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U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
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U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Seal of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
US Securities and Exchange Commission headquarters in Washington, D.C.
Agency overview
Formed
June 6, 1934; 83 years ago (1934-06-06)
Jurisdiction
United States federal government
Headquarters
Washington, D.C.
Employees
4,301 (2015)[1]
Agency executive
Jay Clayton, Chairman
Website
www.sec.gov
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is an independent agency of the United States federal government. The SEC holds primary responsibility for enforcing the federal securities laws, proposing securities rules, and regulating the securities industry, the nation's stock and options exchanges, and other activities and organizations, including the electronic securities markets in the United States.[2]
In addition to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, which created it, the SEC enforces the Securities Act of 1933, the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, the Investment Company Act of 1940, the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002, and other statutes. The SEC was created by Section 4 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (now codified as 15 U.S.C. § 78d and commonly referred to as the Exchange Act or the 1934 Act).
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 History
3 Organizational structure
3.1 Commission members
3.2 Divisions
4 SEC communications
4.1 Comment letters
4.2 No-action letters
5 Freedom of Information Act processing performance
6 Operations
6.1 List of major SEC enforcement actions (2009–12)
6.2 Regulatory action in the credit crunch
6.3 Regulatory failures
6.3.1 Inspector General office failures
6.3.2 Destruction of documents
7 Relationship to other agencies
8 Related legislation
9 See also
9.1 Forms
10 References
11 External links
Overview[edit]
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The SEC has a three-part mission: to protect investors; maintain fair, orderly, and efficient markets; and facilitate capital formation.[3]
To achieve its mandate, the SEC enforces the statutory requirement that public companies and other regulated companies submit quarterly and annual reports, as well as other periodic reports. In addition to annual financial reports, company executives must provide a narrative account, called the "management discussion and analysis" (MD&A), that outlines the previous year of operations and explains how the company fared in that time period. MD&A will usually also touch on the upcoming year, outlining future goals and approaches to new projects. In an attempt to level the playing field for all investors, the SEC maintains an online database called EDGAR (the Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval system) online from which investors can access this and other information filed with the agency.
Quarterly and semiannual reports from public companies are crucial for investors to make sound decisions when investing in the capital markets. Unlike banking, investment in the capital markets is not guaranteed by the federal government. The potential for big gains needs to be weighed against that of sizable losses. Mandatory disclosure of financial and other information about the issuer and the security itself gives private individuals as well as large institutions the same basic facts about the public companies they invest in, thereby increasing public scrutiny while reducing insider trading and fraud.
The SEC makes reports available to the public through the EDGAR system. The SEC also offers publications on investment-related topics for public education. The same online system also takes tips and complaints from investors to help the SEC track down violators of the securities laws. The SEC adheres to a strict policy of never commenting on the existence or status of an ongoing investigation.
History[edit]
Prior to the enactment of the federal securities laws and the creation of the SEC, there existed so-called blue sky laws. They were enacted and enforced at the state level, and regulated the offering and sale of securities to protect the public from fraud. Though the specific provisions of these laws varied among states, they all required the registration of all securities offerings and sales, as well as of every U.S. stockbroker and brokerage firm.[4]
However, these blue sky laws were generally found to be ineffective. For example, the Investment Bankers Association told its members as early as 1915 that they could "ignore" blue sky laws by making securities offerings across state lines through the mail.[5] After holding hearings on abuses on interstate frauds (commonly known as the Pecora Commission), Congress passed the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. § 77a), which regulates interstate sales of securities (original issues) at the federal level. The subsequent Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. § 78d) regulates sales of securities in the secondary market. Section 4 of the 1934 act created the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to enforce the federal securities laws; both laws are considered parts of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal raft of legislation.
Joseph P. Kennedy Sr, the inaugural Chairman of the SEC
The Securities Act of 1933 is also known as the "Truth in Securities Act" and the "Federal Securities Act", or just the "1933 Act". Its goal was to increase public trust in the capital markets by requiring uniform disclosure of information about public securities offerings. The primary drafters of 1933 Act were Huston Thompson, a former Federal Trade Commission (FTC) chairman, and Walter Miller and Ollie Butler, two attorneys in the Commerce Department's Foreign Service Division, with input from Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis. For the first year of the law's enactment, the enforcement of the statute rested with the Federal Trade Commission, but this power was transferred to the SEC following its creation in 1934.
In 1934, Roosevelt named his friend Joseph P. Kennedy, a self-made multimillionaire financier and a leader among the Irish-American community, as the insider-as-chairman who knew Wall Street well enough to clean it up.[6] Two of the other five commissioners were James M. Landis (one of the architects of the 1934 Act and other New Deal legislation) and Ferdinand Pecora (Chief Counsel to the Senate Committee on Banking and Currency during its investigation of Wall Street banking and stock brokerage practices). Kennedy added a number of intelligent young lawyers, including William O. Douglas and Abe Fortas, both of whom later became Supreme Court justices. Kennedy's team defined the mission and operating mode for the SEC, making full use of its wide range of legal powers. The SEC had four missions. First and most important was to restore investor confidence in the securities market, which had practically collapsed because of doubts about its internal integrity, and fears of the external threats supposedly posed by anti-business elements in the Roosevelt administration. Second, in terms of integrity, the SEC had to get rid of the penny-ante swindles based on fake information, fraudulent devices, and unsound get-rich-quick schemes. That unsavory element had to be prosecuted and shut down. Thirdly, and much more important than the outright frauds, the SEC had to end the million-dollar insider maneuvers by top officials of major corporations, whereby insiders with access to much better information about the condition of the company knew when to buy or sell their own securities. A crackdown on insider trading was given high priority. Finally, the SEC had to set up a complex system of registration for all securities sold in America, with a clear-cut set of deadlines, rules and guidelines that everyone had to follow. Drafting precise rules was the main challenge faced by the bright young lawyers. The SEC succeeded in its four missions, as Kennedy reassured the American business community that they would no longer be deceived and tricked and taken advantage of by Wall Street. He became a cheerleader for ordinary investors to return to the market and enable the economy to grow again.[7]
The law requires that issuing companies register distributions of securities with the SEC prior to interstate sales of these securities, so that investors may have access to basic financial information about issuing companies and risks involved in investing in the securities in question. Since 1994, most registration statements (and associated materials) filed with the SEC can be accessed via the SEC's online system, EDGAR.[8]
The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is also known as "the Exchange Act" or "the 1934 Act". This act regulates secondary trading between individuals and companies which are often unrelated to the original issuers of securities. Entities under the SEC's authority include securities exchanges with physical trading floors such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), self-regulatory organizations (SROs) such as the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD), the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (MSRB), online trading platforms such as the NASDAQ Stock Market (NASDAQ) and alternative trading systems (ATSs), and any other persons (e.g., securities brokers) engaged in transactions for the accounts of others.[9]
Later SEC commissioners and chairmen include William O. Douglas, Jerome Frank (one of the leaders of the legal realism movement), and William J. Casey (who later headed the Central Intelligence Agency under President Ronald Reagan).
Organizational structure[edit]
Commission members[edit]
Main article: Securities and Exchange Commission appointees
Non-partisan, no more than three Commissioners may belong to the same political party. The President also designates one of the Commissioners as Chairman, the SEC's top executive. However, the President does not possess the power to fire the appointed Commissioners, a provision that was made to ensure the independence of the SEC. This issue arose during the 2008 presidential election in connection with the ensuing financial crises.
Currently, the SEC Commissioners are:[10]
Name
Title
Party
Took office
Term expires
Jay Clayton Chairman Independent May 4, 2017 2021
Michael Piwowar Commissioner Republican August 15, 2013 2018
Kara Stein Democratic August 9, 2013 2017
Robert J. Jackson Jr. Democratic January 11, 2018 2019
Hester Peirce Republican 2020
Divisions[edit]
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission headquarters in Washington, D.C., near Union Station
Within the SEC, there are five divisions. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., the SEC has 11 regional offices throughout the US.
The SEC's divisions are:[11]
Corporation Finance
Trading and Markets
Investment Management
Enforcement
Economic and Risk Analysis
Corporation Finance is the division that oversees the disclosure made by public companies, as well as the registration of transactions, such as mergers, made by companies. The division is also responsible for operating EDGAR.
The Trading and Markets division oversees self-regulatory organizations such as the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) and Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (MSRB) and all broker-dealer firms and investment houses. This division also interprets proposed changes to regulations and monitors operations of the industry. In practice, the SEC delegates most of its enforcement and rulemaking authority to FINRA. In fact, all trading firms not regulated by other SROs must register as a member of FINRA. Individuals trading securities must pass exams administered by FINRA to become registered representatives.[12][13]
The Investment Management Division oversees registered investment companies, which include mutual funds, as well as registered investment advisors. These entities are subject to extensive regulation under various federal securities laws.[14] The Division of Investment Management administers various federal securities laws, in particular the Investment Company Act of 1940 and Investment Advisers Act of 1940. This division's responsibilities include:[15]
assisting the Commission in interpreting laws and regulations for the public and SEC inspection and enforcement staff;
responding to no-action requests and requests for exemptive relief;
reviewing investment company and investment adviser filings;
assisting the Commission in enforcement matters involving investment companies and advisers; and
advising the Commission on adapting SEC rules to new circumstances.
The Enforcement Division works with the other three divisions, and other Commission offices, to investigate violations of the securities laws and regulations and to bring actions against alleged violators. The SEC generally conducts investigations in private. The SEC's staff may seek voluntary production of documents and testimony, or may seek a formal order of investigation from the SEC, which allows the staff to compel the production of documents and witness testimony. The SEC can bring a civil action in a U.S. District Court, or an administrative proceeding which is heard by an independent administrative law judge (ALJ). The SEC does not have criminal authority, but may refer matters to state and federal prosecutors. The director of the SEC's Enforcement Division Robert Khuzami left the office in February 2013.[16]
Among the SEC's offices are:
The Office of General Counsel, which acts as the agency's "lawyer" before federal appellate courts and provides legal advice to the Commission and other SEC divisions and offices;
The Office of the Chief Accountant, which establishes and enforces accounting and auditing policies set by the SEC. This office has played a role in such areas as working with the Financial Accounting Standards Board to develop Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board in developing audit requirements, and the International Accounting Standards Board in advancing the development of International Financial Reporting Standards;
The Office of Compliance, Inspections and Examinations, which inspects broker-dealers, stock exchanges, credit rating agencies, registered investment companies, including both closed-end and open-end (mutual funds) investment companies, money funds. and Registered Investment Advisors;
The Office of International Affairs, which represents the SEC abroad and which negotiates international enforcement information-sharing agreements, develops the SEC's international regulatory policies in areas such as mutual recognition, and helps develop international regulatory standards through organizations such as the International Organization of Securities Commissions and the Financial Stability Forum;
The Office of Investor Education and Advocacy, which helps educate the public about securities markets and warns investors of fraud and stock market scams;
The Office of Economic Analysis, which helps the SEC estimate the economic costs and benefits of its various rules and regulations; and
The Office of Information Technology, which supports the Commission and staff in information technology, including application development, infrastructure operations. and engineering, user support, IT program management, capital planning, security, and enterprise architecture.
The Inspector General. The SEC announced in January 2013 that it had named Carl Hoecker the new inspector general.[17][18] He has a staff of 22.[19]
The SEC Office of the Whistleblower provides assistance and information from a whistleblower who knows of possible securities law violations: this can be among the most powerful weapons in the law enforcement arsenal of the Securities and Exchange Commission.[20] Created by Section 922 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act amended the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act") by, among other things, adding Section 21F, entitled "Securities Whistleblower Incentives and Protection."[21] Section 21F directs the Commission to make monetary awards to eligible individuals who voluntarily provide original information that leads to successful Commission enforcement actions resulting in the imposition of monetary sanctions over $1,000,000, and certain successful related actions.[22]
SEC communications[edit]
Comment letters[edit]
Comment letters are issued by the SEC's Division of Corporation Finance in response to a company's public filing.[23] This letter, initially private, contains an itemized list of requests from the SEC. Each comment in the letter asks the filer to provide additional information, modify their submitted filing, or change the way they disclose in future filings. The filer must reply to each item in the comment letter. The SEC may then reply back with follow-up comments.[24] This correspondence is later made public.
In October 2001 the SEC wrote to CA, Inc., covering 15 items, mostly about CA's accounting, including 5 about revenue recognition.[25] The chief executive officer of CA, to whom the letter was addressed, pleaded guilty to fraud at CA in 2004.[25]
In June 2004, the SEC announced that it would publicly post all comment letters, to give investors access to the information in them. An analysis of regulatory filings in May 2006 over the prior 12 months indicated, that the SEC had not accomplished what it said it would do. The analysis found 212 companies that had reported receiving comment letters from the SEC, but only 21 letters for these companies were posted on the SEC's website. John W. White, the head of the Division of Corporation Finance, told the New York Times in 2006: "We have now resolved the hurdles of posting the information.... We expect a significant number of new postings in the coming months."[25]
No-action letters[edit]
No-action letters are letters by the SEC staff indicating that the staff will not recommend to the Commission that the SEC undertake enforcement action against a person or company if that entity engages in a particular action. These letters are sent in response to requests made when the legal status of an activity is not clear. These letters are publicly released and increase the body of knowledge on what exactly is and is not allowed. They represent the staff's interpretations of the securities laws and, while persuasive, are not binding on the courts.
One such use, from 1975 to 2007, was with the nationally recognized statistical rating organization (NRSRO), a credit rating agency that issues credit ratings that the SEC permits other financial firms to use for certain regulatory purposes.
Freedom of Information Act processing performance[edit]
In the latest Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act (United States) (FOIA) requests published in 2015 (using 2012 and 2013 data, the most recent years available), the SEC was among the 5 lowest performers, earned a D- by scoring 61 out of a possible 100 points, i.e. did not earn a satisfactory overall grade. It had deteriorated from a D- in 2013.[26]
Operations[edit]
List of major SEC enforcement actions (2009–12)[edit]
Main article: List of major SEC enforcement actions (2009–12)
The SEC's Enforcement Division brought a number of major actions in 2009–12.
Regulatory action in the credit crunch[edit]
The SEC announced on September 17, 2008, strict new rules to prohibit all forms of "naked short selling" as a measure to reduce volatility in turbulent markets.[27][28]
The SEC investigated cases involving individuals attempting to manipulate the market by passing false rumors about certain financial institutions. The Commission has also investigated trading irregularities and abusive short-selling practices. Hedge fund managers, broker-dealers, and institutional investors were also asked to disclose under oath certain information pertaining to their positions in credit default swaps. The Commission also negotiated the largest settlements in the history of the SEC (approximately $51 billion in all) on behalf of investors who purchased auction rate securities from six different financial institutions.
Regulatory failures[edit]
The SEC has been criticized "for being too 'tentative and fearful' in confronting wrongdoing on Wall Street", and for doing "an especially poor job of holding executives accountable".[29][30][31]
Christopher Cox, the former SEC chairman, has recognized the organization's multiple failures in relation to the Bernard Madoff fraud.[32] Starting with an investigation in 1992 into a Madoff feeder fund that only invested with Madoff, and which, according to the SEC, promised "curiously steady" returns, the SEC did not investigate indications that something was amiss in Madoff's investment firm.[33] The SEC has been accused of missing numerous red flags and ignoring tips on Madoff's alleged fraud.[34]
As a result, Cox said that an investigation would ensue into "all staff contact and relationships with the Madoff family and firm, and their impact, if any, on decisions by staff regarding the firm".[35] SEC Assistant Director of the Office of Compliance Investigations Eric Swanson had met Madoff's niece, Shana Madoff, when Swanson was conducting an SEC examination of whether Bernard Madoff was running a Ponzi scheme because she was the firm's compliance attorney. The investigation was closed, and Swanson subsequently left the SEC, and married Shana Madoff.[36]
Approximately 45 per cent of institutional investors thought that better oversight by the SEC could have prevented the Madoff fraud.[37] Harry Markopolos complained to the SEC's Boston office in 2000, telling the SEC staff they should investigate Madoff because it was impossible to legally make the profits Madoff claimed using the investment strategies that he said he used.[38]
A similar failure occurred in the case of Allen Stanford, who sold fake certificates of deposit to tens of thousands of people, many of them working-class retirees. In 1997, the SEC's own examiners spotted the fraud and warned about it. But the Enforcement division would not pursue Stanford, despite repeated warnings by SEC examiners over the years.[39] After the Madoff fraud emerged, the SEC finally took action against Stanford in 2009.
In June 2010, the SEC settled a wrongful termination lawsuit with former SEC enforcement lawyer Gary J. Aguirre, who was terminated in September 2005 following his attempt to subpoena Wall Street figure John J. Mack in an insider trading case involving hedge fund Pequot Capital Management;[40] Mary Jo White, who was at the time representing Morgan Stanley later nominated as chair of the SEC, was involved in this case.[41] While the insider case was dropped at the time, a month prior to the SEC's settlement with Aguirre the SEC filed charges against Pequot.[40] The Senate released a report in August 2007 detailing the issue and calling for reform of the SEC.[42]
On September 26, democratic senator Mark Warner in a letter asked the SEC to evaluate whether the current disclosure regime was adequate, citing the low number of companies' disclosures to date.[43][44][45]
Others have criticized the SEC for taking an overly rule-based and enforcement-focused approach to regulation, rather than an approach that emphasizes industry-wide safety and learning and thus ensures the reliability of the national securities trading system.[46]
Inspector General office failures[edit]
In 2009, the Project on Government Oversight, a government watchdog group, sent a letter to Congress criticizing the SEC for failing to implement more than half of the recommendations made to it by its Inspector General.[47] According to POGO, in the prior two years, the SEC had taken no action on 27 out of 52 recommended reforms suggested in Inspector General reports, and still had a "pending" status on 197 of the 312 recommendations made in audit reports. Some of the recommendations included imposing disciplinary action on SEC employees who receive improper gifts or other favors from financial companies, and investigating and reporting the causes of the failures to detect the Madoff ponzi scheme.[48]
In a 2011 article by Matt Taibbi in Rolling Stone, former SEC employees were interviewed and commented negatively on the SEC's Office of the Inspector General (OIG). Going to the OIG was "well-known to be a career-killer".[49]
Because of concerns raised by David P. Weber, former SEC Chief Investigator, regarding conduct by SEC Inspector General H. David Kotz, Inspector General David C. Williams of the U.S. Postal Service was brought in to conduct an independent, outside review of Kotz's alleged improper conduct in 2012.[50] Williams concluded in his 66-page Report that Kotz violated ethics rules by overseeing probes that involved people with whom he had conflicts of interest due to "personal relationships."[50][51] The report questioned Kotz's work on the Madoff investigation, among others, because Kotz was a "very good friend" with Markopolos.[51][52][53][54] It concluded that while it was unclear when Kotz and Markopolos became friends, it would have violated U.S. ethics rules if their relationship began before or during Kotz's Madoff investigation.[51] The report also found that Kotz himself "appeared to have a conflict of interest" and should not have opened his Standford investigation, because he was friends with a female attorney who represented victims of the fraud.[52]
Destruction of documents[edit]
According to former SEC employee and whistleblower Darcy Flynn, also reported by Taibbi, the agency routinely destroyed thousands of documents related to preliminary investigations of alleged crimes committed by Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Lehman Brothers, SAC Capital, and other financial companies involved in the Great Recession that the SEC was supposed to have been regulating. The documents included those relating to "Matters Under Inquiry", or MUI, the name the SEC gives to the first stages of the investigation process. The tradition of destruction began as early as the 1990s. This SEC activity eventually caused a conflict with the National Archives and Records Administration when it was revealed to them in 2010 by Flynn. Flynn also described a meeting at the SEC in which top staff discussed refusing to admit the destruction had taken place, because it was possibly illegal.[49]
Iowa Republican Senator Charles Grassley, among others, took note of Flynn's call for protection as a whistleblower, and the story of the agency's document-handling procedures. The SEC issued a statement defending its procedures. NPR quoted University of Denver Sturm College of Law professor Jay Brown as saying: "My initial take on this is it's a tempest in a teapot," and Jacob Frenkel, a securities lawyer in the Washington, D.C., area, as saying in effect "there's no allegation the SEC tossed sensitive documents from banks it got under subpoena in high-profile cases that investors and lawmakers care about". NPR concluded its report:
The debate boils down to this: What does an investigative record mean to Congress? And the courts? Under the law, those investigative records must be kept for 25 years. But federal officials say no judge has ruled that papers related to early-stage SEC inquiries are investigative records. The SEC's inspector general says he's conducting a thorough investigation into the allegations. [Kotz] tells NPR that he'll issue a report by the end of September.[55]
Relationship to other agencies[edit]
In addition to working with various self-regulatory organizations such as the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC), and Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (MSRB), the SEC also works with other federal agencies, state securities regulators, international securities agencies and law enforcement agencies.[56]
In 1988 Executive Order 12631 established the President's Working Group on Financial Markets. The Working Group is chaired by the Secretary of the Treasury and includes the Chairman of the SEC, the Chairman of the Federal Reserve and the Chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. The goal of the Working Group is to enhance the integrity, efficiency, orderliness, and competitiveness of the financial markets while maintaining investor confidence.[57]
The Securities Act of 1933 was originally administered by the Federal Trade Commission. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 transferred this responsibility from the FTC to the SEC. The main mission of the FTC is to promote consumer protection and to eradicate anti-competitive business practices. The FTC regulates general business practices, while the SEC focuses on the securities markets.
The Temporary National Economic Committee was established by joint resolution of Congress 52 Stat. 705 on June 16, 1938. It was in charge of reporting to Congress on abuses of monopoly power. The committee was defunded in 1941, but its records are still under seal by order of the SEC.[58]
The Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (MSRB) was established in 1975 by Congress to develop rules for companies involved in underwriting and trading municipal securities. The MSRB is monitored by the SEC, but the MSRB does not have the authority to enforce its rules.
While most violations of securities laws are enforced by the SEC and the various SROs it monitors, state securities regulators can also enforce statewide securities blue sky laws.[4] States may require securities to be registered in the state before they can be sold there. National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996 (NSMIA) addressed this dual system of federal-state regulation by amending Section 18 of the 1933 Act to exempt nationally traded securities from state registration, thereby pre-empting state law in this area. However, NSMIA preserves the states' anti-fraud authority over all securities traded in the state.[59]
The SEC also works with federal and state law enforcement agencies to carry out actions against actors alleged to be in violation of the securities laws.
The SEC is a member of International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), and uses the IOSCO Multilateral Memorandum of Understanding as well as direct bilateral agreements with other countries' securities commissions to deal with cross-border misconduct in securities markets.
Related legislation[edit]
1933: Securities Act of 1933
1934: Securities Exchange Act of 1934
1938: Temporary National Economic Committee (establishment)
1939: Trust Indenture Act of 1939
1940: Investment Advisers Act of 1940
1940: Investment Company Act of 1940
1968: Williams Act (Securities Disclosure Act)
1982: Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act
1999: Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act
2000: Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000
2002: Sarbanes–Oxley Act
2003: Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003
2006: Credit Rating Agency Reform Act of 2006
2010: Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
2012: Volcker Rule (a specific section of the Dodd–Frank Act)
Title 17 of the Code of Federal Regulations
See also[edit]
Chicago Stock Exchange
Financial regulation
List of financial regulatory authorities by country
Regulation D (SEC)
Securities regulation in the United States
Securities market participants (United States)
Forms[edit]
SEC filing
Form 4 (stock and stock options ownership and exercise disclosure)
Form 8-K
Form 10-K
Form S-1 (IPO)
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "20160926 Letter to SEC on Yahoo Breach". Retrieved 13 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Volz, Dustin. "Yahoo hack may become test case for SEC data breach disclosure rules". Reuters. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sen. Warner Calls on SEC to Investigate Disclosure of Yahoo Breach". 26 September 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Preventing Crashes: Lessons for the SEC from the Airline Industry". January 6, 2015. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Fawn. (December 17, 2009) "Group Alleges Slack SEC Response to Internal Watchdog". NASDAQ.
Jump up ^ Brian, Danielle. (December 16, 2009) "POGO Letter to SEC Chairman Mary Schapiro regarding SEC's failure to act on hundreds of Inspector General recommendations" Archived August 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.. The Project On Government Oversight Website.
^ Jump up to: a b Is the SEC Covering Up Wall Street Crimes?, Matt Taibbi, 2011 August 17
^ Jump up to: a b Schmidt, Robert (January 25, 2013). "SEC Said to Back Hire of U.S. Capitol Police Inspector General". Bloomberg. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Schmidt, Robert; Joshua Gallu (October 26, 2012). "Former SEC Watchdog Kotz Violated Ethics Rules, Review Finds". Bloomberg. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Robert Schmidt and Joshua Gallu (October 6, 2012). "Former SEC Watchdog Kotz Violated Ethics Rules, Review Finds". Business Week. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Sarah N. Lynch (November 15, 2012). "David Weber Lawsuit: Ex-SEC Investigator Accused Of Wanting To Carry A Gun At Work, Suing For $20 Million". The Huffington Post. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "David Kotz, Ex-SEC Inspector General, May Have Had Conflicts Of Interest". The Huffington Post. October 5, 2012. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Carrie, "SEC Documents Destroyed, Employee Tells Congress", National Public Radio (transcript and audio), August 18, 2011. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ Regulatory Structure Archived November 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ U.S. Treasury Archived December 3, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "National Archives". Archives.gov. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "National Securities Markets Improvement Act". AccreditedInvestors.net.
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Just a Minute
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Just a Minute
Genre
Panel game
Running time
28 minutes
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Language(s)
English
Home station
BBC Radio 4
Hosted by
Nicholas Parsons (1967-)
Kenneth Williams(1968, 1970, 1983 three episodes)
Sir Clement Freud(1968, 1970, 1983 three episodes)
Geraldine Jones(1968, one episode)
Andre Melly(1972, one episode)
Ian Messiter(1977, one episode)
Gyles Brandreth (2018, two episodes)
Starring
Regular panellists
Sir Clement Freud (1967–2009)
Derek Nimmo (1967–99)
Kenneth Williams (1968–88)
Peter Jones (1971–2000)
Paul Merton (1989–)
Created by
Ian Messiter
Produced by
David Hatch (1967–75, 1979–81)
Simon Brett (1969–75)
John Cassells (1973)
Bob Oliver-Rogers (1973–74)
John Lloyd (1974–76)
John Browell (1976–78)
Pete Atkin (1982–86)
Edward Taylor (1987–91)
Sarah Smith (1992–95)
Anne Jobson (1994–98)
Chris Neill (1998–2000, 2004)
Claire Jones (2001–6, 2008–12)
Tilusha Ghelani (2007–8, 2010–2015)
Katie Tyrrell (2013–2015)
Victoria Lloyd (2015–2016, 2017–)
Matt Stronge (2016–2017)
Original release
22 December 1967 (1967-12-22) – present
No. of series
81 (as of May 2018)
No. of episodes
911[1]
Opening theme
The Minute Waltz by Frédéric Chopin
Website
Just a Minute
Just a Minute is a BBC Radio 4 radio comedy and television panel game chaired by Nicholas Parsons. Its first transmission on Radio 4 was on 22 December 1967, three months after the station's launch.[2] The Radio 4 programme won a Gold Sony Radio Academy Award in 2003.[3][4]
The object of the game is for panellists to talk for sixty seconds on a given subject, "without hesitation, repetition or deviation". The comedy comes from attempts to keep within these rules and the banter among the participants. In 2011 comedy writer David Quantick ascribed Just a Minute's success to its "insanely basic" format, stating, "It's so blank that it can be filled by people as diverse as Paul Merton and Graham Norton, who don't have to adapt their style of humour to the show at all."[5]
Throughout its half-century history, the show has, in addition to its popularity in the UK, developed an international following through its broadcast on the BBC World Service and, more recently, on the internet.
Contents
1 History
2 Rules
3 Participants
4 Recording locations
5 TV versions
6 Audiobook releases
7 Other formats
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
The idea for the game came to Ian Messiter as he rode on the top of a number 13 bus. He recalled Percival Parry Jones, a history master from his days at Sherborne School who, upon seeing the young Messiter daydreaming in a class, instructed him to repeat everything he had said in the previous minute without hesitation or repetition.[6] To this, Messiter added a rule disallowing players from deviating from the subject, as well as a scoring system based on panellists' challenges.[7]
The format was first used in One Minute Please, chaired by Roy Plomley, broadcast on BBC radio between 1951 and 1957.[8] Whilst the fundamental rules were the same, the game was played in two teams of three rather than with four individual contestants. Other early incarnations of the show, all created by Messiter, include a 1952 version on South African radio, and a television version on the DuMont network in the United States.[9]
The pilot for the show was recorded in 1967, featuring Clement Freud, Derek Nimmo, Beryl Reid and Willma Ewert as panellists. The chairman was originally planned to be Jimmy Edwards but he was unavailable on Sundays, the proposed recording dates, and was replaced by Nicholas Parsons who was originally supposed to be a panel member. Parsons did not want the job and only reluctantly took it, just for the pilot episode. After the show settled in, again he found himself in the role of a straight man for the panellists. Although executives at the BBC disliked the pilot, its producer, David Hatch, threatened to resign if he could not oversee a full series. Not wishing to lose Hatch, the BBC acquiesced.[8]
The show's theme music is Frédéric Chopin's piano Waltz in D flat major, Op. 64, No. 1, nicknamed the "Minute Waltz" (which, despite its name, lasts longer than the 60 seconds taken to complete a round of Just a Minute; the nickname actually refers to "minute" as in "small" rather than the unit of time).
In 2018, Nicholas Parsons was unable to attend the recording of two editions of the programme as he had the flu. This broke his uninterrupted run of fifty years as a performer on the programme. The episodes were recorded with Gyles Brandreth standing in for Parsons and were broadcast on 4 and 11 June 2018.[10]
Rules[edit]
The panellists are invited, in rotation, to speak for one minute on a given subject (which they are normally not informed of in advance), without "hesitation, repetition or deviation". Over the years, the application of these rules has been inconsistent, and their interpretation is the focus of much of the comic interplay between those appearing, who often challenge the chairman's rulings.
In the early years the rules were more complicated, as special rules were sometimes tried out in addition, on a one-off basis: a ban on the word "is" might apply in a round, for example. But the three basic rules have always applied.
"Hesitation" is watched very strictly: a momentary pause in speaking can give rise to a successful challenge, as can tripping over one's words. Even pausing during audience laughter or applause (known as "riding a laugh") can be challenged.
"Repetition" means the repetition of any word or phrase again and again, although challenges based upon very common words such as "and" are generally rejected except in extreme cases. Words contained in the given subject are now exempt unless repeated many times in quick succession, although this was a later addition to the rules. Skillful players use synonyms to avoid repeating themselves. Even letters may not be repeated; for example, the term "BBC" must be avoided, as it can be successfully challenged for repetition of "B".
"Deviation" originally meant deviating from the given subject, but gradually evolved to also include "deviating from the English language as we know it", "deviation from grammar as we understand it", deviating from the truth, and deviating from logic. Nevertheless, leaps into the surreal are usually allowed.
A panellist scores one point for making a correct challenge against whoever is speaking, or the speaker gets a point if the challenge is deemed incorrect. If a witty interjection amuses the audience, but is not a correct challenge, at the chairman's discretion the challenger can nevertheless be awarded an extra point (the "bonus point" rule). A player who makes a correct challenge takes over the subject for the remainder of the minute, or until he or she is successfully challenged. The person speaking when the whistle blows after 60 seconds also scores a point. An extra point is awarded if a panellist speaks for the entire minute without being challenged.
It is rare for a panellist to speak within the three cardinal rules for any substantial length of time, whilst both remaining coherent and being amusing. Therefore, to speak for the full minute without being challenged is a special achievement. However, if a panellist is speaking fluently on a subject, staying reasonably within the three rules, and seems likely to speak for the whole minute, the other panellists often refrain from challenging. On occasion a similar courtesy has been extended by the whistle-blower, who will refrain from indicating the end of the minute so as to not interrupt a panellist in full and entertaining flow (this once led to Paul Merton speaking for one minute and forty seconds on the topic "Ram-raiding"[11]). There are also occasions when players choose not to buzz because the speaker is amusing the audience by performing badly.
Below is an example of a speech given by Sheila Hancock which lasted for a full minute without being challenged. The subject was "How to win an argument".
"Well it varies according to the person that you are arguing with. Should it be a child that you are having a contretemps with, the ideal is deviation tactics. For instance Lola Lupin who I mentioned before won't eat her dinner. So what I do is say, "yes it is rotten food, let us sing a song", making sure that that particular chanson has a few vowels in it that require her to open her mouth! During which I pop the spoon in and I have won the argument. However if it is an argument with a person that knows their subject what I do is nod sagely and smile superciliously, let them ramble on, and at the end I say "well I'm sorry, I think you're completely wrong", turn on my heels and leave. I..."[12]
On rare occasions, panellists will challenge themselves, usually by mistake or for laughs.[13] The game rewards those who make entertaining challenges, even if they do not speak for very long. If successful, last-second challenges can be especially rewarding, as they allow one to speak for a short time but earn two points—one for the challenge and one for being the last speaker.
The game is then scored and a winner declared, but the attraction of the show lies less in the contest than in the humour and banter among participants and the chairman.
Participants[edit]
Sir Clement Freud was a panellist on the show from 1967 to 2009, making him the longest-serving guest.
Nicholas Parsons has chaired the show since its inception. On nine occasions he has appeared on the panel, and others have acted as chairman including Sir Clement Freud[14][15][16], Geraldine Jones[17], Andrée Melly "as our contribution to the women's liberation movement"[18], and Kenneth Williams[19][20][21]. Ian Messiter was chairman on one occasion in 1977, when Freud arrived late and Nicholas Parsons took his place on the panel.[22] Parsons had appeared on every show, either as chairman or panelist, until Series 81 Episode 4 when he was absent for the first time in the show's 51 year history. That show, broadcast on BBC Radio 4 at 18:30hrs on the 4th June 2018, was hosted by Gyles Brandreth with guest speakers Paul Merton, Josie Lawrence, Sara Pascoe and Tony Hawks.
Each programme features four panellists, with the exception of six shows in 1968 and another at the end of the 1970–1971 season when there were only three.
Ian Messiter, the show's creator, set the subjects for every show until his death in 1999. Until 1989 he also sat on the stage with a stopwatch and blew a whistle when the sixty seconds were up. He has been replaced by a succession of different whistle-blowers, a role which now falls to the production assistant.
There have been five regular competitors in the show's history:
Sir Clement Freud
Peter Jones
Derek Nimmo
Kenneth Williams
Paul Merton
Freud and Nimmo appeared from the first programme in 1967, while Williams joined in the show's second series in 1968. Jones made his début in 1971. After Williams' death in 1988, Merton (a long-time fan of the show) contacted the producer at Nicholas Parsons' suggestion and was invited to participate during the following year.[23] Nimmo died in 1999, Jones in 2000 and Freud in 2009, leaving Merton as the only regular, albeit he is not in every edition.
Nicholas Parsons during a recording at the Pleasance, Edinburgh.
Each of the regulars brought their individual style to playing the game. Clement Freud liked to make lists and to challenge with only a few seconds to go. He was among the show's more competitive players, regularly referring to the rules and deprecating any deviation from them. Derek Nimmo often improvised descriptions of his experiences abroad, many derived from his extensive theatrical tours. He too was highly competitive, and was known for berating the chairman frequently. Peter Jones once said that in all his years playing the game, he never quite got the hang of it; nonetheless, his self-deprecating, laconic style suited the essential silliness of the show. Kenneth Williams was often the star of the show: his flamboyant tantrums, arch put-downs, and mock sycophancy made him the audience's favourite. Williams often stretched out his speeches by extending every syllable to breaking point (some words lasting for up to three seconds), and his outbursts of mock-anger regularly included his catchphrase "I've come all the way from Great Portland Street", as though he had journeyed for miles, when in fact his home was just around the corner from the BBC studios where most recordings took place.[24] Merton frequently launches into surreal flights of fancy and fantasy, such as claiming to have had unusual occupations or to have experienced significant historical events. He also often wins points by challenging just before the whistle or for humorous challenges, another technique being to say the same word in the singular and the plural, for inexperienced panellists to challenge falsely.[24]
Over the 50-year history of the show, there have been many other panellists. Those to have appeared frequently, more than 20 times each, are Pam Ayres, Gyles Brandreth, Marcus Brigstocke, Julian Clary, Alun Cochrane, Charles Collingwood, Barry Cryer, Jenny Eclair, Stephen Fry, Sheila Hancock, Tony Hawks, Kit Hesketh-Harvey, Josie Lawrence, Aimi MacDonald, Andree Melly, Chris Neill, Ross Noble, Graham Norton, Sue Perkins, Tim Rice, Wendy Richard, Linda Smith and Liza Tarbuck.
Others to have appeared as panellists on the programme are:
James Acaster
Chris Addison
Ray Alan
Juno Alexander
Tom Allen
Stephen K. Amos
Toni Arthur
John Baddeley
Bill Bailey
Joan Bakewell
Isobel Barnett
Lucy Bartlett
Simon Bates
Jeremy Beadle
Lucy Beaumont
Elisabeth Beresford
Teddie Beverley
Carol Binstead
John Bishop
Barbara Blake
Henry Blofeld
Fern Britton
Tim Brooke-Taylor
Janet Brown
Rob Brydon
Rob Buckman
Hannibal Buress
Jason Byrne
Susan Calman
Ian Carmichael
Barbara Castle
Jo Caulfield
Lorraine Chase
Denise Coffey
Peter Cook
Bernard Cribbins
Jack Dee
Hugh Dennis
Blythe Duff
Kevin Eldon
Pippa Evans
Kenny Everett
Willma Ewert
Vanessa Feltz
Craig Ferguson
Lynn Ferguson
Fenella Fielding
John Finnemore
William Franklyn
Liz Fraser
Emma Freud
Rebecca Front
Stephen Frost
Graeme Garden
Rhod Gilbert
Annabel Giles
Fi Glover
Liza Goddard
Janey Godley
Kerry Godliman
Dave Gorman
Andy Hamilton
Jeremy Hardy
Diane Hart[25]
Richard Herring
Thora Hird
Ian Hislop
Rufus Hound
Renee Houston
Robin Ince
Charmian Innes
Eddie Izzard
David Jacobs
Martin Jarvis
Brian Johnston
Geraldine Jones
Peter Jones
John Junkin
Phill Jupitus
Miles Jupp
Miriam Karlin
Russell Kane
Gerry Kelly
Henry Kelly
Shappi Khorsandi
Patrick Kielty
Miles Kington
Nish Kumar
Bettine Le Beau
Helen Lederer
Maureen Lipman
Moira Lister
Sean Lock
Josie Long
Joe Lycett
Zoe Lyons
Fred MacAulay
Lee Mack
Jacqueline MacKenzie
Jason Manford
Stephen Mangan
Miriam Margolyes
Alfred Marks
Betty Marsden
Jean Marsh
Pete McCarthy
Maria McErlane
Alistair McGowan
Pauline McLynn
Ian McMillan
Mike McShane
Andrée Melly
Ian Messiter
Millie
David Mitchell
Warren Mitchell
Bob Monkhouse
Patrick Moore
Justin Moorhouse
Richard Morton
Neil Mullarkey
Jimmy Mulville
Richard Murdoch
Al Murray
Dara Ó Briain
Owen O'Neill
Michael Palin
Nicholas Parsons
Sara Pascoe
Lance Percival
Greg Proops
Marjorie Proops
Libby Purves
Magnus Pyke
Caroline Quentin
Esther Rantzen
Jan Ravens
Beryl Reid
Nick Revell
Kate Robbins
Kenneth Robinson
Jonathan Ross
Willie Rushton
Katherine Ryan
Alexei Sayle
Prunella Scales
Will Self
John Sergeant
Lee Simpson
Paul Sinha
Frank Skinner
Tony Slattery
Arthur Smith
Victor Spinetti
Richard Stilgoe
Elaine Stritch
Una Stubbs
Eleanor Summerfield
Jim Sweeney
David Tennant
Christopher Timothy
Sandi Toksvig
Barry Took
Tommy Trinder
Joan Turner
Stanley Unwin
Tim Vine
Richard Vranch
Rick Wakeman
Roy Walker
Holly Walsh
Suki Webster
Katharine Whitehorn
June Whitfield
Josh Widdicombe
Simon Williams
Anona Winn
Terry Wogan
Michael Wood
Victoria Wood
Recording locations[edit]
The first show in 1967 was recorded in the Playhouse Theatre in central London, and the 35th anniversary show was also recorded there, and broadcast on New Year's Day 2003.[26][27]
Most shows in the first 30 years were recorded in the Paris Theatre in central London. In 1992, the then-new producer, Sarah Smith, took the show outside central London and recorded some shows in nearby Highgate.[28] A year later, the show left Greater London for the first time; the first such shows broadcast were recorded in Bury St. Edmunds and Llandudno.[29][30] The show started going to the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 1993 and has been there every year since.[31] Currently most shows, though not all, are recorded at the BBC Radio Theatre in Broadcasting House in central London.
In February 2012, two episodes of the show were recorded at the Comedy Store, in Mumbai in India, the first time the show has recorded outside Britain. The programme played for many years on the World Service and is said to have a large following in India.[32]
TV versions[edit]
Several television versions have been attempted. Two pilot episodes were recorded for television in 1969 and 1981 but never broadcast, except in documentaries about Kenneth Williams.
In 1994, 14 shows were broadcast on Carlton Television, ITV in London. Two additional variations were added: a round in which the team were presented with a mystery object to talk about, rather than a subject, and another round where the audience suggested a topic. Nicholas Parsons chaired the show, and Tony Slattery featured in all programmes. Other panellists were Tony Banks, Tony Blackburn, Jo Brand, Ann Bryson, John Fortune, Clement Freud, Mariella Frostrup, Jeremy Hardy, Tony Hawks, Hattie Hayridge, Kit Hesketh-Harvey, Helen Lederer, Pete McCarthy, Neil Mullarkey, Derek Nimmo, Graham Norton, Nick Revell, Ted Robbins, Lee Simpson, Arthur Smith, Jim Sweeney and Richard Vranch.
In 1995, fourteen more episodes were broadcast. Just a Minute became a team game, with the Midlands and London playing against each other, under team captains Tony Slattery and Dale Winton. Each player earned individual points, which were totalled for each team at the end of the show. Nicholas Parsons again chaired the shows. The gimmick of the audience choosing a subject was abandoned in this series. Other panellists were Tony Banks, Tony Blackburn, Craig Charles, Clement Freud, Mariella Frostrup, Liza Goddard, Jeremy Hardy, Kit Hesketh-Harvey, Helen Lederer, Carolyn Marshall, Graham Norton, Su Pollard, Wendy Richard, Arthur Smith, Jim Sweeney and Richard Vranch. Both this series and the series before were produced by Mike Mansfield.[33]
In 1999, the BBC televised the show, with 20 episodes recorded during a single week in Birmingham. Nicholas Parsons was again the chairman. There were no regular panellists but those appearing were Pam Ayres, Clare Balding, Isla Blair, Jo Brand, Gyles Brandreth, Ken Bruce, Michael Cashman, Barry Cryer, Stephen Frost, Liza Goddard, Tony Hawks, Peter Jones, Maria McErlane, Richard Morton, Tom O'Connor, Su Pollard, Steve Punt, Wendy Richard, John Sergeant, Brian Sewell, Linda Smith, Richard Vranch and Gary Wilmot. The series was produced by Helena Taylor.
In March and April 2012, the BBC broadcast 10 episodes, recorded over a week at the BBC Television Centre in London, to mark the 45th anniversary of the programme. For the first time, the shows were shown in prime time at 6 pm each night over two weeks on BBC Two. Nicholas Parsons again chaired the programme and Paul Merton appeared in all episodes. Other panellists were Gyles Brandreth, Hugh Bonneville, Marcus Brigstocke, Julian Clary, Stephen Fry, Tony Hawks, Ruth Jones, Phill Jupitus, Miles Jupp, Shappi Khorsandi, Josie Lawrence, Jason Manford, Stephen Mangan, Graham Norton, Sue Perkins, John Sergeant, Liza Tarbuck and Russell Tovey. No changes were made to the format of the game. The shows were produced by Andy Brereton and Jamie Ormerod.[34]
Audiobook releases[edit]
For the show's 25th anniversary in 1992, a two-hour compilation album entitled Just A Minute: Silver Minutes was released on long-play vinyl and cassette. The following year, an eponymous album Just A Minute was released containing three then-recent episodes from 1991 and 1993. A further cassette with four recent episodes entitled Just A Minute 2 followed in 1996. Just A Minute 3 in 1999 saw the start of regular annual releases featuring 4 of the best episodes from the previous year. After Just A Minute 8 in 2004, the following year's release was titled Just A Minute: The Best Of 2005 and an end-of-year collection has been released every year since with Just A Minute: The Best Of 2017 due for release on 2 November.
In 2004, the BBC began a separate annual series of double CD releases collecting older episodes covering the shows first 30 years entitled Just A Classic Minute: Volume 1. Each episode had a newly-recorded introduction by Parsons (for later volumes, Parson and Merton in discussion). The first four volumes were also released in a box set entitled Just A Classic Minute: 40th Anniversary Collection in 2007. The series finished in 2010 with the release of Just A Classic Minute: Volume 7.
In 2010, Just A Minute: Series 56 became the first series to be made available in its entirety for purchase via digital download. This continued up to Just A Minute: Series 67. The pattern resumed for Just A Minute: Series 71 onwards, with complete series also made available on Compact Disc. Just A Minute: Series 79 is due for release on 7 December 2017.
In 2011, five double CDs were released with each volume focusing on a "Classic" selection of each of the main regular panellists (eg. Just A Minute: Classic Kenneth Williams, Just A Minute: Classic Paul Merton, etc.) The five volumes were also available as a box set entitled Just A Minute: The Classic Collection along with a bonus CD. The "Classic Clement Freud" CD and audio download was withdrawn from sites such as Amazon and iTunes following the posthumous revelations about him. A second box set was released in 2014 entitled Just A Minute: Another Classic Collection. It followed the same theme as its predecessor, this time focusing on five non-regulars who are frequent panellists, namely Sheila Hancock, Gyles Brandreth, Jenny Éclair, Stephen Fry and Graham Norton. Once again, there was a bonus disc with the box set which was not available with the separate volumes. In 2015, a third box set entitled Just A Minute: A Further Classic Collection focused on Tim Rice, Wendy Richard, Tony Hawks, Sue Perkins and Julian Clary.
In 2017, a box set entitled Just A Minute: Golden Collection was released to celebrate the show's 50th anniversary. Controversially, more than half the selected episodes featured Freud despite the revelations about him in the previous year.
Other formats[edit]
A Swedish version of the show, called På Minuten, has been broadcast on Sveriges Radio P1 since 1969.In India the Malayalam version is there.It is named as Oru Nimisham (ഒരു നിമിഷം) and it is now telecasting on Flowers TV. Before that, Oru Nimisham was also there in Asianet, Dooradarshan and Malayalam radio Akashavani and it is hosted by R Sreekandan Nair.
I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue, another BBC radio comedy panel show which occupies the same Monday-night slot in the Radio 4 schedule, occasionally parodies its rival show with a round entitled "Just a Minim".[35] In this spoof version the contestants must sing songs — always chosen for their highly repetitive lyrics — without repetition, hesitation, or deviation (from the tune.) The chairman, currently Jack Dee who has himself been a guest on Just a Minute, imitates Nicholas Parsons' style.
See also[edit]
Many a Slip
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Just a Minute episode list". Geocities.com. Retrieved 22 Dec 2017.
Jump up ^ BBC Radio 4 was launched on 30 September 1967, around three months before Just a Minute was created.
Jump up ^ "2003 Winners". Sony Radio Academy Award. Archived from the original on 5 December 2004. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Sony Radio Awards 2003: Winners". BBC News. 8 May 2003. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
Jump up ^ guardian.co.uk, 17 May 2011, Just a Minute: why it's never paused
Jump up ^ "Messiter's game show magic". BBC News. 24 November 1999. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Just a Minute". BBC. Retrieved 7 September 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Just a Minute". UK Game Shows.com. Retrieved 10 September 2007.
Jump up ^ Barker, Dennis (25 November 1999). "Ian Messiter (obituary)". London: The Guardian.
Jump up ^ "Just A Minute presenter Nicholas Parsons misses first show in 50 years". BBC News. 4 June 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "JAM:PMerton,DNimmo,CFreud,PJones".
Jump up ^ "Episode 633". Just a Minute. Season 50. 2005-07-25.
Jump up ^ "Episode 436". Just a Minute. Season 30. 1994-01-15.
Jump up ^ Just a Minute. 1968-10-07.
Jump up ^ Just a Minute. 1970-02-16.
Jump up ^ Just a Minute. 1983-05-09.
Jump up ^ Just a Minute. 1968-10-14.
Jump up ^ Just a Minute. 1972-04-04.
Jump up ^ Just a Minute. 1968-10-21.
Jump up ^ Just a Minute. 1970-02-23.
Jump up ^ Just a Minute. 1983-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Episode 230". Just a Minute. Season 11. 1977-01-12.
Jump up ^ Clement Freud on Just a Minute: A Celebration, BBC Radio 4, 26 May 2009
^ Jump up to: a b "H2G2 – Just a Minute". BBC. 30 June 2000. Retrieved 11 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "Diane Hart – Obituaries, News". London: The Independent. 4 March 2002. Retrieved 7 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Episode 1". Just a Minute. Season 1. 1967-12-22.
Jump up ^ "Episode 577, 35th Anniversary Special". Just a Minute. Season 45. 2003-01-01.
Jump up ^ "Episode 415". Just a Minute. Season 28. 1992-01-04.
Jump up ^ "Episode 424". Just a Minute. Season 29. 1993-01-02.
Jump up ^ "Episode 426". Just a Minute. Season 29. 1993-01-16.
Jump up ^ "Episode 445". Just a Minute. Season 31. 1994-12-31.
Jump up ^ – 13:30 (13 March 2012). "Radio 4 – Just a Minute's Indian Adventure". BBC. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mike Mansfield". IMDB.
Jump up ^ "Just A Minute to be adapted for TV for 45th anniversary". 20 October 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Games Compendium". The Officially Unofficial I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue web pages.
External links[edit]
Just a Minute at BBC Programmes
Just a Minute at British Comedy Guide
Just a Minute fansite
[1] Profile of the programme in The Guardian just after the series's sixtieth series began
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