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Civil Rights Act of 1991
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Civil Rights Act of 1991
Long title
Civil Rights Act of 1991
Enacted by
the 102nd United States Congress
Citations
Public law
Pub. L. 102-166
Codification
Acts amended
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Civil Rights Act of 1960
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Titles amended
42
U.S.C. sections amended
1981 et seq.
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate as S.1745 by Sen. John Danforth (R-MO) on September 24, 1991
Passed the Senate on October 30, 1991[1] (93-5)
Passed the House on November 7, 1991[2] (381 - 38)
Signed into law by President George H.W. Bush on November 21, 1991
The Civil Rights Act of 1991 is a United States labor law, passed in response to United States Supreme Court decisions that limited the rights of employees who had sued their employers for discrimination. The Act represented the first effort since the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to modify some of the basic procedural and substantive rights provided by federal law in employment discrimination cases. It provided the right to trial by jury on discrimination claims and introduced the possibility of emotional distress damages and limited the amount that a jury could award.
President Bush had used his veto against the more comprehensive Civil Rights Act of 1990. He feared racial quotas would be imposed but later approved the 1991 version of the bill.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Predecessors
2 Background
3 Changes
4 See also
5 Notes
6 External links
Predecessors[edit]
The 1991 Act combined elements from two different civil right acts of the past: the Civil Rights Act of 1866, better known by the number assigned to it in the codification of federal laws as Section 1981, and the employment-related provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, generally referred to as Title VII. The two statutes, passed nearly a century apart, approached the issue of employment discrimination very differently: Section 1981 prohibited only discrimination based on race or color, but Title VII also prohibited discrimination on the basis of sex, religion, and national origin. Section 1981, which had lain dormant and unenforced for a century after its passage, allowed plaintiffs to seek compensatory damages and trial by jury. Title VII, passed in the 1960s when it was assumed that Southern juries could not render a fair verdict, allowed only trial by the court and provided for only traditional equitable remedies: back pay, reinstatement, and injunctions against future acts of discrimination. By the time the 1991 Act was passed, both allowed for an award of attorneys fees.
The 1991 Act expanded the remedies available to victims of discrimination by amending Title VII of the 1964 Act.
Background[edit]
Congress had amended Title VII once before, in 1972, when it broadened the coverage of the Act. It was moved to overhaul Title VII in 1991 and to harmonize it with Section 1981 jurisprudence, with a series of controversial Supreme Court decisions:
Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, 491 U.S. 164 (1988), which held that an employee could not sue for damages caused by racial harassment on the job because even if the employer's conduct were discriminatory, the employer had not denied the employee the "same right... to make and enforce contracts... as is enjoyed by white citizens," the language that Congress chose in passing the law in 1866.
Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio, 490 U.S. 642 (1989), which made it more difficult for employees of Wards Cove Packing Company to prove that an employer's personnel practices, neutral on their face, had an unlawful disparate impact on them by requiring that they identify the particular policy or requirement that allegedly produced inequalities in the workplace and show that it, in isolation, had that effect.
Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228 (1989), which held that the burden of proof shifted, once an employee had proved that an unlawful consideration had played a part in the employer's personnel decision, to the employer to prove that it would have made the same decision if it had not been motivated by that unlawful factor, but such proof by the employer would constitute a complete defense for the employer.
Martin v. Wilks, 490 U.S. 755 (1989), which permitted white firefighters who had not been party to the litigation, establishing a consent decree governing hiring and promotion of black firefighters in the Birmingham, Alabama, Fire Department, to bring suit to challenge the decree.
Changes[edit]
The Patterson case had attracted much criticism since it appeared to leave employees who had been victimized by racial harassment on the job with no effective remedies, as they could not prove a violation of Section 1981 and could rarely show any wage losses that they could recover under Title VII. In addition, the Court's narrow reading of the phrase "make or enforce contracts" eliminated any liability under Section 1981 for lost promotions and most other personnel decisions that did not constitute a refusal and that was the end to hire or a discharge on the basis of race or color.
Congress addressed the issue by redefining the phrase "make and enforce contracts" to include "the making, performance, modification, and termination of contracts, and the enjoyment of all benefits, privileges, terms, and conditions of the contractual relationship." Congress also clarified that Section 1981 applied to both governmental and private discrimination, the issue that the Supreme Court originally announced it would decide in Patterson.
Congress also believed that the Wards Cove case made it too difficult to prove disparate impact claims under Title VII. The Act was amended to provide that an employee could prove a case by showing either that an individual practice or group of practices resulted in "a disparate impact on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, and the respondent fails to demonstrate that such practice is required by business necessity." Congress added, however, "The mere existence of a statistical imbalance in an employer's workforce on account of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin is not alone sufficient to establish a prima facie case of disparate impact violation."
While the majority in Congress supported the burden-shifting rule in Price Waterhouse, it was uncomfortable with an employer's ability to prove that it would have made the same decision in any event, as a complete defense in a case in which it had been shown that race or gender or another unlawful factor played a significant role in its decision. Congress amended the Act to provide that the employer's proof that it would have made the same decision in any case was a defense to back pay, reinstatement and other remedies but not to liability per se. The practical effect of this change was to allow a party that proved that the employer discriminated but could not show that it made any practical difference in the outcome could still recover attorney's fees after showing that the employer discriminated, even if no other remedy was awarded.
Finally, Congress limited the rights of non-parties to attack consent decrees by barring any challenges by parties who knew or should have known of the decree or who were adequately represented by the original parties.
The Court also authorizes jury trials on Title VII claims and allows Title VII plaintiffs to recover emotional distress and punitive damages, while imposing caps on such relief under Title VII. The 1991 Act also made technical changes affecting the length of time allowed to challenge unlawful seniority provisions, to sue the federal government for discrimination, and to bring age discrimination claims, but it allowed successful plaintiffs to recover expert witness fees as part of an award of attorney's fees and to collect interest on any judgment against the federal government.
See also[edit]
US labor law
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "S. 1745 (102nd): Civil Rights Act of 1991". GovTrack.us.
Jump up ^ "S. 1745 (102nd): Civil Rights Act of 1991". GovTrack.us.
Jump up ^ Devroy, Ann. "Bush Vetoes Civil Rights Bill; Measure Said to Encourage Job Quotas; Women, Minorities Sharply Critical." Washington Post 23 October 1990, Print.
External links[edit]
Modified Text of the Civil Rights Act of 1991
Changes in Title VII made by the Civil Rights Act of 1991
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1991&oldid=783377280"
Categories:
1991 in law
102nd United States Congress
Anti-discrimination law in the United States
United States federal civil rights legislation
United States statutes that abrogate Supreme Court decisions
Post–Civil Rights Era African-American history
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text:
Siachen conflict
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the region, see Siachen Glacier.
Siachen conflict
Part of the Indo-Pakistani Wars and the Kashmir conflict

Siachen (white) in a map of Indian-administered Kashmir Siachen Glacier lies in the Karakoram range. Its snout is less than 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of the Ladakh Range.
Date
April 13, 1984 (1984-04-13) – ongoing
(33 years, 6 months, 1 week and 2 days)
2003 cease-fire [1]
Location
Siachen Glacier, in a disputed and undemarcated region of Kashmir
Result
Ceasefire since 2003
Territorial
changes
Siachen Glacier comes under Indian control; Continues to be disputed by Pakistan
Belligerents
India Pakistan
Commanders and leaders
Col. Narendra Kumar
LGen P.N.Hoon
LGen M.L.Chibber
MGen Shiv Sharma
LGen V.R.Raghavan
BGen C.S.Nugyal
BGen R.K.Nanavatty
BGen V.K.Jaitley LGen Zahid Ali Akbar
BGen Pervez Musharraf
Strength
3,000+ [2] 3,000[2]
Casualties and losses
846 dead (including non-combat fatalities)[3][4]
36 casualties during combat (1984)[5] 213 dead (including non-combat fatalities between 2003 and 2010)[4][6][7]
200 casualties during combat (1984)[5]
Main article: Siachen Glacier
[show]
v
t
e
Indo-Pakistani conflicts
Kashmir conflict
War of 1947
War of 1965
War of 1971
Siachen conflict
Kargil War
2001–02 standoff
2008 standoff
Border skirmishes
2011
2013
2014–15
2016–present confrontation
The Siachen conflict, sometimes referred to as the Siachen War, is a military conflict between India and Pakistan over the disputed Siachen Glacier region in Kashmir. A cease-fire went into effect in 2003.[8] The contentious area is about 900 square miles (2,300 km2)[9] to nearly 1,000 square miles (2,600 km2) of territory.[10] The conflict began in 1984 with India's successful Operation Meghdoot during which it gained control over all of the Siachen Glacier (unoccupied and undemarcated area). India has established control over all of the 70-kilometre-long (43 mi) Siachen Glacier and all of its tributary glaciers, as well as the three main passes of the Saltoro Ridge immediately west of the glacier—Sia La, Bilafond La, and Gyong La. Pakistan controls the glacial valleys immediately west of the Saltoro Ridge.[11][12] According to TIME magazine, India gained more than 1,000 square miles (3,000 km2) of territory because of its military operations in Siachen.[13]
Contents
[hide]
1 Causes
1.1 Paragraph B 2 (d) of Karachi Agreement
1.1.1 U.N. map of ceasefire line
1.2 Oropolitics
1.3 Historic maps of Siachen Glacier
2 Military expeditions
3 Major combat operations
4 Ground situation
5 Severe conditions
6 Kargil War
7 Visits
8 Artistic depiction
9 List of post-ceasefire avalanches and landslides
9.1 2010–2011
9.2 2012–2014
9.3 2015
9.4 2016
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Causes[edit]
UN map of Siachen
The Siachen Glacier is the highest battleground on earth,[14][15] where India and Pakistan have fought intermittently since April 13, 1984. Both countries maintain permanent military presence in the region at a height of over 6,000 metres (20,000 ft). More than 2000 people have died in this inhospitable terrain, mostly due to weather extremes and the natural hazards of mountain warfare.
The conflict in Siachen stems from the incompletely demarcated territory on the map beyond the map coordinate known as NJ9842 (35°00′30″N 77°00′32″E / 35.008371°N 77.008805°E / 35.008371; 77.008805). The 1949 Karachi Agreement and 1972 Simla Agreement did not clearly mention who controlled the glacier, merely stating that the Cease Fire Line (CFL) terminated at NJ9842.[16] UN officials presumed there would be no dispute between India and Pakistan over such a cold and barren region.[17]
Paragraph B 2 (d) of Karachi Agreement[edit]
Following the UN-mediated ceasefire in the 1949, the line between India and Pakistan was demarcated up to point NJ9842 at the foot of the Siachen Glacier. The largely inaccessible terrain beyond this point was not demarcated,[16] but delimited as thence north to the glaciers in paragraph B 2 (d) of the Karachi Agreement.
Paragraph B 2 (d) of 1949 Karachi Agreement states:
(d) From Dalunang eastwards the cease-fire line will follow the general line point 15495, Ishman, Manus, Gangam, Gunderman, Point 13620, Funkar (Point 17628), Marmak, Natsara, Shangruti (Point 1,531), Chorbat La (Point 16700), Chalunka (on the Shyok River), Khor, thence north to the glaciers. This portion of the cease- fire line shall be demarcated in detail on the basis of the factual position as of 27 July 1949, by the local commanders assisted by United Nations military observers.
Later, following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, and the Simla Agreement in July 1972, the ceasefire line was converted into the "Line of Control" extending from the "Chhamb sector on the international border [to] the Turtok-Partapur sector in the north."[16] The detailed description of its northern end stated that from Chimbatia in the Turtok sector "the line of control runs north-eastwards to Thang (inclusive to India), thence eastwards joining the glaciers." This vague formulation further sowed the seed for the bitter dispute to follow.[16] The general description of CFL given in Section 1 of Karachi Agreement is further explained at Page 38 where it states:
"thence northwards along the boundary line going through Point 18402 up to NJ-9842"[16]
The U.N. document number S/1430/Add.2.[18] is the second addendum to the 1949 Karachi Agreement, and shows the CFL marked on the Map of the State of Jammu and Kashmir as per the explanation of CFL in paragraph 'B' 2 (d) of the Karachi Agreement.
U.N. map of ceasefire line[edit]
Title of U.N. document number S/1430/Add.2 which illustrates the CFL as per the Karachi Agreement reads:
Map of the State of Jammu and Kashmir showing the Cease Fire Line as Agreed Upon in the Karachi Agreement, Ratified by the Governments of India and Pakistan on 29 and 30 July Respectively. (See Annex 26 to the third Interim Report of the United Nation Commission for India and Pakistan)[19][20]
Page-1 of U.N. Map Number S/1430/Add.2 to Karachi Agreement 1949
Page-2 of U.N. Map Number S/1430/Add.2 showing the CFL
Page-3 U.N. Map Number S/1430/Add.2 showing the CFL up to Point NJ 9842
Present Map of Indian Jammu and Kashmir state including entire Siachen glacier
A U.N. map showing CFL alignment superimposed on a satellite image depicts the CFL terminating at NJ9842.[21] The extension of this line "thence north to the glaciers" never appeared on any authoritative map associated with either the 1948 or 1972 agreements, just in the text.
Oropolitics[edit]
In 1949, a Cease-Fire Line Agreement (CFL) was signed and ratified by India, Pakistan and the UN Military Observer Group that delineated entire CFL. In 1956–58, a scientific team led by the Geological Survey of India recorded its findings publicly including information about the Siachen and other glaciers.[22]
After Pakistan ceded Shaksgam Valley to China in a boundary agreement in 1963, Pakistan started giving approval to western expeditions to the east of mountain K2.[22] In 1957 Pakistan permitted a British expedition under Eric Shipton to approach the Siachen glacier through the Bilafond La, and recce Saltoro Kangri.[23] Five years later a Japanese-Pakistani expedition put two Japanese and a Pakistani Army climber on top of Saltoro Kangri.[24] These were early moves in this particular game of oropolitics.
In the 1970s and early 1980s several mountaineering expeditions applied to Pakistan to climb high peaks in the Siachen area due in part to US Defense Mapping Agency and most other maps and atlases showing it on the Pakistani side of the line. Pakistan granted a number of permits. This in turn reinforced the Pakistani claim on the area, as these expeditions arrived on the glacier with a permit obtained from the Government of Pakistan. Teram Kangri I (7,465 m or 24,491 ft) and Teram Kangri II (7,406 m or 24,298 ft) were climbed in 1975 by a Japanese expedition led by H. Katayama, which approached through Pakistan via the Bilafond La.[25]
In 1978 a German Siachen-Kondus Expedition under the leadership of Jaroslav Poncar (further members Volker Stallbohm and Wolfgang Kohl, liaison officer major Asad Raza) entered Siachen via Bilafond La and established the base camp on the confuence of Siachen and Teram Shehr. The documentary "Expedition to the longest glacier" was shown on the 3rd channel of WDR (German TV) in 1979.
The Indian government and military took notice, and protested the cartography. Prior to 1984 neither India nor Pakistan had any permanent presence in the area. Having become aware of the US military maps and the permit incidents, Colonel Narendra Kumar, then commanding officer of the Indian Army's High Altitude Warfare School, mounted an Army expedition to the Siachen area as a counter-exercise. In 1978 this expedition climbed Teram Kangri II, claiming it as a first ascent in a typical 'oropolitical' riposte. Unusually for the normally secretive Indian Army, the news and photographs of this expedition were published in The Illustrated Weekly of India, a widely circulated popular magazine.[26]
The first public acknowledgment of the maneuvers and the developing conflict situation in the Siachen was an abbreviated article titled "High Politics in the Karakoram" by Joydeep Sircar in The Telegraph newspaper of Calcutta in 1982.[27] The full text was re-printed as "Oropolitics" in the Alpine Journal, London, in 1984.[28]
Historic maps of Siachen Glacier[edit]
Maps from Pakistan, the United Nations and other global atlases depicted the CFL correctly till around 1967–72.[22] The United States Defense Mapping Agency (now National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency) began in about 1967 to show international boundary on their Tactical Pilotage Charts as proceeding from NJ9842 east-northeast to the Karakoram Pass at 5,534 m (18,136 ft) on the China border.
US, Pakistani and Indian maps in the 1970s and 1980s were consistently showing a dotted line from NJ9842 (the northernmost demarcated point of the India-Pakistan cease-fire line, also known as the Line of Control) to the Karakoram Pass, which India believed to be a cartographic error.
Map showing Siachen Glacier as part of Pakistan
Map showing Siachen Glacier as part of Pakistan
Military expeditions[edit]
In 1977, an Indian colonel named Narendra Kumar, offended by international expeditions venturing onto the glacier from the Pakistani side, persuaded his superiors to allow him to lead a 70-man team of climbers and porters to the glacier.[13] They returned in or around 1981, climbed several peaks and walked the length of Siachen.
Major combat operations[edit]
At army headquarters in Rawalpindi, the discovery of repeated Indian military expeditions to the glacier drove Pakistani generals to the idea of securing Siachen before India did. In the haste to pull together operational resources, Pakistan planners made a tactical error, according to a now retired Pakistani army colonel. "They ordered Arctic-weather gear from a London outfitters who also supplied the Indians," says the colonel. "Once the Indians got wind of it, they ordered 300 outfits—twice as many as we had—and rushed their men up to Siachen". The acquisition of key supplies needed for operations in glaciated zones marked the start of major combat operations on the glacier.[2]
A memorial at the headquarters of the Dogra Regiment of the Indian Army in remembrance of members of the regiment who died or served in the Siachen Conflict.
April 1984 Operation Meghdoot: Indian Army under the leadership of Lt. Gen. Manohar Lal Chibber, Maj. Gen. Shiv Sharma, and Lt. Gen. P. N. Hoon learned of the plan by Pakistan Army to seize Sia La, and Bilafond La, on the glacier. Indian Army launched an operation to preempt the seizure of the passes by the Pakistan Army. Men of the Ladakh Scouts and Kumaon Regiment occupy Bilafond La on 13 April and Sia La on 17 April 1984 with the help of the Indian Air Force. Pakistan Army in turn learned of the presence of Ladakh Scouts on the passes during a helicopter recon mission. In response to these developments Pakistan Army initiated an operation using troops from the Special Services Group and Northern Light Infantry to displace the three hundred or so Indian troops on the key passes. This operation led by the Pakistan Army led to the first armed clash on the glacier on April 25, 1984.[29]
June – July 1987: Operation Rajiv: Over the next three years, with Indian troops positioned at the critical passes, Pakistan Army attempted to seize heights overlooking the passes. One of the biggest successes achieved by Pakistan in this period was the seizure of a feature overlooking Bilafond La. This feature was named "Qaid Post" and for three years it dominated Indian positions on the glacier. Pakistani Army held Qaid post overlooked Bilafond La area and offered and excellent vantage point to view Indian Army activities. On 25 June 1987 Indian Army under the leadership of Brig. Gen. Chandan Nugyal, Major Varinder Singh, Lt. Rajiv Pande and Naib Subedar Bana Singh launched a successful strike on Qaid Post and captured it from Pakistani forces. For his role in the assault, Subedar Bana Singh was awarded the Param Vir Chakra – India's highest gallantry award. The post was renamed Bana Post in his honour.
September 1987: Operation Vajrashakti/Op Qaidat: The Pakistan Army under Brig. Gen. Pervez Musharraf (later President of Pakistan) launched Operation Qaidat to retake Qaid peak. For this purpose units from Pakistan Army SSG (1st and 3rd battalions) assembled a major task force at the newly constructed Khaplu garrison.[30] Having detected Pakistani movements ahead of Operation Qaidat, the Indian Army initiated Op Vajrashakti to secure the now renamed Bana Post from Pakistani attack.[31][32]
March – May 1989: In March 1989 Operation Ibex by Indian Army attempted to seize the Pakistani post overlooking the Chumik Glacier. The operation was unsuccessful at dislodging Pakistani troops from their positions. Indian Army under Brig. R. K. Nanavatty launched an artillery attack on Kauser Base, the Pakistani logistical node in Chumik and successfully destroyed it. The destruction of Kauser Base induced Pakistani troops to vacate Chumik posts concluding Operation Ibex.[33]
July 28 – August 3, 1992: Indian Army launched Operation Trishul Shakti to protect the Bahadur post in Chulung when it was attacked by a large Pakistani assault team. On August 1, 1992, Pakistani helicopters were attacked by an Indian Igla missile and Brig. Masood Navid Anwari (PA 10117) then Force Commander Northern Areas and other accompanying troops were killed. This led to a loss of momentum on the Pakistani side and the assault stalled.[34]
May 1995: Battle of Tyakshi Post: Pakistan Army NLI units attacked Tyakshi post at the very southern edge of the Saltoro defense line. The attack was repulsed by Indian troops.[35]
June 1999: Indian Army under Brig. P. C. Katoch, Col. Konsam Himalaya Singh seized control of pt 5770 (Naveed Top/Cheema Top/Bilal Top) in southern edge of the Saltoro defense line from Pakistan troops.[36]
Ground situation[edit]
Actual Ground Position Line shown with yellow-colored dotted line
Red dotted line is AGPL, right of which is Siachen Glacier controlled by Indian army.
In his memoirs, former Pakistani president General Pervez Musharraf states that Pakistan lost almost 900 square miles (2,300 km2) of territory that it claimed.[9] TIME states that the Indian advance captured nearly 1,000 square miles (2,600 km2) of territory claimed by Pakistan.[10]
Further attempts to reclaim positions were launched by Pakistan in 1990, 1995, 1996 and even in early 1999, just prior to the Lahore Summit.[citation needed]
The Indian army controls all of the 76 kilometres (47 mi) long Siachen Glacier and all of its tributary glaciers, as well as the three main passes of the Saltoro Ridge immediately west of the glacier—Sia La, Bilafond La, and Gyong La—thus holding onto the tactical advantage of high ground.[37][38][39][40][41] "Indians have been able to hold on to the tactical advantage of the high ground..... Most of India's many outposts are west of the Siachen Glacier along the Saltoro Range. In an academic study with detailed maps and satellite images, co-authored by brigadiers from both the Pakistani and Indian military, pages 16 and 27: "Since 1984, the Indian army has been in physical possession of most of the heights on the Saltoro Range west of the Siachen Glacier, while the Pakistan army has held posts at lower elevations of western slopes of the spurs emanating from the Saltoro ridgeline. The Indian army has secured its position on the ridgeline."
The Pakistanis control the glacial valley just five kilometers southwest of Gyong La. The Pakistanis have been unable get up to the crest of the Saltoro Ridge, while the Indians cannot come down and abandon their strategic high posts.
The line between where Indian and Pakistani troops are presently holding onto their respective posts is being increasingly referred to as the Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL).[42][43]
Severe conditions[edit]
A cease-fire went into effect in 2003. Even before then, every year more soldiers were killed because of severe weather than enemy firing. The two sides by 2003 had lost an estimated 2,000 personnel primarily due to frostbite, avalanches and other complications. Together, the nations have about 150 manned outposts along the glacier, with some 3,000 troops each. Official figures for maintaining these outposts are put at ~$300 and ~$200 million for India and Pakistan respectively. India built the world's highest helipad on the glacier at Point Sonam, 21,000 feet (6,400 m) above the sea level, to supply its troops. The problems of reinforcing or evacuating the high-altitude ridgeline have led to India's development of the Dhruv Mk III helicopter, powered by the Shakti engine, which was flight-tested to lift and land personnel and stores from the Sonam post, the highest permanently manned post in the world.[44] India also installed the world's highest telephone booth on the glacier.[45]
According to some estimates, 97% of the casualties in Siachen have been due to weather and altitude, rather than actual fighting.[7] In 2012, an avalanche hit Pakistan's Gayari military base, killing 129 soldiers and 11 civilians.[46][47]
Kargil War[edit]
One of the factors behind the Kargil War in 1999 when Pakistan sent infiltrators to occupy vacated Indian posts across the Line of Control was their belief that India would be forced to withdraw from Siachen in exchange of a Pakistani withdrawal from Kargil.[48] After the Kargil War, India decided to maintain its military outposts on the glacier, wary of further Pakistani incursions into Kashmir if they vacate from the Siachen Glacier posts.[49]
Visits[edit]
During her tenure as Prime Minister of Pakistan, Ms Benazir Bhutto, visited the area west of Gyong La, making her the first premier from either side to get to the Siachen region. On June 12, 2005, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh became the first Indian Prime Minister to visit the area, calling for a peaceful resolution of the problem. In 2007, the President of India, Abdul Kalam became the first head of state to visit the area. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Siachen on 23 October 2014 to celebrate Diwali with the troops and boost their morale.[50]
The Chief of Staff of the US Army, General George Casey on October 17, 2008 visited the Siachen Glacier along with Indian Army Chief, General Deepak Kapoor. The US General visited for the purpose of "developing concepts and medical aspects of fighting in severe cold conditions and high altitude".[51][52]
Since September 2007, India has welcomed mountaineering and trekking expeditions to the forbidding glacial heights. The expeditions have been meant to show the international audience that Indian troops hold "almost all dominating heights" on the important Saltoro Ridge west of Siachen Glacier, and to show that Pakistani troops are not within 15 miles (24 km) of the 43.5-mile (70 km) Siachen Glacier.[53]
Artistic depiction[edit]
The Siachen glacier and its conflict was depicted in a 48-page comic book, Siachen: The cold war, released in August 2012. Later its sequel, Battlefield Siachen, was released in January 2013.[54][55][56][57]
List of post-ceasefire avalanches and landslides[edit]
2010–2011[edit]
On February 11, 2010, an avalanche struck an Indian army post in the Southern Glacier, killing one soldier. A base camp was also struck, that killed two Ladakh scouts. The same day, a single avalanche hit a Pakistani military camp in Bevan sector, killing 8 soldiers.[58]
In 2011, 24 Indian soldiers died on the Siachen glacier from the climate and accidents.[59] On July 22, two Indian officers burned to death when a fire caught on their shelter.[60]
2012–2014[edit]
Main article: 2012 Gayari Sector avalanche
In the early morning of 7 April 2012, an avalanche hit a Pakistani military headquarters in the Gayari Sector, burying 129 soldiers of the 6th Northern Light Infantry battalion and 11 civilian contractors.[61][62] In the aftermath of the disaster, Pakistan's army chief General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani suggested India and Pakistan should withdraw all troops from the contested glacier.[63]
On May 29, two Pakistani soldiers were killed in a landslide in the Chorbat Sector.[64]
On 12 December, an avalanche killed 6 Indian soldiers in the Sub Sector Hanif in Turtuk area, when troops of the 1st Assam regiment were moving between posts.[65][66] In 2012, a total of 12 Indian soldiers died of hostile weather conditions.[59]
In 2013, 10 Indian soldiers died due to weather conditions.[59]
2015[edit]
On 14 November 2015, an Indian captain from the Third Ladakh scouts died in an avalanche in the Southern Glacier while 15 others were rescued.[67]
2016[edit]
On 4 January 2016, four Indian soldiers of the Ladakh Scouts, were killed in an avalanche on the Southern Glacier while on patrol duty in Nobra Valley.[68]
On the morning of 3 February 2016, ten Indian soldiers including one Junior commissioned officer of the 6th Madras battalion were buried under the snow when a massive avalanche struck their post in the Northern Glacier at a height of 19,600 feet, on the Actual Ground Position Line.[69] Pakistani officials offered their help in search and rescue operations 30 hours after the incident, although it was declined by Indian military authorities.[70] During the rescue operations, the Indian army found Lance Naik Hanumanthappa alive, though in a critical condition, after being buried under 25 feet snow for 6 days. He was taken to Army Research and Referral Hospital in Delhi. His condition became critical later on due to multiple organ failure and lack of oxygen to brain and he died 11 February 2016.[71]
On 27 February, a civilian porter working with the Indian army in the Northern Glacier, fell to his death in a 130-foot crevasse.[72]
On 17 March, two Indian soldiers from the Chennai-21 regiment were killed, and bodies recovered in 12-feet deep ice.[73]
On 25 March, two Indian jawans died after they were buried in an avalanche in the Turtuk sector while on patrol.[74]
On 1 April, Indian General Dalbir Singh and General D. S. Hooda of the Northern Command visited the Siachen glacier in order to boost morale after 17 of its soldiers died in 2016.[75]
See also[edit]
Operation Meghdoot (1984)
Saltoro Mountains
Actual Ground Position Line
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Siachen: The Stalemate Continues at the Wayback Machine (archived October 27, 2004) Published 1999 April.
^ Jump up to: a b c "War at the Top of the World". Time.com. November 7, 2005.
Jump up ^ 846 Indian soldiers have died in Siachen since 1984 – Rediff.com News. Rediff.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
^ Jump up to: a b Tewari, B.K. India's Neighbours: Past and Future. Spellbound Publications, 1997. ISBN 9788176000048.
^ Jump up to: a b The Illustrated Weekly of India – Volume 110, Issues 14–26. Times of India. Pakistani troops were forced out with over 200 casualties as against 36 Indian fatalities
Jump up ^ "In Siachen 869 army men died battling the elements". The Hindu. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Ives, Jack. Himalayan Perceptions: Environmental Change and the Well-Being of Mountain Peoples. Routledge, 2004. ISBN 9781134369089.
Jump up ^ Watson, Paul (November 26, 2003). "India and Pakistan Agree to Cease-Fire in Kashmir". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Pervez Musharraf (2006). In the Line of Fire: A Memoir. Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-8344-9. (pp. 68–69)
^ Jump up to: a b The Himalayas War at the Top Of the World July 31, 1989 – TIME
Jump up ^ Wirsing, Robert. Pakistan's security under Zia, 1977–1988: the policy imperatives of a peripheral Asian state. Palgrave Macmillan, 1991. ISBN 9780312060671.
Jump up ^ Child, Greg. Thin air: encounters in the Himalayas. The Mountaineers Books, 1998. ISBN 9780898865882.
^ Jump up to: a b Desmond/Kashmir, Edward W. (July 31, 1989). "The Himalayas War at the Top Of the World". Time.com.
Jump up ^ VAUSE, Mikel. Peering Over the Edge: The Philosophy of Mountaineering, p. 194.
Jump up ^ CHILD, Greg. Mixed Emotions: Mountaineering Writings, p. 147.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e P R Chari; Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema; Stephen P Cohen. Perception, Politics and Security in South Asia: The Compound Crisis of 1990 (2003) (2003 ed.). Routledge (London); 1 edition (May 16, 2003). p. 53. ISBN 978-0415307970. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Modern world history- Chapter-The Indian subcontinent achieves independence/The Coldest War.
Jump up ^ "UN Map showing CFL – UN document number S/1430/Add.2" (PDF). Dag Digital Library. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
Jump up ^ U.N. Commission for India and Pakistan: annexes to the interim report (PDF). Dag Digital Library – the United Nations. p. 83. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Treaty Series (PDF) (Volume 81 ed.). United Nations Treaty Collection. p. 274. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "CFL marked on U.N. Map superimposed on satellite image". Pakistan Defence. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Facts vs bluff on Siachen, Kayani's suggestion worth pursuing, B.G. Verghese, Saturday, April 21, 2012, Chandigarh, India
Jump up ^ Himalayan Journal Vol. 21
Jump up ^ Himalayan Journal Vol. 25
Jump up ^ SANGAKU 71
Jump up ^ "Outside magazine article about Siachen battleground". Outsideonline.com. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
Jump up ^ Dutta, Sujan (2006-05-15). "The Telegraph – Calcutta : Nation". Calcutta, India: Telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
Jump up ^ Alpine Journal, 1984
Jump up ^ "Siachen Glacier: Battling on the roof of the world". Indian Defence Review.
Jump up ^ J. N. Dixit. India-Pakistan in war & peace. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-30472-5. (pp. 39)
Jump up ^ Op Rajeev, 18th Sept 2007
Jump up ^ Baghel, Ravi; Nusser, Marcus (2015-06-17). "Securing the heights; The vertical dimension of the Siachen conflict between India and Pakistan in the Eastern Karakoram". Political Geography. Elsevier. 48: 31–32. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2015.05.001. Retrieved 2016-09-23.
Jump up ^ The fight for Siachen, Brig. Javed Hassan (Retd) April 22, 2012, The Tribune (Pakistan)
Jump up ^ Harish Kapadia. Siachen Glacier: The Battle of Roses. Rupa Publications Pvt. Ltd. (India).
Jump up ^ Siachen- Not a Cold War, Lt. Gen. P. N. Hoon (Retd)
Jump up ^ Endgame at Siachen, Maj Gen Raj Mehta, AVSM, VSM (Retd) December 2, 2014, South Asia Defence and Strategic Review
Jump up ^ "Confrontation at Siachen, 26 June 1987". Bharat-rakshak.com. Retrieved 9 September 2016. Detailed description of Indian forces taking control of Bilafond La in 1987
Jump up ^ "War". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 7 October 2014. Contrary to the oft-copied misstatement in the old error-plagued summary
Jump up ^ NOORANI, A.G. (Mar 10, 2006). "For the first time, the leaders of India and Pakistan seem close to finding a solution to the Kashmir problem.". A working paper on Kashmir. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Bearak, Barry (May 23, 1999). "THE COLDEST WAR; Frozen in Fury on the Roof of the World". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
Jump up ^ Hakeem, Asad; Gurmeet Kanwal; Michael Vannoni; Gaurav Rajen (2007-09-01). "Demilitarization of the Siachen Conflict Zone" (PDF). Sandia Report. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Confirm ground position line on Siachen: BJP – April 29, 2006, The Hindu
Jump up ^ Guns to fall silent on Indo-Pak borders November 26, 2003 – Daily Times
Jump up ^ Shukla, Ajai. In Siachen, Dhruv proves a world-beater, (March 7, 2011). Business Standard. New Delhi.
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20121103101651/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-5480111.html. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2008. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Pakistan declares Siachen avalanche buried dead". Bbc.co.uk. 29 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Siachen: Pakistan declares buried troops dead after 52 days – Hindustan Times". Hindustantimes.com. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Ganguly, Sumit; Kapur, S. Paul (2012). India, Pakistan, and the Bomb: Debating Nuclear Stability in South Asia (reprint ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780231143752.
Jump up ^ Macdonald, Myra (2017). Defeat Is an Orphan: How Pakistan Lost the Great South Asian War. Random House India. ISBN 9789385990830. After Kargil the Indian Army would resist any suggestion of a withdrawal from the world's highest battlefield for fear Pakistani troops would take over its vacated positions
Jump up ^ Pundit, Rajat. "PM Modi visits Siachen, meets soldiers on Diwali". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "US army chief's visit adds milestone to Indo-US ties". dnaindia.com. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Casey in Siachen on 'study tour'". dailytimes.co.pk. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
Jump up ^ India opens Siachen to trekkers Times of India 13 Sep 2007
Jump up ^ "Tribute to Siachen heroes Reviewd by Geetu Vaid". Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Vijetha S.N (11 September 2012). "Siachen war comes alive in a comic book". Chennai, India: Thehindu.com. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Valour of Siachen jawans now in a comic strip". Hindustantimes.com. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "An illustrated, literary salute to our warriors at Siachen glacier". Sunday-guardian.com. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Siachen avalanche kills 3 Indian, 8 Pak soldiers". www.greaterkashmir.com. Retrieved 2016-02-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c News, National Turk. "50 Indian soldiers die in Siachen in 3 yrs". www.nationalturk.com. Retrieved 2016-02-05.
Jump up ^ "Indian army officers killed in Siachen fire – BBC News". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-02-05.
Jump up ^ "Pakistan resumes search for 135 buried by avalanche". BBC News. 8 April 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Huge search for trapped Pakistani soldiers". Al Jazeera English. 7 April 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Pakistan army chief urges India on glacier withdrawal – BBC News". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-02-05.
Jump up ^ "Two soldiers killed in Siachen landsliding". www.geo.tv. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
Jump up ^ AFP. "Politics". http://www.livemint.com/. Retrieved 2016-02-04. External link in |website= (help)
Jump up ^ "Six Army soldiers killed in Siachen avalanche, one missing". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
Jump up ^ "Army Captain dies in avalanche in Siachen glacier, 15 soldiers rescued". IBNLive. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
Jump up ^ "Siachen avalanche kills four Indian Army soldiers – Firstpost". Firstpost. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
Jump up ^ "Siachen avalanche: Army declares all trapped soldiers dead; PM Modi pays condolences". The Indian Express. 2016-02-04. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
Jump up ^ IANS, New Delhi/Islamabad:. "Indian Army thanks Pakistan for offering help in Siachen rescue". KashmirDispatch. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
Jump up ^ Peri, Dinakar (February 11, 2016). "Siachen avalanche survivor Lance Naik Hanamanthappa passes away". The Hindu. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Another tragedy at Siachen as army porter falls to death | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". dna. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
Jump up ^ "TN Army Village Loses Another Jawan in Siachen". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2016-04-18.
Jump up ^ "Siachen avalanche: Lance Havildar Bhawan Tamang killed, another soldier missing". The Indian Express. 2016-03-25. Retrieved 2016-04-14.
Jump up ^ "Army Chief Visits Siachen Glacier After 17 Casualties in 3 Months Due to Avalanches". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2016-04-14.
Further reading[edit]
Nitin A.Gokhale,Beyond Nj9842: The Siachen Saga, Bloomsbury, New Delhi, ISBN 9789384052058
Siachen: Conflict Without End by V.R. Raghavan
Myra MacDonald (2008) Heights of Madness: One Woman's Journey in Pursuit of a Secret War, Rupa, New Delhi ISBN 81-291-1292-2. The first full account of the Siachen war to be told from the Indian and Pakistani sides.
Baghel, Ravi; Nusser, Marcus (2015-06-17). "Securing the heights; The vertical dimension of the Siachen conflict between India and Pakistan in the Eastern Karakoram". Political Geography. Elsevier. 48: 31–32. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2015.05.001. Retrieved 2016-09-23.
Wirsing, Robert. Pakistan's security under Zia, 1977–1988: the policy imperatives of a peripheral Asian state. Palgrave Macmillan, 1991. ISBN 978-0-312-06067-1.
External links[edit]
The Coldest War
Time report
Siachen: The stalemate continues
Siachen Glacier – Highest Battlefield Of The World
"The vertical dimension of the Siachen conflict". Political Geography. 48: 24–36. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2015.05.001.

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You Really Got Me
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"You Really Got Me"
Dutch single sleeve
Single by the Kinks
B-side
"It's All Right"
Released
4 August 1964 (1964-08-04) (UK)
2 September 1964 (US)
Format
7-inch 45 rpm single
Recorded
July 1964
Studio
IBC, London
Genre
Hard rock[1]
garage rock[2]
Length
2:20
Label
Pye (UK)
Reprise (US)
Songwriter(s)
Ray Davies
Producer(s)
Shel Talmy
The Kinks UK singles chronology
"You Still Want Me"
(1964) "You Really Got Me"
(1964) "All Day and All of the Night"
(1964)
The Kinks US singles chronology
"Long Tall Sally"
(1964) "You Really Got Me"
(1964) "All Day and All of the Night"
(1964)
Audio sample
file
help
"You Really Got Me" is a song written by Ray Davies for English rock band the Kinks. The song, originally performed in a more blues-oriented style, was inspired by artists such as Lead Belly and Big Bill Broonzy. Two versions of the song were recorded, with the second performance being used for the final single. Although it was rumoured that future Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page had performed the song's guitar solo, the myth has since been proven false.
"You Really Got Me" was built around power chords (perfect fifths and octaves) and heavily influenced later rock musicians, particularly in the genres of heavy metal and punk rock. Built around a guitar riff played by Dave Davies, the song's lyrics were described by Dave as "a love song for street kids."[3]
"You Really Got Me" was released on 4 August 1964 as the group's third single, and reached number one on the UK singles chart the next month, remaining for two weeks. The song became the group's breakthrough hit; it established them as one of the top British Invasion acts in the United States, reaching number seven there later in the year. "You Really Got Me" was later included on the Kinks' debut album, Kinks. The song was covered by American rock band Van Halen in 1978, peaking at 36 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Recording
3 Guitar solo
4 Music and lyrics
5 Release and reception
6 Live history
7 Charts
7.1 Weekly charts
7.2 Year-end charts
8 Van Halen version
8.1 Charts
9 See also
10 References
Background[edit]
[The original demo version of 'You Really Got Me'] had very way-out words and a funny sort of ending that didn't. We did it differently on the record because [this original version] was really rather uncommercial.
– Ray Davies[4]
"You Really Got Me" was written by Ray Davies, the Kinks' vocalist and main songwriter, sometime between 9 and 12 March 1964.[4] Created on the piano in the front room of the Davies' home, the song was stylistically very different from the finished product, being much lighter and somewhat jazz-oriented.[4] Ray said of the song's writing, "When I came up with ['You Really Got Me'] I hadn't been writing songs very long at all. It was one of the first five I ever came up with."[4]
During the spring of 1964, Ray Davies played an early version of "You Really Got Me" on piano to rock photographer Allan Ballard during a photo shoot. Ballard later remembered, "It was quite a small, pokey, Victorian Terrace, a bit scruffy, and in the hallway they had an upright piano. Ray sat down and plonked out, 'Der-der, der, Der-der!' He said, 'What do you reckon to this?' It meant nothing to me at the time, but it ended up as 'You Really Got Me'."[5]
Ray, initially planning for the song to be a "more laid-back number", later played the chords of the song to brother Dave Davies, the Kinks' lead guitarist. However, upon hearing the track, Dave decided that the riff would be much more powerful on a guitar.[5] Ray said of the track's change to a guitar-centred track, "I wanted it to be a jazz-type tune, because that's what I liked at the time. It's written originally around a sax line ... Dave ended up playing the sax line in fuzz guitar and it took the song a step further."[4] The band then began to perform the new track in some of their live shows, where it was well received.[6]
In 1998, Ray said, "I'd written 'You Really Got Me' as tribute to all those great blues people I love: Lead Belly and Big Bill Broonzy."[7] Dave cited Gerry Mulligan as an inspiration, saying, "Ray was a great fan of Gerry Mulligan, who was in [the Jazz on a Summer's Day movie], and as he sat at the piano at home, he sort of messed around in a vein similar to Mulligan and came up with this figure based on a 12-bar blues".[4] Dave has also said that song had been inspired by Jimmy Giuffre's song "The Train and the River".[8] According to the band's manager, Larry Page, the song's characteristic riff came about while working out the chords of the Kingsmen's "Louie Louie".[3] Lyrically, the song was said to be influenced by an encounter with one of the band's "first serious female fans."[4][9]
Recording[edit]
When I first heard ["You Really Got Me"], I said, "Shit, it doesn't matter what you do with this, it's a number one song". It could have been done in waltz time and it would have been a hit.[6]
– Shel Talmy, producer of "You Really Got Me"
The song was recorded by the Kinks at least twice in the summer of 1964. The band's demo was in a "bluesy" style, while a full studio version recorded in June was slower and less emphatic than the final single.[10] Although the band wanted to rerecord the song, their record company Pye refused to fund another session on the grounds that the band's first two singles had failed to chart.[6] Ray Davies, however, hated the original recording of the track, threatening that he would refuse to perform or promote the single unless it was rerecorded.[6] Manager Larry Page also refused to publish the original recording.[6] When Pye stood its ground, the band's own management broke the stalemate by funding the session themselves.[11] Ray Davies' adamant attitude on behalf of the career-making song effectively established him as the leader and chief songwriter of the Kinks. Davies later said, "I was floundering around trying to find an identity. It was in 1964 that I managed to do that, to be able to justify myself and say, 'I exist, I'm here.' I was literally born when that song hit."[12]
The influential distortion sound of the guitar track was created after guitarist Dave Davies sliced the speaker cone of his guitar amplifier with a razor blade and poked it with a pin.[13] The amplifier was affectionately called "little green", after the name of the amplifier made by the Elpico company, and purchased in Davies' neighbourhood music shop, linked to a Vox AC-30.[8] In 2014, Dave Davies accused brother Ray of lying about participating in Dave's guitar distortion sound. Dave wrote on his Facebook page, "My brother is lying. I don't know why he does this but it was my Elpico amp that I bought and out of frustration I cut the speaker cone up with a razor blade and I was so shocked and surprised and excited that it worked that I demonstrated the sound to Ray and [Kinks bassist] Pete [Quaife] … Ray liked the sound and he had written a riff on the piano which formed the basis of the song 'You Really Got Me' and I played the riff on my guitar with my new sound. I alone created this sound."[14]
According to recent Kinks' releases that give full official performance credits of the track, group members Ray Davies (vocals and rhythm guitar), Dave Davies (lead guitar), Pete Quaife (bass) are joined by session men Bobby Graham (drums), and Arthur Greenslade (piano).[15][16] Regular Kinks drummer Mick Avory plays the tambourine.
Guitar solo[edit]
The guitar solo on the recording has been the subject of the persistent myth that it was not played by the Kinks' lead guitarist Dave Davies, but by then-session player Jimmy Page, who later joined the Yardbirds and Led Zeppelin. Among those claiming Page played lead guitar was Jon Lord of Deep Purple, who also claimed to play piano on the track.[17] Page has always denied playing the song's guitar solo, going so far as to state in a 1970s interview cited in Sound on Sound magazine that "I didn't play on 'You Really Got Me' and that's what pisses him [Ray Davies] off."[9] Rock historian and author Doug Hinman makes a case that the rumour was begun and fostered by the established British rhythm and blues community, many of whose members were resentful that an upstart band of teenagers such as the Kinks could produce such a powerful and influential blues-based recording, seemingly out of nowhere.[18]
Shel Talmy, the producer on the track, has gone on record and put the controversy to rest in an interview with The Guardian, saying "contrary to myth, Jimmy didn't play on 'You Really Got Me'."[8] In a 7 November 2014 interview with SiriusXM's Town Hall series, Page confirmed again that he did not play on the song, saying "Oh, Crikey! I wasn't on 'You Really Got Me,' but I did play on the Kinks' records. That's all I'm going to say about it. But every time I do an interview, people ask me about 'You Really Got Me.' So maybe somebody can correct Wikipedia so people won't keep asking me."[19]
In his 1998 autobiographical release The Storyteller,[20] Ray Davies discusses the guitar solo. He confirms that his brother Dave played the solo and it was preceded by some bantering between the two:
Halfway through the song it was time for Dave's guitar solo. This moment had to be right. So I shouted across the studio to Dave, give him encouragement. But I seemed to spoil his concentration. He looked at me with a dazed expression. 'Fuck off.' If you doubt me, if you doubt what I'm saying, I challenge you to listen to the original Kinks recording of 'You Really Got Me'. Halfway through the song, after the second chorus, before the guitar solo, there's a drum break. Boo ka, boo boo ka, boo ka, boo boo. And in the background you can hear 'fuck off'. You can, you can. When I did the vocal I tried to cover it up by going 'Oh no', but in the background you still hear it 'fuck off'. And it's even clearer on CD, it's really embarrassing.[7]
Music and lyrics[edit]
While Ray Davies had been instructed at the time to write "Beatle-type" material for commercial reasons, "You Really Got Me" was written as a more R&B-based composition.[4] The song is centred on a guitar riff by Dave Davies, which has since been referred to as "instantly identifiable."[9] American musicologist Robert Walser described "You Really Got Me" as "the first hit song built around power chords."[21] The song has since been labeled as an early influence of the heavy metal genre, with critic Denise Sullivan of AllMusic writing, "'You Really Got Me' remains a blueprint song in the hard rock and heavy metal arsenal."[13] However, Dave Davies has since rejected the idea that the song is heavy metal, saying "I've never really like that term, heavy metal. I think, in all humility, it was the first heavy guitar riff rock record. Just because of the sound—if you played it on a ukulele, it might not have been so powerful."[3]
The lyrics of the song are about lust and sex.[5] Dave Davies said of the song's lyrics, "'You Really Got Me' [is] such a pure record, really. It's a love song for street kids. They're not going to wine and dine you, even if they knew how to chat you up. [They say] 'I want you—come here.'"[3]
Release and reception[edit]
"You Really Got Me" was released as the band's third single on 4 August 1964, backed with "It's Alright".[22] Within three days of the single's release, "You Really Got Me" began to appear on local charts. Eventually, the song climbed to the top of the British charts, the band's first single to do so.[22] Ray Davies later claimed that, due to the single's high demand, Pye Records put all their other records on hold to solely produce copies of "You Really Got Me".[22] Due to the high level of success the single achieved in the UK, a rush-release of "You Really Got Me" was put out in the US on 2 September 1964, despite being delayed from its initial release date of 26 August.[23] Although it did not enter the charts until 26 September, the record rose to number seven on the Billboard Hot 100.[23] The song later appeared on the band's debut album, Kinks, with the title of the American release of the album being changed to You Really Got Me. Plans for Ray to sing versions of the song in French, German, Spanish, and Japanese for their respective markets were proposed by Shel Talmy, but they never materialized.[24]
We were really surprised when 'You Really Got Me' was a hit. Why wasn't our last disc, 'You Still Want Me'? Because it wasn't any good. We didn't like it much ... We write for ourselves now.
– Ray Davies[3]
Upon release, the single received a positive review from Record Mirror, which said, "Highly promising group with strong guitar sound and a compact sort of vocal performance. Mid-tempo but bustling song should sell well."[22] In Melody Maker, singer Dave Berry was featured in a blindfold test of the song, with Berry at first guessing the song was by the Kingsmen.[22] He said, "It's fabulous, this one. I like these records that sound as if they've gone into a recording studio and done what they wanted to on the spot. It's a good chance of being a big hit."[22] The Melody Maker review had a lasting impact on Ray Davies, who said that Berry "had a few hits – so he mattered" and that Berry's belief that the band had "done what they wanted" had "said it all" for him.[22][25]
The Kinks' use of distorted guitar riffs continued with songs like "All Day and All of the Night", "Tired of Waiting for You", and "Set Me Free", among others. Pete Townshend of the Who, a band also produced by Talmy at that time, has stated that their first single, "I Can't Explain", was influenced by the Kinks' work at the time.[26] Other artists influenced by "You Really Got Me" include Tom Petty,[27] John Lydon,[28] Chris Bell of Big Star,[27] and Jimi Hendrix, who, according to Dave Davies, described the song as "a landmark record".[3]
In 1999, "You Really Got Me" was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.[29] Rolling Stone magazine placed the song at number 82 on their list of the 500 greatest songs of all time and at number four on their list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time.[30] In early 2005, the song was voted the best British song of the 1955–1965 decade in a BBC radio poll.[31] In March 2005, Q magazine placed it at number nine in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks.[32] In 2009, it was named the 57th Greatest Hard Rock Song by VH1.[1]
Live history[edit]
"You Really Got Me (live)"
Single by the Kinks
from the album One for the Road
B-side
"Attitude"
Released
29 October 1980 (1980-10-29)
Format
7-inch 45 rpm single
Recorded
6 March 1979
Venue
Lowell Memorial Auditorium, Massachusetts
Length
3:35
Label
Arista
Songwriter(s)
Ray Davies
Producer(s)
Ray Davies
The Kinks US singles chronology
"Lola (live)"
(1980) "You Really Got Me (live)"
(1980) "Destroyer"
(1980)
Prior to its release, the Kinks performed "You Really Got Me" in some of their early concerts.[3] It was a crowd favourite, with Ray Davies later claiming to feel a connection with the crowd as he performed the song.[3] Ray later said, "Our success came from playing [the song] live. When we played 'You Really Got Me' people actually took notice. They realised we had something original."[3]
The Kinks continued to perform successfully for over 30 years through many musical styles, but "You Really Got Me" remained a mainstay in concert.[13][33] During some shows, the song was played in a medley with its follow-up single "All Day and All of the Night," while in 1977, a performance on Saturday Night Live featured a four song medley of "You Really Got Me", "All Day and All of the Night", "A Well Respected Man", and "Lola".[34] In a live performance on the Don Lane Show in 1982, "You Really Got Me" was featured in a medley with the band's 1981 song, "Destroyer."[35] In 1984, Dave Davies claimed that, even after twenty years of performing "You Really Got Me," the track was "still fun to play live."[36]
A live version of "You Really Got Me" was released on the band's 1980 live album, One for the Road. This version, following the minor success of the same album's live version of "Lola", was released as a single in America, backed with the live take of Low Budget's "Attitude".[37] However, the single failed to chart.[37] This version was later included on the 1986 compilation album, Come Dancing with the Kinks: The Best of the Kinks 1977–1986.[38]
Other live renditions of "You Really Got Me" have also been released. A version on Live at Kelvin Hall recorded at Kelvin Hall in Glasgow, Scotland was released in 1967, while a performance at the Mann Music Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania appeared on 1994's To the Bone.[39] The Davies brothers also performed a live version in Boston, Massachusetts with the Smithereens in November 1991, which later appeared on the latter band's 1995 compilation album Attack of the Smithereens.[40] Both Ray and Dave Davies still perform the song in solo shows, generally as a closing number.
In December 2015, Ray Davies joined brother Dave onstage at one of his concerts to perform "You Really Got Me".[41] The event marked the first time the brothers performed on stage together in nearly twenty years, sparking rumors of a possible Kinks reunion.
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1964–1965)
Peak
position
Canadian RPM Top Singles[42] 4
Germany (Official German Charts)[43] 39
Irish Singles Chart[44] 6
UK (Official Charts Company)[45] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[46] 7
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1964)
Position
US Billboard Year-End[47] 78
Van Halen version[edit]
"You Really Got Me"
Single by Van Halen
from the album Van Halen
B-side
"Atomic Punk"
Released
28 January 1978 (1978-01-28)
Format
7-inch 45 rpm single
Recorded
September–October 1977
Genre
Hard rock
heavy metal
Length
2:35
Label
Warner Bros.
Songwriter(s)
Ray Davies
Producer(s)
Ted Templeman
Van Halen singles chronology
"You Really Got Me"
(1978) "Runnin' with the Devil"
(1978)
Audio sample
file
help
The American hard rock band Van Halen released a cover of "You Really Got Me" for their 1978 debut album, Van Halen. As the band's first single, it was a popular radio hit which helped jump-start the band's career,[48] as it had done for the Kinks 14 years earlier. This version, which was cited by Eddie Van Halen as an "updated" version of the original, featured "histrionic" guitar playing by Eddie Van Halen and "vocal shenanigans" by David Lee Roth.[13] The song had been played by the band live for years before its studio release.[49] On the radio, it is often featured with "Eruption", the instrumental that precedes it on the album, as an intro.[49]
The song was released as a single as a result of an encounter between Eddie Van Halen and members of the band Angel.[50] Eddie Van Halen and Angel drummer Barry Brandt had both been bragging about their new material to one another, resulting in Eddie Van Halen showing a demo of "You Really Got Me" to Brandt.[50] On the following day, the band's producer, Ted Templeman told Van Halen that Angel was recording their own cover of "You Really Got Me" to release before Van Halen's version.[50] As a result, the song was rush-released as a single before Angel could do so.[50]
Eddie Van Halen has since expressed dissatisfaction with the use of "You Really Got Me" as the band's debut single. He said, "It kind of bummed me out that Ted [Templeman] wanted our first single to be someone else's tune. I would have maybe picked "Jamie's Cryin'", just because it was our own."[50]
The Kinks' Dave Davies has claimed to dislike Van Halen's rendition of the song, saying "There's the thing: good art isn't always about having the comfiest technique. I shouldn't encourage him, but I'm sure Eddie Van Halen played better when he was drunk."[51] He also told of how a concert-goer approached him after a live show and congratulated him on performing a "great cover of the Van Halen song."[51] Ray Davies, on the other hand, claimed to like the track because it made him laugh.[52]
Charts[edit]
Chart (1978)
Peak
position
Canadian RPM Top Singles[53] 49
US Billboard Hot 100[54] 36
See also[edit]
List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1960s
References[edit]
Citations
^ Jump up to: a b "VH1 Top 100 Hard Rock Songs". Spreadit.org. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2009.
Jump up ^ Creswell 2007, p. 684.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Hasted 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Hinman 2004, p. 24.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jovanovic 2014, p. 64.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Jovanovic 2014, p. 65.
^ Jump up to: a b Ray Davies (1998). "The Third Single (Dialogue)". The Storyteller (Sound recording). EMI/Capitol Records. OCLC 63515902.
^ Jump up to: a b c Simpson, Dave (10 June 2013). "How we made You Really Got Me". The Guardian. London. ISSN 0261-3077. OCLC 60623878. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Buskin, Richard (September 2009). "The Kinks 'You Really Got Me' Classic Track". Sound on Sound. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Hinman 2004, p. 28.
Jump up ^ Jovanovic 2014, pp. 65-66.
Jump up ^ Jovanovic 2014, p. 67.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Sullivan, Denise. "Review of 'You Really Got Me' ". AllMusic.
Jump up ^ "The Kinks' Dave Davies Says His Brother Ray "Is Lying" About Creating "You Really Got Me" Guitar Sound - Music News - ABC News Radio". ABC News Radio. Retrieved 2015-08-05.
Jump up ^ Picture Book (CD boxed set notes). Sanctuary Records. 2008. OCLC 298443589.
Jump up ^ The Kinks Deluxe Edition (CD notes). Sanctuary Records. 2011. OCLC 873524939.
Jump up ^ Lalaina, Joe. "Jon Lord's Purple Reign". The Highway Star (archived from Modern Keyboard Magazine, January 1989). Retrieved 24 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Hinman 2004, p. 30.
Jump up ^ Grow, Kory. "5 Things We Learned From Jimmy Page's SiriusXM Interview". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Ray Davies: The Storyteller. AllMusic
Jump up ^ Walser 1993, p. 9.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Hinman 2004, p. 31.
^ Jump up to: a b Hinman 2004, p. 34.
Jump up ^ Hinman 2004, p. 32.
Jump up ^ Jovanovic 2014, p. 70.
Jump up ^ Jovanovic 2014, p. 79.
^ Jump up to: a b Jovanovic 2014, p. 72.
Jump up ^ Jovanovic 2014, p. 51.
Jump up ^ "Grammy Hall of Fame Award" Grammy.org Retrieved 20 December 2012
Jump up ^ "The 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Kinks edge Beatles in song vote". BBC News. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Greatest Guitar Tracks". Ultimate Guitar (archived from Q). Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Hinman 2004, pp. 8–341.
Jump up ^ Hinman 2004, pp. 342-344.
Jump up ^ Hinman 2004, p. 344.
Jump up ^ Clapton, Diana. "Dave Davies - In the Spotlight". davedavies.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Hinman 2004, p. 244.
Jump up ^ Hinman 2004, p. 282.
Jump up ^ Hinman 2004, p. 320.
Jump up ^ Hinman 2004, p. 336.
Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel. "Watch the Kinks' Ray and Dave Davies Reunite Onstage for 'You Really Got Me'". Rolling Stone. Jann Wenner.
Jump up ^ "You really got me in Canadian Top Singles Chart". Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – The Kinks – You Really Got Me". GfK Entertainment Charts.
Jump up ^ "You really got me in Irish Chart". IRMA. Retrieved 2 July 2013. Only one result when searching "You really got me"
Jump up ^ "Kinks". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Kinks awards on Allmusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Arrowsmith, Charles. "THE BOOM YEARS: P.J. O'ROURKE ON WHAT WENT WRONG… AND RIGHT". House of Speak Easy. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Van Halen - Inductee 2007". Rock & Roll Hall Of Fame. 12 March 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Tolinsky 2010, p. 39.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Tolinsky 2010, p. 101.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dave Davies Slams Van Halen's The Kinks Cover". Blabbermouth. 2 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Jovanovic 2014, p. 244.
Jump up ^ "Van Halen - Canadian charts". Retrieved 25 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Van Halen - Awards". allmusic. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
Sources
Creswell, Toby (2007). 1001 Songs. Hardie Grant Publishing. ISBN 1-74066-458-2.
Hasted, Nick (2011). You Really Got Me: The Story of the Kinks. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-1849386609.
Hinman, Doug (2004). The Kinks: All Day and All of the Night: Day by Day Concerts, Recordings, and Broadcasts, 1961-1996. Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0879307653.
Jovanovic, Rob (2014). God Save The Kinks: A Biography. Aurum Press Ltd. ISBN 978-1781311646.
Tolinsky, Brad (2010). Guitar World Presents Van Halen. Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0879309695.
Walser, Robert (1993). Running with the Devil: Power, Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal Music. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0-8195-6260-2.
Preceded by
"Have I the Right?" by The Honeycombs UK number-one single
"You Really Got Me"
10 September 1964 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"I'm into Something Good" by Herman's Hermits
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The Kinks singles discography
1960s singles
(UK & US)
1964
"Long Tall Sally"
"You Still Want Me"
"You Really Got Me"
"All Day and All of the Night"
1965
"Tired of Waiting for You"
"Ev'rybody's Gonna Be Happy"
"Set Me Free"
"See My Friends"
"Who'll Be the Next in Line"
"A Well Respected Man"
"Till the End of the Day"
1966
"Dedicated Follower of Fashion"
"Sunny Afternoon"
"Dead End Street"
1967
"Mister Pleasant"
"Waterloo Sunset"
"Death of a Clown" (Dave Davies solo)
"Autumn Almanac"
"Susannah's Still Alive" (Dave Davies solo)
1968
"Wonderboy"
"Days"
"Lincoln County" (Dave Davies solo)
1969
"Starstruck"
"Hold My Hand" (Dave Davies solo)
"Plastic Man"
"Drivin'"
"The Village Green Preservation Society"
"Shangri-La"
"Victoria"
1970
"Lola"
"Apeman"
1970s singles
(UK & US)
1971
"God's Children"
"20th Century Man"
1972
"Supersonic Rocket Ship"
"Celluloid Heroes"
1973
"One of the Survivors"
"Sitting in the Midday Sun"
"Sweet Lady Genevieve"
"Where Have All the Good Times Gone"
1974
"Money Talks"
"Mirror of Love"
"Mirror of Love" (band version)
"Holiday Romance"
"Preservation"
1975
"Everybody's a Star (Starmaker)"
"Ducks on the Wall"
"You Can't Stop the Music"
1976
"I'm in Disgrace"
"No More Looking Back"
1977
"Sleepwalker"
"Juke Box Music"
"Father Christmas"
1978
"A Rock 'n' Roll Fantasy"
"Live Life"
"Black Messiah"
1979
"(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman"
"A Gallon of Gas"
"Catch Me Now I'm Falling"
"Moving Pictures"
"Pressure"
1980s singles
(UK & US)
1980
"Lola" (live)
"You Really Got Me" (live)
1981
"Better Things"
"Destroyer"
"Predictable"
1982
"Come Dancing"
1983
"Don't Forget to Dance"
1984
"Good Day"
"Do It Again"
1985
"Living on a Thin Line" (radio promo only)
"Summer's Gone"
1986
"Rock 'n' Roll Cities"
"How Are You"
1987
"Lost and Found"
1988
"The Road"
1989
"Down All the Days (Till 1992)"
1990
"How Do I Get Close"
1990s singles
(UK & US)
1993
"Only a Dream"
"Scattered"
Other singles
(non-UK/US)
1966
"Dandy" (Europe)
1969
"Picture Book" (Australia)
"Australia" (Australia)
1983
"State of Confusion" (Germany)
1991
"Did Ya" (Europe)
Other songs
"Bald Headed Woman"
"Stop Your Sobbing"
"I Need You"
"I Go to Sleep"
"I'm Not Like Everybody Else"
"Big Black Smoke"
"Party Line"
"Rosy Won't You Please Come Home"
"Love Me Till the Sun Shines"
"David Watts"
"Two Sisters"
"Polly"
"She's Got Everything"
"Do You Remember Walter?"
"Johnny Thunder"
"Last of the Steam-Powered Trains"
"Big Sky"
"Sitting by the Riverside"
"Animal Farm"
"Village Green"
"Phenomenal Cat"
"All of My Friends Were There"
"Wicked Annabella"
"Monica"
"People Take Pictures of Each Other"
"Berkeley Mews"
"Mr. Churchill Says"
"Strangers"
"This Time Tomorrow"
"Rats"
"Got to Be Free"
"Have a Cuppa Tea"
"Oklahoma U.S.A."
"Muswell Hillbilly"
"Sitting in My Hotel"
"The Hard Way"
"Life Goes On"
"Misfits"
"Attitude"
"Low Budget"
"Give the People What They Want"
"Heart of Gold"
"Long Distance"
[show]
v
t
e
Van Halen singles
Van Halen
"You Really Got Me"
"Runnin' with the Devil"
"Ain't Talkin' 'bout Love"
Van Halen II
"Dance the Night Away"
"Beautiful Girls"
Women and Children First
"And the Cradle Will Rock..."
Fair Warning
"So This Is Love?"
"Unchained"
Diver Down
"(Oh) Pretty Woman"
"Dancing in the Street"
"Where Have All the Good Times Gone!"
1984
"Jump"
"I'll Wait"
"Panama"
"Hot for Teacher"
5150
"Why Can't This Be Love"
"Dreams"
"Love Walks In"
OU812
"When It's Love"
"Black and Blue"
"Finish What Ya Started"
For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge
"Poundcake"
"Runaround"
"Top of the World"
"Right Now"
Live: Right Here, Right Now
"Jump" (live)
"Dreams" (live)
"Won't Get Fooled Again" (live)
Balance
"Don't Tell Me (What Love Can Do)"
"Can't Stop Lovin' You"
"Amsterdam"
Twister soundtrack
"Humans Being"
Best Of – Volume I
"Me Wise Magic"
"Can't Get This Stuff No More"
Van Halen III
"Without You"
"Fire in the Hole"
A Different Kind of Truth
"Tattoo"
"She's the Woman"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Really_Got_Me&oldid=827927067"
Categories:
The Kinks songs
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