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Magic constant
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For unnamed numerical constants, see Magic number (programming) § Unnamed numerical constants.
The magic constant or magic sum of a magic square is the sum of numbers in any row, column, or diagonal of the magic square. For example, the magic square shown below has a magic constant of 15. In general M = n ⋅ n 2 + 1 2 {\displaystyle M=n\cdot {\frac {n^{2}+1}{2}}} where n {\displaystyle n} is the side length of the square.

The term magic constant or magic sum is similarly applied to other "magic" figures such as magic stars and magic cubes. Number shapes on a triangular grid divided into equal polyiamond areas containing equal sums give a polyiamond magic constant.[1]

Contents
1 Magic stars
2 Magic series
3 Physics
4 See also
5 External links
6 References
Magic stars[edit]
The magic constant of an n-pointed normal magic star is M = 4 n + 2 {\displaystyle M=4n+2} .
Magic series[edit]
In 2013 Dirk Kinnaes found the magic series polytope. The number of unique sequences that form the magic constant is now known up to n = 1000 {\displaystyle n=1000} .[2]
Physics[edit]
In the mass model the value in each cell specifies the mass for that cell.[3] This model has two notable properties. First it demonstrates the balanced nature of all magic squares. If such a model is suspended from the central cell the structure balances. ( consider the magic sums of the rows/columns .. equal mass at an equal distance balance). The second property that can be calculated is the moment of inertia. Summing the individual moments of inertia ( distance squared from the center x the cell value) gives the moment of inertia for the magic square. "This is the only property of magic squares, aside from the line sums, which is solely dependent on the order of the square" [4]
See also[edit]
Magic number (physics)
External links[edit]
260 as magic constant for 8-queens problem and 8x8 magic square
Hypercube Math formulae
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://oeis.org/A303295/
Jump up ^ Walter Trump http://www.trump.de/magic-squares/
Jump up ^ Heinz http://www.magic-squares.net/ms-models.htm#A 3 dimensional magic square/
Jump up ^ Peterson http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/7485/description/Magic_Square_Physics/
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Magic polygons
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Magic circle
Magic hexagon
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Magic triangle
Related shapes
Alphamagic square
Antimagic square
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Heterosquare
Pandiagonal magic square
Concepts
Magic constant
Magic graph
Magic series
Higher dimensional shapes
Magic cube
classes
Magic hypercube
Magic hyperbeam
Related concepts
Latin square
Word square
Number Scrabble
Matrix (mathematics)
Eight queens puzzle
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Billy Vera
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Billy Vera
Birth name
William Patrick McCord
Born
(1944-05-28) May 28, 1944 (age 73)
Riverside, California, U.S.
Genres
R&B, pop, rock
Occupation(s)
Singer, songwriter, actor, music historian
Instruments
Vocals, Guitar, Piano
Years active
1962–present
Labels
Atlantic, Alfa, Macola, Capitol, Rhino, Unidisc, Pool Party, Classic World
Associated acts
Judy Clay
Nona Hendryx
Website
www.billyvera.com
Billy Vera (born William Patrick McCord;[1] May 28, 1944) is an American singer, songwriter, actor, author and music historian. He has been a singer and songwriter since the 1960s, his most successful record being "At This Moment", a US number 1 hit in 1987. He continues to perform with his group Billy Vera & The Beaters, and won a Grammy Award in 2013.
Contents
[hide]
1 Life and career
1.1 1960s
1.2 1970s thru 1990s
1.3 2000s and 2010s
2 Discography
2.1 Chart singles
2.2 Albums
2.3 TV show theme songs
3 References
4 External links
Life and career[edit]
Vera was born in Riverside, California, and is the son of the radio and television announcer Bill McCord. His mother, singer Ann Ryan, was a member of the Ray Charles Singers backing Perry Como on his TV show and his hit records.
1960s[edit]
He began his recording career in 1962 as a member of the Resolutions followed by the regional hit "My Heart Cries"/"All My Love" as Billy Vera & the Contrasts. He went on to a songwriting career in the 1960s, writing for Barbara Lewis, Fats Domino, The Shirelles and Ricky Nelson. He also wrote the garage band classic "Don't Look Back", performed by the Remains and later covered by Robert Plant.
In 1967 Vera, with Chip Taylor, penned "Storybook Children" and brought it to Atlantic Records. The groundbreaking decision to place former gospel singer Judy Clay with Vera in a white-black duet to record the song was a commercial and artistic success.[2] The duo became big favorites at Harlem's Apollo Theater and their follow-up, "Country Girl-City Man" also charted. He had a solo hit single later that same year with the Bobby Goldsboro penned "With Pen in Hand", which was also the name of his next album.
1970s thru 1990s[edit]
The 1970s were a slow period for Vera but 1979 began with his song "I Really Got the Feeling," a number 1 hit for Dolly Parton. During that decade he served as conductor for many oldies acts, including the Shirelles and Ronnie Spector as well as fronting the band at the 1972 Reunion concert of Dion & the Belmonts. Before moving to Los Angeles in 1979, he played many New York area clubs with his band which included Ben Beckley on drums, Tommy Wolk on bass, John Levanthal on guitar, and Joe Renda on keyboards.
Living in Los Angeles and writing songs for Warner Bros. Records, Vera and his old friend, bass player Chuck Fiore decided to put together a band to play the local club scene. Modeling their band on Ray Charles's 1950s band, The Beaters were born. They featured a horn section, as well as a pedal steel guitar, along with drums, piano, Fiore's bass, and Vera on guitar and vocals. As a result of the buzz the band generated from their now-legendary Monday midnight shows at the Troubadour, they were offered a recording contract by Alfa Records, a major Japanese record company that had recently opened an American office in Los Angeles. They recorded the band live,[3] at the Roxy and in 1981 yielded the minor hits "I Can Take Care of Myself," which reached number 39 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the U.S., and "At This Moment", which (initially) charted at number 79. Both songs were credited as Billy & The Beaters.
The band's record deal evaporated when Alfa Records closed its U.S. offices in July 1982, but Vera and the Beaters continued to play the clubs of Southern California. In 1985, a producer from the television show Family Ties was in the audience and heard the band play "At This Moment". The song was featured in 1985 as a backdrop for romantic interludes between characters Alex (Michael J. Fox) and Ellen (Tracy Pollan). Viewers responded by clamoring for the song, and in 1986, Rhino Records released By Request: The Best of Billy Vera & the Beaters, which featured the song. The single became a number one hit on its re-release,[4] reaching the top in January 1987, and remained on the charts for 15 weeks.
Before "At This Moment," Vera had a small career in movies and television including appearances in The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai, Late for Dinner, The Doors and soap opera Days of Our Lives. "At This Moment" propelled his movie career as he and the Beaters were featured prominently in the Bruce Willis movie Blind Date. He appeared in one episode of a TV series, Wiseguy and had several other roles on shows such as Baywatch, Boy Meets World, and a recurring role as Duke on Beverly Hills, 90210 as well as nine appearances on The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson. These roles would lead him into singing theme songs for TV shows, such as Empty Nest and The King of Queens, as well as voice acting on Cartoon Network cartoons. He served as band leader on Rick Dees' short-lived late-night talk show Into the Night on ABC in 1990.
During that period, Vera co-produced three Lou Rawls albums with his friend Michael Cuscuna, for Blue Note Records, including At Last, which reached number 1 on the Billboard jazz chart. Vera also produced Rawls's final album, Rawls Sings Sinatra, which remained on the jazz chart for over six months.[5] Rawls recorded seven of Vera's songs, including "If I Were A Magician" (1989), "Room With A View" and "You Can't Go Home". In 1990, Vera's tune "Papa Come Quick (Jody & Chico)" was included on Bonnie Raitt's album, Luck Of The Draw. Vera also recorded as a duo with Nona Hendryx on the 1992 album You Have To Cry Some Time.[2]
2000s and 2010s[edit]
Currently the Beaters are still playing the Southern California club scene, and Vera continues his work as a music historian. He has helped produce, archive, and write liner notes for over 200 reissue albums and sets, from artists such as Little Richard, Sam Cooke, Louis Jordan, Ray Charles, Louis Prima, among others.[citation needed]
Vera has been the voice for AM/PM Mini Mart commercials since 1999 and is one of the top voice-over artists in Los Angeles. "At This Moment" was included on Michael Bublé's number one album, Crazy Love. Vera's CD Hopeless Romantic: The Best Of Billy Vera & The Beaters, was issued on Shout Factory Records, and The Billy Vera Story was released on Rock Beat Records. With his old friend Evie Sands, Billy recorded "Queen of Diamonds/Jack of Hearts," a CD featuring songs by their early mentor Chip Taylor.[citation needed]
In 2015, Vera released Billy Vera: Big Band Jazz, a tribute to the black songwriters of the 1920s, 30s and 40s. It was issued on Varese-Sarabande Records, and Vera has appeared with a big 18 piece band in New York City, Hollywood and at various jazz festivals.[6]
Vera also has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at the corner of Vine Street and Yucca Street, right in front of the Capitol Records Building in Hollywood. He won a 2013 Grammy Award for Best Album Notes for the Ray Charles box set Singular Genius: The Complete ABC Singles".[7]
Book publishing came calling and in 2016 his first effort, Vintage Neon: Los Angeles, 1979, featuring photographs from Vera's nocturnal hunts for old neon signs was released. His second book, a memoir entitled Harlem to Hollywood was released in 2017. Reviews hailed it as "an astounding story...the purest treatise on the subject ever produced." Award winning documentarian Alan Swyer has directed a documentary on Billy Vera, also titled Harlem to Hollywood due out this year.
Discography[edit]
Chart singles[edit]
Year
Single
Chart Positions
US Pop[8]
US AC
US
R&B[9]
US
Country[10]
CAN
CAN AC
NL
1967 "Storybook Children"
Billy Vera & Judy Clay 54 - 20 - - 15 -
1968 "Country Girl - City Man"
Billy Vera & Judy Clay 36 - 41 - - - -
"When Do We Go"
Billy Vera & Judy Clay 107 - - - - - -
"With Pen in Hand" 43 25 - - 12 - -
"I've Been Loving You Too Long" 121 - - - - - -
1969 "The Bible Salesman" 112 - - - - - -
1981 "I Can Take Care of Myself"
Billy & The Beaters 39 - - - - - -
"At This Moment"
Billy & The Beaters 79 - - - - - -
1987 "At This Moment"
Billy Vera & The Beaters (reissue) 1 1 70 42 1 1 26
"She Ain't Johnnie" - - - 93 - - -
1988 "Between Like and Love" - 9 - - 70 6 -
1992 "Something Like Never Before" - - - - - - 53
Albums[edit]
Storybook Children (with Judy Clay, Atlantic, 1968)
With Pen In Hand (Atlantic, 1968)
Out Of The Darkness (Midsong International, 1977)
Billy & the Beaters (Alfa, 1981) (US #118)
Billy Vera (Alfa, 1982)
The Billy Vera Album (Macola, 1977 - re-released 1987)
By Requestː The Best of Billy Vera and the Beaters (Rhino, 1987) (US #17, CAN #13)
Retro Nuevo (Billy & the Beaters, Capitol, 1988)
You Have To Cry Sometime (with Nona Hendryx, Shanachie, 1992)
Out of the Darkness (Unidisc, 1994)
Oh What a Night (Billy & the Beaters, Pool Party, 1996)
Not For Sale (Billy Vera, Chance, 1999)
Something Like Nothing Before (Classic World Productions, 2002)
At This Moment: A Retrospective (Varese-Sarabande, 2002)
Hopeless Romantic: The Best of Billy Vera & the Beaters (Shout! Factory, 2008)
The Billy Vera Story (Rock Beat, 2011)
Big Band Jazz (Billy Vera, Varese-Sarabande, 2015)
TV show theme songs[edit]
"Life Goes On", Empty Nest (TV series)
"Answers", Roomies (TV series)
"You've Got Me", Baja Oklahoma (TV movie)
"Baby All My Life I Will Be Driving Home To You", The King of Queens
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Copyright Encyclopedia, "If I don't think of you"
^ Jump up to: a b Biography by Bill Dahl at Allmusic.com. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Bishop, Pete (10 May 1981). "Zebop!' A Zinger". Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
Jump up ^ DeKnock, Jan (29 January 1987). "Billy Vera Beaters Hold Off Madonna". The Day (New London). Retrieved 14 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Haygood, Wil (7 January 2006). "Lou Rawls, The Voice Wrapped In Silk". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Sorensen, Big Jay. "This Week In History: The Monkees, Stevie Wonder, & Billy Vera", CBS New York (January 16, 2016).
Jump up ^ Ives, Brian. "Woody Guthrie, Ray Charles Collections and Bjork Album Win GRAMMYS", CBS Pittsburgh (February 10, 2013).
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2003). Top Pop Singles 1955-2002 (1st ed.). Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. p. 743. ISBN 0-89820-155-1.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1996). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-1995. Record Research. p. 461.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1994). Top Country Singles 1944-1993. Record Research. p. 393.
External links[edit]
Billy Vera on IMDb
Billy Vera's website
Billy Vera on MySpace
interview on Just My Show
Billy Vera Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2010)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 87514084
LCCN: n92019367
ISNI: 0000 0000 6639 9481
GND: 134581857
MusicBrainz: b64512f0-7027-4f7a-b684-bedf6971288a
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy_Vera&oldid=806782529"
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text:
Characters in Romeo and Juliet
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article has no lead section. Please help by adding an introductory section to this article. For more information, see the layout guide, and Wikipedia's lead section guidelines to ensure the section will be inclusive of all the essential details. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Contents
[hide]
1 House of Escalus
1.1 Prince Escalus
1.2 Count Paris
1.3 Mercutio
1.4 Page to Paris
2 House of Capulet
2.1 Lord Capulet
2.2 Lady Capulet
2.3 Juliet
2.4 Tybalt
2.5 Nurse
2.6 Peter
2.7 Gregory and Sampson
2.8 Anthony, Potpan, unnamed Servants
2.9 Servant to Capulet
2.10 Old Capulet
3 House of Montague
3.1 Lord Montague
3.2 Lady Montague
3.3 Romeo
3.4 Benvolio
3.5 Balthasar
3.6 Abram
4 Other characters
4.1 Friar Lawrence
4.2 Friar John
4.3 Chorus
4.4 Apothecary
4.5 Watchmen
4.6 Musicians
4.7 Citizens of Verona
5 Unseen and ghost characters
5.1 Petruchio
5.2 Rosaline
5.3 Valentine
6 References
House of Escalus[edit]
Prince Escalus[edit]
Prince Escalus, the Prince of Verona, is the desperate resolver of the feuding families. He is based on the actual Scaligeri family which ruled Verona, possibly on Bartolomeo I. Escalus is the voice of authority in Verona. He appears only three times within the text and only to administer justice following major events in the feud between the Capulet and Montague families. He first punishes Capulet and Montague for the quarrel between Tybalt, Benvolio, and a handful of servants. He returns too late to stop the fatal brawls between Tybalt and Mercutio and, subsequently, Tybalt and Romeo. Escalus is prepared to execute Romeo for his offence—Romeo's killing Tybalt—but lightens the sentence to lifetime banishment from Verona, when Benvolio insists that Tybalt started the quarrel by murdering Mercutio, a kinsman to the Prince. He yells at Lord Montague for engaging in the feud, which really is the root cause which led to Tybalt killing Mercutio. So, according to him, he lost his dear kinsman because of Lord Montague, so by exiling Romeo, Escalus gives him a 'taste of Montague's own medicine', to see how Montague feels when he loses a loved one. Prince Escalus returns in the final scene—V.iii—following the double suicide of Romeo and Juliet, and at last declares the Lords Montague and Capulet guilty of Romeo and Juliet's death, and angrily tells them that their totally useless feud resulted in the deaths of not only their own loved ones (Lady Montague, Romeo, Juliet, and Tybalt), but also in the deaths of Escalus' loved ones (Mercutio and Paris). He curses the feud that kills Romeo and Juliet whom he really feels sad for, just before the Lords come to peace with each other. In the end, Prince Escalus becomes very happy that the feud has finally ended, even if with a heavy price, since it ended late.
Count Paris[edit]
Main article: Count Paris
Frederic Leighton's 1850's painting depicting Count Paris (right) seeing Juliet apparently dead.
Count Paris is a kinsman of Prince Escalus and seeks to marry Juliet. He is described as handsome, somewhat self-absorbed, and very wealthy.
Paris makes his first appearance in Act I, Scene II, where he expresses his wish to make Juliet his wife and the mother of his children. Capulet demurs, citing his daughter's young age as a reason and telling him to wait until she is more mature. (Paris disagrees, however.) Nevertheless, Capulet invites Paris to attend a family ball being held that evening and grants permission to woo and attract Juliet. Later in the play, however, Juliet refuses to become Paris' "joyful bride" after her cousin Tybalt dies by her new husband Romeo's hand, proclaiming that she now wants nothing to do with Paris. Her parents threaten to disown (or cut ties with) her if she will not agree to the marriage. Then, while at Laurence's cell at the church, Paris tries to woo her by repeatedly saying that she is his wife and that they are to be married on Thursday. He kisses her and then leaves the cell, prompting Juliet to angrily threaten to kill herself with a knife. His final appearance in the play is in the cemetery where Juliet is "laid to rest" in the Capulet family tomb. Believing her to be dead, Count Paris has come to mourn her death in solitude and privacy and sends his manservant away. He professes his love to Juliet, saying he will nightly weep for her (Act V, Scene III). Shortly thereafter, Romeo arrives. Paris sees him and thinks he is trying to vandalise the tomb, so he tries to arrest him. They fight, and Romeo kills Paris. Romeo grants Paris' dying wish to be placed next to Juliet in the tomb.
Mercutio[edit]
Main article: Mercutio
See also: § Valentine
Mercutio is the cousin of Prince Escalus and Count Paris, and is a close friend of Romeo and his cousin Benvolio. He supports and fights on the Montague side of the feud, and just like a Montague, hates the Capulet family. The invitation to the Capulet's party reveals that he has a brother named Valentine. Mercutio is apt to make long, drawn out speeches (the most famous of which is the Queen Mab speech), and is generally thought to be reckless, a jester, and a free spirit. Due to his reckless and flamboyant personality, Mercutio is one of Shakespeare's most popular characters. Mercutio is the instigator of many fights with his rather mean spirited humor, and often insults Tybalt, a renowned swordsman. It is Tybalt's temper that leads to Mercutio's death, and Romeo's banishment and the tragedy that follows.
After Romeo receives a death threat from Tybalt, Mercutio expects Romeo to engage Tybalt in a duel. However, Romeo refuses to fight Tybalt, as Tybalt is Juliet's cousin and therefore his kinsman. Not knowing this, Mercutio is incensed, and decides to fight Tybalt himself. Romeo, not wanting his best friend or his relative to get hurt, intervenes, causing Mercutio to be killed by Tybalt stabbing under Romeo's arm.
Before he dies, Mercutio casts "a plague o' both your houses!" He makes one final pun before he dies: "Ask for me tomorrow, and you shall find me a grave man". In revenge for the murder of his best friend, Romeo slays Tybalt, thus leading to Romeo's banishment from Verona and the increasingly tragic turn of events that follows.
Page to Paris[edit]
Another page accompanies Paris to the Capulet's crypt when he goes to mourn Juliet. He stands guard as Paris enters, ordered to "whistle then to me, / As signal that thou hear'st something approach". When Romeo and Paris break into a brawl, the page runs away to call the Watch. He returns with the Watch too late to stop the fray and later testifies to the Prince of Paris' intentions.
House of Capulet[edit]
The Capulet family (in Italian, the Capuleti) in the play was named after an actual political faction of the 13th century.[1] Notably, the Capulet family is often portrayed as the 'bad' side, as much of the conflict is caused by them. They are also more developed, since more attention is given to their family life.
Lord Capulet[edit]
Frederic Leighton's 1854 watercolour The Reconciliation of the Montagues and Capulets
Lord Capulet is the patriarch of the Capulet family, the father of Juliet, and uncle of Tybalt. He is very wealthy. He is sometimes commanding but also convivial, as at the ball: when Tybalt tries to incite a duel with Romeo, Capulet tries to calm him and then threatens to throw him out of the family if he does not control his temper; he does the same to his daughter later in the play.
Hang thee, young baggage! disobedient wretch!
I tell thee what: get thee to church o' Thursday,
Or never after look me in the face
And you be mine, I'll give you to my friend;
And you be not, hang, beg, starve, die in the streets!
Capulet's ultimatum to Juliet, Romeo and Juliet[2]
Capulet believes he knows what is best for Juliet. He says his consent to the marriage depends upon what she wants and tells Count Paris that if he wants to marry Juliet he should wait a while then ask her. Later, however, when Juliet is grieving over Romeo's departure, Capulet thinks her sorrow is due to Tybalt's death, and in a misguided attempt to cheer her up, he wants to surprise her by arranging a marriage between her and Count Paris. The catch is that she has to be "ruled" by her father and to accept the proposal. When she refuses to become Paris' "joyful bride", saying that she can "never be proud of what she hates", Capulet becomes furious; threatens to make her a street urchin; calls her a "hilding" , "unworthy", "young baggage", a "disobedient wretch", a "green-sickness carrion", and "tallow-face"; and says God's giving Juliet to them was a "curse" and he now realises he and his wife had one child too many when Juliet was born (in the earlier poem The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet). In addition to threatening to turn her out, he threatens to sentence her to rot away in prison if she does not obey her parents' orders. He then storms away, and his wife also rejects Juliet before following him. He fixes the day of the marriage for Thursday and suddenly advances it to Wednesday out of anger and impulse. His actions indicate that his daughter's wants were irrelevant all the way up to the point when he sees her unconscious on her bed (presumably dead) and later, when she is truly dead during the play's final scene. It is he who asks Lord Montague for his hand to end the feud between their families.
Lady Capulet[edit]
"Lady Capulet" redirects here. For the racehorse, see Lady Capulet (horse).
Lady Capulet and the Nurse persuade Juliet to marry Paris
Capulet's wife is the matriarch of the house of Capulet and Juliet's mother. She plays a larger role than Montague's wife, appearing in several scenes. In Act 1, Scene 3, she speaks to Juliet about the marriage of her daughter and Paris, we see this as she compares him to a book, and Juliet is the cover. However, in Scene four, she is pleased about Count Paris' "interest" in her daughter. When Tybalt is killed in Act 3, she expresses extreme grief and a strong desire for revenge on Romeo by wishing death upon him. In Act 3, Scene 5, she becomes very angry with Juliet for refusing to marry Paris and coldly rejects her, saying: "Talk not to me, for I'll not speak a word; do as thou wilt, for I am done with thee". By the final act, she is nearly overcome by the tragic events of the play, this is where the grief-stricken mother comes out.[3] We know Juliet's mother bore her first child by the time she was 14, Juliet's age, and her husband is many years older than she. Calling her "Lady Capulet" is a modern addition; it is an echo of Juliet's form of address in 3.5.65: "my lady mother".[4] In the first texts the stage direction and speech headings can be "mother", "wife", or even "old lady", but nowhere "Lady Capulet".[4]
Juliet[edit]
Main article: Juliet
Juliet or The Blue Necklace (1898) by John William Waterhouse
Juliet Capulet, the female protagonist, is the only daughter of Capulet, the patriarch of the Capulet family. As a child she was cared for by a Nurse, who is now her confidante.
Juliet dies at the end of the play, and the sacred lovers are reunited on the same deathbed. Both their families realise what they had done by trying to separate the star crossed lovers with the effect that the Capulets and Montagues are reunited and their fighting ends.
Tybalt[edit]
Main article: Tybalt
Tybalt is the son of Lady Capulet's brother and Juliet's hot-headed first cousin. As a skilled swordsman, he serves as the story's principal antagonist. Tybalt is angered by the insult of Romeo and Benvolio's uninvited presence at the ball in the Capulets' home. Tybalt shares the same name as the character Tibert/Tybalt the "Prince of Cats" in Reynard the Fox, a point of both mockery and compliment to him in the play. While Mercutio repeatedly calls Tybalt "Prince of Cats" (referring to Tybalt's speed and agility with the sword), Mercutio is also insulting Tybalt – the phrase refers not only to Reynard but to the Italian word cazzo (pr. CAT-so) meaning "penis.”
Tybalt is first seen coming to the aid of his servants who are being attacked by the Montagues' servants. He is also present at Capulet's feast in act one, scene five and is the first to recognise Romeo. His last appearance is in act 3 scene 1, wherein Mercutio insults Tybalt and ends up fighting with him. Tybalt kills Mercutio and, in retaliation, Romeo rages and kills Tybalt, resulting in Romeo's banishment.
Nurse[edit]
Main article: Nurse (Romeo and Juliet)
The Nurse is a major character in the play, and like the Friar she is a neutral character. There has been speculation about her name, as Capulet refers to as "Angelica", but the line can be addressed to either the nurse or Lady Capulet. She is the personal servant (and former nurse) of Juliet's. As the primary person who raised Juliet, she is Juliet's confidante and effectively more of a mother to the girl than Lady Capulet.[5]
Peter[edit]
Peter is the personal servant of the Nurse's. He appears to be a loyal servant, always quick to obey the Nurse. He is chastised for not fighting Mercutio for the Nurse's honour, but insists that he "saw no man use you a pleasure; if I had, / my weapon should quickly have been out".[6] He appears again in act four, scene five in a brief comic relief scene with a number of musicians.
Gregory and Sampson[edit]
At the beginning of the play, Gregory and Sampson (right) quarrel with Abram and Balthazar.
Gregory and Sampson are the Capulet servants. Gregory is originally hesitant to start a fight. Sampson, however, bites his thumb at Abram, "Which is a disgrace to them, if they bear it". The Montagues then retaliate in earnest. Benvolio arrives to break up the fight but ends up fighting with Tybalt. Both Gregory and Sampson appear to be friends of their master Tybalt's.[7]
In the opening scene, the two engage in a dialogue full of puns on "coal" and "eye", each intending to outdo the other and get each other ready to fight Montagues. The rhetorical form is called stychomythia, wherein characters participate in a short, quick exchanges of one-upmanship. Their discussion and brawl in this scene set the stage for the rivalry and hatred which fills the rest of the play.[7]
Anthony, Potpan, unnamed Servants[edit]
Anthony, Potpan, and two other servants to the Capulet family play out a short comic scene in act one, scene five, arguing over the preparations for Capulet's feast. Capulet's servants are referenced again in act four, scene one; Capulet orders them to begin preparations for another party: the wedding of Juliet and Paris.
Servant to Capulet[edit]
The hapless servant attempting to find the people named on a list he cannot read
A servant to Capulet is sent to deliver party invitations to a number of nobles and friends to Capulet. While walking, he comes upon Romeo and Benvolio and asks them to read the list for him, as he cannot read. As a thank you, he invites the boys to "come and crush a cup of wine," not realising that they are Montagues. This character may have been intended to be the same as Peter, and is usually identified in scripts either as Peter or as a Clown.
Old Capulet[edit]
Old Capulet is Capulet's cousin. He appears as an elderly man sitting with Capulet in the feast.
House of Montague[edit]
The Montague family (in Italian, "Montecchi") was an actual political faction of the 13th century.[1] The Montagues are generally portrayed as the 'better' of the two families, as they are not seen to be provoking fights and are often found trying to avoid fighting whenever they could, and occasionally found trying to dissuade the fighters to return to peace.
Lord Montague[edit]
The father of Romeo. Presumably, he is also wealthy, and is always in feud with Capulet. Montague clearly loves his son deeply and at the beginning of the play, worries for him as he recounts to Benvolio his attempts to find out the source of his depression. He wishes Benvolio better luck. After Romeo kills Tybalt, Montague pleads with the Prince to spare him of execution as Romeo did only what the law would have done, since Tybalt killed Mercutio. He appears again at the end of the play to mourn Romeo, having already lost his wife to grief.
Lady Montague[edit]
Montague's wife is the matriarch of the house of Montague, and the mother of Romeo and aunt of Benvolio. She appears twice within the play: in act one, scene one she first restrains Montague from entering the quarrel himself, and later speaks with Benvolio about the same quarrel. She returns with her husband and the Prince in act three, scene one to see what the trouble is, and is there informed of Romeo's banishment. She dies of grief offstage soon after (mentioned in act five). She is very protective of her son Romeo and is very happy when Benvolio tells her that Romeo was not involved in the brawl that happened between the Capulets and Montagues. As with Capulet's wife, calling her "Lady Montague" is a later invention not supported by the earliest texts.
Romeo[edit]
Main article: Romeo
An 1870 oil painting by Ford Madox Brown depicting Romeo and Juliet's famous balcony scene
In the beginning of the play, Romeo pines for an unrequited love, Rosaline. To cheer him up, his cousin and friend Benvolio and Mercutio take him to the Capulets' celebration in disguise, where he meets and falls in love with the Capulets' only daughter, Juliet. Later that night, he and Juliet meet secretly and pledge to marry, despite their families' long-standing feud. They marry the following day, but their union is soon thrown into chaos by their families; Juliet's cousin Tybalt duels and kills Romeo's friend Mercutio, throwing Romeo into such a rage that he kills Tybalt, and the Prince of Verona subsequently banishes him. Meanwhile, Juliet's father plans to marry her off to Paris, a local aristocrat, within the next few days, threatening to turn her out on the streets if she doesn't follow through. Desperate, Juliet begs Romeo's confidant, Friar Laurence, to help her to escape the forced marriage. Laurence does so by giving her a potion that puts her in a deathlike coma. The plan works, but too soon for Romeo to learn of it; he genuinely believes Juliet to be dead, and so resolves to commit suicide, by drinking the bottle of poison (illegally bought from the Apothecary upon hearing the news of Juliet's "death"). Romeo's final words were "Thus with a kiss I die".[8] He kills himself at Juliet's grave, moments before she awakes; she kills herself in turn shortly thereafter.
Benvolio[edit]
Main article: Benvolio
He is Montague's nephew and Romeo's cousin. Benvolio and Romeo are both friends of Mercutio, a kinsman to Prince Escalus. Benvolio seems to have little sympathy with the feud, trying unsuccessfully to back down from a fight with Tybalt, and the duels that end in Mercutio and Tybalt's death. Benvolio spends most of Act I attempting to distract his cousin from his infatuation with Rosaline, but following the first appearance of Mercutio in I.iv, he and Mercutio become more closely aligned until III.i. In that scene, he drags the fatally wounded Mercutio offstage, before returning to inform Romeo of Mercutio's death and the Prince of the course of Mercutio's and Tybalt's deaths. Benvolio then disappears from the play (though, as a Montague, he may implicitly be included in the stage direction in the final scene "Enter Lord Montague and others", and he is sometimes doubled with Balthasar). Though he ultimately disappears from the play without much notice, he is a crucial character if only in that he is the only child of the new generation from either family to survive the play (as Romeo, Juliet, Paris, Mercutio, and Tybalt are dead).
Balthasar[edit]
Balthasar is Romeo's servant and trusted friend. They have a brotherly relationship, which is identified when Balthasar tells Romeo that Juliet is "dead." While he is not directly referenced in the first scene of the play, the directions call for two Montague servants to quarrel with Sampson and Gregory. He then comes back in Act V Scene 1 telling Romeo about Juliet's death. Later Friar Laurence runs past Balthasar and asks him where Romeo is. Balthasar tells him that he is inside the tomb. Then the Prince calls him in and asks him questions about why was he there. He gives the Prince the letter that explains why Juliet killed herself.
Abram[edit]
Abram is a servant of the Montague household. He appears in Act 1, Scene 1, where he and another servant (presumably Balthasar) are provoked into a fight with Gregory and Sampson when the latter bites his thumb at them.
Other characters[edit]
Friar Lawrence[edit]
Main article: Friar Lawrence
Romeo and Juliet with Friar Lawrence by Henry William Bunbury
Friar Lawrence plays the part of an advisor and mentor to Romeo, along with aiding in major plot developments.
Alone, the innocent Friar gives us foreshadowing with his soliloquy about plants and their similarities to humans.[9] When Romeo requests that the Friar marry him to Juliet, he is shocked, because only days before, Romeo had been infatuated with Rosaline,[10] a woman who did not return his love. Nevertheless, Friar Lawrence decides to marry Romeo and Juliet in the attempt to end the civil feud between the Capulets and the Montagues.[11]
When Romeo is banished[12] and flees to Mantua for murdering Tybalt[13] (who had previously murdered Mercutio), he tries to help the two lovers get back together using a death-emulating potion to fake Juliet's death.[14] The Friar's letter to Romeo does not reach him because the people of Mantua suspect the messenger came from a house where the plague reigns,[15] and the Friar is unable to arrive at the Capulet's monument in time. Romeo kills Count Paris,[16] whom he finds weeping near Juliet's corpse, then commits suicide,[17] by drinking poison that he bought from an impoverished apothecary,[18] over what he thinks is Juliet's dead body. Friar Lawrence arrives just as Juliet awakes from her chemically induced slumber.[19] He urges Juliet not to be rash, and to join a society of nuns,[20] but he hears a noise from outside and then flees from the tomb. Juliet then kills herself with Romeo's dagger, completing the tragedy. The Friar is forced to return to the tomb, where he recounts the entire story to Prince Escalus, and all the Montagues and Capulets. As he finishes, the prince proclaims, "We have still known thee for a holy man".
Friar John[edit]
Friar John calls at the door of Friar Laurence's cell, "Holy Franciscan friar! brother, ho!" (5.2.1). Friar Laurence comes out and immediately asks about Romeo: "Welcome from Mantua! What says Romeo? / Or, if his mind be writ, give me his letter" (5.2.3–4). Friar John explains that he sought out another friar for company and found him in a house where he was visiting the sick, whereupon the health authorities, fearing there was pestilence in the house, confined both friars in the house so they wouldn't infect others. The authorities wouldn't even allow Friar John to use a messenger to send the letter back to Friar Laurence.
Chorus[edit]
Woodcut of an actor portraying the Chorus delivering the prologue for the play
A Chorus gives the opening prologue and one other speech, both in the form of a Shakespearean sonnet.
The Chorus is an omniscient character. It appears at the top of the play to fill the audience in on the ancient quarrel between the, "Two households, both alike in dignity / In fair Verona, where we lay our scene". It returns as a prologue to act two to foreshadow the tragic turn of events about to befall the new romance between the title characters.
The Chorus only appears in the Quarto versions, not in the First Folio.
Apothecary[edit]
The Apothecary is a pharmacist in Mantua who reluctantly sells Romeo's poison, only because he's poor and is also in desperate need of monetary support.
Watchmen[edit]
The Watch of Verona takes the form of three watchmen. The First Watch appears to be the constable, who orders the Second and Third to "search about the churchyard!" Unusual for a Shakespearean watch group, they appear to be a relatively intelligent unit, managing to capture and detain Balthasar and Friar Laurence in the churchyard. They then testify to the Prince to their role in the murder and suicide scene.
Musicians[edit]
Three musicians for Juliet's wedding appear in act four, scene five in a brief comic scene, refusing to play a song called "Heart's ease" for Peter. They are referred to by the names of Simon Catling, Hugh Rebeck, and James Soundpost.[21]
Citizens of Verona[edit]
A number of citizens emerge during Act I, Scene I to break apart the fight between some Capulet and Montague servants. They appear again in Act III, Scene I to discover the slain body of Tybalt, at which point they place Benvolio under citizen's arrest until the Prince's swift entrance.
Unseen and ghost characters[edit]
Petruchio[edit]
Petruchio is a guest at the Capulet feast. He is notable only in that he is the only ghost character confirmed by Shakespeare to be present. When the party ends and Juliet inquires towards Romeo's identity, the Nurse attempts to avoid the subject by answering that Juliet is pointing at "the young Petruchio". Later, he is with Tybalt when he fatally wounds Mercutio, and a few scripts identify a Capulet with one line by that name. Petruchio is also the name of a major character in Shakespeare's earlier work, The Taming of the Shrew.
Rosaline[edit]
Main article: Rosaline
Rosaline in Zeffirelli's Romeo and Juliet, one of the few films to give her a visible role.
Rosaline is an unseen character and niece of Capulet. Although silent, her role is important: her lover, Romeo, first spots her cousin Juliet while trying to catch a glimpse of Rosaline at a Capulet gathering.
Before Juliet, Romeo was deeply intrigued with another woman that didn't return his feelings. Scholars generally compare Romeo's short-lived love of Rosaline with his later love of Juliet. Rosaline means "fair rose". The poetry he writes for Rosaline is much weaker than that for Juliet. Scholars believe his early experience with Rosaline prepares him for his relationship with Juliet. Later performances of Romeo and Juliet have painted different pictures of Romeo and Rosaline's relationship, with filmmakers experimenting by making Rosaline a more visible character.
Valentine[edit]
Valentine is Mercutio's brother, briefly mentioned as a guest at the Capulet feast where Romeo and Juliet meet. He is a ghost character with no speaking parts, and his only possible appearance is at the Capulet feast among the guests. "Valentine" has been taken to mean "lover" or "brother", and is associated with these attributes in several stories and histories. Scholars have pointed out that Valentine is more strongly connected to a major character than other ghosts, as he is given a direct connection to his brother. Although he has a very small role in Shakespeare's play, earlier versions of the story gave him no role or mention at all. In fact, they gave even Mercutio a very minor role. Shakespeare was the first English dramatist to use the name "Valentine" on stage, in his earlier plays, Titus Andronicus and Two Gentlemen of Verona. In Titus, Valentine plays a minor role, but in Two Gentlemen, he is one of the title characters. Incidentally, the Valentine of Two Gentlemen borrows heavily from Arthur Brooke's Romeus in The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet, which Shakespeare later used to create Romeo and Juliet. Brooke's version made Mercutio a rival for Juliet's love. Shakespeare's addition of Valentine as Mercutio's brother diffuses this rivalry. Thus, because the first time we hear of Mercutio he is associated with Valentine, rather than Juliet, he is changed from a rival to a friend and brotherly figure of Romeo.[22]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Moore, Olin H. (July 1930). "The Origins of the Legend of Romeo and Juliet in Italy". Speculum. Medieval Academy of America. 5 (3): 264–277. doi:10.2307/2848744. JSTOR 2848744.
Jump up ^ Act 3 Scene 5
Jump up ^ Halio, Jay. Romeo and Juliet. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1998. pg. 1 ISBN 0-313-30089-5
^ Jump up to: a b Meagher, John C. (2003). "Speech headings and stage directions". Pursuing Shakespeare's dramaturgy: some contexts, resources, and strategies in his playmaking. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-8386-3993-3.
Jump up ^ Bevington, David M. (2006). How to read a Shakespeare play. Wiley. p. 184. ISBN 9781405113953.
Jump up ^ II.iv.157–158
^ Jump up to: a b Hager, Alan. Understanding Romeo and Juliet. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1999. pgs. 17–20. ISBN 0-313-29616-2
Jump up ^ "The Complete Works of William Shakespeare – The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet", Project Gutenberg
Jump up ^ Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet; 2.3.1–22
Jump up ^ Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet; 2.3.180-81
Jump up ^ Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet; 2.3.26–31
Jump up ^ Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet; 3.1.188-99
Jump up ^ Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet; 3.1.87–93
Jump up ^ Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet; 3.5.91–101
Jump up ^ Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet; 4.5.5–12
Jump up ^ Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet; 5.2.72–73
Jump up ^ Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet; 5.2.119–120
Jump up ^ Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet; 4.5.66–79
Jump up ^ Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet; 5.2.148-50
Jump up ^ Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet; 5.2.156–160
Jump up ^ Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet; 4.5.125–129
Jump up ^ Porter, Joseph A. "Mercutio's Brother." South Atlantic Review 49.4 (1984): 31–41.
[show]
v
t
e
William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet
Characters
Romeo
Juliet
Mercutio
Tybalt
Benvolio
Friar Laurence
Nurse
Paris
Rosaline
Queen Mab
Atomy
Sources
The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet
Pyramus and Thisbe
Palace of Pleasure
Troilus and Criseyde
Ballets
Romeo and Juliet (1938, Prokofiev)
Romeo and Juliet (1962, Cranko)
Romeo and Juliet (1965, MacMillan)
Romeo and Juliet (1977, Nureyev)
Romeo and Juliet (1965, Lavery)
Radio and Juliet (2005)
Romeo + Juliet (2007, Martins)
Romeo and Juliet (2008, Pastor)
Operas
Romeo und Julie (1776, Benda)
Giulietta e Romeo (1796, Zingarelli)
Giulietta e Romeo (1825, Vaccai)
I Capuleti e i Montecchi (1830, Bellini)
Gloria (1874, Cilea)
Roméo et Juliette (1867, Gounod)
A Village Romeo and Juliet (1907, Delius)
Romeo und Julia (1940, Sutermeister)
Musicals
The Belle of Mayfair (1906)
West Side Story (1957)
Once on This Island (1990)
Roméo et Juliette, de la Haine à l'Amour (2001)
Giulietta e Romeo (2007)
Classical
Beethoven's String Quartet No. 1 (c. 1800)
Roméo et Juliette (1839, Berlioz)
Romeo and Juliet (1870, Tchaikovsky)
On screen
1900
1908
1916 Metro Pictures
1916 Fox
1936
1953
1954
1955
1968
1978 (TV)
1992 (TV)
1996
2006
2007
2013
Film
adaptations
English
Beneath the 12-Mile Reef (1953)
Romanoff and Juliet (1961)
West Side Story (1961)
Gonks Go Beat (1965)
Lonesome Cowboys (1968)
The Secret Sex Lives of Romeo and Juliet (1969)
Romie-0 and Julie-8 (TV; 1979)
The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet (1982)
Valley Girl (1983)
Bullies (1986)
China Girl (1987)
Romeo.Juliet (1990)
Tromeo and Juliet (1996)
Love Is All There Is (1996)
Rose by Any Other Name... (1997)
The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998)
Shakespeare in Love (1998)
The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns (1999)
Romeo Must Die (2000)
Brooklyn Babylon (2001)
Pizza My Heart (TV; 2005)
West Bank Story (2005)
Life and Lyrics (2006)
Romeo & Juliet: Sealed with a Kiss (2006)
Rome & Jewel (2006)
David & Fatima (2008)
The Cross Road (2008)
Vicious Circle (2008)
Gnomeo & Juliet (2011)
Private Romeo (2011)
Warm Bodies (2013)
Make Your Move (2013)
Romeo & Juliet (2013)
Sherlock Gnomes (2018)
Foreign
Ambikapathy (Tamil 1937)
Romeo and Juliet (Spanish 1940)
Les amants de Vérone (French 1949)
Romeo, Juliet and Darkness (Czech 1960)
Los Tarantos (Spanish 1963)
Fury of Johnny Kid (Italian 1967)
Ma che musica maestro (Italian 1971)
Maro Charitra (Telugu 1978)
Mônica e Cebolinha: No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta (Portuguese 1979)
Ek Duuje Ke Liye (Hindi 1981)
The Sea Prince and the Fire Child (Japanese 1981)
Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (Hindi 1988)
Saudagar (Hindi 1991)
The Phantom Lover (Mandarin 1995)
30:e november (Swedish/Spanish 1995)
Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi (Telugu 1996)
Chicken Rice War (Cantonese/English 2000)
Kalisundam Raa (Telugu 2000)
Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein (Hindi 2002)
Bollywood Queen (English/Hindi 2002)
Amar te duele (Spanish 2002)
Ondagona Baa (Kannada 2003)
Mamay (Ukrainian 2003)
The District! (Hungarian 2004)
O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta (Portuguese 2005)
In Fair Palestine: A Story of Romeo and Juliet (2006)
The Bubble (Hebrew/Arabic 2006)
Maro Charitra (Telugu 2010)
Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela (Hindi 2013)
Issaq (Hindi 2013)
Priyatama (Marathi 2014)
Arshinagar (Bengali 2015)
Eeda (Malayalam 2017)
TV series
Sons and Daughters (1982)
Family and Friends (1990)
Villa Quintana (1995)
Yo amo a Paquita Gallego (1998)
Skin (2003)
A Touch Away (2006)
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Romeo × Juliet (2007)
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"Romeo and Juliet" (1978)
"Romeo and Juliet" (1981)
"Cherish" (1989)
"Amor Prohibido" (1994)
"Kissing You" (1996)
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"Romeo and Juliet" (1998)
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New Moon (2006)
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Upside Down
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Book:Romeo and Juliet
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Microchip implant (animal)
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
For use in humans, see Microchip implant (human).
Microchip implant in a cat.
A microchip implant is an identifying integrated circuit placed under the skin of an animal. The chip, about the size of a large grain of rice, uses passive RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology, and is also known as a PIT (Passive Integrated Transponder) tag.
Externally attached microchips such as RFID ear tags are commonly used to identify farm and ranch animals, with the exception of horses. Some external microchips can be read with the same scanner used with implanted chips.
Contents
1 Uses and benefits
2 Usage
3 Components of a microchip
4 Implant location
5 Animal species
6 Worldwide use
7 Cross-compatibility and standards issues
8 Reported adverse reactions
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links
Uses and benefits[edit]
Animal shelters, animal control officers and veterinarians routinely look for microchips to return lost pets quickly to their owners, avoiding expenses for housing, food, medical care, outplacing and euthanasia. Many shelters place chips in all outplaced animals.
Microchips are also used by kennels, breeders, brokers, trainers, registries, rescue groups, humane societies, clinics, farms, stables, animal clubs and associations, researchers, and pet stores.
Some pet doors can be programmed to be activated by the microchips of specific animals, allowing only certain animals to use the door.[1]
Some countries require microchips in imported animals to match vaccination records. Microchip tagging may also be required for CITES-regulated international trade in certain endangered animals: for example, Asian Arowana are tagged to limit import to captive-bred fish. Also, birds not banded who cross international borders as pets or for trade must be microchipped so that each bird is uniquely identifiable.
Usage[edit]
Information about the implant is often imprinted on a collar tag worn by a pet
Microchips can be implanted by a veterinarian or at a shelter. After checking that the animal does not already have a chip, the vet or technician injects the chip with a syringe and records the chip's unique ID. No anesthetic is required it is a simple procedure and causes little discomfort: the pain is minimal and short-lived[2]. A test scan ensures correct operation.
An enrollment form is completed with chip ID, owner contact information, pet name and description, shelter and/or veterinarian contact information, and an alternate emergency contact designated by the pet owner. Some shelters and vets designate themselves as the primary contact to remain informed about possible problems with the animals they place. The form is sent to a registry, who may be the chip manufacturer, distributor or an independent entity such as a pet recovery service. Some countries have a single official national database. For a fee, the registry typically provides 24-hour, toll-free telephone service for the life of the pet. Some veterinarians leave registration to the owner, usually done online, but a chip without current contact information is essentially useless.
The owner receives a registration certificate with the chip ID and recovery service contact information. The information can also be imprinted on a collar tag worn by the animal. Like an automobile title, the certificate serves as proof of ownership and is transferred with the animal when it is sold or traded; an animal without a certificate could be stolen.
Authorities and shelters examine strays for chips, providing the recovery service with the ID number, description and location so they may notify the owner or contact. If the pet is wearing the collar tag, the finder does not need a chip reader to contact the registry. An owner can also report a missing pet to the recovery service, as vets look for chips in new animals and check with the recovery service to see if it has been reported lost or stolen.
Many veterinarians scan an animal's chip on every visit to verify correct operation. Some use the chip ID as their database index and print it on receipts, test results, vaccination certifications and other records.
Some veterinary tests and procedures require positive identification of the animal, and a microchip may be acceptable for this purpose as an alternative to a tattoo.
Components of a microchip[edit]
A microchip implant is a passive RFID device. Lacking an internal power source, it remains inert until it is powered by the scanner or other power source.
Most implants contain three elements: a 'chip' or integrated circuit; a coil inductor, possibly with a ferrite core; and a capacitor. The chip contains unique identification data and electronic circuits to encode that information. The coil acts as the secondary winding of a transformer, receiving power inductively coupled to it from the scanner. The coil and capacitor together form a resonant LC circuit tuned to the frequency of the scanner's oscillating magnetic field to produce power for the chip. The chip then transmits its data back through the coil to the scanner.
Example of an RFID scanner used with animal microchip implants.
These components are encased in biocompatible soda lime or borosilicate glass and hermetically sealed. Datamars has also started selling polymer microchips that are being implanted in pets.[3].
Implant location[edit]
In dogs and cats, chips are usually inserted below the skin at the back of the neck between the shoulder blades on the dorsal midline. According to one reference, continental European pets get the implant in the left side of the neck.[4] The chip can often be felt under the skin. Thin layers of connective tissue form around the implant and hold it in place.
Horses are microchipped on the left side of the neck, halfway between the poll and withers and approximately one inch below the midline of the mane, into the nuchal ligament.
Birds are implanted in their breast muscles. Proper restraint is necessary so the operation requires either two people (an avian veterinarian and a veterinary technician) or general anesthesia.
Implanted microchips can distort magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs), including those of the spinal cord.[5]
Animal species[edit]
Horse microchipping
Many animal species have been microchipped, including cockatiels and other parrots, horses, llamas, alpacas, goats, sheep, miniature pigs, rabbits, deer, ferrets, penguins, sharks, snakes, lizards, alligators, turtles, toads, frogs, rare fish, chimpanzees, mice, and prairie dogs—even whales and elephants. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service uses microchipping in its research of wild bison, black-footed ferrets, grizzly bears, elk, white-tailed deer, giant land tortoises and armadillos.
Worldwide use[edit]
Microchips are not yet universal, but they are legally required in some jurisdictions such as the state of New South Wales, Australia[6] and the United Kingdom (for dogs, since 6 April 2016[7]).
Some countries, such as Japan, require ISO-compliant microchips or a compatible reader on imported dogs and cats.[8]
In New Zealand, all dogs first registered after 1 July 2006 must be microchipped. Farmers protested that farm dogs should be exempt, drawing a parallel to the Dog Tax War of 1898.[9] Farm dogs were exempted from microchipping in an amendment to the legislation passed in June 2006.[10] A National Animal Identification and Tracing scheme in New Zealand is currently being developed for tracking livestock.
In April 2012 Northern Ireland became the first part of the United Kingdom to require microchipping of individually licensed dogs.[11] Dog microchipping became mandatory in England on 6 April 2016.[12]
In Israel, microchips in dogs are mandatory.[citation needed]
Australia has a National Livestock Identification System.
The United States uses the National Animal Identification System for farm and ranch animals other than dogs and cats. In most species except horses, an external eartag is typically used in lieu of an implant microchip. Eartags with microchips or simply stamped with a visible number can be used. Both use ISO 15 digit microchip numbers with the U.S. country code of 840.
Cross-compatibility and standards issues[edit]
In most countries, pet ID chips adhere to an international standard to promote compatibility between chips and scanners. In the United States, however, three proprietary types of chips compete along with the international standard. Scanners distributed to United States shelters and veterinarians well into 2006 could each read at most three of the four types. Scanners with quad-read capability are now available and are increasingly considered required equipment. Older scanner models will be in use for some time, so United States pet owners must still choose between a chip with good coverage by existing scanners and one compatible with the international standard. The four types include:
The ISO Conformant Full Duplex type has the greatest international acceptance. It is common in many countries including Europe (since the late 1990s) and Canada. It is one of two chip protocol types (along with the "Half Duplex" type sometimes used in farm and ranch animals) that conform to International Organization for Standardization standards ISO 11784 & 11785. To support international/multivendor application, the 3-digit country code can contain an assigned ISO country code or a manufacturer code from 900 to 998 plus its identifying serial number.[Note 1] In the United States, distribution of this type has been controversial. When 24PetWatch.com began distributing them in 2003 (and more famously Banfield Pet Hospitals in 2004) many shelter scanners couldn't read them. (Some still can't; asking local shelters about this is still a good idea.) At least one Banfield-chipped pet was inadvertently euthanized.[13]
The Trovan Unique type is another pet chip protocol type in use since 1990 in pets in the United States.[14] Patent problems forced the withdrawal of Trovan's implanter device from United States distribution and they became uncommon in pets in the United States, although Trovan's original registry database "infopet.biz" remained in operation. In early 2007, the American Kennel Club's chip registration service, AKC Companion Animal Recovery Corp, which had been the authorized registry for HomeAgain brand chips made by Destron/Digital Angel, began distributing Trovan chips with a different implanter. These chips are read by the Trovan, HomeAgain (Destron Fearing), and Bayer (Black Label) readers. Despite multiple offers from Trovan to AVID [15] to license the technology to read the Trovan chips, AVID continues to distribute readers that do not read Trovan or the ISO compliant chips.
A third type sometimes known as FECAVA or Destron[Note 2] is available under various brand names. These include, in the United States, "Avid Eurochip", the common current 24PetWatch chips, and the original (and still popular) style of HomeAgain chips. (HomeAgain and 24Petwatch can now supply the true ISO chip instead on request.) Chips of this type have 10 digit [hexadecimal] chip numbers. This "FECAVA" type is readable on a wide variety of scanners in the United States and has been less controversial, although its level of adherence to the ISO standards is sometimes exaggerated in some descriptions.[16][17][18] The ISO standard has an annex (appendix) recommending that three older chip types be supported by scanners, including a 35-bit "FECAVA"/"Destron" type.[19] The common Eurochip/HomeAgain chips don't agree perfectly with the annex description, although the differences are sometimes considered minor.[Note 3] But the ISO standard also makes it clear[Note 4] that only its 64-bit "full-duplex" and "half-duplex" types are "conformant"; even chips (e.g., the Trovan Unique) that match one of the Annex descriptions are not. More visibly, FECAVA cannot support the ISO standard's required country/manufacturer codes. They may be accepted by authorities in many countries where ISO-standard chips are the norm, but not by those requiring literal ISO conformance.
Finally, there's the AVID brand Friendchip type, which is peculiar due to its encryption characteristics. Cryptographic features are not necessarily unwelcome; few pet rescuers or humane societies would object to a design that outputs an ID number "in the clear" for anyone to read, along with authentication features for detection of counterfeit chips, but the authentication in "Friendchips" has been found lacking and rather easy to spoof to the AVID scanner. Although no authentication encryption is involved, obfuscation requires proprietary information to convert transmitted chip data to its original label ID code. Well into 2006, scanners containing the proprietary decryption were provided to the United States market only by AVID and Destron/Digital Angel; Destron/Digital Angel put the decryption feature in some, but not all, of its scanners, possibly as early as 1996. (For years, its scanners distributed to shelters through HomeAgain usually had full decryption, while many sold to veterinarians would only state that an AVID chip had been found.) Well into 2006, both were resisting calls from consumers and welfare group officials to bring scanners to the United States shelter community combining AVID decryption capability with the ability to read ISO-compliant chips. Some complained[20] that AVID itself had long marketed combination pet scanners compatible with all common pet chips except possibly Trovan outside the United States. By keeping them out of the United States, it could be considered partly culpable in the missed-ISO chips problem others blamed on Banfield.[Note 5] In 2006, the European manufacturer Datamars, a supplier of ISO chips used by Banfield and others, gained access to the decryption secrets and began supplying scanners with them to United States customers. This "Black Label" scanner was the first four-standard full-multi pet scanner in the United States market. Later in 2006, Digital Angel announced[21] that it would supply a full-multi scanner in the United States.[Note 6] In 2008 AVID announced a "breakthrough" scanner,[22] although as of October 2010[update] AVID's is still so uncommon that it's unclear whether it supports the Trovan chip. Trovan also acquired the decryption technology in 2006 or earlier, and now provides it in scanners distributed in the United States by AKC-CAR. (Some are quad-read, but others lack full ISO support.)
Numerous references in print state that the incompatibilities between different chip types are a matter of "frequency". One may find claims that early ISO adopters in the United States endangered their customers' pets by giving them ISO chips that work at a "different frequency" from the local shelter's scanner, or that the United States government considered forcing an incompatible frequency change. These claims were little challenged by manufacturers and distributors of ISO chips, although later evidence suggests the claims were disinformation. In fact, all chips operate at the scanner's frequency. Although ISO chips are optimized for 134.2 kHz, in practice they are readable at 125 kHz and the "125 kHz" chips are readable at 134.2 kHz. Confirmation comes from government filings that indicate the supposed "multi-frequency" scanners now commonly available are really single-frequency scanners operating at 125, 134.2 or 128 kHz. In particular, the United States HomeAgain scanner didn't change excitation frequency when ISO-read capability was added; it's still a single frequency, 125 kHz scanner.[23]
Expected results for chip type
(OK=Good read
NR=No read
DO=Detect Only with no number given)
Scanner to test
ISO Conformant Full Duplex chip
AVID Encrypted "FriendChip"
Original U.S. HomeAgain, AVID Eurochip,[Note 7] or FECAVA
"Trovan Unique" and current AKC CAR chips
Minimal ISO Conformant Scanner (also must read HALF Duplex chips common in livestock ear tags)
OK NR NR NR
AVID Basic U.S. Scanner[24]
NR OK NR NR
AVID Deluxe U.S. Scanner
NR OK OK NR
AVID Universal Scanner sold outside U.S.[25]
OK OK OK NR Assumed
AVID MiniTracker Pro Scanner announced August 2008[26]
OK OK OK NR according to some (Few have seen one.)
Various vintages of U.S. HomeAgain "Universal" Shelter Scanners by Destron/Digital Angel Corp.
NR,DO, or OK OK OK Possibly all OK
Typical Destron/Digital Angel Corp. U.S. Veterinarian's scanner pre-2007
[27]
NR DO OK DO
Trovan LID-560-MULTI per mfr. specifications on Web[28]
OK OK OK OK
U.S. Trovan Pocket Scanner per AKC-CAR Web Site[29]
DO OK OK OK
U.S. Trovan ProScan700 per AKC-CAR Web Site[30]
OK OK OK OK
Original 2006 Datamars Black Label Scanner[31]
OK OK OK OK but Reliability Questioned
Datamars Black Label Scanner "classypets" model[32]
OK NR or DO? OK OK but Reliability Questioned
Banfield-Distributed 2004-2005 Vintage Datamars Scanners
OK Possibly all DO OK Possibly all OK but Reliability Questioned (Undocumented Feature)
Datamars Minimax and Micromax[33]
OK NR NR NR
Typical Homemade Scanner[34]
OK OK but extra step required (web-based decryption service) OK OK
Microchip ID Systems "Hero" Scanner[35]
OK OK OK NR
Microchip ID Systems "Pocket Hero" Scanner[36]
OK NR NR NR
(For users requiring Shelter-Grade certainty, this table is not a substitute for testing the scanner with a set of specimen chips. One study[37] cites problems with certain Trovan chips on the Datamars Black Label scanner. In general, the study found none of the tested scanners to read all four standards without some deficiency. The study predates the most recent scanner models, however.)
Reported adverse reactions[edit]
RFID chips are used in animal research, and at least three studies conducted since the 1990s have reported tumors at the site of implantation in laboratory mice and rats.[38] Noted veterinary associations[39] responded with continued support for the procedure as reasonably safe for cats and dogs, pointing to rates of serious complications on the order of one in a million in the U.K., which has a system for tracking such adverse reactions and has chipped over 3.7 million pet dogs. A recent study found no safety concerns for microchipped animals with RFID chips undergoing MRI at one Tesla magnetic field strength.[40] In 2011 a microchip-associated fibrosarcoma was reported found in the neck of a 9-year old, neutered-male cat. Histological examination was consistent with postinjection sarcoma, but all prior vaccinations occurred in the hindlegs.[41]
The microchip is implanted in the subcutaneous tissues causing an inflammatory response until scar tissue develops around the microchip. Studies on horses [42] are used as the basis for short inflammatory response claims, while procedures on done on small kittens and puppies. Humans are reporting swelling and bruising at the time of implant with itching and pinching sensations for up to two years.[43] The broader impacts on inflammatory disorders and cancer have not been determined and most of the health risks that were defined in the FDA Guidance developed for human implants [44] should be considered. Adverse event reporting in the US can be made by the pet owner or a veterinarian to the FDA. https://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/ReportaProblem/ucm055305.htm
Adverse event reporting for animal microchips has been inconsistent. The UK’s Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) assumed the task of adverse event reporting for animal microchips there in April 2014. Mandatory microchipping of dogs and mandatory adverse event reporting went into effect in the UK in February of 2015. The first report was issued for the period of April 2014 through December 2015 [45]. There were 1,500 adverse events reported for an unknown number of pets. The estimate for the total cat and dog population of the UK is 16 million with 8.5 million dogs subject to mandatory microchipping. 4.5% of the adverse events are from adverse reactions and most of the rest from scanner failures and migration. Microchip Adverse Event Reports for 2016 and 2017 do not appear to have been released.
See also[edit]
Microchip implant (human)
PositiveID
Proximity card
Pet recovery service
Remote-controlled animal
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ For display, typically the three country/manufacturer code digits are followed by twelve digits of serial number to make a 15-digit numeric string.
Jump up ^ Curiously, an actual matching descriptive specification from the Federation of European Companion Animal Veterinary Associations, or one from Destron Corporation, remains illusive.
Jump up ^ The differences are obvious and easily surmounted by someone trying to make a scanner for a FECAVA chip specimen, so the Annex is still quite useful. (The actual FECAVA frequency-modulated signals are inverted (backwards) from the Annex specification.)
Jump up ^ This is found in clauses 2 and 6 of ISO 11785; the two actual conformant 64-bit types are described in clauses 6.1 and 6.2.
Jump up ^ Few of the petitioners bothered to ask AVID to add Trovan-chip compatibility at that time, as these chips would remain uncommon and obscure until 2007 in the U.S.
Jump up ^ In addition to its current scanners with full support for ISO full duplex chips, and maybe ten years production of earlier scanners with no ISO support, Destron/Digital Angel Corp. is also reported to have made in-between models circa 2006, one that gives a detection indication, but no number for ISO chips, and one model that gives either simple detection or full number readout, depending perhaps on the chip's manufacturer or some other factor. These models may be hard to discern without many specimen chips; upgrades may be available, especially to current customer partners of HomeAgain.
Jump up ^ A mention of a chip type called "AVID Travelchip" has been removed from this heading. It appears that "Travelchip" was actually a trademark not of AVID itself but of a chip distributor, which used it as a blanket term for several different chip types sold in value-added kits- firstly AVID Eurochips, later HomeAgain types both regular and ISO.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lomas, Natasha (28 June 2017). "Now you can quantify your cat's comings and goings too". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2018-01-04.
Jump up ^ "Why is it important to ensure my pet is microchipped? - RSPCA Australia knowledgebase". kb.rspca.org.au. Retrieved 2017-07-04.
Jump up ^ https://www.pet.datamars.com/portfolio-items/t-sl-slim-polymer-microchip-usa/?portfolioCats=63
Jump up ^ Microchip Implantation Sites (World Small Animal Veterinary Association).
Jump up ^ Saito M, Ono S, Kayanuma H, Honnami M, Muto M, Une Y (May 2010). "Evaluation of the susceptibility artifacts and tissue injury caused by implanted microchips in dogs on 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging". J. Vet. Med. Sci. 72 (5): 575–81. doi:10.1292/jvms.09-0386. PMID 20086326.
Jump up ^ "WSAVA - Australian Microchip Standard". Retrieved 25 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dog microchipping law brings fines risk". 6 April 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2017 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ Entering Japan: Dogs & Cats.
Jump up ^ Masters, Catherine (25 March 2006). "The year of the dog war". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Farm Dogs Exempted from Microchipping
Jump up ^ "NI first on law to microchip dogs". 8 April 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2017 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Dog microchipping becomes compulsory across UK". BBC News. 2016-04-06. Retrieved 2016-10-19.
Jump up ^ Pet's Death Rekindles Electronic ID Debate in JAVMA News
Jump up ^ Trovan Chips Adopted by Los Angeles in 1996.
Jump up ^ "Open Letter to Hannis Stoddard". www.rfidnews.com. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "B" Country List (Search for "Home Again microchips are ISO compatible" in the text.)
Jump up ^ ISO Standards Discussion (Search for "as compliant" in the text.)
Jump up ^ The TRAVELchip Single (Search for "Complies with" in the text.)
Jump up ^ ISO Standards Combined Text ("FECAVA" discussion starts on page 16 of the PDF file.)
Jump up ^ Pet's Death Rekindles Electronic ID Debate in JAVMA News (Search for "best" in the text.)
Jump up ^ APHIS Comment Submission from Digital Angel Corp (page 2, item 4 in the referenced .doc file.)
Jump up ^ Avid Announces New Scanner to Reunite More Lost Pets with Their Families
Jump up ^ U.S. FCC database search form (Submit the form with "Grantee Code" and "Product Code" for each individual scanner; for the new universal Digital Angel/HomeAgain Scanner, still operating at 125 kHz codes "C5S" and "HS9250L"; for a recent AVID scanner, operating at 134.2 kHz, codes "IOL" and "-134-AV1034I" .)
Jump up ^ Descriptions of AVID Scanners (Search for "only the AVID" in the text.)
Jump up ^ Test Results from American Humane (Search for "in use in canada" in the text.)
Jump up ^ Avid Announces New Scanner.
Jump up ^ Test Results from American Humane (Search for "unless vet is with a shelter" in the text.)
Jump up ^ Trovan Multi Scanner specifications (Apparently applies to models sold outside U.S.)
Jump up ^ Using The AKC-CAR Multi-System Pocket Scanner (U.S. Model says "Detect Only" on ISO chip type.)
Jump up ^ AKC CAR Scanners
Jump up ^ Datamars Multi Scanner specifications.
Jump up ^ Datamars Multi Scanner specifications.
Jump up ^ Datamars Scanner Descriptions.
Jump up ^ Software for Homemade Scanners- Chip Type Listing.
Jump up ^ "NEW! Hero™ Advanced Reader • Microchip ID Systems". www.microchipidsystems.com. Retrieved 2018-03-30.
Jump up ^ "Pocket HERO™ • Microchip ID Systems". www.microchipidsystems.com. Retrieved 2018-03-30.
Jump up ^ Nov. 2007 Scanner Evaluation from EID Limited.
Jump up ^ Lewan, Todd. "Chip Implants Linked to Animal Tumors". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Position Statement from World Small Animal Veterinary Association.
Jump up ^ Baker, Martin A.; MacDonald, Iain (2011). "Evaluation of veterinary radiofrequency identification devices at 1T". Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound. 52 (2): 161. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01762.x.
Jump up ^ Carminato A, Vascellari M, Marchioro W, Melchiotti E, Mutinelli F (December 2011). "Microchip-associated fibrosarcoma in a cat". Vet. Dermatol. 22 (6): 565–9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2011.00975.x. PMID 21535253.
Jump up ^ https://www.animalagriculture.org/resources/Pictures/Page%20Graphics/LaColla,%20Marta%20Luz.pdf
Jump up ^ /https://arstechnica.com/features/2018/01/a-practical-guide-to-microchip-implants/
Jump up ^ https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ucm072141.htm
Jump up ^ https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/527763/951335-Microchip_report_2015.pdf
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microchip implant.
Lost Pet Found After 13 Years (Apparently the current record for this type of story)
"Injunction on Microchip Sales". Pet Age. January 2005. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microchip_implant_(animal)&oldid=854378561"
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