text:
Burglary
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"Burglar" redirects here. For other uses, see Breaking and Entering (disambiguation).
Burglary (also called breaking and entering[1] and sometimes housebreaking)[2] is an unlawful entry into a building or other location for the purposes of committing an offence. Usually that offence is theft, but most jurisdictions include others within the ambit of burglary. To engage in the act of burglary is to burgle (in British English) or to burglarize (in American English).[3]
An Israeli forensic policeman inspects a burglary scene
Contents
[hide]
1 Common-law definition
2 Canada
3 Finland
4 Sweden
5 United Kingdom
5.1 England and Wales
5.2 Northern Ireland
5.3 Scotland
6 United States
6.1 Home invasion
6.2 Nighttime burglaries
6.3 Inchoate crime
6.4 Florida
6.5 Georgia
6.6 Kentucky
6.7 Massachusetts
6.8 Maryland
6.9 New Hampshire
6.10 New York
6.11 Pennsylvania
6.12 Virginia
6.13 Wisconsin
7 Protection against burglars
8 Statistics
8.1 Burglaries, by country
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Common-law definition[edit]
At common law, burglary was defined by Sir Matthew Hale as:
The breaking and entering the house of another in the night time, with intent to commit a felony therein, whether the felony be actually committed or not.[4][5][6]
Breaking can be either actual, such as by forcing open a door, or constructive, such as by fraud or threats.[4] Breaking does not require that anything be "broken" in terms of physical damage occurring. A person who has permission to enter part of a house, but not another part, commits a breaking and entering when they use any means to enter a room where they are not permitted, so long as the room was not open to enter.
Entering can involve either physical entry by a person, or the insertion of an instrument to remove property. Insertion of a tool to gain entry may not constitute entering by itself.[4] Note that there must be a breaking and an entering for common-law burglary. Breaking without entry or entry without breaking is not sufficient for common-law burglary.
Although rarely listed as an element, the common law required that "entry occur as a consequence of the breaking".[7] For example, if a wrongdoer partially opens a window with a pry bar—but then notices an open door, which he uses to enter the dwelling, there is no burglary under common law.[7][Note 1] The use of the pry bar would not constitute an entry even if a portion of the prybar "entered" the residence. Under the instrumentality rule the use of an instrument to effect a breaking would not constitute an entry. However, if any part of the perpetrator's body entered the residence in an attempt to gain entry, the instrumentality rule did not apply. Thus, if the perpetrator uses the prybar to pry open the window and then used his hands to lift the partially opened window, an "entry" would have taken place when he grasped the bottom of the window with his hands.[7][8]
House includes a temporarily unoccupied dwelling, but not a building used only occasionally as a habitation.[4]
Night time is defined as hours between half an hour after sunset and half an hour before sunrise.[4]
Typically this element is expressed as the intent to commit a felony “therein”. The use of the word “therein” adds nothing and certainly does not limit the scope of burglary to those wrongdoers who break and enter a dwelling intending to commit a felony on the premises.[7] The situs of the felony does not matter, and burglary occurs if the wrongdoer intended to commit a felony at the time he broke and entered.[7]
The common-law elements of burglary often vary between jurisdictions. The common-law definition has been expanded in most jurisdictions, such that the building need not be a dwelling or even a building in the conventional sense, physical breaking is not necessary, the entry does not need to occur at night, and the intent may be to commit any felony or theft.[9]
The etymology originates from Anglo-Saxon or Old English, one of the Germanic languages. According to one textbook, "The word burglar comes from the two German words burg, meaning "house", and laron, meaning "thief" (literally "house thief").[10] Another suggested etymology is from the later Latin word burgare, "to break open" or "to commit burglary", from burgus, meaning "fortress" or "castle", with the word then passing through French and Middle English, with influence from the Latin latro, "thief".[11] The British verb "burgle" is a late back-formation.[12]
Canada[edit]
Burglars Tools Found in the Bank, printed in 1875 in the Canadian Illustrated News
In Canada, breaking and entering is prohibited by section 348 of the Criminal Code and is a hybrid offence. Breaking and entering is defined as trespassing with intent to commit an indictable offence. The crime is commonly referred to in Canada as break and enter, which in turn is often shortened to B and E.[13][14]
Finland[edit]
There is no crime of burglary as such in Finland. In the case of breaking and entering, the Finnish penal code states that
A person who unlawfully
(1) enters domestic premises by force, stealth or deception, or hides or stays in
such premises [...]
shall be sentenced for invasion of domestic premises to a fine or to imprisonment for at most six months.[15]
However, if theft is committed during unlawful entering, then a person is guilty of theft or aggravated theft depending on the circumstances of the felony.
Aggravated theft:
(1) If in the theft
(5) the offender breaks into an occupied residence,
and the theft is aggravated also when assessed as a whole, the offender shall be sentenced for aggravated theft to imprisonment for at least four months and at most
four years.[15]
Sweden[edit]
In Sweden, burglary does not exist as an offence in itself; instead, there are two available offences. If a person simply breaks into any premise, they are technically guilty of either unlawful intrusion (olaga intrång) or breach of domiciliary peace (hemfridsbrott), depending on the premise in question. Breach of domiciliary peace is applicable only when a person "unlawfully intrudes or remains where another has his living quarters".[16] The only punishments available for any of these offences are fines, unless the offences are considered gross. In such cases, the maximum punishment is two years' imprisonment.
However, if the person who has forced themself into a house steals anything ("takes what belongs to another with intent to acquire it"), they are guilty of (ordinary) theft (stöld). However, the section regarding gross theft (Chapter 6, 4s of the Penal Code, grov stöld) states "in assessing whether the crime is gross, special consideration shall be given to whether the unlawful appropriation took place after intrusion into a dwelling."[16] For theft, the punishment is imprisonment of at most two years, while gross theft carries a punishment of between six months and six years.
United Kingdom[edit]
England and Wales[edit]
Main article: Burglary in English law
Burglary is defined by section 9 of the Theft Act 1968, which describes two variants:[17]
A person is guilty of burglary if they enter any building or part of a building as a trespasser with intent to steal, inflict grievous bodily harm or do unlawful damage to the building or anything in it.[Note 2]
A person is guilty of burglary if, having entered a building or part of a building as a trespasser, he steals or attempts to steal anything in the building, or inflicts or attempts to inflict grievous bodily harm on any person in the building.
Northern Ireland[edit]
The offence is defined in similar terms to England and Wales by the Theft Act (Northern Ireland) 1969.[20]
Scotland[edit]
Under Scots law, the crime of burglary does not exist. Instead theft by housebreaking covers theft where the security of the building is overcome.[21] It does not include any other aspect of burglary found in England and Wales. It is a crime usually prosecuted under solemn procedure in a superior court. Another common law crime still used is Hamesuken, which covers forced entry into a building where a serious assault on the occupant takes place. Common law crimes in Scotland are gradually being replaced by statutes.
United States[edit]
Burglary is prosecuted as a felony or misdemeanor and involves trespassing and theft, entering a building or automobile, or loitering unlawfully with intent to commit any crime, not necessarily a theft—for example, vandalism. Even if nothing is stolen in a burglary, the act is a statutory offense. Buildings can include hangars, sheds, barns, and coops; burglary of boats, aircraft, trucks, and railway cars is possible. Burglary may be an element in crimes involving rape, arson, kidnapping, identity theft, or violation of civil rights; indeed the "plumbers" of the Watergate scandal were technically burglars. As with all legal definitions in the U.S., the foregoing description may not be applicable in every jurisdiction, since there are 50 separate state criminal codes, plus federal and territorial codes in force.
Home invasion[edit]
Commission of a burglary with the intention or result of confronting persons on the premises may constitute an aggravated offense known as home invasion.[22]
Nighttime burglaries[edit]
In some states, a burglary committed during the hours of daylight is technically not burglary, but housebreaking.[23] In many jurisdictions in the U.S., burglary is punished more severely than housebreaking. In California, for example, burglary was punished as burglary in the first degree, while housebreaking was punished as burglary in the second degree. California now distinguishes between entry into a residence and into a commercial building, with the burglary of a residence bearing heavier punishment.
In states that continue to punish burglary more severely than housebreaking twilight, night is traditionally defined as hours between 30 minutes after sunset and 30 minutes before sunrise.
Inchoate crime[edit]
Some academics consider burglary as an inchoate crime.[24] Others say that because the intrusion itself is harmful, this justifies punishment even when no further crime is committed.
Burglary, as a preliminary step to another crime, can be seen as an inchoate, or incomplete, offense. As it disrupts the security of persons in their homes and in regard to their personal property, however, it is complete as soon as the intrusion is made. This dual nature is at the heart of a debate about whether the crime of burglary ought to be abolished and its elements covered by attempt or aggravating circumstances to other crimes—or retained, and the grading schemes reformed to reflect the seriousness of individual offenses.
—  McCord and McCord.[25]
Possession of burglar's tools, in jurisdictions that make this an offense, has also been viewed as an inchoate crime:[26]
In effect piling an inchoate crime onto an inchoate crime, the possession of burglary tools with the intent to use them in a burglary is a serious offense, a felony in some jurisdictions. Gloves that a defendant was trying to shake off as he ran from the site of a burglary were identified as burglar's tools in Green v. State (Fla. App. 1991).
—  McCord and McCord.[25]
Florida[edit]
Under Florida State Statutes, "burglary" occurs when a person "enter[s] a dwelling, a structure, or a conveyance with the intent to commit an offense therein, unless the premises are at the time open to the public or the defendant is licensed or invited to enter."[27] Depending on the circumstances of the crime, burglary can be classified as third, second, or first-degree felonies, with maximum sentences of five years, fifteen years, and life, respectively.[28]
Georgia[edit]
A person commits the offense of burglary when, without authority and with the intent to commit a felony or theft therein, he enters or remains within the dwelling house of another or any building, vehicle, railroad car, watercraft, or other such structure designed for use as the dwelling of another or enters or remains within any other building, railroad car, aircraft, or any room or any part thereof. A person convicted of the offense of burglary, for the first such offense, shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than one nor more than 20 years. For the purposes of this Code section, the term "railroad car" shall also include trailers on flatcars, containers on flatcars, trailers on railroad property, or containers on railroad property. O.C.G.A. § 16-7-1
Kentucky[edit]
Burglary and the intended crime, if carried out, are treated as separate offenses. Burglary is a felony, even when the intended crime is a misdemeanor, and the intent to commit the crime can occur when one "enters or remains unlawfully" in the building, expanding the common-law definition. It has three degrees. Third-degree burglary is the broadest, and applies to any building or other premises. Second-degree burglary retains the common-law element of a dwelling, and first-degree burglary requires that the accused be in a dwelling and armed with a weapon or have intent to cause injury.[29] A related offense, criminal trespass, covers unlawful entry to buildings or premises without the intent to commit a crime, and is a misdemeanor or, in the third degree, a violation.[30] Possession of burglar's tools, with the intent to use them to commit burglary or theft, is a misdemeanor.[31]
Massachusetts[edit]
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts uses the term "burglary" to refer to a night-time breaking and entering of a dwelling with the intent to commit a felony. Burglary is a felony punishable by not more than twenty years; should the burglar enter with a dangerous weapon, they may be imprisoned for life.[32] Unlawful entries of a structure other than a dwelling are labeled "breaking and entering" and punishments vary according to structure.[33]
Maryland[edit]
In Maryland, under title 6, subtitle 2 of the criminal law code, the crime of burglary is divided into four degrees. The first three degrees are felonies, while fourth-degree burglary is a misdemeanor.[citation needed] Breaking and entering into a dwelling with intent to commit theft or a crime of violence is first-degree burglary. Breaking and entering into a "storehouse" (a structure other than a dwelling, also including watercraft, aircraft, railroad cars, and vessels) with intent to commit theft, arson, or a crime of violence is second-degree burglary. Third-degree burglary is defined as breaking and entering into a dwelling with intent to commit a crime.
Simple breaking and entering into a dwelling or storehouse without specific intent to commit an additional crime is fourth-degree burglary. This degree also includes two other offenses that do not have breaking and entering as an element: Being in or on the yard, garden, or other property of a storehouse or dwelling with the intent to commit theft, or possession of burglar's tools with the intent to use them in a burglary offense.
New Hampshire[edit]
In the criminal code of New Hampshire, "A person is guilty of burglary if he enters a building or occupied structure, or separately secured or occupied section thereof, with purpose to commit a crime therein, unless the premises are at the time open to the public or the actor is licensed or privileged to enter."[34]
New York[edit]
Under the New York Penal Law, burglary is always a felony, even in third degree.[35] It is more serious if the perpetrator uses what appears to be a dangerous weapon or enters a dwelling.[36][37]
Pennsylvania[edit]
In Pennsylvania, it is a defense to prosecution if the building or structure in question is rendered abandoned.[38]
Virginia[edit]
In Virginia, there are degrees of burglary, described as "Common Law Burglary" and "Statutory Burglary".
Common Law Burglary is defined as: if any person breaks and enters the dwelling of another, in the nighttime, with intent to commit a felony or any larceny (theft < $200) therein, shall be guilty of burglary, punishable as a class 3 felony; provided, however, that if such person was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such entry, he shall be guilty of a class 2 felony.
Statutory Burglary is defined as: If any person in the nighttime enters without breaking, or in the daytime breaks and enters or enters and conceals himself in a dwelling house or an adjoining, occupied outhouse, or, in the nighttime enters without breaking or at any time breaks and enters or enters and conceals himself in any office, shop, manufactured home, storehouse, warehouse, banking house, church or other house, or any ship, vessel or river craft, or any railroad car, or any automobile, truck, or trailer, if such automobile, truck or trailer is used as a dwelling or place of human habitation, with intent to commit murder, rape, robbery or arson in violation of Virginia State code section 18.2-77, 18.2-79, or 18.2-80, shall be deemed guilty of statutory burglary, which offense shall be a class 3 felony. However, if such person was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such entry, he shall be guilty of a class 2 felony.
Additionally, if any person commits any of the acts mentioned in the VA state code section 18.2-90 with intent to commit larceny, or any felony other than murder, rape, robbery or arson in violation of VA state code section 18.2-77, 18.2-79, or 18.2-80, or if any person commits any acts mentioned in 18.2-89 or 18.2-90 with intent to commit assault and battery, shall be guilty of statutory burglary, punishable by confinement in a state correctional facility for not less than one or more than twenty years, or, in the discretion of the jury or the court trying the case without a jury, be confined in jail for a period not exceeding twelve months or fined not more than $2,500, either or both. However, if the person was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such entry, he shall be guilty of a Class 2 felony.
Finally, if any person break and enter a dwelling house while said dwelling is occupied, either in the day or nighttime, with intent to commit any misdemeanor except assault and battery or trespass (which falls under the previous paragraph), shall be guilty of a class 6 felony. However, if the person was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such entry, he shall be guilty of a class 2 felony.
Wisconsin[edit]
In Wisconsin, burglary is committed by one who forcibly enters a building without consent and with intent to steal or to commit another felony. Burglary may also be committed by entry to a locked truck, car or trailer or a ship.[39] The crime of burglary is treated as being more serious if the burglar is armed with a dangerous weapon when the burglary is committed or arms himself/herself during the commission of the burglary.[40]
Protection against burglars[edit]
Protection of a household against burglars can include defences from anti-burglar paint through safety and security window film to burglar-proof doors and windows and burglar alarms. Dogs of any size can warn residents through loud barking, with larger dogs posing a threat of severe injury to an intruder. The victim may also rightfully use self-defence in many jurisdictions.
In case if burglar entered the house, secret stores can help protect things. Ordinary places such as boxes, tables and cabinets are prime targets of the burglar. It`s recommended to leave fake money and jewelry in that places, which can help to preserve real values.
After a crime has been committed, tactics such as cocooning have been shown to dramatically reduce the incidence of repeat offences. Cocooning involves notifying neighbours in the street that a break and enter has occurred, thereby encouraging a form of natural surveillance. Studies show this may decrease the rate of property crime by up to 50% in the local area.[41]
Statistics[edit]
Burglaries, by country[edit]
The UNODC notes "that when using the figures, any cross-national comparisons should be conducted with caution because of the differences that exist between the legal definitions of offences in countries, or the different methods of offence counting and recording". Also not every crime is reported and the rate of reported crimes may vary by countries.
[show]Burglaries by Country[42]
Country
Burglaries
Rate
Year
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1,175 1074.5 2011
Saint Kitts and Nevis 520 970.4 2010
New Zealand 39,532 886.4 2012
Bahamas 3,242 885.0 2011
Belgium 80,708 729.7 2012
Netherlands 112,105 670.7 2012
Australia 151,919 659.1 2012
Barbados 1,548 546.6 2012
United States of America 1,567,100 493.6 2012
Switzerland 35,801 447.7 2012
Luxembourg 2,154 417.2 2011
Sweden 39,552 415.8 2012
Chile 72,011 412.3 2012
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 227,280 405.3 2012
Italy 237,355 389.8 2012
France 234,090 366.1 2012
Israel 25,035 331.9 2011
Canada 113,346 328.7 2011
United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) 5,868 324.0 2012
United Kingdom (Scotland) 15,616 294.9 2012
Belarus 26,435 276.6 2008
Spain 126,422 270.4 2012
Kazakhstan 42,939 263.9 2012
Greece 28,193 253.4 2012
Portugal 25,151 237.2 2012
Malta 1,004 234.7 2012
Trinidad and Tobago 3,111 232.6 2012
Hungary 22,587 226.4 2012
Bahrain 2,479 222.1 2008
Guyana 1,758 221.0 2012
Estonia 2,718 210.6 2012
Grenada 221 209.5 2012
Botswana 4,088 205.8 2011
Austria 15,479 182.9 2012
Cyprus 2,010 178.0 2012
Germany 144,117 174.1 2012
Costa Rica 6,736 146.4 2009
Liechtenstein 51 139.1 2012
Slovenia 2,717 131.4 2012
Norway 5,987 119.9 2012
Kyrgyzstan 6,500 118.7 2012
Lithuania 3,526 116.5 2012
Finland 6,281 116.1 2012
Croatia 4,331 100.5 2012
Turkey 69,709 99.1 2008
Bosnia and Herzegovina 3,673 95.3 2009
Mexico 114,291 94.6 2012
Macedonia 1,987 94.4 2012
Czech Republic 9,718 91.2 2012
Russian Federation 129,581 90.3 2011
Bulgaria 6,456 88.7 2012
Jamaica 2,431 87.8 2012
Ukraine 38,801 84.3 2010
Republic of Korea 34,952 71.7 2011
Serbia 6,738 70.5 2012
Poland 26,825 70.2 2012
Mauritius 714 57.8 2011
Mongolia 1,554 56.4 2011
Republic of Moldova 1,952 55.5 2012
Japan 60,938 47.9 2012
Colombia 22,346 46.8 2012
Maldives 126 40.1 2008
Albania 1,238 39.2 2012
Jordan 2,731 39.0 2012
Oman 987 38.1 2008
Armenia 1,097 36.9 2012
Dominican Republic 3,731 36.3 2012
Latvia 731 35.5 2012
Georgia 1,552 35.4 2010
Slovakia 1,742 32.0 2012
United Arab Emirates 2,900 31.5 2012
Morocco 8,001 25.6 2009
Sierra Leone 1,149 20.8 2008
Syrian Arab Republic 3,346 16.4 2008
Egypt 9,257 11.7 2011
Brazil 22,679 11.4 2012
São Tomé and Príncipe 20 10.9 2011
Panama 352 9.3 2012
Kuwait 256 9.0 2009
Peru 2,342 8.1 2009
El Salvador 468 7.4 2012
Singapore 358 6.9 2011
Kenya 2,871 6.6 2012
Yemen 1,388 6.2 2009
Uganda 1,990 5.9 2010
Guatemala 791 5.7 2009
Guinea 533 5.3 2007
Azerbaijan 228 2.4 2012
Tajikistan 151 1.9 2011
Nigeria 2,968 1.8 2012
Algeria 382 1.0 2012
See also[edit]
Classy Cat Burglar
R v Collins
Trespass
Home Invasion
Going equipped
Theft Act 1968 (United Kingdom)
Hot prowl burglary
"Cat burglar" at Wiktionary
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Common law burglary requires both a breaking and entry. Some statutory offences are phrased in terms of a breaking or entry. The use of the disjunctive is intended to expand the scope of the offence.[citation needed]
Jump up ^ Although as originally passed, the Theft Act 1968 also prohibited "raping any woman therein",[18] the Sexual Offences Act 2003 repealed this prohibition and substituted the offence known as trespass with intent to commit a sexual offence.[19]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Breaking and entering : A Miscellany". Retrieved 2008-04-30.
Jump up ^ "How to search for High Court criminal trials". Retrieved 2008-04-30.
Jump up ^ Garner, Bryan. A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-19-514236-5. Retrieved 18 December 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Burglary". The Free Dictionary. Farlex. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
Jump up ^ Charles E. Torcia, Wharton's Criminal Law § 326 (14th ed. 1980)
Jump up ^ Taylor v. United States 1990, 495 U.S. 575 citing W. LaFave & A. Scott, Substantive Criminal Law § 8.13, p. 464 (1986)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Perkins, Rollin M.; Ronald N. Boyce (1982). Criminal Law (3rd ed.). West Publishing Company. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-88277-067-3. , citing R v Davis (1854) 6 Cox CC 369
Jump up ^ People v. Wright , 206, 184 (Cal. App. 1962).
Jump up ^ Duhaime, Lloyd. "Burglary Definition". Duhaime.org. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Glick, Leonard (2005). Criminology (1st ed.). Boston: Pearson Education. p. 280. ISBN 0-205-40278-X.
Jump up ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
Jump up ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
Jump up ^ "Break and enter" Archived 2008-06-22 at the Wayback Machine. in Code of police practice: A guide for first line officers, Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police.
Jump up ^ "Legal Definition of Break and Enter", web site of Canadian lawyer Lloyd Duhaime.
^ Jump up to: a b [1] The Criminal Code of Finland, unofficial translation. Ministry of Justice, Finland.
^ Jump up to: a b "Swedish Penal Code of 1962" (PDF). 1962. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
Jump up ^ Theft Act 1968
Jump up ^ Theft Act 1968 (as enacted)
Jump up ^ Sexual Offences Act 2003
Jump up ^ "Theft Act (Northern Ireland) 1969 (Chapter 16) - Statute Law Database". www.statutelaw.gov.uk. Retrieved 2010-10-29.
Jump up ^ "Index of legal terms and offences libelled". Archived May 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. National Archives of Scotland. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Michigan Legislature - Section 750.110a". www.legislature.mi.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
Jump up ^ "Housebreaking Law & Legal Definition". definitions.uslegal.com. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
Jump up ^ Frank Schmalleger, Criminal Law Today: An Introduction with Capstone Cases, p. 110, (Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006) ISBN 0-13-170287-4, citing Joshua Dressler, Understanding Criminal Law, 2nd ed., (Boston:Matthew Bender, 1995), p. 351.
^ Jump up to: a b James W.H. McCord and Sandra L. McCord, Criminal Law and Procedure: A Systems Approach, 3rd ed. (Clifton Park, New York: Thomson Delmar Learning - West Legal Studies, 2006), p. 127. ISBN 978-1-4018-6564-1.
Jump up ^ See Schmalleger, Supra, p. 404.
Jump up ^ Fla. Stat. § 810.02(1)(b)1
Jump up ^ Fla. Stat. § 810.02(2)-(4)
Jump up ^ KRS 511.010-511.040
Jump up ^ KRS 511.060-511.080
Jump up ^ KRS 511.050
Jump up ^ Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 266 §§ 14-5
Jump up ^ Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 266 §§ 16-9, 20A
Jump up ^ Section 635:1, NH Revised Statutes
Jump up ^ Burglary in the third degree, N.Y. Penal Law section 140.20, found at NY Laws. Accessed May 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ Burglary in the second degree, N.Y. Penal Law section 140.25, found at NY Laws. Accessed May 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ Burglary in the first degree, N.Y. Penal Law section 140.30, found at NY Laws. Accessed May 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ Pennsylvania Criminal Code:Burglary - 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 3502 [2]. Accessed April 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ Sec. 943.10(1m) Wisconsin Statutes (2009)
Jump up ^ Sec. 943.10(2) Wisconsin Statutes (2009)
Jump up ^ "Cocooning for Home Security" Explanation and sample of Cocooning in practice.Broken link!
Jump up ^ Crime and criminal justice statistics, used table: burglary. Retrieved May-24-2014
Further reading[edit]
Allen, Michael. Textbook on Criminal Law. Oxford University Press, Oxford. (2005) ISBN 0-19-927918-7.
Criminal Law Revision Committee. 8th Report. Theft and Related Offences. Cmnd. 2977
Griew, Edward. Theft Acts 1968 & 1978, Sweet & Maxwell. ISBN 0-421-19960-1
Martin, Jacqueline. Criminal Law for A2 Hodder Arnold. (2006) ISBN 978-0-340-91452-6
Ormerod, David. Smith and Hogan Criminal Law, LexisNexis, London. (2005) ISBN 0-406-97730-5
Smith, J. C. Law of Theft, LexisNexis: London. (1997) ISBN 0-406-89545-7
External links[edit]
California Penal Code Section 459 - Burglary
Massachusetts General Laws - Crimes Against Property
The Chula Vista Residential Burglary Reduction Project
Household Burglary, 1994-2011 Bureau of Justice Statistics
Wisconsin Statutes Home Page
Authority control
GND: 4151240-6
NDL: 00575097
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Speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Qualification
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Main article: Speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Speed skating at the
2018 Winter Olympics
Qualification
500 m
men women
1000 m
men women
1500 m
men women
3000 m
women
5000 m
men women
10,000 m
men
Mass start
men women
Team pursuit
men women
v
t
e
The following is about the qualification rules and the quota allocation for the speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics.
Contents
[hide]
1 Qualification rules
2 Qualification times
3 Quota allocation
4 Reserves
5 References
Qualification rules[edit]
A total quota of 180 athletes were allowed to compete at the Games (max. 100 men and max. 80 women). Countries were assigned quotas based on their performance during the 2017–18 ISU Speed Skating World Cup in the autumn of 2017. Each nation was permitted to enter a maximum of three athletes per gender for all events apart from the 5000m, 10000m and mass start events, for which they could enter a maximum of two athletes per event.[1]
Qualification times[edit]
The following requisite qualification times were released in June 2017.[2]
Event
Men
Women
500 metres 35.70 39.50
1000 metres 1:10.50 1:18.00
1500 metres 1:48.00 1:59.50
3000 metres N/A 4:12.00
5000 metres 6:30.00 7:20.00 or 4:08.00 (3000 m)
Mass start 1:57.50 (1500 m) 2:10.00 (1500 m)
10,000 metres 13:30.00 or 6:25.00 (5000 m) N/A
Quota allocation[edit]
Final Standings after World Cup 4 on 10 December 2017.[3] The "total" column began with 257 based on the maximum which the nation could be allocated from the individual distance allotments, and shrank to 184 by national team nominations and reallocation.[4][5] On 5 February, the final breakdown of 184 quotas was announced.[6]
NOC
Men
Women
Total
500m
1,000m
1500m
5,000m
10,000m
Team pursuit
Mass start
500m
1,000m
1500m
3,000m
5,000m
Team pursuit
Mass start
Australia 1 1 1
Austria 1 1 1 1 1 2
Belarus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5
Belgium 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
Canada 3 3 3 1 2 X 1 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 X 2 19
China 3 1 1 1 3 3 3 2 X 2 13
Chinese Taipei 1 1 1 1 1 3
Colombia 1 1 1 2
Czech Republic 1 2 2 2 1 1 3
Denmark 2 1 3
Estonia 1 1 1 2
Finland 2 2 1 3
France 1 1 1 1
Germany 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 X 1 9
Hungary 1 1 1
Italy 1 1 2 3 2 X 1 2 1 1 1 2 9
Japan 3 3 3 2 1 X 2 3 3 3 3 2 X 2 16
Kazakhstan 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 6
Latvia 1 1 1 1 1
Netherlands 3 3 3 3 2 X 2 3 3 3 3 2 X 2 20
New Zealand 2 1 1 X 2 3
Norway 3 2 2 3 3 1 X 1 1 2 2 1 9
Poland 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 3 3 X 2 14
Olympic Athletes from Russia 3 3 3 1 3 1 2 3 2 3 2 3 1 2 2 1 X 2 3
Romania 1 1
South Korea 3 3 2 1 1 X 2 3 3 1 X 2 16
Sweden 1 1 1
Switzerland 1 1 1 1 2
United States 3 3 3 2 X 2 3 3 3 1 1 X 2 13
Total: 28 NOCs
36
36
36
24
12
8
24
32
32
32
24
12
8
24
(184) 180
Reserves[edit]
If a country rejects a quota spot or reduces its team then additional quotas become available. In case of reallocation of unused quotas places, priority will be given to NOC's that have not yet been allocated a quota place for the event. The NOCs that will thus have priority for reallocation of quota places for the respective events are marked with an asterisk (*) in the table below.
Men
Quota remaining to reallocate
500m
(4 confirmed)
1000m
(3 confirmed)
1500m
(3 confirmed)
5000m
(2 confirmed)
10,000m
(1 confirmed)
Mass start
(2 confirmed)
Kazakhstan
China
Belgium *
Finland
Sweden *
Germany Finland
Sweden *
Germany
Norway
Belgium *
China * Germany
South Korea
China *
Estonia *
Belgium
Chinese Taipei * Canada
Poland *
United States *
Canada
Japan
Poland Japan *
Olympic Athletes from Russia
Belgium *
Norway
France *
Sweden * Italy
Kazakhstan *
Austria
Poland
Belarus *
Colombia *
Women
Quota remaining to reallocate
500m
(2 confirmed)
1000m
(2 confirmed)
1500m
(2 confirmed)
3000m
5000m
(1 confirmed)
Mass start
(2 confirmed)
Belarus *
Norway
Czech Republic
Norway
Romania *
Poland Italy *
Poland
Italy
Belarus *
Czech Republic
Norway Italy *
South Korea *
Germany
Italy
Belarus
South Korea China
South Korea *
Germany
Olympic Athletes from Russia
Belgium *
United States Belgium *
Czech Republic
Italy *
Germany
Poland *
Norway * Poland
Great Britain *
Czech Republic
Austria
Colombia *
Belarus
Team Pursuit events
Unsued Team Pursuit quota places may be provisionally reallocated to the next best placed team based on the Team Pursuit SOQC (Special Olympic Qualifying Classification), as per Rule 209, paragraph 2 d), as follows :
Men Team Pursuit
Women Team Pursuit
(1 confirmed)
Poland
Olympic Athletes from Russia
China United States
Czech Republic
Italy
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Qualification Systems for XXIII Olympic Winter Games, PyeongChang 2018". International Skating Union. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Thrope, George (27 June 2017). "Speed skating Olympic qualification times announced by ISU". Insidethegames.biz. Dunsar Media. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "ISU Speed skating qualification tables". International Skating Union. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "ISU Speed skating provisional allocation entry quotas". International Skating Union. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Communication No. 2136: XXIII Olympic Winter Games 2018 PyeongChang Entries Speed Skating". www.isu.org/. International Skating Union (ISU). 20 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Number of Entries by NOC" (PDF). PyeongChang 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
[hide]
v
t
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Qualification for the 2018 Winter Olympics (PyeongChang, South Korea)
Alpine skiing
Biathlon
Bobsleigh
Cross-country skiing
Curling
Figure skating
Freestyle skiing
Ice hockey
men
women
Luge
Nordic combined
Short track speed skating
Skeleton
Ski jumping
Snowboarding
Speed skating
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speed_skating_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_–_Qualification&oldid=827562908"
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