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Federal Reserve Note
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1914 $10 FRN, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
1928 $100 FRN, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
1934 $10,000 FRN, depicting Salmon P. Chase.
Federal Reserve Notes, also United States banknotes or U.S. banknotes, are the banknotes currently used in the United States of America. Denominated in United States dollars, Federal Reserve Notes are printed by the United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing on paper made by Crane & Co. of Dalton, Massachusetts. Federal Reserve Notes are the only type of U.S. banknote currently produced.[1] Federal Reserve Notes are authorized by Section 16 of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913[2] and are issued to the Federal Reserve Banks at the discretion of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.[3] The notes are then put into circulation by the Federal Reserve Banks,[4] at which point they become liabilities of the Federal Reserve Banks[5] and obligations of the United States.[3]
Federal Reserve Notes are legal tender, with the words "this note is legal tender for all debts, public and private" printed on each note.[6] They have replaced United States Notes, which were once issued by the Treasury Department. Federal Reserve Notes are backed by the assets of the Federal Reserve Banks, which serve as collateral under Section 16.[7] These assets are generally Treasury securities which have been purchased by the Federal Reserve through its Federal Open Market Committee in a process called debt monetizing. This monetized debt can increase the money supply, either with the issuance of new Federal Reserve Notes or with the creation of debt money (deposits). This increase in the monetary base leads to a larger increase in the money supply through fractional-reserve banking as deposits are lent and re-deposited where they form the basis of further loans.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Value
3 Large-size notes
3.1 Series 1914
3.2 Series 1918
4 Production and distribution
5 Nicknames
6 Criticisms
6.1 Security
6.2 Differentiation
6.2.1 Suit by the blind over U.S. banknote design
7 Design regulations
8 Series detail
8.1 Series overview
8.2 Series 1914 (District Seals)
8.3 Series 1928–1995
8.4 Series 1996–2003 (New Currency Design)
8.5 Post-2004 redesigned series (NextGen)
9 See also
10 References
10.1 Bibliography
11 External links
History[edit]
Privately issued note, 1853
Prior to centralized banking, each commercial bank issued its own notes. The first institution with responsibilities of a central bank in the U.S. was the First Bank of the United States, chartered in 1791 by Alexander Hamilton. Its charter was not renewed in 1811. In 1816, the Second Bank of the United States was chartered; its charter was not renewed in 1836, after President Andrew Jackson campaigned heavily for its disestablishment. From 1837 to 1862, in the Free Banking Era there was no formal central bank, and banks issued their own notes again. From 1862 to 1913, a system of national banks was instituted by the 1863 National Banking Act. The first printed notes were Series 1914. In 1928, cost-cutting measures were taken to reduce the note to the size it is today.
Value[edit]
The authority of the Federal Reserve Banks to issue notes comes from the Federal Reserve Act of 1913. Legally, they are liabilities of the Federal Reserve Banks and obligations of the United States government. Although not issued by the Treasury Department, Federal Reserve Notes carry the (engraved) signature of the Treasurer of the United States and the United States Secretary of the Treasury.
At the time of the Federal Reserve's creation, the law provided for notes to be redeemed to the Treasury in gold or "lawful money." The latter category was not explicitly defined, but included United States Notes, National Bank Notes, and certain other notes held by banks to meet reserve requirements, such as clearing certificates.[8] The Emergency Banking Act of 1933 removed the gold obligation and authorized the Treasury to satisfy these redemption demands with current notes of equal face value (effectively making change). Under the Bretton Woods system, although citizens could not legally possess gold (except as rare coins, jewelry, for industrial purposes and the like), the federal government continued to maintain a stable international gold price. This system ended with the Nixon Shock of 1971, and starting in 1975 Americans were allowed to possess unlimited amounts of gold with its value dependent on the market price. Present-day Federal Reserve Notes are not backed by convertibility to any specific commodity, but only by the collateral assets that Federal Reserve Banks post in order to obtain them.[9]
Large-size notes[edit]
Series 1914 FRN were the first of two large-size issues. Denominations were $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100 printed first with a red seal and then continued with a blue seal.[10] Series 1918 notes were issued in $500, $1,000, $5,000, and $10,000 denominations. The latter two denominations exist only in institutional collections.[11] Series 1914 and 1918 notes in the following two tables are from the National Numismatic Collection at the National Museum of American History (Smithsonian Institution).
Large size notes represent the earlier types or series of U.S. banknotes. Their "average" dimension is 7 3⁄8 × 3 1⁄8 inches (187 × 79 mm). Small size notes (described as such due to their size relative to the earlier large size notes) are an "average" 6 1⁄8 × 2 5⁄8 inches (156 × 67 mm), the size of modern U.S. currency. "Each measurement is ± 0.08 inches (2 mm) to account for margins and cutting"
Series 1914[edit]
Denomination type set of 1914 Federal Reserve Notes
Value
Fr.
Red Seal
Blue Seal
Portrait and engraving
5$5
832a
848 Abraham Lincoln
10$10
894b
919a Andrew Jackson
20$20
958a
1010 Grover Cleveland
50$50
1019a
1053 Ulysses S. Grant
100$100
1074a
1131 Benjamin Franklin
Series 1918[edit]
Denomination type set of 1918 Federal Reserve Notes
Value
Fr.
Image
Portrait and engraving
500$500
1132d John Marshall
1000$1,000
1133d Alexander Hamilton
5000$5,000
1134d James Madison
10000$10,000
1135d Salmon P. Chase
Production and distribution[edit]
A commercial bank that maintains a reserve account with the Federal Reserve can obtain notes from the Federal Reserve Bank in its district whenever it wishes. The bank must pay the face value of the notes by debiting (drawing down) its reserve account. Smaller banks without a reserve account at the Federal Reserve can maintain their reserve accounts at larger "correspondent banks" which themselves maintain reserve accounts with the Federal Reserve.[12]
Federal Reserve Notes are printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), a bureau of the Department of the Treasury.[13] When Federal Reserve Banks require additional notes for circulation, they must post collateral in the form of direct federal obligations, private bank obligations, or assets purchased through open market operations.[14] If the notes are newly printed, they also pay the BEP for the cost of printing (about 4¢ per note). This differs from the issue of coins, which are purchased for their face value.[12]
A Federal Reserve Bank can retire notes that return from circulation, which entitles it to recover collateral that it posted for an earlier issue. Retired notes in good condition are held in the bank's vault for future issues.[15] Notes in poor condition are destroyed[16] and replacements are ordered from the BEP. The Federal Reserve shreds 7,000 tons of worn out currency each year.[17]
Federal Reserve notes, on average, remain in circulation for the following periods of time:[18]
Denomination $1 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100
Years in circulation 5.8 5.5 4.5 7.9 8.5 15.0
The Federal Reserve does not publish an average life span for the $2 bill. This is likely due to its treatment as a collector's item by the general public; it is, therefore, not subjected to normal circulation.[19]
Starting with the Series 1996 $100 note, bills $5 and above have a special letter in addition to the prefix letters which range from A-L. The first letter is A for series 1996; the first letter is B for series 1999; the first letter is C for series 2001; the first letter is D for series 2003; the first letter is F for series 2003A; the first letter is H for series 2006; and the first letter is K for series 2006A.[20]
The Series 2004 $20, the first note in the second redesign, has kept the element of the special double prefix. The first letter is E for series 2004; the first letter is G for series 2004A; the first letter is I for series 2006; the first letter is J for series 2009; the first letter is L for series 2009A; and the first letter is M for series 2013.[20]
Federal Reserve Notes are made of 75% cotton and 25% linen fibers.[21]
Nicknames[edit]
U.S. paper currency has had many nicknames and slang terms. The notes themselves are generally referred to as bills (as in "five-dollar bill") and any combination of U.S. notes as bucks (as in "fifty bucks"), or, much less commonly, bones or beans. Notes can be referred to by the first or last name of the person on the portrait (George for One Dollar,[22] or even more popularly, "Benjamins" for $100 notes).
See tables below for nicknames for individual denomination
Greenbacks, any amount in any denomination of Federal Reserve Note (from the green ink used on the back). The Demand Notes issued in 1861 had green-inked backs, and the Federal Reserve Note of 1914 copied this pattern.
"dead presidents", any amount in any denomination of Federal Reserve Note (from the portrait of a U.S. president on most denominations).
Toms for the picture of Thomas Jefferson on the two-dollar bill.
fin, finif (from the Yiddish word for five), or finski is a slang term for a five-dollar bill.
sawbuck is a slang term for a ten-dollar bill, from the image of the Roman numeral X.
double sawbuck is slang term for a twenty-dollar bill, from the image of the Roman numeral XX, and in some cases can be used to denote a pair of ten-dollar bills, which would be double sawbucks, depending on the situation and type and amount of currency on hand.
One hundred dollar bills are sometimes called "Benjamins" (in reference to their portrait of Benjamin Franklin) or C-Notes (the letter "C" is the Roman numeral 100).
One thousand dollars ($1000) can be referenced as "Large", "K" (short for "kilo"), "Grand" or "Stack", and as a "G" (short for "grand").
In Raymond Chandler's novel, The Long Goodbye, the protagonist Marlowe refers to a five thousand dollar bill as "a portrait of Madison", due to the president portrayed on the bill being James Madison.
Fed Shreds is the nickname for paper money that the United States government finds unfit for circulation and consequently shreds.[23]
Many more slang terms refer to money in general (green stamps, moolah, paper, bread, dough, do-re-mi, freight, loot, cheese, cake, stacks, greenmail, jack, rabbit, cabbage, pie, cheddar, scrilla, scratch, etc.).[citation needed]
Criticisms[edit]
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Security[edit]
Despite the relatively late addition of color and other anti-counterfeiting features to U.S. currency, critics hold that it is still a straightforward matter to counterfeit these bills.[24] They point out that the ability to reproduce color images is well within the capabilities of modern color printers, most of which are affordable to many consumers. These critics suggest that the Federal Reserve should incorporate holographic features, as are used in most other major currencies, such as the pound sterling, Canadian dollar and euro banknotes, which are more difficult and expensive to forge. Another robust technology, the polymer banknote, has been developed for the Australian dollar and adopted for the New Zealand dollar, Romanian leu, Papua New Guinea kina, Canadian dollar, and other circulating, as well as commemorative, banknotes of a number of other countries. Polymer banknotes are a deterrent to the counterfeiter, as they are much more difficult and time consuming to reproduce. They are said to be more secure, cleaner and more durable than paper notes.[25] One major issue with implementing these or any new counterfeiting countermeasures, however, is that (other than under Executive Order 6102) the United States has never demonetized or required a mandatory exchange of existing currency. Consequently, would-be counterfeiters can easily circumvent any new security features simply by counterfeiting older designs.
U.S. currency does, however, bear several anti-counterfeiting features. Two of the most critical anti-counterfeiting features of U.S. currency are the paper and the ink. The composition of the paper is 75 percent cotton and 25 percent linen.[21] The ink and paper combine to create a distinct texture, particularly as the currency is circulated. The paper and the ink alone have no effect on the value of the dollar until post print. These characteristics can be hard to duplicate without the proper equipment and materials. Furthermore, recent redesigns of the $5, $10, $20, and $50 notes have added EURion constellation patterns which can be used by scanning software to recognize banknotes and refuse to scan them.
The differing sizes of other nations' banknotes are a security feature that eliminates one form of counterfeiting to which U.S. currency is prone: Counterfeiters can simply bleach the ink off a low-denomination note, such as a $1 or $5 bill, and reprint it as a higher-value note, such as a $100 bill. To counter this, the U.S. government has included in all $5 and higher denominated notes since the 1990 series a vertical laminate strip imprinted with denomination information, which under ultraviolet light fluoresces a different color for each denomination ($5 note: blue; $10 note: orange; $20 note: green; $50 note: yellow; $100 note: red).[26]
According to the central banks, the number of counterfeited bank notes seized annually is about 10 in one million of real bank notes for the Swiss franc, of 50 in one million for the Euro, of 100 in one million for United States dollar and of 300 in one million for pound sterling.[27]
Differentiation[edit]
Critics, such as the American Council of the Blind, note that U.S. bills are relatively hard to tell apart: they use very similar designs, they are printed in the same colors (until the 2003 banknotes, in which a faint secondary color was added), and they are all the same size. The American Council of the Blind has argued[28] that American paper currency design should use increasing sizes according to value and/or raised or indented features to make the currency more usable by the vision-impaired, since the denominations cannot currently be distinguished from one another non-visually. Use of Braille codes on currency is not considered a desirable solution because (1) these markings would only be useful to people who know how to read Braille, and (2) one Braille symbol can become confused with another if even one bump is rubbed off. Though some blind individuals say that they have no problems keeping track of their currency because they fold their bills in different ways or keep them in different places in their wallets, they nevertheless must rely on sighted people or currency-reading machines to determine the value of each bill before filing it away using the system of their choice. This means that no matter how organized they are, blind people still have to trust sighted people or machines each time they receive US banknotes.
By contrast, other major currencies, such as the pound sterling and euro, feature notes of differing sizes: the size of the note increases with the denomination and different denominations are printed in different, contrasting colors. This is useful not only for the vision-impaired; they nearly eliminate the risk that, for example, someone might fail to notice a high-value note among low-value ones.
Multiple currency sizes were considered for U.S. currency, but makers of vending and change machines successfully argued that implementing such a wide range of sizes would greatly increase the cost and complexity of such machines. Similar arguments were unsuccessfully made in Europe prior to the introduction of multiple note sizes.
Alongside the contrasting colors and increasing sizes, many other countries' currencies contain tactile features missing from U.S. banknotes to assist the blind. For example, Canadian banknotes have a series of raised dots (not Braille) in the upper right corner to indicate denomination. Mexican peso banknotes also have raised patterns of dashed lines. The Indian rupee has raised patterns of different shapes printed for various denominations on the left of the watermark window (20: vertical rectangle; 50: square; 100: triangle; 500: circle; 1,000: diamond).
Suit by the blind over U.S. banknote design[edit]
Ruling on a lawsuit filed in 2002 (American Council of the Blind v. Paulson), on November 28, 2006, U.S. District Judge James Robertson ruled that the American bills gave an undue burden to the blind and denied them "meaningful access" to the U.S. currency system. In his ruling, Robertson noted that the United States was the only nation out of 180 issuing paper currency that printed bills that were identical in size and color in all their denominations and that the successful use of such features as varying sizes, raised lettering and tiny perforations used by other nations is evidence that the ordered changes are feasible.[29][30] The plaintiff's attorney was quoted as saying "It's just frankly unfair that blind people should have to rely on the good faith of people they have never met in knowing whether they've been given the correct change."[31] Government attorneys estimated that the cost of such a change ranges from $75 million in equipment upgrades and $9 million annual expenses for punching holes in bills to $178 million in one-time charges and $50 million annual expenses for printing bills of varying sizes.[31]
Robertson accepted the plaintiff's argument that current practice violates Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act.[32] The judge ordered the Treasury Department to begin working on a redesign within 30 days,[28][33][34][35] but the Treasury appealed the decision.
On May 20, 2008, in a 2-to-1 decision, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit upheld the earlier ruling, pointing out that the cost estimates were inflated and that the burdens on blind and visually impaired currency users had not been adequately addressed.[36]
On October 3, 2008, on remand from the D.C. Circuit, D.C. District Court Judge Robertson granted the injunction.[37]
As a result of the court's injunction, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note, except the $1 bill (which is not allowed to be redesigned, Pub.L. 114–113, 129 Stat. 2431, enacted December 18, 2015[38][39]), though the version of the $100 bill already is in progress. It also plans larger, higher-contrast numerals, more color differences, and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period. The Bureau received a comprehensive study on accessibility options in July 2009,[40] and solicited public comments from May to August 2010.[41][42]
Design regulations[edit]
There are a few regulations to which the U.S. Treasury must adhere when redesigning banknotes. The national motto "In God We Trust" must appear on all U.S. currency and coins.[43] Though the motto had periodically appeared on coins since 1865, it did not appear on currency (other than interest-bearing notes in 1861) until a law passed in 1956 required it.[44] It began to appear on Federal Reserve Notes delivered from 1964 to 1966, depending on denomination.[45]
The portraits appearing on the U.S. currency can feature only people who have died, whose names should be included below each of the portraits.[43] Since the standardization of the bills in 1928, the Department of the Treasury has chosen to feature the same portraits on the bills. These portraits were decided upon in 1929 by a committee appointed by the Treasury. Originally, the committee had decided to feature U.S. presidents because they were more familiar to the public than other potential candidates. The Treasury altered this decision, however, to include three statesmen who were also well-known to the public: Alexander Hamilton (the first Secretary of the Treasury who appears on the $10 bill), Salmon P. Chase (the Secretary of the Treasury during the American Civil War who appeared on the now obsolete $10,000 bill), and Benjamin Franklin (a signer of the Declaration of Independence and of the Constitution, who appears on the $100 bill).[46] In 2016, the Treasury announced a number of design changes to the $5, $10 and $20 bills; to be introduced over the next ten years. The redesigns include:[47][48]
The back of the $5 bill will be changed to showcase historical events at the pictured Lincoln Memorial by adding portraits of Marian Anderson (due to her famous performance there after being barred from Constitution Hall because of her race), Martin Luther King Jr. (due to his famous I Have A Dream speech), and Eleanor Roosevelt (who arranged Anderson's performance).
The back of the $10 bill will be changed to show a 1913 march for women's suffrage in the United States, plus portraits of Sojourner Truth, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, Alice Paul, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
On the $20 bill, Andrew Jackson will move to the back (reduced in size, alongside the White House) and Harriet Tubman will appear on the front.
After an unsuccessful attempt in the proposed Legal Tender Modernization Act of 2001,[49] the Omnibus Appropriations Act of 2009 required that none of the funds set aside for either the Treasury or the Bureau of Engraving and Printing may be used to redesign the $1 bill.[50] This is because any change would affect vending machines and the risk of counterfeiting is low for this small bill.[51] This superseded the Federal Reserve Act (Section 16, Paragraph 8) which gives the Treasury permission to redesign any banknote to prevent counterfeiting.[52]
Series detail[edit]
Series overview[edit]
Large-size notes
Series
Denominations
Obligation clause[53]
1914
$5, $10, $20, $50, $100 "This note is receivable by all national and member banks and Federal Reserve Banks and for all taxes, customs and other public dues. It is redeemable in gold on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States in the city of Washington, District of Columbia or in gold or lawful money at any Federal Reserve Bank."
1918
$500, $1000, $5000, $10,000
Small-size notes
Series
Denominations
Obligation clause
Remarks
1928
$5, $10, $20, $50, $100, $500, $1000, $5000, $10,000 "Redeemable in gold on demand at the United States Treasury, or in gold or lawful money at any Federal Reserve Bank" Branch ID in numerals
1934
"This note is legal tender for all debts, public and private, and is redeemable in lawful money at the United States Treasury, or at any Federal Reserve Bank" Branch ID in letters; during the Great Depression
1950
$5, $10, $20, $50, $100 Slight design changes: branch logo; placements of signatures, "Series xxxx", and "Washington, D.C.",
1963, 1963A, 1963B, 1969, 1969A, 1969B, 1969C, 1974
$1, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100 "This note is legal tender for all debts, public and private" First $1 FRN; "Will pay to the bearer on demand" removed; Seal in Latin replaced by seal in English in 1969[19]
1976
$2 First $2 FRN, Bicentennial
Series
Denominations
Obligation clause
1977
$1, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100 "This note is legal tender for all debts, public and private"
1977A
$1, $5, $10, $20
1981, 1981A, 1985
$1, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100
1988
$1, $5, $50, $100
1988A
$1, $5, $10, $20
1990
$10, $20, $50, $100
1993
$1, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100
1995
$1, $2, $5, $10, $20
Large-portrait ($1 and $2 remain small-portrait)
1996
$20, $50, $100
1999
$1, $5, $10, $20, $100
2001
$1, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100
2003
$1, $2, $5, $10, $100
2003A
$1, $2, $5, $100
2006
$5, $100
2006A
$100
Color notes ($1 and $2 remain unchanged)
2004
$20, $50
2004A
$10, $20, $50
2006
$1, $5, $10, $20, $50
2009
$1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100
2009A
$100
2013
$1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100
2017
$1[54]
Series 1914 (District Seals)[edit]
Federal Reserve Bank of Boston
Federal Reserve Bank of New York
Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia
Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland
Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond
Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta
Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City
Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas
Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
Series 1928–1995[edit]
Small size notes
Image
Value
Description
Date of
Obverse
Reverse
Obverse
Reverse
first series
last series
$1 George Washington Great Seal of the United States 1963 current (2017)
$2 Thomas Jefferson Trumbull's Declaration of Independence 1976 current (2013)
$5 Abraham Lincoln Lincoln Memorial 1928 1995
$10 Alexander Hamilton Treasury Department Building
$20 Andrew Jackson White House
$50 Ulysses S. Grant United States Capitol 1993
$100 Benjamin Franklin Independence Hall
$500 William McKinley "Five Hundred Dollars" 1934
$1000 Grover Cleveland "One Thousand Dollars"
$5000 James Madison "Five Thousand Dollars"
$10,000 Salmon P. Chase "Ten Thousand Dollars"
Series 1996–2003 (New Currency Design)[edit]
Small size notes
Image
Value
Description
series
Obverse
Reverse
Obverse
Reverse
first
last
$5 As small-size, small-portrait notes 1999 2006
$10 2003
$20 1996 2001
$50
$100 2006A (See Note, below)
Note: The series 2006A was produced from 2011 to 2013 due to issues with the printing process for the colorized (NextGen) $100 notes.
Post-2004 redesigned series (NextGen)[edit]
Beginning in 2003, the Federal Reserve introduced a new series of bills, featuring images of national symbols of freedom. The new $20 bill was first issued on October 9, 2003; the new $50 on September 28, 2004; the new $10 bill on March 2, 2006; the new $5 bill on March 13, 2008; the new $100 bill on October 8, 2013. The one and two dollar bills still remain small portrait, unchanged, and not watermarked.
Color series
Images
Value
Background color
Fluorescent strip color
Description
Date of
Obverse
Reverse
Obverse
Reverse
Watermark
first series
Issue
$5 Purple Blue President Abraham Lincoln; Great Seal of the United States Lincoln Memorial Two watermarks of the number "5" 2006 March 13, 2008
$10 Orange Orange Secretary Alexander Hamilton; The phrase "We the People" from the United States Constitution and the torch of the Statue of Liberty Treasury Building Alexander Hamilton 2004 A March 2, 2006
$20 Green Green President Andrew Jackson; Eagle White House Andrew Jackson 2004 October 9, 2003
$50 Pink Yellow President Ulysses S. Grant; Flag of the United States United States Capitol Ulysses S. Grant 2004 September 28, 2004
$100 Teal Pink Benjamin Franklin; Declaration of Independence Independence Hall Benjamin Franklin 2009A (See Note, below) October 8, 2013
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixels per millimeter. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.
All small-sized bills measure 6.14 in × 2.61 in (156 mm × 66 mm), with thickness of 0.0043 in (0.11 mm).
Note: While the series 2009A was the first series of these $100 bills released for circulation, the first printing was series 2009 printed in 2010 and 2011. These were withheld from circulation due to issues with the printing process and none were released until 2016.
See also[edit]
Numismatics portal
Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Coins of the United States dollar
United States one-dollar bill
References[edit]
This article incorporates text from the website of the US Treasury, which is in the public domain.
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Jump up ^ "Court Says the Blind Will Have Meaningful Access to Currency, Tells Government 'No Unnecessary Delays'". American Council of the Blind.
Jump up ^ "Federal Court Tells U.S. Treasury Department That It Must Design and Issue Accessible Paper Currency". American Council of the Blind.
Jump up ^ American Council of the Blind v. Paulson , 525 F. 3d 1256 (D.C. Cir.2008).
Jump up ^ American Council of the Blind v. Paulson , 581 F. Supp. 2d 1 (D. D.C. 2008).
Jump up ^ "Congressional Research Service Report RS21907" (PDF). WikiLeaks Document Release. August 11, 2004. p. 3 footnote. Retrieved February 16, 2018 – via MIT.
Jump up ^ "Administrative Provisions : Department of the Treasury". Retrieved June 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Final Report: Study to Address Options for Enabling the Blind and Visually Impaired Community to Denominate U.S. Currency, July 2009" (PDF).
Jump up ^ 75 FR 28331
Jump up ^ "Regulations.gov TREAS-DO-2010-0003, Meaningful Access to United States Currency for Blind and Visually Impaired Persons".
^ Jump up to: a b 31 U.S.C. § 5114
Jump up ^ Public Law 84-140
Jump up ^ "History of 'In God We Trust'". treasury.gov. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing - FAQ Library". Moneyfactory.gov. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Calmes, Jackie (April 20, 2016). "Harriet Tubman Ousts Andrew Jackson in Change for a $20" – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ "Anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on $20 bill". usatoday.com. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ H.R. 2528
Jump up ^ H.R. 1105
Jump up ^ Mimms, Sarah. "Why the $1 bill hasn't changed since 1929". Quartz (publication). Atlantic Media. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "FRB: Federal Reserve Act: Section 16". Federalreserve.gov. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Devoted to Truth. "Evolution from Gold to Fiat Money". Retrieved February 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Series 2017 $1". USPaperMoney.info. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
Bibliography[edit]
Friedberg, Arthur L.; Friedberg, Ira S. (2013). Paper Money of the United States: A Complete Illustrated Guide With Valuations (20th ed.). Coin & Currency Institute. ISBN 978-0-87184-520-7. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Banknotes of the United States.
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Orange Is the New Black (season 6)
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Orange Is the New Black (season 6)
Promotional poster
Starring
Taylor Schilling
Natasha Lyonne
Uzo Aduba
Danielle Brooks
Jackie Cruz
Laura Gómez
Selenis Leyva
Taryn Manning
Adrienne C. Moore
Matt Peters
Jessica Pimentel
Dascha Polanco
Elizabeth Rodriguez
Nick Sandow
Dale Soules
Yael Stone
Kate Mulgrew
Laura Prepon
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
13
Release
Original network
Netflix
Original release
July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 5
List of Orange Is the New Black episodes
The sixth season of the American comedy-drama television series Orange Is the New Black premiered on Netflix on July 27, 2018, at 12:00 am PDT in multiple countries.[1] It consists of thirteen episodes, each between 50–84 minutes. The series is based on Piper Kerman's memoir, Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison (2010), about her experiences at FCI Danbury, a minimum-security federal prison. The series is created and adapted for television by Jenji Kohan.[2]
This season takes place in a maximum security prison, after the inmates incite a riot at Litchfield Penitentiary during the previous season, and the season deals with the fallout from the riot.[3] The main story arc of the season involves a gang-like war between two cell blocks which is sparked by the feud between two sisters. Meanwhile, the guards play a fantasy sport game called "fantasy inmate". Several supporting characters who appeared throughout the first five seasons are absent in this season due to change in setting, but this season introduces several new characters featured in maximum security.[4]
Contents
1 Episodes
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Special guest stars
2.3 Recurring cast
2.3.1 Inmates
2.3.2 Staff
2.3.3 Others
3 Production
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Orange Is the New Black episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date
66
1 "Who Knows Better Than I" Michael Trim Jenji Kohan Suzanne & Cindy July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
Suzanne hallucinates about those who were captured during the riot. Meanwhile, those who were found in the bunker have been taken to Litchfield's maximum security prison but soon detectives interrogate everyone about Piscatella's death, starting off with Suzanne. The girls soon face individual problems as a result of the aftermath as well as being emotionally and physically abused by the corrupt guards in the prison and facing new antagonistic inmates. The riot leaves Red frantic about her friends and wondering whether they will tell the truth or not, while Piper begins to worry about Alex after she was dragged away by guards in the chaos. Daya suffers abuse from the guards, while Gloria and Maria start a fight in the rec room, and are soon handcuffed and forced to kiss one another by the guards. Nicky struggles to deal with her father when she is forced to ask him to hire a lawyer to defend her. Piper learns that a prisoner died during the riot and fears it was Alex. Suzanne is released from questioning and brought to the prison which she realizes is not her "home" anymore.
Flashback: Flashbacks depict that Suzanne and Black Cindy hid from prisoners in the pool and that the CERT officers had covered up Piscatella's death to make it look like one of the inmates had killed him. Suzanne and Black Cindy are caught eventually. On the bus to max however, Red comes with a story that Piscatella brought them to the pool to torture them. Suzanne soon snaps when she is forced to lie about what they saw, but Cindy gently makes her do so for fear of the guards who did kill Piscatella.
67
2 "Sh*tstorm Coming" Mark A. Burley Brian Chamberlayne Cindy July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
Federal authorities file charges over the riot, with two inmates getting life sentences for killing the guards, including Daya, who pleads guilty to second-degree murder for Humphrey. Three more will get 10 years for inciting the riot including Taystee. Meanwhile, Caputo, on paid suspension over the riot, reconnects with Figueroa but learns that she has taken his position as interim warden. Piper learns that her new cellmate, Beth, murdered her three children and that Madison "Badison" Murphy is the C-block bully. CO Coates is revealed to have run away with Pennsatucky and hidden her in the trunk of the car, but when he drives Dixon to his sister's, Dixon finds a road trip itinerary and—mistaking it for a bucket list—demands to come along. Gloria intends to frame Maria for what she did in the riot, but Ruiz tells an opposing story to the authorities; Gloria invents a religious holiday to get Blanca to corroborate her version. Black Cindy attempts to warn Taystee about the plan to frame her for Piscatella's death, but her prints are found on the gun. Black Cindy accidentally reveals that Taystee was the one who had the gun, and the agents reveal that they will grant immunity for testimony they can use.
Flashback: Flashbacks show Black Cindy during her teenage years, where she is used by a boy for sex. She is hurt when he sticks up for his real girlfriend Jasmine instead of Black Cindy when his friends mock her. When she gets pregnant, her parents demand to know the father's identity, something that she will not tell them, as she thinks they will ruin her chance with him. After her daughter's birth, Cindy ignores her child and frequently silences out the cries with music. Cindy watches her mother hold her daughter and sneaks out of the house.
68
3 "Look Out for Number One" Erin Feeley Hilary Weisman Graham Frieda, Carol & Barb July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
Linda is finally released but not before her head is shaved following a lice outbreak. She threatens to sue MCC for $10 million for her ordeal, unless they triple her salary and give her a promotion to senior vice president. In Litchfield Max, the inmates soon begin to realize the power structure that takes place among the prison with D Block being ruled by an older yet powerful inmate named Barbara, who orders others to steal the toiletries of the new inmates. It is revealed that B Block, dubbed "Florida" for its many elderly inmates, is the mildest and thus safest place to be amidst a decade-old feud between C Block and D Block. Daya continues to receive unprovoked beatings from the guards, and an inmate named "Daddy" tries to befriend her and gives her oxycodone for her injuries. Nicky discovers that her father is engaged to her lawyer and even has two children with her. Authorities threaten to add 70 years to Nicky's sentence for raiding the pharmacy during the riot. Trying to warn her about Piscatella, Red sends a message to Piper ("Tall one killed in pool"), but Piper misinterprets this to mean Alex. Devastated, Piper tells the authorities what they want to hear, that Red lured Piscatella to the pool, as does Frieda, who exchanges stares with an old enemy, Carol. Frieda is relieved to be taken to "Florida" where she reunites with Suzanne.
Flashback: In the 1980s, a young Frieda Berlin is in Litchfield Max and runs a secret black market with Carol, whose sister, Barbara, runs a rival market in the prison. After a confrontation with Barbara over property, both Frieda and Carol return to find that most of their stash has been stolen and immediately assume that it was Barbara. During a game of kickball with the inmates, Carol soon starts a brawl and upon pinning Barbara to the ground, she learns that her sister was not the one who stole their stash but that it was Frieda instead. Frieda brings the stolen items to the warden and as a reward, is brought to Litchfield minimum security prison.
69
4 "I'm the Talking Ass" Phil Abraham Tami Sagher Nicky July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
Pressured to turn on Red, Nicky does not know what to do. Red, thinking she will only get a slightly shorter sentence, convinces Nicky to take the deal even if it means more time for her. Released from prison and trying to get her children out of foster care, Aleida struggles to find work and ends up hawking dietary shakes and supplements. Caputo faces a transfer to the Missouri State Penitentiary, a place so depressing the previous warden killed himself. Taystee, accused of killing Piscatella, begs Caputo for help, but he says he tried to help her during the riot and cannot do anything else for her. The COs play a "Fantasy Inmate" game where the inmates on their fantasy teams earn points for various infractions and incidents.
Flashback: Fed up with her divorced parents' selfish behavior, the well-behaved Nicky snaps during her bat mitzvah ceremony. Inspired by her Torah portion of Balaam's Talking Ass, Nicky mocks God for the Holocaust and her parents for neglecting her while comparing herself to the donkey who suddenly found its voice after enduring abuse. Afterward, her parents berate her while arguing with each other over who has to take her home.
70
5 "Mischief Mischief" Andrew McCarthy Anthony Natoli none July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
Daddy instructs her D Block gang to release rats in the cheese-packaging facility in the hopes it will get C Block fired and D Block will get the better work assignments there. It backfires when the rat infestation hits the newspapers and the cheese company cancels its work contract with the prison. Along with their chance for better jobs, Daddy and Hellman, a corrupt guard, lose the route they were using to smuggle in Oxycodone. Pennsatucky decides to give herself up and turns herself in at a small police station.
71
6 "State of the Uterus" Constantine Makris Merritt Tierce Daddy July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
In retaliation for the rat prank, Badison convinces her gang to defecate on D Block's laundry. Daddy tells her gang, suffering from opiate withdrawal, that it was C Block who ruined their drug connection. Flaca is intent on hosting a talk show on the prison radio, but must find a co-host. Flaca and Black Cindy (a.k.a. Tova) dub themselves "Flava" and host a radio show, Flava to the Max. Gloria fears she is going through menopause and decides to follow the doctor's advice by exercising. Taystee pleads guilty to inciting a riot but not guilty to murder and discovers activists from Black Lives Matter and the ACLU are rallying for her cause, after news of Poussey's death spreads.
Flashback: Daddy was once a madam at an escort agency/prostitution ring catering to successful Latino businessmen. One of her girls is killed by a John at a party, and she is forced to cover it up and dispose of her body.
72
7 "Changing Winds" Andrew McCarthy Heather Jeng Bladt Badison July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
Carol holds Badison accountable for Daddy's prank that cost them their cushy jobs, and makes her persona non grata. Badison tries to restore her status by finding a new guard to smuggle in drugs. After talking to Alex, who points out that other contraband is more valuable, she recruits Luschek. Someone tries to drown Ruiz in a toilet and, accused of trying to commit suicide, she is sent to psych, where a nurse tries to convince her to find religion. Linda returns to Lichfield in her capacity as MCC Senior VP, and Pennsatucky threatens to tell everyone she had sex with Boo unless she gets transferred to B Block. Blanca frets that she will never have a baby, and Nicky convinces her it is possible to artificially inseminate herself. Caputo and Figueroa have a real date before he leaves for Missouri, and she is surprised by her feelings. Piper discovers old photos of inmates from C Block and D Block playing kickball together. While several D Block inmates suffer from withdrawals, Daya steals Barbara's personal stash from Daddy's hiding place. Daddy confronts her and threatens her, but Daya, high, kisses her. Luschek and Badison smuggle in cellphones. When Badison is shivved in the yard by a junkie, she hurriedly gives a phone to Alex.
Flashback: Bullied all her life, Badison begins to act up and is expelled from her Boston high school. She is sent to a boot camp for troubled teens, where she is still bullied. Trying to impress the other girls, she accidentally lights another girl on fire, severely burning her.
73
8 "Gordons" Sian Heder Vera Santamaria Taystee & Tamika July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
Alex is unwittingly sucked into the C Block smuggling ring. Red, who was blamed for Frieda's bunker, is infuriated that Frieda is living the "good life" in B Block, where they get fresh fruit, pudding and yogurt. Red discovers Carol is Frieda's old nemesis. Now romantically involved, Daddy pushes Daya to connect with anyone she knew from minimum security at C Block in order to get opiates. Daya convinces Blanca, who is looking for help smuggling in her boyfriend Diablo's semen. Daya gets assigned janitorial duties in the visitors' area, where Diablo leaves his semen after masturbating into a condom. A journalist interviews Taystee, who details the abuse and harassment inmates suffer at the hands of the COs, while COs Ward and Hellman overhear. Piper schemes to bring kickball back. Blanca and Daya trade the oxycontin and condom, but Daya gets jumped by C Block inmates who steal most of the oxy. Nicky successfully "deposits" the semen in Blanca in the library, but looks up to see the same inmates who jumped Daya, angry that Blanca broke the rules against fraternizing with D Block.
Flashback: Years before she became a prison guard, Tamika Ward worked with Taystee at Storky's, a fast-food restaurant. Late one night after closing, they smoke a joint but forget to lock the door and get robbed at gunpoint. When Taystee lies and says she cannot open the register that late or it would activate the security cameras, the robber steals her new Air Jordan 8 shoes instead. Tamika is impressed with Taystee's quick thinking, and Taystee reveals that there are no security cameras but she did not want to call the police or else she and Tamika would be arrested for being high and accused of stealing the money. She also reveals that her Jordans were actually "Gordons"—counterfeit.
74
9 "Break the String" Nick Sandow Kirsa Rein none July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
Gloria takes over aerobics classes from the ineffective Luschek and begins teaching Latin dance. When dancing with Luschek, he gets an erection, enraging Zirconia, who has a crush on Luschek. Zirconia convinces Badison that Gloria is plotting against her by wooing Luschek, and Badison threatens Gloria to stop teaching her classes. Trying to reconnect with her real family, Red learns her husband is dating someone. Barbara threatens Daddy, who slips her bath salts instead of her usual oxycodone. Barbara ends up in medical with Nicky, who was beaten up in the library with Blanca. When Barbara sobers up, Nicky convinces her to get clean. Caputo is deposed for Taystee's case and is forced to admit she punched him in the face. When Linda insults him for helping Taystee over MCC, he quits. Daya tries to talk Aleida into helping her smuggle drugs into the prison. Aleida initially responds with anger, but reconsiders after being evicted. Aleida moves in with Hopper, the supervising CO, whom she has been dating. Piper successfully gets kickball reinstated.
75
10 "Chocolate Chip Nookie" Ludovic Littee Carolina Paiz Carol & Barb July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
Hopper unwittingly smuggles drugs into Lichfield each day through his canisters of herbal shake powder, which Daya retrieves from the trash. Barb gets her 30-day sobriety chip, thanks to Nicky. Black Cindy calls Caputo and tells him that Taystee is being framed for Piscatella's death, and he should look into CERT as the true culprits. When he approaches one of the CERT members and asks questions, the officer's defensive stance makes Caputo suspicious. When Daya pushes Aleida to increase the amount of drugs coming in, the weight leads to Hopper discovering the stash when he goes to throw out an empty can.
Flashback: In 1982 West Virginia, high schoolers Barb and Carol plot to get rid of their younger sister, Debbie, whom they resent when the family plans to move to Plano, Texas for her gymnastics training. Late one night, they lock her in the car and push it into a freezing lake, where it immediately sinks. In Lichfield, their argument over a funny story (which they both claim happened to them) leads to the sisters being separated and the beginning of the block feud.
76
11 "Well This Took a Dark Turn" Laura Prepon Anthony Natoli none July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
As Barb plots to finally murder Carol and take out her supporters, Nicky worries for Red. She tries to alert Red but her note is intercepted by a CO, and Carol is taken into administrative segregation. When Hopper confronts Aleida about the drug smuggling, she accuses him of having low expectations for being satisfied with his menial job. After realizing he has been at Lichfield for nearly 10 years, he decides to help her for three months only, during which time they will fill the whole can with drugs to smuggle in. Black Cindy tells her lawyer the story she told was not true, but he urges her not to make things worse for herself, saying it is impossible for her to help Taystee. At Taystee's trial, she testifies against her. Suzanne and Pennsatucky try to figure out who in B Block is secretly planning to kill Frieda on Carol's instructions. Badison, outraged when Piper stands up to her and is made captain of their kickball team, plots revenge. At prayer group, Beth confesses to Ruiz that she was the one who tried to drown her in the toilet, saying she just sometimes has compulsions. Angered, Ruiz leaves the group. Caputo encourages Sophia to sue MCC for her time in solitary, but Linda discovers this and offers her a $300,000 settlement and possible early release, which Sophia takes. Eager to get points for her fantasy team, CO Copeland a.k.a. Ginger locks Barb and Carol together in a cell.
77
12 "Double Trouble" Clark Johnson Hilary Weisman Graham none July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
Barb and Carol ignore each other locked overnight in the cell, but declare war the next day. Caputo tries to cheer up Taystee before her testimony and convince her that she has a chance if she can win over the jury. Badison aims to get Piper's stay at Lichfield extended and plants drugs in her shoe. Piper informs Hopper, alarming him, and offers to be his snitch and find out who is bringing drugs in. Badison arranges for Hellman to get a blowjob from two Asian inmates in exchange for writing up a false incident report against Piper. Alex complains to Carol about Badison and reveals that she is the one behind the contraband idea, and agrees to work for her in exchange for Badison leaving Piper alone. It is too late as Hellman has already written up a fake incident report of Piper assaulting Badison and gives it to Hopper. MCC rebrands itself "PolyCon" and seeks to rebuild its image with a marketing campaign. Gloria offers to help Flaca with the radio show while Black Cindy is testifying against Taystee. Gloria discovers the "Fantasy Inmate" game and reveals it over the radio, only to be told the radio was not on, and she is sent to SHU. Red's son finally brings his two children to see her, but when she sees Frieda and attacks her, she ruins her first chance to meet her grandchildren and is sent to SHU. Instead of entering the fake infraction into the system, Hopper tears it up now knowing that Piper is being targeted, and instead modifies her record to put her among the top 25 inmates who are getting released early.
78
13 "Be Free" Nick Sandow Brian Chamberlayne Carol & Barb July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
Piper, Sophia and Blanca discover they are getting early release the next day. Piper and Alex get "prison married" with Nicky officiating, and Piper makes Alex vow to get out of prison. Diablo is overjoyed that Blanca is getting out. Aleida is shocked to visit Daya and see her high on heroin, but she realizes that if she stops smuggling in the drugs, someone else will do it, and she needs to get her other children out of foster care. At trial, Taystee is found guilty of murder in the second degree for Piscatella's death. Caputo confronts the CERT member he spoke with earlier, who punches him. Carol and Barb meet in a closet and get dressed in the pink garb of B Block, as the "war" they have declared during the kickball game is merely a distraction to allow them to sneak in and kill Frieda, their mutual enemy of 35 years. Ruiz begs the guard to let the captains pick new teams so the blocks are not playing each other. When Carol and Barb do not show up, the inmates get caught up in the game and do not act when Badison gives the attack signal. Carol and Barb, waiting for lockdown from the planned fight, turn on each other and end up killing each other. Lorna, seven months pregnant, begins feeling intense stomach pains and is led to medical with her crotch covered in blood. Piper and Sophia are greeted by relatives upon their release, but Blanca is devastated when she is handed over to ICE to be sent to PolyCon's new immigration detention centre. Piper looks out of the car window and contemplates on what she will do now that she is free.
Flashback: The flashback reveals that the funny story Carol and Barb both claimed happened to them as waitresses (bringing a customer a newspaper after mishearing a request for a "glass of ice" as "classifieds") actually happened to neither, as another waitress told them both the story.
Cast and characters[edit]
Main article: List of Orange Is the New Black characters
Main cast[edit]
Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman, inmate
Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols, inmate
Uzo Aduba as Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren, inmate
Danielle Brooks as Tasha "Taystee" Jefferson, inmate
Jackie Cruz as Marisol "Flaca" Gonzales, inmate
Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores, inmate
Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza, inmate
Taryn Manning as Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett, inmate
Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy "Black Cindy" Hayes, inmate
Matt Peters as Joel Luschek, correctional officer
Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz, inmate
Dascha Polanco as Dayanara "Daya" Diaz, inmate
Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz, former inmate
Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo, former warden
Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin, inmate
Yael Stone as Lorna Morello, inmate
Kate Mulgrew as Galina "Red" Reznikov, inmate
Laura Prepon as Alex Vause, inmate
Special guest stars[edit]
Michael J. Harney as Sam Healy
Lea DeLaria as Carrie "Big Boo" Black
Alex Trebek as himself
Recurring cast[edit]
Main article: List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters
Inmates[edit]
Amanda Fuller as Madison "Badison" Murphy
Finnerty Steeves as Beth Hoefler
Alice Kremelberg as Nicole Eckelcamp
Vicci Martinez as Dominga "Daddy" Duarte
Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset
Henny Russell as Carol Denning
Ashley Jordyn as Young Carol Denning
Mackenzie Phillips as Barbara "Barb" Denning
Lauren Kelston as Young Barbara "Barb" Denning
Sipiwe Moyo as Adeola
Daniella De Jesus as Irene "Zirconia" Cabrera
Shannon Esper as Alana Dwight
Lori Petty as Lolly Whitehill
Christina Toth as Annalisa Damiva
Kana Hatakeyama as Charlene Teng
Reema Sampat as Shruti Chambal
Jo Lampert as Marie Brock
Shirley Roeca as Vazquez
Rebecca Knox as Tina Swope
Staff[edit]
Alysia Reiner as Natalie Figueroa
Emily Tarver as Artesian McCullough
Susan Heyward as Tamika Ward
Nicholas Webber as CO Alvarez
Mike Houston as Lee Dixon
James McMenamin as Charlie Coates
Josh Segarra as CO Stefanovic
Beth Dover as Linda Ferguson
Nick Dillenburg as CO Blake
Branden Wellington as CO Jarod Young
Others[edit]
Ali Ahn as Agent Nguyen
Alexander Wrigth as Vasily Reznikov
Miguel Izaguirre as Diablo
Karina Ortiz as Margarita
Production[edit]
In February 2016, Netflix gave the series a three-season renewal, which included its sixth season.[5] For the sixth season, Laura Gómez, Matt Peters and Dale Soules were promoted to series regulars.
Reception[edit]
The sixth season received positive reviews from critics, with most critics noting its improvement over the previous season. On Metacritic, it has a score of 69 out of 100 based on 14 reviews.[6] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an 84% rating with an average score of 7.3 out of 10 based on 32 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "Brutality and humor continue to mesh effectively in a season of Orange Is the New Black that stands as a marked improvement from its predecessor, even if some arcs are more inspired than others."[7]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie (January 17, 2016). "Netflix sets premiere dates for OITNB, Kimmy Schmidt, and more". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Itzkoff, Dave (April 30, 2013). "Netflix Prison Series Gets July Release Date". The New York Times. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Strause, Jackie (July 9, 2018). "'Orange Is the New Black': Watch the Season 6 Trailer". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Marcus, Stephanie (August 2, 2018). "All the characters who didn't return on the new season of 'Orange Is the New Black'". Insider. Retrieved August 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Littleton, Cynthia (February 5, 2016). "'Orange Is the New Black' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix". Variety. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Orange Is the New Black: Season 6". Metacritic. 2018. Retrieved July 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Orange Is the New Black: Season 6". Rotten Tomatoes. 2018. Retrieved July 27, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
Orange Is the New Black on IMDb
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Orange Is the New Black
Characters
Piper Chapman
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Crazy Eyes
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Tiffany Doggett
Lorna Morello
Miss Rosa
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
Related
Piper Kerman
Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison
"You've Got Time"
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