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Pakistan Resolution in Sindh assembly
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Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who spoke three languages: Gujarati, Kutchi, and English
The Sindh assembly was the first British Indian legislature to pass the resolution in favour of Pakistan. Influential Sindhi activists under the supervision of G.M. Syed and other important leaders at the forefront of the provincial autonomy movement joined the Muslim League in 1938 and presented the Pakistan resolution in the Sindh Assembly. In 1890 Sindh acquired representation for the first time in the Bombay Legislative Assembly. Four members represented Sindh. Those leaders and many others from Sindh played an important role in ensuring the separation of Sindh from the Bombay Presidency, which took place on 1 April 1936.[1]
The newly created province of Sindh secured a legislative assembly of its own, elected on the basis of communal and minorities' representation. Sir Lancelot Graham was appointed as the first governor of Sindh by the British government on 1 April 1936. He was also the Head of the Council, which comprised 25 members, including two advisors from the Bombay Council to administer the affairs of Sindh until 1937. The British ruled the area for a century. According to English explorer Richard Burton, Sindh was one of the most restive provinces during the British Raj and was, at least originally, home to many prominent Muslim leaders such as Ubaidullah Sindhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah who strove for greater Muslim autonomy. At the 27th Session of the Muslim League at Lahore on March 23, 1940, Sir Haji Abdullah Haroon was among those who spoke and endorsed the Pakistan Resolution.[2]

References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Proceedings of the Sind Legislative Assembly : Official Report" (PDF). Pas.gov.pk. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
Jump up ^ "Sindh`s role in Pakistan movement". www.dawn.com. Karachi, Sindh: Dawn Newspaper. 24 January 2010.
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text:
Tariff
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For the policies of using tariffs, see Protective tariff. For other uses, see Tariff (disambiguation).
Taxation
An aspect of fiscal policy
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Teind
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By country[show]
List of countries by tax rates
Tax revenues as %GDP
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v
t
e
A tariff is a tax on imports or exports (an international trade tariff). In other languages and very occasionally in English, tariff or its equivalent may also be used to describe any list of prices (e.g., electrical tariff). ]
Average Tariff Rates for Selected Countries (1913-2007)
Tariff Rates in Japan (1870–1960)
Average Tariff Rates in Spain and Italy (1860-1910)
Average Tariff Rates (France, UK, US)
Average Tariff Rates in USA (1821–2016)
U.S. Trade Balance (1895–2015)
Average Tariff Rates on manufactured products
Average levels of duties (1875 and 1913)
Trade policy, exports and growth in selected European countries
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Customs duty
2.1 Calculation of customs duty
2.2 Harmonized System of Nomenclature
2.3 Customs authority
2.4 Evasion
2.5 Duty-free goods
2.6 Duty calculation for companies in real life
3 Economic analysis
4 Political analysis
5 Within technology strategies
6 See also
6.1 Types
6.2 Trade dynamics
6.3 Trade liberalisation
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Etymology[edit]
The small Spanish town of Tarifa is sometimes credited with being the origin of the word "tariff", since it was the first port in history to charge merchants for the use of its docks.[1] The name "Tarifa" itself is derived from the name of the Berber warrior, Tarif ibn Malik. However, other sources assume that the origin of tariff is the Italian word tariffa translated as "list of prices, book of rates", which is derived from the Arabic ta'rif meaning "making known" or "to define".[2]
Customs duty[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A customs duty or due is the indirect tax levied on the import or export of goods in international trade. In economic sense, a duty is also a kind of consumption tax. A duty levied on goods being imported is referred to as an import duty. Similarly, a duty levied on exports is called an export duty. A tariff, which is actually a list of commodities along with the leviable rate (amount) of customs duty, is popularly referred to as a customs duty.
In the Kingdom of England, customs duties were typically part of the customary revenue of the king, and therefore did not need parliamentary consent to be levied, unlike excise duty, land tax, or other forms of taxes. This is no longer the case.
Calculation of customs duty[edit]
Customs duty is calculated on the determination of the assessable value in case of those items for which the duty is levied ad valorem. This is often the transaction value unless a customs officer determines assessable value in accordance with the Harmonized System.
However, for certain items like petroleum and alcohol, customs duty is realized at a specific rate applied to the volume of the import or export consignments.
Harmonized System of Nomenclature[edit]
For the purpose of assessment of customs duty, products are given an identification code that has come to be known as the Harmonized System code. This code was developed by the World Customs Organization based in Brussels. A Harmonized System code may be from four to ten digits. For example, 17.03 is the HS code for molasses from the extraction or refining of sugar. However, within 17.03, the number 17.03.90 stands for "Molasses (Excluding Cane Molasses)".
Introduction of Harmonized System code in 1990s has largely replaced the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), though SITC remains in use for statistical purposes. In drawing up the national tariff, the revenue departments often specifies the rate of customs duty with reference to the HS code of the product. In some countries and customs unions, 6-digit HS codes are locally extended to 8 digits or 10 digits for further tariff discrimination: for example the European Union uses its 8-digit CN (Combined Nomenclature) and 10-digit TARIC codes.
Customs authority[edit]
A Customs authority in each country is responsible for collecting taxes on the import into or export of goods out of the country. Normally the Customs authority, operating under national law, is authorized to examine cargo in order to ascertain actual description, specification volume or quantity, so that the assessable value and the rate of duty may be correctly determined and applied.
Evasion[edit]
Main article: Tax avoidance
Evasion of customs duties takes place mainly in two ways. In one, the trader under-declares the value so that the assessable value is lower than actual. In a similar vein, a trader can evade customs duty by understatement of quantity or volume of the product of trade. A trader may also evade duty by misrepresenting traded goods, categorizing goods as items which attract lower customs duties. the Evasion of customs duty may take place with or without the collaboration of customs officials. Evasion of customs duty does not necessarily constitute smuggling.[citation needed]
Duty-free goods[edit]
Many countries allow a traveler to bring goods into the country duty-free. These goods may be bought at ports and airports or sometimes within one country without attracting the usual government taxes and then brought into another country duty-free. Some countries impose allowances which limit the number or value of duty-free items that one person can bring into the country. These restrictions often apply to tobacco, wine, spirits, cosmetics, gifts and souvenirs. Often foreign diplomats and UN officials are entitled to duty-free goods. Duty-free goods are imported and stocked in what is called a bonded warehouse.
Duty calculation for companies in real life[edit]
With many methods and regulations, businesses at times struggle to manage the duties. In addition to difficulties in calculations, there are challenges in analyzing duties; and to opt for duty free options like using a bonded warehouse.
Companies use ERP software to calculate duties automatically to, on one hand, avoid error-prone manual work on duty regulations and formulas and on the other hand, manage and analyze the historically paid duties. Moreover, ERP software offers an option for customs warehouse, introduced to save duty and VAT payments. In addition, the duty deferment and suspension is also taken into consideration.
Economic analysis[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Neoclassical economic theorists tend to view tariffs as distortions to the free market. Typical analyses find that tariffs tend to benefit domestic producers and government at the expense of consumers, and that the net welfare effects of a tariff on the importing country are negative. Normative judgements often follow from these findings, namely that it may be disadvantageous for a country to artificially shield an industry from world markets and that it might be better to allow a collapse to take place. Opposition to all tariff aims to reduce tariffs and to avoid countries discriminating between differing countries when applying tariffs. The diagrams to the right show the costs and benefits of imposing a tariff on a good in the domestic economy.
When incorporating free international trade into the model we use a supply curve denoted as P t a r i f f {\displaystyle P_{tariff}} (diagram 1) or P w {\displaystyle P_{w}} (diagram 2). This curve represents the assumption that the international supply of the good or service is perfectly elastic and that the world can produce at a near infinite quantity of the good. Before the tariff, there is a quantity demanded of Qc1 (diagram 1) or D (diagram 2). The difference between quantity demanded and quantity supplied (between D and S on diagram 2, respectively) was filled by importing from abroad. This is shown on diagram 1 as Quantity of Imports (without tariff). After the imposition of a tariff, domestic price rises, but foreign export prices fall due to the difference in tax incidence on the consumers (at home) and producers (abroad).
The new price level at Home is Ptariff or Pt, which is higher than the world price. More of the good is now produced at Home – it now makes Qs2 (diagram 1) or S* (diagram 2) of the good. Due to the higher price, only Qc2 or D* of the good is demanded by Home. The difference between the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded is still filled by importing from abroad. However, the imposition of the tariff reduces the quantity of imports from D − S to D* − S* (diagram 2). This is also shown in diagram 1 as Quantity of Imports (with tariff).
Domestic producers enjoy a gain in their surplus. Producer surplus, defined as the difference between what the producers were willing to receive by selling a good and the actual price of the good, expands from the region below Pw to the region below Pt. Therefore, the domestic producers gain an amount shown by the area A.
Domestic consumers face a higher price, reducing their welfare. Consumer surplus is the area between the price line and the demand curve. Therefore, the consumer surplus shrinks from the area above Pw to the area above Pt, i.e. it shrinks by the areas A, B, C and D. This includes the gained producer surplus, the deadweight loss, and the tax revenue.
The government gains from the taxes. It charges an amount Pt − Pt* of tariff for every good imported. Since D* − S* goods are imported, the government gains an area of C and E. However, there is a deadweight loss of the triangles B and D, or in diagram 1, the triangles labeled Societal Loss. Deadweight loss is also called efficiency loss. This cost is incurred because tariffs reduce the incentives for the society to consume and produce.
The net loss to the society due to the tariff would be given by the total costs of the tariff minus its benefits to the society. Therefore, the net welfare loss due to the tariff is equal to:
Consumer Loss − Government Revenue − Producer Gain
or graphically, this gain is given by the areas shown by:
( A + B + C + D ) − ( C + E ) − A = B + D − E {\displaystyle (A+B+C+D)-(C+E)-A=B+D-E}
That is, tariffs are beneficial to the society if the area given by the rectangle E is greater than the deadweight loss. Rectangle E is called the terms of trade gain.
The model above is completely accurate only in the extreme case where no consumer belongs to the producers group and the cost of the product is a fraction of their wages. If the opposite extreme is taken, assuming that all consumers come from the producers' group, consumers' only purchasing power comes from the wages earned in production, and the product costs their whole wage, the graph looks radically different. Without tariffs, only those producers/consumers able to produce the product at the world price will have the money to purchase it at that price.
Political analysis[edit]
See also: Tariffs in United States history, List of tariffs in the United States, and Protectionism in the United States
The tariff has been used as a political tool to establish an independent nation; for example, the United States Tariff Act of 1789, signed specifically on July 4, was called the "Second Declaration of Independence" by newspapers because it was intended to be the economic means to achieve the political goal of a sovereign and independent United States.[3]
The political impact of tariffs is judged depending on the political perspective,; for example the 2002 United States steel tariff imposed a 30% tariff on a variety of imported steel products for a period of three years and American steel producers supported the tariff.[4]
Tariffs can emerge as a political issue prior to an election. In the leadup to the 2007 Australian Federal election, the Australian Labor Party announced it would undertake a review of Australian car tariffs if elected.[5] The Liberal Party made a similar commitment, while independent candidate Nick Xenophon announced his intention to introduce tariff-based legislation as "a matter of urgency".[6]
Unpopular tariffs are known to have ignited social unrest, for example the 1905 meat riots in Chile that developed in protest against tariffs applied to the cattle imports from Argentina.[7][8]
Within technology strategies[edit]
This section contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information. Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
When tariffs are an integral element of a country's technology strategy, some economist believe that such tariffs can be highly effective in helping to increase and maintain the country's economic health. Other economists might be less enthusiastic, as tariffs may reduce trade and there may be many spillovers and externalities involved with trade and tariffs. The existence of these externalities makes the imposition of tariffs a rather ambiguous strategy. As an integral part of the technology strategy, tariffs are effective in supporting the technology strategy's function of enabling the country to outmaneuver the competition in the acquisition and utilization of technology in order to produce products and provide services that excel at satisfying the customer needs for a competitive advantage in domestic and foreign markets. The notion that government and policy would be effective at finding new and infant technologies, rather than supporting existing politically motivated industry, rather than, say, international technology venture specialists, is however, unproven.
This is related to the infant industry argument.
In contrast, in economic theory tariffs are viewed as a primary element in international trade with the function of the tariff being to influence the flow of trade by lowering or raising the price of targeted goods to create what amounts to an artificial competitive advantage. When tariffs are viewed and used in this fashion, they are addressing the country's and the competitors' respective economic healths in terms of maximizing or minimizing revenue flow rather than in terms of the ability to generate and maintain a competitive advantage which is the source of the revenue. As a result, the impact of the tariffs on the economic health of the country are at best minimal but often are counter-productive.
A program within the US intelligence community, Project Socrates, that was tasked with addressing America's declining economic competitiveness, determined that countries like China and India were using tariffs as an integral element of their respective technology strategies to rapidly build their countries into economic superpowers. However, the US intelligence community tends to have limited inputs into developing US trade policy. It was also determined that the US, in its early years, had also used tariffs as an integral part of what amounted to technology strategies to transform the country into a superpower.[9]
See also[edit]
Embargo
Protectionism
Trade barrier
Types[edit]
Ad valorem tax
Bound tariff rate
Environmental tariff
Import quota
List of tariffs
Tariff-rate quota
Telecommunications tariff
Trade dynamics[edit]
Effective rate of protection
Tariffication
Trade liberalisation[edit]
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
International free trade agreement
Swiss Formula
United States International Trade Commission
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Chambers Dictionary of Etymology, New York, 1997, ISBN 0-550-14230-4
Jump up ^ The Online Etymology Dictionary: tariff. The 2nd edition of the Oxford English Dictionary gives the same etymology, with a reference dating to 1591
Jump up ^ "Thomas Jefferson – under George Washington by America's History". americashistory.org. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Behind the Steel-Tariff Curtain". Business Week Online. March 8, 2002.
Jump up ^ Sid Marris and Dennis Shanahan (November 9, 2007). "PM rulses out more help for car firms". The Australian.
Jump up ^ "Candidate wants car tariff cuts halted". Melbourne: theage.com.au. October 29, 2007.
Jump up ^ (in Spanish) Primeros movimientos sociales chileno (1890–1920). Memoria Chilena.
Jump up ^ Benjamin S. 1997. Meat and Strength: The Moral Economy of a Chilean Food Riot. Cultural Anthropology, 12, pp. 234–268.
Jump up ^ Watts, Denise K. (1990-06-28). "Martin County News". Gathering Information on High Technology. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Further reading[edit]
Salvatore, Dominick (2005), Introduction to International Economics (First ed.), Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, ISBN 0-471-20226-6 .
Taussig, F. W. (1911), "Tariff", Encyclopædia Britannica, 26 (11th ed.), pp. 422–427 .
Biswas, R. (2014). Tariffs that may fail to protect: A model of trade and public goods, MPRA Paper 56707, University Library of Munich, Germany.
Dal Bianco A., Boatto V., Caracciolo F., Santeramo F.G. (2016) Tariffs and non-tariff frictions in the world wine trade European Review of Agricultural Economics. 43(1):31–57 (Link to Working Paper)
U.S. Tariff Commission. Colonial tariff policies (1922), worldwide;
922pp survey online

External links[edit]
Media related to tariffs at Wikimedia Commons
Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Tariff.
Types of Tariffs
Effectively applied tariff by Country 2008 to 2012
MFN Trade Weighted Average Tariff by country 2008 – 2012
World Bank's site for Trade and Tariff
Market Access Map, an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements
WTO Tariff Analysis Online – Detailed information on tariff and trade data
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text:
List of countries by English-speaking population
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Percentage of English speakers by country.
80–100%
60–80%
40–60%
20–40%
0.1–20%
Not available
The following is a list of English-speaking population by country, including information on both native speakers and second-language speakers.
Contents
[hide]
1 List
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
List[edit]
This list may be sorted by column by clicking on the column header.
Some numbers have been calculated by Wikipedia editors by mixing data from different sources; figures not attributed to sources and given with a date should be treated with caution. Also note that in most sources, the results showed are of people who say that they can speak English, while that was not verified; which means the actual amount of English speakers could be higher or lower (Because of certain people that over- or underestimate their English skills).
Country
Eligible population
Total English speakers
Total English speakers (%)
As first language
As first language (%)
As an additional language[1]
As an additional language (%)
Comments
United States 296,603,003 283,160,411 95.5 234,171,556 79.0 48,988,855 16.5 Figures are from the 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-year estimates by the U.S. Census Bureau for persons age 5 and older. Total English speakers are those who either spoke English at home (i.e. as first language), or reported speaking another language at home but could speak English "very well" or "well" (i.e. as an additional language). [2]
India 1,028,737,436 125,344,736 12.18 226,449 0.02 125,118,287 12.16 2001 Census figures for population and first, second, and third languages. English as a first language is only spoken by 226,449 people, as a second language by 86,125,221, and as a third language by 38,993,066.[3][4]
Pakistan 188,400,100 108,036,049 57 15,720,000 8 92,316,049 49 Official Language, lingua franca and spoken amongst a wide proportion of the Pakistani Population - 49% as a second language (other estimates). [5][6][7][8][9]
Nigeria 156,493,000 79,000,000 53.34 79,000,000 53.34 Euromonitor International report (2009)
Philippines 100,437,852 64,025,890 63.72 36,935 0.0037 63,988,955 63.71 Total population: Census 2010. Proportion of total speakers: Census 2000, text above Figure 7. 63.71% of the then 66.7 million people aged 5 years or more could speak English.[10] Proportion of native speakers: Census 1995, as quoted by Andrew Gonzalez in "The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines", Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 19 (5&6), 487–525, p. 492: .04% of the then 68.4 million people were native speakers of English. (1998).[11] "Six out of 10 people aged 5 and over can speak english (63.71%)."[12]
United Kingdom 64,000,000 59,600,000 97.74 54,400,000 92.14 5,128,000 5.60 Source: Data from the 2011 census for England and Wales.[13] Additional English speaker figures are for usual residents aged 3 years and over with a main language other than English who can speak English "very well" or "well".
Germany 80,600,000 46,272,504 70 272,504 0.338 46,000,000 70 Native speakers: Statistisches Bundesamt (cited here).
Non-native speakers: Eurobarometer report 2006
Does not include foreign military personnel based in Germany.
Canada 33,121,175 28,360,240 85.63 18,858,980 56.94 9,501,260 28.69 Source: [3], Population by knowledge of official languages and Population by mother tongue. The 2011 count reported that 22,564,665 people were able to conduct a conversation in English but not French, while 5,795,575 were able to converse in both English and French. The census also asked for the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the individual: 18,858,980 reported English as their sole mother tongue, 144,685 reported both English and French as mother tongues, 396,330 reported English and a non-official language as mother tongues, and 24,095 reported English, French and a non-official language as mother tongues.
France 65,350,000 23,000,000 39 23,000,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Australia 21,394,309 17,357,833 97 15,013,965 70.17 2,343,868 17 Source: 2001 Census.[14] The 2001 census data is subject to multiple interpretations. The data noted that 18,972,350 persons out of 21,394,309 total were speakers of a language, and excluded young children. However, more than a million of those 18,972,350 persons provided no information; 879,778 did not give information on proficiency, and 203,101 were "overseas visitors" who were not asked. Of the 17,889,671 persons for whom an inquiry was made 17,357,833 spoke English only, or "well" or "very well" as a second language; while 531,838 spoke "not well" or "not at all".
Italy 59,619,290 17,000,000 34 17,000,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Bangladesh 163,323,100 30,108,031 18 709,873 29,398,158 Source: Euromonitor International report 2009, Euromonitor Dec 2010 [15]
Egypt 83,289,500 28,101,325 35 28,101,325 Source: Euromonitor International Report 2011 [16]
Thailand 63,038,247 17,121,187 27.16 17,121,187 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Netherlands 16,770,000 15,030,000 90 15,030,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Nepal 29,890,686 13,896,720 46.49 20,000 0.067 876,720 Source: Census. (date not verified)[citation needed]
South Africa 52,981,991 16,424,417 31 4,930,510 9.3 11,493,907 22 Native speakers from 2011 Census: Census in Brief[permanent dead link], page 23.
Non-native speakers: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Poland 38,501,000 14,300,000 37 100,000 14,200,000 Source: Central Statistical Office,[17] Additional language speakers are people age 18–69, who reported English Language as their first of second best foreign language, Central Statistical Office [18] Native language counted as those who speak English at home.
Turkey 70,586,256 12,000,000 17 12,000,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2006
Iraq 31,700,000 11,095,000 35 11,000,000 Source: Euromonitor International report (2011)
Sri Lanka 22,480,000 10,565,600 47 37,061 0.2 9,680,000 47 English Proficiency Index [19]
Spain 47,190,000 10,400,000 22 10,400,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
China 1,210,000,000 10,000,000 <1 10,000,000 Figures are for English users in mainland China only (i.e. excluding Hong Kong where English is an official language and Macau). The often-cited figure of 300 million is for "learners."[20]
[21]
Brazil 205,000,000 10,542,000 5 292,000 0.14 10,250,000 5 Source: British council (2012) and EF. Only 5% of Brazilians have a proficient grasp of English as a second or foreign additional language and an additional 6% have a very rudimentary knowledge. Brazil has 240 thousand British descendants and 180 thousand American ancestry citizens including the Confederados cultural sub-group, descendants of the Confederate colonies.
Sweden 9,921,541 8,200,000 86 8,200,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Kenya 43,013,431 8,100,000 18.83 7,900,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Cameroon 19,740,000 7,500,000 38 7,500,000 Euromonitor International Report (2009)
Malaysia 27,170,000 15,580,000 62.57 380,000 1.4 15,200,000 61.1 EF English Proficiency Index[22]
Russia 138,312,535 7,574,303 5.48 2,522 7,571,787 Source: Composition by Nationality and Language Ability, Citizenship, Tables 4.5 and 4.1, Russian Census (2010). The "total" figure is the number of residents who reported English as one of the languages they knew. The "first language" figure is the number of residents who reported "American" or "English" as their nationality. The "additional languages" figure is the difference. More than 9 million schoolgoers studied English as a foreign language in 2008–2009.
Belgium 10,584,534 6,250,000 60 6,250,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2006 (the 2012 report seems to have a critical typo) Note that the Belgian population is divided in two distinct linguistic regions: The Dutch-speaking Flanders, and the French-speaking Wallonia (note that the region of Brussels also has a majority of native French spekaers). Like in the Netherlands, a high percentage of Flemish people speak English fluently, and in Wallonia, a lower percentage of people speak English (as it is the case in France), which brings down the total percentage.
Israel 7,303,000 6,205,000 84.97 100,000 1.37 6,105,000 Source: Ethnologue (2005)[23]
English is widely spoken, both by the Jewish majority and by minority ethnic groups.[24][25]
Austria 8,415,000 6,150,000 73 6,150,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Romania 19,043,767 5,900,000 31 5,900,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Zimbabwe 13,349,000 5,550,000 41.58 250,000 1.87 5,300,000 Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Greece 10,787,690 5,500,000 51 5,500,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Sierra Leone 5,866,000 4,900,000 83.53 500,000 8.52 4,400,000 Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Mexico 120,664,000 15,686,262 12.9 15,686,262 Consulta Mitofsky-Tracking Poll Roy Campos: Las Lenguas Extranjeras en México, January 2013;[26] and II Conteo de Población y Vivienda, Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI).[27]
Denmark 5,543,000 4,770,000 86 4,770,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Switzerland 7,637,300 4,680,000 61.28 73,400 0.96 4,606,600 Figure for speakers of English as "main language", according to Federal Statistical Office, Neuchâtel 2008[28] Source for number of non-native English speakers is 1999 publication by Prof. François Grin cited here: http://switzerland.isyours.com/e/countries/uk/language.html
Morocco 32,770,900 4,587,926 14 4,587,926 Source: Euromonitor International report 2011
Norway 5,136,700 4,500,000 90 4,500,000 Source: http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2014/03/norwegian-english-fusion-language/[unreliable source]
Republic of Ireland 4,422,100 4,350,000 98.37 4,122,100 93.21 237,900 Source: Eurobarometer report 2006; Central Statistics Office [4]; Travbla [29]
Singapore 5,607,300 4,218,737 83.1 1,873,302 36.9 2,345,435 Source: 2015 Census. Second language speaker figure only includes those literate in English aged 15 or more and does not include third language proficiency. General Household Survey 2015 "Language Spoken at Home Among Residents Aged 5 Years and Over"
Ghana 27,000,000 18,000,000 66.67 18,000,000 Source: 2010 Ghanaian Census[30]
Tanzania 40,454,000 4,000,000 9.89 4,000,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
New Zealand 4,275,100 3,673,623 97.82 3,673,623 85.93 There were 4,027,947 responses to 2006 Census: Language spoken. 3,673,679 gave English as a response, 81,936 had no English but another language. The balance of 272,382 were; no language (too young) 75,195, no response 196,221, response unidentifiable 588, response outside scope 378. Hence it is most meaningful to express the English-speaking per cent without including the figures for these 272,382. This gives 97.8% English-speaking, 2.2% non-English-speaking (3,673,679 and 81,936 divided by 3,755,565)
Crystal (2003), p. 109, gives figures of 3,700,000 native speakers and 150,000 second language speakers.
Finland 5,410,000 3,800,000 70 3,800,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Portugal 10,623,000 2,900,000 27 2,900,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Papua New Guinea 6,331,000 3,150,000 49.76 150,000 2.37 3,000,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Liberia 3,750,000 3,100,000 82.67 600,000 16 2,500,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Jordan 6,598,000 2,969,370 45 2,969,370 Source: Euromonitor International report (2011)
Jamaica 2,714,000 2,650,000 97.64 45,900 17.1 50,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Algeria 35,954,000 2,516,780 7 2,516,780 Source: Euromonitor International report (2011)
Uganda 30,884,000 2,500,000 8.09 2,500,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Hong Kong 6,808,433 3,136,784 46.07 238,288 3.5 2,898,496 According to 2011 population census, Hong Kong has approximately 3.1 million speakers, of whom 238,288 regard English as their "usual" language.[31]
Czechia 10,562,214 2,850,000 27 2,850,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Argentina 42,192,500 2,752,681 6.52 Source:.[32] Percentage of people who state to have a high level of English. Another 19.49% and 16.23% of people said they had an intermediate and low level, respectively, of English.
Yemen 24,800,000 2,232,000 9 2,232,000 Source: Euromonitor International report 2011
Croatia 4,555,000 2,200,000 49 2,200,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2006
Colombia 47,661,368 2,012,950 4.22 75,600 1,937,350 Total was estimated by multiplying projected population for 2014 (DANE) by percentage of Colombian population that speaks English 4.09%[33] then 63,600 was added to that figure which is the total of American and British residents. Figures for native speakers are as follows: 60,000 U.S. citizens that reside in Colombia[34] 12,000 are Colombian Raizal from San Andrés and Isla de Providencia where they speak San Andrés–Providencia Creole[35] 3,600 British expatriates[36]
Hungary 9,982,000 2,000,000 20 2,000,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Puerto Rico 3,991,000 1,940,000 48.61 100,000 1,840,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Zambia 11,922,000 1,910,000 16.02 110,000 1,800,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Bulgaria 7,640,238 1,900,000 25 2,605 1,902,605 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012 and 2011 Census[37]
Kazakhstan 12,156,705 1,874,583 15.4 602 1,873,981 Number of those who understand spoken English, from these 1.9 million: 311,435 (2.6%/16.6%) can only read, 931,444 (7.7%/49.6%) can read and write in English. The number of native speakers is the sum of Americans and Englishmen "by nationality". (Census 2009)
Lebanon 4,265,600 1,706,000 40 1,706,000 Source: Euromonitor International report (2011)
Chile 16,634,603 1,585,027 9.53 Source: 2012 Census.[38]
Rwanda 10,137,400 1,520,610 15 1,520,610 Source: Euromonitor International report 2009
Slovakia 5,397,036 1,400,000 26 1,400,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Trinidad and Tobago 1,305,000 1,145,000 87.74 1,145,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Slovenia 2,050,000 1,210,000 59 1,210,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Lithuania 3,053,800 1,160,000 38 1,160,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Latvia 2,070,371 950,000 46 950,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Guyana 751,000 680,000 90.55 650,000 30,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Botswana 1,639,833 630,000 38.42 630,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Estonia 1,294,236 650,000 50 650,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Cyprus 839,000 610,000 73 610,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Malawi 13,931,831 540,209 3.88 209 540,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109 and Kayambizinthu.[39]
Lesotho 1,795,000 500,000 27.86 500,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Suriname 470,784 410,000 87.09 260,000 150,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Malta 453,000 400,000 89 48,000 352,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Namibia 1,820,916 314,000 17.24 14,000 300,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Luxembourg 509,000 290,000 56 290,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Bahamas 330,549 288,000 87.13 260,000 28,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Barbados 279,000 275,000 98.57 262,000 13,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Belize 301,270 246,000 81.65 190,000 56,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Madagascar 23,042,300 4,147,614 18 4,147,614 The main languages are French and Malagasy.[citation needed]
Mauritius 1,264,866 202,000 15.97 2,000 200,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Vanuatu 215,446 180,000 83.55 60,000 120,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Fiji 853,445 176,000 20.62 6,000 170,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Solomon Islands 552,438 175,000 31.68 10,000 165,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Guam 173,456 158,000 91.09 58,000 100,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Brunei 381,371 144,000 39.07 10,000 134,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 120,000 114,000 95 114,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
U.S. Virgin Islands 108,448 113,000 95.97 98,000 15,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Grenada 110,000 100,000 90.91 100,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Samoa 188,540 94,000 49.86 1,000 93,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Isle of Man 80,058 80,000 99.93 80,000
Myanmar 53,900,000 2,400,000 4.45 2,400,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Saint Lucia 165,000 71,000 43.03 31,000 40,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Northern Mariana Islands 84,000 70,000 83.33 5,000 65,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Antigua and Barbuda 85,000 68,000 80 66,000 2,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
American Samoa 57,345 45,933 80.1 1,791 44,142 Source: The World Factbook – American Samoa
Federated States of Micronesia 111,000 64,000 57.66 4,000 60,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Bermuda 65,000 63,000 96.92 63,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Dominica 67,000 63,000 94.03 3,000 60,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Marshall Islands 59,000 60,000 98.33 60,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Swaziland 1,141,000 50,000 4.38 50,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Aruba 104,000 44,000 42.31 9,000 35,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
The Gambia 1,709,000 40,000 2.34 40,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Saint Kitts and Nevis 50,000 39,000 78 39,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Cayman Islands 47,000 36,000 76.6 36,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Seychelles 87,000 33,000 37.93 3,000 30,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Gibraltar 28,875 28,875 100 28,000 875 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Tonga 100,000 30,000 30 30,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Kiribati 95,000 23,000 24.21 23,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
British Virgin Islands 23,000 20,000 86.96 20,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Palau 20,000 18,500 92.5 500 18,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Andorra 81,222 17,869 22 17,869 Source Census: Linguistic knowledge 2004.
Anguilla 13,000 12,000 92.31 12,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Nauru 10,300 800 96.26 9,500 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. English is spoken as the language of government and commerce.
Cook Islands 20,200 4,000 19.8 1,000 3,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Montserrat 5,900 4,000 67.8 4,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
TOTAL 5,102,585,737 1,179,874,130 336,358,172 838,676,510
The European Union is a supranational union composed of 28 member states. The combined total English-speaking population (2012) is 256,876,220[40] (out of a total population of 500,000,000,[41] i.e. 51%) including 65,478,252 native speakers and 191,397,968 non-native speakers, and would be ranked 2nd if it were included. English native speakers amount to 13% of the whole Union population, while the percentage of people that speak English "well enough in order to be able to have a conversation", either as first (32%), second (11%) or third (3%) foreign language, was 38%.
When taken from this list and added together, the total number of English speakers in the world adds up to around 1,200,000,000. Likewise, the total number of native English speakers adds up to around 350,000,000. This implies that there are approximately 850,000,000 people who speak English as an additional language.
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
See also[edit]
EF English Proficiency Index
English medium education
English-speaking world
List of countries where English is an official language
World Englishes
Non-English speaking populations:
Arabophone
Francophone
Hispanophone
Iberophone
Indosphere
Lusophone
Russophone
Sinophone
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Statistics on second language speakers are inevitably not precise; partly because there is no widely agreed definition of second language speakers – there is no differentiation between countries where English is the lingua franca and those where it is not.
Jump up ^ "AGE BY LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME BY ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER: 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
Jump up ^ S, Rukmini. "Sanskrit and English: there's no competition".
Jump up ^ http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/popu1.aspx
Jump up ^ "Here's how Pakistan ranks among world's English speaking countries". The Express Tribune.
Jump up ^ "English — more than a subject". Dawn.
Jump up ^ "Mapped: The world by English-speaking population". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
Jump up ^ "Which Countries Have the Most English Speakers? - K International". www.k-international.com. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
Jump up ^ Before mistakenly correcting the percentage again, please note that there are fewer people aged 5 years or more in any country than there are people in that country, because some people are toddlers or infants. In other words, no, the numbers will not automatically add up. 63.71% is what the cited source, text above Figure 7 Archived 26 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine., a report from the 2000 census, really says. This multiplied by the 2010 census's total population over 5 produces the number in the chart. The 2010 number comes from Philippines in Figures, 2013, Chapter 5, Demography Archived 26 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine., table 5.1 or 5.6
Jump up ^ From mid-2009 to late 2013 this entry overstated the number of native speakers by roughly 100fold, and inflated the number of total speakers, on the alleged basis of material in "Philippines". Ethnologue. 1999-02-19. Retrieved 2013-10-16. . In fact, Ethnologue as of 24th December 2013 simply repeats the number of native speakers, 20,000, reported in Crystal 2003, on the basis of an old (pre-1995) census, and does not address total speakers at all. This attempt to correct these errors in turn perpetrates both error and original research, by applying the old percentages listed above, 63.71% of people over 5 as total speakers in 2000, and .04% of people as native speakers in 1995, to the 2010 totals from Philippines in Figures, 2013, Chapter 5, Demography Archived 26 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine., tables 5.1 and 5.6. Andrew Gonzalez died in 2006; someone else's attention to the 2010 census figures, which appear not to be online and may not have been printed yet in adequate detail, is needed to produce reliable, more or less current, numbers.
Jump up ^ 2000 Census of population and Housing, Educational Characteristics of the Filipinos "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "2011 Census: Quick Statistics for England and Wales, March 2011". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ The Benefits of the English Language for Individuals and Societies: Quantitative Indicators from Cameroon, Nigeria, Rwanda, Bangladesh and Pakistan, https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/sites/teacheng/files/Euromonitor%20Report%20A4.pdf
Jump up ^ "The Benefits of the English Language for Individuals and Societies: Quantitative Indicators from Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia and Yemen" (PDF). Britishcouncil.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
Jump up ^ Human Capital in Poland in 2014, figure 15,52
Jump up ^ Demographis Yearbook of Poland: 2014, Table 1, 32,44,190,
Jump up ^ http://www.ef.com/epi/
Jump up ^ Jian Yang (April 2006). "Learners and users of English in China". English Today. 22 (2): 3–10. doi:10.1017/S0266078406002021. . Quote: "What this suggests, it seems, is that Yan’s (2004) ten million may after all be a more informed estimate of the actual regular users of English in China." (page 9)"
Jump up ^ 100million is Back of Envelope Calculation. Learning English in compulsory in China, and 8% of population goes to University, so approximately 100 million are competent in English, and beyond learners
Jump up ^ "EF English Proficiency Index – A comprehensive ranking of countries by English skills". Ef.com. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
Jump up ^ Languages of Israel, Ethnologue.com
Jump up ^ Multilingualism in Israel, Bar-Ilan University – Faculty of Humanities : Language Policy Research Center.
Jump up ^ "ERIC – English Language Teaching Profile: Israel., 1976-Dec". Eric.ed.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 24 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Resident population according to main language, Federal Statistical Office, Neuchâtel 2008
Jump up ^ "The most complete list of English schools and courses in Ireland". Travbla.com. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
Jump up ^ "2010 Population & Housing Census" (PDF). Statsghana.gov.gh. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
Jump up ^ "Population Aged 5 and Over by Place of Birth, Usual Language and Ability to Speak Other Language/Dialect, 2011 (A123)". Census2011.gov.hk. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
Jump up ^ "Sociedad :: Los idiomas de los argentinos" (in Spanish). Página/12. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
Jump up ^ "¿Qué porcentaje de la población colombiana habla inglés?". Colombiestad.gov.co. 2006-05-01. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
Jump up ^ [2][dead link]
Jump up ^ "Islander Creole English". Ethnologue.
Jump up ^ "Special Reports | Brits Abroad". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
Jump up ^ "2011 census of Bulgaria" (PDF). Retrieved 5 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Síntesis de resultados Censo 2012" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas. Retrieved 2 April 2013. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Edrinnie Kayambizinthu (1998). "The Language Planning Situation in Malawi" (PDF). Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 19 (5&6): 369. doi:10.1080/01434639808666363. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "European and their languages 2012" (PDF). Eurobarometer. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Population at 1 January". Eurostat. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
References[edit]
Teachingenglish.org.uk
Teachingenglish.org.uk
Raymond G. Gordon, Jr. (ed.), ed. (2005). "English". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (Fifteenth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. Retrieved 2006-03-17. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)
Eurobarometer report – Europeans and their languages, February 2006 (pdf). Only includes EU citizens aged 15 and above.
Eurobarometer report – Europeans and their languages, June 2012 (pdf). Only includes EU citizens aged 15 and above.
Crystal, David (2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (Second ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 109. ISBN 0-521-53033-4.
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