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Hetch Hetchy
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Hetch Hetchy Valley
Top: taken in the early 1900s before the O'Shaughnessy Dam was constructed, shows the Hetch Hetchy Valley and the Tuolumne River, looking east. Wapama Falls is on the left, Kolana Rock on the right. Bottom: A modern photo, taken from much the same vantage point, shows the submergence of the valley floor under the waters of the reservoir.
Location
Yosemite National Park, California, United States
Floor elevation
3,783 ft (1,153 m)[1]
Long-axis length
3 mi (4.8 km)
Width
0.5 mi (0.80 km)
Area
1,200 acres (490 ha)
Depth
1,800 ft (550 m)
Geology
Type
Glacial
Age
10,000–15,000 years
Geography
Coordinates
37°56′53″N 119°47′17″W / 37.94806°N 119.78806°W / 37.94806; -119.78806Coordinates: 37°56′53″N 119°47′17″W / 37.94806°N 119.78806°W / 37.94806; -119.78806[1]
Watercourses
Tuolumne River
Hetch Hetchy is the name of a valley, a reservoir and a water system in California in the United States. The glacial Hetch Hetchy Valley lies in the northwestern part of Yosemite National Park and is drained by the Tuolumne River. For thousands of years before the arrival of settlers from the United States in the 1850s, the valley was inhabited by Native Americans who practiced subsistence hunting-gathering. During the late 19th century, the valley was renowned for its natural beauty – often compared to that of Yosemite Valley – but also targeted for the development of water supply for irrigation and municipal interests.
In 1923, the O'Shaughnessy Dam was completed on the Tuolumne River, flooding the entire valley under the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir.[2] The dam and reservoir are the centerpiece of the Hetch Hetchy Project, which in 1934 began to deliver water 167 miles (269 km) west to San Francisco and its client municipalities in the greater San Francisco Bay Area.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
1.1 Geology
2 Flora and fauna
3 History
3.1 Indigenous peoples
3.2 Exploration and early development
3.3 Damming
4 Hetch Hetchy Project
5 Proposed restoration
5.1 Arguments for
5.2 Arguments against
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Geography[edit]
Before damming, the high granite formations produced a valley with an average depth of 1,800 ft (550 m) and a maximum depth of over 3,000 ft (910 m); the length of the valley was 3 mi (4.8 km) with a width ranging from an eighth to a half of a mile (0.2 to 0.8 km). The valley floor consisted of roughly 1,200 acres (490 ha) of meadows fringed by pine forest, through which meandered the Tuolumne River and numerous tributary streams.[3] Kolana Rock, at 5,772 ft (1,759 m), is a massive rock spire on the south side of the Hetch Hetchy Valley. Hetch Hetchy Dome, at 6,197 ft (1,889 m), lies directly north of it. The locations of these two formations roughly correspond with those of Cathedral Rocks and El Capitan seen from Tunnel View in Yosemite Valley.[4] A broad, low rocky outcrop situated between Kolana Rock and Hetch Hetchy Dome divided the former meadow in two distinct sections.[5]
Tueeulala Falls, 840 ft (260 m), is located on the north side of the valley.
The valley is fed by the Tuolumne River, Falls Creek, Tiltill Creek, Rancheria Creek and numerous smaller streams which collectively drain a watershed of 459 sq mi (1,190 km2). In its natural state, the valley floor was marshy and often flooded in the spring when snow melt in the high Sierra cascaded down the Tuolumne River and backed up behind the narrow gorge which is now spanned by O'Shaughnessy Dam. The entire valley is now flooded under an average 300 ft (91 m) of water behind the dam, although it occasionally reemerges in droughts, as it did in 1955, 1977 and 1991.[6][7]
Upstream from the valley lies the Grand Canyon of the Tuolumne, while the smaller Poopenaut Valley is directly downstream from O'Shaughnessy Dam. The Hetch Hetchy Road drops into the valley at the dam, but all points east of there are roadless, and accessible only to hikers and equestrians. The O'Shaughnessy Dam is near Yosemite's western boundary, but the long, narrow, fingerlike reservoir stretches eastward for about 8 miles (13 km).[2]
Wapama Falls, at 1,080 ft (330 m), and Tueeulala Falls, at 840 ft (260 m) – both among the tallest waterfalls in North America – are both located in Hetch Hetchy Valley.[8] Rancheria Falls is located farther southeast, on Rancheria Creek.[9] Formerly, a "small but noisy"[10] waterfall and natural pool existed on the Tuolumne River marked the upper entrance to Hetch Hetchy Valley,[11] informally known as Tuolumne Fall (not to be confused with a similarly named waterfall several miles upriver near Tuolumne Meadows). The waterfall on the Tuolumne is now submerged under Hetch Hetchy Reservoir.
Geology[edit]
The Hetch Hetchy Valley began as a V-shaped river canyon cut out by the ancestral Tuolumne River. About one million years ago, the extensive Sherwin glaciation widened, deepened and straightened river valleys along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, including Hetch Hetchy, Yosemite Valley, and Kings Canyon farther to the south.[12] During the last glacial period, the Tioga Glacier[13] formed from extensive icefields in the upper Tuolumne River watershed; between 110,000 and 10,000 years ago Hetch Hetchy Valley was sculpted into its present shape by repeated advance and retreat of the ice, which also removed extensive talus deposits that may have accumulated in the valley since the Sherwin period.[14] At maximum extent, Tioga Glacier may have been 60 mi (97 km) long and up to 4,000 ft (1,200 m) thick, filling Hetch Hetchy Valley to the brim and spilling over the sides, carving out the present rugged plateau country to the north and southwest.[15] When the glacier retreated for the final time, sediment-laden meltwater deposited thick layers of silt, forming the flat alluvial floodplain of the valley floor.[16]
Compared with Yosemite Valley, the walls of Hetch Hetchy are smoother and rounder because it was glaciated to a greater extent. This is because the Tuolumne catchment basin above Hetch Hetchy is almost three times as large as the catchment area of the Merced River above Yosemite, allowing a greater volume of ice to form.[13]
Flora and fauna[edit]
Albert Bierstadt, The Hetch Hetchy Valley, California, late 19th century
Hetch Hetchy is home to a diverse array of plants and animals. Gray pine, incense-cedar, and California black oak grow in abundance. Many examples of red-barked manzanita can be seen along the Hetch Hetchy Road. Spring and early summer bring wildflowers including lupine, wallflower, monkey flower, and buttercup. Seventeen species of bats inhabit the Hetch Hetchy area, including the largest North American bat, the western mastiff.[8]
Before damming, the valley floor contained abundant stands of black oaks, live oak, Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, and silver fir bordering the meadows, with alder, willow, poplar and dogwood in the riparian zone along the Tuolumne River.[17] The valley's abundant plants provided nourishment for mule deer, black bears and bighorn sheep. Due to large cataracts on the Tuolumne River upstream, Hetch Hetchy Valley may have been in the uppermost range for native rainbow trout in the river.[18]
Due to its abundant wetlands and stream pools, Hetch Hetchy was notorious among early travelers for becoming infested with mosquitoes in the summertime. Said San Francisco resident William Denman in 1918, "The first time I went into the Hetch Hetchy the mosquitoes were intolerable. They would light upon a man's blue shirt and turn it brown, and were voracious as mosquitoes would be."[19]
History[edit]
Indigenous peoples[edit]
People have lived in Hetch Hetchy Valley for over 6,000 years. Native American cultures were prominent before the 1850s when the first settlers from the United States arrived in the Sierra Nevada. During summer, people of the Miwok and Paiute came to Hetch Hetchy from the Central Valley in the west and the Great Basin in the east. The valley provided an escape from the summer heat of the lowlands.[20] They hunted, and gathered seeds and edible plants to furnish themselves winter food, trade items, and materials for art and ceremonial objects. Today, descendants of these people still use milkweed, deergrass, bracken fern, willow, and other plants for a variety of uses including baskets, medicines, and string.[8]
Meadow plants unavailable in the lowlands were particularly valuable resources to these tribes. For thousands of years, Native Americans subjected the valley to controlled bushfires, which prevented forest from taking over the valley meadows.[21] Periodic clearing of the valley provided ample space for the growth of the grasses and shrubs they relied on, as well as additional room for large game animals such as deer to browse. In the 19th century, the first white visitors to the valley did not realize that Hetch Hetchy's extensive meadows were the product of millennia of management by Native Americans; instead they believed "the valley was purely a product of ancient geological forces (or divine intervention) ... this was fundamental to its allure as a destination and subject."[22]
The valley's name may be derived from the Miwok word hatchhatchie, which means "edible grasses"[8][23] or "magpie".[24] It is likely that the edible grass was blue dicks.[5] Chief Tenaya of the Yosemite Valley's Ahwaneechee tribe claimed that Hetch Hetchy was Miwok for "Valley of the Two Trees", referring to a pair of yellow pines that once stood at the head of Hetch Hetchy.[21] Miwok names are still used for features, including Tueeulala Fall, Wapama Fall, and Kolana Rock.[8]
While its cousin Yosemite Valley to the south had permanent Miwok settlements,[25] Hetch Hetchy was only seasonally inhabited. This was likely because of Hetch Hetchy's narrow outlet, which in years of heavy snowmelt created a bottleneck in the Tuolumne River and the subsequent flooding of the valley floor.[26]
Exploration and early development[edit]
In the early 1850s, a mountain man Nathan Screech[27] became the first non-Native American to enter the valley.[5] Local legend attributes the modern name Hetch Hetchy to Screech's initial arrival in the valley, during which he observed the Native Americans "cooking a variety of grass covered with edible seeds", which they called "hatch hatchy" or "hatchhatchie".[24] Screech reported that the valley was bitterly disputed between the "Pah Utah Indians" (Paiute) and "Big Creek Indians" (Miwok), and witnessed several fights in which the Paiute appeared to be the dominant tribe.[28][29] About 1853, his brother Joseph Screech (credited in some accounts for the original discovery of the valley)[27] blazed the first trail from Big Oak Flat, a mining camp near present-day Lake Don Pedro,[30] for 38 mi (61 km) northeast to Hetch Hetchy Valley.[31]
"Little Arroyo" side canyon in the Hetch Hetchy Valley — by John Englehart, signed as C.N. Doughty; oil painting; 1908
William Keith, Hetch Hetchy Side Canyon, I, c. 1908
During this time, the upper Tuolumne River, including Hetch Hetchy Valley, was visited by prospectors attracted by the California Gold Rush. Miners did not stay in the area for long, however, as richer deposits occurred further south along the Merced River and in the Big Oak Flat area.[30] After the valley's native inhabitants were driven out by the newcomers, it was used by ranchers, many of whom were former miners, to graze livestock. Animals were principally driven along Joseph Screech's trail from Big Oak Flat to Hetch Hetchy.[31] Its meadows provided abundant feed for "thousands of head of sheep and cattle that entered lean and lank in the spring, but left rolling fat and hardly able to negotiate the precipitous and difficult defiles out of the mountains in the fall."[32]
In 1867, Charles F. Hoffman of the California Geological Survey conducted the first survey of the valley. Hoffman observed a meadow "well timbered and affording good grazing", and noted the valley had a milder climate than Yosemite Valley, hence the abundance of ponderosa pine and gray pine.[5] The valley was slowly becoming known for its natural beauty, but it was never a popular tourist destination because of extremely poor access and the location of the famous Yosemite Valley just twenty miles to the south. Those who did visit it were enchanted by its scenery, but encountered difficulties with the primitive conditions and in summertime, swarms of mosquitoes.[21][33] Albert Bierstadt, Charles Dorman Robinson and William Keith were known for their landscapes that drew tourists to the Hetch Hetchy Valley. Bierstadt described the valley as "smaller than the more famous valley ... but it presents many of the same features in his scenery and is quite as beautiful."[34]
When Yosemite Valley became part of a state park in 1864, Hetch Hetchy received no such designation. As the grazing of livestock damaged native plants in the Hetch Hetchy Valley, mountaineer and naturalist John Muir pressed for the protection of both valleys under a single national park.[35] Muir, who himself had briefly worked as a shepherd in Hetch Hetchy, was known for calling sheep "hoofed locusts" because of their environmental impact.[36] Muir's friend Robert Underwood Johnson of the politically influential Century Magazine and several other prominent figures were inspired by Muir's work and helped to get Yosemite National Park established by October 1, 1890.[37][38] However, ranchers who had previously owned land in the new park continued their use of Hetch Hetchy Valley – a "sheep-grazing free-for-all [that] threatened to denude the High Sierra meadows"[37] – before disputes over state and private properties in respect to national park boundaries were finally settled in the early 1900s.[39]
Interest in using the valley as a water source or reservoir dates back as far as the 1850s, when the Tuolumne Valley Water Company proposed developing water storage there for irrigation.[40] By the 1880s, San Francisco was looking to Hetch Hetchy water as a fix for its outdated and unreliable water system.[40] The city would try repeatedly to acquire water rights to Hetch Hetchy, including in 1901, 1903 and 1905, but was continually rebuffed because of conflicts with irrigation districts that had senior water rights on the Tuolumne River, and because of the valley's national park status.[41]
Damming[edit]
The narrow defile at the lower end of Hetch Hetchy Valley where San Francisco planned to dam the Tuolumne River, seen in 1914 before construction began
The same area seen today, with O'Shaughnessy Dam and Hetch Hetchy Reservoir
Main article: O'Shaughnessy Dam (California)
In 1906, after a major earthquake and subsequent fire that devastated San Francisco, the inadequacy of the city's water system was made tragically clear. San Francisco applied to the United States Department of the Interior to gain water rights to Hetch Hetchy, and in 1908 Secretary of the Interior James R. Garfield granted San Francisco the rights to development of the Tuolumne River.[42] This provoked a seven-year environmental struggle with the environmental group Sierra Club, led by John Muir. Muir observed:[3]
Dam Hetch Hetchy! As well dam for water-tanks the people's cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.
Proponents of the dam replied that out of multiple sites considered by San Francisco, Hetch Hetchy had the "perfect architecture for a reservoir",[43] with pristine water, lack of development or private property, a steep-sided and flat-floored profile that would maximize the amount of water stored, and a narrow outlet ideal for placement of a dam.[42] They claimed the valley was not unique and would be even more beautiful with a lake. Muir predicted that this lake would create an unsightly "bathtub ring" around its perimeter, caused by the water's destruction of lichen growth on the canyon walls,[44] which would inevitably be visible at low lake levels.
Since the valley was within Yosemite National Park, an act of Congress was needed to authorize the project. The U.S. Congress passed and President Woodrow Wilson signed the Raker Act in 1913, which permitted the flooding of the valley under the conditions that power and water derived from the river could only be utilized for public interests. Ultimately, the city would fail to keep its promise, selling hydropower from the dam to Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E), which would lead to decades of legal wrangling and controversy.[45]
Work on the Hetch Hetchy Project began in 1914. The 68 mi (109 km) Hetch Hetchy Railroad was constructed to link the Sierra Railway with Hetch Hetchy Valley, allowing for direct rail shipment of construction materials from San Francisco to the dam site. Construction of O'Shaughnessy Dam began in 1919 and was finished in 1923, with the reservoir first filling in May of that year. The dam was then 227 feet (69 m) high; its present height of 312 feet (95 m) was achieved only later in 1938.[46] On October 28, 1934 – twenty years after the beginning of construction on the Hetch Hetchy project – a crowd of 20,000 San Franciscans gathered to celebrate the arrival of the first Hetch Hetchy water in the city.[47]
The Early Intake (Lower Cherry) Powerhouse began commercial operation five years before the O'Shaughnessy Dam was completed. The first Moccasin Powerhouse in Moccasin, California began commercial operation in 1925 followed by the Holm Powerhouse in 1960 (the same month the Early Intake Powerhouse was taken out of service). In 1967 the Robert C. Kirkwood Powerhouse started commercial operation followed by a New Moccasin Powerhouse in 1969 when the Old Moccasin Powerhouse was taken out of service. Finally, in 1988, a third generator was added to the Kirkwood Powerhouse.[48]
Hetch Hetchy Project[edit]
Map of Hetch Hetchy Project facilities
The Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct pipelines 1 and 2 as viewed from the Emerald Hills neighborhood in San Mateo County, California.
Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct
Begins
Tuolumne River
37°51′09″N 119°59′30″W / 37.852425°N 119.991572°W / 37.852425; -119.991572
Ends
Crystal Springs Reservoir
37°29′01″N 122°18′59″W / 37.483508°N 122.316306°W / 37.483508; -122.316306
Maintained by
San Francisco Public Utilities Commission
Length
167 mi (269 km)
Capacity
366 cu ft/s (10.4 m3/s)
Construction began
1914
Opening date
24 October 1934
References: U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Hetch Hetchy.
Note that map above only shows Bay Area portion of aqueduct.
Hetch Hetchy Valley serves as the primary water source for the City and County of San Francisco and several surrounding municipalities in the greater San Francisco Bay Area. The dam and reservoir, combined with a series of aqueducts, tunnels, and hydroelectric plants as well as eight other storage dams, comprise a system known as the Hetch Hetchy Project, which provides 80% of the water supply for 2.6 million people.[49] The project is operated by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. The city must pay a lease of $30,000 per year for the use of Hetch Hetchy, which sits on federal land.[50][51] The aqueduct delivers an average of 265,000 acre⋅ft (327,000 dam3) of water each year, or 31,900,000 cu ft (900,000 m3) per day, to residents of San Francisco and San Mateo, Santa Clara and Alameda Counties.[52]
As completed, O'Shaughnessy Dam is 910 feet (280 m) long, spanning the valley at its narrow outlet.[2] The dam contains 675,000 cu yd (516,000 m3) of concrete. The Hetch Hetchy Reservoir created by the dam has a capacity of 360,400 acre⋅ft (0.4445 km3), with a maximum area of 1,972 acres (798 ha) and a maximum depth of 306 feet (93 m).[2] From Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, the water flows through the Canyon and Mountain Tunnels to Kirkwood and Moccasin Powerhouses, which have capacities of 124 and 110 megawatts, respectively.[53] An additional hydroelectric system comprising Cherry Lake, Lake Eleanor and the Holm Powerhouse is also part of the Hetch Hetchy Project, adding another 169 megawatts of generating capacity.[53] The entire system produces about 1.7 billion kilowatt hours per year, enough to meet 20% of San Francisco's electricity needs.[53][54]
After passing through the powerhouses, Hetch Hetchy water flows into the 167 mi (269 km) Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct which travels across the Central Valley. Upon reaching the Bay Area near the city of Fremont, the aqueduct splits into four pipelines. These are called Bay Division Pipelines (BDPL) 1, 2, 3, and 4, with nominal pipeline diameters of 60, 66, 78, and 96 inches (1.5, 1.7, 2.0 and 2.4 m, respectively).[55] All four pipelines cross the Hayward fault. Pipelines 1 and 2 cross the San Francisco Bay to the south of the Dumbarton Bridge, while pipelines 3 and 4 run to the south of the bay. In the Bay Area, Hetch Hetchy water is stored in local facilities including Calaveras Reservoir, Crystal Springs Reservoir, and San Antonio Reservoir.[56] Pipelines 3 and 4 end at the Pulgas Water Temple, a small park that contains classical architectural elements which celebrate the water delivery.[57]
Water from Hetch Hetchy is some of the cleanest municipal water in the United States; San Francisco is one of six U.S. cities not required by law to filter its tap water, although the water is disinfected by ozonation and, since 2011, exposure to UV.[58] The water quality is high because of the unique geology of the upper Tuolumne River drainage basin, which consists mostly of bare granite; as a result, the rivers feeding Hetch Hetchy Reservoir have extremely low loads of sediments and nutrients. The watershed is also strictly protected, so swimming and boating are prohibited at the reservoir (although fishing is permitted at the reservoir and in the rivers which feed it).[59]
Proposed restoration[edit]
Arguments for[edit]
The battle over Hetch Hetchy Valley continues today between those who wish to retain the dam and reservoir, and those who wish to drain the reservoir and return Hetch Hetchy Valley to its former state. Those in favor of dam removal have pointed out that many actions by San Francisco since 1913 have been in violation of the Raker Act, which explicitly stated that power and water from Hetch Hetchy could not be sold to private interests. Hydroelectricity generated from the Hetch Hetchy project is largely sold to Bay Area customers through a private power company, Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E). San Francisco was able to accomplish this in 1925 by claiming it had run out of funds to extend the Hetch Hetchy transmission line all the way to the city. The terminus of the incomplete line was "conveniently located next to a PG&E substation", which connected to PG&E's private line which in turn bridged the gap to San Francisco.[60] The city justified this as a temporary measure, but no attempt to follow through with completing the municipal grid was ever made.[61] Peter Byrne of SF Weekly has stated that "the plain language of the Raker Act itself and experts who are familiar with the act (and have no stake in city politics) all agree: The city of San Francisco is not in violation of the Raker Act."[62] Harold L. Ickes, Secretary of the Interior in the late 1930s, said there was a violation of the Raker Act, but he and the city reached an agreement in 1945.[63]
Albert Bierstadt, Hetch Hetchy Valley From Road, c. 1870
Preservation groups including the Sierra Club and Restore Hetch Hetchy state that draining Hetch Hetchy would open the valley back up to recreation, a right that should be provided to the American people because the reservoir is within the legal boundaries of a national park. They acknowledge that a concerted effort would have to be made to control the introduction of wildlife and tourism back into the valley in order to prevent destabilization of the ecosystem,[64] and that it might be decades or even centuries before the valley could be returned to natural conditions.[65]
In 1987, the idea of razing the O'Shaughnessy Dam gained an adherent in Don Hodel, then Secretary of the Department of the Interior under President Ronald Reagan.[66] Hodel called for a study of the effect of tearing down the dam. The National Park Service concluded that two years after draining the valley, grasses would cover most of its floor and within 10 years, clumps of cone-bearing trees and some oaks would take root. Within 50 years, vegetative cover would be complete except for exposed rocky areas. In this unmanaged scenario, where nature is left to take hold in the valley, eventually a forest would grow, rather than the meadow being restored. However, the same NPS study also finds that with intensive management, an outcome in which "the entire valley would appear much as it did before construction of the reservoir" is feasible.[67]
The dam would not have to be completely removed; rather, it would only be necessary to cut a hole through the base in order to drain the water and restore natural flows of the Tuolumne River. Most of the dam would remain in place, both to avoid the enormous costs of demolition and removal, and to serve as a monument for the workers who built it.[68] The water storage provided at Hetch Hetchy could be transferred into Lake Don Pedro lower on the Tuolumne River by raising the New Don Pedro Dam 30 ft (9.1 m). Water could be diverted into the Kirkwood and Moccasin Powerhouses using lower-impact diversion dams, providing power generation on a seasonal basis, and the enlarged height at Don Pedro would also increase power generation there.[69] Furthermore, the removal of O'Shaughnessy Dam would not require costly sediment control measures, as would be typical on most dam removal projects, because of the high quality of the Tuolumne River water – in the 90 years since its construction, only 2 in (5.1 cm) of sediment has been deposited in Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, a mere dusting in comparison with other reservoirs of similar size and vintage around the world.[70]
Arguments against[edit]
Those in opposition of dam removal state that demolishing O'Shaughnessy Dam would take away a valuable source of clean, renewable hydroelectric power in the Kirkwood and Moccasin powerhouses; even if measures such as seasonal water diversion into the powerhouses were employed, it would only make up for a fraction of the original power production.[71] The remaining deficit would likely have to be replaced by polluting fossil fuel generation.[49] The removal of the dam would be extremely costly, at least $3–10 billion,[72] and the transport of the demolished material away from the dam site along the narrow, winding Hetch Hetchy Road would be a logistical nightmare with possible environmental impacts. Most importantly, San Francisco would lose its source of high-quality mountain water, and would have to depend on lower-quality water from other reservoirs – which would require costly filtration and re-engineering of the aqueduct system – to meet its needs.[73][74]
Tuolumne River below O'Shaughnessy Dam
The economic wisdom of removing the dam has been frequently questioned.[75] Some observers, such as Carl Pope (Director of the Sierra Club), stated that Hodel had political motives [76] in proposing the study. The imputed motive was to divide the environmental movement: to see residents of the strongly Democratic city of San Francisco coming out against an environmental issue. Dianne Feinstein, the mayor of San Francisco at the time, said in a Los Angeles Times story in 1987: "All this is for an expanded campground? ... It's dumb, dumb, dumb."[77] Hodel, now retired, is still a strong proponent of restoring Hetch Hetchy Valley and now-Senator Feinstein is still strongly against restoration. The George W. Bush administration proposed allocating $7 million to studying the removal of the dam in the 2007 National Park Service budget.[78] Dianne Feinstein opposed this allocation, saying, "I will do all I can to make sure it isn't included in the final bill. We're not going to remove this dam, and the funding is unnecessary."[79]
Opponents of dam removal have pointed out that the flooding of the Hetch Hetchy Valley has also deterred the crowds that overrun other areas of Yosemite National Park. Indeed, Hetch Hetchy today remains the least visited area of the park.[80] Karin Klein has described Yosemite Valley as "so crammed ... that it looks more like a ripstop ghetto than the site of a nature experience."[81] However, she does support breaching the dam once it has reached the end of its lifespan, and not replacing it.[82]
In November 2012, San Francisco voters soundly rejected Proposition F,[83] which would have required the City to conduct an $8 million study on how the flooded valley could be drained and restored to its former state. The proposed study would also have been required to identify potential replacements for the water storage capacity and hydroelectric power production.[84][85]
See also[edit]
San Francisco Bay Area portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hetch Hetchy.
View of reservoir and Kolana Rock
Tuolumne River
Grand Canyon of the Tuolumne
San Francisco Water Department
Yosemite National Park
Timeline of environmental events
Gifford Pinchot
Hetch Hetchy Railroad
Lake Vernon trail
The National Parks: America's Best Idea
List of dams and reservoirs in California
List of power stations in California
List of the tallest dams in the United States
List of lakes in California
List of largest reservoirs of California
San Francisco Public Utilities Commission
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Early History". Hetch Hetchy: Preservation or Public Utility. In Time and Place.
Jump up ^ Whitney 1874, p. 158.
^ Jump up to: a b "Big Oak Flat (No. 406 California Historical Landmark". Sierra Nevada Geotourism MapGuide. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
^ Jump up to: a b Whitney 1874, p. 157.
Jump up ^ Righter 2005, p. 17.
Jump up ^ United States Army Corps of Engineers (1913). Hetch Hetchy Valley: report of Advisory Board of Army Engineers to the Secretary of the Interior on investigations relative to sources of water supply for San Francisco and Bay communities. United States Government Printing Office. p. 31.
Jump up ^ Righter 2005, p. 19.
Jump up ^ Righter 2005, pp. 22–23.
Jump up ^ "John Muir". Yosemite National Park. U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Righter 2005, p. 23.
Jump up ^ Perrottet, Tony (July 2008). "John Muir's Yosemite: The father of the conservation movement found his calling on a visit to the California wilderness". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
Jump up ^ Righter, pp. 26–27.
^ Jump up to: a b "Timeline of the Ongoing Battle Over Hetch Hetchy". Sierra Club. Retrieved 2013-05-31.
Jump up ^ United States Department of the Interior. "Proceedings Before The Secretary Of The Interior In Re Use Of Hetch Hetchy Reservoir Site, In The Yosemite National Park, By The City Of San Francisco, May 11, 1908". United States Government Printing Office.
^ Jump up to: a b Hanson, Jason L. "The Hetch Hetchy Letters: If a Group of Intellectuals Argues in a Forest, and then that Forest is Submerged Under Water, Does Their Argument Matter?" (PDF). Center of the American West. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
Jump up ^ Davies, Leslie T. (May 2006). "San Francisco-Hetch Hetchy Valley Connection" (PDF). Humboldt State University. Retrieved 2013-05-31.
Jump up ^ Rogers, Paul (2012-09-30). "Hetch Hetchy controversy: Could Yosemite's 'second valley' be restored?". San Jose Mercury News.
Jump up ^ "The Hetch Hetchy Story, Part II: PG&E and the Raker Act". FoundSF.
Jump up ^ "Hetch Hetchy Water and Power System". Tuolumne County Historical Society.
Jump up ^ Buchanan, Paul D. (April 2, 2001). "Idyllic Pulgas Water Temple still offers comfort for weary wanderers". San Mateo Daily Journal.
Jump up ^ "Chronology of San Francisco's Water Development". Retrieved 2010-09-23.
^ Jump up to: a b "Frequently Asked Questions About Hetch Hetchy Reservoir and the Regional Water & Power System". San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. Retrieved 2013-05-31.
Jump up ^ Upton, John (6 January 2012). "Water From Yosemite Is Still Cheap, for Now". The New York Times. p. 21A. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Righter 2005, p. 241.
Jump up ^ "The Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct". Aquafornia. 2008-08-19. Retrieved 2013-05-31.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Tuolumne River System" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-05-26.
Jump up ^ "Power Plants of California". California Energy Almanac. Retrieved 2013-05-23.
Jump up ^ Eidinger, J. M. (2001). "Seismic Retrofit of the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct at the Hayward Fault". Pipelines 2001. pp. 1–0. doi:10.1061/40574(2001)75. ISBN 978-0-7844-0574-1.
Jump up ^ "Serving 2.6 million residential, commercial and industrial customers". San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
Jump up ^ "Pulgas Water Temple". San Francisco Public Utilities Commission.
Jump up ^ Worth, Katie (2011-07-18). "Hetch Hetchy water goes through ultraviolet rinse". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved 2013-05-31.
Jump up ^ "Hetch Hetchy Valley" (PDF). U.S. National Park Service. March 2007. Retrieved 2013-05-31.
Jump up ^ Browne, Brian. "Western Water Wars: Efforts to Take Over San Francisco's Hetch Hetchy Systems" (PDF). Reason Foundation. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
Jump up ^ Redmond, Tim (2004-05-26). "Hetch Hetchy Power Debacle: Continuing Yosemite Threat". Trails. Clovis Free Press. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
Jump up ^ Byrne, Peter (2001-04-04). "Delusions of Power". San Francisco Weekly.
Jump up ^ Righter 2005, p. 185.
Jump up ^ De Carion, Denis. "Three Square Miles of Open Space: Is It Enough?" (PDF). University of California Davis. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
Jump up ^ "Alternatives for Restoration of Hetch Hetchy Valley Following Removal of the Dam and Reservoir" (PDF). Sierra Club. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
Jump up ^ Philp, Tom (2004-08-19). "Hetch Hetchy reclaimed: The dam downstream". The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 2013-06-02.
Jump up ^ Riegelhuth, Richard; Botti, S.; Keay, J. "Alternatives for restoration of Hetch Hetchy Valley following removal of the dam and reservoir page 15" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "What Lies Beneath?" (PDF). Backcountry Pictures. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
Jump up ^ Nash, J. Madeline (2005-07-11). "Is This Worth a Dam?". TIME Magazine.
Jump up ^ Biba, Erin (2012-12-11). "What Happens When You Remove a Dam". Popular Mechanics.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 9: Impact of restoration on hydropower production and revenues" (PDF). Environmental Defense Fund. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
Jump up ^ "Hetch Hetchy Restoration Study" (PDF). California Department of Water Resources. 2006. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
Jump up ^ "Worth a Dam? Hetch Hetchy in Yosemite". Earth Island Journal. 2012. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
Jump up ^ Onishi, Norimitsu (2012-09-09). "Putting Bay Area's Water Sources to a Vote". New York Times. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
Jump up ^ Bowe, Rebecca (2011-08-09). "Ecological rewind: Environmentalists want to tear down O'Shaughnessy Dam and restore the Hetch Hetchy Valley, but does their plan hold water?". San Francisco Bay Guardian. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Pope, Carl (November–December 1987). "Undamming Hetch Hetchy". Sierra magazine. Sierra Club: 34–38.
Jump up ^ Morain, Dan; Houston, Paul (1987-08-07). "Hodel Would Tear Down Dam in Hetch Hetchy". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
Jump up ^ Glennon 2009, p. 121.
Jump up ^ Doyle, Michael (2007-02-08). "Hetch Hetchy debate reborn". Sacramento Bee.
Jump up ^ "What will a restored valley look like?". Restore Hetch Hetchy. Archived from the original on 2013-07-04. Retrieved 2013-07-02.
Jump up ^ Klein, Karin (2012-08-15). "On Hetch Hetchy, John Muir was wrong: California's revered naturalist wrote a poetic diatribe against the drowning of the great valley. But the reservoir has spared it some of the indignities of Yosemite Valley". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ "On Hetch Hetchy, John Muir was wrong". Los Angeles Times. 2012-08-15. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
Jump up ^ "San Francisco Department of Elections, November 2012 Results". Retrieved 29 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Wildermuth, John (2012-11-10). "Hetch Hetchy fight not over, activists say". San Francisco Examiner.
Jump up ^ Rogers, Paul (2012-11-12). "San Francisco vote to study draining Hetch Hetchy Reservoir is defeated". Mercury News. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
Further reading[edit]
Aqua Blog Maven (19 August 2008). "The Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct". Aquafornia. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
Bay Area Economic Forum (October 2002). "Hetch Hetchy Water and the Bay Area Economy" (.PDF). Bay Area Council and the Association of Bay Area Governments: 5. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
Bibby, Brian (2006). Scott, Amy, ed. Yosemite: Art of an American Icon (section). University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24922-4.
Dziegielewski, Benedykt; Garbharran, Hari P.; Langowski, John F. Jr (1997). Lessons Learned from the California Drought (1987–1992) (illustrated ed.). Diane Publishing. p. 41. ISBN 0-7881-4163-5.
Huber, Norman King (2007). Geological Ramblings in Yosemite. Heyday. ISBN 1-59714-072-4.
Jones, Ray (2010). It Happened In Yosemite National Park: Remarkable Events That Shaped History. Globe Pequot. ISBN 0-7627-6231-4.
Matthes, François (1930). Geologic history of the Yosemite valley. United States Government Printing Office.
Null, Sarah (December 2003). "Thesis: Water Supply Implications of Removing O'Shaughnessy Dam" (PDF). University of California, Davis. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
Righter, Robert W. (2005). The Battle over Hetch Hetchy : America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-803410-0. DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149470.001.0001 online
"San Francisco Water Sources". San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
Simpson, John W. (2005). Dam!: Water, Power, Politics, and Preservation in Hetch Hetchy and Yosemite National Park. ISBN 0-375-42231-5.
Whitney, Josiah Dwight (1874). The Yosemite guide-book: a description of the Yosemite Valley and the adjacent region of the Sierra Nevada, and of the big trees of California. University Press, Welch, Bigelow.
Wohlforth, Charles P. (2004). Frommer's Family Vacations in the National Parks. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-7645-7075-7.
Flagg, Jeffrey B. (2011). "National Parks and Water". CQ Press. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
De Benedetti, Chris (2015). "New Irvington Tunnel latest in Hetch Hetchy water system improvements". Mercury News. Retrieved Dec 31, 2015.
External links[edit]
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Hetch Hetchy
O'Shaughnessy Dam at Structurae
Current Conditions, Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, California Department of Water Resources
San Francisco Public Utilities Commission: Hetch Hetchy Water and Power
United States Geological Survey
Maven's Notebook: Hetch Hetchy Water and Power System
John Muir on Hetch Hetchy Dam
Restore Hetch Hetchy web site
Sierra Club on Hetch Hetchy
Discover Hetch Hetchy - Environmental Defense
Hetch Hetchy Early Native American People's History
California Resources Agency Hetch Hetchy Restoration Study
Bay Area Water Supply and Conservation Agency on Hetch Hetchy dam
Hetch Hetchy Reservoir
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The Littlest Hobo
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The Littlest Hobo
The First Season DVD cover
Genre
Family/Children's
Adventure/drama
Starring
London
(both series)
Toro
(original series)
Litlon
(original series)
Thorn
(original series)
Country of origin
Canada
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
6
No. of episodes
114
Production
Camera setup
Single
Running time
30 minutes (including commercials)
Release
Original network
Syndication
(Original 1963-1965 series)
CTV
(1979-1985 series)
Picture format
SDTV
First shown in
September 24, 1963 - November 16, 1965 (first series) [1]
Original release
October 11, 1979 (second series) – March 7, 1985 (second series)
The Littlest Hobo is a Canadian television series based upon a 1958 American film of the same name directed by Charles R. Rondeau.[2] The series first aired from 1963 to 1965 in syndication, and was revived for a popular second run on CTV, spanning six seasons, from October 11, 1979 to March 7, 1985. It starred an ownerless dog.
All three productions revolved around a stray German Shepherd, the titular Hobo, who wanders from town to town, helping people in need. Although the concept (of a dog saving the day) was perhaps similar to that of Lassie, the Littlest Hobo's destiny was to befriend those who apparently needed help, portrayed by well known actors in celebrity guest appearance roles. Despite the attempts of the many people whom he helped to adopt him, he appeared to prefer to be on his own, and would head off by himself at the end of each episode.
Never actually named on-screen, the dog is often referred to by the name Hobo or by the names given by temporary human companions. Hobo's background is also unexplained on-screen. His origins, motivation and ultimate destination are also never explained.
Although some characters appeared in more than one episode, the only constant was the Littlest Hobo himself.
Rights to the Littlest Hobo series currently belong to Mighty Motion Pictures located in Spruce Grove, Alberta.
Contents
[hide]
1 1963–1965 series
2 1979–1985 series
2.1 Plot
3 Episodes
4 DVD release
4.1 1963–1965 series
4.2 1979–1985 series
5 References
6 External links
1963–1965 series[edit]
Following the 1958 film, the 1960s original TV series was aired in syndication around the world, including the UK on the ITV between 1964–1967. Although the series was originally broadcast in black and white, it was in fact produced in colour. The VCI Entertainment DVD release of the series featured the colour versions of the episodes, except for the opening and closing credits which have only survived in black and white.
The German shepherd dogs featured in both 1960s and 1980s series were owned and trained by Charles (Chuck) P. Eisenmann. The primary star was named London, but several of London's relatives, including Toro, Litlon, and Thorn, also played scenes as the Hobo. Eisenmann used his own training methods to work with his dogs which involved educating them to think and understand very specific directions, to recognize colors and to understand English, German and French.[3] He promoted his education method by touring with his dogs to offer live demonstrations,[4] appearing on TV and radio shows and by writing books.[5] Eisenmann recounts many stories from the filming of the series in his 1968 dog training book Stop! Sit! and Think. Other books he wrote include The Better Dog: The Educated Dog which contains updated training material and A Dog’s Day in Court which offers a dog's point of view towards training methods.
The dogs are German Shepherds with "reverse mask" markings. After purchasing London, Eisenmann began to breed his own dogs, mostly studding out his males, even though he owned some females that he bred to as well. He bred particularly for the reverse mask, that is commonly seen on all of his dogs, and is unpopular with breeders of the German Shepherd dog as it is not in the breed standard.
Shiloh Shepherd dogs are stated to trace their heritage back to London's relatives and are inspired by the intelligence Eisenmann's dogs were reputed to have.[6]
1979–1985 series[edit]
Title card
In 1979 CTV revived the series. The New Littlest Hobo (as it was sometimes called), which ran for six seasons, was shot on videotape rather than film. It has since been syndicated in many countries including the U.S. and UK. In the course of its run, a mixture of well-known Canadian and Hollywood guest stars appeared such as Al Waxman, Carol Lynley, John Ireland, Megan Follows, Rex Hagon, Alan Hale, Jr., August Schellenberg, DeForest Kelley, Ray Walston, Morey Amsterdam, Jeff Wincott, Michael Ironside, Patrick Macnee, Abe Vigoda, Saul Rubinek, John Vernon, Keenan Wynn, Chris Makepeace, Karen Kain, Vic Morrow, Henry Gibson, John Carradine and Leslie Nielsen. In 1979, 16-year-old Mike Myers made an early acting appearance playing the friend of a paraplegic boy in the episode "Boy on Wheels".
Charles (Chuck) P. Eisenmann appeared as a dog trainer named Chuck in the first-season episode "Stand In" and as dog kennel operator named Mr. Charles in part one of the episode "Voyageurs" from the sixth season.
The series aired on CTV on Thursday nights at 7:30 p.m. Reruns continued on CTV, CTV Two and other national networks up until the early 2010s, when CTV replaced it with a block of music videos from Juicebox. In the UK the series premièred on the BBC on April 8, 1982, but only the first three series was shown and repeated until 1989. From April 1991 ITV picked up the series and each of the local companies played out the full series until late 1994.
Plot[edit]
Plots ranged from the simple "dog-helps-person" stories to secret agent-type adventures. The series theme song, "Maybe Tomorrow", was sung by Terry Bush. In 2005, Bush commercially released the song on his debut album, entitled Maybe Tomorrow.[7] The song was later used in a 2011 Dulux paint advertisement.[8] Additionally, in 2017, the song was in a Canada 150 Co-Op stores advertisement.[9]
In season 5's two-part episode "The Genesis Tapes" a scientist and a reporter theorized that Hobo was a type of superior canine. The reporter theorized that there was one dog and the scientist theorized that there were up to one hundred such dogs. The two part episode had the scientist and reporter trying to capture Hobo to study him, with the reporter wanting a story and the scientist wanting to claim to be the first to discover the meta-canine as he put it. Hobo succeeds in destroying VHS tapes of himself that the scientist and reporter had intended to use to prove that he was an evolved canine. Both episodes feature flashback footage from the first five seasons of the series, with the first episode being the only episode of the revival series to include footage from the original 1960s series. The episode does not confirm that Hobo was indeed a superior canine either by evolution or design; it was simply the theory of the scientist and reporter.
Trainer Chuck Eisenmann used several dogs to play the role of "London" as he had selected dogs entirely based on their appearance. He determined which dogs to use for the scenes by making use of their abilities such as if one dog did not mind carrying objects or if one were small enough to safely jump through a car window and maneuver through the seats. In Eisenmann's book, A Dog's Day in Court, one of the dogs used in the 1970s series was London's grandson, who was also known as London.
A 2005 episode of the CTV sitcom Corner Gas entitled "The Littlest Yarbo" pays tribute to the series by having a character (Hank Yarbo) convinced that a stray dog visiting the town is Hobo, even though the dog is of a completely different breed. The episode ends with a reprise of Terry Bush's "Maybe Tomorrow" theme song.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of The Littlest Hobo episodes
DVD release[edit]
1963–1965 series[edit]
VCI Entertainment has released 12 episodes from the original series to DVD. The release features the colour versions of the first 3 episodes, except for the opening and closing sequences which have only survived in monochrome. The last 9 episodes were released in black and white.[10]
1979–1985 series[edit]
Mediumrare Entertainment have only released the first two series of The Littlest Hobo on DVD. The Season One DVD, featured the theme tune "Maybe Tomorrow" on DVD in Region 2 & 4 on April 26, 2010.
DVD Name
Episodes
Release dates
Region 1
Region 2
Region 4
Season One 24 N/A April 26, 2010 Sept, 2010
Season Two 18 N/A September 6, 2010 N/A
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://ctva.biz/Canada/LittlestHobo1963.htm
Jump up ^ "An Oral History of The Littlest Hobo, Canada's Greatest TV Show | VICE | Canada". Retrieved 2016-07-08.
Jump up ^ Mia Simpson (2006-08-18). "Roseburg's Charles Eisenmann | The News-Review". NRtoday.com. Retrieved 2011-06-25.
Jump up ^ Tina M. Barber (2010-12-31). "What is a Shiloh Shepherd (1990)". Shilohshepherds.info. Retrieved 2011-06-25.
Jump up ^ "Charles Eisenmann Books - The Littlest Hobo - German Shepherd Dogs". Cedarwoods-k9.com. Retrieved 2011-06-25.
Jump up ^ Tina M. Barber (2010-12-31). "What is a Shiloh Shepherd (1990)". Shilohshepherds.info. Retrieved 2011-06-25.
Jump up ^ "Terry Bush's biographical page". Systemsmedic.com. Retrieved 2011-06-25.
Jump up ^ Johnnys Amusements (2011-04-13), The New Dulux Dog TV Advert Apr. 2011, retrieved 2016-08-12
Jump up ^ "Canada 150 with Co-op". www.fcl.crs. Retrieved 2017-08-06.
Jump up ^ https://www.vcientertainment.com/LITTLEST-HOBO-TV-SERIES-COLLECTION-1/Film-Categories?keyword=the%20littlest%20hobo
External links[edit]
Television in Canada portal
The Littlest Hobo 1958 film on IMDb
The Littlest Hobo 1958 film at AllMovie
The Littlest Hobo 1960s series on IMDb
The Littlest Hobo 1970s revival on IMDb
The Littlest Hobo song in Spanish
Terry Bush's site. Theme song writer and vocalist on the 1979 series
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Littlest_Hobo&oldid=802266293"
Categories:
1958 films
American films
English-language films
Films about dogs
Television shows about dogs
Fictional dogs
CTV Television Network shows
Canadian children's television series
1963 Canadian television series debuts
1965 Canadian television series endings
1979 Canadian television series debuts
1985 Canadian television series endings
Fictional hoboes
Television series produced in Vancouver
Television series produced in Toronto
Television series by 20th Century Fox Television
Television series by Glen-Warren Productions
1980s Canadian television series
Canadian drama television series
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