text:
List of largest employers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The largest employers in the world include companies, militaries, and governments.
Contents
[hide]
1 Companies and militaries
2 Largest private and semiprivate employers
3 Notes
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Companies and militaries[edit]
Non-corporate employers are included in this lists:
Employees
Employer
2015[1]
2010[2][3]
Headquarters
United States Department of Defense 3.2 million United States
People's Liberation Army 2.3 million China
Walmart 2.1 million United States
McDonald's[note 1] 1.9 million 1.7 million United States
National Health Service 1.7 million 1.4 million United Kingdom
China National Petroleum Corporation 1.6 million 1.7 million China
State Grid Corporation of China 1.5 million 1.6 million China
Indian Railways 1.4 million India
Indian Armed Forces 1.3 million India
Hon Hai Precision Industry (Foxconn) 1.3 million 0.8 million Taiwan[4]
Largest private and semiprivate employers[edit]
The rankings below are the ten private-sector companies providing the most jobs worldwide, according to the 2017 list compiled by Fortune magazine.[5]
Public and semipublic companies with the most employees in the world
Rank
Employer
Country
Employees
1 Walmart United States 2,300,000
5 China National Petroleum China 1,512,048
6 China Post Group China 941,211
6 State Grid China 926,067
5 Hon Hai Precision Industry Taiwan 726,772
6 Sinopec Group China 713,288
7 Volkswagen Germany 626,715
8 United States Postal Service United States 574,349
9 Compass Group United Kingdom 527,180
10 Agricultural Bank of China China 501,368

Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ including franchise employees
See also[edit]
Fortune Global 500
Forbes Global 2000
List of multinational corporations
List of largest European manufacturing companies by revenue
List of largest financial services companies by revenue
List of the largest software companies
List of largest Internet companies
List of the largest information technology companies
List of private equity firms
List of largest companies by revenue
List of public corporations by market capitalization
List of companies by profit and loss
List of professions
List of types of tradesman
Lists of companies – company-related list articles on Wikipedia
List of largest employers in the United States
List of wealthiest organizations
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The World's Biggest Employers". Forbes.com. Forbes. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Employment: Defending jobs - The Economist". 2011-09-12. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
Jump up ^ IISS 2012, pp. 243–248
Jump up ^ "9 Most Largest Companies – by employee number". most09.com. March 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://fortune.com/global500/list/filtered?sortBy=employees
External links[edit]
Fortune Global 500
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_employers&oldid=801890816"
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Blue Ridge Mountains
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Blue Ridge Mountains
The Blue Ridge Mountains as seen from the Blue Ridge Parkway near Mount Mitchell in North Carolina
Highest point
Peak
Mount Mitchell
Elevation
6,684 ft (2,037 m)
Coordinates
35°45′53″N 82°15′55″W / 35.76472°N 82.26528°W / 35.76472; -82.26528Coordinates: 35°45′53″N 82°15′55″W / 35.76472°N 82.26528°W / 35.76472; -82.26528
Geography
Appalachian Mountains
Country
United States
States
List[show]
North Carolina
Virginia
Tennessee
Maryland
Pennsylvania
West Virginia
South Carolina
Georgia
Parent range
Appalachian Mountains
Geology
Orogeny
Grenville orogeny
Type of rock
granite, gneiss and limestone
The Blue Ridge Mountains are a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian Mountains range. This province consists of northern and southern physiographic regions, which divide near the Roanoke River gap.[1] The mountain range is located in the eastern United States, starting at its southernmost portion in Georgia, then ending northward in Pennsylvania. To the west of the Blue Ridge, between it and the bulk of the Appalachians, lies the Great Appalachian Valley, bordered on the west by the Ridge and Valley province of the Appalachian range.
The Blue Ridge Mountains are noted for having a bluish color when seen from a distance. Trees put the "blue" in Blue Ridge, from the isoprene released into the atmosphere,[2] thereby contributing to the characteristic haze on the mountains and their distinctive color.[3]
Within the Blue Ridge province are two major national parks – the Shenandoah National Park in the northern section, and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in the southern section – and eight national forests including George Washington and Jefferson National Forests, Monongahela National Forest, Daniel Boone National Forest, Cherokee National Forest, Pisgah National Forest, Nantahala National Forest and Chattahoochee National Forest. The Blue Ridge also contains the Blue Ridge Parkway, a 469-mile (755 km) long scenic highway that connects the two parks and is located along the ridge crest-lines with the Appalachian Trail.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
2 Geology
3 History
4 Flora and fauna
4.1 Flora
4.2 Fauna
5 In music
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Geography[edit]
See also: List of mountains of the Blue Ridge and Southern Sixers
Although the term "Blue Ridge" is sometimes applied exclusively to the eastern edge or front range of the Appalachian Mountains, the geological definition of the Blue Ridge province extends westward to the Ridge and Valley area, encompassing the Great Smoky Mountains, the Great Balsams, the Roans, the Blacks, the Brushy Mountains (a "spur" of the Blue Ridge) and other mountain ranges.
The Blue Ridge Mountains as seen from Blowing Rock, North Carolina.
The Blue Ridge extends as far north into Pennsylvania as South Mountain. While South Mountain dwindles to mere hills between Gettysburg and Harrisburg, the band of ancient rocks that forms the core of the Blue Ridge continues northeast through the New Jersey and Hudson River highlands, eventually reaching The Berkshires of Massachusetts and the Green Mountains of Vermont.
The Blue Ridge contains the highest mountains in eastern North America south of Baffin Island. About 125 peaks exceed 5,000 feet (1,500 m) in elevation.[5] The highest peak in the Blue Ridge (and in the entire Appalachian chain) is Mt. Mitchell in North Carolina at 6,684 feet (2,037 m). There are 39 peaks in North Carolina and Tennessee higher than 6,000 feet (1,800 m); by comparison, in the northern portion of the Appalachian chain only New Hampshire's Mt. Washington rises above 6,000 feet. Southern Sixers is a term used by peak baggers for this group of mountains.[6]
The Blue Ridge Parkway runs 469 miles (755 km) along crests of the Southern Appalachians and links two national parks: Shenandoah and Great Smoky Mountains. In many places along the parkway, there are metamorphic rocks (gneiss) with folded bands of light-and dark-colored minerals, which sometimes look like the folds and swirls in a marble cake.
Geology[edit]
Blue Ridge Mountains, viewed from Chimney Rock Mountain Overlook in North Carolina
Most of the rocks that form the Blue Ridge Mountains are ancient granitic charnockites, metamorphosed volcanic formations, and sedimentary limestone. Recent studies completed by Richard Tollo, a professor and geologist at George Washington University, provide greater insight into the petrologic and geochronologic history of the Blue Ridge basement suites. Modern studies have found that the basement geology of the Blue Ridge is made of compositionally unique gneisses and granitoids, including orthopyroxene-bearing charnockites. Analysis of zircon minerals in the granite completed by John Aleinikoff at the U.S. Geological Survey has provided more detailed emplacement ages.
The northernmost extension of the Blue Ridge Mountains, in northern Maryland
Many of the features found in the Blue Ridge and documented by Tollo and others have confirmed that the rocks exhibit many similar features in other North American Grenville-age terranes. The lack of a calc-alkaline affinity and zircon ages less than 1,200 Ma suggest that the Blue Ridge is distinct from the Adirondacks, Green Mountains, and possibly the New York-New Jersey Highlands. The petrologic and geochronologic data suggest that the Blue Ridge basement is a composite orogenic crust that was emplaced during several episodes from a crustal magma source. Field relationships further illustrate that rocks emplaced prior to 1,078-1,064 Ma preserve deformational features. Those emplaced post-1,064 Ma generally have a massive texture and missed the main episode of Mesoproterozoic compression.[7]
The Blue Ridge Mountains began forming during the Silurian Period over 400 million years ago. Approximately 320 Mya, North America and Europe collided, pushing up the Blue Ridge. At the time of their emergence, the Blue Ridge were among the highest mountains in the world, and reached heights comparable to the much younger Alps. Today, due to weathering and erosion over hundreds of millions of years, the highest peak in the range, Mount Mitchell in North Carolina, is only 6,684 feet high – still the highest peak east of the Rockies.
History[edit]
The Blue Ridge Mountains in the background from Lynchburg, Virginia
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The English who settled colonial Virginia in the early 17th century recorded that the native Powhatan name for the Blue Ridge was Quirank. At the foot of the Blue Ridge, various tribes including the Siouan Manahoacs, the Iroquois, and the Shawnee hunted and fished. A German physician-explorer, John Lederer, first reached the crest of the Blue Ridge in 1669 and again the following year; he also recorded the Virginia Siouan name for the Blue Ridge (Ahkonshuck).
At the Treaty of Albany negotiated by Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood (1676-1740), of Virginia with the Iroquois between 1718 and 1722, the Iroquois ceded lands they had conquered south of the Potomac River and east of the Blue Ridge to the Virginia Colony. This treaty made the Blue Ridge the new demarcation point between the areas and tribes subject to the Six Nations, and those tributary to the Colony. When colonists began to disregard this by crossing the Blue Ridge and settling in the Shenandoah Valley in the 1730s, the Iroquois began to object, finally selling their rights to the Valley, on the west side of the Blue Ridge, at the Treaty of Lancaster in 1744.
During the Gettysburg Campaign of the American Civil War, the Army of Northern Virginia, Robert E. Lee commanding, slipped across the Potomac to begin the second invasion of the North. They moved slowly across the Blue Ridge, using the mountains to screen their movements.
Flora and fauna[edit]
The forest environment provides natural habitat for many plants, trees, and animals.
Flora[edit]
See also: Category: Flora of the Appalachian Mountains
The Blue Ridge Mountains have stunted oak and oak-hickory forest habitats, which comprise most of the Appalachian slope forests. Flora also includes grass, shrubs, hemlock and mixed-oak pine forests.[8]
While the Blue Ridge range includes the highest summits in the eastern United States, the climate is nevertheless too warm to support an alpine zone, and thus the range lacks the tree line found at lower elevations in the northern half of the Appalachian range. The highest parts of the Blue Ridge are generally vegetated in dense Southern Appalachian spruce-fir forests.[citation needed]
Fauna[edit]
The area is host to many animals, including:[8]
Many species of amphibians and reptiles
A large diversity of fish species, many of which are endemic
American black bear
Songbirds and other bird species
Bobcat
Coyote
Grouse
Whitetail deer
Wild boar
Wild turkey
In music[edit]
They are included in the later lyrics of "Freight Train", an American folk song first written by Elizabeth Cotten in the early 20th century. ("To watch those old Blue Ridge Mountains climb. As I ride ol' Number Nine.")[9]
The Trail of the Lonesome Pine (as published in 1913) was recorded by Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy and features in their 1937 film Way Out West. This version of the song climbed to the number 2 spot in the UK Top 40 charts in 1975.
A particularly well known song about the Blue Ridge is "My Home's Across the Blue Ridge Mountains", first recorded by the Carolina Tar Heels (1929), later by the Carter Family (1937), and still later by others, including Doc Watson and Joan Baez.[citation needed]
The John Denver hit, "Take Me Home, Country Roads" (1971), mentions them in the line "Blue Ridge Mountains, Shenandoah River",[10] a song about West Virginia. (These geographic features only traverse a tiny portion of the easternmost tip of the state, but the song was written in the Blue Ridge Mountains outside of the state, according to its authors.[11])
The bluegrass song, "Blue Ridge Cabin Home", was performed and recorded by many artists,[citation needed] including Flatt and Scruggs.
The song, "Stonewall Jackson's Way", mentions the Blue Ridge Mountains.[12]
The bluegrass song, "My Little Georgia Rose", mentions the Blue Ridge Mountains.[13]
The Clemson University alma mater[14] opens with the line, "Where the Blue Ridge yawns its greatness...", in reference to the school's location at foot of the mountains
The bluegrass song "Blue Ridge Mountain" (2014) by American group Hurray for the Riff Raff mentions the Blue Ridge Mountains, along with small facets of the culture surrounding them.
The song "Levi" from Old Crow Medicine Show's album Carry Me Back (2012), about First Lt.,[15] opens with the lines, "Born up on the Blue Ridge/At the Carolina line/Baptized on the banks of the New River".
The song "Blue Ridge Mountains" from Fleet Foxes' self-titled album Fleet Foxes (2010) has the lyrics "I heard that you missed your connecting flight, to the Blue Ridge Mountains, over near Tennessee."[16]
See also[edit]
Appalachian balds
Appalachian bogs
Appalachian temperate rainforest
Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests
Cove (Appalachian Mountains)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Physiographic divisions of the conterminous U. S." U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2007-12-06.
Jump up ^ Johnson, A. W (1998). Invitation To Organic Chemistry. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-7637-0432-2.
Jump up ^ "Blue Ridge Parkway, Frequently Asked Questions". National Park Service. 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
Jump up ^ Leighty, Dr. Robert D. (2001). "Blue Ridge Physiographic Province". Contract Report. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DOD) Information Sciences Office. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
Jump up ^ Medina, M.A.; J.C. Reid; R.H. Carpenter (2004). "Physiography of North Carolina" (PDF). North Carolina Geological Survey, Division of Land Resources. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
Jump up ^ South Beyond 6000
Jump up ^ Tollo, Richard P.; Aleinkoff, John N.; Borduas, Elizabeth A. (2004). "Petrology and Geochronology of Grenville-Age Magmatism, Blue Ridge Province, Northern Virginia". Northeastern Section (39th Annual) and Southeastern Section (53rd Annual) Joint Meeting. Geological Society of America.
^ Jump up to: a b "Blue Ridge Mountains". The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
Jump up ^ History and lyrics of Peter, Paul and Mary Freight Train (Elizabeth Cotten) Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ John Denver. "Take Me Home, Country Roads Lyrics". Lyricsfreak.com. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Bill & John Denver". Billdanoff.com. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Stonewall Jackson's Way". Poetry and Music of the War Between the States. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Bill Monroe: My Little Georgia Rose". Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Clemson University Alma Mater". Clemson.edu. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Slain N.C. National Guardsman Remembered". NPR. July 6, 2009. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Blue Ridge Mountains Lyrics". Lyricsfreak.com. Fleet Foxes. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Olson, Ted (1998). Blue Ridge Folklife, University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 1-57806-023-0.
External links[edit]
Blue Ridge Mountains travel guide from Wikivoyage
[show]
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Mountains of Georgia
Blue Ridge Mountains
Big Bald Mountain
Big John Dick Mountain
Black Mountain
Black Rock Mountain
Blood Mountain
Brasstown Bald
Coosa Bald
Cowrock Mountain
Currahee Mountain
Dick's Knob
Double Spring Knob
Flat Top
Fort Mountain
Glade Mountain
Glassy Mountain
Grassy Mountain
Grassy Ridge
Hightower Bald
Horsetrough Mountain
Jacks Knob
Levelland Mountain
Mount Oglethorpe
Rabun Bald
Rich Mountain
Slaughter Mountain
Springer Mountain
Tray Mountain
Wildcat Mountain
Wolfpen Ridge
Young Lick
Rich Knob
Screamer Mountain
Three Sisters
Yonah Mountain
Rock Mountain
Rocky Knob
Rocky Mountain
Ridge-and-Valley
Baugh Mountain
Blossom Hill
Horseleg Mountain
Lookout Mountain
Lumpkin Hill
Johns Mountain
Old Shorter Hill
Jackson Hill
Pigeon Mountain
Snodgrass Hill
Taylor Ridge
Turkey Mountain
Others
Alcovy Mountain
Arabia Mountain
Bear Mountain
Blackjack Mountain
Chenocetah Mountain
Dowdell's Knob
Kennesaw Mountain
Little Kennesaw Mountain
Mount Wilkinson
Panola Mountain
Pine Log Mountain
Pine Mountain (Bartow County)
Pine Mountain (Cobb County)
Sawnee Mountain
Six Flags Hill
Stone Mountain
Sweat Mountain
[show]
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Mountains of Maryland
Allegheny Mountains
Backbone Mountain
Dans Mountain
Haystack Mountain
Negro Mountain
Roundtop Hill
Blue Ridge Mountains
Catoctin Mountain
Elk Ridge
Lambs Knoll
Quirauk Mountain
South Mountain
Sugarloaf Mountain
Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians
Big Savage Mountain
Breakneck Hill
Collier Mountain
Evitts Mountain
Savage Mountain
Tonoloway Ridge
Warrior Mountain
Others
Hoye-Crest
Martin Mountain Ridge
Nicholas Mountain
Polish Mountain
Town Hill
[show]
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Mountains of North Carolina
Blue Ridge Mountains
Bald Mountains
Max Patch
Black Mountains
Celo Knob
Mount Craig
Mount Mitchell
Brushy Mountains
Hibriten Mountain
Pores Knob
Great Balsam Mountains
Black Balsam Knob
Chestnut Mountain (Transylvania County)
Cold Mountain
Richland Balsam
Shining Rock
Tanasee Bald
Great Craggy Mountains
Beaucatcher Mountain
Great Smoky Mountains
Andrews Bald
Charlies Bunion
Clingmans Dome
Gregory Bald
Marks Knob
Mount Cammerer
Mount Chapman
Mount Collins
Mount Guyot
Mount Hardison
Mount Kephart
Mount Sequoyah
Mount Sterling
Old Black
Shuckstack
Silers Bald
Spence Field
Thunderhead Mountain
Tricorner Knob
Plott Balsams
Eaglenest Mountain
North Eaglenest Mountain
Waterrock Knob
Unaka Range
Big Yellow Mountain
Grassy Ridge Bald
Little Yellow Mountain
Roan Mountain
Unicoi Mountains
Bob Stratton Bald
Hooper Bald
Iron Mountains
Snake Mountain
North Carolina-Tennessee-Virginia Corners
Others
Adams Mountain
Bear's Paw
Bee Mountain
Beech Mountain
Bluerock Mountain
Brier Knob
Brown Mountain
Chestnut Mountain (Caldwell County)
Crossing Knob
Doe Hill Mountain
Elk Knob
Fire Scale Mountain
Flattop Mountain
Grandfather Mountain
Grandmother Mountain
Howard Knob
Humpback Mountain
Little Chestnut Mountain
Mount Pisgah
Peak Mountain
Pixie Mountain
Rich Mountain
Rich Mountain Bald
Sassafras Mountain
Spanish Oak Mountain
Stone Mountain
Sugar Mountain
Table Rock
Three Top Mountain
Tomkins Knob
Woody's Knob
Sauratown Mountains
Moore's Knob
Pilot Mountain
Uwharrie Mountains
Caraway Mountains
Morrow Mountain
Others
Albert Mountain
Big Butt Mountain
Cane Creek Mountains
Crowder's Mountain
Devil's Courthouse
Kings Pinnacle
Looking Glass Rock
Mayfield Mountain
McAlpine Mountain
Mount Jefferson
Mulatto Mountain
Occoneechee Mountain
Old Butt Knob
South Mountains
Standing Indian Mountain
Terrells Mountain
Wayah Bald
Wesser Bald
Whiteside Mountain
[show]
v
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Mountains of Pennsylvania
Allegheny Mountains
Allegheny Front
Allegheny Mountain
Bald Eagle Mountain
Blue Knob
Brush Mountain
Herman Point
Kinton Knob
Laurel Hill
Mount Davis
Negro Mountain
North Mountain
Pine Knob
Ritchey Knob
Schaefer Head
Sugarloaf Knob
Wills Mountain
Allegheny Plateau
Blue Ridge Mountain
Camelback Mountain
Elk Hill
Endless Mountains
Forkston Mountain
Miller Mountain
Mount Ararat
Mount Pisgah (Bradford County)
Penobscot Knob
Pocono Mountains
Red Rock Mountain
Blue Ridge Mountains
South Mountain
Reading Prong
Applebutter Hill
Chestnut Hill
Christines Hill
Focht Hill
Hexenkopf Hill
Kirchberg
Kohlberg
Lehigh Mountain
Morgan Hill
Pektor Hill
Saucon Hill
South Mountain
Swoveberg
Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians
Bald Mountain
Bear Mountain
Bear Pond Mountains
Big Mountain
Big Savage Mountain
Blue Mountain
Clarks Knob
Cross Mountain
Dunning Mountain
Hawk Mountain
Martin Hill
Mount Minsi
Nesquehoning Mountain
Parnell Knob
The Pinnacle
Savage Mountain
Sharp Mountain
Sideling Hill
Tuscarora Mountain
Tussey Mountain
Williamsburg Mountain
Others
Buck Mountain
Buckingham Mountain
Butler Knob
Catawissa Mountain
Central Mountain
Conewago Mountains
Conococheague Mountain
Haycock Mountain
Haystack Mountain
Jacks Mountain
McCauley Mountain
Moosic Mountains
Mount Nittany
Mount Pisgah (Carbon County)
Nescopeck Mountain
Osterhout Mountain
Peters Mountain
Pimple Hill
Pisgah Mountain
Sidneys Knob
Turkey Hill
Watchung Outliers
[show]
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Mountains of South Carolina
Blue Ridge Mountains
Pinnacle Mountain
Sassafras Mountain
Saluda Mountains
Others
Brown's Mountain
Caesars Head
Glassy Mountain
Henry's Knob
Joes Mountain
Little Mountain
Nanny Mountain
Thicketty Mountain
Whitaker Mountain
[show]
v
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Mountains of Tennessee
Blue Ridge Mountains
Bald Mountains
Max Patch
Great Smoky Mountains
Bote Mountain
Chilhowee Mountain
Chimney Tops
Clingmans Dome
Coon Butt
English Mountain
Gregory Bald
Mount Cammerer
Mount Chapman
Mount Collins
Mount Guyot
Mount Kephart
Mount Le Conte
Mount Sequoyah
Old Black
Silers Bald
Spence Field
Thunderhead Mountain
Tricorner Knob
Unicoi Mountains
Oswald Dome
Unaka Range
Roan Mountain
Iron Mountains
Snake Mountain
North Carolina-Tennessee-Virginia Corners
Others
Holston Mountain
Cumberland Mountains
Crab Orchard Mountains
Frozen Head
Tri-State Peak
Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians
Bays Mountain
House Mountain
Others
Big Frog Mountain
Brown Mountain
Gee Hill
Little Mountain
Lone Mountain
Mount Evil
Penile Hill
[show]
v
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Mountains of Virginia
Allegheny Mountains
Allegheny Mountain
Peters Mountain
Reddish Knob
Shenandoah Mountain
Blue Ridge Mountains
Apple Orchard Mountain
Battle Mountain
Broken Hills
Bull Run Mountains
Catoctin Mountain
Elk Pond Mountain
Furnace Mountain
Hawksbill Mountain
High Knob
Hogback Mountain
Holston Mountain
Humpback Rock
Knob Mountain
Loudoun Heights
Maintop Mountain
Mary's Rock
Mount Jefferson
Mount Rogers
Neighbor Mountain
Old Rag Mountain
Paris Mountain
Peaks of Otter
Pignut Mountain
Poor Mountain
The Priest
Purcell Knob
Ragged Mountains
Rocky Mountain
Short Hill Mountain
Southwest Mountains
Stony Man Mountain
Turkeycock Mountain
Twelve O'clock Knob
Whitetop Mountain
Cumberland Mountains
High Knob
Pine Mountain
Tri-State Peak
Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians
Beartown Mountain
Big Schloss
Clinch Mountain
Elliott Knob
Fort Lewis Mountain
Great North Mountain
Massanutten Mountain
Powell Mountain
Salt Pond Mountain
Timber Ridge
Others
Camp Rock
Carpenter Mountain
Cedar Mountain
House Mountain
Kate's Mountain
McAfee Knob
Nakedtop
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See All
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Ridge_Mountains&oldid=842765505"
Categories:
Blue Ridge Mountains
Subranges of the Appalachian Mountains
Mountain ranges of North Carolina
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SMART criteria
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about setting objectives. For other meanings, see Smart.
SMART is a mnemonic acronym, giving criteria to guide in the setting of objectives, for example in project management, employee-performance management and personal development. The letters S and M usually mean specific and measurable. Possibly the most common version has the remaining letters referring to achievable, relevant and time-bound. However, the term's inventor had a slightly different version and the letters have meant different things to different authors, as described below. Additional letters have been added by some authors.
The first-known use of the term occurs in the November 1981 issue of Management Review by George T. Doran.[1] The principal advantage of SMART objectives is that they are easier to understand and to know when they have been done. SMART criteria are commonly associated with Peter Drucker's management by objectives concept.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Current definitions
3 Additional criteria
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
The November 1981 issue of Management Review contained a paper by George T. Doran called There's a S.M.A.R.T. way to write management's goals and objectives.[1][3] It discussed the importance of objectives and the difficulty of setting them.
Ideally speaking, each corporate, department, and section objective should be:
Specific – target a specific area for improvement.
Measurable – quantify or at least suggest an indicator of progress.
Assignable – specify who will do it.
Realistic – state what results can realistically be achieved, given available resources.
Time-related – specify when the result(s) can be achieved.
Notice that these criteria don’t say that all objectives must be quantified on all levels of management. In certain situations it is not realistic to attempt quantification, particularly in staff middle-management positions. Practicing managers and corporations can lose the benefit of a more abstract objective in order to gain quantification. It is the combination of the objective and its action plan that is really important. Therefore serious management should focus on these twins and not just the objective.
—  George T. Doran, There's a S.M.A.R.T. way to write management's goals and objectives[1][3]
Current definitions[edit]
Each letter in SMART refers to a different criterion for judging objectives. Different sources use the letters to refer to different things. Typically accepted criteria are as follows.
Letter
Most common
Alternative
S Specific[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] (Strategic and specific)[15]
M Measurable[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Motivating (Source: One Minute Manager)
A Achievable[4][7][8][10][12][13] Agreed,[6][16] attainable,[11][15] action-oriented,[5] ambitious,[9] aligned with corporate goals,[17] (agreed, attainable and achievable)[14]
R Relevant[4][7][10][12][18] Realistic,[6][8][9][11][13][16] resourced,[18] reasonable,[5] (realistic and resourced),[14] results-based[15]
T Time-bound[4][7][8][9][14][15] Trackable (Source: One Minute Manager), Time-based,[10] time limited,[12] time/cost limited,[6] timely,[5] time-sensitive,[11] timeframe[13], Testable[19]
Choosing certain combinations of these labels can cause duplication, such as selecting 'attainable' and 'realistic', or can cause significant overlapping as in combining 'appropriate' and 'relevant'. The term 'agreed' is often used in management situations where buy-in from stakeholders is desirable (e.g. appraisal situations).
Additional criteria[edit]
Some authors have added additional letters giving additional criteria. Examples are given below.
SMARTER
Evaluated and reviewed[4]
Evaluate consistently and recognize mastery[5]
SMARTTA
Trackable and agreed[13]
SMARRT
Realistic and relevance.[20] 'Realistic' refers to something that can be done given the available resources. 'Relevance' to the bigger picture and vision.
See also[edit]
Management by objectives
Performance indicator
Strategic planning
PDCA
SWOT analysis
Pareto principle
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Doran, G. T. (1981). "There's a S.M.A.R.T. way to write management's goals and objectives". Management Review. AMA FORUM. 70 (11): 35–36.
Jump up ^ Bogue, Robert. "Use S.M.A.R.T. goals to launch management by objectives plan". TechRepublic. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Why SMART objectives don't work.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Yemm, Graham (2013). Essential Guide to Leading Your Team : How to Set Goals, Measure Performance and Reward Talent. Pearson Education. pp. 37–39. ISBN 0273772449. Retrieved 2013-07-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Piskurich, George M. (2011). Rapid Instructional Design : Learning ID Fast and Right. John Wiley & Sons. p. 132. ISBN 1118046927. Retrieved 2013-07-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Richman, Larry (2011). Improving Your Project Management Skills. AMACOM Division of American Management Association. p. 65. ISBN 0814417299. Retrieved 2013-07-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Frey, Bruno S.; Osterloh, Margit (2002). Successful Management by Motivation : Balancing Intrinsic and Extrinsic Incentives. Springer. p. 234. ISBN 3540424016. Retrieved 2013-07-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lawler, John; Bilson, Andy (2013). Social Work Management and Leadership : Managing Complexity with Creativity. Routledge. pp. 84–85. ISBN 1135247056. Retrieved 2013-07-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Poister, Theodore H. (2008). Measuring Performance in Public and Nonprofit Organizations. John Wiley & Sons. p. 63. ISBN 047036517X. Retrieved 2013-07-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ryals, Lynette; McDonald, Malcolm (2012). Key Account Plans : The practitioners' guide to profitable planning. Routledge. p. 268. ISBN 1136390650. Retrieved 2013-07-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Shahin, Arash; Mahbod, M. Ali (2004). "Prioritization of key performance indicators: An integration of analytical hierarchy process and goal setting". International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. Emerald. 56 (3): 226–240. doi:10.1108/17410400710731437. Retrieved 2013-07-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Siegert, Richard J; Taylor, William J (2004). "Theoretical aspects of goal-setting and motivation in rehabilitation". Disability & Rehabilitation. Informa. 26 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1080/09638280410001644932. Retrieved 2013-07-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Dwyer, Judith; Hopwood, Nicole (2010). Management Strategies and Skills. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780070277670.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "SMART objectives". Investors in People. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e O'Neil, Jan; Conzemius, Anne (2006). The Power of SMART Goals : Using Goals to Improve Student Learning. Solution Tree Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-932127-87-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Mentioned as an alternative in Yemm, Graham (2013)
Jump up ^ Mentioned as an alternative in Piskurich, George M. (2011)
^ Jump up to: a b Mentioned as an alternative in Lawler, John; Bilson, Andy (2013)
Jump up ^ "SMART Requirements Definition and Management". www.esterline.com. Retrieved 2017-05-31.
Jump up ^ Atkinson, Marilyn; Chois, Rae T. (2012). Step-by-Step Coaching. Exalon Publishing, LTD. ISBN 978-0978370459.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMART_criteria&oldid=802845897"
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