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Microsoft Visual C++
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Visual C++
Developer(s)
Microsoft
Initial release
February 1993; 25 years ago (1993-02)[1]
Stable release
2017 / March 7, 2017; 17 months ago (2017-03-07)
Written in
C++[2]
Operating system
Windows
Platform
IA-32, x86-64 and ARM
Available in
English, Chinese (Simplified & Traditional), Czech, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Portuguese (Brazilian), Russian, Spanish, Turkish
Type
IDE
License
Trialware and freeware
Website
docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/
Microsoft Visual C++ (often abbreviated to MSVC) is an integrated development environment (IDE) product from Microsoft for the C, C++, and C++/CLI programming languages. MSVC is proprietary software; it was originally a standalone product but later became a part of Visual Studio and made available in both trialware and freeware forms. It features tools for developing and debugging C++ code, especially code written for the Windows API, DirectX and .Net.
Many applications require redistributable Visual C++ packages to function correctly. These packages are often installed independently of applications, allowing multiple applications to make use of the package while only having to install it once. These Visual C++ redistributable and runtime packages are mostly installed for standard libraries that many applications use.[3]
Contents
1 History
1.1 16-bit versions
1.2 Strictly 32-bit versions
1.3 32-bit and 64-bit versions
1.4 Internal version numbering
2 Compatibility
2.1 ABI
2.2 C runtime libraries
2.3 C
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
The predecessor to Visual C++ was called Microsoft C/C++. There was also a Microsoft QuickC 2.5 and a Microsoft QuickC for Windows 1.0. The Visual C++ compiler is still known as Microsoft C/C++ and as of the release of Visual C++ 2015 Update 2, is on version 19.00.23918.
16-bit versions[edit]
Microsoft C 1.0, based on Lattice C, was Microsoft's first C product in 1983. It was not K&R C.
C 2.0 added large model support.
C 3.0 was the first version developed inside Microsoft. This version intended compatibility with K&R and the later ANSI standard. It was being used inside Microsoft (for Windows and Xenix development) in early 1984. It shipped as a product in 1985.
C 4.0 added optimizations and CodeView, a source-level debugger.
C 5.0 added loop optimizations and ‘huge memory model’ (arrays bigger than 64k) support. Microsoft Fortran and the first 32 bit compiler for 80386 were also part of this project.
C 5.1 released in 1988 allowed compiling programs for OS/2 1.x.
C 6.0 released in 1989. It added global flow analysis, a source browser, and a new debugger, and included an optional C++ front end.[4]
C/C++ 7.0 was released in 1992. Added built-in support for C++ and MFC (Microsoft Foundation Class Library) 1.0.[5]
Visual C++ 1.0, which included MFC 2.0, was the first version of ‘Visual’ C++, released in February 1993. It was Cfront 2.1 compliant[6] and available in two editions:[1]
Standard: replaced QuickC for Windows.
Professional: replaced C/C++ 7.0. Included the ability to build both DOS and Windows applications, an optimizing compiler, a source profiler, and the Windows 3.1 SDK.[6] The Phar Lap 286 DOS Extender Lite was also included.[7]
Visual C++ 1.5 was released in December 1993, included MFC 2.5, and added OLE 2.0 and ODBC support to MFC.[8] It was the first version of Visual C++ that came only on CD-ROM.
Visual C++ 1.51 and 1.52 were available as part of a subscription service.
Visual C++ 1.52b is similar to 1.52, but does not include the Control Development Kit.
Visual C++ 1.52c was a patched version of 1.5. It is the last, and arguably most popular, development platform for Microsoft Windows 3.x. It is available through Microsoft Developer Network.
Strictly 32-bit versions[edit]
Visual C++ 1.0 (original name: Visual C++ 32-bit Edition) was the first version for 32-bit development for the Intel 386 architecture.[9] Although released when 16-bit version 1.5 was available, it did not include support for OLE2 and ODBC. It was also available in a bundle called Visual C++ 16/32-bit Suite, which included Visual C++ 1.5.[10]
Visual C++ 2.0, which included MFC 3.0, was the first version to be 32-bit only. In many ways, this version was ahead of its time, since Windows 95, then codenamed "Chicago", was not yet released, and Windows NT had only a small market share. As a result, this release was almost a "lost generation". Microsoft included and updated Visual C++ 1.5 as part of the 2.x releases up to 2.1, which included Visual C++ 1.52, and both 16-bit and 32-bit version of the Control Development Kit (CDK) were included. Visual C++ 2.x also supported Win32s development. It is available through Microsoft Developer Network. There was a Visual C++ 2.0 RISC Edition for MIPS and Alpha processors, as well as a cross-platform edition for the Macintosh (68000 instruction set).[11]
Visual C++ 2.1 and 2.2 were updates for 2.0 available through subscription.
Visual C++ 4.0, released on 1995-12-11,[12] introduced the Developer Studio IDE. Its then-novel tiled layout of non-overlapping panels—navigation panel, combination editor/source level debugger panel, and console output panel[13]—continues through the Visual Studio product line (as of 2013). Visual C++ 4.0 included MFC 4.0, was designed for Windows 95 and Windows NT. To allow support of legacy (Windows 3.x/DOS) projects, 4.0 came bundled with the Visual C++ 1.52 installation CD. Updates available through subscription included Visual C++ 4.1, which came with the Microsoft Game SDK (later released separately as the DirectX SDK), and Visual C++ 4.2. Version number 3.0 was skipped to achieve version number parity between Visual C++ 4.0 and MFC 4.0.[14]
Visual C++ 4.2 did not support Windows 3.x (Win32s) development.[15] This was the final version with a cross-platform edition for the Macintosh available and it differed from the 2.x version in that it also allowed compilation for the PowerPC instruction set.
Visual C++ 5.0, which included MFC 4.21 and was released 1997-04-28,[12] was a major upgrade from 4.2.[16] Available in four editions: Learning,[17] Professional,[18] Enterprise,[19] and RISC.[20]
Visual C++ 6.0 (commonly known as VC6), which included MFC 6.0, was released in 1998.[21] The release was somewhat controversial since it did not include an expected update to MFC. Visual C++ 6.0 is still quite popular and often used to maintain legacy projects. There are, however, issues with this version under Windows XP, especially under the debugging mode (for example, the values of static variables do not display). The debugging issues can be solved with a patch called the "Visual C++ 6.0 Processor Pack".[22] Version number: 12.00.8804
Visual C++ .NET 2002 (also known as Visual C++ 7.0), which included MFC 7.0, was released in 2002 with support for link time code generation and debugging runtime checks, .NET 1.0, and Visual C# and Managed C++. The new user interface used many of the hot keys and conventions of Visual Basic, which accounted for some of its unpopularity among C++ developers.[citation needed] Version number: 13.00.9466
Visual C++ .NET 2003 (also known as Visual C++ 7.1), which included MFC 7.1, was released in 2003 along with .NET 1.1 and was a major upgrade to Visual C++ .NET 2002. It was considered a patch to Visual C++ .NET 2002. Accordingly, the English language upgrade version of Visual Studio .NET 2003 shipped for minimal cost to owners of the English-language version of Visual Studio .NET 2002. This was the last version to support Windows 95 and NT 4.0 as a target.[citation needed] Version number: 13.10.3077
eMbedded Visual C++[23] in various versions was used to develop for some versions of the Windows CE operating system. Initially it replaced a development environment consisting of tools added onto Visual C++ 6.0. eMbedded Visual C++ was replaced as a separate development environment by Microsoft Visual Studio 2005.
32-bit and 64-bit versions[edit]
Visual C++ 2005 (also known as Visual C++ 8.0), which included MFC 8.0, was released in November 2005. This version supports .NET 2.0 and includes a new version of C++ targeted to the .NET framework (C++/CLI) with the purpose of replacing the previous version (Managed C++). Managed C++ for CLI is still available via compiler options, though. It also introduced OpenMP. With Visual C++ 2005, Microsoft also introduced Team Foundation Server. Visual C++ 8.0 has problems compiling MFC AppWizard projects that were created using Visual Studio 6.0, so maintenance of legacy projects can be continued with the original IDE if rewriting is not feasible. Visual C++ 2005 is the last version able to target Windows 98 and Windows Me.[24][25] SP1 version (14.00.50727.762) is also available in Microsoft Windows SDK Update for Windows Vista.
Visual C++ 2008 (also known as Visual C++ 9.0) was released in November 2007. This version supports .NET 3.5. Managed C++ for CLI is still available via compiler options. By default, all applications compiled against the Visual C++ 2008 Runtimes (static and dynamic linking) will only work under Windows 2000 and later.[26][27] A feature pack released for VC9, later included in SP1, added support for C++ TR1 library extensions. SP1 version (15.00.30729.01) is also available in Microsoft Windows SDK for Windows 7.
Some versions of Visual C++ supported Itanium 2
Visual C++ 2010 (also known as Visual C++ 10.0) was released on April 12, 2010. It uses a SQL Server Compact database to store information about the source code, including IntelliSense information, for better IntelliSense and code-completion support.[28] However, Visual C++ 2010 does not support Intellisense for C++/CLI.[29] This version adds a C++ parallel computing library called the Parallel Patterns Library, partial support for C++11, significantly improved IntelliSense based on the Edison Design Group front end,[30] and performance improvements to both the compiler and generated code.[31] This version is built on .NET 4.0, but supports compiling to machine code. The partial C++11 support mainly consists of six compiler features:[32] lambdas, rvalue references, auto, decltype, static_assert, and nullptr. C++11 also supports library features (e.g., moving the TR1 components from std::tr1 namespace directly to std namespace). Variadic templates were also considered, but delayed until some future version due to having a lower priority, which stemmed from the fact that, unlike other costly-to-implement features (lambda, rvalue references), variadic templates would benefit only a minority of library writers rather than the majority of compiler end users.[33] By default, all applications compiled against Visual C++ 2010 Runtimes only work on Windows XP SP2 and later. The RTM version (16.00.30319) is also available in Windows SDK for Windows 7 and .NET Framework 4 (WinSDK v7.1).[34] SP1 version (16.00.40219) is available as part of Visual Studio 2010 Service Pack 1 or through the Microsoft Visual C++ 2010 Service Pack 1 Compiler Update for the Windows SDK 7.1.[35]
Visual C++ 2012 (also known as Visual C++ 11.0) was released on August 15, 2012. It features improved C++11 support, and support for Windows Runtime development.[36]
Visual C++ 2013 (also known as Visual C++ 12.0) was released on October 17, 2013. It features further C++11 and C99 support, and introduces a REST SDK.[37]
Visual C++ 2015 (also known as Visual C++ 14.0) was released on July 20, 2015.[38] It features improved C++11/14/17 support.[39] Without any announcement from Microsoft, Visual Studio 2015 Update 2 started generating telemetry calls in compiled binaries. After some users contacted Microsoft about this problem, Microsoft said they would remove these telemetry calls when compiling with the future Visual Studio 2015 Update 3.[40][41] The function in question was removed from the Visual C++ CRT static libraries in Visual Studio 2015 Update 3.[citation needed]
Visual C++ 2017 (also known as Visual C++ 14.1) was released on March 7, 2017.
Internal version numbering[edit]
The predefined macro _MSC_VER indicates the major and minor version numbers of the Visual C++ compiler. The macro's value is an integer literal in which the last two digits indicate the minor version number and the preceding digits indicate the major version number.
From Visual Studio 2017, _MSC_VER is incremented monotonically at every Visual C++ toolset update. Thus, for example, the version of MSVC++ 14.1 that ships with Visual Studio 2017 version 15.3.0 sets _MSC_VER to 1911. Microsoft recommends using the >= operator to test the value of _MSC_VER.
Here are values of _MSC_VER for various versions of the Visual C++ compiler:
MSC 1.0 _MSC_VER == 100 MSC 2.0 _MSC_VER == 200 MSC 3.0 _MSC_VER == 300 MSC 4.0 _MSC_VER == 400 MSC 5.0 _MSC_VER == 500 MSC 6.0 _MSC_VER == 600 MSC 7.0 _MSC_VER == 700 MSVC++ 1.0 _MSC_VER == 800 MSVC++ 2.0 _MSC_VER == 900 MSVC++ 4.0 _MSC_VER == 1000 (Developer Studio 4.0) MSVC++ 4.2 _MSC_VER == 1020 (Developer Studio 4.2) MSVC++ 5.0 _MSC_VER == 1100 (Visual Studio 97 version 5.0) MSVC++ 6.0 _MSC_VER == 1200 (Visual Studio 6.0 version 6.0) MSVC++ 7.0 _MSC_VER == 1300 (Visual Studio .NET 2002 version 7.0) MSVC++ 7.1 _MSC_VER == 1310 (Visual Studio .NET 2003 version 7.1) MSVC++ 8.0 _MSC_VER == 1400 (Visual Studio 2005 version 8.0) MSVC++ 9.0 _MSC_VER == 1500 (Visual Studio 2008 version 9.0) MSVC++ 10.0 _MSC_VER == 1600 (Visual Studio 2010 version 10.0) MSVC++ 11.0 _MSC_VER == 1700 (Visual Studio 2012 version 11.0) MSVC++ 12.0 _MSC_VER == 1800 (Visual Studio 2013 version 12.0) MSVC++ 14.0 _MSC_VER == 1900 (Visual Studio 2015 version 14.0) MSVC++ 14.1 _MSC_VER == 1910 (Visual Studio 2017 version 15.0) MSVC++ 14.11 _MSC_VER == 1911 (Visual Studio 2017 version 15.3) MSVC++ 14.12 _MSC_VER == 1912 (Visual Studio 2017 version 15.5) MSVC++ 14.13 _MSC_VER == 1913 (Visual Studio 2017 version 15.6) MSVC++ 14.14 _MSC_VER == 1914 (Visual Studio 2017 version 15.7) MSVC++ 14.15 _MSC_VER == 1915 (Visual Studio 2017 version 15.8)
These version numbers refer to the major version number of the Visual C++ compilers and libraries, as can be seen from the installation directories. It does not refer to the year in the name of the Visual Studio release. A thorough list is available.[42]
Compatibility[edit]
ABI[edit]
The Visual C++ compiler ABI have historically changed between major compiler releases.[43] This is especially the case for STL containers, where container sizes have varied a lot between compiler releases.[44] Microsoft therefore recommends against using C++ interfaces at module boundaries when one wants to enable client code compiled using a different compiler version. Instead of C++, Microsoft recommends using C[45] or COM[46] interfaces, which are designed to have a stable ABI between compiler releases.
C runtime libraries[edit]
Visual C++ ships with different versions of C runtime libraries.[47] This means users can compile their code with any of the available libraries. However, this can cause some problems when using different components (DLLs, EXEs) in the same program. A typical example is a program using different libraries. The user should use the same C Run-Time for all the program's components unless the implications are understood. Microsoft recommends using the multithreaded, dynamic link library (/MD or /MDd compiler option) to avoid possible problems.[47]
C[edit]
Although the product originated as an IDE for the C programming language, for many years the compiler's support for that language conformed only to the original edition of the C standard, dating from 1989, but not the C99 revision of the standard. There had been no plans to support C99 even in 2011, more than a decade after its publication[48].
Visual C++ 2013 finally added support for various C99 features in its C mode (including designated initializers, compound literals, and the _Bool type)[49], though it was still not complete.[50] Visual C++ 2015 further improved the C99 support, with full support of the C99 Standard Library, except for features that require C99 language features not yet supported by the compiler.[51]
Most of the changes from the C11 revision of the standard are still not supported by Visual C++ 2017[52]. For example, generic selections via the _Generic keyword are not supported by the compiler and result in a syntax error.[53]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Visual C++ adds Windows support". InfoWorld. February 22, 1993. p. 17.
Jump up ^ Lextrait, Vincent (January 2010). "The Programming Languages Beacon, v10.0". Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Do I need these Microsoft Visual C++ redistributables?". Ask Leo!. Retrieved 2012-11-18.
Jump up ^ Ladd, Scott Robert (August 1, 1990). "Optimizing With Microsoft C 6.0".
Jump up ^ Retrieved from http://support.microsoft.com/kb/196831.
^ Jump up to: a b "Visual C++ is a strong development tool". InfoWorld. June 21, 1993. p. 94.
Jump up ^ "Rival DOS Extenders debut at show". InfoWorld. March 1, 1993. p. 18.
Jump up ^ "Visual C++ 1.5 integrates OLE, ODBC". InfoWorld. November 8, 1993. p. 5.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft set to prerelease 32-bit Visual C++". InfoWorld. July 19, 1993. p. 12.
Jump up ^ "C++ IDEs evolve". InfoWorld. April 4, 1994. p. 79.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Visual C++ Strategy".
^ Jump up to: a b "Obsolete Products". Archived from the original on 2005-08-14.
Jump up ^ Toth, Viktor (1996). "1". Visual C++ 4.0 unleashed. Indianapolis: SAMS Publishing. ISBN 9780672308741. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "History of Visual Studio (Part 3)".
Jump up ^ "Major Changes from Visual C++ 4.0 to 4.2". Archived from the original on 2010-02-28. Retrieved 2018-04-18.
Jump up ^ "Major Changes from Visual C++ 4.2 to 5.0".
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Visual C++ 5.0 Learning Edition". Archived from the original on April 27, 1999.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Visual C++ 5.0 Professional Edition". Archived from the original on April 27, 1999.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Visual C++ 5.0 Enterprise Edition". Archived from the original on April 17, 1999.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Visual C++ 5.0 RISC Edition". Archived from the original on April 29, 1999.
Jump up ^ "Major Changes from Visual C++ 5.0 to 6.0".
Jump up ^ This page stresses that Users must also be running Windows 98, Windows NT 4.0, or Windows 2000. Retrieved from http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/vstudio/aa718349.aspx.
Jump up ^ Douglas Boling :Programming Microsoft Windows CE .NET, Third Edition Microsoft Press; 3rd edition (June 25, 2003) Paperback: 1264 pages ISBN 978-0735618848 - Companion CD with Microsoft eMbedded Visual C++ 4.0 Service Pack 2 Archived 2013-02-11 at Archive.is
Jump up ^ How to: Modify WINVER and _WIN32_WINNT
Jump up ^ Breaking Changes
Jump up ^ Windows Platforms (CRT)
Jump up ^ "Visual C++ 2008 Breaking Changes".
Jump up ^ Visual C++ Team Blog. "IntelliSense, part 2: The Future". Retrieved March 12, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Why IntelliSense is not supported for C++/CLI in Visual Studio 2010". Retrieved March 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ Visual C++ Team Blog. "Rebuilding Intellisense".
Jump up ^ Visual C++ Team Blog. "Visual C++ Code Generation in Visual Studio 2010".
Jump up ^ "C++0x Core Language Features In VC10: The Table".
Jump up ^ "Stephan T. Lavavej: Everything you ever wanted to know about nullptr".
Jump up ^ Microsoft Windows SDK Blog. "Released: Windows SDK for Windows 7 and .NET Framework 4".
Jump up ^ FIX: Visual C++ compilers are removed when you upgrade Visual Studio 2010 Professional or Visual Studio 2010 Express to Visual Studio 2010 SP1 if Windows SDK v7.1 is installed
Jump up ^ "What's New for Visual C++ in Visual Studio 2012". Microsoft Developer Network. Microsoft. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "What's New for Visual C++ in Visual Studio 2013". Microsoft Developer Network. Miicrosoft. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Eric Battalio (July 20, 2015). "Visual Studio 2015 RTM Now Available". Visual C++ Team Blog. Microsoft.
Jump up ^ Stephan T. Lavavej (June 19, 2015). "C++11/14/17 Features In VS 2015 RTM". Visual C++ Team Blog. Microsoft.
Jump up ^ Reviewing Microsoft's Automatic Insertion of Telemetry into C++ Binaries
Jump up ^ "Visual Studio adding telemetry function calls to binary? • /r/cpp". reddit. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
Jump up ^ "Pre-defined Compiler Macros / Wiki / Compilers". sourceforge.net. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
Jump up ^ Microsoft MSDN: Breaking Changes in Visual C++
Jump up ^ Microsoft MSDN: Containers (Modern C++)
Jump up ^ Microsoft MSDN: Portability At ABI Boundaries (Modern C++)
Jump up ^ Microsoft forum: Binary compatibility across Visual C++ versions
^ Jump up to: a b C Run-Time Libraries
Jump up ^ "C99 support". Microsoft Connect. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
Jump up ^ "What's New for Visual C++ in Visual Studio 2013". Microsoft Developer Network. Microsoft.
Jump up ^ Pat Brenner (July 19, 2013). "C99 library support in Visual Studio 2013". Visual C++ Team Blog. Microsoft.
Jump up ^ "What's New for Visual C++ in Visual Studio 2015". Microsoft Developer Network. Microsoft.
Jump up ^ "Walkthrough: Compile a C program on the command line". Visual C++ Documentation. Microsoft.
Jump up ^ "MSVC 2017 does not support _Generic (type generic macros) in C".
External links[edit]
Official website
Building Win32 Applications Using Visual C++ 2005 Express
Visual C++ Tools and Templates in Visual Studio Editions
Visual C++ standalone build tools
Microsoft's 'Going Native' Channel Nine show
Rejuvenating the Microsoft C/C++ Compiler, September 2015
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It ain't over till the fat lady sings
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For the Irish band, see The Fat Lady Sings.
Amalie Materna as the valkyrie Brünnhilde (1876)
It ain't over till (or until) the fat lady sings is a colloquialism which is often used as a proverb. It means that one should not presume to know the outcome of an event which is still in progress. More specifically, the phrase is used when a situation is (or appears to be) nearing its conclusion. It cautions against assuming that the current state of an event is irreversible and clearly determines how or when the event will end. The phrase is most commonly used in association with organized competitions, particularly sports.
The phrase is generally understood to be referencing the stereotypically overweight sopranos of the opera. The imagery of Richard Wagner's opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen and its last part, Götterdämmerung, is typically the one used in depictions accompanying reference to the phrase. The "fat lady" is the valkyrie Brünnhilde, who is traditionally presented as a very buxom lady with horned helmet, spear and round shield (although Amalie Materna played Brünnhilde during Wagner's lifetime (1876) with a winged helmet). Her farewell scene lasts almost twenty minutes and leads directly to the finale of the whole Ring Cycle.[1] As Götterdämmerung is about the end of the world (or at least the world of the Norse gods), in a very significant way "it is [all] over when the fat lady sings."
The saying has become so well known that it was the subject of an article in the journal Obesity Reviews.[2]
Attribution[edit]
The first recorded use appeared in the Dallas Morning News on 10 March 1976:[3]
Despite his obvious allegiance to the Red Raiders, Texas Tech sports information director Ralph Carpenter was the picture of professional objectivity when the Aggies rallied for a 72–72 tie late in the SWC tournament finals. "Hey, Ralph," said Bill Morgan, "this... is going to be a tight one after all." "Right", said Ralph, "the opera ain’t over until the fat lady sings."
In the same newspaper on 26 November 2006, Steve Blow followed up the discovery by contacting Bill Morgan about the incident:[4]
Bill vividly remembers the comment and the uproar it caused throughout the press box. He always assumed it was coined on the spot. "Oh, yeah, it was vintage Carpenter. He was one of the world’s funniest guys," said Bill, a contender for that title himself.
The 1976 use of the phrase was discovered by Fred R. Shapiro, who published it in The Yale Book of Quotations. It had previously been attributed to sportswriter and broadcaster Dan Cook, who used the phrase after the first basketball game between the San Antonio Spurs and the Washington Bullets (now the Washington Wizards) during the 1978 NBA Playoffs. Cook used the line to illustrate that while the Spurs had won once, the series was not over yet.[5] Shapiro called this a notable example of misattribution.[6]
Phrases with similar meanings[edit]
"It ain't over till it's over", a phrase popularized by baseball player Yogi Berra.
"Don't count your chickens before they hatch", a well-known saying which originated in the 16th century.
"Nothing is carved in stone", a phrase meaning that the future can always be changed.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Libretti Götterdämmerung". Richard Wagner. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Rössner, S. (2014-10-01). "'It ain't over till the fat lady sings'". Obesity Reviews. 15 (10): 851–852. doi:10.1111/obr.12219. ISSN 1467-789X.
Jump up ^ Pincus, David (March 9, 2010). "Today in Sports History: March 10th". SBNation. Vox Media, Inc. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Blow, Steve (November 26, 2006). "Fat lady first sang in the pages of The News". Dallas Morning News. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Adams, Cecil (October 25, 1991). "What's the origin of "the opera ain't over till the fat lady sings?"". The Straight Dope. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fred R. Shapiro, ed. (2006). The Yale Book of Quotations. Yale University Press. p. xix. ISBN 978-0-300-10798-2.
[show]
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Virginia Plan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 13 August 2018.
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Virginia Plan
Front side of the Virginia Plan 1787
Created
May 29, 1787
Location
National Archives
Author(s)
James Madison
Purpose
Propose a structure of government to the Philadelphia Convention
The Virginia Plan (also known as the Randolph Plan, after its sponsor, or the Large-State Plan) was a proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch.[1] The plan was drafted by James Madison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Constitutional Convention of 1787.[2][3] The Virginia Plan was notable for its role in setting the overall agenda for debate in the convention and, in particular, for setting forth the idea of population-weighted representation in the proposed national legislature.
Contents
1 Background
2 Principles
3 In popular culture
4 References
Background[edit]
The Constitutional Convention gathered in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation. The Virginia delegation took the initiative to frame the debate by immediately drawing up and presenting a proposal, for which delegate James Madison is given chief credit. However, it was Edmund Randolph, the Virginia governor at the time, who officially put it before the convention on May 29, 1787, in the form of 15 resolutions.[4]
The scope of the resolutions, going well beyond tinkering with the Articles of Confederation, succeeded in broadening the debate to encompass fundamental revisions to the structure and powers of the national government. The resolutions proposed, for example, a new form of national government having three branches (legislative, executive and judicial). One contentious issue facing the convention was the manner in which large and small states would be represented in the legislature: proportionate to population, with larger states having more votes than less-populous states, or by equal representation for each state, regardless of its size and population. The latter system more closely resembled that of the Articles of Confederation, under which each state was represented by one vote in a unicameral legislature.[citation needed]
Principles[edit]
The Virginia Plan proposed a legislative branch consisting of two chambers (bicameral legislature), with the dual principles of rotation in office and recall applied to the lower house of the national legislature.[5] Each of the states would be represented in proportion to their "Quotas of contribution, or to the number of free inhabitants."[6] States with a large population, like Virginia (which was the most populous state at the time), would thus have more representatives than smaller states. Large states supported this plan, and smaller states generally opposed it, preferring an alternative put forward on June 15. The New Jersey Plan proposed a single-chamber legislature in which each state, regardless of size, would have one vote, as under the Articles of Confederation. In the end, the convention settled on the Connecticut Compromise, creating a House of Representatives apportioned by population and a Senate in which each state is equally represented.
In addition to dealing with legislative representation, the Virginia Plan addressed other issues as well, with many provisions that did not make it into the Constitution that emerged. It called for a national government of three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. Members of one of the two legislative chambers would be elected by the people; members of that chamber would then elect the second chamber from nominations submitted by state legislatures. The executive would be chosen by the legislative branch.
Terms of office were not specified, but the executive and members of the popularly elected legislative chamber could not be elected for an undetermined time afterward. The legislative branch would have the power to negate state laws if they were deemed incompatible with the articles of union. The concept of checks and balances was embodied in a provision that legislative acts could be vetoed by a council composed of the executive and selected members of the judicial branch; their veto could be overridden by an unspecified legislative majority.
The Virginia Plan
In popular culture[edit]
The Virginia Plan and the debate surrounding it are prominently featured in the 1989 film A More Perfect Union, which depicts the events of the 1787 Constitutional Convention. Presented largely from the viewpoint and words of James Madison, the movie was mainly filmed in Independence Hall.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Frantzich, Stephen E.; Howard R. Ernst (2008). The Political Science Toolbox: A Research Companion to the American Government. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 24. ISBN 0-7425-4762-0.
Jump up ^ Roche, John P. (December 1961). "The Founding Fathers: A Reform Caucus in Action". American Political Science Review. 55.
Jump up ^ Ann Marie Dube (May 1996). "A Multitude of Amendments, Alterations and Additions". National Park Service.
Jump up ^ Virginia Plan of Government, retrieved 2016-12-03
Jump up ^ "Res[olved] that the members of the first branch of the National Legislature ought to be elected by the people of the several States every for the term of;___...to be incapable of reelection for the space of ___after the expiration of their term of service; and to be subject to recall." Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, 4 vols. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911), 1:20.
Jump up ^ "Variant Texts of the Virginia Plan, Presented by Edmund Randolph to the Federal Convention, May 29, 1787. Text A", The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, retrieved 2016-12-03
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Virginia Plan
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Jeffrey (name)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Jeffrey
Pronunciation
/ˈdʒɛfri/
Gender
masculine
Origin
Word/name
Francia, medieval France, Norman England
Other names
Derived
Godfrey, Gottfried
Related names
Geoffrey, Jeff, Jeffry, Jeffy, Jefrey, Jeffery, Jeffeory Jefferson
Contents
1 People with the name Jeffrey
1.1 Academia
1.2 Art
1.3 Business
1.4 Crime
1.5 Entertainment
1.6 Literature
1.7 Military
1.8 Sport
1.9 Fictional characters
2 See also
3 References
Jeffrey /ˈdʒɛfri/ is a common English given name and, a variant form of the name Geoffrey (itself from a Middle French variant of Godfrey, Gottfried).[1] It is most commonly spelled as Jeffrey.
It has been argued that the common derivation of Middle French Geoffrey, Jeffery from Godfrey is mistaken, and that the names reflect two separate first Germanic elements god vs. gaut, which became conflated in Old High German by the end of the early medieval period.[2]
The three-syllable alternative spelling Jeffery (pronounced "jef-fer-ree") is sometimes used as a variant given name. Outside of North America, Geoffrey is more common than Jeffrey. Jeffrey and its variants are found as surnames, usually as a patronymic ending in -s (e.g., Jefferies, Jaffrays); The surname Jefferson is also a patronymic version of the given name. In Scotland, Jeffrey is most frequently found to be a surname.
Variations include Jeff, Jeffry, Jeffy, Jeffery, Geoff, Geoffrey, Jeffeory, Geffrey, Jefferson, and Jeffro.
People with the name Jeffrey[edit]
This article contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined, unverified or indiscriminate. Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Where appropriate, incorporate items into the main body of the article. (March 2015)
Academia[edit]
Jeffrey Garten, Juan Trippe professor of international trade, finance and business, and former dean of Yale School of Management
Jeffrey Hackney, legal academic and former Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford
Jeffrey A. Hoffman, professor of aeronautics and astronautics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Jeffrey Rosen, professor of law at George Washington University Law School
Jeffrey Sachs, professor of economics and director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University, New York
Jeffrey Kaplan (academic), American academic who has written and edited several books
Art[edit]
Jeffrey Steele (artist), British abstract artist
Business[edit]
Jeffrey Bezos, founder and CEO of Amazon.com
Jeffrey Cheah, founder of Malaysian conglomerate Sunway Group
Jeffrey Hollender, co-founder and former CEO of Seventh Generation Inc.
Jeffrey Katzenberg, co-founder of DreamWorks SKG and CEO of DreamWorks Animation SKG
Crime[edit]
Jeffrey Dahmer, American serial killer
Jeffrey Rignall, survivor of serial killer John Wayne Gacy's attack
Entertainment[edit]
Jeffrey Anderson-Gunter, Jamaican film and television actor
Ja Rule, born Jeffrey Atkins, American rapper and actor
Jeffrey Ching, British contemporary classical composer
Jeffrey Combs, American character actor best known for his horror film roles
Jeffrey Daniel, American singer and dancer with the soul group Shalamar
Jeffrey Dean Morgan, American actor
Jeffrey DeMunn, American actor
Jeffrey Donovan, American
Jeffrey Goldblum, American film and television actor
Jeffrey Hunter, American film and television actor
Jeffrey Jones, American actor
Jeffrey Kaplan (game designer), Vice President for Blizzard Entertainment
Jeffrey Katzenberg, American film producer
Jeffrey Lewis, American musician and comic artist
Jeffrey Lyons, American television and film critic
Jeffrey Nordling, American actor
Jeffrey Reiner, film director and producer
Jeffrey Shih, American video game player
Jeffrey Steele, American singer and songwriter
Jeffrey Tambor, American actor
Jeffrey Wright (actor), American film and television actor
Literature[edit]
Jeffrey Archer, English author and former politician
Jeffrey Brown (comics), American comic book writer and artist
Jeffrey Carver, American science fiction author
Jeffrey Daniels (author), Chicago-raised African American poet, artist, and professor
Jeffrey Eugenides, American novelist and short story writer of Greek and Irish origins
Jeffrey Ford, American novelist and story writer
Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson, Sanskrit specialist and author who trained as a psychoanalyst in Toronto
Jeffrey Rowland, American webcomic artist
Jeffrey Simpson, American-born Canadian journalist and national affairs columnist with The Globe and Mail newspaper
Jeffrey S. Williams, American writer and Civil War historian
Francis Jeffrey, 1773-1850, Editor of the Edinburgh Review, known for his criticism of the English Romantic poets.
Military[edit]
Jeffrey Chessani, former lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Marine Corps
Jeffrey Feinstein, former lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Air Force
Jeffrey J. Schloesser, former major general in the U.S. Army
Jeffrey Williams (astronaut), former U.S. Army officer and astronaut
Sport[edit]
Jeffrey Buttle, Canadian figure skater
Jeffrey Finley, Canadian football player
Jeffrey Hardy, best known as Jeff Hardy, American professional wrestler
Jeffrey Lay, Canadian rower
Jeffrey Jordan, son of Michael Jordan, US former college basketball player
Jeffrey Carlson, retired American hockey player, one of the fictional Hanson Brothers from the film, "Slap Shot".
Fictional characters[edit]
Jeffrey Sinclair, one of the main characters in the 1990s science fiction TV series Babylon 5, played by Michael O'Hare
Jeff Winger, one of the main characters of Community
Jeffrey Michener, a character in the TV series The Last Ship, played by Mark Moses
See also[edit]
Geoffrey
Jeff
Jeffery
Jefferson (given name)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Behind the Name: Meaning, Origin and History of the Name Geoffrey
Jump up ^ Albert Dauzat, Noms et prénoms de France, Librairie Larousse 1980, édition revue et commentée par Marie-Thérèse Morlet. p. 287b - 288a - 296ab.
Name list
This page or section lists people that share the same given name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_(name)&oldid=854339499"
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English masculine given names
Masculine given names
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This page was last edited on 10 August 2018, at 16:18 (UTC).
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