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Family Guy (season 7)
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Family Guy (season 7)
DVD covers for Volumes 7 and 8
Starring
Seth MacFarlane
Alex Borstein
Seth Green
Mila Kunis
Mike Henry
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
16
Release
Original network
Fox
Original release
September 28, 2008 – May 17, 2009
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 6
Next →
Season 8
List of Family Guy episodes
Family Guy's seventh season first aired on the Fox network in sixteen episodes from September 28, 2008 to May 17, 2009 before being released as two DVD box sets and syndicated. The animated television series follows the dysfunctional Griffin family (father Peter, mother Lois, daughter Meg, son Chris, baby Stewie and their anthropomorphic dog Brian), who reside in the town of Quahog. The show features the voices of series creator Seth MacFarlane, Alex Borstein, Seth Green, and Mila Kunis in the roles of the Griffin family. The executive producers for the seventh season were MacFarlane, Danny Smith, David Goodman and Chris Sheridan. Goodman and Sheridan served as showrunners for season seven.
The season included hold-over episodes from the sixth season, which was cut short due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. It received a mixed reception from critics, the more-negative reviews criticizing the overuse of cutaways and the more positive praising its story-based episodes.[1] The seventh season contains some of the series' most acclaimed episodes (including "Road to Germany" and "Family Gay") and controversial episodes like "420", which caused the Venezuelan government to ban the show from its networks.[2] The seventh season was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series,[3] making Family Guy the first animated series to be nominated in this category since The Flintstones in 1961.[3]
The Volume Seven DVD box set was released in Region 1 on June 16, 2009,[4] Region 2 on November 2, 2009[5] and Region 4 on September 29, 2009.[6] Nine of the sixteen episodes are included in this volume. The remaining seven episodes of the season were released on the Volume Eight DVD box set in Region 1 on June 15, 2010,[7] Region 2 on November 1, 2010[8] and Region 4 on June 15, 2011.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Production
1.1 Crew
1.2 Cast
2 Reception
2.1 Awards and nominations
3 Episodes
4 DVD release
5 References
6 External links
Production[edit]
Seth MacFarlane sided with the Writers Guild on their strike.
The season premiered September 28, 2008 with the episode "Love, Blactually" airing on Fox Broadcasting Company in the United States. During the sixth season of the show, episodes of Family Guy and American Dad! were delayed from regular broadcast due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. Series creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane sided with the Writers Guild and participated in the strike until its conclusion.[10][11] Official production of Family Guy was halted for most of December 2007 and intermittent periods afterwards. Fox continued producing episodes without MacFarlane's final approval; although he refused to work on the show during the strike, his contract with Fox required him to contribute to any episodes it subsequently produced.[12] Due to this, most sixth-season episodes had to be pushed back to this one; this left the sixth season with only twelve episodes, and the seventh season began with hold-overs from the previous one.[11]
Crew[edit]
Richard Appel, executive producer and writer of "Family Guy"
David Zuckerman, MacFarlane, Danny Smith, David Goodman and Chris Sheridan were the executive producers for the season.[13] Richard Appel, Steve Callaghan, Mark Hentemann and Brian Scully were co-executive producers.[14] Other producers included Mike Henry, Patrick Meighan, Tom Devanney, Alec Sulkin, Wellesley Wild, John L. Jacobs, Kara Vallow, Kirker Butler, Shannon Smith, Cherry Chevapravatdumrong, Kim Fertman and Brandi Young.[13][14]
The writing staff included John Viener, Andrew Goldberg, Matt Fleckenstein, Andrew Gormley, Alex Carter, executive producers Chris Sheridan, Danny Smith, co-executive producers Richard Appel, Mark Hentemann, Brian Scully, supervising producers Mike Henry, Alec Sulkin, Wellesley Wild and co-producers Cherry Chevapravatdumrong and Patrick Meighan. Each wrote one episode, except for Meighan, Sulkin and Chevapravatdumrong (who wrote two each). There were nine directors for the sixteen episodes of the season, with Cyndi Tang, Greg Colton, Julius Wu, Brian Iles, Jerry Langford and Dominic Bianchi directing two episodes each. Peter Shin and James Purdum were supervising directors for the entire season.[13] Walter Murphey composed the season's music tracks, while Stan Jones edited them.[14]
Cast[edit]
Patrick Stewart and the cast of Star Trek: The Next Generation guest-starred in "Not All Dogs Go to Heaven".
Season seven had a cast of five main actors. MacFarlane voiced Peter Griffin, a blue-collar worker and the patriarch of the Griffin family. The family's evil-genius baby Stewie, their anthropromorphic pet dog Brian, their sexually-active neighbor Glenn Quagmire, Peter's father-in-law Carter Pewterschmidt, local doctor Elmer Hartman and local news anchor Tom Tucker were also voiced by MacFarlane. Other members of the family include Peter's responsible-but-rebellious wife, Lois (voiced by Alex Borstein); their self-loathing teenage daughter, Meg (voiced by Mila Kunis) and their socially-awkward teenage son, Chris (voiced by Seth Green).[15] Mike Henry voiced the Griffins' neighbor (and Peter's friend) Cleveland Brown.[16]
The season had a number of secondary characters, including Lori Alan as Diane Simmons (a local news anchor);[17] Mike Henry as Cleveland Brown (a neighbor and friend of the Griffins); Patrick Warburton as Joe Swanson (a disabled neighbor)[18] and Jennifer Tilly as Bonnie Swanson (Joe's pregnant wife).[19] Adam West voices an alternative version of himself, Mayor Adam West.[20] Other recurring characters include Phil LaMarr as Ollie Williams,[21] Johnny Brennan as Mort Goldman, Carrie Fisher as Angela, Mark Hentemann as Opie, Borstein as Trisha Takanawa and Henry as Bruce.[22][23] Staff members Danny Smith, Jon Viener and Alec Sulkin voiced several minor characters.[13] The season introduced New Brian (voiced by Viener),[24] a replacement for the older Brian and Susie, the Swansons' newborn daughter.
The season also included guest actors voicing themselves, including Frank Sinatra, Jr., Seth Rogen, Lauren Conrad, Johnny Knoxville, Jay Leno, Craig Ferguson, Audrina Patridge, Sinbad, Patrick Stewart, LeVar Burton, Gates McFadden, Brent Spiner, Michael Dorn, Jonathan Frakes, Wil Wheaton, Denise Crosby and Rob Lowe.[20][25][26]
Reception[edit]
The seventh-season premiere was viewed by 9.2 million viewers,[27] a significantly-higher number than those watching the sixth-season finale.[28] In the weeks following "Love Blactually", viewership hovered around 8 million. "Baby Not On Board" was the most-viewed episode of the season, with 9.97 million views and a 5.0 Nielsen rating.[29]
Ahsan Haque of IGN graded the seventh season of Family Guy 8.2 out of a possible 10, saying that it was a "very competent season" for the show.[30] He praised the use of the show's hallmark pop-culture references and the writers' more story-driven episodes.[30] Haque considered "Road to Germany" as the highlight of the season and regarded "The Juice is Loose" and "Baby Not On Board" as the poorest, citing them as examples of what the show could be when the writers "choose not to put in any effort".[30] In 2009, IGN included the Star Trek: The Next Generation cast reunion in "Not All Dogs Go to Heaven" in its countdown of "Family Guy's Top 10 Star Trek Moments".[31] Later that year, it included the "Raining Bitches" and the "Boom Goes The Dynamite" moments (both from "Love Blactually") in its "Family Guy's Top 10 Cleveland Moments".[32][33] In 2010, IGN put "Road to Germany" on its list of "Stewie and Brian's Greatest Adventures".[34]
Casey Burchby from DVD Talk gave a mixed review to Volume Seven of Family Guy; he noted that while a lot of the jokes are obvious and not funny in the show's context, there are standout episodes such as "I Dream of Jesus" and "Baby Not On Board". He also praised "Road to Germany", which "combines solid writing with some noteworthy design work".[1] Another writer from DVD Talk, Francis Rizzo III, reviewed Volume Eight and praised "Three Kings" for blending humor with the original films and its story-based narrative. He also pointed out that episodes like "420", "Not All Dogs Go to Heaven" and "FOX-y Lady" contained scenes which were like nothing seen on television before.[35]
Executive producer David A. Goodman responded to criticism from the Parents Television Council.
The Parents Television Council (a frequent critic of Family Guy) branded "Family Gay",[36] "Three Kings"[37] "420",[38] and "Stew-roids"[39] as the "worst show of the week," a title frequently given the series by the group. In response to its group's criticism, executive producer David Goodman claimed that Family Guy is "absolutely for adults" and he does not allow his own children to watch the show.[40] MacFarlane also responded to the PTC's decrees against the show in an interview with The Advocate:[41] "For an organization that prides itself on Christian values — I mean, I’m an atheist, so what do I know? — they spend their entire day hating people."[42]
Mixed assessments came from Robin Pierson of The TV Critic, giving the season an overall score of 49 out of 100.[43] Pierson said that the show had become "predictable, stale and irritating to watch" and that it had become "just like the TV shows it mocked". He criticized some episodes for "insulting their viewers' intelligence" and for being "badly written",[44][45] although he praised some of the stories for following a logical progression.[46] Pierson considered "We Love You Conrad" as the best episode of the season (rating it 67 out of 100),[47] and "Baby Not On Board" as the poorest (rating it 12).[48]
The Venezuelan government reacted negatively to "420", and banned Family Guy from their local networks (which generally air syndicated American programming).[2] Local station Televen was threatened with fines for broadcasting the show (which were avoided by airing an episode of Baywatch instead), and it aired public-service films as an apology.[2] Venezuelan Justice Minister Tareck El Aissami stated that any cable stations which refuse to stop airing the series would be fined, and he claimed that the program promoted the use of cannabis.[2]
Awards and nominations[edit]
The season was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series.[3] The last animated program to be nominated was The Flintstones in 1961.[49] Seth MacFarlane was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance for his role as Peter Griffin in "I Dream of Jesus".[50] MacFarlane was also nominated for an Annie Award for the same episode, but lost to Ahmed Best from Robot Chicken.[51] "Road to Germany" was nominated for a Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing, but lost to the Star Wars: The Clone Wars episode "Lair of Grievous".[52]
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Family Guy episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
111
1 "Love, Blactually" Cyndi Tang Mike Henry September 28, 2008 (2008-09-28) 6ACX03 9.20[53]
Brian begins dating a woman named Carolyn, but decides not to have sex with her because (as Stewie points out) none of his relationships have worked because he has sex immediately after they meet. After three weeks, Brian finds out that Carolyn is dating Cleveland because she thinks Brian only wants friendship. This leads Brian to convince Cleveland's ex-wife Loretta to reconcile with him so Brian can date Carolyn. Loretta invites Cleveland to a hotel to reconcile with him; however, Cleveland explains that he forgives her for cheating on him but he must move on with his life. Cleveland then visits Carolyn, whom he discovers is cheating on him with Quagmire. He goes to see Brian, and they make amends.
112
2 "I Dream of Jesus" Mike Kim Brian Scully October 5, 2008 (2008-10-05) 6ACX05 8.42[54]
Peter buys a record of his favorite song ("Surfin' Bird" by The Trashmen) and listens to it incessantly, annoying his family. Eventually, Stewie and Brian steal (and destroy) the record. Distraught, Peter goes to the record store for another copy and discovers that the clerk is Jesus Christ; Jesus explains that he returns every 100 years or so to check on the world. Peter befriends Jesus, and convinces him to reveal himself. Jesus then becomes a celebrity, neglecting his friendship with Peter; he is then found drunk in an apartment and arrested. Peter pays his bail; Jesus realizes he still has some maturing to do and decides to return to his home. Before he leaves, Jesus gives Peter a present: another record of "Surfin' Bird".
113
3 "Road to Germany" Greg Colton Patrick Meighan October 19, 2008 (2008-10-19) 6ACX08 9.07[55]
During a party at the Griffin house Mort Goldman accidentally steps into Stewie's time machine (mistaking it for a bathroom), forcing Brian and Stewie to take a return pad and go after him. They find Mort in a Warsaw, Poland synagogue, thinking he is in heaven since he sees dead family members there. They soon realize the date is September 1, 1939, the day of the Nazi invasion of Poland and the beginning of World War II. The return pad breaks and they decide to go to England, where it will be safe to repair it. In England, Stewie realizes that the return pad is out of uranium fuel and Brian suggests they find some in a nuclear-testing facility in Berlin. At the facility Stewie disguises himself as Hitler; the other two disguise themselves as Nazi officers, and obtain the needed uranium. They then encounter the real Hitler (who orders their execution), but they escape on the return pad back to their own time and arrives back in Stewie's room 30 seconds before Mort entered the time machine. To keep these events from repeating, Stewie kills the version of Mort who traveled with them.
114
4 "Baby Not on Board" Julius Wu Mark Hentemann November 2, 2008 (2008-11-02) 6ACX07 9.97[56]
The Griffins decide to take a trip to the Grand Canyon. They inadvertently leave Stewie in the house, not realizing it until they are in New York (where they call Cleveland and Quagmire to check on him). When Stewie realizes he is alone, he decides to enjoy his solitude. Cleveland and Quagmire arrive, Stewie mistakes them for intruders and sprays them with tear gas. Realizing his mistake, he chains them to the Griffins' basement wall. Lois becomes worried after not hearing from Cleveland or Quagmire, so the Griffins return home. After Stewie finishes all the food in the house he realizes he needs his family, and embraces them when they return.
115
5 "The Man with Two Brians" Dominic Bianchi John Viener November 9, 2008 (2008-11-09) 6ACX09 8.60[57]
When Brian is hurt, the Griffins think he may be getting too old. Peter buys a younger dog, whom he calls "New Brian". New Brian's upbeat attitude makes Brian feel unloved (especially when the Griffins begin ignoring him), and he decides to leave home. New Brian's relentless cheerfulness begins annoying Stewie, who asks Brian to return. Brian refuses, saying he will not come back if New Brian is there. Stewie tells New Brian he does not like him, and New Brian retaliates by revealing that he violated Rupert (Stewie's teddy bear). Angered, Stewie kills New Brian and forges a suicide note; the Griffins then take Brian back.
116
6 "Tales of a Third Grade Nothing" Jerry Langford Alex Carter November 16, 2008 (2008-11-16) 6ACX10 8.52[58]
Peter tries to get a promotion by impressing his boss Angela, which leads to his inadvertently blowing up part of a children's hospital. After he is then told he needs to finish third grade to get the promotion, he returns to school. Peter resents being there, and only passes the grade after winning a spelling bee. When he returns to his job for the promotion, Angela informs him he is under arrest for blowing up the hospital.
117
7 "Ocean's Three and a Half" John Holmquist Cherry Chevapravatdumrong February 15, 2009 (2009-02-15) 6ACX11 7.33[59]
Bonnie gives birth to her baby, a beautiful girl named Susie; however, Joe is unable to pay her medical bills. He turns to a loan shark for the money, and ends up in debt. Peter and his friends ask Carter for money to pay the debt, but Carter refuses. In a final act of desperation, Peter suggests that they rob Carter. However, when they reach Carter's vault Lois arrives and convinces Joe to stop. She talks Carter into providing the money, telling him she is using it for a divorce lawyer; when Peter asks her if she is joking, Lois says nothing (leaving Peter worried).
118
8 "Family Gay" Brian Iles Richard Appel March 8, 2009 (2009-03-08) 6ACX12 7.18[60]
Peter participates in medical experiments to pay off a debt. One includes his being injected with the "gay gene". Peter then becomes involved in a gay relationship, leaving his family heartbroken. Seeing how unhappy Lois is, Brian and Stewie plan to take Peter to a camp to "turn him straight". When Lois finds out she stops them, since she believes Peter has the right to be happy with whomever he chooses. Later that night the gay gene's effect wears off, and Peter returns to his family.
119
9 "The Juice Is Loose" Cyndi Tang Andrew Goldberg March 15, 2009 (2009-03-15) 6ACX13 7.21[61]
In this supposedly-lost episode from 2007 Peter cashes in a raffle ticket from 1989 and wins a golf outing with O. J. Simpson, unaware of Simpson's accusations of murder. He befriends Simpson, and takes him home to meet his family. Word soon spreads that Simpson is staying in Quahog, and the town's residents try to drive him out. Desperate for somewhere to live in peace, Simpson makes a heartfelt speech; he confesses that he is as imperfect as everyone else, and the residents of Quahog apologize. A moment later, however, Simpson pulls a knife, kills three people before running off and the mob resumes its chase.
120
10 "Fox-y Lady" Pete Michels Matt Fleckenstein March 22, 2009 (2009-03-22) 6ACX14 7.45[62]
Lois gets a job at Fox News, although Brian warns her that the channel is a biased network. On her first day she is assigned to an exposé on Michael Moore alleging that he is homosexual. When she spies on him at home she sees Rush Limbaugh leaving, causing her to conclude that Limbaugh and Moore are in a relationship. However, Fox News refuses to allow any material unfavorable to a conservative to be broadcast (making Lois realize that Brian was right). Lois and Brian take the story into their own hands, confronting whom they think to be Moore and a naked Limbaugh in a bedroom only to realize they are both Fred Savage. Flabbergasted, Lois decides to report his story instead. At the end, Lois is revealed to no longer work as a reporter; she does not reveal how or why, since no one cares.
121
11 "Not All Dogs Go to Heaven" Greg Colton Danny Smith March 29, 2009 (2009-03-29) 6ACX17 8.20[63]
Meg becomes a born-again Christian after watching a Christian TV show starring Kirk Cameron. She begins talking about Christianity to the Griffins, who are uninterested in her new-found faith. Meg asks Brian for help, but he confides that he is an atheist. She spreads the news of Brian's atheism around Quahog (which detests atheists), making him a social outcast; he is banned from every bar and convenience store in Quahog, making it impossible for him to drink. Brian fakes repentance (convincing Meg to cease hostilities against him so he can return to drinking), but she takes him to burn books which are "harmful to God". Disgusted, Brian comes clean and tries to convince Meg that what she is doing is wrong. When she refuses to listen Brian points out that if there were truly a loving God, he would not have created Meg in a family contemptuous of her. Ashamed, Meg concedes and apologizes for her behavior. Brian then assures her that the answers are inside herself, and the real meaning of existence is out there. It is later revealed that the Family Guy universe takes place within the molecules of a lampshade in the bedroom of Adam West and Rob Lowe (who appear wishing each other good night in a live action scene parodying Bert and Ernie from Sesame Street).
122
12 "420" Julius Wu Patrick Meighan April 19, 2009 (2009-04-19) 6ACX16 7.40[64]
After Brian is arrested for drug possession, he launches a campaign to legalize marijuana in Quahog. After an elaborate musical, Mayor West passes a law legalizing the drug. Everyone starts smoking it; the town improves as a result, with a decrease in crime. However, Carter begins losing money in the timber industry (since hemp is being used to manufacture many products). He bribes Peter to help him with an anti-marijuana campaign, which ultimately fails. Carter then bribes Brian by promising to publish and ship his novel, Faster Than the Speed of Love. He reluctantly complies, and the drug becomes illegal once more. Brian's novel is released, but is criticized and sells no copies.
123
13 "Stew-Roids" Jerry Langford Alec Sulkin April 26, 2009 (2009-04-26) 6ACX18 6.80[65]
Susie attacks Stewie; upset by this, Peter takes Stewie to train at the local gym. A trainer notices Stewie struggling with barbells and offers them steroids. Peter injects the drugs into Stewie, who becomes well-developed. As time passes, Stewie's drugs gradually wear off; to his horror, his skin becomes loose and flabby. He jumps out his bedroom window to avoid Brian (whom he had previously annoyed), only to have his loosened skin help him glide to safety. At the end of the episode, his body inexplicably returns to normal.
124
14 "We Love You, Conrad" John Holmquist Cherry Chevapravatdumrong May 3, 2009 (2009-05-03) 6ACX19 6.67[66]
Brian learns that his ex-girlfriend Jillian is getting married, and goes to a local bar to drown his sorrows. In a drunken stupor, he meets Lauren Conrad (although he does not realize this until they wake up in bed the next morning). Against Brian's wishes, Stewie leaks the relationship online; this results in a media circus and the claim that Lauren is a "dumb blonde". Attempting to break off the relationship, Brian realizes that Lauren is an accomplished woman. Brian becomes even more uncomfortable with the relationship, comparing himself to Lauren. Realizing that Brian never got over the end of his relationship with Jillian, Lauren encourages him to tell her know how he feels. Brian uses Jillian's wedding as an opportunity to interrupt the ceremony and passionately profess his love for her. Jillian replies that she has moved on, and he needs to do the same.
125
15 "Three Kings" Dominic Bianchi Alec Sulkin May 10, 2009 (2009-05-10) 6ACX15 6.47[67]
Peter imagines his friends and family in three of Stephen King's best-known works: Stand by Me, Misery and The Shawshank Redemption.
126
16 "Peter's Progress" Brian Iles Wellesley Wild May 17, 2009 (2009-05-17) 6ACX20 7.33[68]
Peter learns from Cleveland's Jamaican psychic cousin, Madame Claude, in a palm reading that in a past life he was Griffin Peterson (the founder of Quahog). We are shown a 17th-century England in which Griffin proposes to the love of his life, Lady Redbush. The ruthless King Stewart III, however, spots Redbush strolling through town and decides that he will marry her. When Griffin is en route to his wedding, Stewart exiles him to the New World. As Lady Redbush waits in growing anxiety, Stewart walks into the church; he tells her Griffin is dead, marrying her himself. Reaching the New World, Griffin establishes the colony of Quahog (which becomes a thriving settlement) and moves on with his life. King Stewart's jester soon reveals the truth to Redbush, who leaves for Quahog and reunites with Griffin. When the king learns Redbush is gone, he leaves for Quahog to reclaim her. When they are found, Griffin threatens to kill an officer and Stewart threatens to kill Redbush. After the exchange of threats, Griffin and Stewart decide to settle their dispute with a talent show. For his act, King Stewart steals his jester's (mostly unfunny) jokes. However, Griffin steals the show with a techno-rock number; he and Redbush live happily ever after in Quahog.
DVD release[edit]
The first nine episodes of the seventh season were released on DVD by 20th Century Fox in the United States and Canada on June 16, 2009, one month after the last episode was broadcast.[4] The "Volume 7" DVD release features bonus material, including deleted scenes, animatics and commentary for each episode.[6] The remaining seven episodes were released on "Volume 8" in the United States.
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Mandy Bierly (September 29, 2008). "Ratings: 'Desperate Housewives' returns to win Sunday night". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bill Gorman (October 6, 2008). "Sunday Ratings: Desperate Housewives, 60 Minutes Win, CCrashes". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bill Gorman (October 20, 2008). "Sunday: Desperate Housewives Tops Night, But Fox Animation Draws Youth". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 23, 2010. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bill Gorman (November 3, 2008). "Updated Sunday Ratings: Best Numbers for The Simpsons Since January 2004". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Robert Seidman (November 10, 2008). "Football Wins for CBS and NBC, Family Guy for Fox". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 17, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Robert Seidman (November 17, 2009). "Sunday Ratings: CBS Wins with NFL and Obama, NBC with Romo, Fox with Family Guy". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 17, 2010. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Robert Seidman (February 16, 2009). "Sunday Ratings: Desperate Housewives leads a slow Sunday". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Robert Seidman (March 9, 2009). "Sunday Ratings: Low-ish Desperate Housewives wins the night". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bill Gorman (March 16, 2009). "Sunday Ratings: Kings Premiere Beheaded, Desperate Housewives Keeps Crown". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bill Gorman (March 23, 2009). "Sunday Ratings: NCAA Tourney, Obama Give CBS 18–49 Win, Fox Grabs 18–34 Demo". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bill Gorman (March 30, 2009). "Sunday Ratings: NCAA Tourney Lifts CBS To Victory, Fox Captures Youth Demo". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Housewives Keys ABC Win; Sit Down, Shut Up Premieres Mixed". TV by the Numbers12. April 20, 2009. Archived from the original on April 23, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bill Gorman (April 27, 2009). "Sunday Ratings: ABC Wins; Sit Down, Shut Up Drags Down Fox". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Robert Seidman (May 6, 2009). "Sunday Ratings: Desperate Housewives win delayed Sunday ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 5, 2010. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bill Gorman (May 11, 2009). "Sunday Ratings: ABC Wins, But Desperate Housewives Hits Series Low". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 14, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bill Gorman (May 18, 2009). "Sunday Ratings: ABC Wins; Desperate Housewives, Survivor Finales Hit Lows". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
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Sea of Japan naming dispute
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The dispute concerns the international name of the body of water marked with a "?" above.
A dispute exists over the international name for the body of water which is bordered by Japan, Korea (North and South) and Russia. In 1992, objections to the name Sea of Japan were first raised by North Korea and South Korea at the Sixth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names.[1] The Japanese government supports the exclusive use of the name "Sea of Japan" (日本海), while South Korea supports the alternative name "East Sea" (Hangul: 동해; Hanja: 東海), and North Korea supports the name "Korean East Sea" (Chosŏn'gŭl: 조선동해; Hancha: 朝鮮東海). Currently, most international maps and documents use either the name Sea of Japan (or equivalent translation) exclusively, and far fewer maps include both the name Sea of Japan and East Sea, often with East Sea listed in parentheses or otherwise marked as a secondary name. The International Hydrographic Organization, the international governing body for the naming of bodies of water around the world, in 2012 decided not to change the current single name "Sea of Japan" rejecting South Korea's request to use "East Sea" together with "Sea of Japan".[2][3][4][5]
The involved countries (especially Japan and South Korea) have advanced a variety of arguments to support their preferred name(s). Many of the arguments revolve around determining when the name Sea of Japan became the common name. South Korea argues that historically the more common name was East Sea, Sea of Korea, or another similar variant. South Korea further argues that the name Sea of Japan did not become common until Korea was under Japanese rule, at which time it had no ability to influence international affairs. Japan argues that the name Sea of Japan has been the most common international name since at least the beginning of the 19th century, long before its annexation of Korea. Both sides have conducted studies of antiquarian maps, but the two countries have produced divergent research results. Additional arguments have been raised regarding the underlying geography of the sea as well as potential problems regarding the ambiguity of one name or the other.
Contents
[hide]
1 Arguments
1.1 Arguments based on historical maps
1.1.1 Arguments from North Korea
1.1.2 Arguments from South Korea
1.1.3 Arguments from Japan
1.1.4 Surveys of antiquarian maps
1.2 Geographical arguments
1.3 Arguments relating to ambiguity
2 Position of international bodies
2.1 International Hydrographic Organization
2.2 United Nations
3 Other countries
4 Compromise names
5 Response of media and publishers
6 See also
7 References
Arguments
The Far East as depicted within the Kunyu Wanguo Quantu by Matteo Ricci in 1602 describing the sea as the Sea of Japan.
Both sides in the dispute have put forward a number of arguments to support their claims.
Arguments based on historical maps
Arguments from North Korea
North Korea favors the exclusive use of the more nationalistic "Korean East Sea" or "East Sea of Korea" (조선동해/朝鮮東海) [6] There are currently no known published maps on behalf of the North Korean government to assert their claims on the nomenclature "Korean East Sea" or "East Sea of Korea".
Arguments from South Korea
According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for South Korea, the name Donghae (동해, literally East Sea) has been used in Korea for over 2,000 years, including in History of the Three Kingdoms (三國史記, 1145), the monument of King Gwanggaeto, and "Map of Eight Provinces of Korea" (八道總圖, 1530).[7] The first documented map to name the area the Sea of Japan was the world map drawn by the Italian missionary Matteo Ricci in China (1602) named Kunyu Wanguo Quantu (坤輿萬國全圖). No Japanese record published up to the late-18th century indicated any name for the body of water.[8] Furthermore, South Korea has pointed out that a few 19th-century Japanese maps referred to the sea as Chōsenkai (朝鮮海, literally Sea of Joseon), including the "Simplified Map of Japan's Periphery" (日本邊界略圖, 1809) and "New World Map" (新製輿地全圖, 1844).[7] South Korea argues there was no standard name prior to Japan's military expansion in the region in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Additionally, it specifically states that the name Sea of Japan was not widely used, even in Japan, as late as the mid 19th century.[9][dubious – discuss] Thus, South Korea argues that the current name reflects active promotion by Japan during a time when Korea could not represent its interests internationally.[10]
Arguments from Japan
The Japanese government claims that the name Sea of Japan was internationally used since the 17th century and established by the early 19th century, during a period in which Japan was under an isolationist policy (Sakoku) of the Tokugawa shogunate, which restricted cultural exchange and commerce with foreign countries except China and the Netherlands until 1854.[11][12] Accordingly, they state, Japan could not have, at that time, had an influence on the international community regarding the naming of the sea.[12]
The invention of the marine chronometer in the late 18th century enabled Western explorers, such as Jean-François de Galaup from France, William Robert Broughton from Britain, and Adam Johann von Krusenstern (Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern) from Russia, to measure time and longitudes on the sea precisely and map the detailed shape of the Sea of Japan.[12] Krusenstern was an admiral and explorer, who led the first Russian circumnavigation of the globe.[13] According to Japanese records, it was Krusenstern who popularized the name "Mer du Japon" (Sea of Japan) in the West. In his work "Reise um die Welt in den Jahren" (1812), he wrote, "People also call this sea area the Sea of Korea, but because only a small part of this sea touches the Korean coast, it is better to name it the Sea of Japan."[12] The original book was published in St. Petersburg in German and Russian, translated into Dutch, French, Swedish, Italian and English, and distributed widely among Europe.[12] As a result, the international name of the sea changed from no name to the Sea of Japan, on the maps drawn by countries other than Japan or Korea during the 17th to 20th centuries.[12] Thus, the Japanese side argues that the South Koreans misunderstand the history of the name.
Surveys of antiquarian maps
The comparison of surveys of antiquarian maps by the government of Japan and South Korea[14]
Century
16th century
17th century
18th century
19th century
Unknown
Total
Surveyed by
Japan
Korea
Japan
Korea
Japan
Korea
Japan
Korea
Japan
Japan
Korea
Surveyed in
US FR DE Total
Total
US FR DE Total
Total
US FR DE RU Total
Total
US FR DE RU UK Total
Total
FR US FR DE RU UK Total
Total
Sea of Japan
1 0 1 2 - 3 14 5 22 17 47 24 23 2 96 36 1059 206 487 27 50 1829 69 10 1110 254 516 29 50 1959 122
East Sea
0 0 3 3 - 0 0 0 0 39 5 0 7 1 13 341 1 0 3 0 0 4 60 0 6 0 13 1 0 20 440
Sea of Korea
0 2 0 2 2 4 2 8 94 49 159 5 307 92 6 37 4 8 147 7 188 68 198 9 8 471
Oriental Sea
0 0 3 3 4 20 14 38 14 4 57 – 75 2 0 3 – – 5 8 20 32 77 – – 129
Sea of China
3 5 12 25 16 11 36 18 86 28 8 6 8 1 56 10 0 5 1 0 – 32 - 4 22 56 39 1 – 203 54
Others
0 5 13 3 18 41 17 16 – 80 22 4 – – 12 42 43 – – 146
No entry
and not
determined
32 – 44 76 83 – 83 166 116 – 152 4 272 109 – 120 5 – 234 – 340 – 399 9 – 748
Total
36 7 68 111 29 106 74 140 320 125 301 83 422 13 819 467 1285 217 655 36 58 2251 141 29 1728 410 1285 49 58 3530 762
A 1723 French map describing the sea as Mer de Coree (Sea of Korea).
A 1792 Japanese map "Chikyu Zenzu" drawn by Shiba Kōkan. The sea is described as "Inland Sea of Japan" (日本内海) and the Pacific Ocean is described as "East Sea of Japan" (日本東海).
A 1700 French map describing the sea as Mer Orientale (Eastern Sea or Oriental Sea).
To provide evidence for the date when Sea of Japan came to be used internationally, both South Korea and Japan have undertaken surveys of various historical maps.
In 2004, South Korea surveyed ancient maps archived in the British Library, the Cambridge University Library, the University of Southern California (USC) East Asian Map Collection, the U.S. Library of Congress, the National Library of Russia, and the French National Library examined 762 maps. They found that 440 maps had used Sea of Korea (Corea), Oriental Sea/East Sea, 122 had used Sea of Japan, and 200 had used other terms.[15] In the French language, the word orientale includes both the meaning of "eastern" related to compass direction and the meaning of "oriental", the Asiatic region. The same ambiguity is present in the Russian language, with both "eastern" and "oriental" indicated by one word.
From 2003 to 2008, Japan conducted a number of surveys of different collections. In 2010, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) published their conclusions; they found that among 1,332 maps from the Berlin Library, 279 used Sea of Korea, Oriental Sea, or East Sea (or some combination thereof), 579 used Sea of Japan exclusively, 47 used China Sea (with or without other names), 33 used another term, and 384 used no term.[16] MOFA said the Struck collection (a collection of antiquarian maps owned by a European map collector) showed that out of 79 maps, 35 used Sea of Japan, 9 used the Sea of Korea, 2 used Oriental Sea, and 33 were unmarked.[16] MOFA reported that among four Russian libraries and document archives holding 51 maps, 29 used Sea of Japan, 8 used Sea of Korea, 1 used Korea Strait, 1 used East Sea, 1 used Sea of China, and 11 used no name.[17] MOFA said that 1,213 maps from the U.S. Library of Congress, ones that gave a name for this body of water, showed that 87 percent used Sea of Japan, 8 percent used Sea of Korea, 5 percent used other terms, and none used Oriental Sea or East Sea.[18] Similarly, MOFA said that 58 maps from the British Library and the University of Cambridge showed 86 percent used Sea of Japan, 14 percent used Sea of Korea, and none used Oriental Sea, East Sea, or other terms.[18] MOFA said that they looked at 1,485 maps in the French National Library. They reported that 95 percent of 215 French maps used Sea of Japan.[18]
In November 2007, the National Geographic Information Institute of South Korea published a report on a survey of 400 ancient maps.[19] According to the report, nine maps used East Sea for the water currently called Sea of Japan, while 31 maps used East Sea for the water currently called East China Sea. The number of maps used Sea of Japan is not disclosed. Furthermore, the report says "In the late 18th century (1790–1830) the name Sea of Japan emerged. From the 19th century (1830 onward), there was a rapid increase in the use of the name Sea of Japan." Japan stated, "This clearly shows the fallacy of the ROK's assertion that the name Sea of Japan was the result of the Japanese policy of expansionism and colonial rule, and can be interpreted as affirming that the name Sea of Japan was in widespread use well before Japan's colonial rule over the Korean Peninsula".[20]
The result of the survey conducted by the National Geographic Information Institute, South Korea.
Name of the sea currently called Sea of Japan
Name of other seas
Total
Name
East Sea
Oriental
Korea Bay
Korea Sea
Not disclosed
Korea Sea
for East China Sea
East Sea
for East China Sea
Korea Sea
for Yellow Sea
Number
9 10 38 73 206 31 31 2 400
Geographical arguments
South Korea refers to its surrounding waters as the East Sea, South Sea, and West Sea.
Japan argues that, the name Sea of Japan has been and should be used because the marginal sea is separated from the Pacific Ocean by the Japanese Archipelago.[21] Korea argues that the adjective "East" describes its geographical position east of the Asian continent, although it is west of Japan and south of Russia. It states that this is analogous to the North Sea, which lies north of the European continent, but west of Scandinavian countries and east of Great Britain.[10] However Koreans call the sea on their east side the East Sea (동해, Donghae),[22] on their south side the South Sea (남해, Namhae),[23] and on their west side the West Sea (서해, Seohae).[24][25][26][27]
Arguments relating to ambiguity
The name "East Sea" is used to refer to several different seas in Eastern Eurasia.
The Japanese Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department of the Japanese Coast Guard has claimed that the name East Sea is confusing and unsuitable as an international geographic name, because the local name for a variety of seas can be translated into English as East Sea. Examples include Dōng Hǎi (东海), the Chinese name for the East China Sea; Biển Đông, the Vietnamese name for the South China Sea; and the Baltic Sea, which means East Sea in several European languages such as German (Ostsee), Swedish (Östersjön) and Finnish (Itämeri).[12] East Sea is officially used as an English name for the water by the Government of Vietnam.[12] Thus the Government of Vietnam uses East Sea for South China Sea in its English publications.[28][29] Also the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China uses East Sea for East China Sea in its English publications.[30][31] In addition, East Sea (東海, Tōkai) is not the Sea of Japan but the Pacific Ocean in the Japanese context. The regions on the east coast of Japan were named accordingly as the Tōkaidō region and the Tōkai region. The Japanese government is concerned that the name change could set a bad precedent and cause more naming disputes worldwide.[12]
Position of international bodies
The main two international organizations which have been involved in the naming dispute are the International Hydrographic Organization and the United Nations.
International Hydrographic Organization
The International Hydrographic Organization is an organization that coordinates with member countries over hydrographic issues. One of the organization's functions is to help set international standards on the naming and delineation of nautical regions. In 1929, the organization (then called the International Hydrographic Bureau) published "IHO Special Publication 23" (IHO SP 23), which established the name of the sea as Sea of Japan; however, at that time, Korea could not participate in the IHO because it was under Japanese rule.[32] South Korea officially joined the IHO in 1957.[33]
In 1974, IHO released Technical Resolution A.4.2.6. This resolution stated that:
It is recommended that where two or more countries share a given geographical feature (such as a bay, a strait, channel or archipelago) under different names, they should endeavor to reach agreement on a single name for the feature concerned. If they have different official languages and cannot agree on a common name form, it is recommended that the name forms of each of the languages in question should be accepted for charts and publications unless technical reasons prevent this practice on small scale charts.
South Korea has argued that this resolution is relevant to the debate about the Sea of Japan and implies that both names should be used; Japan, however, argues that the resolution does not apply to the Sea of Japan, because it does not specify this body of water and only applies to geographical features for which sovereignty is shared between two or more countries.[18]
The IHO agreed to conduct a survey of available evidence in 2011. Previously, South Korea had been pushing the IHO to recommend only using the term East Sea, but announced on 2 May 2011, that it now preferred the gradual approach of using both names now, and eventually dropping the Sea of Japan name.[34]
On 26 April 2012, the IHO announced that it had decided to use only "Sea of Japan" in its governing publication Limits of Oceans and Seas and rejected the alternative use of "East Sea" as proposed by South Korea. According to the South Korean government, the organization will again discuss the issue of the name when it reconvenes in 2017.[3]
United Nations
While the United Nations has never directly addressed the issue of establishing an official, standardized name for the sea, several resolutions and statements by the UN have had relevance to the topic. Japan joined the United Nations in 1956, while South and North Korea both joined in 1991.[35]
In 1977, the third U.N. Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names (UNCSGN) adopted Resolution III/20, entitled "Names of Features beyond a Single Sovereignty". The resolution recommended that "when countries sharing a given geographical feature do not agree on a common name, it should be a general rule of cartography that the name used by each of the countries concerned will be accepted. A policy of accepting only one or some of such names while excluding the rest would be inconsistent as well as inexpedient in practice." As with IHO Technical Resolution A.4.2.6, South Korea and Japan disagree about whether or not this policy applies to the Sea of Japan.[18]
In 1992, during the 1992 Sixth UNCSGN, the South Korean government, in their first time participating in UNCSGN, requested that the name of the sea be determined through consultation, which the North Korean representative concurred with. The Japanese representative stated that the name of the Sea of Japan had already been accepted worldwide and that any change would introduce confusion. The conference recommended that the parties work together on the issue outside of the conference.[36]
In 1998, South Korea raised the issue again at the Seventh UNCSGN. Japan, however, opposed the method by which the South Korean government proposed the issue, arguing that they had not followed the proper procedure for doing so. Following some debate, South Korea withdrew the issue, and instead recommended that the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names work so that a resolution could be submitted to the Eighth UNSCGN conference. The president of the conference urged that Japan, South Korea, and North Korea work towards a mutually acceptable agreement.[37]
At the Eighth UNCSGN in 2002, South Korea and Japan presented a number of papers to the conference regarding their positions on the naming issue. South Korea asked for a resolution to adjudicate the name, while Japan asked that the name be decided through resolution outside of the conference. No resolution was passed, and the Committee again urged the countries to develop a mutually agreeable solution. The chairman further noted that standardization could only occur after consensus had been reached.[38] The same situation occurred at the Ninth conference in 2007. South Korea and North Korea both proposed a resolution by the UNCSGN, while Japan expressed a desire to settle the matter outside of the conference, and the Committee urged the members to seek a mutual agreement.[39]
Ferjan Ormeling
On 23 April 2004, the United Nations affirmed in a written document to the Japanese government that it will continue using the name Sea of Japan in its official documents.[40] However, it agreed to leave the topic open for further discussion. In a letter to South Korea, it was explained that the UN was not determining the validity of either name, but wished to use the term most widely used until the parties resolved the disagreement. The letter further stated, "The use of an appellation by the Secretariat based on the practice is without prejudice to any negotiations or agreements between the interested parties and should not be interpreted as advocating or endorsing any party's position, and can in no way be invoked by any party in support of a particular position in the matter."[41]
On 6 August 2012, representatives from North and South Korea addressed an assembly at the United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names, asking that the names "East Sea" and "Sea of Japan" be used concurrently for the sea. Ferjan Ormeling (nl), chairman of the conference, responded that the organization had no authority to decide the issue and requested that the involved countries resolve the differences over the name amongst themselves.[42]
Other countries
Russia calls this sea "Япо́нское мо́ре" (Yapónskoye móre, Japanese Sea).[43][44] Japan believes that Russia played a major role in establishing this name internationally, as mentioned above. Chinese government websites exclusively use the name 日本海 (rìběnhǎi, Japan Sea).[45] In 2003, the French Defense Ministry issued nautical maps that included both terms Sea of Japan and East Sea.[46] It reverted to Sea of Japan as a single name in the map issued in 2004.[47] The United Kingdom and Germany officially use the Sea of Japan.[1]
The United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) continues to advocate the use of Sea of Japan without qualification in U.S. government publications. The World Factbook published by the Central Intelligence Agency follows the BGN's guidance.[48] On 8 August 2011, a spokesman for the United States Department of State stated that the United States Board on Geographic Names considered the official name of the sea to be "Sea of Japan". According to Yonhap, the U.S. has officially recommended to the IHO that "Sea of Japan" remain as the official name for the sea.[49] In response to this failure of the South Korean campaign, South Korean foreign minister Kim Sung-hwan suggested advocating other historical names, such as "Sea of Korea".[50]
In 2011, Virginia state lawmaker David W. Marsden, acting on behalf of Korean-American voters, introduced a bill to the education panel of the Senate of Virginia that would have required public school textbooks to include both "Sea of Japan" and "East Sea" as names. The panel rejected the bill by an 8–7 vote on 26 January 2012.[51][52] The issue was revisited two years later on 3 February 2014, with the Education Committee of the Virginia House of Delegates passing legislation to use both "Sea of Japan" and "East Sea" in school textbooks.[53]
On 29 June 2012, Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs Kurt M. Campbell affirmed the BGN's position in his response, published on the White House website, to a We the People petition concerning the usage of "Sea of Japan", in which he stated, "It is longstanding United States policy to refer to each sea or ocean by a single name. This policy applies to all seas, including those bordered by multiple countries that may each have their own names for such bodies of water. Concerning the body of water between the Japanese archipelago and the Korean peninsula, longstanding U.S. policy is to refer to it as the "Sea of Japan".[54] He also stated, "We are aware the Republic of Korea refers to the body of water as the 'East Sea,' and the United States is not asking the Republic of Korea to change its nomenclature. U.S. usage of the 'Sea of Japan' in no way implies an opinion regarding any issue related to sovereignty."[55]
Compromise names
On 18 November 2006, during the APEC summit in Hanoi, South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun informally proposed to the Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe that the sea be called instead the "Sea of Peace" or "Sea of Friendship", which Abe rejected. In January 2007 Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary Yasuhisa Shiozaki opposed the idea, saying that there was no need to change the name of the Sea of Japan.[56]
Response of media and publishers
This article needs to be updated. Please update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2012)
A number of maps, encyclopedias, and other publications have switched to using both names. For example, the Manual of Style of the National Geographic Society states that disputed place-names in international waters or jointly controlled by two or more countries should use the conventional name first with other names following in parentheses.[57] As such, their policy on this sea states that "The internationally accepted name is Sea of Japan, although Korea prefers East Sea. When scale permits, Geographic maps show the alternative name East Sea in parentheses after Sea of Japan."[58]
In 2006, Google put both names on Google Earth, using East Sea near the Korean coast and Sea of Japan near the Japanese coast.[59] In the 2007 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, the primary article is called "Sea of Japan". A secondary article called "East Sea" notes "see Japan, Sea of". On the encyclopedia's map of Japan and other Asia maps, Sea of Japan appears as the primary label and East Sea appears as a secondary label in parentheses. However, on the map of Korea the name East Sea appears as the primary label and Sea of Japan appears as a secondary label in parentheses.[60] Other examples of publishers who use similar systems include Microsoft Encarta,[61] the Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,[62] and About.com.[63]
In 2012, French encyclopedia publisher Larousse replaced "Mer du Japon" ("Sea of Japan") with "Mer de L'est (Mer du Japon)" ("East Sea (Sea of Japan)") in maps of South Korea and North Korea in two of its books.[64][65]　However other maps such as those of Asia, China, Japan, and Russia continue to use "Mer du Japon".[65][66] Furthermore, the article "Mer du Japon" does not mention "East Sea" at all.[65]
In 2013, Bandai Namco Games, a Japanese game developer, initially presented both names as "Sea of Japan (East Sea)" in Ace Combat Infinity. There was intense backlash from the Japanese community for including the Korean name at all.[67] In response, the company removed all international borders and labels from the game's maps and heavily blurred them to maintain neutrality.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sea of Japan naming dispute.
Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea
Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan
Geographical renaming
Japanese-Korean disputes
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References
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