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Pompano Beach, Florida
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Pompano Beach, Florida
City
City of Pompano Beach
Pompano Beach's nighttime skyline viewed from Briny Avenue

Flag
Seal

Wordmark
Motto: "Florida's Warmest Welcome"[1]

Location of Pompano Beach in Broward County, Florida
Coordinates: 26°14′5″N 80°7′32″W / 26.23472°N 80.12556°W / 26.23472; -80.12556Coordinates: 26°14′5″N 80°7′32″W / 26.23472°N 80.12556°W / 26.23472; -80.12556
Country
United States of America
State
Florida
County
Broward
Settled (Pompano Settlement)
Circa Mid-1880's-1896[2][3]
Incorporated (Town of Pompano)
July 3, 1908[3][4]
Incorporated (City of Pompano Beach)
June 6, 1947[3][4][5]
Government
• Type
Commission-Manager
• Mayor
Lamar Fisher
• Vice Mayor
Charlotte Burrie
• Commissioners
Michael Sobel, Rex Hardin, Beverly Perkins, and Barry Moss
• City Manager
Greg Harrison
• City Clerk
Asceleta Hammond
Area[6]
• City
24.71 sq mi (64.00 km2)
• Land
24.04 sq mi (62.26 km2)
• Water
0.67 sq mi (1.74 km2) 5.54%
Elevation
13 ft (4 m)
Population (2010)
• City
99,845
• Estimate (2016)[7]
109,393
• Density
4,550.65/sq mi (1,757.01/km2)
• Metro
5,564,635
Time zone
EST (UTC-5)
• Summer (DST)
EDT (UTC-4)
ZIP codes
33060-33077, 33093, 33097
Area code(s)
754, 954
FIPS code
12-58050[8]
GNIS feature ID
0289162[9]
Website
www.pompanobeachfl.gov
Pompano Beach /ˌpɒmpənoʊ ˈbiːtʃ/ is a city in Broward County, Florida, United States, along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean just to the north of Fort Lauderdale. The nearby Hillsboro Inlet forms part of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway. As of the 2010 census the city's population was 99,845,[10] with an estimated population of 102,984 as of 2012.[11] It is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census.
Pompano Beach is currently in the middle of a redevelopment process to revitalize its beachfront and historic downtown.[12] The city has also been listed as one of the top real estate markets, being featured in CNN, Money and the Wall Street Journal as one of the country's top vacation home markets. Pompano Beach Airpark, located within the city, is the home of the Goodyear Blimp Spirit of Innovation.[2][13]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Geography
2.1 Climate
3 Demographics
4 Education
5 Economy
5.1 Largest employers
6 Arts and culture
6.1 Annual cultural events
6.2 Museums and other points of interest
7 Sports
8 Parks and recreation
9 Government
10 Media
11 Infrastructure
11.1 Transportation
12 Notable people
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
History[edit]
Its name is derived from the Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus), a fish found off the Atlantic coast.[14]
There had been scattered settlers in the area from at least the mid-1880s, but the first documented permanent residents of the Pompano area were George Butler and Frank Sheen and their families, who arrived in 1896 as railway employees.[3] The first train arrived in the small Pompano settlement on February 22, 1896.[3] It is said that Sheen gave the community its name after jotting down on his survey of the area the name of the fish he had for dinner. The coming of the railroad led to development farther west from the coast. In 1906 Pompano became the southernmost settlement in newly created Palm Beach County.[3] That year, the Hillsboro Lighthouse was completed on the beach.[3]
On July 3, 1908, a new municipality was incorporated in what was then Dade County: the Town of Pompano.[2][3] John R. Mizell was elected the first mayor. In 1915, Broward County was established, with a northern boundary at the Hillsboro Canal. Thus, within eight years, Pompano had been in three counties.[2][3] Pompano Beach experienced significant growth during the Florida land boom of the 1920s. In 1940, the U.S. Supreme Court disallowed forced confessions in Chambers v. Florida, a dispute stemming from a murder in Pompano Beach.[15]
Following the population boom due to World War II, in 1947 the City of Pompano merged with the newly formed municipality on the beach and became the City of Pompano Beach.[2][5] In 1950, the population of the city reached 5,682. Like most of southeast Florida, Pompano Beach experienced great growth in the late 20th century as many people moved there from northern parts of the United States. A substantial seasonal population also spends its winters in the area. The city of Pompano Beach celebrated its centennial in 2008.
Geography[edit]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 25.4 square miles (65.8 km2), of which 24.0 square miles (62.2 km2) is land and 1.4 square miles (3.6 km2), or 5.54%, is water.[10]
Pompano Beach is in northeastern Broward County along the Atlantic Ocean. It includes about 3 miles (5 km) of beachfront, extending from the intersection of State Road A1A and Terra Mar Drive to the Hillsboro Inlet. The city is bounded by the following municipalities:
On its northeast:
Hillsboro Beach
Lighthouse Point
On its north:
Deerfield Beach
On its west:
Coconut Creek
On its southwest:
Margate
North Lauderdale
On its south:
Fort Lauderdale
On its southeast:
Lauderdale-by-the-Sea
Climate[edit]
Pompano Beach has a tropical rainforest climate.
[hide]Climate data for Pompano Beach, Florida
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
88.6
(31.4) 93.1
(33.9) 92.3
(33.5) 99.0
(37.2) 99.1
(37.3) 107.0
(41.7) 102.6
(39.2) 99.7
(37.6) 100.1
(37.8) 97.1
(36.2) 90.9
(32.7) 89.4
(31.9) 107.0
(41.7)
Average high °F (°C)
75.6
(24.2) 76.2
(24.6) 78.0
(25.6) 81.6
(27.6) 85.9
(29.9) 89.8
(32.1) 91.9
(33.3) 91.7
(33.2) 89.4
(31.9) 85.5
(29.7) 80.2
(26.8) 76.4
(24.7) 83.5
(28.6)
Average low °F (°C)
56.1
(13.4) 57.2
(14) 60.4
(15.8) 65.5
(18.6) 69.8
(21) 74.6
(23.7) 75.7
(24.3) 76.0
(24.4) 74.8
(23.8) 72.0
(22.2) 64.0
(17.8) 58.2
(14.6) 67.0
(19.4)
Record low °F (°C)
27.0
(−2.8) 30.2
(−1) 29.4
(−1.4) 35.2
(1.8) 40.2
(4.6) 40.0
(4.4) 52.8
(11.6) 59.0
(15) 51.1
(10.6) 41.5
(5.3) 32.3
(0.2) 30.5
(−0.8) 27.0
(−2.8)
Source: The Weather Channel[16]
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1910 269 —
1920 636 136.4%
1930 2,614 311.0%
1940 4,427 69.4%
1950 5,682 28.3%
1960 15,992 181.5%
1970 38,587 141.3%
1980 52,618 36.4%
1990 72,411 37.6%
2000 78,191 8.0%
2010 99,845 27.7%
Est. 2016 109,393 [7] 9.6%
U.S. Decennial Census[17]
Pompano Beach Demographics
2010 Census
Pompano Beach
Broward County
Florida
Total population 99,845 1,748,066 18,801,310
Population, percent change, 2000 to 2010 +27.7% +7.7% +17.6%
Population density 4,159.8/sq mi 1,444.9/sq mi 350.6/sq mi
White or Caucasian (including White Hispanic) 62.6% 63.1% 75.0%
(Non-Hispanic White or Caucasian) 50.6% 43.5% 57.9%
Black or African-American 28.9% 26.7% 16.0%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 17.5% 25.1% 22.5%
Asian 1.3% 3.2% 2.4%
Native American or Native Alaskan 0.3% 0.3% 0.4%
Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian 0.0% 0.1% 0.1%
Two or more races (Multiracial) 2.4% 2.9% 2.5%
Some Other Race 4.5% 3.7% 3.6%
As of 2010, there were 55,885 households, of which 24.5% were vacant. As of 2000, 17.4% of households had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.4% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.6% were non-families. 38.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.85.
In 2000, the city the population was spread out with 17.7% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 23.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 97.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.2 males.
In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $36,073, and the median income for a family was $44,195. Males had a median income of $31,162 versus $26,870 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,938. About 13.1% of families and 17.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.1% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over.
As of 2010, Italian-Americans made up 8.5% of the population, forming the second largest ancestry group in the city.[18]
As of 2010, before annexation of other areas, Pompano Beach has the highest concentration of residents of Haitian ancestry in the country, at 9.3% of the population.[19] while it had the highest percentage of Brazilians in the US, at 2.67%,[20]
As of 2000, before many of the unincorporated areas were annexed to the city, those who spoke only English were 76.4% of the population, while those who spoke Spanish as a mother tongue were 9.3%, while French Creole (Haitian Creole) was at 6.2%, French at 2.4%, Portuguese 1.5%, German was 1.0%, and Italian as a first language made up 0.9% of the population.[21]
Data for previously unincorporated areas that are now part of Pompano Beach:
Pompano Beach Highlands as English being at 69.54% who spoke it as a first language, while Spanish at 20.26%, French Creole (Haitian Creole) at 4.74%, Portuguese 3.89%, and Vietnamese at 1.12% of the population.[22]
Collier Manor-Cresthaven had speakers of English as their first language at 72.54%, Spanish at 16.92%, French Creole (Haitian Creole) 6.88%, French at 1.40%, Italian at 1.12%, and Portuguese at 1.12% of residents.[23]
Leisureville: As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language accounted for 86.24% of all residents, while speakers of French Creole accounted for 10.05%, and speakers of German as a mother tongue made up 3.70% of the population.[24]
Education[edit]
Although there are about 17 postsecondary schools within 10 miles of downtown Pompano Beach, the majority of these are for-profit schools or ones that specialize in a specific field. Students may prefer postsecondary schools that offer programs in a wider variety of disciplines, especially if a student has yet to settle on a specific field of study. Pompano Beach is also the registered office for Augustine Graduate School, a post-secondary school, named for the North African theologian, philosopher, educator, and scholar Augustine, the graduate school offers graduate programs in the areas of psychology, philosophy, theology, education, and business; additionally the graduate school offers graduate certificates in various areas.
Broward County Public Schools operates public K-12 schools.
Pompano Beach High School
Economy[edit]
In recent years, an effort to rejuvenate rundown areas near the city's beach has gained momentum and has stimulated a multibillion-dollar building boom. Community redevelopment agencies were established for the East Atlantic/Beach corridor, as well as for the old downtown and Hammondville/Martin Luther King corridor.[2]
Companies based in Pompano Beach include Associated Grocers of Florida and PetMeds. Nonprofits include Cross International.
Largest employers[edit]
According to the City's 2011 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[25] the largest employers in the city are:
#
Employer
# of Employees
1 Pompano Park 1,100
2 City of Pompano Beach 712
3 Broward County Sheriff's Office 700
4 Walmart 687
5 Publix 655
6 Aetna Rx Home Delivery 490
7 Point Blank Solutions 400
8 Associated Grocers of Florida 300
9 Pompano Masonry 300
10 FreshPoint 284
Arts and culture[edit]
Annual cultural events[edit]
Pompano Beach holds several annual events including the Pompano Beach Seafood Festival, St. Patrick's Irish Festival, St. Coleman's Italian Festival, the Pompano Beach Holiday Boat Parade, The Holiday Yuletide Parade and the Annual Nautical Flea Market at Pompano Community Park & Amphitheater.[1]
Museums and other points of interest[edit]
The Ely Educational Museum, Meridian Gallery, and Pompano Beach Art Gallery are located in the city. Two theatres in the area include Curtain Call Playhouse and Poet Productions.[1] There are two malls in Pompano Beach. The first is Festival Flea Market Mall, which houses booths and kiosks selling jewelry, electronics, and clothing. The other, Pompano Citi Centre, is an open-air mall.
Sports[edit]
Pompano Beach Golf Course is located in the city.
Parks and recreation[edit]
Local parks include Pompano Park and Fern Forest Nature Park. There are also many smaller parks throughout the city of Pompano Beach, including Kester Park, Cresthaven Park, Harbors Edge Park, Scott Meyers Memorial Park, and many others.
Government[edit]
In 2004, John Rayson became the first elected mayor of Pompano Beach. Prior mayors had been selected by city commissioners from among themselves. The vice-mayor continues to be selected by city commissioners from among themselves. At the federal level, Pompano Beach is located in Florida's 20th congressional district, which is represented by Democrat Alcee Hastings.
Media[edit]
Pompano Beach is a part of the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood media market, which is the twelfth largest radio market[26] and the seventeenth largest television market[27] in the United States. Its primary daily newspapers are the South Florida Sun-Sentinel and The Miami Herald, and their Spanish-language counterparts El Sentinel and El Nuevo Herald. Local Pompano based media includes The Pompano Pelican, the longtime local weekly newspaper; the Deerfield-Pompano Beach Forum, published by the Sun-Sentinel Company; Pompano Post Community Newspaper and PompanoFun.com, a website focusing on local entertainment and events; and television program Today In Pompano.[28]
Infrastructure[edit]
Transportation[edit]
The South Florida Regional Transportation Authority has its headquarters in Pompano Beach,[29] located next to the Pompano Beach Tri-Rail station.
In addition to Tri-Rail, Pompano Beach is also served by several bus routes operated by Broward County Transit. Two major transfer points are the Northeast Transit Center and Pompano Citi Centre.[30]
Notable people[edit]
Kodak Black, rapper.[31]
XXXTentacion, rapper
Rashard Robinson, professional football player, San Francisco 49ers[32]
Lepa Brena (Fahreta Jahić Živojinović), famous Bosniak singer, South Slavs pop star[citation needed]
Tyrone Carter, professional football player, Pittsburgh Steelers[33]
Henri Crockett, professional football player, Atlanta Falcons[34]
Zack Crockett, professional football player, Oakland Raiders[35]
Roland "Bad Bad Leroy Brown" Daniels, professional wrestler
Mark Gilbert, Major League Baseball player, and US Ambassador to New Zealand
Al Goldstein, pornographer and former publisher of Screw magazine[36]
Kelsey Grammer, actor in the NBC sitcoms Cheers and Frasier[37]
Paolo Gregoletto, bass player in metal band Trivium[citation needed]
Al Harris, professional football player, Green Bay Packers[38]
Lamar Jackson, Heisman winner, football quarterback for the Louisville Cardinals
Ingemar Johansson, former world heavyweight boxing champion
Eddie Jones, professional basketball player, Dallas Mavericks[39]
Barry Krauss, professional football player, Miami Dolphins[40]
Jerome McDougle, professional football player, Philadelphia Eagles[41]
Stockar McDougle, professional football player Jacksonville Jaguars
Richard Thomas Nolan, writer, Episcopal Church canon, retired philosophy and religion professor[citation needed]
Dan Nugent, professional football player, Washington Redskins[42]
Patrick Peterson, professional football player, Arizona Cardinals[43]
Jason Pierre-Paul, professional football player, New York Giants[44]
Jabari Price, professional football player, Minnesota Vikings[45]
Jordan Pundik, vocalist in pop-punk band New Found Glory[citation needed]
Jake "The Snake" Roberts, professional wrestler, retired WWE[citation needed]
Esther Rolle, actress, from television's Good Times and Maude[citation needed]
Clint Session, professional football player, Indianapolis Colts[46]
Shai Hulud, metalcore band[citation needed]
Corey Simon, professional football player, Indianapolis Colts[47]
Brett Swenson, professional football player, Indianapolis Colts[48]
Natalie Vértiz, Peruvian American beauty pageant titleholder who represented Peru at Miss Universe 2011.
See also[edit]
Merritt Boat & Engine Works
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "City of Pompano Beach, Florida Website". City of Pompano Beach, Florida Website. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Our History". Pompano Beach Historical Society. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "History of Pompano Beach, FL". City of Pompano Beach. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
^ Jump up to: a b "Broward-by-the-Numbers (pages 3-5)" (PDF). www.broward.org. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
^ Jump up to: a b William D. Halsey, ed. (1976). "Pompano Beach". Collier's Encyclopedia. 19. Macmillan Educational Corporation. p. 232.
Jump up ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Jul 7, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
Jump up ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^ Jump up to: a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Pompano Beach city, Florida". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012 (PEPANNRES): Pompano Beach city, Florida". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Redeveloping Downtown Pompano Beach | Metro Atlantic. Metroatlantic.wordpress.com (2012-09-20). Retrieved on 2013-08-16.
Jump up ^ "pompano beach walkups for sale". Nest Seekers International. Retrieved September 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Profile for Pompano Beach, Florida, FL". ePodunk. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Find Laws, Legal Information, and Attorneys - FindLaw". Retrieved 1 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Monthly Averages for Pompano Beach, FL". Weather.com. 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-20.
Jump up ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "American FactFinder - Results". census.gov.
Jump up ^ "Ancestry Map of Haitian Communities". Epodunk.com. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
Jump up ^ "Ancestry Map of Haitian Communities". Epodunk.com. Retrieved 2007-12-05.
Jump up ^ "MLA Data Center results for Pompano Beach, FL". Modern Language Association. Retrieved 2007-09-24.
Jump up ^ "MLA Data Center results for Pompano Beach Highlands, FL". Modern Language Association. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
Jump up ^ "MLA Data Center results for Collier Manor-Cresthaven, FL". Modern Language Association. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
Jump up ^ "MLA Data Center results for Leisureville, FL". Modern Language Association. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
Jump up ^ "City of Pompano Beach 2012 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Top 50 Radio Markets Ranked By Metro 12+ Population, Spring 2005". Northwestern University Media Management Center. Archived from the original on 2007-08-07. Retrieved 2007-09-24.
Jump up ^ "Top 50 TV markets ranked by households". Northwestern University Media Management Center. Archived from the original on 2007-08-07. Retrieved 2007-09-24.
Jump up ^ "New website part of greater tourism efforts". Pompano Beach Forum. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Contact Us." South Florida Regional Transportation Authority. Retrieved on September 14, 2011. "800 NW 33rd Street, Suite 100 Pompano Beach, Florida 33064"
Jump up ^ (PDF) http://www.broward.org/BCT/Documents/SystemMap.pdf. Retrieved 2016-07-01. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Dieuson Octave". Local 10.com. Retrieved December 2015. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ http://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/R/RobiRa00.htm
Jump up ^ "Tyrone Carter". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Henri Crockett". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Zack Crockett". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Whitby, Bob (22 February 2001). "Screwed". Retrieved 1 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Cheers and Tears : People.com". Retrieved 1 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Al Harris". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Eddie Jones". Pro-Basketball Reference.com. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Barry Krauss". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jerome McDougle". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dan Nugent". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Patrick Peterson". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jason Pierre-Paul". v. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jabari Price". v. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Clint Session". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Corey Simon". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Brett Swenson". msuspartans.com. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pompano Beach, Florida, Indian Mound Park (Pompano Beach, Florida) and Founders Park.
City of Pompano Beach official site
Pompano Beach Chamber of Commerce
Pompano Beach Historical Society
Pompano Beach Centennial Celebration Committee
Pompano Beach Parks and Recreation - Founders Park
City-Data.com—Comprehensive Statistical Data and more about Pompano Beach
[show]
v
t
e
Pompano Beach, Florida
Geography
Areas
Collier Manor-Cresthaven
Leisureville
Pompano Beach Highlands
Education
Primary and secondary schools
Broward County Public Schools
Pompano Beach High School
Other
Landmarks
Festival Flea Market Mall
Pompano Citi Centre
Transportation
Pompano Beach station
[show]
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County seat: Fort Lauderdale
Cities
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A list of cities under 10,000 is available here.
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text:
Musa (genus)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Musa.
This article is about the botanical genus. For cultivated plants, see Banana.
Musa
Banana plants, Kanaha Beach, Maui
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
(unranked): Commelinids
Order: Zingiberales
Family: Musaceae
Genus: Musa
L.[1]
Species
Around 70, see text.
Musa is one of two or three genera in the family Musaceae; it includes bananas and plantains. Around 70 species of Musa are known, with a broad variety of uses.
Though they grow as high as trees, banana and plantain plants are not woody and their apparent "stem" is made up of the bases of the huge leaf stalks. Thus, they are technically gigantic herbs.
Musa species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the giant leopard moth and other Hypercompe species, including H. albescens (only recorded on Musa), H. eridanus, and H. icasia.
Contents
[hide]
1 Systematics and taxonomy
1.1 History
1.2 Sections
1.3 Species
1.3.1 Section Callimusa (incorporating Australimusa)
1.3.2 Section Ingentimusa
1.3.3 Section Musa (incorporating Rhodochlamys)
1.3.4 Section undetermined or unknown
1.3.5 Formerly placed here
2 Cultivated bananas
2.1 Section Musa cultivars
2.2 Fe'i-type cultivars
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Systematics and taxonomy[edit]
History[edit]
The genus Musa was first named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.[2] The name is a Latinization of the Arabic name for the fruit, mauz (موز). Mauz meaning Musa is discussed in the 11th-century Arabic encyclopedia The Canon of Medicine, which was translated to Latin in medieval times and well known in Europe.[Note 1] Muz is also the Turkish and Persian name for the fruit. Some sources assert that Musa is named for Antonius Musa, physician to the Emperor Augustus.[3] The word "banana" came to English from Spanish and Portuguese, which in turn apparently obtained it from a West African language (possibly Wolof).[4]
From the time of Linnaeus until the 1940s, different types of edible bananas and plantains were given Linnaean binomial names, such as Musa cavendishii, as if they were species. In fact, edible bananas have an extremely complicated origin involving hybridization, mutation, and finally selection by humans. Most edible bananas are seedless (parthenocarpic), hence sterile, so they are propagated vegetatively. The giving of species names to what are actually very complex, largely asexual, hybrids (mostly of two species of wild bananas, Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana) led to endless confusion in banana botany. In the 1940s and 1950s, it became clear to botanists that the cultivated bananas and plantains could not usefully be assigned Linnean binomials, but were better given cultivar names.[citation needed]
Food served on a banana leaf, a traditional way of serving food more popular in southern India
Sections[edit]
Ernest Entwistle Cheesman carried out a major revision of the Musaceae in the 1940s. Following his approach, the genus Musa was divided into five sections: Ingentimusa, Australimusa, Callimusa, Musa, and Rhodochlamys. These were reduced to three in 2002. Previously, the 2n = 20-chromosome species were separated into the sections Australimusa and Callimusa and the 2n = 22-chromosome species were separated into the sections Musa and Rhodochlamys. Studies have shown that genetic differences between each section in the same chromosome group are smaller than those within each section. This means the traditional separation of the sections can no longer be substantiated. Wong's studies do, however, maintain the separation between the 20- and 22-chromosome species. At present, the 2n = 14 chromosome Ingentimusa section also remains distinct.[5]
Species[edit]
The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families accepts 68 species and two primary hybrids, as of January 2013[update], which are listed below.[6] The assignment to sections is based on GRIN (where this gives the species),[7] regrouped according to Wong et al.[5]
Section Callimusa (incorporating Australimusa)[edit]
Fruit stalk of Musa sp.
Banana flowers
[A] and [C] indicate known placement in the former sections Australimusa and Callimusa, respectively.[8]
M. × alinsanaya R.V.Valmayor [A]
M. azizii Häkkinen
M. barioensis Häkkinen
M. bauensis Häkkinen & Meekiong [C]
M. beccarii N.W.Simmonds [A][Note 2]
M. boman Argent [A]
M. borneensis Becc. [C]
M. bukensis Argent [A]
M. campestris Becc. [C]
M. coccinea Andrews [C] – scarlet banana
M. exotica R.V.Valmayor [C]
M. fitzalanii F.Muell. [A] – extinct
M. gracilis Holttum [C]
M. hirta Becc. [A]
M. insularimontana Hayata [A]
M. jackeyi W.Hill [A]
M. johnsii Argent [A]
M. lawitiensis Nasution & Supard. [C]
M. lokok Geri & Ng
M. lolodensis Cheesman [A]
M. maclayi F.Muell. ex Mikl.-Maclay [A]
M. monticola M.Hotta ex Argent [A]
M. muluensis M.Hotta [A]
M. paracoccinea A.Z.Liu & D.Z.Li [C]
M. peekelii Lauterb. [A]
M. salaccensis Zoll. ex Backer [A]
M. textilis Née [A] – Abacá
M. × troglodytarum L. [A] – the cultivated Fe'i bananas
M. tuberculata M.Hotta [A]
M. violascens Ridl. [C]
M. viridis R.V.Valmayor et al.
M. voonii Häkkinen
Section Ingentimusa[edit]
M. ingens N.W.Simmonds
Section Musa (incorporating Rhodochlamys)[edit]
Musa acuminata with inflorescence
Japanese fiber banana (Musa basjoo) flowering at Cotswold Wildlife Park
Musa ornata 'Roxburgh' in China
Pink banana (Musa velutina) flower
M. acuminata Colla – wild seeded banana, one of the two main ancestors of modern edible banana cultivars
M acuminata ssp. zebrina [= M. sumatrana] – blood banana
M. aurantiaca G.Mann ex Baker
M. balbisiana Colla – wild seeded banana, one of the two main ancestors of modern edible banana cultivars
M. banksii F.Muell.
M. basjoo Siebold & Zucc. ex Iinuma – Japanese fiber banana, hardy banana[Note 3]
M. cheesmanii N.W.Simmonds
M. chunii Häkkinen
M. griersonii Noltie
M. itinerans Cheesman
M. laterita Cheesman
M. mannii H.Wendl. ex Baker
M. nagensium Prain
M. ochracea K.Sheph.
M. ornata Roxb.
Musa × paradisiaca L. = M. acuminata × M. balbisiana – many of the cultivated edible bananas
M. rosea Baker
M. rubinea Häkkinen & C.H.Teo
M. rubra Wall. ex Kurz
M. sanguinea Hook.f.
M. schizocarpa N.W.Simmonds
M. siamensis Häkkinen & Rich.H.Wallace
M. sikkimensis Kurz
M. thomsonii (King ex Baker) A.M.Cowan & Cowan
M. velutina H.Wendl. & Drude – pink banana
M. yunnanensis Häkkinen & H.Wang – Yunnan banana, wild forest banana
M. zaifui Häkkinen & H.Wang
Section undetermined or unknown[edit]
Varigated form of Musa sp.
Musa sp.
M. arfakiana Argent
M. celebica Warb. ex K.Schum.
M. juwiniana Meekiong
M. kattuvazhana K.C.Jacob
M. lanceolata Warb. ex K.Schum.
M. lutea R.V.Valmayor et al.
M. sakaiana Meekiong et al.
M. shankarii Subba Rao & Kumari
M. splendida A.Chev.
M. tonkinensis R.V.Valmayor et al.
M. yamiensis C.L.Yeh & J.H.Chen
Formerly placed here[edit]
Ensete davyae (Stapf) Cheesman (as M. davyae Stapf)
Ensete gilletii (De Wild.) Cheesman (as M. gilletii De Wild. or M. martretiana A.Chev.)
Ensete glaucum (Roxb.) Cheesman (as M. glauca Roxb.)
Ensete lasiocarpum (Franch.) Cheesman (as M. lasiocarpa Franch.) – also placed in a separate genus as Musella lasiocarpa (Franch.) C.Y.Wu ex H.W.Li[9]
Ensete livingstoniana (J. Kirk) Cheesman (as M. livingstoniana J.Kirk)
Ensete perrieri (Stapf) Cheesman (as M. perrieri Claverie)
Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman (as M. superba Roxb.)
Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman (as M. arnoldiana De Wild., M. ensete J.F.Gmel. or M. ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman)
Heliconia bihai (L.) L. (as M. bihai L.)
Cultivated bananas[edit]
Main articles: Banana and Plantain (cooking)
Left to right: plantains, red bananas, latundan, and Cavendish bananas
A number of distinct groups of plants bearing edible fruit have been developed from species of Musa. In English, fruits which are sweet and used for dessert are usually called "bananas", whereas starchier varieties used for cooking are called "plantains", but these terms do not have any botanical significance. By far the largest and now the most widely distributed group of cultivated bananas is derived from section Musa, particularly M. acuminata and M. balbisiana, either alone or in various hybrid combinations. The next but much smaller group is derived from members of section Callimusa (previously classified as Australimusa) and is restricted in importance to Polynesia. Of even more restricted importance are small groups of hybrids from Papua New Guinea; a group from section Musa to which Musa schizocarpa has also contributed, and a group of hybrids between section Musa and section Callimusa.[citation needed]
Section Musa cultivars[edit]
When the Linnaean binomial system was abandoned for cultivated bananas, an alternate genome-based system for the nomenclature of edible bananas in section Musa was devised. Thus, the plant previously known by the "species" name Musa cavendishii became Musa (AAA Group) 'Dwarf Cavendish'. The "new" name shows clearly that 'Dwarf Cavendish' is a triploid, with three sets of chromosomes, all derived from Musa acuminata, which is designated by the letter "A". When Musa balbisiana is involved, the letter "B" is used to denote its genome. Thus, the cultivar 'Rajapuri' may be called Musa (AAB Group) 'Rajapuri'. 'Rajapuri' is also a triploid, expected to have two sets of chromosomes from Musa acuminata and one from Musa balbisiana. In the genome of edible bananas from section Musa, combinations such as AA, BB, ABB, BBB and even AAAB can be found.
For a more detailed explanation of this system and a list of some edible banana and plantain cultivars using it, see the List of banana cultivars.
Fe'i-type cultivars[edit]
Main article: Fe'i banana
No such nomenclature system has been developed for the group of edible bananas derived from section Callimusa. This group is known generally as the "Fe'i" or "Fehi" bananas, and numerous cultivars are found in the South Pacific region. They are very distinctive plants with upright fruit bunches, featuring in three of Paul Gauguin's paintings. The flesh can be cooked before eating and is bright orange, with a high level of beta carotene. Fe'i bananas are no longer very important for food, as imported foods have grown in popularity, although some have ritual significance. Investigations are under way to use the Fe'i karat bananas (the name derives from "carrot" due to the intense orange-yellow color of the fruit) in prevention of childhood blindness in Pohnpei.[10] Fe'i bananas probably derive mainly from Musa maclayi, although their origins are not as well understood as the section Musa bananas. Cultivars can be formally named, as e.g. Musa (Fe'i Group) 'Utafun'.
See also[edit]
Banana
Ensete (false bananas); for more information about Musella, also see Ensete
Plantain
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Arabic Mauz meaning Musa or banana is in the medieval Arabic medical encyclopedia by Avicenna, which is online at Avicenna: Book Two. See also "Musa" at Dictionary.Reference.com. See also Musacées in Dictionnaire Étymologique Des Mots Français D'Origine Orientale, by L. Marcel Devic (year 1876).
Jump up ^ Musa beccarii is reported as having a haploid chromosome number of 9 or 10, the latter due to multivalent formation during meiosis. Although genetically it nestles comfortably within section Callimusa the chromosome number needs clarification.[citation needed]
Jump up ^ Musa basjoo is the most cold hardy species of Musa, growing and fruiting successfully in outdoor cultivation in the British Isles and British Columbia.[citation needed]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ GRIN (2009-02-19). "Genus: Musa L". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Retrieved 2011-02-06.
Jump up ^ "Musa". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2013-01-10.
Jump up ^ Bailey, Liberty Hyde (1914–1917). The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. Vol. 4.. New York: Macmillan. OCLC 2768915. . Pp. 2076–9.
Jump up ^ "Banana" at Dictionary.Reference.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Wong, C.; Kiew, R.; Argent, G.; Set, O.; Lee, S.K. & Gan, Y.Y. (2002). "Assessment of the Validity of the Sections in Musa (Musaceae) using ALFP". Annals of Botany. 90 (2): 231–238. doi:10.1093/aob/mcf170.
Jump up ^ Search for "Musa". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2013-01-10.
Jump up ^ GRIN (2009-02-19). "Species in GRIN for genus Musa". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Archived from the original on 2012-12-12. Retrieved 2011-02-06.
Jump up ^ Office of the Gene Technology Regulator (2008). The Biology of Musa L. (banana) (PDF). Australian Government.
Jump up ^ "Ensete lasiocarpum". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2013-01-10.
Jump up ^ Coghlan, Andy (2004-07-10). "Orange banana to boost kids' eyes". New Scientist.
Further reading[edit]
Constantine, D. R. (1999): Musa - an annotated list of the species [1][permanent dead link]. Version of 2008-SEP-03. Retrieved 2008-SEP-03.
Hedrick, U.P. (ed.) (1919): Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World. J.B. Lyon Co., Albany.
Nelson, S.C.; Ploetz, R.C. & Kepler, A.K. (2006): Musa species (banana and plantain).
Sharrock, Suzanne (2001): Diversity in the genus Musa, focus on Australimusa. INIBAP annual report 2000: 14-19. PDF fulltext
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Musa.
Wikispecies has information related to Musa
Musapedia, page on Musa wild species
Musapedia, page on Musa sections
Musapedia, page on the diversity of banana cultivars
Musa basjoo photos
Detailed discussion of bananas
Musarama, banana image bank
[show]
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Bananas and plantains
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Banana cultivars
[show]
Musa acuminata, M. balbisiana, and their hybrid M. × paradisiaca
AA
Lacatan
Lady Finger
Señorita
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Cavendish
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Grand Nain
Masak Hijau
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AABB
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AB
Ney Poovan
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Blue Java
Bluggoe Subgroup
Bluggoe
Silver Bluggoe
Pelipita
Pelipia
Pilipia
Saba
Benedetta
Cardaba
Dippig
ABBB
Tiparot
BBB
Kluai Lep Chang Kut
[show]
Musa section Callimusa
Fe'i
Karat
Utin Iap
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q8666090
APDB: 192811
EoL: 44527
EPPO: 1MUBG
FloraBase: 22713
FNA: 121345
FoC: 121345
GBIF: 2760990
GRIN: 7876
iNaturalist: 62911
ITIS: 42388
NCBI: 4640
Plantarium: 45852
PLANTS: MUSA2
Tropicos: 40023883
Authority control
LCCN: sh85011450
GND: 4204384-0
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musa_(genus)&oldid=835228787"
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