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Federal Reserve Board of Governors
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Federal Reserve Board of Governors
Federal Reserve System headquarters
Headquarters
Eccles Building
Washington, D.C.
Chairman
Janet Yellen
The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, commonly known as the Federal Reserve Board, is the main governing body of the Federal Reserve System. It is charged with overseeing the Federal Reserve Banks and with helping implement monetary policy of the United States. Governors are appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate for staggered 14-year terms.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Current members
3 Committees
4 List of governors
5 References
6 External links
Description[edit]
By law, the appointments must yield a "fair representation of the financial, agricultural, industrial, and commercial interests and geographical divisions of the country".[1][2] As stipulated in the Banking Act of 1935, the Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Board are two of seven members of the Board of Governors who are appointed by the President from among the sitting Governors.[1][2]
The Board of Governors does not receive funding from Congress, and the terms of the seven members of the Board span multiple presidential and congressional terms. Once a member of the Board of Governors is appointed by the president, he or she functions mostly independently. The Board is required to make an annual report of operations to the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives.[3] It also supervises and regulates the operations of the Federal Reserve Banks, and the U.S. banking system in general.
Membership is by statute limited in term, and a member that has served for a full 14 year term is not eligible for reappointment.[4] There are numerous occasions where an individual was appointed to serve the remainder of another member's uncompleted term, and has been reappointed to serve a full 14-year term.[4] Since "upon the expiration of their terms of office, members of the Board shall continue to serve until their successors are appointed and have qualified",[4] it is possible for a member to serve for significantly longer than a full term of 14 years. The law provides for the removal of a member of the Board by the President "for cause".[4]
The Chair and Vice Chair of the Board of Governors are appointed by the President from among the sitting Governors. They both serve a four-year term and they can be renominated as many times as the President chooses, until their terms on the Board of Governors expire.[1]
Current members[edit]
The current members of the Board of Governors are as follows:[5]
Governor
Political Party
Entered office
Term expires
Janet Yellen
(Chair) Democratic February 3, 2014 (as Chair)
October 4, 2010 (as Governor) February 3, 2018 (as Chair)
January 31, 2024 (as Governor)
Vacant
(Vice Chair) N/A (as Vice Chair)
January 31, 2020* (as Governor)
Randal Quarles
(Vice Chair for Supervision) Republican October 13, 2017 (as Vice Chair for Supervision)
October 13, 2017 October 13, 2021 (as Vice Chair for Supervision)
January 31, 2018 (as Governor)
Jerome Powell May 25, 2012
June 16, 2014 (new term) January 31, 2028
Lael Brainard Democratic June 16, 2014 January 31, 2026
Vacant January 31, 2022*
Vacant January 31, 2030*
*Indicates the date of term expiration for the individual nominated to this vacant position.
Committees[edit]
Committee on Board Affairs
Governor Powell, Chairman
Vice Chairman (vacant)
Committee on Consumer and Community Affairs
Governor Brainard, Chair
Vacant
Committee on Economic and Financial Monitoring and Research
Chairman (vacant)
Governor Brainard
Committee on Financial Stability
Chairman (vacant)
Governor Brainard
Vacant
Committee on Federal Reserve Bank Affairs
Governor Powell, Chairman
Governor Brainard
Committee on Bank Supervision
Vacant, Chairman
Governor Powell
Governor Brainard
Subcommittee on Smaller Regional and Community Banking
Governor Powell, Chairman
Governor Brainard
Committee on Payments, Clearing, and Settlement
Governor Powell, Chairman
Vacant
Source: [6]
List of governors[edit]
Board of Governors meeting January 1, 1922.
Name
Bank
Begin
End
Term (Years)
Notes
Frederic A. Delano Chicago 000000001914-08-10-0000August 10, 1914 000000001918-07-21-0000July 21, 1918 4
Paul M. Warburg New York 000000001914-08-10-0000August 10, 1914 000000001918-08-09-0000August 9, 1918 4
William P.G. Harding Atlanta 000000001914-08-10-0000August 10, 1914 000000001922-08-09-0000August 9, 1922 8 Chairman (1916–1922)
Adolph C. Miller San Francisco 000000001914-08-10-0000August 10, 1914 000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936 12
Charles S. Hamlin Boston 000000001914-08-10-0000August 10, 1914 000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936 12 Chairman (1914–1916)
Albert Strauss New York 000000001918-10-26-0000October 26, 1918 000000001920-03-15-0000March 15, 1920 2
Henry A. Moehlenpah Chicago 000000001919-11-10-0000November 10, 1919 000000001920-08-09-0000August 9, 1920 1
Edmund Platt New York 000000001920-06-20-0000June 20, 1920 000000001930-09-14-0000September 14, 1930 10
David C. Wills Cleveland 000000001920-09-20-0000September 20, 1920 000000001921-03-04-0000March 4, 1921 1
John R. Mitchell Minneapolis 000000001921-05-12-0000May 12, 1921 000000001923-05-12-0000May 12, 1923 2
Milo D. Campbell Chicago 000000001923-03-14-0000March 14, 1923 000000001923-03-22-0000March 22, 1923 <1 Died in office
Daniel R. Crissinger Cleveland 000000001923-05-01-0000May 1, 1923 000000001927-09-15-0000September 15, 1927 4 Chairman (1923–1927)
Edward H. Cunningham Chicago 000000001923-05-14-0000May 14, 1923 000000001930-11-28-0000November 28, 1930 7 Died in office
George R. James St. Louis 000000001923-05-14-0000May 14, 1923 000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936 13
Roy A. Young Minneapolis 000000001927-10-04-0000October 4, 1927 000000001930-08-31-0000August 31, 1930 3 Chairman (1927–1930)
Eugene Meyer New York 000000001930-09-16-0000September 16, 1930 000000001933-05-10-0000May 10, 1933 3 Chairman (1930–1933)
Wayland W. Magee Kansas City 000000001931-05-18-0000May 18, 1931 000000001933-01-24-0000January 24, 1933 2
Eugene R. Black Atlanta 000000001933-05-19-0000May 19, 1933 000000001934-08-15-0000August 15, 1934 1 Chairman (1933–1934)
J.J. Thomas Kansas City 000000001933-06-14-0000June 14, 1933 000000001936-02-10-0000February 10, 1936 3
M.S. Szymczak Chicago 000000001933-06-14-0000June 14, 1933 000000001961-05-31-0000May 31, 1961 28
Marriner S. Eccles San Francisco 000000001934-11-15-0000November 15, 1934 000000001951-07-14-0000July 14, 1951 17 Chairman (1934–1948)
Joseph A. Broderick New York 000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936 000000001937-09-30-0000September 30, 1937 2
John K. McKee Cleveland 000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936 000000001946-04-04-0000April 4, 1946 10
Ronald Ransom Atlanta 000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936 000000001947-12-02-0000December 2, 1947 12 Died in office
Ralph W. Morrison Dallas 000000001936-02-10-0000February 10, 1936 000000001936-07-09-0000July 9, 1936 <1
Chester C. Davis Richmond 000000001936-06-25-0000June 25, 1936 000000001941-04-15-0000April 15, 1941 5
Ernest G. Draper New York 000000001938-03-30-0000March 30, 1938 000000001950-09-01-0000September 1, 1950 12
Rudolph M. Evans Richmond 000000001942-03-14-0000March 14, 1942 000000001954-08-13-0000August 13, 1954 12
James K. Vardaman, Jr. St. Louis 000000001946-04-04-0000April 4, 1946 000000001958-11-30-0000November 30, 1958 12
Lawrence Clayton Boston 000000001947-02-14-0000February 14, 1947 000000001949-12-04-0000December 4, 1949 3 Died in office
Thomas B. McCabe Philadelphia 000000001948-04-15-0000April 15, 1948 000000001951-03-31-0000March 31, 1951 3 Chairman (1948–1951)
Edward L. Norton Atlanta 000000001950-09-01-0000September 1, 1950 000000001952-01-31-0000January 31, 1952 1
Oliver S. Powell Minneapolis 000000001950-09-01-0000September 1, 1950 000000001952-06-30-0000June 30, 1952 2
William McChesney Martin New York 000000001951-04-02-0000April 2, 1951 000000001970-01-31-0000January 31, 1970 19 Chairman (1951–1970)
A.L. Mills, Jr. San Francisco 000000001952-02-18-0000February 18, 1952 000000001965-02-28-0000February 28, 1965 13
J.L. Robertson Kansas City 000000001952-02-18-0000February 18, 1952 000000001973-04-30-0000April 30, 1973 21
C. Canby Balderston Philadelphia 000000001954-08-12-0000August 12, 1954 000000001966-02-28-0000February 28, 1966 12
Paul E. Miller Minneapolis 000000001954-08-13-0000August 13, 1954 000000001954-10-21-0000October 21, 1954 <1 Died in office
Charles N. Shepardson Dallas 000000001955-03-17-0000March 17, 1955 000000001967-04-30-0000April 30, 1967 12
G.H. King, Jr. Atlanta 000000001959-03-25-0000March 25, 1959 000000001963-09-18-0000September 18, 1963 4
George W. Mitchell Chicago 000000001961-08-31-0000August 31, 1961 000000001976-02-13-0000February 13, 1976 14
J. Dewey Daane Richmond 000000001963-11-29-0000November 29, 1963 000000001974-03-08-0000March 8, 1974 11
Sherman J. Maisel San Francisco 000000001965-04-30-0000April 30, 1965 000000001972-05-31-0000May 31, 1972 7
Andrew F. Brimmer Philadelphia 000000001966-03-09-0000March 9, 1966 000000001974-08-31-0000August 31, 1974 8
William W. Sherrill Dallas 000000001967-05-01-0000May 1, 1967 000000001971-11-15-0000November 15, 1971 5
Arthur F. Burns New York 000000001970-01-31-0000January 31, 1970 000000001978-03-31-0000March 31, 1978 8 Chairman (1970–1978)
John E. Sheehan St. Louis 000000001972-01-04-0000January 4, 1972 000000001975-06-01-0000June 1, 1975 3
Jeffrey M. Bucher San Francisco 000000001972-06-05-0000June 5, 1972 000000001976-01-02-0000January 2, 1976 4
Robert C. Holland Kansas City 000000001973-06-11-0000June 11, 1973 000000001976-05-15-0000May 15, 1976 3
Henry C. Wallich Boston 000000001974-03-08-0000March 8, 1974 000000001986-12-15-0000December 15, 1986 12
Philip E. Coldwell Dallas 000000001974-10-29-0000October 29, 1974 000000001980-02-29-0000February 29, 1980 6
Philip C. Jackson, Jr. Atlanta 000000001975-07-14-0000July 14, 1975 000000001978-11-17-0000November 17, 1978 3
J. Charles Partee Richmond 000000001976-01-05-0000January 5, 1976 000000001986-02-07-0000February 7, 1986 10
Stephen S. Gardner Philadelphia 000000001976-02-13-0000February 13, 1976 000000001978-11-19-0000November 19, 1978 3 Died in office
David M. Lilly Minneapolis 000000001976-06-01-0000June 1, 1976 000000001978-02-24-0000February 24, 1978 2
G. William Miller San Francisco 000000001978-03-08-0000March 8, 1978 000000001979-08-06-0000August 6, 1979 1 Chairman (1978–1979)
Nancy H. Teeters Chicago 000000001978-09-18-0000September 18, 1978 000000001984-06-27-0000June 27, 1984 6
Emmett J. Rice New York 000000001979-06-20-0000June 20, 1979 000000001986-12-31-0000December 31, 1986 8
Frederick H. Schultz Atlanta 000000001979-07-27-0000July 27, 1979 000000001982-02-11-0000February 11, 1982 3
Paul A. Volcker Philadelphia 000000001979-08-06-0000August 6, 1979 000000001987-08-11-0000August 11, 1987 8 Chairman (1979–1987)
Lyle E. Gramley Kansas City 000000001980-05-28-0000May 28, 1980 000000001985-09-01-0000September 1, 1985 5
Preston Martin[7] San Francisco 000000001982-03-31-0000March 31, 1982 000000001986-04-30-0000April 30, 1986 4
Martha R. Seger Chicago 000000001984-07-02-0000July 2, 1984 000000001991-03-11-0000March 11, 1991 7
Manuel H. Johnson Richmond 000000001986-02-07-0000February 7, 1986 000000001990-08-03-0000August 3, 1990 4
Wayne D. Angell Kansas City 000000001986-02-07-0000February 7, 1986 000000001994-02-09-0000February 9, 1994 8
H. Robert Heller San Francisco 000000001986-08-19-0000August 19, 1986 000000001989-07-31-0000July 31, 1989 3
Edward W. Kelley, Jr. Dallas 000000001987-05-26-0000May 26, 1987 000000002001-12-31-0000December 31, 2001 14
Alan Greenspan New York 000000001987-08-11-0000August 11, 1987 000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006 19 Chairman (1987–2006)
John P. LaWare Boston 000000001988-08-15-0000August 15, 1988 000000001995-04-30-0000April 30, 1995 7
David W. Mullins, Jr. St. Louis 000000001990-05-21-0000May 21, 1990 000000001994-02-14-0000February 14, 1994 4
Lawrence B. Lindsey Richmond 000000001991-11-26-0000November 26, 1991 000000001997-02-05-0000February 5, 1997 5
Susan M. Phillips Chicago 000000001991-12-02-0000December 2, 1991 000000001998-06-30-0000June 30, 1998 7
Alan S. Blinder Philadelphia 000000001994-06-27-0000June 27, 1994 000000001996-01-31-0000January 31, 1996 2
Janet Yellen San Francisco 000000001994-08-12-0000August 12, 1994 000000001997-02-17-0000February 17, 1997 3
Laurence H. Meyer St. Louis 000000001996-06-24-0000June 24, 1996 000000002002-01-31-0000January 31, 2002 6
Alice M. Rivlin Philadelphia 000000001996-06-25-0000June 25, 1996 000000001999-07-16-0000July 16, 1999 3
Edward M. Gramlich Richmond 000000001997-11-05-0000November 5, 1997 000000002005-08-31-0000August 31, 2005 8
Roger W. Ferguson, Jr. Boston 000000001997-11-05-0000November 5, 1997 000000002006-04-28-0000April 28, 2006 8
Mark W. Olson Minneapolis 000000002001-12-07-0000December 7, 2001 000000002006-06-30-0000June 30, 2006 5
Susan S. Bies Chicago 000000002001-12-07-0000December 7, 2001 000000002007-03-30-0000March 30, 2007 5
Ben S. Bernanke Atlanta 000000002002-08-05-0000August 5, 2002 000000002005-06-21-0000June 21, 2005 3
Donald L. Kohn Kansas City 000000002002-08-05-0000August 5, 2002 000000002010-09-01-0000September 1, 2010 8
Ben S. Bernanke Atlanta 000000002006-02-01-0000February 1, 2006 000000002014-01-31-0000January 31, 2014 8 Chairman (2006–2014)
Kevin M. Warsh New York 000000002006-02-24-0000February 24, 2006 000000002011-04-02-0000April 2, 2011 5
Randall S. Kroszner Richmond 000000002006-03-01-0000March 1, 2006 000000002009-01-21-0000January 21, 2009 3
Frederic S. Mishkin Boston 000000002006-09-05-0000September 5, 2006 000000002008-08-31-0000August 31, 2008 2
Elizabeth A. Duke Philadelphia 000000002008-08-05-0000August 5, 2008 000000002013-08-31-0000August 31, 2013 5
Daniel Tarullo Boston 000000002009-01-28-0000January 28, 2009 000000002017-04-05-0000April 5, 2017 8
Janet Yellen San Francisco 000000002010-10-04-0000October 4, 2010 000000002024-01-31-0000January 31, 2024 (Incumbent) Chair (2014–present)
Sarah Bloom Raskin Richmond 000000002010-10-04-0000October 4, 2010 000000002014-03-13-0000March 13, 2014 3
Jerome Powell New York 000000002012-05-25-0000May 25, 2012 000000002028-01-31-0000January 31, 2028 (Incumbent)
Jeremy C. Stein Chicago 000000002012-05-30-0000May 30, 2012 000000002014-05-28-0000May 28, 2014 2
Stanley Fischer New York 000000002014-05-28-0000May 28, 2014 000000002017-10-13-0000October 13, 2017 3
Lael Brainard Richmond 000000002014-06-16-0000June 16, 2014 000000002026-01-31-0000January 31, 2026 (Incumbent)
Randal Quarles 000000002017-10-13-0000October 13, 2017 000000002018-01-31-0000January 31, 2018 (Incumbent) Vice Chair for Supervision (2017–present)
Source: [8]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d See 12 U.S.C. § 241
^ Jump up to: a b c Federal Reserve (January 16, 2009). "Board of Governors FAQ". Federal Reserve. Archived from the original on January 17, 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
Jump up ^ 12 U.S.C. § 247.
^ Jump up to: a b c d See 12 U.S.C. § 242.
Jump up ^ "FRB: Board Members". Federalreserve.gov. 2013-09-03. Retrieved 2014-01-11.
Jump up ^ "About the Fed" on the Federal Reserve Board of Governors website
Jump up ^ http://www.federalreservehistory.org/People/DetailView/87
Jump up ^ [1] Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. (n.d.). Board Members.
External links[edit]
Federal Reserve List of Governors
Nomination hearings for Chairmen and Members of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
Public Statements of Federal Reserve Board Members and Chairmen
Minutes of Meetings of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
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text:
Sara Lance
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Sara Lance
Arrowverse character
Caity Lotz as Sara Lance / White Canary
in Legends of Tomorrow
First appearance
Arrow:
"Pilot" (1.01)
October 10, 2012
Created by
Greg Berlanti
Marc Guggenheim
Andrew Kreisberg
Portrayed by
Jacqueline MacInnes Wood (2012)
Caity Lotz (2013–present)
Years
2012–present
Information
Aliases
The Canary, Ta-er al-Usfar (الطائر الأصفر), The White Canary
Family
Dinah Lance (mother)
Quentin Lance (father)
Laurel Lance (sister)
Significant other(s)
Oliver Queen
Nyssa al Ghul
Ava Sharpe
Affiliations
League of Assassins
Team Arrow
Legends (leader)
Abilities
Master assassin, martial artist, and tactician
Sidearm
Bō-staff
Sara Lance is a fictional character originally created for the television series Arrow, which is based on the DC Comics superhero Green Arrow. The character was created specifically for television by Greg Berlanti, Marc Guggenheim and Andrew Kreisberg, but incorporates character and plot elements of the Black Canary, a DC Comics superhero. Originally portrayed by Jacqueline MacInnes Wood in Arrow's pilot, she has been portrayed by Caity Lotz since the second season. She initially fights in Arrow under the moniker of The Canary, translated from her Arabic League of Assassins name Ta-er al-Usfar (Yellow Bird), and later adopts the codename White Canary on the Arrow spin-off Legends of Tomorrow.
Sara Lance has also appeared in a digital comic book series, and while the character was initially introduced as a recurring character on Arrow, Lotz has also appeared in the spin-off series The Flash, adjacent series Supergirl, and is currently a cast member on Legends of Tomorrow.
Contents
[hide]
1 Appearances
1.1 Arrow
1.2 Legends of Tomorrow
2 Creation and development
3 Reception
4 In other media
5 References
Appearances[edit]
Arrow[edit]
Sara Lance first appears in the pilot episode of Arrow as the younger sister of Laurel Lance (Katie Cassidy), the future Black Canary. It's shown that five years prior to the beginning of the series, she was having a secret affair with her sister's boyfriend Oliver Queen (Stephen Amell) and was with him on his family yacht when it shipwrecked. Everyone on board was presumed dead but flashbacks in season two reveal that, like Oliver, Sara actually survived the experience. She was rescued by a research boat, the Amazo, and when Oliver was captured by the ship's crew, Sara helped him escape. Together, along with Oliver's friend Slade Wilson (Manu Bennett), they attacked the ship. Due to Slade's love for Shado, an ally who was killed indirectly because of Oliver's feelings for Sara, Slade betrayed Oliver and took over both the ship and Oliver as his prisoner. Oliver and Sara confronted him on the freighter and Sara was swept away in the current, causing Oliver to believe that she died once again. However, Sara was found by Nyssa al Ghul (Katrina Law) who took her to Nanda Parbat. She and Nyssa became lovers, and Sara became a deadly fighter with the League of Assassins under the name Ta-er al-Sahfer, roughly translated to "Yellow Bird" or "Canary" from Arabic.
In season two, Sara returns to Starling City after a six year absence as "The Canary" to protect her family. In keeping with a promise, she also befriends wayward teenager Sin and watches over her. Oliver manages to capture and unmask The Canary, revealing Sara to be alive. She eventually informs her father, SCPD Detective Quentin Lance (Paul Blackthorne), and looks after him and Laurel (who also later discovers she’s alive as is a vigilante). Sara joins Team Arrow and revisits a brief relationship with Oliver. She aids him and his colleagues Felicity Smoak (Emily Bett Rickards), John Diggle (David Ramsey), and Roy Harper (Colton Haynes) in taking down a drug-enhanced Slade Wilson, with help from the League of Assassins, which requires Sara to return to Nanda Parbat.
In season three, Sara is killed on a rooftop with three arrows to the chest. Some time later, it was revealed that Thea (Willa Holland) killed Sara after being drugged by her father Malcolm Merlyn/Dark Archer (John Barrowman) as part of a plot to pit Oliver against Ra's al Ghul (Matt Nable). Meanwhile, Laurel takes up Sara's mantle to fight crime as the Black Canary.
In season four, Laurel resurrects Sara using the League's mystical Lazarus Pit. The process is successful, but Sara is brought back to life without a soul, making her feral and dangerous. Oliver calls his old friend John Constantine (Matt Ryan) to assist them in restoring Sara's soul. Days later, Sara aids in rescuing Ray Palmer/The Atom (Brandon Routh) from the hands of Damien Darhk (Neal McDonough), before leaving town to find herself, eventually joining the Legends along with Ray. During her time away with the Legends, Laurel is killed by Darhk and she is later made aware of it by Quentin when she briefly returns to present-day Star City at the end of season one of Legends of Tomorrow, where she and Quentin mourn her together.
Sara, along with Ray and the rest of the Legends, return for the season five crossover “Invasion!” when Barry Allen/The Flash (Grant Gustin) and his team contact her, informing her and the Legends that them and the rest of the heroes in the present day need help fighting an invasion from an alien race known as the Dominators. The Legends arrive and meet up with Team Flash and Team Arrow, then introduce themselves to Barry’s friend from Earth-38 Kara Danvers/Supergirl (Melissa Benoist), whom he had brought over to help combat the Dominators. After Oliver appoints Barry leader of the group, they all spar with Kara to practice fighting aliens, and are repeatedly defeated, while Sara develops an attraction to Kara. When Barry is forced to reveal that he had went back in time to save his mother then reversed the decision which now altered some of the group’s lives a bit, Sara scolds him and everyone except Oliver and a few others lose faith in him. Kara leads Sara and the others while Barry and Oliver stay behind to rescue the president from the Dominators, which ends up with the president being killed and the Dominators using a device to mind control the entire group. She returns with the rest of the mind-controlled heroes and attack Barry and Oliver, until Barry tricks Kara into destroying the device, freeing them. They regroup and after they reaffirm their faith in Barry, five of them (Sara, Oliver, Ray, Thea, and Diggle) are abducted by the Dominators and placed in pods which puts them in a shared dream world, where Sara, Oliver, and his father never got on the Queen’s Gambit and all of Oliver fallen friends including Laurel are still alive. Oliver and Laurel are engaged and Sara helps Laurel get ready for their wedding, and begins having memory flashes of her actual life. She later saves Oliver and Diggle from a manifestation of Deathstroke, and the three realize that the world they’re in isn’t real. They later rally Ray and Thea and attempt to leave, but are forced to fight manifestations of Malcolm, Slade, Darhk, and their mercenaries before killing all of them and Sara and Oliver share a heartbreaking goodbye with Laurel. They wake up on the Dominator ship in the real world and escape in a pod before being rescued by the Legends’ timeship Waverider. They conclude the dream world was a distraction meant to keep them busy while the Dominators probe their minds for information on metahumans. They return to earth and as some of the Legends along with Felicity and Cisco Ramon (Carlos Valdes) head to the past and attempt to abduct a dominator, Sara, Barry, Oliver, and Ray confront a group of secret service agents who attempt to kill them, but are defeated. Their leader informs them that the Dominators are after metahumas due to being aware Barry’s changing of the timeline and perceive them as a threat. After Barry attempts to surrender himself to the Dominators in exchange for them leaving earth, Sara and the rest of the heroes persuade him not to, and she pilots the Waverider with Cisco to hold the Dominator’s freefalling metabomb in place using a tractor beam while Jefferson Jackson/Firestorm (Franz Drameh) transforms it into harmless water and the heroes on the ground use a pain-inflicting device to force the Dominators to flee. Sara and the other heroes are honored by the new President later that night and celebrate, before sharing a hug with Oliver and returning to the Waverider with the rest of the Legends.
She briefly returns in season six when she receives a call from her sister’s doppelgänger, the recently reformed criminal from Earth-2 Laurel Lance/Black Siren (also portrayed by Katie Cassidy), who informs her that Quentin had been seriously injured in the battle against Ricardo Diaz and is in the hospital. Sara arrives and meets her deceased sister’s doppleganger (whom had developed a genuine father-daughter relationship with Quentin and they refer to each other as such), and she thanks Earth-2 Laurel for calling her after Laurel thanks her for coming. Laurel tells her that the doctors are optimistic he’ll make it and asks Sara if it’s weird seeing her which she replies that it is a little. Sara asks if she’s like her Laurel, which Laurel replies she hardly is at all, visually disappointed with herself. The two witness Oliver being arrested for being the Green Arrow per the condition of his agreement with the FBI in exchange that they help fight Ricardo Diaz and his allies. The doctor comes and informs everyone present that Quentin had died from lack of oxygen in his head during surgery, leaving Sara, Laurel, Oliver, and the rest of Team Arrow devastated. Later as Oliver (under the direction of the FBI) announces to the world he is the Green Arrow on live TV before being taken to prison, Sara and Laurel mourn together over Quentin’s body.
Legends of Tomorrow[edit]
In the spin-off series, DC's Legends of Tomorrow, Sara is recruited by Rip Hunter (Arthur Darvill) to a time travelling team of rejects aimed at defeating the immortal villain Vandal Savage (Casper Crump). Before she departs, Laurel gives Sara the White Canary name and outfit to signify her new start. Over the course of the first season, Sara continues her battle with blood-lust; sets in motion the events that will lead to her own rescue by Nyssa; romances many women throughout history; and develops a flirtatious relationship with Leonard Snart (Wentworth Miller), with the two sharing a kiss in the penultimate episode of the season before Snart sacrifices himself for the team. The Legends return to 2016 a few months after they left and Sara is devastated to learn of Laurel's murder. Sara wants to go back and save her sister but Rip tells her that would only get herself and her father killed.
In season two, Sara becomes captain of the Waverider and leader of the Legends following Rip's disappearance. She mercilessly hunts her sister's killer, Damien Darhk, throughout history before accepting that she cannot bring Laurel back due to the delicacy of time. In the "Invasion!" crossover event, Sara and the Legends return to 2016 to aid Team Arrow, Team Flash, and Earth-38's Supergirl (Melissa Benoist) in repelling the Dominators' alien invasion. In the second season finale, Sara is forced to use the Spear of Destiny to save reality from the Legion of Doom. While tempted to rewrite her own tragic history, the Spear briefly reunites Sara with a projection of Laurel, who encourages Sara to do what's right and make peace with her death. Sara then chooses to render the Spear itself inert, foiling the evil plans of Eobard Thawne (Matt Letscher) and allowing him to be killed by the Black Flash, who has been hunting him all season.
In season three of Legends, Sara continues to lead the Waverider crew as they track down and repair anachronisms throughout time, working in an antagonistic partnership with Rip Hunter's new bureaucratic organization, the Time Bureau. In the four-part crossover "Crisis on Earth-X," Sara travels to 2017 to attend the wedding of Barry Allen (Grant Gustin) and Iris West (Candice Patton), where she has a one-night stand with Supergirl's adoptive sister Alex Danvers (Chyler Leigh). The assembled heroes work together to repel an invading Nazi army from the alternate world of Earth-X. While confronting the demonic entity Mallus (John Noble) alongside her old friend John Constantine, Sara and Constantine hook up, despite her ongoing romantic tension with Time Bureau agent Ava Sharpe (Jes Macallan). Ava and Sara become girlfriends in subsequent episodes, but break up after Sara is temporarily possessed by Mallus through the death totem and reasons that, given her history with death and destruction, she poses a danger to Ava.
Creation and development[edit]
Jacqueline MacInnes Wood was cast as Sara Lance in March 2012.[1] Caity Lotz was announced to be playing Arrow's version of Black Canary during July 2013. During the same month it was revealed that her character is Sara, who had survived the Queen's Gambit shipwreck.[2][3]
According to Arrow producer Andrew Kreisberg, Sara was originally meant to be Ravager but they decided to give that role to Summer Glau's character Isabel Rochev instead. After the switch was made, Sara was made into the Canary.[4]
After the character's death during the shows third season, it was announced in February 2015 that Caity Lotz would become a cast member on Legends of Tomorrow,[5] though it was not until May that they revealed she would continue to play Sara instead of a new character.[6]
Reception[edit]
The revelation in the season two episode, "Heir to the Demon", that Sara is bisexual and has been in a relationship with Nyssa al Ghul was positively received by critics as it made her the first character from either Marvel or DC to be explicitly shown as queer in either the movies or TV shows.[7][8] IGN's Jesse Schedeen praised the relationship between Sara and Wentworth Miller's character Leonard Snart, as well as the chemistry between Lotz and Miller, calling their "faint romantic tension that existed between [them] since the first episode" containing more weight than many of the other relationships on the show.[9]
In other media[edit]
White Canary made her playable debut in the mobile-exclusive edition of Injustice 2, with her Legends of Tomorrow attire as an alternate skin for Black Canary.
The character also features in the tie-in novel Arrow: Fatal Legacies which was released in January 2018. The novel focuses on events between the fifth season finale and sixth season premiere of Arrow[10] and is co-authored by Arrow executive producer Marc Guggenheim and author James R. Tuck.[11]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Byrne, Craig (March 27, 2012). "Jacqueline MacInnes Wood To Play Sarah Lance In The CW's Arrow Pilot". KsiteTV. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie. "Exclusive: Arrow Boss Sets the Record Straight on Black Canary Casting". TVGuide. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Prudom, Laura. "Black Canary On 'Arrow': CW President Mark Pedowitz Shares More On The Superhero's Origin Story". Huffington Post. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Moore, Trent. "Arrow producer explains shocking final scene (+ who ALMOST played Ravager)". blastr. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie. "Arrow/Flash Superhero Team-Up Spinoff In Works At CW; Brandon Routh, Victor Garber, Wentworth Miller, Caity Lotz Star". Deadline. Deadline.com. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Rowand, Jack. "DC's Legends of Tomorrow reveals Caity Lotz's character". Retrieved December 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Rude, Mey. "Black Canary is a Totally Bisexual Superhero on "Arrow," Kissed A Hot Lady On TV Last Night". AutoStraddle. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie. "Arrow Producers Talk LGBT Storyline, Ra's al Ghul and Reveal Deleted Scene". TVGuide. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Schedeen, Jesse. "DC's Legends of Tomorrow:"Destiny" Review". IGN. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wickline, Dan (August 12, 2017). "Marc Guggenheim To Write Novel Connecting Arrow Seasons 5 and 6". Retrieved November 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Arrow: Fatal Legacies". Penguin Random House Retail. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
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text:
45th parallel north
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
45°
45th parallel north
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap · Google Maps
Download coordinates as: KML · GPX
The 45th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 45 degrees north of Earth's equator. It crosses Europe, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean. The 45th parallel north is often called the halfway point between the Equator and the North Pole, but the true halfway point is actually 16.2 km (10.1 mi) north of the 45th parallel because Earth is an oblate spheroid; that is, it bulges at the equator and is flattened at the poles.[1]
At this latitude, the Sun is visible for 15 hours 37 minutes during the summer solstice, and 8 hours 46 minutes during the winter solstice. The midday Sun stands 21.6° above the southern horizon at the December solstice, 68.4° at the June solstice, and exactly 45.0° at either equinox.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Around the world
2 North America
3 Asia
4 Europe
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Around the world[edit]
Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 45° north passes through:
Co-ordinates
Country, territory
or sea
Notes
45°0′N 0°0′E / 45.000°N 0.000°E / 45.000; 0.000 (Prime Meridian)
France
Aquitaine
Midi-Pyrénées
Limousin
Auvergne
Rhône-Alpes – passing just south of Grenoble
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
45°0′N 6°44′E / 45.000°N 6.733°E / 45.000; 6.733 (Italy)
Italy
Piedmont – passing just south of Turin
Lombardy - passing by Voghera
Emilia-Romagna – passing just south of Piacenza
Lombardy
Veneto – passing just south of Rovigo
45°0′N 12°27′E / 45.000°N 12.450°E / 45.000; 12.450 (Adriatic Sea)
Adriatic Sea
Gulf of Venice
45°0′N 13°44′E / 45.000°N 13.733°E / 45.000; 13.733 (Croatia)
Croatia
Istrian Peninsula, islands of Cres and Krk, and the mainland again
45°0′N 15°46′E / 45.000°N 15.767°E / 45.000; 15.767 (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
45°0′N 18°44′E / 45.000°N 18.733°E / 45.000; 18.733 (Croatia)
Croatia
45°0′N 19°6′E / 45.000°N 19.100°E / 45.000; 19.100 (Serbia)
Serbia
Passing through the centre of Ruma and through northern part of Sremska Mitrovica
Passing through the northern edge of Stara Pazova, 30 kilometres NW of Belgrade
45°0′N 21°24′E / 45.000°N 21.400°E / 45.000; 21.400 (Romania)
Romania
Passing just north of Ploieşti and just south of Târgu Jiu
45°0′N 29°39′E / 45.000°N 29.650°E / 45.000; 29.650 (Black Sea)
Black Sea
45°0′N 33°36′E / 45.000°N 33.600°E / 45.000; 33.600 (Ukraine)
Ukraine
Crimea (claimed and controlled by Russia) – passing just north of Simferopol, and just south of Feodosiya
45°0′N 35°24′E / 45.000°N 35.400°E / 45.000; 35.400 (Black Sea)
Black Sea
45°0′N 37°13′E / 45.000°N 37.217°E / 45.000; 37.217 (Russia)
Russia
Passing just south of Krasnodar, and just south of Stavropol
45°0′N 47°15′E / 45.000°N 47.250°E / 45.000; 47.250 (Caspian Sea)
Caspian Sea
45°0′N 51°4′E / 45.000°N 51.067°E / 45.000; 51.067 (Kazakhstan)
Kazakhstan
Mangystau Province
45°0′N 56°0′E / 45.000°N 56.000°E / 45.000; 56.000 (Uzbekistan)
Uzbekistan
Karakalpakstan (autonomous republic) – including Vozrozhdeniya Island in the Aral Sea
45°0′N 59°50′E / 45.000°N 59.833°E / 45.000; 59.833 (Kazakhstan)
Kazakhstan
Kyzylorda Province
South Kazakhstan Province
Zhambyl Province
Almaty Province
45°0′N 80°2′E / 45.000°N 80.033°E / 45.000; 80.033 (China)
People's Republic of China
Xinjiang
45°0′N 93°13′E / 45.000°N 93.217°E / 45.000; 93.217 (Mongolia)
Mongolia
Govi-Altai Province
Bayankhongor Province
Övörkhangai Province
Dundgovi Province
Dornogovi Province
45°0′N 111°46′E / 45.000°N 111.767°E / 45.000; 111.767 (China)
People's Republic of China
Inner Mongolia
45°0′N 112°31′E / 45.000°N 112.517°E / 45.000; 112.517 (Mongolia)
Mongolia
Sükhbaatar Province
45°0′N 114°7′E / 45.000°N 114.117°E / 45.000; 114.117 (China)
People's Republic of China
Inner Mongolia
Jilin
Heilongjiang
45°0′N 131°30′E / 45.000°N 131.500°E / 45.000; 131.500 (Russia)
Russia
Primorsky Krai
45°0′N 136°37′E / 45.000°N 136.617°E / 45.000; 136.617 (Sea of Japan)
Sea of Japan
Passing just south of Rishiri Island, Japan
45°0′N 141°41′E / 45.000°N 141.683°E / 45.000; 141.683 (Japan)
Japan
Hokkaidō
45°0′N 142°32′E / 45.000°N 142.533°E / 45.000; 142.533 (Sea of Okhotsk)
Sea of Okhotsk
45°0′N 147°31′E / 45.000°N 147.517°E / 45.000; 147.517 (Kuril Islands)
Kuril Islands
Island of Iturup, administered by Russia, claimed by Japan
45°0′N 147°59′E / 45.000°N 147.983°E / 45.000; 147.983 (Pacific Ocean)
Pacific Ocean
45°0′N 124°1′W / 45.000°N 124.017°W / 45.000; -124.017 (United States)
United States
Oregon
Idaho
Montana
Montana / Wyoming border (approximate)
South Dakota
Minnesota – passing through Minneapolis
Wisconsin – passing through a 45×90 point (halfway between the North Pole and the Equator, and halfway between the Prime Meridian and the 180th meridian)
45°0′N 87°37′W / 45.000°N 87.617°W / 45.000; -87.617 (Lake Michigan)
Lake Michigan
Green Bay – territorial waters of the United States
45°0′N 87°21′W / 45.000°N 87.350°W / 45.000; -87.350 (United States)
United States
Wisconsin – Door Peninsula
45°0′N 87°9′W / 45.000°N 87.150°W / 45.000; -87.150 (Lake Michigan)
Lake Michigan
Territorial waters of the United States
45°0′N 86°9′W / 45.000°N 86.150°W / 45.000; -86.150 (United States)
United States
Michigan – South Manitou Island
45°0′N 86°5′W / 45.000°N 86.083°W / 45.000; -86.083 (Lake Michigan)
Lake Michigan
Territorial waters of the United States
45°0′N 85°46′W / 45.000°N 85.767°W / 45.000; -85.767 (United States)
United States
Michigan – Leelanau Peninsula (Leelanau County)
45°0′N 86°5′W / 45.000°N 86.083°W / 45.000; -86.083 (Lake Michigan)
Lake Michigan
Grand Traverse Bay – territorial waters of the United States
45°0′N 85°47′W / 45.000°N 85.783°W / 45.000; -85.783 (United States)
United States
Michigan (Antrim County, Otsego County, Montmorency County, and Alpena County)
45°0′N 83°26′W / 45.000°N 83.433°W / 45.000; -83.433 (Lake Huron)
Lake Huron
Territorial waters of the United States and Canada
45°0′N 81°27′W / 45.000°N 81.450°W / 45.000; -81.450 (Canada)
Canada
Ontario – Bruce Peninsula
45°0′N 81°11′W / 45.000°N 81.183°W / 45.000; -81.183 (Lake Huron)
Lake Huron
Georgian Bay – territorial waters of Canada
45°0′N 79°59′W / 45.000°N 79.983°W / 45.000; -79.983 (Canada)
Canada
Ontario
45°0′N 74°54′W / 45.000°N 74.900°W / 45.000; -74.900 (United States)
United States
New York – for about 10 km
45°0′N 74°46′W / 45.000°N 74.767°W / 45.000; -74.767 (Canada)
Canada
Ontario – Cornwall Island
Quebec – running just north of the border with New York, United States
45°0′N 73°54′W / 45.000°N 73.900°W / 45.000; -73.900 (United States)
United States
New York – running just south of the border with Quebec, Canada
Vermont – running just south of the border with Quebec, Canada
New Hampshire
Maine
45°0′N 67°4′W / 45.000°N 67.067°W / 45.000; -67.067 (Passamaquoddy Bay)
Passamaquoddy Bay
45°0′N 67°0′W / 45.000°N 67.000°W / 45.000; -67.000 (Canada)
Canada
Deer Island, New Brunswick
45°0′N 66°57′W / 45.000°N 66.950°W / 45.000; -66.950 (Bay of Fundy)
Bay of Fundy
Territorial waters of Canada
45°0′N 65°10′W / 45.000°N 65.167°W / 45.000; -65.167 (Canada)
Canada
Nova Scotia
45°0′N 61°57′W / 45.000°N 61.950°W / 45.000; -61.950 (Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
45°0′N 1°12′W / 45.000°N 1.200°W / 45.000; -1.200 (France)
France
Aquitaine – passing just north of Bordeaux
North America[edit]
The 45th parallel approximately defines most of the border between Montana and Wyoming in the United States.
Historical marker marking the 45th parallel in New Hampshire.
The 45th parallel approximately defines part of the international border between Quebec, Canada, and New York and Vermont, United States.
Marker on Interstate 5 near Keizer, Oregon.
45th parallel marker in Roseville, Minnesota
In North America, the 45th parallel forms some boundaries, and passes through the U.S. states of Oregon, Idaho, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine and through the Canadian provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.
All of mainland New Brunswick lies north of the 45th parallel. The southernmost point in mainland New Brunswick, just north of the 45th parallel, is Greens Point, approximately 90 kilometres (56 mi) west of Saint John. Approximately two-thirds of Deer Island, plus all of Campobello and Grand Manan islands, are south of the 45th parallel.
The parallel roughly bisects mainland Nova Scotia. Halifax is approximately 40 km (25 mi) south of the parallel.
The 45th parallel roughly marks the national border between the United States and Canada between the St. Lawrence and Connecticut rivers (the northern borders of the U.S. states of New York and Vermont with the Canadian province of Quebec), where the parallel is sometimes called the "Canada line". The actual boundary of Vermont lies approximately 1 kilometre (3,300 ft) north of the parallel due to an error in the 1772 survey.[3]
In Michigan, the Old Mission Peninsula in Grand Traverse Bay ends just shy of the 45th parallel. Many guidebooks and signs at the Mission Point Lighthouse describe it as being halfway between the equator and north pole. When the Grand Traverse Bay recedes below normal level, it is possible to walk out to the exact line.
Farther west, the line roughly bisects the metropolitan area of Minneapolis-St. Paul. In the Western United States, the parallel passes through the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains, intersecting the Pacific coast in Oregon.
The 45th parallel makes up most of the boundary between Montana and Wyoming.
Throughout the United States the parallel is marked in many places on highways by a sign proclaiming that the location is halfway between the North Pole and the equator.[4]
Asia[edit]
Continuing west, the parallel passes over vast stretches of the North Pacific Ocean before passing through Rishiri-Rebun-Sarobetsu National Park and the adjacent town of Horonobe on the northern tip of Hokkaidō, the northernmost of Japan's main islands. It continues through the northern part of the Sea of Japan, entering the Asian mainland on the coast of Primorsky Krai in Russia, north of Vladivostok.
At Khanka Lake it enters northeast China, cutting across Heilongjiang and continuing through part of Jilin and eastern Inner Mongolia. Transecting southern Mongolia it passes through the provinces of Sükhbaatar, Dornogovi (and its capital Sainshand), Dundgovi, Övörkhangai, Bayankhongor, Govi-Altai, and Khovd. In northwest China it passes through the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang and the oil city of Karamay.
The parallel passes through southern Kazakhstan, intersecting the city of Burylbaytal at the southern tip of Lake Balkhash and the city of Qyzylorda further west. At the border with Uzbekistan it bisects the Aral Sea and its toxic Vozrozhdeniya Island peninsula, site of an abandoned Soviet bioweapons laboratory. It skirts the northern edge of the Ustyurt Plateau, entering back into Kazakhstan before cutting across the northern tip of the Caspian Sea and into Europe and Russia.
Europe[edit]
Sundial at the 45th parallel in Senj, Croatia.
In Europe the 45th parallel stretches between the Caspian Sea coast of the Russian Caucasus in the east and Bay of Biscay coast of France in the west. In Russia it runs from the west coast of the Caspian Sea to the east coast of the Black Sea, through the Republic of Kalmykia, Stavropol Krai and its capital Stavropol, and Krasnodar Krai and its capital Krasnodar. In Ukraine it crosses the Crimea and its capital Simferopol.
Further west it passes through the Balkans: Romania (just north of Ploieşti, and through Târgu Jiu), the Serbian autonomous province of Vojvodina, the eastern tip of Croatia, the northern edge of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and a section of Adriatic Croatia. The capital city of Serbia – Belgrade is just south of the parallel.
In northern Italy it parallels the river Po, near Rovigo, passing by Voghera, then just south of Turin before passing into France in the Cottian Alps.
In France, it crosses the river Rhône at Pont-de-l'Isère, just north of Valence, Drôme and through Grenoble. It then continues across the Massif Central and into the Aquitaine region. The city of Bordeaux is just south of the parallel.
See also[edit]
45th parallel south
44th parallel north
46th parallel north
45×90 points
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060502045609/http://www.go.ednet.ns.ca/~mag/files/midway.htm
Jump up ^ http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/Dur_OneYear.php
Jump up ^ "The Canada-U.S. Border - Townships Heritage WebMagazine". townshipsheritage.com. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Concord Monitor: "New Hampshire is halfway between the equator and the North Pole – just don't ask where"". concordmonitor.com. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 45th parallel north.
The 45th Parallel at the Minnesota Museum of the Mississippi and Other Natural Wonders
From the Minas Astronomy Group: Midway from the Equator to the North Pole
45th Parallel Markers
Degree Confluence Project
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values: خط عرض 45° شمال – Arabic

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interlanguage-link interwiki-da
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values: مدار ۴۵ درجه شمالی – Persian

values: 45-րդ հյուսիսային զուգահեռական – Armenian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
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interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo
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interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
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values: 45-та паралель північної широти – Ukrainian

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values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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