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Ceremonial first pitch
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Woodrow Wilson, Washington Senators home opener v. New York Yankees, Griffith Stadium, April 20, 1916.
Richard Nixon, Opening Day, Washington Senators v. New York Yankees, RFK Stadium, April 7, 1969.
Ronald Reagan, Chicago Cubs v. Pittsburgh Pirates, Wrigley Field, September 30, 1988.
George W. Bush, 2001 World Series Game 3, Yankee Stadium, October 30, 2001.
The ceremonial first ball is a longstanding ritual of baseball in which a guest of honor throws a ball to mark the end of pregame festivities and the start of the game. Originally, the guest threw a ball from his/her place in the grandstand to the pitcher or catcher of the home team, but the ritual changed after Ronald Reagan threw the first pitch on the field at an unscheduled appearance at a Baltimore Orioles game. Now, the guest stands in front of the pitcher's mound and throws towards home plate. He or she may also sometimes stand on the mound (as a pitcher would). The recipient of the pitch is usually a player from the home team.
The ceremonial thrower may be a notable person (dignitary, celebrity, former player, etc.) who is in attendance, an executive from a company that sponsors the team (especially when that company has sponsored that night's promotional giveaway), or a person who won the first pitch opportunity as a contest prize. Often, especially in the minor leagues, multiple first pitches are made.
The practice of having a mayor, governor, or other local celebrity throw out ceremonial "first pitches" dates back to at least 1890.[1] Governor William McKinley of Ohio, for example, "threw the ball into the diamond" before an opening day game between Toledo and Columbus in 1892.[2]
On April 23, 2012, the Texas Rangers executed a unique twist on the first pitch tradition. Before the Rangers' home game against the New York Yankees, the team held an official retirement ceremony for longtime catcher Iván Rodríguez. Instead of going to the pitcher's mound, he went behind home plate and threw the first "pitch" to longtime teammate Michael Young, who was standing at second base.[3]
Presidential first pitches[edit]
Former Japanese Prime Minister Ōkuma Shigenobu threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the first game of an American All-Star team's tour of Japan in 1908, making him possibly the first former chief executive of any country to throw out a first pitch.[1][4]
President William Howard Taft started the American tradition of Presidential first pitches in 1910 at Griffith Stadium, Washington, D.C., on the Washington Senators' Opening Day. Every President since Taft has thrown out at least one ceremonial first ball or pitch, either for Opening Day, the All-Star Game, or the World Series, usually with much fanfare.[5] Donald Trump opted to decline the Washington Nationals' invitation to throw the ceremonial first pitch in 2017.[6]
Presidential First Pitches
Year
President
Ballpark
Notes
1910 Opening Day William Howard Taft National Park First sitting President to participate in Opening Day ceremonies; preceded Washington Nationals–Philadelphia Athletics game on April 14.[7]
1911 Opening Day William Howard Taft National Park
1912 Opening Day Vice President James S. Sherman National Park Taft did not attend because of the death of his friend Archibald Butt in the Titanic disaster.
1913 Opening Day Woodrow Wilson National Park
1915 Opening Day Woodrow Wilson National Park
1915 World Series Woodrow Wilson Baker Bowl
1916 Home Opener Woodrow Wilson National Park Washington Nationals defeated New York Yankees on April 20.[8]
1921 Opening Day Warren Harding Griffith Stadium First loss for the Senators with a President throwing out the first ball.
1922 Opening Day Warren Harding Griffith Stadium
1923 Opening Day Warren Harding Griffith Stadium Harding also threw out the first ball in the New York Yankees opening game, two days before.
1924 Opening Day Calvin Coolidge Griffith Stadium
1924 World Series Calvin Coolidge Griffith Stadium
1925 Opening Day Calvin Coolidge Griffith Stadium
1925 World Series Calvin Coolidge Griffith Stadium
1927 Opening Day Calvin Coolidge Griffith Stadium
1928 Opening Day Calvin Coolidge Griffith Stadium
1929 Opening Day Herbert Hoover Griffith Stadium
1929 World Series Herbert Hoover Shibe Park Game 5, October 14.
1930 Opening Day Herbert Hoover Griffith Stadium
1930 World Series Herbert Hoover Shibe Park
1931 Opening Day Herbert Hoover Griffith Stadium
1932 Opening Day Herbert Hoover Griffith Stadium
1933 Opening Day Franklin D. Roosevelt Griffith Stadium
1934 Opening Day Franklin D. Roosevelt Griffith Stadium
1935 Opening Day Franklin D. Roosevelt Griffith Stadium
1936 Opening Day Franklin D. Roosevelt Griffith Stadium
1937 Opening Day Franklin D. Roosevelt Griffith Stadium
1937 All-Star Game Franklin D. Roosevelt Griffith Stadium
1938 Opening Day Franklin D. Roosevelt Griffith Stadium
1940 Opening Day Franklin D. Roosevelt Griffith Stadium Roosevelt's pitch hit a Washington Post camera.[9]
1941 Opening Day Franklin D. Roosevelt Griffith Stadium
1946 Opening Day Harry Truman Griffith Stadium
1947 Opening Day Harry Truman Griffith Stadium
1948 Opening Day Harry Truman Griffith Stadium
1949 Opening Day Harry Truman Griffith Stadium
1950 Opening Day Harry Truman Griffith Stadium Truman threw out two balls, one left-handed and one right-handed.
1951 Opening Day Harry Truman Griffith Stadium
1952 Opening Day Harry Truman Griffith Stadium
1953 Opening Day Dwight Eisenhower Griffith Stadium Eisenhower skipped Opening Day to play golf at Augusta National, but the game was postponed by rain and he threw out the first ball at the rescheduled game.
1954 Opening Day Dwight Eisenhower Griffith Stadium
1955 Opening Day Dwight Eisenhower Griffith Stadium
1955 World Series Dwight Eisenhower Ebbets Field
1956 Opening Day Dwight Eisenhower Griffith Stadium
1958 Opening Day Dwight Eisenhower Griffith Stadium
1959 Opening Day Richard Nixon Griffith Stadium Nixon was vice president at the time; he was elected president in 1968.
1960 Opening Day Dwight Eisenhower Griffith Stadium
1961 Opening Day John F. Kennedy Griffith Stadium
1962 Opening Day John F. Kennedy D.C. Stadium First ball in new stadium
1963 Opening Day John F. Kennedy D.C. Stadium
1964 Opening Day Lyndon Johnson D.C. Stadium
1965 Opening Day Lyndon Johnson D.C. Stadium
1967 Opening Day Lyndon Johnson D.C. Stadium
1969 Opening Day Richard Nixon RFK Stadium
1970 All-Star Game Richard Nixon Riverfront Stadium All-Star Game in Cincinnati, Ohio
1973 Opening Day Richard Nixon Anaheim Stadium First Opening Day held outside of Washington, D.C.
1976 Opening Day Gerald Ford Arlington Stadium
1976 All-Star Game Gerald Ford Veterans Stadium American League vs. National League
1979 World Series Jimmy Carter Memorial Stadium
1984 Opening Day Ronald Reagan Memorial Stadium Reagan made an unannounced trip to Baltimore, after it was initially cancelled for security reasons. He watched the game from the third-base dugout.[10]
1986 Opening Day Ronald Reagan Memorial Stadium
1988 Regular Season Ronald Reagan Wrigley Field Reagan threw two pitches prior to the Chicago Cubs–Pittsburgh Pirates game on September 30, then joined Harry Caray for 1½ innings on the WGN telecast.[7]
1989 Opening Day George H. W. Bush Memorial Stadium President of Egypt Hosni Mubarak was Bush's special guest, but did not partake in the pregame ceremonies. The Baltimore Orioles defeated the Boston Red Sox 5–4 in 11 innings.[11]
1989 Japan Series Ronald Reagan Tokyo Dome Game 3 between the Kintetsu Buffaloes and Yomiuri Giants
1990 Opening Day George H. W. Bush SkyDome First Opening Day pitch to be thrown in Canada.
1991 Opening Day George H. W. Bush Arlington Stadium
1991 Opening Day Ronald Reagan Dodger Stadium
1992 Opening Day George H. W. Bush Oriole Park at Camden Yards First MLB game at Camden Yards.
1993 Opening Day Bill Clinton Oriole Park at Camden Yards Before this, most presidents threw from the stands or at the base of the pitcher's mound; Clinton was the first president to successfully throw from the pitcher's mound to the catcher.
1994 Opening Day Bill Clinton Jacobs Field First MLB Game at Jacobs Field.
1995 World Series Jimmy Carter Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium
1996 Opening Day Bill Clinton Oriole Park at Camden Yards
1997 Opening Day Bill Clinton Shea Stadium
2000 Opening Day Bill Clinton Pacific Bell Park
2001 Opening Day George W. Bush Miller Park MLB Commissioner Bud Selig (a former owner of the Brewers) threw out the first pitch to celebrate the opening of the new park; Bush threw the second pitch.
2001 World Series George W. Bush Yankee Stadium This was the first World Series game in New York since the September 11 attacks; Bush wore a bulletproof vest and a Secret Service agent dressed as an umpire so he could be on the field.
2003 Opening Day George H.W. Bush Great American Ball Park
2004 Opening Day Jimmy Carter Petco Park First MLB Game at Petco Park
2004 Opening Day George W. Bush Busch Stadium
2005 Opening Day George W. Bush RFK Stadium 2005 was the Nationals' first season, making Bush the first president to throw out first pitch in Washington since Richard Nixon in 1969.
2006 Opening Day George W. Bush Great American Ball Park First sitting President to participate on Opening Day in Cincinnati; preceded Reds–Cubs game on April 3.[7]
2008 Opening Day George W. Bush Nationals Park This was the first pitch in new stadium. Bush also participated in ESPN's TV broadcast of the game and called the ballpark's first home run, hit by the Braves' Chipper Jones in the 4th inning.
2009 Opening Day George W. Bush Rangers Ballpark in Arlington Bush had owned the Rangers in the early 1990s.
2009 All-Star Game Barack Obama Busch Stadium
2009 Japan Series George W. Bush Tokyo Dome Game 3 between the Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters and the Yomiuri Giants.
2010 Opening Day Barack Obama Nationals Park 100th anniversary of the first Presidential Opening Day ceremonial first pitch
2010 World Series George W. Bush Rangers Ballpark in Arlington Former President Bush was accompanied to the mound by his father, George H.W. Bush, and Texas Rangers team president Nolan Ryan.
2011 College World Series George W. Bush TD Ameritrade Park Omaha This pitch marked the first game at the new home of the College World Series, replacing the nearby Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium. Before Bush threw out the first pitch, his father, who played for Yale in the first CWS in 1947, delivered a video message christening the new stadium. He is the first President to have thrown ceremonial first pitches for amateur and professional (both North America and Japanese) championship matches.[12]
2015 American League Division Series George H. W. Bush Minute Maid Park Former President Bush, aged 91, accompanied by his wife Barbara and in a wheelchair with a neck brace, threw the Houston Astros' first pitch at Game 3 of the ALDS against the Kansas City Royals.[13]
External links[edit]
"U.S. Presidents & Major League Baseball". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved 2008-03-30.
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ceremonial first pitch.
^ Jump up to: a b Brown, Peter Jensen. "President Taft, Governor McKinley and the "Lucky Seventh" Inning – the History and Origins of the Ceremonial "First Pitch" and the "Seventh Inning Stretch"". Early Sports 'n' Pop-Culture History Blog. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Governor McKinley Started It". Omaha Daily Bee. April 17, 1892. p. 2.
Jump up ^ Durrett, Richard (April 24, 2012). "Ivan Rodriguez announces retirement". ESPN.com. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "American Baseball Team is Victorious". Los Angeles Herald. November 23, 1908. p. 6.
Jump up ^ Duggan, Paul (April 2, 2007). "Balking at the First Pitch". Washington Post. p. A01.
Jump up ^ White House declines Nationals offer for Donald Trump to toss out first pitch on Opening Day USA Today. 28 March 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017
^ Jump up to: a b c Wallner, Jeff. "President Bush tosses Opening pitch", MLB.com, Monday, April 3, 2006
Jump up ^ President Woodrow Wilson Baseball Game Attendance Log Baseball Almanac
Jump up ^ "President Franklin Roosevelt Baseball Game Attendance Log". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Putzel, Michael (April 3, 1984). "Reagan Makes A Surprise Visit". Associated Press. Retrieved 2013-05-29.
Jump up ^ Dowd, Maureen, "Bush Takes Mubarak Out to the Ball Game" The New York Times, Tuesday, April 4, 1989
Jump up ^ "Vanderbilt opens College World Series, new stadium with win". ESPN.com. Associated Press. June 18, 2011. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Pres. George H.W. Bush, 91, throws out first pitch at Royals-Astros game (+video)". Kansas.com. October 12, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
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2022 Winter Olympics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Beijing 2022" redirects here. For the Winter Paralympics, see 2022 Winter Paralympics.
XXIV Olympic Winter Games
Host city
Beijing, China
Motto
Joyful Rendezvous Upon Pure Ice and Snow.
Chinese: 纯洁的冰雪，激情的约会
Events
102 in 15 sports
Opening ceremony
4 February
Closing ceremony
20 February
Stadium
Beijing National Stadium
Winter
< Pyeongchang 2018
TBD 2026 >
Summer
< Tokyo 2020
Paris 2024 >
Part of a series on
2022 Winter Olympics[show]
Bid process (bid details)
Development (venues, torch relay)
Marketing (mascots)
Broadcasters
Opening ceremony (flag bearers)
Chronological summary
Medal table (medallists)
Controversies
World and Olympic records
Closing ceremony (flag bearers)
Paralympics
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BOCOWG
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The 2022 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIV Olympic Winter Games (French: Les XXIVème Jeux olympiques d'hiver;[1] Chinese: 第二十四届冬季奥林匹克运动会; pinyin: Dì Èrshísì Jiè Dōngjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì), and commonly known as Beijing 2022, is an international winter multi-sport event that will take place in Beijing and towns in the neighboring Hebei province, People's Republic of China, from 4 to 20 February 2022.[2]
These games will be the first Winter Olympic Games ever held in China. Beijing was elected as the host city in July 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
With its previous hosting of the 2008 Summer Olympics, Beijing will be the first city to have ever hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics; there are plans to utilize many of the same indoor venues that were used in 2008, as well as Beijing National Stadium as ceremonies venue. They will be the last of three consecutive Olympics being held in East Asia, following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, and the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan.
Contents
[hide]
1 Bidding
1.1 Host city election
2 Venues
2.1 Beijing cluster
2.2 Yanqing cluster
2.3 Zhangjiakou cluster
2.3.1 Chongli
3 Transport
4 Budget
5 Sports
5.1 New events
6 Branding
6.1 Emblem
6.2 Mascot
7 Broadcasting
8 Concerns and controversies
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Bidding[edit]
Main article: Bids for the 2022 Winter Olympics
The bidding calendar was announced by the IOC in October 2012, with the application deadline set for 14 November 2013. The IOC Executive Board reviewed the bids from all applicant cities on 7 July 2014, and selected three cities, Oslo (Norway), Almaty (Kazakhstan) and Beijing (China) as the final candidate cities.
Several cities withdrew their applications during the bidding process, citing the high costs or the lack of local support to host the Games.[3] Oslo, which had been considered a frontrunner, withdrew its bid after the Norwegian parliament voted against an IOC-mandated government funding package. Public reception to the bid had been negative due to cost concerns, especially after the cost overruns of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, and an exposé by the Norwegian tabloid Verdens Gang that allegedly revealed hospitality demands made by the IOC. They included a cocktail reception with the royal family with drinks paid for by them or the organizing committee, the provision of road lanes exclusively for use by IOC members, and priority treatment at airports and hotels being used by IOC members. Several commentators pointed out that such demands were unheard of in a western democracy, while Slate described them as being "diva-like".[4][5][6][7]
Beijing was selected as host city of the 2022 Winter Olympics after beating Almaty by four votes on 31 July 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Host city election[edit]
2022 Winter Olympics bidding results
City
Nation
Votes
Beijing China 44
Almaty Kazakhstan 40
Venues[edit]
Location of the three Beijing 2022 clusters
In Beijing, five ice events will be held at the Olympic Sports Centre, the Capital Indoor Stadium and the Beijing Wukesong Sports Center, which were some of the main venues of the 2008 Summer Olympics. Competitions for luge, bobsleigh and alpine skiing will be held in Xiaohaituo Mountain area in Yanqing, northwest of Beijing, 90 kilometres (56 miles) away from the city center, using artificial snow because of the rarity of natural snow in this region.[8][9] All other skiing events will be held in Taizicheng Area in Chongli, Zhangjiakou, 220 km (140 mi) from downtown Beijing and 130 km (81 mi) away from Xiaohaituo Mountain Area.[10]
The Big Air snowboarding events will be held in a new area of urban development in Shijingshan District.[11]
Beijing cluster[edit]
Olympic Green venues
Beijing National Aquatics Center – curling / 4,000 existing/renovated
Beijing National Indoor Stadium – ice hockey / 18,000 existing
Beijing National Stadium – opening and closing ceremonies / 80,000 existing
Beijing Olympic Village
National Speed Skating Oval – speed skating / 12,000 new
China National Convention Center – MPC/IBC / existing
Other venues
Capital Indoor Stadium – figure skating, short track speed skating / 15,000 existing
Wukesong Sports Centre – ice hockey / 10,000 existing
Shijingshan District - snowboarding (Big Air) - TBA[12][13] new
Yanqing cluster[edit]
Xiaohaituo Alpine Skiing Field – alpine skiing 15,000
Xiaohaituo Bobsleigh, skeleton and Luge Track – bobsleigh, luge, skeleton / 5,000 new
Yanqing MMC: Media Center
Yanqing Olympic Village / new
Zhangjiakou cluster[edit]
Chongli[edit]
The town of Chongli in Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, will stage most of the skiing events during the 2022 Winter Olympics. The ski resort earned over 1.54 billion yuan (US$237.77 million) in tourism during the 2015–16 snow season for a 31.6% growth over the previous season. In 2016, it was announced that Chongli received 2.185 million tourists, an increase of 30% from the previous season, during the first snow season after the winning the Olympic bid. The snow season lasted for five months from November, during which Chongli has hosted 36 competitions and activities, such as Far East Cup and Children Skiing International Festival. A total of 23 skiing camps have also been set up, attracting the participation of 3,800 youths. All venue construction started in November 2016 and will be finished by the end of 2020 to enable the city to hold test events.[14]
Kuyangshu Nordic Center and Biathlon Center – cross-country skiing, Nordic combined (cross-country skiing) 15,000
Kuyangshu Ski Jumping Field – ski jumping, Nordic combined (ski jumping) 10,000
Hualindong Ski Resort – biathlon 15,000
Genting Hotel – Media Center
Genting Snow Park – snowboarding (slopestyle, halfpipe), freestyle skiing 5,000
Taiwu Ski Resort – snowboarding (cross), freestyle skiing 10,000
Wanlong Ski Resort – snowboarding (parallel slalom) 5,000
Zhangjiakou Olympic Village
Transport[edit]
The new Beijing-Zhangjiakou intercity railway will be built, starting from Beijing North Railway Station, and ending at Zhangjiakou South Railway Station. It will be built for speeds up to 350 km/h (217 mph), and travel from Beijing to Zhangjiakou is estimated to take 50 minutes.
The Beijing Subway is expected to continue expanding and projected to have at least 24 lines by 2022. Expressway and highway networks are also expected to be upgraded.
A new airport for Beijing and the region, tentatively known as Beijing Daxing International Airport, is expected to open by 2019. The airport will be the third airport of Beijing, after Beijing Capital International Airport and Beijing Nanyuan Airport.
Budget[edit]
The estimated budget for the games is US$3.9 billion, less than one-tenth of the $43 billion spent on the 2008 Summer Olympics.[15]
Sports[edit]
The 2022 Winter Olympics are tentatively scheduled to include events in at least 15 sports.
Alpine skiing (details)
Biathlon (details)
Bobsleigh (details)
Cross-country skiing (details)
Curling (details)
Figure skating (details)
Freestyle skiing (details)
Ice hockey (details)
Luge (details)
Nordic combined (details)
Short track speed skating (details)
Skeleton (details)
Ski jumping (details)
Snowboarding (details)
Speed skating (details)
New events[edit]
In October 2016, the International Ski Federation (FIS) announced plans to begin sanctioning women's competitions in Nordic combined, with a goal for the discipline to be contested at the Olympic level for the first time in Beijing.[16] In November 2017, a further three events were put forward by the FIS for possible Olympic inclusion: a ski jumping mixed team competition and men's and women's big air in freestyle skiing.[17]
The International Luge Federation (FIL) has proposed the addition of a total of six new events. This includes adding natural track luge (men's and women's singles), a women's doubles competition on the artificial track, and sprint events (men, women, and doubles) on the artificial track.[18][19]
The International Skating Union (ISU) has proposed the addition of synchronized skating as an event within the discipline of figure skating.[20] They are also proposing a new short track speed skating team event.[19]
In biathlon, a single mixed relay has been proposed by the International Biathlon Union (IBU) to complement the four-person mixed relay which featured at the 2018 Winter Olympics.[19] Also, a new team event has been proposed by the International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (IBSF).[19]
Branding[edit]
Emblem[edit]
The official emblem "Winter Dream" (冬梦) was unveiled on December 15, 2017 at the Beijing National Aquatics Center. The emblem is a stylized rendition of the character "冬" (Winter) inspired by winter snow, with a ribbon motif. The top is meant to resemble a skater and the bottom is meant to resemble a skier. The emblem also features the Olympic colors (except black) and the Chinese flag colors. The emblem was designed by Lin Cunzhen who also created the Nanjing 2014 logo.[21]
Mascot[edit]
The mascot(s) for the 2022 Games will be unveiled in 2020.
Broadcasting[edit]
In some countries, broadcast rights to the 2022 Winter Olympics are already agreed through existing long-term deals. In France and the United Kingdom, these are the first Games where Eurosport will be the main rightsholder; the BBC will sub-license a limited amount of coverage on free-to-air television, as part of a deal in which the BBC sold the pay-TV rights to the 2018 and 2020 Games to Eurosport.[22][23]
Armenia – APMTV[24]
Asia – Dentsu (Rights to be sold to local broadcasters)[25]
Brazil – Grupo Globo[26]
Canada – CBC/Radio-Canada, TSN, RDS[27][28]
China – CCTV[29]
Europe – Discovery Communications, Eurosport (free-to-air rights to be sold to local broadcasters)[30]
Germany – ARD, ZDF[31]
Hungary – MTVA[32]
Japan – Japan Consortium[33]
Kosovo – RTK[24]
Latin America – América Móvil[34]
MENA – beIN Sports[35]
New Zealand – Sky Television[36]
North Korea – SBS[37]
Oceania – Sky Television[36]
South Africa – SABC, SuperSport[38]
South Korea – SBS[37]
Sub-Saharan Africa – Econet Media, SuperSport[38]
United States – NBCUniversal[39]
United Kingdom – Eurosport, BBC[40]
In the United States, the Games will be broadcast once again by NBCUniversal properties as part of its multi-year agreement with the IOC. Super Bowl LVI (the championship game of the National Football League's 2021 season) is provisionally scheduled for 6 February 2022, meaning that the Super Bowl would occur during an ongoing Olympics for the first time in its history. Super Bowl games have frequently been among the most-watched television broadcasts in the United States annually. Under the NFL's television contracts, rights to the Super Bowl rotate between the three networks CBS, Fox and NBC; Super Bowl LVI is scheduled to be broadcast by CBS. Competition between these two major sporting events is expected to have an impact on viewership numbers.[41] The last Super Bowl that was held during a Winter Olympic year, Super Bowl LII in 2018, took place on the Sunday before the Games.[42][43]
Concerns and controversies[edit]
Main article: Concerns and controversies at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Critics questioned the Beijing bid, citing that the proposed outdoor venue sites do not have reliable snowfall in winter for snow sports. Concerns have been raised that snow may need to be transported to the venues at great cost and with uncertain environmental consequences.[44][45]
The environmental impact of hosting the games near Beijing has been questioned. Some of the proposed venues will be adjacent to the Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve and part of the same mountain system, and the environmental impact on the nature reserve of construction, and artificially covering parts of the mountain with snow, is uncertain.[46][47] The Chinese government responded to these concerns by expanding the adjacent Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve by 31% of its original size.[48]
See also[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for 2022 Winter Olympics.
Asian Games celebrated in China
1990 Asian Games - Beijing
2010 Asian Games - Guangzhou
2022 Asian Games - Hangzhou
Olympic Games celebrated in China
2008 Summer Olympics - Beijing
2022 Winter Olympics - Beijing
Paralympic Games celebrated in China
2008 Summer Paralympics - Beijing
2022 Winter Paralympics - Beijing
Universiade celebrated in China
2001 Summer Universiade - Beijing
2009 Winter Universiade - Harbin
2011 Summer Universiade - Shenzhen
Youth Olympic Games celebrated in China
2014 Summer Youth Olympics - Nanjing
Beijing Organising Committee for the 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games
Olympics portal
2020s portal
China portal
Beijing portal
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Beijing to host 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics". BBC Sport. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Abend, Lisa (3 October 2014). "Why Nobody Wants to Host the 2022 Winter Olympics". Time. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Winter Olympics: What now for 2022 after Norway pulls out?". BBC Sport. 2014-10-02. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
Jump up ^ Mathis-Lilley, Ben (2014-10-02). "The IOC Demands That Helped Push Norway Out of Winter Olympic Bidding Are Hilarious". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
Jump up ^ "IOC reportedly made some ridiculous demands to help push Oslo out of 2022 Winter Olympics bidding". National Post. 2014-10-02. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
Jump up ^ IOC krever gratis sprit på stadion og cocktail-fest med Kongen
Jump up ^ Phillips, Tom (31 July 2015). "Beijing promises to overcome lack of snow for 2022 Winter Olympics". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Mills, Chris (1 August 2015). "Here's the 2022 Winter Olympics Venue, In The Middle of Winter". Retrieved 3 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Beijing announces gym layout for 2022 Winter Olympics". People's Daily Online. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Beijing 2022 Coordination Commission chair praises plans for snowboard big air after venue visit". Inside the Games.
Jump up ^ insidethegames.biz. "Beijing 2022 Coordination Commission chair praises plans for snowboard big air after venue visit".
Jump up ^ "北京冬奥会新建场馆今年将全部开工，首钢单板大跳台赛后保留" (in Chinese).
Jump up ^ gaiazhang. "Beijing 2022 Games Ski Venue Receives Over 2 Million Tourists".
Jump up ^ "Beijing won't have a big budget for the 2022 Winter Olympics". CNNMoney.
Jump up ^ "FIS target Nordic Combined women's competition at Beijing 2022". 3 October 2016. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
Jump up ^ "FIS Council Decisions from Autumn 2017 Meeting". www.fis-ski.com/. FIS. 18 November 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "FIL submits full package of events for Olympic bid". www.fil-luge.org/. FIL. 31 October 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1062269/exclusive-womens-nordic-combined-and-synchronised-skating-among-new-disciplines-proposed-for-beijing-2022
Jump up ^ "Synchronized Skating has been proposed as a new "event" by the ISU". www.jurasynchro.com/. Jura Synchro. 9 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Zaccardi, Nick (15 December 2017). "Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic logo unveiled". nbcsports.com. NBC Sports). Retrieved 17 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "BBC dealt another blow after losing control of TV rights for Olympics". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Olympics coverage to remain on BBC after Discovery deal". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Connoly, Eoin (17 May 2017). "Wednesday's Daily Deal Round-Up: Olympic partnerships for Discovery and more". SportsPro. Sportspromedia.com. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "IOC awards 2018–2024 broadcast rights in Asia". International Olympic Committee. Olympic.org. 29 July 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "IOC reaches agreement for broadcast rights in Brazil with Grupo Globo through to 2032". International Olympic Committee. Olympic.org. 10 December 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "IOC awards 2022-2024 broadcast rights in Canada to CBC/Radio-Canada". International Olympic Committee. Olympic.org. 21 October 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "TSN, RDS to broadcast 2022 and 2024 Olympic Games". TSN. 21 October 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "IOC awards 2018–2024 broadcast rights in China". International Olympic Committee. Olympic.org. 4 December 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "IOC awards all TV and multiplatform broadcast rights in Europe to Discovery and Eurosport for 2018–2024 Olympic Games". International Olympic Committee. Olympic.org. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Carp, Sam (1 August 2017). "Report: ARD and ZDF secure long-term Olympic deal". SportsPro. Sportspromedia.com. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hungarian Public Television Agrees Deal To Broadcast Summer And Winter Olympics Until 2024". Hungary today. hungarytoday.hu. 20 June 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "IOC awards 2018–2024 broadcast rights in Japan". International Olympic Committee. Olympic.org. 19 June 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
Jump up ^ King, Matthew (1 December 2017). "IOC Award América Móvil 2018-2024 Broadcast Rights in Latin America". International Olympic Committee. Olympic.org. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "IOC awards 2018–2024 broadcast rights in Middle East and North Africa". International Olympic Committee. Olympic.org. 27 July 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "IOC awards 2018-2024 broadcast rights in New Zealand and Pacific Island Territories". Olympic.org. 23 March 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "IOC awards SBS broadcast rights for 2018, 2020, 2022 and 2024 Olympic Games". Olympic.org. 4 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
^ Jump up to: a b "IOC Awards 2018-2024 Broadcast Rights in Africa". IOC. Olympic.org. 10 July 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "IOC awards Olympic Games broadcast rights to NBCUniversal through to 2032". Olympic.org. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Olympics: BBC to broadcast every Games up to and including 2024". BBC Sport. 2 February 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "In 2022, Super Bowl and the Winter Olympics will compete for viewers". New York Post. 2018-03-18. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
Jump up ^ Spain, Kevin (May 9, 2017). "NBC looking to sell Super Bowl, Olympics ad combos". USA Today. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Steinberg, Brian (October 30, 2017). "NBC Expects More Than $1 Billion in Ad Sales from Super Bowl, Winter Olympics". Variety. Archived from the original on November 2, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Matt Schiavenza, "A Winter Olympics in a City Without Snow", The Atlantic, 31 July 2015
Jump up ^ Tom Phillips, "Beijing promises to overcome lack of snow for 2022 Winter Olympics", The Guardian, 31 July 2015
Jump up ^ "Scientists Question Environmental Impact of China's Winter Olympics", New York Times, 9 April 2015
Jump up ^ "Winter Olympic Games venues in China 'pose threat to Beijing nature reserve'", South China Morning Post, 4 August 2015
Jump up ^ "2022 Beijing Winter Olympics". birdingbeijing.com. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
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Pericardial fluid
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Pericardial fluid is the serous fluid secreted by the serous layer of the pericardium into the pericardial cavity. The pericardium consists of two layers, an outer fibrous layer and the inner serous layer. This serous layer has two membranes which enclose the pericardial cavity into which is secreted the pericardial fluid. The fluid is similar to the cerebrospinal fluid of the brain which also serves to cushion and allow some movement of the organ.[1]
A transverse section of the thorax, showing the contents of the middle and the posterior mediastinum. The pleural and pericardial cavities are exaggerated since normally there is no space between parietal and visceral pleura and between pericardium and heart.
Contents
[hide]
1 Function
2 Composition
2.1 Ischemic heart disease
3 Pericardial effusion
4 Pericardiocentesis
5 Pericardial window
6 Additional Images
7 References
Function[edit]
The pericardial fluid reduces friction within the pericardium by lubricating the epicardial surface allowing the membranes to glide over each other with each heart beat.[2]
Composition[edit]
Ben-Horin et al. (2005) studied the composition of pericardial fluid in patients undergoing open heart surgery. They found that the fluid is made up of a high concentration of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), protein and lymphocytes. In a healthy adult there is up to 50 ml of clear, straw-coloured fluid.[3] However, there is little data on the normal composition of pericardial fluid to serve as a reference.[4][5]
Ischemic heart disease[edit]
In patients with ischemic heart disease there is an accumulation of angiogenic growth factors in the pericardial fluid. These contribute to angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels) and arteriogenesis (the increase in diameter of existing arterioles). This helps to prevent myocardial ischemia (lack of oxygen to the heart).[6]
Pericardial effusion[edit]
A pericardial effusion is the presence of excessive pericardial fluid, this can be confirmed using an echocardiogram.[7] Small effusions are not necessarily dangerous and are commonly caused by infection such as HIV or can occur after cardiac surgery. Large and rapidly accumulating effusions may cause cardiac tamponade, a life-threatening complication, that puts pressure on the heart preventing the ventricles from filling correctly.
Pericardiocentesis[edit]
Pericardiocentesis is a procedure used to remove the pericardial fluid from the pericardial cavity. It is performed using a needle and under the guidance of an ultrasound.[8] It can be used to relieve pressure from pericardial effusions or for diagnostic purposes, showing the cause of abnormalities such as: Cancer, Cardiac perforation, Cardiac trauma, Congestive heart failure, Pericarditis rupture of a ventricular aneurysm.[5]
Pericardial window[edit]
This can also be used to treat pericardial effusion or cardiac tamponade.
Additional Images[edit]
Pericardial fluid
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Britannica encyclopedia: Pericardial fluid. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/451651/pericardial-fluid. [Accessed on 3rd Feb 2008]
Jump up ^ Gray H et al. 2002, Lecture notes on cardiology 4th Edition, Blackwell publishing, p.203
Jump up ^ Phelan, Dermot; Collier, Patrick; Grimm, Richard A. (July 2015). "Pericardial Disease". The Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Ben-Horin, Shomron; Shinfeld, Ami; Kachel, Erez; Chetrit, Angela; Livneh, Avi (2005). "The composition of normal pericardial fluid and its implications for diagnosing pericardial effusions". The American Journal of Medicine. 118 (6): 636–40. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.01.066. PMID 15922695.
^ Jump up to: a b MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Pericardiocentesis
Jump up ^ Fujita, Masatoshi; Komeda, Masashi; Hasegawa, Koji; Kihara, Yasuki; Nohara, Ryuji; Sasayama, Shigetake (2001). "Pericardial fluid as a new material for clinical heart research". International Journal of Cardiology. 77 (2-3): 113–8. doi:10.1016/S0167-5273(00)00462-9. PMID 11182172.
Jump up ^ Palacios, IF (1999). "Pericardial Effusion and Tamponade". Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine. 1 (1): 79–89. PMID 11096472.
Jump up ^ Gray H et al. 2002, Lecture notes on cardiology 4th Edition, Blackwell publishing, p.207
hide
Anatomy of the heart
General
Surface
base
apex
sulci
coronary
interatrial
anterior interventricular
posterior interventricular
borders
right
left
Internal
atria
interatrial septum
pectinate muscles
terminal sulcus
ventricles
interventricular septum
trabeculae carneae
chordae tendineae
papillary muscle
valves
cusps
atrioventricular septum
cardiac skeleton
intervenous tubercle
Chambers
Right heart
(venae cavae, coronary sinus) → right atrium (atrial appendage, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa ovalis, crista terminalis, valve of inferior vena cava, valve of coronary sinus) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle (infundibulum, moderator band/septomarginal trabecula, crista supraventricularis), → pulmonary valve → (pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation)
Left heart
(pulmonary veins) → left atrium (atrial appendage) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve (aortic sinus) → (aorta and systemic circulation)
Layers
Endocardium
heart valves
Myocardium
Conduction system
cardiac pacemaker
SA node
Bachmann's bundle
AV node
bundle of His
bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Pericardial cavity
pericardial sinus
Pericardium
fibrous pericardium
sternopericardial ligaments
serous pericardium
epicardium/visceral layer
fold of left vena cava
Blood supply
Circulatory system
Coronary circulation
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John Parr (British Army soldier)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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John Parr
The grave of John Parr in St Symphorien cemetery
Born
(1897-07-19)19 July 1897
Church End, England
Died
21 August 1914(1914-08-21) (aged 17)
Obourg, Belgium
Allegiance
United Kingdom
Service/branch
British Army
Rank
Private
Unit
4th Battalion, (Duke of Cambridge's) Middlesex Regiment
Battles/wars
First World War
Parr's former home in Lodge Lane, Finchley.
The plaque to Parr's memory in Lodge Lane, Finchley.
Private John Henry Parr (19 July 1897 – 21 August 1914) was a British soldier. He is believed to be the first soldier of the British Commonwealth to be killed by enemy action in the First World War.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early years
2 Military activity
3 Fate
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
Early years[edit]
Parr was born in Lichfield Grove, Finchley, now in the London Borough of Barnet. His father was a milkman. He lived most of his life at 52 Lodge Lane, North Finchley, the youngest of eleven children of Edward and Alice Parr. [1] Many of his siblings died before their fourth birthday.[2]
Upon leaving school, he took a job working as a butcher's boy, and then as a caddie at North Middlesex Golf Club. Then, like many other young men at the time, he was attracted to the army as a potentially better way of life, and one where he would at least get two meals a day and a chance to see the world.[3] The 5'3" tall Parr joined the 4th Battalion of the Middlesex Regiment in 1912, aged fifteen, but claimed to be eighteen years and one month old to meet the minimum age requirement. He was nicknamed "Ole Parr", possibly after Old Tom Parr.
Military activity[edit]
Private Parr specialised in becoming a reconnaissance cyclist, riding ahead to uncover information then returning with all possible speed to update the commanding officer. At the start of World War I in August 1914 Parr’s battalion was shipped from Southampton to Boulogne-sur-Mer, France. With the German army marching into Belgium, Parr's unit took up positions near a village called Bettignies, beside the canal running through the town of Mons approximately 8 miles (13 km) away. On 21 August, Parr and another cyclist were sent to the village of Obourg, just north east of Mons, and slightly over the border in Belgium, with a mission to locate the enemy. It is believed that they encountered a cavalry patrol from the German First Army, and that Parr remained to hold off the enemy whilst his companion returned to report. He was killed in the ensuing rifle fire.
Fate[edit]
Since the British army retreated to a new position around the Marne after the first battle of Mons, Parr's body was left behind. In the ensuing months, the slow entrenchment of the war meant that news of Parr's death was not recognised until much later. After a while his mother wrote to the regiment asking about her son, but they were unable to tell her of his condition, and it may have been that they thought that he had been captured. At the time, there were no dog tags to help with the identification of casualties. The circumstances of his death remain unclear: the front line was approximately 11 miles (18 km) away, and he may have been killed by friendly fire rather than a German patrol,[4] or in the Battle of Mons on 23 August.[5]
Parr is buried in the St Symphorien Military Cemetery, just southeast of Mons,[6] and his age is given on the gravestone as twenty, the army not knowing his true age of seventeen. Coincidentally, his grave faces that of George Edwin Ellison, the last British soldier killed during the Great War.[7]
On 21 August 2014, the 100th anniversary of Parr's death, a memorial paving stone was ceremonially unveiled in the pavement outside 52 Lodge Lane. The ceremony was attended by about 300 people, including local dignitaries and Parr family members, one of whom read a letter from his mother to the War Office written in October 1914 to enquire about him. A memorial "standing stone" nearby, to bear a plaque with further details of Parr's life and death, is planned. A plaque has also been placed in the golf club where he worked as a caddie.[8][9]
While Parr is believed to be the first Commonwealth soldier killed in action, several soldiers had been killed by friendly fire and accidental shooting after the declaration of war but before troops were sent overseas, starting with Cpl Arthur Rawson on 9 August 1914.[10] Even earlier, on 6 August 1914, the cruiser HMS Amphion (1911) hit a German mine and sank, killing about 150 sailors.
See also[edit]
Henry Hadley, a British civilian, sometimes said to be the "first British casualty" of the war, died on 5 August 1914 after being shot by a German soldier two days earlier.
Albert Mayer (soldier), the first Imperial German Army soldier killed, 1914
Jules Andre Peugeot, the first French Army soldier killed, 1914
James Bethel Gresham, Thomas Enright, and Merle Hay, the first three US Army soldiers killed, 1917
George Edwin Ellison, the last British Army soldier killed in World War I, at 9:30 a.m. 11 November
Augustin Trébuchon, last French soldier killed, at 10:45 a.m. 11 November
George Lawrence Price, last Commonwealth soldier killed in World War I, 10:58 a.m. 11 November.
Henry Gunther, last soldier killed in World War I, at 10:59 a.m. 11 November.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ WWI Centenary: First casualty Private John Parr shrouded in mystery, Barnet & Whetstone Press, 4 August 2014
Jump up ^ A mother’s anguish over the first man to fall, Daily Telegraph, 3 August 2014
Jump up ^ Reboul, Percy & Heathfield, John. "First casualty of the war" Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.. URL accessed 5 April 2006
Jump up ^ First British soldier to die in WWI was probably shot in a friendly fire incident by French or Belgians soldiers not German forces as previously thought, Daily Mail, 20 April 2014
Jump up ^ WW1 mystery: Who killed Private John Parr?, BBC News, 4 August 2014
Jump up ^ "Casualty Details: Parr, John". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
Jump up ^ John Lichfield, Two soldiers linked in death by a bizarre coincidence, The Independent, 8 November 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2011
Jump up ^ "Ceremony set to mark centenary of first Great War death". London Borough of Barnet. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Theresa Villiers MP. "Finchley teenager remembered 100 years after his death in WWI". Retrieved 11 January 2014. With image of the paving stone.
Jump up ^ "The first 'friendly fire' victim of World War One". BBC News. 15 February 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Baker, Chris. Firsts and lasts
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Parr_(British_Army_soldier)&oldid=808337005"
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