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Gobi Desert
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Gobi Desert (Говь)
Desert
Gobi Desert landscape in Ömnögovi Province, Mongolia
Countries
China, Mongolia
Mongolian Aimags
Bayankhongor, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Govi-Altai, Govisümber, Ömnögovi, Sükhbaatar
Chinese Autonomous Region
Inner Mongolia
Landmark
Nemegt Basin
Length
1,500 km (932 mi), SE/NW
Width
800 km (497 mi), N/S
Area
1,295,000 km2 (500,002 sq mi)
The Gobi Desert lies in the territory of the People's Republic of China and Mongolia.
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The Gobi Desert (/ˈɡoʊ.bi/; Mongolian: Говь, Gowĭ, [ɢɔwʲ], "semidesert"; Chinese: 戈壁; pinyin: Gēbì, Xiao'erjing: قْبِ, [kɤ́.pî], Dungan: Гәби) is a large desert region in Asia.[1] It covers parts of northern and northwestern China, and of southern Mongolia. The desert basins of the Gobi are bounded by the Altai Mountains and the grasslands and steppes of Mongolia on the north, by the Taklamakan Desert to the west, by the Hexi Corridor and Tibetan Plateau to the southwest, and by the North China Plain to the southeast. The Gobi is notable in history as part of the great Mongol Empire, and as the location of several important cities along the Silk Road.
The Gobi is a rain shadow desert, formed by the Tibetan Plateau blocking precipitation from the Indian Ocean reaching the Gobi territory.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
2 Climate
3 Conservation, ecology, and economy
4 Desertification
5 Ecoregions of the Gobi
5.1 Eastern Gobi desert steppe
5.2 Alashan Plateau semi-desert
5.3 Dzungarian Basin semi-desert
6 European exploration up to 1911
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Geography[edit]
The Gobi measures over 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from southwest to northeast and 800 km (500 mi) from north to south. The desert is widest in the west, along the line joining the Lake Bosten and the Lop Nor (87°–89° east). It occupies an arc of land 1,295,000 km2 (500,000 sq mi)[2] in area as of 2007; it is the fifth-largest desert in the world and Asia's second largest. Much of the Gobi is not sandy but has exposed bare rock.
In its broadest definition, the Gobi includes the long stretch of desert and semi-desert area extending from the foot of the Pamirs, 77° east, to the Greater Khingan Mountains, 116°-118° east, on the border of Manchuria; and from the foothills of the Altay, Sayan, and Yablonoi mountain ranges on the north to the Kunlun, Altyn-Tagh, and Qilian mountain ranges, which form the northern edges of the Tibetan Plateau, on the south.[3]
A relatively large area on the east side of the Greater Khingan range, between the upper waters of the Songhua (Sungari) and the upper waters of the Liao-ho, is reckoned to belong to the Gobi by conventional usage. Some geographers and ecologists prefer to regard the western area of the Gobi region (as defined above): the basin of the Tarim in Xinjiang and the desert basin of Lop Nor and Hami (Kumul), as forming a separate and independent desert, called the Taklamakan Desert.
Archeologists and paleontologists have done excavations in the Nemegt Basin in the northwestern part of the Gobi Desert (in Mongolia), which is noted for its fossil treasures, including early mammals, dinosaur eggs, and prehistoric stone implements, some 100,000 years old.[4]
Climate[edit]
Gobi by NASA World Wind
Sand dunes in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
A summer monsoon produces a flash flood, 2004
Bactrian camels by the sand dunes of Khongoryn Els, Gurvansaikhan NP, Mongolia.
The sand dunes of Khongoryn Els, Gurvansaikhan NP, Mongolia
Remains of Great Chinese Wall in Gobi Desert
The Gobi is a cold desert, with frost and occasionally snow occurring on its dunes. Besides being quite far north, it is also located on a plateau roughly 910–1,520 metres (2,990–4,990 ft) above sea level, which contributes to its low temperatures. An average of approximately 194 millimetres (7.6 in) of rain falls annually in the Gobi. Additional moisture reaches parts of the Gobi in winter as snow is blown by the wind from the Siberian Steppes. These winds may cause the Gobi to reach −40 °C (−40 °F) in winter to 45 °C (113 °F) in summer.[5]
The climate of the Gobi is one of great extremes, combined with rapid changes of temperature of as much as 35 °C (63 °F). These can occur not only seasonally but within 24 hours.
Temperature
Sivantse (1190 m)
Ulaanbaatar (1150 m)
Annual mean −2.5 °C (27.5 °F) −0.4 °C (31.3 °F)
January mean −26.5 °C (−15.7 °F) −21.6 °C (−6.9 °F)
July mean 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) 18.2 °C (64.8 °F)
Extremes −43 to 38 °C (−45 to 100 °F) −42.2 to 39.0 °C (−44.0 to 102.2 °F)
In southern Mongolia, the temperature has been recorded as low as −32.8 °C (−27.0 °F). In contrast, in Alxa, Inner Mongolia, it rises as high as 37 °C (99 °F) in July.
Average winter minimums are a frigid −21 °C (−6 °F), while summertime maximums are a warm 27 °C (81 °F). Most of the precipitation falls during the summer.[6]
Although the southeast monsoons reach the southeast parts of the Gobi, the area throughout this region is generally characterized by extreme dryness, especially during the winter, when the Siberian anticyclone is at its strongest. The southern and central parts of the Gobi Desert have variable plant growth due to this monsoon activity. The more northern areas of the Gobi are very cold and dry, making it unable to support much plant growth; this cold and dry weather is attributed to Siberian-Mongolian high pressure cells.[1] Hence, the icy sandstorms and snowstorms of spring and early summer plus early January (winter).
Conservation, ecology, and economy[edit]
The Gobi Desert is the source of many important fossil finds, including the first dinosaur eggs.
Despite the harsh conditions, these deserts and the surrounding regions sustain many animals, including black-tailed gazelles, marbled polecats, wild Bactrian camels, Mongolian wild ass and sandplovers. They are occasionally visited by snow leopards, brown bears, and wolves. Lizards are especially well-adapted to the climate of the Gobi Desert, with approximately 30 species distributed across its southern Mongolian border.[7] The most common vegetation in the Gobi desert are shrubs adapted to drought.[8] These shrubs included gray sparrow's saltwort (Salsola passerina), gray sagebrush, and low grasses such as needle grass and bridlegrass. Due to livestock grazing, the amount of shrubs in the desert has decreased.[8] Several large nature reserves have been established in the Gobi, including Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park, Great Gobi A and Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area.
The area is vulnerable to trampling by livestock and off-road vehicles (effects from human intervention are greater in the eastern Gobi Desert, where rainfall is heavier and may sustain livestock). In Mongolia, grasslands have been degraded by goats, which are raised by nomadic herders as source of cashmere wool.[9] The economic trends of livestock privatization and the collapse of the urban economy have caused people to return to subsistence rural lifestyles, away from urbanization.
Large copper and gold deposits located at Oyuu Tolgoi, about 80 kilometres from the Chinese border into Mongolia, are being investigated for development as mining operations.[10] The Oyu Tolgoi copper and gold mine, under construction by Rio Tinto in the South Gobi Desert, is expected to begin operation in early 2013, and is the biggest economic undertaking in the country's history. Rio Tinto estimates that taxes, royalties and dividends generated by the Oyu Tolgoi project is expected to add a third to the country's gross domestic product by 2020. Rio Tinto forecasts average annual production of 450,000 tonnes of copper and 330,000 ounces of gold, and with 1.4 billion tonnes of reserves and a resource of 3.1 billion tonnes, the mine is expected to last for more than 50 years.[11]
The mine has been and remains controversial. There is significant opposition in Mongolia's parliament to the terms under which the mine will proceed, and some are calling for the terms to be renegotiated. Specifically, the contention revolves primarily around the question of whether negotiations were fair (Rio Tinto is far better resourced) and whether Rio Tinto will pay adequate taxes on the revenues it derives from the mine (an agreement was reached whereby the operation will be exempt from windfall tax.[12]
Desertification[edit]
The Gobi Desert is expanding at an alarming rate, in a process known as desertification. The expansion is particularly rapid on the southern edge into China, which has seen 3,600 km2 (1,390 sq mi) of grassland overtaken every year by the Gobi Desert. Dust storms, which used to occur regularly in China, have increased in frequency in the past 20 years, mainly due to desertification. They have caused further damage to China's agriculture economy.
The northern and eastern boundaries between desert and grassland are constantly changing. This is mostly due to the climate conditions before the growing season, which influence the rate of evapotranspiration and subsequent plant growth.[13]
The expansion of the Gobi is attributed mostly to human activities, notably deforestation, overgrazing, and depletion of water resources. China has tried various plans to slow the expansion of the desert, which have met with some small degree of success, but no major effects. The most recent plan involves the planting of the Green Wall of China, a huge ring of newly planted forests; the government hopes the forests will help stabilize the soil, retain moisture, and act as a buffer against further desertification.[14]
Ecoregions of the Gobi[edit]
The Gobi, broadly defined, can be divided into five distinct dry ecoregions, based on variations in climate and topography.
Eastern Gobi desert steppe, the easternmost of the Gobi ecoregions, covering an area of 281,800 km2 (108,804 sq mi). It extends from the Inner Mongolian Plateau in China northward into Mongolia. It includes the Yin Mountains and many low-lying areas with salt pans and small ponds. It is bounded by the Mongolian-Manchurian grassland to the north, the Yellow River Plain to the southeast, and the Alashan Plateau semi-desert to the southeast and east.
Alashan Plateau semi-desert, lies west and southwest of the Eastern Gobi desert steppe. It consists of the desert basins and low mountains lying between the Gobi Altai range on the north, the Helan Mountains to the southeast, and the Qilian Mountains and northeastern portion of the Tibetan Plateau on the southwest.
Gobi Lakes Valley desert steppe, ecoregion lies north of Alashan Plateau semi-desert, between the Gobi Altai range to the south and the Khangai Mountains to the north.
Dzungarian Basin semi-desert, includes the desert basin lying between the Altai mountains on the north and the Tian Shan range on the south. It includes the northern portion of China's Xinjiang province and extends into the southeastern corner of Mongolia. The Alashan Plateau semi-desert lies to the east, and the Emin Valley steppe to the west, on the China-Kazakhstan border.
Tian Shan range, separates the Dzungarian Basin semi-desert from the Taklamakan Desert, which is a low, sandy desert basin surrounded by the high mountain ranges of the Tibetan Plateau to the south and the Pamirs to the west. The Taklamakan Desert ecoregion includes the Desert of Lop.
Eastern Gobi desert steppe[edit]
A Khulan (Mongolian wild ass) on a hill in the eastern Gobi of Mongolia at sunset.
The surface is extremely diversified, although there are no great differences in vertical elevation. Between Ulaanbaatar (48°00′N 107°00′E / 48.000°N 107.000°E / 48.000; 107.000) and the small lake of Iren-dubasu-nor (43°45′N 111°50′E / 43.750°N 111.833°E / 43.750; 111.833), the surface is greatly eroded. Broad flat depressions and basins are separated by groups of flat-topped mountains of relatively low elevation 150 to 180 m (490 to 590 ft)), through which archaic rocks crop out as crags and isolated rugged masses. The floors of the depressions lie mostly between 900 to 1,000 m (3,000 to 3,300 ft) above sea-level. Farther south, between Iren-dutiasu-nor and the Yellow River, comes a region of broad tablelands alternating with flat plains, the latter ranging at altitudes of 1000–1100 m and the former at 1,070 to 1,200 m (3,510 to 3,940 ft). The slopes of the plateaus are more or less steep, and are sometimes penetrated by "bays" of the lowlands.
As the border-range of the Hyangan is approached, the country steadily rises up to 1,370 m (4,490 ft) and then to 1,630 m (5,350 ft). Here small lakes frequently fill the depressions, though the water in them is generally salt or brackish. Both here and for 320 km (199 mi) south of Ulaanbaatar, streams are frequent and grass grows more or less abundantly. Through all the central parts, until the bordering mountains are reached, trees and shrubs are utterly absent. Clay and sand are the predominant formations; the watercourses, especially in the north, being frequently excavated 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) deep. In many places in the flat, dry valleys or depressions farther south, beds of loess, 5 to 6 m (16 to 20 ft) thick, are exposed. West of the route from Ulaanbaatar to Kalgan, the country presents approximately the same general features, except that the mountains are not so irregularly scattered in groups but have more strongly defined strikes, mostly east to west, west-north-west to east-south-east, and west-south-west to east-north-east.
The altitudes are higher, those of the lowlands ranging from 1,000 to 1,700 m (3,300 to 5,600 ft), and those of the ranges from 200 to 500 m (660 to 1,640 ft) higher, though in a few cases they reach altitudes of 2,400 m (7,900 ft). The elevations do not form continuous chains, but make up a congeries of short ridges and groups rising from a common base and intersected by a labyrinth of ravines, gullies, glens and basins. But the tablelands, built up of the horizontal red deposits of the Han-gai (Obruchev's Gobi formation) which are characteristic of the southern parts of eastern Mongolia, are absent here or occur only in one locality, near the Shara-muren river. They are greatly intersected by gullies or dry watercourses. Water is scarce, with no streams, no lakes, no wells, and precipitation falls seldom. The prevailing winds blow from the west and northwest, and the pall of dust overhangs the country as in the Takla Makan and the desert of Lop. Characteristic of the flora are wild garlic, Kalidium gracile, wormwood, saxaul, Nitraria schoberi, Caragana, Ephedra, saltwort and the grass Lasiagrostis splendens. The taana wild onion Allium polyrrhizum is the main browse eaten by many herd animals, and Mongolians claim that this is essential to produce the correct, slightly hazelnut-like flavour of camel airag (fermented milk).
This great desert country of Gobi is crossed by several trade routes, some of which have been in use for thousands of years. Among the most important are those from Kalgan (at the Great Wall) to Ulaanbaatar (960 km (597 mi)); from Jiuquan (in Gansu) to Hami 670 km (416 mi); from Hami to Beijing (2,000 km (1,243 mi)); from Hohhot to Hami and Barkul; and from Lanzhou (in Gansu) to Hami.
Alashan Plateau semi-desert[edit]
The southwestern portion of the Gobi, known also as the Hsi-tau and the Little Gobi, fills the space between the great north loop of the Yellow River on the east, the Ejin River on the west, and the Qilian Mountains and narrow rocky chain of Longshou, 3,200 to 3,500 m (10,500 to 11,500 ft) in altitude, on the southwest. The Ordos Desert, which covers the northeastern portion of the Ordos Plateau, in the great north loop of the Yellow River, is part of this ecoregion. It belongs to the middle basin of the three great depressions into which Potanin divides the Gobi as a whole.
"Topographically," says Nikolai Przhevalsky, "it is a perfectly level plain, which in all probability once formed the bed of a huge lake or inland sea." He concludes this based on the level area of the region as a whole, the hard saldgine clay and the sand-strewn surface and, lastly, the salt lakes which occupy its lowest parts. For hundreds of kilometers, nothing can be seen but bare sands; in some places they continue so far without a break that the Mongols call them Tengger (i.e. sky). These vast expanses are absolutely waterless, nor do any oases relieve the unbroken stretches of yellow sand, which alternate with equally vast areas of saline clay or, nearer the foot of the mountains, with barren shingle. Although on the whole a level country with a general altitude of 1,000 to 1,500 m (3,300 to 4,900 ft), this section, like most other parts of the Gobi, is crowned by a chequered network of hills and broken ranges going up 300 m higher. The vegetation is confined to a few varieties of bushes and a dozen kinds of grasses and herbs, the most conspicuous being saxaul (Haloxylon ammondendron) and Agriophyllum gobicum. The others include prickly convolvulus, field wormwood (Artemisia campestris), acacia, Inula ammophila, Sophora flavescens, Convolvulus ammanii, Peganum and Astragalus, but all dwarfed, deformed and starved. The fauna consists of little but antelope, wolf, fox, hare, hedgehog, marten, numerous lizards and a few birds, e.g. the sandgrouse, lark, stonechat, sparrow, crane, Henderson's ground jay (Podoces hendersoni), horned lark (Eremophila alpestris), and crested lark (Galerida cristata).
Dzungarian Basin semi-desert[edit]
The structure here is that of the mighty T'ien Shan, or Heavenly Mountains, running from west to east. It divides the northern one-third of Sinkiang from the southern two-thirds. On the northern side, rivers formed from the snow and glaciers of the high mountains break through barren foothill ranges and flow out into an immense, hollow plain. Here the rivers begin to straggle and fan out, and form great marshes with dense reed-beds. Westerners call this terrain the Dzungarian desert. The Chinese also call it a desert, but the Mongols call it a 'gobi'—that is, a land of thin herbage, more suitable for camels than for cows, but capable also, if herds are kept small and moved frequently, of sustaining horses, sheep, and goats. The herbage comprises a high proportion of woody, fragrant plants. Gobi mutton is the most aromatic in the world.[15]
The Yulduz valley or valley of the Haidag-gol (43°N 83°E / 43°N 83°E / 43; 83–43°N 86°E / 43°N 86°E / 43; 86) is a mini desert enclosed by two prominent members of the Shanashen Trahen Osh mountain range, namely the chucis and the kracenard pine rallies, running perpendicular and far from one another. As they proceed south, they transcend and transpose, sweeping back on east and west respectively, with Lake Bosten in between. These two ranges mark the northern and the southern edges respectively of a great swelling, which extends eastward for nearly twenty degrees of longitude. On its northern side, the Chol-tagh descends steeply, and its foot is fringed by a string of deep depressions, ranging from Lukchun (130 m (427 ft) below sea level) to Hami (850 m (2,789 ft) above sea-level). To the south of the Kuruk-tagh lie the desert of Lop Nur, the Kum-tagh desert, and the valley of the Bulunzir-gol. To this great swelling, which arches up between the two border-ranges of the Chol-tagh and Kuruk-tagh, the Mongols give the name of Ghashuun-Gobi or "Salt Desert". It is some 130 to 160 km (81 to 99 mi) across from north to south, and is traversed by a number of minor parallel ranges, ridges and chains of hills. Down its middle runs a broad stony valley, 40 to 80 km (25 to 50 mi) wide, at an elevation of 900 to 1,370 m (2,950 to 4,490 ft). The Chol-tagh, which reaches an average altitude of 1,800 m (5,900 ft), is absolutely sterile, and its northern foot rests upon a narrow belt of barren sand, which leads down to the depressions mentioned above.
The Kuruk-tagh is the greatly disintegrated, denuded and wasted relic of a mountain range which used to be of incomparably greater magnitude. In the west, between Lake Bosten and the Tarim, it consists of two, possibly of three, principal ranges, which, although broken in continuity, run generally parallel to one another, and embrace between them numerous minor chains of heights. These minor ranges, together with the principal ranges, divide the region into a series of long; narrow valleys, mostly parallel to one another and to the enclosing mountain chains, which descend like terraced steps, on the one side towards the depression of Lukchun and on the other towards the desert of Lop. In many cases these latitudinal valleys are barred transversely by ridges or spurs, generally elevations en masse of the bottom of the valley. Where such elevations exist, there is generally found, on the east side of the transverse ridge, a cauldron-shaped depression, which some time or other has been the bottom of a former lake, but is now nearly a dry salt-basin. The surface configuration is in fact markedly similar to that which occurs in the inter-mount latitudinal valleys of the Kunlun Mountains. The hydrography of the Ghashiun-Gobi and the Kuruk-tagh is determined by these chequered arrangements of the latitudinal valleys. Most of the principal streams, instead of flowing straight down these valleys, cross them diagonally and only turn west after they have cut their way through one or more of the transverse barrier ranges. To the highest range on the great swelling Grumm-Grzhimailo gives the name of Tuge-tau, its altitude being 2,700 m (8,858 ft) above the level of the sea and some 1,200 m (3,937 ft) above the crown of the swelling itself. This range he considers to belong to the Choltagh system, whereas Sven Hedin would assign it to the Kuruk-tagh. This last, which is pretty certainly identical with the range of Kharateken-ula (also known as the Kyzyl-sanghir, Sinir, and Singher Mountains), that overlooks the southern shore of the Lake Bosten, though parted from it by the drift-sand desert of Ak-bel-kum (White Pass Sands), has at first a west-northwest to east-southeast strike, but it gradually curves round like a scimitar towards the east-northeast and at the same time gradually decreases in elevation. In 91° east, while the principal range of the Kuruk-tagh system wheels to the east-northeast, four of its subsidiary ranges terminate, or rather die away somewhat suddenly, on the brink of a long narrow depression (in which Sven Hedin sees a northeast bay of the former great Central Asian lake of Lop-nor), having over against them the écheloned terminals of similar subordinate ranges of the Pe-shan (Boy-san) system (see below). The Kuruk-tagh is throughout a relatively low, but almost completely barren range, being entirely destitute of animal life, save for hares, antelopes and wild camels, which frequent its few small, widely scattered oases. The vegetation, which is confined to these same relatively favoured spots, is of the scantiest and is mainly confined to bushes of saxaul (Haloxylon), anabasis, reeds (kamish), tamarisks, poplars, and Ephedra.
European exploration up to 1911[edit]
The Gobi had a long history of human habitation, mostly by nomadic peoples. By the early 20th century the region was under the nominal control of Manchu-China, and inhabited mostly by Mongols, Uyghurs, and Kazakhs. The Gobi Desert as a whole was only very imperfectly known to outsiders, information being confined to observations by individual travellers from their respective itineraries across the desert. Among the European explorers who contributed to early-20th-century understanding of the Gobi, the most important were:
Jean-François Gerbillon (1688–1698)
Eberhard Isbrand Ides (1692–1694)
Lorenz Lange (1727–1728 and 1736)
Fuss and Alexander G. von Bunge (1830–1831)
Hermann Fritsche (1868–1873)
Pavlinov and Z.L. Matusovski (1870)
Ney Elias (1872–1873)
Nikolai Przhevalsky (1870–1872 and 1876–1877)
Zosnovsky (1875)
Mikhail V. Pevtsov (1878)
Grigory Potanin (1877 and 1884–1886)
Count Béla Széchenyi and Lajos Lóczy (1879–1880)
The brothers G. E. Grumm-Grshimailo (1889–1890) and ? Grumm-Grshimailo.
Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov (1893–1894 and 1899–1900)
Vsevolod I. Roborovsky (1894)
Vladimir Obruchev (1894–1896)
Karl Josef Futterer and Dr. Holderer (1896)
Charles-Etienne Bonin (1896 and 1899)
Sven Hedin (1897 and 1900–1901)
K. Bogdanovich (1898)
Ladyghin (1899–1900) and Katsnakov (1899–1900)
Count Jacques Bouly de Lesdain and Martha Mailey, 1902.[16]
See also[edit]
Asian Dust
Geography of Mongolia
Geography of China
Green Wall of China
Legendary Mongolian death worm (olgoi khorkhoi), said to inhabit the Gobi in Mongolia
List of deserts by area
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Sternberg, Troy; Rueff, Henri; Middleton, Nick (2015-01-26). "Contraction of the Gobi Desert, 2000–2012". Remote Sensing. 7 (2): 1346–1358. doi:10.3390/rs70201346.
Jump up ^ Wright, John W., ed. (2006). The New York Times Almanac (2007 ed.). New York, New York: Penguin Books. p. 456. ISBN 0-14-303820-6.
Jump up ^ Hare, John (2009-11-01). "The Mysteries of the Gobi Desert". Asian Affairs. 40 (3): 408–417. doi:10.1080/03068370903195196. ISSN 0306-8374.
Jump up ^ Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia (1975). "Late Cretaceous Mammals and Dinosaurs from the Gobi Desert: Fossils excavated by the Polish-Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions of 1963–71 cast new light on primitive mammals and dinosaurs and on faunal interchange between Asia and North America". American Scientist. 63 (2): 150–159. doi:10.2307/27845359.
Jump up ^ Planet Earth, BBC TV series 2006 UK, 2007 US, "Episode 5".
Jump up ^ "Climate". The Gobi Desert.
Jump up ^ Keqin, Gao; Norell, Mark A. (2000-03-01). "Taxonomic composition and systematics of late Cretaceous lizard assemblages from Ukhaa Tolgod and adjacent localities". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 249: 1–118. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2000)2492.0.CO;2. ISSN 0003-0090.
^ Jump up to: a b Liu, Ji-Liang; Li, Feng-Rui; Liu, Chang-An; Liu, Qi-Jun (2012-09-01). "Influences of shrub vegetation on distribution and diversity of a ground beetle community in a Gobi desert ecosystem". Biodiversity and Conservation. 21 (10): 2601–2619. doi:10.1007/s10531-012-0320-4. ISSN 0960-3115.
Jump up ^ Yiruhan, I. (2001). Changes in floristic composition of grasslands according to grazing intensity in inner Mongolia, China. Journal of Japanese Society of Grassland Science, 47, 362-369.
Jump up ^ "Oyu Tolgoi Gold and Copper Project, Southern Mongolia". Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
Jump up ^ "Oyu Tolgoi". Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2012-11-20.
Jump up ^ "Rio set to open mammoth Mongolian mine". Retrieved 2012-11-20.
Jump up ^ F. Yu, K. P. Price, J. Ellis, J. J. Feddema, P. Shi (2004). "Interannual variations of the grassland boundaries bordering the eastern edges of the Gobi Desert in central Asia". International Journal of Remote Sensing. 25: 327–346.
Jump up ^ Parungo, Farn; Zhe, Li; Xingsheng, LI; Yang, Dongzeng; Harris, Joyce (1994-06-01). "Gobi dust storms and The Great Green Wall". Geophysical Research Letters. 21 (11): 999–1002. doi:10.1029/94GL00879. ISSN 1944-8007.
Jump up ^ Lattimore (1973), p. 238.
Jump up ^ "Romance Gone, Given Divorce". The Evening News. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. July 28, 1926. p. 1. Retrieved October 4, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. (Registration required (help)). In 1902, while Lesdain was leading an expedition through the Gobi desert, he crossed the path of another explorer. This latter proved to be Miss Mailey who, dressed in men's clothes, commanded her expedition with assurance borne of the safe culmination of many adventures.
References[edit]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gobi". Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 165.
Owen Lattimore. (1973) "Return to China's Northern Frontier". The Geographical Journal, Vol. 139, No. 2 (June 1973), pp. 233–242.
Further reading[edit]
Cable, Mildred and French, Francesca (1943) The Gobi Desert Landsborough Publications, London, OCLC 411792.
Man, John (1997) Gobi: Tracking the Desert Yale University Press, New Haven, ISBN 0-300-07609-6.
Stewart, Stanley (2001) In the Empire of Genghis Khan: A Journey among Nomads HarperCollins Publishers, London, ISBN 0-00-653027-3.
Thayer, Helen (2007) Walking the Gobi: 1,600 Mile-trek Across a Desert of Hope and Despair Mountaineer Books, Seattle, WA, ISBN 978-1-59485-064-6.
Younghusband, Francis (1904) The Heart of a Continent, John Murray.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gobi Desert.
Map, from "China the Beautiful"
Flickr: Photos tagged with gobi
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VIAF: 243456761
GND: 4093637-5
NDL: 00628517
Coordinates: 42°35′N 103°26′E / 42.59°N 103.43°E / 42.59; 103.43
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gobi_Desert&oldid=818142692"
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Gobi Desert
Deserts and xeric shrublands
Deserts of China
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text:
Big 12 Championship Game
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Big 12 men's basketball championship, see Big 12 Men's Basketball Tournament.
Big 12 Championship Game
Sport
Football
Conference
Big 12 Conference
Played
1996–2010; 2017–present
Last contest
2010
Most championships
Oklahoma Sooners (7)
TV partner(s)
Fox [1]
Official website
Big12Sports.com Football
Sponsors
Dr. Pepper
Host stadiums
AT&T Stadium (2009-2010, 2017–present)
Arrowhead Stadium (2000, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008)
Alamodome (1997, 1999, 2007)
Reliant Stadium (2002, 2005)
Texas Stadium (2001)
Trans World Dome (1996, 1998)
Host locations
Arlington, Texas (2009, 2010, 2017-present)
Kansas City, Missouri (2000, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008)
San Antonio (1997, 1999, 2007)
Houston, Texas (2002, 2005)
Irving, Texas (2001)
St. Louis, Missouri (1996, 1998)
The Big 12 Championship Game is a college football game held by the Big 12 Conference. The game was played each year since the conference's formation in 1996 until 2010 and will return starting with the 2017 season. From 1996 to 2010 the championship game pitted the Big 12 North Division champion against the South Division champion in a game held after the regular season was completed. From 2017 onward, the game will feature the two teams with the best conference records.
The Big 12 South led the series 11–4 and outscored the Big 12 North 463–324 in the first 15 years the game was held. In the first eight Big 12 championship games, from 1996 to 2003, the divisions split four games each, with the north champion winning in every odd-numbered year and the south champion winning in every even-numbered year. However, the North division champion did not win after #13 Kansas State's 35–7 upset victory over #1 Oklahoma in 2003.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Results
3 Results by team
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
The first championship game was played after the 1996 regular season, the first year of play for the Big 12 (which was created from the merger of the Big Eight Conference and four teams from the Southwest Conference). Like the SEC Championship Game (which has been played since 1992), the game matched the winners of the conference's two six-team divisions. The championship game was held at several sites within the Big 12 states, with Arrowhead Stadium in Kansas City, Missouri, hosting more often than any other venue.
The 2008 Big 12 Championship Game was notable for the controversy over choosing the South Division representative. The Oklahoma Sooners, Texas Longhorns, and Texas Tech Red Raiders all finished with identical records and had each recorded a win and loss amongst one another. The Sooners earned a berth to the title game because they had the highest Bowl Championship Series ranking of the three at the time of selection. Oklahoma defeated the Missouri Tigers and earned a berth in the 2009 BCS National Championship Game.
From 2009 through 2013, the game was scheduled to be played at Cowboys Stadium, now known as AT&T Stadium, in Arlington, Texas.[2] During June 2010, however, Nebraska and Colorado announced that they would leave the Big 12 for other conferences (the Big Ten Conference and the Pac-12 Conference, respectively) in 2011. Because NCAA rules at the time required that a conference have 12 members in order to stage a football championship game that was exempt from NCAA limits on regular-season games, the conference dropped the championship game following the 2010 season. During this time, Oklahoma and Texas had expressed that a conference title game hurt the chances of the conference to have a representative in the BCS National Championship Game, and now the College Football Playoff, which started in 2014.[3]
In December 2014 after completing the first season with the College Football Playoff, Baylor and TCU both finished the season with an 8–1 conference record and were declared co-champions by the conference despite Baylor's head-to-head win over TCU. When the selection committee met to set the teams for the first playoff, both Baylor and TCU were overlooked in favor of teams that competed in and won their conference's championship game, leaving the Big 12 out of the playoffs.[4] This led to criticism of how the Big 12 determined its champion.
In April 2015, legislation was developed by the ACC and the Big 12 to deregulate conference championship games. It was announced by NCAA officials as being expected to pass in time for the start of the 2016 season.[5] The legislation passed on January 14, 2016 allowing a conference with fewer than twelve teams to stage a championship game between the top two teams, so long as they play a round-robin schedule. In late 2016, the Big 12 decided to bring back the championship game in 2017.
Results[edit]
Year
North Division
South Division
Site
Attendance
MVP
1996 3 Nebraska Cornhuskers 27 Texas Longhorns 37 Trans World Dome • St. Louis 63,109 RB DeAngelo Evans, Nebraska
1997 2 Nebraska Cornhuskers 54 14 Texas A&M Aggies 15 Alamodome • San Antonio 64,824
1998 2 Kansas State Wildcats 33 10 Texas A&M Aggies 36 Trans World Dome • St. Louis 60,798
1999 3 Nebraska Cornhuskers 22 12 Texas Longhorns 6 Alamodome • San Antonio 65,063
2000 8 Kansas State Wildcats 24 1 Oklahoma Sooners 27 Arrowhead Stadium • Kansas City, Missouri 79,655
2001 9 Colorado Buffaloes 39 3 Texas Longhorns 37 Texas Stadium • Irving, Texas 65,675
2002 12 Colorado Buffaloes 7 8 Oklahoma Sooners 29 Reliant Stadium • Houston 63,332
2003 13 Kansas State Wildcats 35 1 Oklahoma Sooners 7 Arrowhead Stadium • Kansas City, Missouri 75,491 QB Ell Roberson, Kansas State
2004 Colorado Buffaloes 3 2 Oklahoma Sooners 42 62,310
2005 Colorado Buffaloes 3 2 Texas Longhorns 70 Reliant Stadium • Houston 71,107
2006 19 Nebraska Cornhuskers 7 8 Oklahoma Sooners 21 Arrowhead Stadium • Kansas City, Missouri 80,031 WR Malcolm Kelly, Oklahoma
2007 1 Missouri Tigers 17 9 Oklahoma Sooners 38 Alamodome • San Antonio 62,585 QB Sam Bradford, Oklahoma
2008 19 Missouri Tigers 21 4 Oklahoma Sooners 62 Arrowhead Stadium • Kansas City, Missouri 71,004 QB Sam Bradford, Oklahoma
2009 21 Nebraska Cornhuskers 12 3 Texas Longhorns 13 Cowboys Stadium • Arlington, Texas 76,211 DT Jacob Shaw, Texas
2010 13 Nebraska Cornhuskers 20 10 Oklahoma Sooners 23 78,802
Year
#1 Seed
#2 Seed
Site
Attendance
MVP
2017 Oklahoma Sooners TCU Horned Frogs AT&T Stadium • Arlington, Texas
Rankings are from the AP Poll released prior to the game
Results by team[edit]
Appearances
School
Wins
Losses
PCT.
9 Oklahoma 7 1 .875
6 Nebraska 2 4 .333
5 Texas 3 2 .600
4 Colorado 1 3 .250
3 Kansas State 1 2 .333
2 Texas A&M 1 1 .500
2 Missouri 0 2 .000
1 TCU 0 0 —
No longer in the Big 12 Conference [6]
Baylor, Iowa State, Kansas, Oklahoma State, Texas Tech, and West Virginia have yet to appear in a Big 12 Championship Game.
See also[edit]
List of NCAA Division I FBS conference championship games
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=205680799
Jump up ^ "Big 12 Conference Concludes Spring Meetings; Future Championship Sites Approved For Football, Basketball". Big12sports.com: The Big 12 Conference Official Athletic Site. May 24, 2007. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Carlton, Chuck; Sabin, Rainer (June 16, 2010). "UT coach Mack Brown not worried about lack of Big 12 title game". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on 16 July 2010. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Rovell, Darren & Purdum, David (December 12, 2014). "Ohio State bumps TCU from CFP". ESPN. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Report: Conference title game deregulation expected by 2016". ESPN. April 8, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.big12sports.com/SportSelect.dbml?SPID=13139
[show]
v
t
e
Big 12 Championship Game
Years
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011–2016
2017
Venues
Trans World Dome (1996, 1998)
Alamodome (1997, 1999, 2007)
Arrowhead Stadium (2000, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008)
Texas Stadium (2001)
Reliant Stadium (2002, 2005)
Cowboys/AT&T Stadium (2009, 2010, 2017–present)
Other
Broadcasters
[show]
Links to related articles
[show]
v
t
e
Big 12 Conference football
Current teams
Baylor Bears
Iowa State Cyclones
Kansas Jayhawks
Kansas State Wildcats
Oklahoma Sooners
Oklahoma State Cowboys
TCU Horned Frogs
Texas Longhorns
Texas Tech Red Raiders
West Virginia Mountaineers
Championships & awards
Big 12 Championship Game
All-time standings
Big 12 Conference football individual awards
Seasons
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
[show]
v
t
e
Big 12 Conference championships
Baseball
Men's Basketball
Women's Basketball
Football
Women's Soccer
Softball (Defunct)
[show]
v
t
e
NCAA Division I FBS conference championship games
Current
American Athletic Championship Game (2015–present)
ACC Championship Game (2005–present)
Big Ten Championship Game (2011–present)
Big 12 Championship Game (1996–2010; 2017–present)
C-USA Championship Game (2005–present)
MAC Championship Game (1997–present)
MW Championship Game (2013–present)
Pac-12 Championship Game (2011–present)
SEC Championship Game (1992–present)
Future
Sun Belt Championship Game (2018)
Former
WAC Championship Game (1996–1998)
[show]
v
t
e
ESPN College Football on ABC
Related articles
ESPN College Football
College football on television
Programs
College Football Countdown
Saturday Night Football
Current commentators
Steve Levy
Brian Griese
Todd McShay
Mike Patrick
Ed Cunningham
Chris Fowler
Kirk Herbstreit
Maria Taylor
Joe Tessitore
Todd Blackledge
Holly Rowe
Jesse Palmer
Mack Brown
Past commentators
Al Michaels
Keith Jackson
Jerry Punch
Mike Tirico
Gary Danielson
Paul Maguire
Matt Millen
Ron Franklin
Stacey Dales
Matt Winer
Beano Cook
Bob Griese
Lynn Swann
Mark Jones
Brad Nessler
Tim Brant
Gary Bender
Bill Flemming
Dan Fouts
Jim Lampley
Sean McDonough
Chris Schenkel
Ray Scott
Chris Spielman
David Norrie
Gary Thorne
Roger Twibell
Todd Blackledge
Bob Davie
Terry Bowden
Bill Flemming
Frank Broyles
Ara Parseghian
Bo Schembechler
Dick Vermeil
Bud Wilkinson
Todd Harris
Jack Arute
Dean Blevins
Lewis Johnson
Gary Reasons
Sam Ryan
Doug Flutie
Aaron Taylor
Lisa Salters
Lee Corso
Craig James
John Saunders
Lore televised by ABC
Game of the Century (1966)
Game of the Century (1967)
The Ten-Year War Begins
Game of the Century (1969)
Game of the Century (1971)
The Vote for the Rose Bowl
The Kick
Wide Right I
Wide Right II
Miracle at Michigan
Choke at Doak
Flea Kicker
Clockgate
Game of the Century (2006)
1 Second Left
Battle at Bristol
Conferences televised
The American
Atlantic Coast
Big Ten
Big 12
Pac-12
Games televised annually
Citrus Bowl
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text:
Bob's your uncle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Bob's your uncle (disambiguation).
...And Bob's your uncle is an expression of unknown origin, that means "and there it is" or "and there you have it." It is commonly used in United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries. Typically, someone says it to conclude a set of simple instructions or when a result is reached. The meaning is similar to that of the French expression "et voilà!"
"Bob's your uncle" is an exclamation that is used when "everything is all right" and the simple means of obtaining the successful result is explained. For example: "left over right; right over left, and Bob's your uncle – a reef knot." Sometimes the phrase is followed with "and Nellie's your aunt" or "and Fanny's your aunt." It is sometimes elaborately phrased Robert is your mother's brother or similar for comic effect.
Origin[edit]
Robert "Bob" Cecil
The origins are uncertain, but a common theory is that the expression arose after Conservative Prime Minister Robert "Bob" Cecil appointed his nephew Arthur Balfour as Chief Secretary for Ireland in 1887, an act which was apparently both surprising and unpopular. Whatever other qualifications Balfour might have had, "Bob's your uncle" was seen as the conclusive one.[1][2]
See also[edit]
All Sir Garnet
Nepotism
References[edit]
Look up Bob's your uncle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Jump up ^ Langguth, A. J. (1981). Saki: Life of Hector Hugh Munro.
Jump up ^ Hendrickson, Robert (2008). The Facts on File Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins. Facts On File. ISBN 9780816069668.
Further reading[edit]
Turner-Lord, Jann (1992). Bob's your uncle: a dictionary of slang for British mystery fans. Fithian Press. p. 62. 9781564740229.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%27s_your_uncle&oldid=835740519"
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text:
List of Orange Is the New Black episodes
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Orange Is the New Black is an American comedy-drama series created by Jenji Kohan, which premiered on July 11, 2013, on Netflix. The series, based on Piper Kerman's memoir Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison (2010), follows Piper Chapman (Taylor Schilling), a happily engaged New Yorker who is sent to a women's federal prison for transporting a suitcase full of drug money across international borders, 10 years prior, for her girlfriend at the time, Alex Vause (Laura Prepon).[1]
As of June 9, 2017,[update] 65 episodes of Orange Is the New Black have been released, concluding the fifth season.[2] Ten of the thirteen episodes of the fifth season were leaked online by hackers prior to its scheduled premiere date.[3][4]
The series has been renewed for its sixth and seventh seasons.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Series overview
2 Episodes
2.1 Season 1 (2013)
2.2 Season 2 (2014)
2.3 Season 3 (2015)
2.4 Season 4 (2016)
2.5 Season 5 (2017)
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Series overview[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally released
1 13 July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)
2 13 June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
3 13 June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)
4 13 June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)
5 13 June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
Episodes[edit]
Season 1 (2013)[edit]
Main article: Orange Is the New Black (season 1)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date
1
1 "I Wasn't Ready" Michael Trim Liz Friedman & Jenji Kohan Piper July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)
2
2 "Tit Punch" Uta Briesewitz Marco Ramirez Red & Piper July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)
3
3 "Lesbian Request Denied" Jodie Foster Sian Heder Sophia & Piper July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)
4
4 "Imaginary Enemies" Michael Trim Gary Lennon Miss Claudette July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)
5
5 "The Chickening" Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Aleida & Daya July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)
6
6 "WAC Pack" Michael Trim Lauren Morelli Nicky & Piper July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)
7
7 "Blood Donut" Matthew Penn Sara Hess Watson July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)
8
8 "Moscow Mule" Phil Abraham Marco Ramirez Red July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)
9
9 "Fucksgiving" Michael Trim Sian Heder Alex July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)
10
10 "Bora Bora Bora" Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Piper & Tricia July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)
11
11 "Tall Men with Feelings" Constantine Makris Lauren Morelli Piper & Alex July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)
12
12 "Fool Me Once" Andrew McCarthy Sara Hess Pennsatucky July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)
13
13 "Can't Fix Crazy" Michael Trim Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan none July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)
Season 2 (2014)[edit]
Main article: Orange Is the New Black (season 2)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date
14
1 "Thirsty Bird" Jodie Foster Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan Piper June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
15
2 "Looks Blue, Tastes Red" Michael Trim Jenji Kohan Taystee June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
16
3 "Hugs Can Be Deceiving" Michael Trim Lauren Morelli Suzanne June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
17
4 "A Whole Other Hole" Phil Abraham Sian Heder Morello June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
18
5 "Low Self Esteem City" Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Gloria June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
19
6 "You Also Have a Pizza" Allison Anders Stephen Falk Poussey June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
20
7 "Comic Sans" Andrew McCarthy Sara Hess Black Cindy June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
21
8 "Appropriately Sized Pots" Daisy von Scherler Mayer Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss Rosa June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
22
9 "40 Oz. of Furlough" S. J. Clarkson Lauren Morelli Red June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
23
10 "Little Mustachioed Shit" Jennifer Getzinger Sian Heder Piper & Alex June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
24
11 "Take a Break from Your Values" Constantine Makris Nick Jones Sister Ingalls June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
25
12 "It Was the Change" Phil Abraham Sara Hess Vee June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
26
13 "We Have Manners. We're Polite." Constantine Makris Jenji Kohan none June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
Season 3 (2015)[edit]
Main article: Orange Is the New Black (season 3)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date
27
1 "Mother's Day" Andrew McCarthy Jenji Kohan various June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)
28
2 "Bed Bugs and Beyond" Constantine Makris Jim Danger Gray Bennett June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)
29
3 "Empathy Is a Boner Killer" Michael Trim Nick Jones Nicky June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)
30
4 "Finger in the Dyke" Constantine Makris Lauren Morelli Big Boo June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)
31
5 "Fake It Till You Fake It Some More" Nicole Holofcener Tara Herrmann Flaca June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)
32
6 "Ching Chong Chang" Anthony Hemingway Sara Hess Chang June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)
33
7 "Tongue-Tied" Julie Anne Robinson Sian Heder Norma June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)
34
8 "Fear, and Other Smells" Mark A. Burley Nick Jones Alex June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)
35
9 "Where My Dreidel At" Andrew McCarthy Jordan Harrison Leanne June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)
36
10 "A Tittin' and a Hairin'" Jesse Peretz Lauren Morelli Pennsatucky June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)
37
11 "We Can Be Heroes" Phil Abraham Sian Heder Caputo June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)
38
12 "Don't Make Me Come Back There" Uta Briesewitz Sara Hess Aleida & Daya June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)
39
13 "Trust No Bitch" Phil Abraham Jim Danger Gray & Jenji Kohan various June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)
Season 4 (2016)[edit]
Main article: Orange Is the New Black (season 4)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date
40
1 "Work That Body for Me" Andrew McCarthy Jenji Kohan none June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)
41
2 "Power Suit" Constantine Makris Sara Hess Maria June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)
42
3 "(Don't) Say Anything" Andrew McCarthy Jim Danger Gray Soso June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)
43
4 "Doctor Psycho" Erin Feeley Carly Mensch Healy June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)
44
5 "We'll Always Have Baltimore" Tricia Brock Jordan Harrison Maritza June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)
45
6 "Piece of Shit" Uta Briesewitz Lauren Morelli none June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)
46
7 "It Sounded Nicer in My Head" Mark A. Burley Nick Jones Lolly June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)
47
8 "Friends in Low Places" Phil Abraham Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss none June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)
48
9 "Turn Table Turn" Constantine Makris Sara Hess Blanca June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)
49
10 "Bunny, Skull, Bunny, Skull" Phil Abraham Carly Mensch none June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)
50
11 "People Persons" Lev L. Spiro Nick Jones Suzanne June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)
51
12 "The Animals" Matthew Weiner Lauren Morelli Bayley June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)
52
13 "Toast Can't Never Be Bread Again" Adam Bernstein Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan Poussey June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)
Season 5 (2017)[edit]
Main article: Orange Is the New Black (season 5)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date
53
1 "Riot FOMO" Andrew McCarthy Jenji Kohan none June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
54
2 "Fuck, Marry, Frieda" Constantine Makris Jordan Harrison Frieda June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
55
3 "Pissters!" Phil Abraham Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum Linda June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
56
4 "Litchfield's Got Talent" Nick Sandow Josh Koenigsberg, Jenji Kohan & Tara Herrmann Alison June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
57
5 "Sing It, White Effie" Phil Abraham Molly Smith Metzler Watson June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
58
6 "Flaming Hot Cheetos, Literally" Andrew McCarthy Lauren Morelli Taystee June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
59
7 "Full Bush, Half Snickers" Uta Briesewitz Anthony Natoli none June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
60
8 "Tied to the Tracks" Michael Trim Carolina Paiz Daya June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
61
9 "The Tightening" Erin Feeley Jordan Harrison Red June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
62
10 "The Reverse Midas Touch" Laura Prepon Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum Piscatella June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
63
11 "Breaking the Fiberboard Ceiling" Wendey Stanzler Lauren Morelli none June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
64
12 "Tattoo You" Mark A. Burley Tara Herrmann & Carolina Paiz Piper & Alex June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
65
13 "Storm-y Weather" Jesse Peretz Lauren Morelli none June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
See also[edit]
List of Orange Is the New Black characters
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Itzkoff, Dave (April 30, 2013). "Netflix Prison Series Gets July Release Date". The New York Times. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie (January 17, 2016). "Netflix sets premiere dates for OITNB, Kimmy Schmidt, and more". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Spangler, Todd (April 29, 2017). "Hacker Leaks Stolen 'Orange Is the New Black' Season 5 Episodes to Piracy Network". Variety. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bell, Amanda (April 30, 2017). "Orange Is the New Black Season 5 Leaked After Netflix Refuses Ransom Demand". TV Guide. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Littleton, Cynthia (February 5, 2016). "'Orange Is the New Black' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix". Variety. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website
List of Orange Is the New Black episodes on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
Orange Is the New Black
Characters
Piper Chapman
Alex Vause
Crazy Eyes
Nicky Nichols
Tiffany Doggett
Lorna Morello
Miss Rosa
Episodes
Season 1
"Lesbian Request Denied"
Season 2
Season 3
Season 4
Season 5
Related
Piper Kerman
Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison
"You've Got Time"
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