from "cartoons and 'hood movies'", Ashtray passionately declares that he and Doo Rag are an endangered species—not because their lives are in danger, but because "rappers are taking all the good acting jobs!". The kid rolls his eyes as Ashtray lectures him about the values of education. Based on Anthony from Menace II Society
Darrell Heath as Toothpick, Dashiki's ex-boyfriend, who was just released from prison and still acts like he's incarcerated. He swears he will kill Ashtray for romancing Dashiki. Based on Ferris from Boyz n the Hood.
Antonio Fargas as Old School
Bernie Mac as Officer Self Hatred, a cop who harasses Ashtray and Loc Dog. As he has Ashtray pinned against his squad car, he goes on and on about how much he hates black people and anything black. Based on the bully cop from Boyz n the Hood.
Terri J. Vaughn as Keisha: A possessed woman that Loc Dog met at the late night party and takes to the cargo hold of his truck. While proceeding to have sex with her, she morphs into a demonic version of herself and proceeds to force Loc Dog to have sex with her. It is unknown what happened after this.
Benjamin N. Everitt as The Man, a pale white man with red hair and glasses, who systematically robs a convenience store while the Korean owners are keeping a close, racist eye on Ashtray and Loc Dog and completely ignore his crimes. When Loc Dog is firing his gun at the owners and not hitting them, The Man fires his gun once and hits a hanging light that falls on the owners and kills them. He then tosses his gun to an unwitting Ashtray and Loc Dog, who mistakenly catch it as he scratches their names off his list of black men whom he's framed for crimes and peels off a single glove (a reference to the O.J. Simpson case).
Fozeyl Fuzz Atcha as Dave the Crackhead, a drug user apparently going through withdrawal who offers to perform fellatio in return for spare change or directions to a person's house. Based on the nameless "Basehead" character from Menace II Society.
Keenen Ivory Wayans as The Mailman; he appears various times throughout the film shouting "Message!" whenever a moral lesson is expressed without subtlety in dialogue. At the end of the film, when Loc Dog gives a rambling speech to Ashtray, the Mailman appears, and says, "What the fuck is he talking about?"
LaWanda Page as Old School's mom
Reception[edit]
Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood collected $8,112,884 from 1,010 theatres its opening weekend, opening at #2 at the box office, averaging $8,032 per theatre.[2] By the end of its theatrical run, the film domestically grossed $20,109,115.[1]
The movie was met with a negative response from critics.[3][4][5][6] Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 32% based on 25 reviews.[7]
Soundtrack[edit]
Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood: The Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
January 9, 1996 (1996-01-09)
Recorded
April 1995 – January 1996
Genre
Hip hop
R&B
Length
76:13
Label
Island Records
Producer
Various artists
The soundtrack was released on January 9, 1996 by Island Records. It peaked at #18 on the Billboard 200 and #3 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. Allmusic rated this soundtrack three out of five stars.[8] On March 14, 1996, The RIAA certified the album Gold for selling over 500,000 copies in the United States of America.
"Winter Warz" – 5:10 (Ghostface Killah, Masta Killa, U-God, Raekwon & Cappadonna)
"Renee" – 5:00 (Lost Boyz)
"Funky Sounds" – 4:01 (Lil' Bud & Tizone)
"Give It Up" – 3:53 (Jodeci)
"Can't Be Wasting My Time" – 4:34 (Mona Lisa featuring Lost Boyz)
"Time to Shine" – 4:41 (Junior M.A.F.I.A's "Lil' Kim" featuring Mona Lisa)
"Maintain" – 3:13 (Erick Sermon)
"We Got More" – 3:07 (Shock G featuring The Luniz)
"Let's Lay Together" – 4:42 (The Isley Brothers)
"All the Things (Your Man Won't Do)" – 6:19 (Joe)
"Tempo Slow" – 4:27 (R. Kelly)
"Live Wires Connect" – 6:03 (UGK featuring Keith Murray and Lord Jamar)
"Up North Trip" – 4:57 (Mobb Deep)
"Freak It Out!" – 3:12 (Doug E. Fresh featuring Luke)
"Suga Daddy" – 3:28 (Suga-T)
"It's Time" – 5:25 (Blue Raspberry)
"Don't Give Up" – 3:57 (The Island Inspirational All-Stars featuring Kirk Franklin and The Family, Hezekiah Walker and the Fellowship Choir, Donald Lawrence and the Tri-City Singers, & Karen Clark-Sheard)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood (1996)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. 1996-02-09. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
Jump up ^ Puig, Claudia (1996-01-17). "'12 Monkeys' on a Holiday Roll". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
Jump up ^ Stephen Holden (January 13, 1996). "FILM REVIEW;Questions, Questions: 'Are You My Daddy?'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
Jump up ^ Godfrey Cheshire (January 14, 1996). "Film Reviews: Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood". Variety. Retrieved 2012-01-31.
Jump up ^ Bruce Fretts (January 26, 1996). "Movie Review: Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
Jump up ^ "Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood". Deseret News. January 26, 1996. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
Jump up ^ "Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in The Hood". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. Don't Be a Menace to South Central While You're Drinking Your Juice in the Hood: The Soundtrack at AllMusic
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood
Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood on IMDb
Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood at AllMovie
Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood at Box Office Mojo
Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood at Rotten Tomatoes
show
v
t
e
Films directed by Paris Barclay
Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood (1996)
The Cherokee Kid (1996)
America's Dream (1996)
The Chang Family Saves the World (2002)
The Big Time (2002)
The Street Lawyer (2003)
Dead Lawyers (2004)
Hate (2005)
Big Mike (2011)
show
v
t
e
Films by Keenen Ivory Wayans
Directed
I'm Gonna Git You Sucka (1988)
A Low Down Dirty Shame (1994)
Scary Movie (2000)
Scary Movie 2 (2001)
White Chicks (2004)
Little Man (2006)
Produced
Eddie Murphy Raw (1987)
Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood (1996)
White Chicks (2004)
Little Man (2006)
Dance Flick (2009)
TV series created
In Living Color
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Be_a_Menace_to_South_Central_While_Drinking_Your_Juice_in_the_Hood&oldid=847670068"
Categories:
1996 films
English-language films
1990s criminal comedy films
1990s gang films
African-American films
African-American comedy films
American films
American black comedy films
American criminal comedy films
American gang films
American independent films
American parody films
American satirical films
Directorial debut films
Films about race and ethnicity
Films about racism
Films about revenge
Hood films
Films directed by Paris Barclay
Hidden categories:
Film articles using image size parameter
Articles with hAudio microformats
Album infoboxes lacking a cover
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
Català
Dansk
Deutsch
Français
Italiano
Қазақша
Polski
Português
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
Українська
5 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 June 2018, at 00:24 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

attrs: colspan style

attrs: scope style

values:
/wiki/Miramax_Films
mw-redirect
Miramax Films

values:
/wiki/Jungle_Fever_(film)
mw-redirect
Jungle Fever (film)

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/O.J._Simpson
mw-redirect
O.J. Simpson

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background-color: gainsboro

values: Let's Lay Together (The Isley Brothers song)

values:
/wiki/Karen_Clark-Sheard
mw-redirect
Karen Clark-Sheard

values:
/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times
mw-redirect
The Los Angeles Times

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmusic.com/album/r229752

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: q:Special:Search/Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0116126/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v135586

values: Template talk:Paris Barclay (page does not exist)

values: The Chang Family Saves the World (page does not exist)

values: The Big Time (film) (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Category:Films directed by Paris Barclay

values: Category:Film articles using image size parameter

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Album infoboxes lacking a cover

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood – Danish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: Hip Hop Hood – Im Viertel ist die Hölle los – German

values: Өз ауданыңда шырын ішіп жүріп, Оң Централға қауіп төндірме – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values: Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood – Portuguese

values: Не грози Южному централу, попивая сок у себя в квартале – Russian

values: Kulman kundit eivät ole uhka yhteiskunnalle kuumana kesäpäivänä South Centralissa – Finnish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: Не погрожуй Південному Централу, попиваючи сік у своєму кварталі – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Don_t_Be_a_Menace_to_South_Central_While_Drinking_Your_Juice_in_the_Hood rootpage-Don_t_Be_a_Menace_to_South_Central_While_Drinking_Your_Juice_in_the_Hood skin-vector action-view


text:
Biome
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Further information: Vegetation type
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
One way of mapping terrestrial biomes around the world
A biome /ˈbaɪoʊm/ is a community of plants and animals that have common characteristics for the environment they exist in. They can be found over a range of continents. Biomes are distinct biological communities that have formed in response to a shared physical climate.[1][2] "Biome" is a broader term than "habitat"; any biome can comprise a variety of habitats.
While a biome can cover large areas, a microbiome is a mix of organisms that coexist in a defined space on a much smaller scale. For example, the human microbiome is the collection of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms that are present on a human body.[3]
A 'biota' is the total collection of organisms of a geographic region or a time period, from local geographic scales and instantaneous temporal scales all the way up to whole-planet and whole-timescale spatiotemporal scales. The biotas of the Earth make up the biosphere.
Contents
[hide]
1 History of the concept
2 Classifications
2.1 Holdridge (1947, 1964) life zones
2.2 Allee (1949) biome-types
2.3 Kendeigh (1961) biomes
2.4 Whittaker (1962, 1970, 1975) biome-types
2.4.1 Key definitions for understanding Whittaker's scheme
2.4.2 Whittaker's parameters for classifying biome-types
2.4.3 Biome-types
2.5 Goodall (1974-) ecosystem types
2.6 Walter (1976, 2002) zonobiomes
2.7 Schultz (1988) ecozones
2.8 Bailey (1989) ecoregions
2.9 Olson & Dinerstein (1998) biomes for WWF / Global 200
2.9.1 Biogeographic realms (terrestrial and freshwater)
2.9.2 Biogeographic realms (marine)
2.9.3 Biomes (terrestrial)
2.9.4 Biomes (freshwater)
2.9.5 Biomes (marine)
2.9.6 Summary of the scheme
3 Other biomes
3.1 Marine biomes
3.2 Anthropogenic biomes
3.3 Microbial biomes
3.3.1 Endolithic biomes
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History of the concept
The term was suggested in 1916 by Clements, originally as a synonym for biotic community of Möbius (1877).[4] Later, it gained its current definition, based on earlier concepts of phytophysiognomy, formation and vegetation (used in opposition to flora), with the inclusion of the animal element and the exclusion of the taxonomic element of species composition.[5][6] In 1935, Tansley added the climatic and soil aspects to the idea, calling it ecosystem.[7][8] The International Biological Program (1964–74) projects popularized the concept of biome.[9]
However, in some contexts, the term biome is used in a different manner. In German literature, particularly in the Walter terminology, the term is used similarly as biotope (a concrete geographical unit), while the biome definition used in this article is used as an international, non-regional, terminology - irrespectively of the continent in which an area is present, it takes the same biome name - and corresponds to his "zonobiome", "orobiome" and "pedobiome" (biomes determined by climate zone, altitude or soil).[10]
In Brazilian literature, the term "biome" is sometimes used as synonym of "biogeographic province", an area based on species composition (the term "floristic province" being used when plant species are considered), or also as synonym of the "morphoclimatic and phytogeographical domain" of Ab'Sáber, a geographic space with subcontinental dimensions, with the predominance of similar geomorphologic and climatic characteristics, and of a certain vegetation form. Both includes many biomes in fact.[5][11][12]
Classifications
To divide the world in a few ecological zones is a difficult attempt, notably because of the small-scale variations that exist everywhere on earth and because of the gradual changeover from one biome to the other. Their boundaries must therefore be drawn arbitrarily and their characterization made according to the average conditions that predominate in them.[13]
A 1978 study on North American grasslands[14] found a positive logistic correlation between evapotranspiration in mm/yr and above-ground net primary production in g/m2/yr. The general results from the study were that precipitation and water use led to above-ground primary production, while solar irradiation and temperature lead to below-ground primary production (roots), and temperature and water lead to cool and warm season growth habit.[15] These findings help explain the categories used in Holdridge’s bioclassification scheme (see below), which were then later simplified by Whittaker. The number of classification schemes and the variety of determinants used in those schemes, however, should be taken as strong indicators that biomes do not fit perfectly into the classification schemes created.
Holdridge (1947, 1964) life zones
Main article: Holdridge life zones
Holdridge classified climates based on the biological effects of temperature and rainfall on vegetation under the assumption that these two abiotic factors are the largest determinants of the types of vegetation found in a habitat. Holdridge uses the four axes to define 30 so-called "humidity provinces", which are clearly visible in his diagram. While this scheme largely ignores soil and sun exposure, Holdridge acknowledged that these were important.
Allee (1949) biome-types
The principal biome-types by Allee (1949):[16]
Tundra
Taiga
Deciduous forest
Grasslands
Desert
High plateaus
Tropical forest
Minor terrestrial biomes
Kendeigh (1961) biomes
The principal biomes of the world by Kendeigh (1961):[17]
Terrestrial
Temperate deciduous forest
Coniferous forest
Woodland
Chaparral
Tundra
Grassland
Desert
Tropical savanna
Tropical forest
Marine
Oceanic plankton and nekton
Balanoid-gastropod-thallophyte
Pelecypod-annelid
Coral reef
Whittaker (1962, 1970, 1975) biome-types
The distribution of vegetation types as a function of mean annual temperature and precipitation.
Whittaker classified biomes using two abiotic factors: precipitation and temperature. His scheme can be seen as a simplification of Holdridge's; more readily accessible, but missing Holdridge's greater specificity.
Whittaker based his approach on theoretical assertions and empirical sampling. He was in a unique position to make such a holistic assertion because he had previously compiled a review of biome classifications.[18]
Key definitions for understanding Whittaker's scheme
Physiognomy: the apparent characteristics, outward features, or appearance of ecological communities or species.
Biome: a grouping of terrestrial ecosystems on a given continent that are similar in vegetation structure, physiognomy, features of the environment and characteristics of their animal communities.
Formation: a major kind of community of plants on a given continent.
Biome-type: grouping of convergent biomes or formations of different continents, defined by physiognomy.
Formation-type:a grouping of convergent formations.
Whittaker's distinction between biome and formation can be simplified: formation is used when applied to plant communities only, while biome is used when concerned with both plants and animals. Whittaker's convention of biome-type or formation-type is simply a broader method to categorize similar communities.[19]
Whittaker's parameters for classifying biome-types
Whittaker, seeing the need for a simpler way to express the relationship of community structure to the environment, used what he called "gradient analysis" of ecocline patterns to relate communities to climate on a worldwide scale. Whittaker considered four main ecoclines in the terrestrial realm.[19]
Intertidal levels: The wetness gradient of areas that are exposed to alternating water and dryness with intensities that vary by location from high to low tide
Climatic moisture gradient
Temperature gradient by altitude
Temperature gradient by latitude
Along these gradients, Whittaker noted several trends that allowed him to qualitatively establish biome-types:
The gradient runs from favorable to extreme, with corresponding changes in productivity.
Changes in physiognomic complexity vary with how favorable of an environment exists (decreasing community structure and reduction of stratal differentiation as the environment becomes less favorable).
Trends in diversity of structure follow trends in species diversity; alpha and beta species diversities decrease from favorable to extreme environments.
Each growth-form (i.e. grasses, shrubs, etc.) has its characteristic place of maximum importance along the ecoclines.
The same growth forms may be dominant in similar environments in widely different parts of the world.
Whittaker summed the effects of gradients (3) and (4) to get an overall temperature gradient, and combined this with gradient (2), the moisture gradient, to express the above conclusions in what is known as the Whittaker classification scheme. The scheme graphs average annual precipitation (x-axis) versus average annual temperature (y-axis) to classify biome-types.
Biome-types
Tropical rainforest
Tropical seasonal rainforest
deciduous
semideciduous
Temperate giant rainforest
Montane rainforest
Temperate deciduous forest
Temperate evergreen forest
needleleaf
sclerophyll
Subarctic-subalpin needle-leaved forests (taiga)
Elfin woodland
Thorn forests and woodlands
Thorn scrub
Temperate woodland
Temperate shrublands
deciduous
heath
sclerophyll
subalpine-needleleaf
subalpine-broadleaf
Savanna
Temperate grassland
Alpine grasslands
Tundra
Tropical desert
Warm-temperate desert
Cool temperate desert scrub
Arctic-alpine desert
Bog
Tropical fresh-water swamp forest
Temperate fresh-water swamp forest
Mangrove swamp
Salt marsh
Wetland[20]
Goodall (1974-) ecosystem types
... The multiauthored series Ecosystems of the world, edited by David W. Goodall, provides a comprehensive coverage of the major "ecosystem types or biomes" on earth:[21]
Terrestrial Ecosystems
Natural Terrestrial Ecosystems
Wet Coastal Ecosystems
Dry Coastal Ecosystems
Polar and Alpine Tundra
Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen and Moor
Temperate Deserts and Semi-Deserts
Coniferous Forests
Temperate Deciduous Forests
Natural Grasslands
Heathlands and Related Shrublands
Temperate Broad-Leaved Evergreen Forests
Mediterranean-Type Shrublands
Hot Deserts and Arid Shrublands
Tropical Savannas
Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems
Wetland Forests
Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground
Managed Terrestrial Ecosystems
Managed Grasslands
Field Crop Ecosystems
Tree Crop Ecosystems
Greenhouse Ecosystems
Bioindustrial Ecosystems
Aquatic Ecosystems
Inland Aquatic Ecosystems
River and Stream Ecosystems
Lakes and Reservoirs
Marine Ecosystems
Intertidal and Littoral Ecosystems
Coral Reefs
Estuaries and Enclosed Seas
Ecosystems of the Continental Shelves
Ecosystems of the Deep Ocean
Managed Aquatic Ecosystems
Managed Aquatic Ecosystems
Underground Ecosystems
Cave Ecosystems
Walter (1976, 2002) zonobiomes
The eponymously-named Heinrich Walter classification scheme considers the seasonality of temperature and precipitation. The system, also assessing precipitation and temperature, finds nine major biome types, with the important climate traits and vegetation types. The boundaries of each biome correlate to the conditions of moisture and cold stress that are strong determinants of plant form, and therefore the vegetation that defines the region. Extreme conditions, such as flooding in a swamp, can create different kinds of communities within the same biome.[10][22][23]
Zonobiome
Zonal soil type
Zonal vegetation type
ZB I. Equatorial, always moist, little temperature seasonality Equatorial brown clays Evergreen tropical rainforest
ZB II. Tropical, summer rainy season and cooler “winter” dry season Red clays or red earths Tropical seasonal forest, seasonal dry forest, scrub, or savanna
ZB III. Subtropical, highly seasonal, arid climate Serosemes, sierozemes Desert vegetation with considerable exposed surface
ZB IV. Mediterranean, winter rainy season and summer drought Mediterranean brown earths Sclerophyllous (drought-adapted), frost-sensitive shrublands and woodlands
ZB V. Warm temperate, occasional frost, often with summer rainfall maximum Yellow or red forest soils, slightly podsolic soils Temperate evergreen forest, somewhat frost-sensitive
ZB VI. Nemoral, moderate climate with winter freezing Forest brown earths and grey forest soils Frost-resistant, deciduous, temperate forest
ZB VII. Continental, arid, with warm or hot summers and cold winters Chernozems to serozems Grasslands and temperate deserts
ZB VIII. Boreal, cold temperate with cool summers and long winters Podsols Evergreen, frost-hardy, needle-leaved forest (taiga)
ZB IX. Polar, short, cool summers and long, cold winters Tundra humus soils with solifluction (permafrost soils) Low, evergreen vegetation, without trees, growing over permanently frozen soils
Schultz (1988) ecozones
Schultz (1988) defined nine ecozones (note that his concept of ecozone is more similar to the concept of biome used in this article than to the concept of ecozone of BBC):[24]
polar/subpolar zone
boreal zone
humid mid-latitudes
arid mid-latitudes
tropical/subtropical arid lands
Mediterranean-type subtropics
seasonal tropics
humid subtropics
humid tropics
Bailey (1989) ecoregions
Robert G. Bailey nearly developed a biogeographical classification system of ecoregions for the United States in a map published in 1976. He subsequently expanded the system to include the rest of North America in 1981, and the world in 1989. The Bailey system, based on climate, is divided into seven domains (polar, humid temperate, dry, humid, and humid tropical), with further divisions based on other climate characteristics (subarctic, warm temperate, hot temperate, and subtropical; marine and continental; lowland and mountain).[25][26]
100 Polar Domain
120 Tundra Division (Köppen: Ft)
M120 Tundra Division – Mountain Provinces
130 Subarctic Division (Köppen: E)
M130 Subarctic Division – Mountain Provinces
200 Humid Temperate Domain
210 Warm Continental Division (Köppen: portion of Dcb)
M210 Warm Continental Division – Mountain Provinces
220 Hot Continental Division (Köppen: portion of Dca)
M220 Hot Continental Division – Mountain Provinces
230 Subtropical Division (Köppen: portion of Cf)
M230 Subtropical Division – Mountain Provinces
240 Marine Division (Köppen: Do)
M240 Marine Division – Mountain Provinces
250 Prairie Division (Köppen: arid portions of Cf, Dca, Dcb)
260 Mediterranean Division (Köppen: Cs)
M260 Mediterranean Division – Mountain Provinces
300 Dry Domain
310 Tropical/Subtropical Steppe Division
M310 Tropical/Subtropical Steppe Division – Mountain Provinces
320 Tropical/Subtropical Desert Division
330 Temperate Steppe Division
340 Temperate Desert Division
400 Humid Tropical Domain
410 Savanna Division
420 Rainforest Division
Olson & Dinerstein (1998) biomes for WWF / Global 200
Main article: Global 200
A team of biologists convened by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) developed a scheme that divided the world's land area into biogeographic realms (called "ecozones" in a BBC scheme), and these into ecoregions (Olson & Dinerstein, 1998, etc.). Each ecoregion is characterized by a main biome (also called major habitat type).[27][28]
This classification is used to define the Global 200 list of ecoregions identified by the WWF as priorities for conservation.[27]
For the terrestrial ecoregions, there is a specific EcoID, format XXnnNN (XX is the biogeographic realm, nn is the biome number, NN is the individual number).
Biogeographic realms (terrestrial and freshwater)
NA: Nearctic
PA: Palearctic
AT: Afrotropic
IM: Indomalaya
AA: Australasia
NT: Neotropic
OC: Oceania
AN: Antarctic[28]
The applicability of the realms scheme above - based on Udvardy (1975) - to most freshwater taxa is unresolved.[29]
Biogeographic realms (marine)
Arctic
Temperate Northern Atlantic
Temperate Northern Pacific
Tropical Atlantic
Western Indo-Pacific
Central Indo-Pacific
Eastern Indo-Pacific
Tropical Eastern Pacific
Temperate South America
Temperate Southern Africa
Temperate Australasia
Southern Ocean[30]
Biomes (terrestrial)
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (tropical and subtropical, humid)
Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests (tropical and subtropical, semihumid)
Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests (tropical and subtropical, semihumid)
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests (temperate, humid)
Temperate coniferous forests (temperate, humid to semihumid)
Boreal forests/taiga (subarctic, humid)
Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands (tropical and subtropical, semiarid)
Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands (temperate, semiarid)
Flooded grasslands and savannas (temperate to tropical, fresh or brackish water inundated)
Montane grasslands and shrublands (alpine or montane climate)
Tundra (Arctic)
Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub or sclerophyll forests (temperate warm, semihumid to semiarid with winter rainfall)
Deserts and xeric shrublands (temperate to tropical, arid)
Mangrove (subtropical and tropical, salt water inundated)[28]
Biomes (freshwater)
According to the WWF, the following are classified as freshwater biomes:[31]
Large lakes
Large river deltas
Polar freshwaters
Montane freshwaters
Temperate coastal rivers
Temperate floodplain rivers and wetlands
Temperate upland rivers
Tropical and subtropical coastal rivers
Tropical and subtropical floodplain rivers and wetlands
Tropical and subtropical upland rivers
Xeric freshwaters and endorheic basins
Oceanic islands
Biomes (marine)
Biomes of the coastal and continental shelf areas (neritic zone):
Polar
Temperate shelves and sea
Temperate upwelling
Tropical upwelling
Tropical coral[32]
Summary of the scheme
Biosphere
Biogeographic realms (terrestrial) (8)
Ecoregions (867), each characterized by a main biome type (14)
Ecosystems (biotopes)
Biosphere
Biogeographic realms (freshwater) (8)
Ecoregions (426), each characterized by a main biome type (12)
Ecosystems (biotopes)
Biosphere
Biogeographic realms (marine) (12)
(Marine provinces) (62)
Ecoregions (232), each characterized by a main biome type (5)
Ecosystems (biotopes)
Example:
Biosphere
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Ecoregion: Dinaric Mountains mixed forests (PA0418); biome type: temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
Ecosystem: Orjen, vegetation belt between 1,100–1,450 m, Oromediterranean zone, nemoral zone (temperate zone)
Biotope: Oreoherzogio-Abietetum illyricae Fuk. (Plant list)
Plant: Silver fir (Abies alba)
Other biomes
Marine biomes
Further information: Marine habitats
Pruvot (1896) zones or "systems":[33]
Litoral zone
Pelagic zone
Abyssal zone
Longhurst (1998) biomes:[34]
Coastal
Polar
Trade wind
Westerly
Other marine habitat types (not covered yet by the Global 200/WWF scheme):[citation needed]
Open sea
Deep sea
Hydrothermal vents
Cold seeps
Benthic zone
Pelagic zone (trades and westerlies)
Abyssal
Hadal (ocean trench)
Littoral/Intertidal zone
Kelp forest
Pack ice
Anthropogenic biomes
Humans have altered global patterns of biodiversity and ecosystem processes. As a result, vegetation forms predicted by conventional biome systems can no longer be observed across much of Earth's land surface as they have been replaced by crop and rangelands or cities. Anthropogenic biomes provide an alternative view of the terrestrial biosphere based on global patterns of sustained direct human interaction with ecosystems, including agriculture, human settlements, urbanization, forestry and other uses of land. Anthropogenic biomes offer a new way forward in ecology and conservation by recognizing the irreversible coupling of human and ecological systems at global scales and moving us toward an understanding of how best to live in and manage our biosphere and the anthropogenic biomes we live in.
Major anthropogenic biomes:
Dense settlements
Croplands
Rangelands
Forested
Indoor[35]
Microbial biomes
Further information: Habitat § Microhabitats
Endolithic biomes
The endolithic biome, consisting entirely of microscopic life in rock pores and cracks, kilometers beneath the surface, has only recently been discovered, and does not fit well into most classification schemes.[36]
See also
Environment portal
Ecology portal
Earth sciences portal
Biology portal
Sustainable development portal
Biomics
Ecosystem
Ecotope
Climate classification
Life zones
Natural environment
References
Jump up ^ "The world's biomes". www.ucmp.berkeley.edu.
Jump up ^ Cain, Michael; Bowman, William; Hacker, Sally (2014). Ecology (Third ed.). Massachusetts: Sinauer. p. 51. ISBN 9780878939084.
Jump up ^ "Finally, A Map Of All The Microbes On Your Body". NPR.org.
Jump up ^ Clements, F. E. 1917. The development and structure of biotic communities. J. Ecology 5:120–121. Abstract of a talk in 1916, [1].
^ Jump up to: a b Coutinho, L. M. (2006). O conceito de bioma. Acta Bot. Bras. 20(1): 13-23, [2].
Jump up ^ Martins, F. R. & Batalha, M. A. (2011). Formas de vida, espectro biológico de Raunkiaer e fisionomia da vegetação. In: Felfili, J. M., Eisenlohr, P. V.; Fiuza de Melo, M. M. R.; Andrade, L. A.; Meira Neto, J. A. A. (Org.). Fitossociologia no Brasil: métodos e estudos de caso. Vol. 1. Viçosa: Editora UFV. p. 44-85. [3]. Earlier version, 2003, [4].
Jump up ^ Cox, C. B., Moore, P.D. & Ladle, R. J. 2016. Biogeography: an ecological and evolutionary approach. 9th edition. John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, p. 20, [5].
Jump up ^ Tansley, A.G. (1935). The use and abuse of vegetational terms and concepts. Ecology 16 (3): 284–307, "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-06. Retrieved 2016-09-24. .
Jump up ^ Box, E.O. & Fujiwara, K. (2005). Vegetation types and their broad-scale distribution. In: van der Maarel, E. (ed.). Vegetation ecology. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford. pp 106–128, [6].
^ Jump up to: a b Walter, H. & Breckle, S-W. (2002). Walter's Vegetation of the Earth: The Ecological Systems of the Geo-Biosphere. New York: Springer-Verlag, p. 86, [7].
Jump up ^ Batalha, M.A. (2011). The Brazilian cerrado is not a biome. Biota Neotrop. 11:21–4, [8].
Jump up ^ Fiaschi, P.; Pirani, J.R. 2009. Review of plant biogeographic studies in Brazil. Journal of Systematics and Evolution, v. 47, p. 477-496. Disponível em: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249500929_Review_of_plant_biogeographic_studies_in_Brazil>.
Jump up ^ Schultz, Jürgen (1995). The ecozones of the world. pp. 2–3. ISBN 3540582932.
Jump up ^ Sims, Phillip L.; Singh, J.S. (July 1978). "The Structure and Function of Ten Western North American Grasslands: III. Net Primary Production, Turnover and Efficiencies of Energy Capture and Water Use". Journal of Ecology. British Ecological Society. 66 (2): 573–597. doi:10.2307/2259152.
Jump up ^ Pomeroy, Lawrence R. and James J. Alberts, editors. Concepts of Ecosystem Ecology. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1988.
Jump up ^ Allee, W.C. (1949). Principles of animal ecology. Philadelphia, Saunders Co., [9].
Jump up ^ Kendeigh, S.C. (1961). Animal ecology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, [Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall,1961.].
Jump up ^ Whittaker, Robert H., Botanical Review, Classification of Natural Communities, Vol. 28, No. 1 (Jan–Mar 1962), pp. 1–239.
^ Jump up to: a b Whittaker, Robert H. Communities and Ecosystems. New York: MacMillan Publishing Company, Inc., 1975.
Jump up ^ Whittaker, R. H. (1970). Communities and Ecosystems. Toronto, p. 51–64, [10].
Jump up ^ Goodall, D. W. (editor-in-chief). Ecosystems of the World. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 36 vol., 1974-, [11].
Jump up ^ Walter, H. 1976. Die ökologischen Systeme der Kontinente (Biogeosphäre). Prinzipien ihrer Gliederung mit Beispielen. Stuttgart.
Jump up ^ Walter, H. & Breckle, S-W. (1991). Ökologie der Erde, Band 1, Grundlagen. Stuttgart.
Jump up ^ Schultz, J. Die Ökozonen der Erde, 1st ed., Ulmer, Stuttgart, Germany, 1988, 488 pp.; 2nd ed., 1995, 535 pp.; 3rd ed., 2002. Transl.: The Ecozones of the World: The Ecological Divisions of the Geosphere. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1995; 2nd ed., 2005, [12].
Jump up ^ http://www.fs.fed.us/land/ecosysmgmt/index.html Bailey System, US Forest Service
Jump up ^ Bailey, R. G. 1989. Explanatory supplement to ecoregions map of the continents. Environmental Conservation 16: 307-309. [With map of land-masses of the world, "Ecoregions of the Continents — Scale 1 : 30,000,000", published as a supplement.]
^ Jump up to: a b Olson, D. M. & E. Dinerstein (1998). The Global 200: A representation approach to conserving the Earth’s most biologically valuable ecoregions. Conservation Biol. 12:502–515, [13].
^ Jump up to: a b c Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., Powell, G. V. N., Underwood, E. C., D'Amico, J. A., Itoua, I., Strand, H. E., Morrison, J. C., Loucks, C. J., Allnutt, T. F., Ricketts, T. H., Kura, Y., Lamoreux, J. F., Wettengel, W. W., Hedao, P., Kassem, K. R. (2001). Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth. Bioscience 51(11):933-938, [14].
Jump up ^ Abell, R., M. Thieme, C. Revenga, M. Bryer, M. Kottelat, N. Bogutskaya, B. Coad, N. Mandrak, S. Contreras-Balderas, W. Bussing, M. L. J. Stiassny, P. Skelton, G. R. Allen, P. Unmack, A. Naseka, R. Ng, N. Sindorf, J. Robertson, E. Armijo, J. Higgins, T. J. Heibel, E. Wikramanayake, D. Olson, H. L. Lopez, R. E. d. Reis, J. G. Lundberg, M. H. Sabaj Perez, and P. Petry. (2008). Freshwater ecoregions of the world: A new map of biogeographic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation. BioScience 58:403-414, [15].
Jump up ^ Spalding, M. D. et al. (2007). Marine ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience 57: 573-583, [16].
Jump up ^ "Freshwater Ecoregions of the World: Major Habitat Types" "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-10-07. Retrieved 2008-05-13. . Accessed May 12, 2008.
Jump up ^ WWF: Marine Ecoregions of the World
Jump up ^ Pruvot, G. Conditions générales de la vie dans les mers et principes de distribution des organismes marins: Année Biologique, vol. 2, pp. 559—587, 1896, [17].
Jump up ^ Longhurst, A. 1998. Ecological Geography of the Sea. San Diego: Academic Press, [18].
Jump up ^ Zimmer, Carl (March 19, 2015). "The Next Frontier: The Great Indoors". The New York Times. Retrieved March 2015. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "What is the Endolithic Biome? (with picture)". wiseGEEK.
External links
This section's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Look up Biome in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
"Biomes". Encyclopedia of Earth.
Biomes of the world (Missouri Botanic Garden)
Global Currents and Terrestrial Biomes Map
WorldBiomes.com is a site covering the 5 principal world biome types: aquatic, desert, forest, grasslands, and tundra.
UWSP's online textbook The Physical Environment: – Earth Biomes
Panda.org's Habitats – describes the 14 major terrestrial habitats, 7 major freshwater habitats, and 5 major marine habitats.
Panda.org's Habitats Simplified – provides simplified explanations for 10 major terrestrial and aquatic habitat types.
UCMP Berkeley's The World's Biomes – provides lists of characteristics for some biomes and measurements of climate statistics.
Gale/Cengage has an excellent Biome Overview of terrestrial, aquatic, and man-made biomes with a particular focus on trees native to each, and has detailed descriptions of desert, rain forest, and wetland biomes.
Islands Of Wildness, The Natural Lands Of North America by Jim Bones, a video about continental biomes and climate change.
Dreams Of The Earth, Love Songs For A Troubled Planet by Jim Bones, a poetic video about the North American Biomes and climate change.
NASA's Earth Observatory Mission: Biomes gives an exemplar of each biome that is described in detail and provides scientific measurements of the climate statistics that define each biome.
hide
v
t
e
Biogeographic regionalisations
Biomes
Terrestrial
biomes
Polar/montane
Tundra
Taiga
Montane grasslands and shrublands
Temperate
Coniferous forests
Broadleaf and mixed forests
Deciduous forests
Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
Tropical and
subtropical
Coniferous forests
Moist broadleaf forests
Dry broadleaf forests
Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
Dry
Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
Deserts and xeric shrublands
Wet
Flooded grasslands and savannas
Riparian
Wetland
Aquatic
biomes
Pond
Littoral
Intertidal
Mangroves
Kelp forests
Coral reefs
Neritic zone
Pelagic zone
Benthic zone
Hydrothermal vents
Cold seeps
Demersal zone
Other biomes
Endolithic zone
Biogeographic
realms
Terrestrial
Afrotropical
Antarctic
Australasian
Nearctic
Palearctic
Indomalayan
Neotropical
Oceanian
Marine
Arctic
Temperate Northern Pacific
Tropical Atlantic
Western Indo-Pacific
Central Indo-Pacific
Tropical Eastern Pacific
Subdivisions
Biogeographic provinces
Bioregions
Ecoregions
List of ecoregions
Global 200 ecoregions
See also
Ecological land classification
Floristic kingdoms
Vegetation classifications
Zoogeographic regions
Authority control
GND: 4132387-7
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biome&oldid=845761594"
Categories:
Biomes
Habitats
Hidden categories:
CS1 errors: dates
Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism
Articles needing additional references from August 2012
All articles needing additional references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016
Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters
Wikipedia external links cleanup from March 2017
Wikipedia spam cleanup from March 2017
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ქართული
Қазақша
Kreyòl ayisyen
Кыргызча
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
پښتو
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Саха тыла
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
West-Vlams
中文
58 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 June 2018, at 23:24 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: This article is semi-protected until September 19, 2020, due to vandalism

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: b

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Human_microbiome
mw-redirect
Human microbiome

values:
/wiki/Biotic_community
mw-redirect
Biotic community

values:
/wiki/Formation_(vegetation)
mw-redirect
Formation (vegetation)

values:
/wiki/Biogeographic_province
mw-redirect
Biogeographic province

values:
/wiki/Floristic_province
mw-redirect
Floristic province

values:
/wiki/Robert_Harding_Whittaker
mw-redirect
Robert Harding Whittaker

values:
/wiki/Plant_communities
mw-redirect
Plant communities

values:
/wiki/David_W._Goodall
mw-redirect
David W. Goodall

values:
/wiki/Equatorial_region
mw-redirect
Equatorial region

values:
/wiki/Tropical_seasonal_forest
mw-redirect
Tropical seasonal forest

values: Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests

values:
/wiki/Boreal_climate
mw-redirect
Boreal climate

values:
/wiki/Ice_Cap_Climate
mw-redirect
Ice Cap Climate

values:
/wiki/Terrestrial_ecoregions
mw-redirect
Terrestrial ecoregions

values:
/wiki/Australasia_ecozone
mw-redirect
Australasia ecozone

values:
/wiki/Oceania_ecozone
mw-redirect
Oceania ecozone

values:
/wiki/Antarctic_ecozone
mw-redirect
Antarctic ecozone

values: Temperate Northern Atlantic (page does not exist)

values: Eastern Indo-Pacific (page does not exist)

values: Temperate South America (page does not exist)

values: Temperate Southern Africa (page does not exist)

values: Temperate Australasia (page does not exist)

values: Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests

values: Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests

values:
/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forests
mw-redirect
Temperate coniferous forests

values: Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands

values: Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub

values:
/wiki/Sclerophyll_forest
mw-redirect
Sclerophyll forest

values:
/wiki/River_deltas
mw-redirect
River deltas

values:
/wiki/Oceanic_islands
mw-redirect
Oceanic islands

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Anthropogenic_biomes
mw-redirect
Anthropogenic biomes

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F2259152

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.feow.org/mht.php

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links

values:
nofollow
external text
http://mbgnet.mobot.org

values:
nofollow
http://www.worldbiomes.com/
external text

values:
/wiki/Afrotropic_ecozone
mw-redirect
Afrotropic ecozone

values:
/wiki/Australasian_ecozone
mw-redirect
Australasian ecozone

values:
/wiki/Nearctic_ecozone
mw-redirect
Nearctic ecozone

values:
/wiki/Palearctic_ecozone
mw-redirect
Palearctic ecozone

values:
/wiki/Indomalaya_ecozone
mw-redirect
Indomalaya ecozone

values:
/wiki/Neotropic_ecozone
mw-redirect
Neotropic ecozone

values:
/wiki/Biogeographic_provinces
mw-redirect
Biogeographic provinces

values:
/wiki/List_of_ecoregions
mw-redirect
List of ecoregions

values:
/wiki/Floristic_kingdom
mw-redirect
Floristic kingdom

values:
/wiki/Zoogeographic_region
mw-redirect
Zoogeographic region

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4132387-7

values: Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2012

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016

values: Category:Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters

values: Category:Wikipedia external links cleanup from March 2017

values: Category:Wikipedia spam cleanup from March 2017

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Biome
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioom
Bioom – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioma
Bioma – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom
Biom – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: বায়োম – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom
Biom – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioma
Bioma – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom
Biom – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom
Biom – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom
Biom – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioom
Bioom – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Μεγαοικοσύστημα – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioma
Bioma – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomo
Biomo – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioma
Bioma – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: زیست‌بوم – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biome
Biome – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioma
Bioma – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: बायोम – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom
Biom – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioma
Bioma – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioma
Bioma – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: ביומה – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioma
Bioma – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: ბუნებრივი ზონები – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioma
Bioma – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomas
Biomas – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom
Biom – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom
Biom – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioom
Bioom – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom
Biom – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom
Biom – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values: بايوم – Pashto

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ps
display: none;

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom
Biom – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom
Biom – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioma
Bioma – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom
Biom – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Биом – Sakha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biome
Biome – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biome
Biome – Simple English
simple
simple
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%B3m
Bióm – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom
Biom – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: زیندە هەرێمەکانی وشکانی – Central Kurdish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom
Biom – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomi
Biomi – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom
Biom – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: ชีวนิเวศ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyom
Biyom – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioom
Bioom – West Flemish
vls
vls
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vls
display: none;

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Biome rootpage-Biome skin-vector action-view