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Dredging
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"Dredge" redirects here. For other uses, see Dredge (disambiguation).
"Dredgers" redirects here. For the German municipality, see Dreggers.
It has been suggested that Ocean dredging be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since May 2018.
A grab dredge
Dredging is an excavation activity usually carried out underwater, in shallow seas or freshwater areas with the purpose of gathering up bottom sediments and widening. This technique is often used to keep waterways navigable and creates an anti sludge pathway for boats. It is also used as a way to replenish sand on some public beaches, where sand has been lost because of coastal erosion. Fishing dredges are used as a technique for catching certain species of edible clams and crabs.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
1.1 Uses
1.2 Relevance
2 Dredging vessels
2.1 Types
2.1.1 Suction
2.1.1.1 Trailing suction
2.1.1.2 Cutter-suction
2.1.1.3 Auger suction
2.1.1.4 Jet-lift
2.1.1.5 Air-lift
2.1.2 Bucket
2.1.3 Clamshell
2.1.4 Backhoe/dipper
2.1.5 Water injection
2.1.6 Pneumatic
2.1.7 Bed leveler
2.1.8 Krabbelaar
2.1.9 Snagboat
2.1.10 Amphibious
2.1.11 Submersible
2.1.12 Fishing
2.1.13 Police drag
2.2 Dredge monitoring software
3 Disposal of materials
4 Environmental impacts
5 Major dredging companies
6 Images
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Description[edit]
Dredging excavation activity is usually carried out underwater, in shallow seas, or freshwater areas. It has the purpose of gathering up bottom sediments and widening the waterway, which may be beneficial for a number of activities.
Uses[edit]
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Reconstruction of the mud-drag by Leonardo da Vinci (Manuscript E, folio 75 v.) on exhibit at the Museo nazionale della scienza e della tecnologia "Leonardo da Vinci", Milan.
Reconstruction of the mud-drag by Leonardo da Vinci (Manuscript E, folio 75 v.) on exhibit at the Museo nazionale della scienza e della tecnologia "Leonardo da Vinci", Milan.
Capital: dredging carried out to create a new harbor, berth or waterway, or to deepen existing facilities in order to allow larger ships access. Because capital works usually involve hard material or high-volume works, the work is usually done using a cutter suction dredge or large trailing suction hopper dredge; but for rock works, drilling and blasting along with mechanical excavation may be used.
Preparatory: work and excavation for future bridges, piers or docks/wharves, often connected with foundation work.
Maintenance: dredging to deepen or maintain navigable waterways or channels which are threatened to become silted with the passage of time, due to sedimented sand and mud, possibly making them too shallow for navigation. This is often carried out with a trailing suction hopper dredge. Most dredging is for this purpose, and it may also be done to maintain the holding capacity of reservoirs or lakes.
Land reclamation: dredging to mine sand, clay or rock from the seabed and using it to construct new land elsewhere. This is typically performed by a cutter-suction dredge or trailing suction hopper dredge. The material may also be used for flood or erosion control.
Beach nourishment: mining sand offshore and placing on a beach to replace sand eroded by storms or wave action. This is done to enhance the recreational and protective function of the beaches, which can be eroded by human activity or by storms. This is typically performed by a cutter-suction dredge or trailing suction hopper dredge.
Harvesting materials: dredging sediment for elements like gold, diamonds or other valuable trace substances.
Seabed mining: a possible future use, recovering natural metal ore nodules from the sea's abyssal plains.
Construction materials: dredging sand and gravels from offshore licensed areas for use in construction industry, principally for use in concrete. Very specialist industry focused in NW Europe using specialized trailing suction hopper dredgers self discharging dry cargo ashore.
Contaminant remediation: to reclaim areas affected by chemical spills, storm water surges (with urban runoff), and other soil contaminations, including silt from sewage sludge and from decayed matter, like wilted plants. Disposal becomes a proportionally large factor in these operations.
Anti-eutrophication: A kind of contaminant remediation, dredging is an expensive option for the remediation of eutrophied (or de-oxygenated) water bodies; one of the causes is like mentioned above, sewage sludge. However, as artificially elevated phosphorus levels in the sediment aggravate the eutrophication process, controlled sediment removal is occasionally the only option for the reclamation of still waters.
Removing trash and debris: often done in combination with maintenance dredging, this process removes non-natural matter from the bottoms of rivers and canals and harbors.
Flood prevention: this can help to increase channel depth and therefore increase a channel's capacity for carrying water.
Peat extraction: in former times, so-called dredging poles or dredge hauls were used on the back of small boats to manually dredge the beds of peat-moor waterways before extracting the peat for use as a fuel. This tradition has now become more or less obsolete and the tools used to do this have also changed significantly.
Oyster dredging or harvesting: in Louisiana and other states with salt water estuaries that can sustain bottom oyster beds. A heavy metal rectangular scoop device is towed astern of a moving boat with a chain bridle attached to a cable and winch which scoops up oysters as it drags along the bottom. The device is periodically hauled aboard and the oysters in it are sorted and bagged for shipment to an oyster processing facility.
As a hobby: hobbyists examine their dredged matter to pick out items of potential value, similar to the hobby of metal detecting, or the hobby form of dumpster diving, on land.
Relevance[edit]
Without the many and almost non-stop dredging operations worldwide, much of the world's commerce would be impaired, often within a few months, since much of world's goods travel by ship, and need to access harbours or seas via channels. Recreational boating also would be constrained to the smallest vessels. The majority of marine dredging operations (and the disposal of the dredged material) will require that appropriate licences are obtained from the relevant regulatory authorities, and dredging is usually carried out by (or for) harbour companies or corresponding government agencies.
Dredging vessels[edit]
Types[edit]
Suction[edit]
The dredge drag head of a suction dredge barge on the Vistula River, Warsaw, Poland
The Geopotes 14 lifting its boom on a canal in The Netherlands. (gēopotēs is Greek for "that which drinks earth")
For suction-type excavation out of water, see Suction excavator.
These operate by sucking through a long tube, like some vacuum cleaners but on a larger scale.
A plain suction dredger has no tool at the end of the suction pipe to disturb the material. This is often the most commonly used form of dredging.[citation needed]
Trailing suction[edit]
A trailing suction hopper dredger (TSHD) trails its suction pipe when working. The pipe, which is fitted with a dredge drag head, loads the dredge spoil into one or more hoppers in the vessel. When the hoppers are full, the TSHD sails to a disposal area and either dumps the material through doors in the hull or pumps the material out of the hoppers. Some dredges also self-offload using drag buckets and conveyors.
The largest trailing suction hopper dredgers in the world are currently Jan De Nul's Cristobal Colon (launched 4 July 2008[1]) and its sister ship Leiv Eriksson (launched 4 September 2009[2]). Main design specs for the Cristobal Colon and the Leiv Eriksson are: 46,000 cubic metre hopper and a design dredging depth of 155 m.[3] Next largest is HAM 318 (Van Oord) with its 37,293 cubic metre hopper and a maximum dredging depth of 101 m.
Cutter-suction[edit]
A cutter-suction dredger's (CSD) suction tube has a cutting mechanism at the suction inlet. The cutting mechanism loosens the bed material and transports it to the suction mouth. The dredged material is usually sucked up by a wear-resistant centrifugal pump and discharged either through a pipe line or to a barge. Cutter-suction dredgers are most often used in geological areas consisting of hard surface materials (for example gravel deposits or surface bedrock) where a standard suction dredger would be ineffective. In recent years, dredgers with more powerful cutters have been built in order to excavate harder rock without the need for blasting.
The two largest cutter suction dredgers in the world are currently (as at August 2009) DEME's D'Artagnan (28,200 kW total installed power)[4] and Jan De Nul's J.F.J. DeNul (27,240 kW).[5] both built by IHC Merwede.
Auger suction[edit]
This process functions like a cutter suction dredger, but the cutting tool is a rotating Archimedean screw set at right angles to the suction pipe. The first widely used auger dredges were designed in the 1980s by Mud Cat Dredges, which was run by National Car Rental, but is now a Division of Ellicott Dredges. In 1996, IMS Dredges introduced a self-propelled version of the auger dredge that allows the system to propel itself without the use of anchors or cables. During the 1980s and 1990s auger dredges were primarily used for sludge removal applications from waste water treatment plants. Today, auger dredges are used for a wider variety of applications including river maintenance and sand mining.
The most common auger dredge on the global market today is the Versi-Dredge. The turbidity shroud on auger dredge systems creates a strong suction vacuum, causing much less turbidity than conical (basket) type cutterheads and so they are preferred for environmental applications. The vacuum created by the shroud and the ability to convey material to the pump faster makes auger dredge systems more productive than similar sized conical (basket) type cutterhead dredges.
Jet-lift[edit]
These use the Venturi effect of a concentrated high-speed stream of water to pull the nearby water, together with bed material, into a pipe.
Air-lift[edit]
An airlift is a type of small suction dredge. It is sometimes used like other dredges. At other times, an airlift is handheld underwater by a diver.[6] It works by blowing air into the pipe, and that air, being lighter than water, rises inside the pipe, dragging water with it.
Bucket[edit]
Bucket dredging
A bucket dredger is equipped with a bucket dredge, which is a device that picks up sediment by mechanical means, often with many circulating buckets attached to a wheel or chain. Some bucket dredgers and grab dredgers are powerful enough to rip out coral to make a shipping channel through coral reefs.
Old Dutch bucket dredging vessel "Hollandsch Diep 4"
Clamshell[edit]
Clamshell dredging in process in Port Canaveral, Florida
A grab dredger picks up seabed material with a clam shell bucket, which hangs from an onboard crane or a crane barge, or is carried by a hydraulic arm, or is mounted like on a dragline. This technique is often used in excavation of bay mud. Most of these dredges are crane barges with spuds, steel piles that can be lowered and raised to position the dredge.
Backhoe/dipper[edit]
A backhoe/dipper dredger has a backhoe like on some excavators. A crude but usable backhoe dredger can be made by mounting a land-type backhoe excavator on a pontoon. The six largest backhoe dredgers in the world are currently the Vitruvius, the Mimar Sinan, Postnik Jakovlev (Jan De Nul), the Samson (DEME), the Simson and the Goliath (Van Oord).[citation needed] They featured barge-mounted excavators. Small backhoe dredgers can be track-mounted and work from the bank of ditches. A backhoe dredger is equipped with a half-open shell. The shell is filled moving towards the machine. Usually dredged material is loaded in barges. This machine is mainly used in harbors and other shallow water.
Water injection[edit]
A water injection dredger uses a small jet to inject water under low pressure (to prevent the sediment from exploding into the surrounding waters) into the seabed to bring the sediment in suspension, which then becomes a turbidity current, which flows away down slope, is moved by a second burst of water from the WID or is carried away in natural currents. Water injection results in a lot of sediment in the water which makes measurement with most hydrographic equipment (for instance: singlebeam echosounders) difficult.
Pneumatic[edit]
These dredgers use a chamber with inlets, out of which the water is pumped with the inlets closed. It is usually suspended from a crane on land or from a small pontoon or barge. Its effectiveness depends on depth pressure.
Bed leveler[edit]
Steam dredger Bertha, built 1844, on a demonstration run in 1982
This is a bar or blade which is pulled over the seabed behind any suitable ship or boat. It has an effect similar to that of a bulldozer on land. The chain-operated steam dredger Bertha, built in 1844 to a design by Brunel and now the oldest operational steam vessel in Britain, was of this type.[7]
Krabbelaar[edit]
This is an early type of dredger which was formerly used in shallow water in the Netherlands. It was a flat-bottomed boat with spikes sticking out of its bottom. As tide current pulled the boat, the spikes scraped seabed material loose, and the tide current washed the material away, hopefully to deeper water. Krabbelaar is Dutch for "scratcher".
Snagboat[edit]
Main article: Snagboat
A snagboat is designed to remove big debris such as dead trees and parts of trees from rivers and canals.
Amphibious[edit]
Some of these are any of the above types of dredger, which can operate normally, or by extending legs, also known as spuds, so it stands on the seabed with its hull out of the water. Some forms can go on land.
Some of these are land-type backhoe excavators whose wheels are on long hinged legs so it can drive into shallow water and keep its cab out of water. Some of these may not have a floatable hull and, if so, cannot work in deep water.
Oliver Evans (1755–1819) in 1804 invented an amphibious dredger which was America's first steam-powered road vehicle.
Submersible[edit]
These are usually used to recover useful materials from the seabed. Many of them travel on continuous track. A unique variant[8] is intended to walk on legs on the seabed.[9]
Fishing[edit]
Dredge haul including live clams and empty shells
Fishing dredges are used to collect various species of clams, scallops, oysters or crabs from the seabed. These dredges have the form of a scoop made of chain mesh, and are towed by a fishing boat. Careless dredging can be destructive to the seabed. Nowadays some scallop dredging is replaced by collecting via scuba diving.[10]
Police drag[edit]
A small dredge (sometimes called a drag, and sometimes pulled by persons walking on shore) may be used by investigators to find and recover bodies or evidence from rivers or lakes.
Dredge monitoring software[edit]
Dredgers are often equipped with dredge monitoring software to help the dredge operator position the dredger and monitor the current dredge level. The monitoring software often uses Real Time Kinematic satellite navigation to accurately record where the machine has been operating and to what depth the machine has dredged to.[citation needed]
Disposal of materials[edit]
The proper management of contaminated sediments is a modern-day issue of significant concern. Because of a variety of maintenance activities, thousands of tonnes of contaminated sediment are dredged worldwide from commercial ports and other aquatic areas at high level of industrialization. Dredged material can be reused after appropriate decontamination. A variety of processes has been proposed and tested at different scales of application (technologies for environmental remediation). Once decontaminated, the material could well suit the building industry, or could be used for beach nourishment.[11]
In a "hopper dredger", the dredged materials end up in a large onboard hold called a "hopper." A suction hopper dredger is usually used for maintenance dredging. A hopper dredge usually has doors in its bottom to empty the dredged materials, but some dredges empty their hoppers by splitting the two halves of their hulls on giant hydraulic hinges. Either way, as the vessel dredges, excess water in the dredged materials is spilled off as the heavier solids settle to the bottom of the hopper. This excess water is returned to the sea to reduce weight and increase the amount of solid material (or slurry) that can be carried in one load. When the hopper is filled with slurry, the dredger stops dredging and goes to a dump site and empties its hopper.
Some hopper dredges are designed so they can also be emptied from above using pumps if dump sites are unavailable or if the dredge material is contaminated. Sometimes the slurry of dredgings and water is pumped straight into pipes which deposit it on nearby land. Other times, it is pumped into barges (also called scows), which deposit it elsewhere while the dredge continues its work.
A number of vessels, notably in the UK and NW Europe de-water the hopper to dry the cargo to enable it to be discharged onto a quayside 'dry'. This is achieved principally using self discharge bucket wheel, drag scraper or excavator via conveyor systems.
When contaminated (toxic) sediments are to be removed, or large volume inland disposal sites are unavailable, dredge slurries are reduced to dry solids via a process known as dewatering. Current dewatering techniques employ either centrifuges, Geotube containers, large textile based filters or polymer flocculant/congealant based apparatus.
In many projects, slurry dewatering is performed in large inland settling pits, although this is becoming less and less common as mechanical dewatering techniques continue to improve.
Similarly, many groups (most notable in east Asia) are performing research towards utilizing dewatered sediments for the production of concretes and construction block, although the high organic content (in many cases) of this material is a hindrance toward such ends.
Environmental impacts[edit]
Dredging can create disturbance to aquatic ecosystems, often with adverse impacts[citation needed].[12] In addition, dredge spoils may contain toxic chemicals that may have an adverse effect on the disposal area; furthermore, the process of dredging often dislodges chemicals residing in benthic substrates and injects them into the water column[citation needed].
The activity of dredging can create the following principal impacts to the environment:
Release of toxic chemicals (including heavy metals and PCB) from bottom sediments into the water column[13].
Collection of heavy metals lead left by fishing, bullets, 98% mercury reclaimed [natural occurring and left over from gold rush era][citation needed].
Short term increases in turbidity, which can affect aquatic species metabolism and interfere with spawning. Suction dredging activity is allowed only during non-spawing time frames set by fish and game (in-water work periods)[citation needed].
Secondary impacts to marsh productivity from sedimentation[citation needed]
Tertiary impacts to avifauna which may prey upon contaminated aquatic organisms[citation needed]
Secondary impacts to aquatic and benthic organisms' metabolism and mortality[citation needed]
Possible contamination of dredge spoils sites[14]
Changes to the topography by the creation of "spoil islands" from the accumulated spoil[citation needed]
Releases toxic compound Tributyltin, a popular biocide used in anti-fouling paint banned in 2008, back into the water[citation needed].
The nature of dredging operations and possible environmental impacts cause the industry to be closely regulated and a requirement for comprehensive regional environmental impact assessments with continuous monitoring[citation needed]. The U.S. Clean Water Act requires that any discharge of dredged or fill materials into "waters of the United States," including wetlands, is forbidden unless authorized by a permit issued by the Army Corps of Engineers.[15] As a result of the potential impacts to the environment, dredging is restricted to licensed areas only with vessel activity monitored closely using automatic GPS systems[citation needed].
Major dredging companies[edit]
According to a Rabobank outlook report in 2013, the largest dredging companies in the world are in order of size [16]
China Harbour Engineering (China)
Jan De Nul (Belgium)
DEME (Belgium)
Royal Boskalis Westminster(Netherlands)
Van Oord Dredging and Marine Contractors (Netherlands)
Images[edit]
Grab dredge in the Port of Oakland, with San Francisco in the background
The 'business end' (excavator) of a Yukon dredge.
Profile view of this Yukon dredge tied up to a quay, note the size.
April Hamer at Lakes Entrance, Victoria
Example of a trailing suction dredger: the Orisant in the port of IJmuiden, Netherlands
Grab dredging in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong
Stuyvesant
Essayons
Alexander von Humboldt of the Jan De Nul fleet
Sand mining
HR Morris of the Manson Construction fleet, a Cutter Suction Pipeline Dredge, working on Mission Bay, San Diego, CA, USA
Dredge ship with barges on Neva bay in Saint Petersburg, Russia
Top view of a suction dredger on the Nandu River, Hainan, China
A suction dredge barge on the Vistula River, Warsaw, Poland
Another suction dredge barge on the Vistula River, Warsaw, Poland
Valhalla of the Manson Construction fleet, a Grab Dredge, working on the Port of Redwood City in California.
See also[edit]
UK Waterways portal
Nautical portal
Dredge ball joint, connection between 2 pipes that are used to transport mixture of water and sand from a dredger to the discharging area
Dredge drag head
Navigability
Peace in Africa (ship), a diamond-mining dredger
Queen of the Netherlands (ship), a big dredger
River engineering for inland dredging and other river management systems
Waterway
Weeks Marine, a dredging company
WT Preston, a snagboat
Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Company, the largest dredging company in North America
MV Tian Kun Hao
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Jan de Nul's mega trailer Cristóbal Colón launched - Dredging News Online". Sandandgravel.com. 7 July 2008. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Keel-laying ceremony for Jan de Nul's Leiv Eiriksson held - Dredging News Online". Sandandgravel.com. 1 September 2008. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jan De Nul Group". Jandenul.com. 7 June 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "DEME: Creating land for the future". Deme.be. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "J.F.J. De Nul | Jan De Nul Group". Jan De Nul Group. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Robbins, R (2006). "USAP Surface-Supplied Diving". In: Lang, MA and Smith, NE (eds.). Proceedings of Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop: February 23–24, 2006, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bertha". World of Boats. Eyemouth, Scotland: Eyemouth Marine Centre. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "National Institute of Oceanography, India". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Concept of a mathematical model for prediction of major design parameters of a submersible dredger/miner" by Sritama Sarkar, Neil Bose, Mridul Sarkar, and Dan Walker, in "3rd Indian National Conference on Harbour and Ocean Engineering, National Institute of Oceanography", Dona Paula, Goa 403 004 India, 7–9 December 2004
Jump up ^ Walker, Margaret (1991). "What price Tasmanian scallops? A report of morbidity and mortality associated with the scallop diving season in Tasmania 1990". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal. 21 (1). Retrieved 16 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Fonti, V. "To remediate or to not remediate?". Atlas of Science.
Jump up ^ Newell, R.C.; Seiderer, L.J.; Hitchcock, D.R. (1998). "The impact of dredging works in coastal waters: A review of the sensitivity to disturbance and subsequent recovery of biological resources on the sea bed" (PDF). Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review. 36: 127–178.
Jump up ^ Bridges, T S., Gustavson, K. E., Schroeder, P., Ells, S. J., & Hayes, D. (2010). Dredging processes and remedy effectiveness: Relationship to the 4 Rs of environmental dredging. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 6 (4), 619-630.
Jump up ^ Bridges, T S., Gustavson, K. E., Schroeder, P., Ells, S. J., & Hayes, D. (2010). Dredging processes and remedy effectiveness: Relationship to the 4 Rs of environmental dredging. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 6 (4), 619-630.
Jump up ^ Clean Water Act, 33 U.S.C. § 1311, 33 U.S.C. § 1362, 33 U.S.C. § 1344[citation needed].
Jump up ^ "Dredging: Profit margins expected to remain fairly healthy until 2018" (PDF). 2013. Retrieved 2018-03-26.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dredge ships.
World of Boats (EISCA) Collection ~ Isambard Kingdom Brunel's Bertha
Directory of Dredgers (a close to exhaustive private collection of dredger photographs)
News and Equipment Exchange (Latest global news and equipment)
Dredng News
Dredging and Spoil Disposal Policy (pdf)(from the Australian Government)
The Art of Dredging (Knowledge sharing)
USACE Dredging Information System (from the US Army Corps of Engineers)
Google search for images of clamshell grabs
International Association of Dredging Companies
Startdredging.com
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text:
Skins Rise
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Rise"
Skins episode
Episode no.
Series 7
Episode 5-6
Directed by
Jack Clough
Written by
Jamie Brittain
Original air date
29 July 2013 (7.05)
5 August 2013 (7.06)
Guest appearance(s)
Liam Boyle as Louie
Lucien Laviscount as Jason
Esther Smith as Emma
Hannah Britland as Charlie
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Skins Pure" Next →
—
List of Skins episodes
Skins Rise is a feature-length episode of the E4 television series Skins. Airing in two parts in 2013, the episode was the third and final episode of the specially-commissioned seventh season intended to bring the series to a close, and the final episode of the series. While in its initial six-year run Skins was a teen drama about the lives of Bristolian teenagers, Skins Rise like the two previous episodes, Skins Fire and Skins Pure, is a filmically and tonally distinct drama which revisits one of the show's characters as they face adulthood.
Rise focuses on the character of James Cook (Jack O'Connell). A womaniser, regular drug user and troublemaker in third and fourth series of Skins, Cook was last seen attacking his friend's killer. In the present, Cook is noticeably more subdued and serious, and clearly harrowed by the events of his past as he makes his living peddling drugs in Manchester's criminal underworld.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
1.1 Part 1
1.2 Part 2
2 Reception
3 References
Synopsis[edit]
This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Part 1[edit]
Cook, now aged 21, is living in Manchester, and works as a drug peddler for Louie, a wealthy nightclub owner and drug baron, along with Louie's other employee, Jason, and his bodyguard, Rob. Having spent years on the run after killing John Foster, his friend Freddie's murderer, Cook sleeps in his car, and routinely has sex with Emma, his friend-with-benefits. He is called to Louie's flat where Louie asks him to drive his girlfriend, Charlie, house hunting. Charlie jumps into the swimming pool of a house they inspect, but Cook refuses to join. Charlie frustratedly questions his behaviour. As he continues to drive Charlie around, however, she flirts with him more, and continues to press him to reveal more details of his past to her, but he refuses. She later requests him to drop her off at a housing develop and not disclose this to Louie. He discusses this with Jason, who appears likewise confused.
Louie throws a party and Cook attends with Emma. After consuming a pill given to Emma by Jason, Cook spots Charlie dancing in the crowd. Perplexed, he breaks away from Emma and walks away from the scene. Cook exits the venue throwing up and comes across Jason having sex with Charlie. Jason violently beats Cook up, and threatens him to keep quiet. Emma finds Cook in a state, and takes him back to her flat to clean him up. While there, they discuss the possibility of packing up and leaving Manchester for good. Cook receives a call for Charlie and subsequently leaves to meet her. Charlie demands he tell her what has happened to him, and he admits that he has killed someone. They then proceeding to have sex but are interrupted by Louie calling Cook, telling him to bring Charlie to their new house for a house warming party. As Cook, Rob, Jason, Charlie and Louie talk at the house, Louie reveals that he knows that Charlie has been cheating on him. He states he is planning to "streamline" his operation and Rob brutally drowns Jason in the swimming pool. Charlie watches in horrified silence and is then led to another room by Louie. Horrified, Cook goes to Emma's and tells her to pack. As they are driving out of Manchester, Cook gets a call from a traumatised Charlie, who begs him to pick her up from the nearby bus station. He turns his car around against Emma's wishes.
Part 2[edit]
Cook, Emma and Charlie flee Manchester, to a country manor owned by Emma's parents in the Midlands. They get in with the spare key, but are confronted by Emma's parents who have not seen her in two years. They are allowed to stay. Emma realising Charlie has had sex with Cook, and confronts him. Cook apologises and initiates sex with her but she leaves. The next day, Cook causes a scene at their local pub. Louie is at the manor when they return, having tracked Cook's car electronically. He tries to persuade Charlie to come home with him, but she coldly refuses. Seemingly dejected, he leaves, as do Emma's parents. Cook instructs the girls to pack up and they leave by foot.
Cook, Emma and Charlie find Emma's parent's car pushed off the road. It is empty of Emma's parents and her father's shotgun. Cook realises that Louie has taken it, and they run into the woods, Emma hysterical. Cook explores the woods and hears two gun shots near Louie's car. He flees and the three find an abandoned wooden bunker for shelter. Charlie gives Emma sedatives to calm her. As they wait for morning, Charlie resolves to kill Louie but Cook refuses. Charlie urges him to choose her over Emma, and they kiss. Unbeknownst to them, Emma wakes up and sees them.
Cook wakes up and discovers that Emma has left. Cook and Charlie's search leads them to an empty field where Louie is waiting for them with a gun, with Emma's dead body hanging by a noose from a nearby tree. Charlie remains in the woods while Cook confronts Louie. Cook provokes Louie by revealing he had sex with Charlie and they attack each other. Cook knocks Louie unconscious. He picks the gun up and fires into the air.
Later, Cook rouses Louie and informs him that the police are on their way. Charlie is in Louie's car and Cook tells her to disappear. He says they will never see each other again and she drives away. Cook crouches over Emma's body mournfully, then walks off into the distance.
Reception[edit]
Part 1 received favourable reviews, with Caroline Preece of Den of Geek commenting that "those who loved the character are still going to find Rise a compelling watch. It’s grim, but in an entirely different way to Effy or Cassie’s stories, and it somehow makes perfect sense to find him in this heightened world a million miles away from the ordinary world of Skins."[2] Morgan Jeffrey of Digital Spy, meanwhile, noted that the episode "thrills in a way that its predecessors didn't - it's plenty dark in places, but also engaging and outlandish in all the ways that classic Skins was."[3] And James T. Cornish of WhatCulture! praised Liam Boyle's performance, describing him as "a decent villain" and that Boyle "really helps to flesh out the character and make him feel like a potent threat."[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jeffery, Morgan (2013-06-07). "Jack O'Connell on 'Skins' return: "This isn't the end of Cook"". Digital Spy. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
Jump up ^ Preece, Caroline (2013-07-30). "Skins Rise part 1 review". Den of Geek. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
Jump up ^ Jeffery, Morgan (2013-07-29). "'Skins Rise' review: Jack O'Connell's Cook fights his wild ways". Digital Spy. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
Jump up ^ Cornish, James T. (2013-07-30). "TV Review: Skins: Rise - Part 1". WhatCulture!. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
[hide]
v
t
e
Skins
Episodes
Series 1
"Tony"
"Cassie"
"Jal"
"Chris"
"Sid"
"Maxxie and Anwar"
"Michelle"
"Effy"
"Everyone"
Series 2
"Tony"
Series 3
"Pandora"
"Naomi"
"JJ"
"Katie and Emily"
Series 4
"Emily"
"Everyone"
Series 5
"Franky"
"Rich"
"Mini"
"Liv"
"Nick"
"Alo"
"Grace"
"Everyone"
Series 6
"Everyone"
"Rich"
"Franky"
"Mini"
"Nick"
"Alo"
"Liv"
"Mini and Franky"
"Finale"
Skins Redux
Skins Fire
Skins Pure
Skins Rise
Characters
First generation
Tony Stonem
Michelle Richardson
Sid Jenkins
Cassie Ainsworth
Chris Miles
Jal Fazer
Maxxie Oliver
Anwar Kharral
Lucy "Sketch"
Second generation
Effy Stonem
Pandora Moon
Thomas Tomone
James Cook
Freddie McClair
JJ Jones
Naomi Campbell
Katie Fitch
Emily Fitch
Third generation
Franky Fitzgerald
Alo Creevey
Rich Hardbeck
Mini McGuinness
Liv Malone
Grace Blood
Nick Levan
Matty Levan
See also
Recurring characters
North American version
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skins_Rise&oldid=786544054"
Categories:
Skins (TV series) episodes
2013 television films
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This page was last edited on 20 June 2017, at 03:40.
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text:
20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Heavy D & The Boyz
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Heavy D & The Boyz
Greatest hits album by Heavy D & The Boyz
Released
September 10, 2002 (2002-09-10)
Recorded
1987–2002
Genre
Hip hop
Label
MCA
Producer
Teddy Riley
Heavy D & The Boyz chronology
Heavy Hitz
(2000) 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Heavy D & The Boyz
(2002) Vibes
(2008)
20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Heavy D & The Boyz is the second compilation album from Heavy D & The Boyz. It also marks their seventh and last overall album.
Track listing[edit]
"The Overweight Lover's in the House"
"Mr. Big Stuff" (Remix)
"Don't You Know"
"Chunky but Funky" (Remix)
"We Got Our Own Thang"
"Somebody for Me"
"Gyrlz, They Love Me"
"Now That We Found Love"
"Is It Good to You"
"Sister, Sister"
"Got Me Waiting"
[hide]
v
t
e
Heavy D
Studio albums
Living Large (1987)
Big Tyme (1989)
Peaceful Journey (1991)
Blue Funk (1992)
Nuttin' but Love (1994)
Waterbed Hev (1997)
Heavy (1999)
Vibes (2008)
Love Opus (2011)
Compilation albums
Heavy Hitz (2000)
20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Heavy D & The Boyz (2002)
Singles
"Now That We Found Love"
"Big Daddy"
Related
Discography

This 2002 hip hop album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
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Categories:
Heavy D compilation albums
20th Century Masters albums
Albums produced by Pete Rock
Albums produced by Marley Marl
Albums produced by Teddy Riley
2002 greatest hits albums
MCA Records compilation albums
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