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Freedom of Information Act (United States)
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This article is about the U.S. federal law. For freedom of information in the fifty U.S. states, see Freedom of information in the United States.
Freedom of Information Act
Long title
An Act to amend section 3 of the Administrative Procedure Act, chapter 324, of the Act of June 11, 1946 (60 Stat. 238), to clarify and protect the right of the public to information, and for other purposes.
Acronyms (colloquial)
FOIA
Nicknames
Public Information Act of 1966
Public Information Availability
Enacted by
the 89th United States Congress
Effective
July 5, 1967
Citations
Public law
89-487
Statutes at Large
80 Stat. 250
Codification
Acts amended
Administrative Procedure Act
Titles amended
5 U.S.C.: Government Organization and Employees
U.S.C. sections created
5 U.S.C. ch. 5, subch. II § 552
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate as S. 1160 by Edward Long (D–MO) on October 4, 1965
Committee consideration by Committee on the Judiciary and Committee on Government Operations
Passed the Senate on October 13, 1965 (passed)
Passed the House on June 20, 1966 (306–0)
Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 4, 1966
Major amendments
Privacy Act of 1974, PL 93–579, 88 Stat 1896
Government in the Sunshine Act, PL 94–409, 90 Stat 1241
Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, PL 99–570, 100 Stat 3207
Electronic Freedom of Information Act of 1996
The Intelligence Authorization Act of 2002, PL 107-306, 116 Stat 2383
OPEN Government Act of 2007, PL 110-175, 121 Stat 2524
Wall Street Reform Act of 2010
FOIA Improvement Act of 2016
United States Supreme Court cases
Department of Justice v. Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
Department of Justice v. Landano
Scott Armstrong v. Executive Office of the President
The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. § 552, is a federal freedom of information law that allows for the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased information and documents controlled by the United States government. The Act defines agency records subject to disclosure, outlines mandatory disclosure procedures and grants nine exemptions to the statute.[1][2] This amendment was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, despite his misgivings,[3][4] on July 4, 1966, and went into effect the following year.[5]
As indicated by its long title, FOIA was actually extracted from its original home in Section 3 of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). Section 3 of the APA, as enacted in 1946, gave agencies broad discretion concerning the publication of governmental records. Following concerns that the provision had become more of a withholding than a disclosure mechanism, Congress amended the section in 1966 as a standalone act to implement "a general philosophy of full agency disclosure." The amendment required agencies to publish their rules of procedure in the Federal Register, 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(1)(C), and to make available for public inspection and copying their opinions, statements of policy, interpretations, and staff manuals and instructions that are not published in the Federal Register, § 552(a)(2). In addition, § 522(a)(3) requires every agency, "upon any request for records which ... reasonably describes such records" to make such records "promptly available to any person." If an agency improperly withholds any documents, the district court has jurisdiction to order their production. Unlike the review of other agency action that must be upheld if supported by substantial evidence and not arbitrary or capricious, FOIA expressly places the burden "on the agency to sustain its action," and directs the district courts to "determine the matter de novo."
The Federal Government's Freedom of Information Act should not be confused with the different and varying Freedom of Information Acts passed by the individual states. Many of those state acts may be similar but not identical to the federal act.
Contents
1 Background
2 Scope
3 History
3.1 Initial enactment
3.2 Privacy Act Amendments of 1974
3.3 1976 Government in the Sunshine Act amendments
3.4 1982 Executive Order limiting the FOIA
3.5 1986 Omnibus Anti-Drug Abuse Act amendments to the FOIA
3.6 1995–99 expansion
3.7 Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments of 1996
3.8 2001 Executive Order limiting the FOIA
3.9 Intelligence Authorization Act of 2002 amending the FOIA
3.10 OPEN Government Act of 2007
3.11 2009 Executive Order permitting retroactive classification
3.12 2010 repeal of FOIA amendments in Wall Street reform act
4 Notable cases
4.1 J. Edgar Hoover
4.2 Murder trial
4.3 E-mail
4.4 Secret e-mail accounts and abusive fees
5 Processing performance by different government agencies
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Background[edit]
With the ongoing stress on both constitutional and inherent rights of American citizens and the added assertion of government subservience to the individual, some, particularly representative John Moss, thought that it was necessary for government information to be available to the public. This push built on existing principles and protocols of government administration already in place.
Others, though—most notably President Lyndon B. Johnson—believed that certain types of unclassified government information should nonetheless remain secret. Notwithstanding the White House's opposition, Congress expanded Section 3 of the Administrative Procedure Act as a standalone measure in 1966 to further standardize the publication of government records, consistent with the belief that the people have the "right to know" about them. The Privacy Act of 1974 was passed as a countervailing measure to ensure the security of government documents increasingly kept on private citizens.
The FOIA was put in place shortly after the illegal unconstitutional act of Project MKUltra performed by the CIA, which most of the evidence was burned and some of the surviving documents became classified in 2001.
Scope[edit]
The act explicitly applies only to executive branch government agencies. These agencies are under several mandates to comply with public solicitation of information. Along with making public and accessible all bureaucratic and technical procedures for applying for documents from that agency, agencies are also subject to penalties for hindering the process of a petition for information. If "agency personnel acted arbitrarily or capriciously with respect to the withholding, [a] Special Counsel shall promptly initiate a proceeding to determine whether disciplinary action is warranted against the officer or employee who was primarily responsible for the withholding."[6] In this way, there is recourse for one seeking information to go to a federal court if suspicion of illegal tampering or delayed sending of records exists. However, there are nine exemptions, ranging from a withholding "specifically authorized under criteria established by an Executive order to be kept secret in the interest of national defense or foreign policy" and "trade secrets" to "clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy."[6] The nine current exemptions to the FOIA address issues of sensitivity and personal rights. They are (as listed in Title 5 of the United States Code, section 552):[7]
(A) specifically authorized under criteria established by an Executive order to be kept secret in the interest of national defense or foreign policy and (B) are in fact properly classified pursuant to such Executive order;[8]
related solely to the internal personnel rules and practices of an agency;[8]
specifically exempted from disclosure by statute (other than section 552b of this title), provided that such statute (A) requires that the matters be withheld from the public in such a manner as to leave no discretion on the issue, or (B) establishes particular criteria for withholding or refers to particular types of matters to be withheld;[8] FOIA Exemption 3 Statutes
trade secrets and commercial or financial information obtained from a person and privileged or confidential;[8]
inter-agency or intra-agency memoranda or letters which would not be available by law to a party other than an agency in litigation with the agency;[8]
personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy;[8]
records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes, but only to the extent that the production of such law enforcement records or information (A) could reasonably be expected to interfere with enforcement proceedings, (B) would deprive a person of a right to a fair trial or an impartial adjudication, (C) could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy, (D) could reasonably be expected to disclose the identity of a confidential source, including a State, local, or foreign agency or authority or any private institution which furnished information on a confidential basis, and, in the case of a record or information compiled by a criminal law enforcement authority in the course of a criminal investigation or by an agency conducting a lawful national security intelligence investigation, information furnished by a confidential source, (E) would disclose techniques and procedures for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions, or would disclose guidelines for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions if such disclosure could reasonably be expected to risk circumvention of the law, or (F) could reasonably be expected to endanger the life or physical safety of any individual;[8]
Virginia's FOIA council refers to this as the criminal investigative files exemption[9][10][11]
contained in or related to examination, operating, or condition reports prepared by, on behalf of, or for the use of an agency responsible for the regulation or supervision of financial institutions;[8] or
geological and geophysical information and data, including maps, concerning wells.[8]
The Postal Reorganization Act of 1970 (at 39 U.S.C. § 410(c)(2)) exempts the United States Postal Service (USPS) from disclosure of "information of a commercial nature, including trade secrets, whether or not obtained from a person outside the Postal Service, which under good business practice would not be publicly disclosed".[12]
History[edit]
The law came about because of the determination of Congressman John E. Moss of California. Moss was the chairman of the Government Information Subcommittee. It took Moss 12 years to get the Freedom of Information Act through Congress successfully.[13] Much of the desire for government transparency stemmed from the Department of Defense and Congressional committees evaluation of the nation's classification system in the late 1950s. They determined that the misuse of government classification of documents was causing insiders to leak documents that were marked "confidential." The committee also determined that the lowest rung of the confidentiality ladder "confidential" should be removed. They deemed that "secret" and "top secret" covered National security adequately.[13] The Moss Committee took it upon itself to reform confidentiality policy and implement punishments for the overuse of classification by officials and departments.
The FOIA has been changed repeatedly by both the legislative and executive branches.
Initial enactment[edit]
The Freedom of Information Act was initially introduced as the bill S. 1160 in the 89th Congress. When the two-page bill was signed into law it became Pub.L. 89–487, 80 Stat. 250, enacted July 4, 1966, but had an effective date of one year after the date of enactment, or July 4, 1967. The law set up the structure of FOIA as we know it today.
That law was initially repealed. During the period between the enactment of the act and its effective date, Title 5 of the United States Code was enacted into positive law.[14] For reasons now unclear but which may have had to do with the way the enactment of Title 5 changed how the law being amended was supposed to be cited, the original Freedom of Information Act was replaced. A new act in Pub.L. 90–23, 81 Stat. 54, enacted June 5, 1967 (originally H.R. 5357 in the 90th Congress), repealed the original and put in its place a substantively identical law. This statute was signed on June 5, 1967, and had the same effective date as the original statute: July 4, 1967.
Privacy Act Amendments of 1974[edit]
Following the Watergate scandal, President Gerald R. Ford wanted to sign FOIA-strengthening amendments in the Privacy Act of 1974, but White House Chief of Staff Donald Rumsfeld and deputy Dick Cheney were concerned about leaks.[15] Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel Antonin Scalia advised the bill was unconstitutional and even telephoned the CIA asking them to lobby a particular White House staffer.[15] President Ford was persuaded to veto the bill on October 17, 1974, according to documents declassified in 2004.[15] However, on November 21, the lame-duck Congress overrode President Ford's veto, giving the United States the core Freedom of Information Act still in effect today, with judicial review of executive secrecy claims.[15][16]
Scalia remained highly critical of the 1974 amendments, writing years later that "It is the Taj Mahal of the Doctrine of Unanticipated Consequences, the Sistine Chapel of Cost-Benefit Analysis Ignored."[17] Scalia particularly disliked the availability of judicial review, decrying that if "an agency denies a freedom of information request, shazam!—the full force of the Third Branch of the government is summoned to the wronged party's assistance."[17]
These amendments that these FOIA regulate government control of documents which concern a citizen. It gives one "(1) the right to see records about [one]self, subject to the Privacy Act's exemptions, (2) the right to amend that record if it is inaccurate, irrelevant, untimely, or incomplete, and (3) the right to sue the government for violations of the statute including permitting others to see [one's] records unless specifically permitted by the Act."[18] In conjunction with the FOIA, the PA is used to further the rights of an individual gaining access to information held by the government. The Justice Department's Office of Information and Privacy and federal district courts are the two channels of appeal available to seekers of information.[19]
1976 Government in the Sunshine Act amendments[edit]
In 1976, as part of the Government in the Sunshine Act, Exemption 3 of the FOIA was amended so that several exemptions were specified:
Information relating to national defense,
Related solely to internal personnel rules and practices,
Related to accusing a person of a crime,
Related to information where disclosure would constitute a breach of privacy,
Related to investigatory records where the information would harm the proceedings,
Related to information which would lead to financial speculation or endanger the stability of any financial institution, and
Related to the agency's participation in legal proceedings.
1982 Executive Order limiting the FOIA[edit]
Between 1982 and 1995, President Reagan's Executive Order 12356 allowed federal agencies to withhold enormous amounts of information under Exemption 1(relating to national security information), claiming it would better protect the country and strengthen national security.[20]
The outcry from the effect that the Reagan Order had on FOIA requests was a factor in leading President Clinton to dramatically alter the criteria in 1995.[21]
1986 Omnibus Anti-Drug Abuse Act amendments to the FOIA[edit]
The FOIA amendments were a small part of the bipartisan Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986. Congress amended FOIA to address the fees charged by different categories of requesters and the scope of access to law enforcement and national security records. The amendments are not referenced in the congressional reports on the Act, so the floor statements provide an indication of Congressional intent.[22]
1995–99 expansion[edit]
Between 1995 and 1999, President Clinton issued executive directives (and amendments to the directives) that allowed the release of previously classified national security documents more than 25 years old and of historical interest, as part of the FOIA.[23] This release of information allowed many previously publicly unknown details about the Cold War and other historical events to be discussed openly.[21]
Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments of 1996[edit]
The Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments of 1996 (E-FOIA) stated that all agencies are required by statute to make certain types of records, created by the agency on or after November 1, 1996, available electronically. Agencies must also provide electronic reading rooms for citizens to use to have access to records. Given the large volume of records and limited resources, the amendment also extended the agencies' required response time to FOIA requests. Formerly, the response time was ten days and the amendment extended it to twenty business days.[7]
2001 Executive Order limiting the FOIA[edit]
Executive Order 13233, drafted by Alberto R. Gonzales and issued by President George W. Bush on November 1, 2001, restricted access to the records of former presidents.
This order was revoked on January 21, 2009, as part of President Barack Obama's Executive Order 13489.[24] Public access to presidential records was restored to the original extent of five years (12 for some records) outlined in the Presidential Records Act.[25]
Intelligence Authorization Act of 2002 amending the FOIA[edit]
In 2002, Congress passed the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003, Pub.L. 107–306.[26] Within this omnibus legislation were amendments to the FOIA (pertaining mainly to intelligence agencies) entitled "Prohibition on Compliance with Requests for Information Submitted by Foreign Governments":[27]
Section 552(a)(3) of title 5, United States Code, is amended—
(1) in subparagraph (A) by inserting "and except as provided in subparagraph (E)", after "of this subsection"; and
(2) by adding at the end the following:
(E) An agency, or part of an agency, that is an element of the intelligence community (as that term is defined in section 3(4) of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. § 401a(4))) shall not make any record available under this paragraph to—
(i) any government entity, other than a State, territory, commonwealth, or district of the United States, or any subdivision thereof; or
(ii) a representative of a government entity described in clause (i).
In effect, this new language precluded any covered U.S. intelligence agency from disclosing records in response to FOIA requests made by foreign governments or international governmental organizations. By its terms, it prohibits disclosure in response to requests made by such non-U.S. governmental entities either directly or through a "representative".[28] This means that for any FOIA request that by its nature appears as if it might have been made by or on behalf of a non-U.S. governmental entity, a covered agency may inquire into the particular circumstances of the requester in order to properly implement this new FOIA provision.[26]
The agencies affected by this amendment are those that are part of, or contain "an element of", the "intelligence community". As defined in the National Security Act of 1947 (as amended), they consist of the CIA, the National Security Agency, the Defense Intelligence Agency, the National Imagery and Mapping Agency, the National Reconnaissance Office (and certain other reconnaissance offices within the Department of Defense), the intelligence elements of the Army, the Navy, the Air Force, and the Marine Corps, the FBI, the Department of the Treasury, the Department of Energy, and the Coast Guard, the Department of Homeland Security, the Bureau of Intelligence and Research in the Department of State, and "such other elements of any other department or agency as may be designated by the President, or designated jointly by the Director of Central Intelligence and the head of the department or agency concerned, as an element of the intelligence community".[26][29]
OPEN Government Act of 2007[edit]
President Bush signed the Openness Promotes Effectiveness in our National Government Act of 2007, Pub.L. 110–175, on December 31, 2007. This law, also known as the "OPEN Government Act of 2007", amended the federal FOIA statute in several ways.[30] According to a White House press release, it does so by:
establishing a definition of "a representative of the news media;"
directing that required attorney fees be paid from an agency's own appropriation rather than from the Judgment Fund;
prohibiting an agency from assessing certain fees if it fails to comply with FOIA deadlines; and
establishing an Office of Government Information Services (OGIS)[31] in the National Archives and Records Administration to review agency compliance with FOIA.[32]
Changes include the following:
it recognizes electronic media specifically and defines "News Media" as "any person or entity that gathers information of potential interest to a segment of the public, uses its editorial skills to turn the raw materials into a distinct work, and distributes that work to an audience."
it extends the 20-day deadline by allowing for up to 10 days between the FOIA office of the agency and the component of the agency holding the records and specifically allows for clarification of requests by the FOIA office (Effective 12/31/2007).
it calls for each agency to designate a FOIA Public Liaison, "who shall assist in the resolution of any disputes" (Effective 12/31/2008).
it requires agencies to assign tracking numbers to FOIA requests that take longer than 10 days, and to provide systems determining the status of a request.
it codifies and defines annual reporting requirements for each agency's FOIA program.
it specifically addresses data sources used to generate reports; "shall make the raw statistical data used in its reports available electronically ..."
it redefines the definition of an agency "record" to include information held for an agency by a government contractor.
it establishes an Office of Government Information Services (OGIS)[31] which will offer mediation services to resolve disputes as non-exclusive alternative to litigation.
it requires agencies to make recommendations personnel matters related to FOIA such as whether FOIA performance should be used as a merit factor.
it requires agencies to specify the specific exemption for each deletion or redaction in disclosed documents.
2009 Executive Order permitting retroactive classification[edit]
On December 29, 2009, President Barack Obama issued Executive Order 13526, which allows the government to classify certain specific types of information relevant to national security after it has been requested.[33] That is, a request for information that meets the criteria for availability under FOIA can still be denied if the government determines that the information should have been classified, and unavailable. It also sets a timeline for automatic declassification of old information that is not specifically identified as requiring continued secrecy.
2010 repeal of FOIA amendments in Wall Street reform act[edit]
The Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, signed into law in July 2010, included provisions in section 929I[34][35] that shielded the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) from requests under the Freedom of Information Act. The provisions were initially motivated out of concern that the FOIA would hinder SEC investigations that involved trade secrets of financial companies, including "watch lists" they gathered about other companies, trading records of investment managers, and "trading algorithms" used by investment firms.[36]
In September 2010, the 111th Congress passed an act repealing those provisions. The act was introduced in the Senate on August 5, 2010 as S.3717[37] and given the name "A bill to amend the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Investment Company Act of 1940, and the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 to provide for certain disclosures under section 552 of title 5, United States Code, (commonly referred to as the Freedom of Information Act), and for other purposes."
Notable cases[edit]
A major issue in released documentation is government "redaction" of certain passages deemed applicable to the Exemption section of the FOIA. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) officers in charge of responding to FOIA requests "so heavily redacted the released records as to preclude needed research."[19] This has also brought into question just how one can verify that they have been given complete records in response to a request.
J. Edgar Hoover[edit]
Freedom of Information Act requests have led to the release of information such as this letter by J. Edgar Hoover about surveillance of ex-Beatle John Lennon. A 25-year battle by historian Jon Wiener based on FOIA, with the assistance of lawyers from the ACLU, eventually resulted in the release of documents like this one.
This trend of unwillingness to release records was especially evident in the process of making public the FBI files on J. Edgar Hoover. Of the 164 files and about eighteen thousand pages collected by the FBI, two-thirds were withheld from Athan G. Theoharis and plaintiff, most notably one entire folder entitled the "White House Security Survey." Despite finding out that the Truman Library had an accessible file which documented all the reports of this folder, the FBI and Office of Information and Privacy put forth "stony resistance" to the FOIA appeal process. (I–pg. 27) Some[who?] argue that it was not even this sixteen year series of three appeals to the Justice Department which gained a further opening of the files, but rather the case of Department of Justice v. Landano which spurred on a break in stolid FBI opposition.
Murder trial[edit]
A murder trial decided in 1993, Department of Justice v. Landano, 508 U.S. 165 (1993), involved what was alleged to be a felony murder committed during a group burglary by defendant Landano. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor wrote the unanimous opinion. "In an effort to support his claim in subsequent state court proceedings that the prosecution violated Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), by withholding material exculpatory evidence, he filed Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests with the FBI for information it had compiled in connection with the murder investigation."[38]
In defense, the FBI put forth a claim that the redacted sections of the documents requested were withheld in accordance with FOIA regulations protecting the identity of informants who gave information regarding case details. However, O'Connor ruled that those who supplied information had no need to remain anonymous in the court setting. "To the extent that the Government's proof may compromise legitimate interests, the Government still can attempt to meet its burden with in camera affidavits." The court thus remanded the case to the Circuit Courts and rejected the FBI's claim of confidentiality as being a valid reason to withhold information.
"While most individual sources may expect confidentiality, the Government offers no explanation, other than administrative ease, why that expectation always should be presumed."[38] Thus, when Theoharis and company were in the middle of fighting in court to obtain J. Edgar Hoover files, they may well have benefited from Landano and also Janet Reno's assertions of the government's need for "greater openness" and "discretionary releases" in 1993.
E-mail[edit]
In the case of Scott Armstrong v. Executive Office of the President, et al., the White House used the PROFS[19] computer communications software. With encryption designed for secure messaging, PROFS notes concerning the Iran–Contra affair (arms-for-hostages) under the Reagan Administration were insulated. However, they were also backed up and transferred to paper memos. The National Security Council, on the eve of President George H.W. Bush's inauguration, planned to destroy these records. The National Security Archive, Armstrong's association for the preservation of government historical documents, obtained an injunction in Federal District Court against the head, John Fawcett, of the National Archives and Records Administration and the National Security Council's purging of PROFS records. A Temporary Restraining Order was approved by Senior U.S. District Court Judge Barrington D. Parker. Suit was filed at District Court under Judge Richey, who upheld the injunction of PROFS records.[39]
Richey gave a further injunction to prevent a purging of the George H.W. Bush's administration's records as well. On counts of leaving the White House clean for the new Clinton Administration, the Bush group appealed but was denied its request. Finally, the Clinton Administration appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals, stating that the National Security Council was not truly an agency but a group of aides to the President and thus not subject to FOIA regulations. Under the Presidential Records Act, "FOIA requests for NSC [could] not be filed until five years after the president ha[d] left office ... or twelve years if the records [were] classified."[40] The Clinton administration won, and the National Security Archive was not granted a writ of certiorari by the Supreme Court on these grounds. According to Scott Armstrong, taking into account labor and material costs, the three presidential administrations spent almost $9.3 million on contesting the National Security Archive FOIA requests for PROFS e-mail records.[41]
Secret e-mail accounts and abusive fees[edit]
The AP uncovered several federal agencies where staff regularly use fictitious identities and secret or unlisted email accounts to conduct government business. Their use stymied FOIA requests.[42][43][44][45] In some cases, the government demanded enormous (>$1 million) fees for records that appeals show should be available for minimal cost.[42][44][46][47]
Processing performance by different government agencies[edit]
The Center for Effective Government analyzed 15 federal agencies which receive the most FOIA requests in-depth. It concluded, that federal agencies are struggling to implement public disclosure rules.
In the latest analysis published in 2015 (using 2012 and 2013 data, the most recent years available) ten of the 15 did not earn satisfactory overall grades, scoring less than 70 out of a possible 100 points. Eight of the ten earned Ds, including the Department of Homeland Security (69 percent), Department of Transportation (68 percent), United States Department of the Treasury (Treasury) (68 percent), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (67 percent), the United States Department of Labor (63 percent), the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (64 percent), the United States Department of Defense (61 percent), the Securities and Exchange Commission (61 percent). The Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of State earned an F. The State Department's score (37 percent) was dismal due to its extremely low processing score of 23 percent, which was completely out of line with any other agency's performance. Scores of five agencies, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the Department of Health and Human Services, the SEC, the DOJ, and the EPA, even decreased marginally.[48]
See also[edit]
Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy
Declassification
Freedom of information in the United States
Glomar response
Federal Records Act
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Branscomb, Anne (1994). Who Owns Information?: From Privacy To Public Access. BasicBooks.
Jump up ^ 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(F)
Jump up ^ "FOIA Legislative History". The National Security Archive. The National Security Archive. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley. "Lyndon B. Johnson: "Statement by the President Upon Signing the "Freedom of Information Act.", July 4, 1966". The American Presidency Project. The American Presidency Project. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Metcalfe, Daniel J. (23 May 2006). The Presidential Executive Order on the Freedom of Information Act (PDF). 4th International Conference of Information Commissioners. pp. 54–74. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Office of Information and Privacy (OIP) (2005-10-10). "U.S. Department of Justice Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) General Information". Retrieved 2010-01-03.
^ Jump up to: a b "FOIA Update: The Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. sect. 552, As Amended By Public Law No. 104-231, 110 Stat. 3048". Office of Information and Privacy, U.S. Department of Justice.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i ACLU Step-by-Step Guide to using the Freedom of Information Act; American Civil Liberties Union Foundation pamphlet written by Allan Robert Adler, pp. 3–5, ISBN 0-86566-062-X
Jump up ^ "AO-04-14". Virginia.gov. 22 May 2014. further records were denied pursuant to the criminal investigative files exemption, subdivision A 2 a of § 2.2-3706.
Jump up ^ Provence, Lisa (31 August 2015). "Exempt or not exempt? Judge considers FOIA lawsuit". c-ville.com. when he requested the records again in February 2015, it was denied, citing the “criminal investigative files” exemption to the Freedom of Information Act
Jump up ^ "February 14: For the love of ..." issuu.com. 13 February 2018. Alan Gernhardt at the Virginia Freedom of Information Advisory Council says the videos could fall under FOIA's criminal investigative files exemption, especially if they were shown at a preliminary hearing.
Jump up ^ "USPS: ZIP Codes are "Commercially Sensitive" Trade Secrets". The WebLaws.org Blog. November 6, 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Gold, Susan Dudley. 2012. Freedom of Information Act. New York, NY: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark.
Jump up ^ The enactment of Title 5 into positive law was done by Pub.L. 89–554, 80 Stat. 378, enacted September 6, 1966. This means that while Title 5 existed before, it was merely a compilation of laws but not the law itself. Only about half of the U.S. Code is positive law, meaning the law itself. See uscode.house.gov for background on positive law codifiation of the U.S. Code.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Veto Battle 30 Years Ago Set Freedom of Information Norms: Scalia, Rumsfeld, Cheney Opposed Open Government Bill; Congress Overrode President Ford's Veto of Court Review". Electronic Briefing Book No. 142. National Security Archive (George Washington University, Washington, D.C.). 2004-11-23.
Jump up ^ Memorandum for President Ford from Ken Cole, "H.R. 12471, Amendments to the Freedom of Information Act," September 25, 1974 Source: Gerald R. Ford Library. Document 10.
^ Jump up to: a b Scalia, Antonin (March 1982). "The Freedom of Information Act Has No Clothes" (PDF). Regulation. 6 (2): 14. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Your Right to Federal Records: Questions and Answers on the Freedom of Information Act and the Privacy Act. Electronic Privacy Information Center. 1992.
^ Jump up to: a b c Theoharis, Athan (1998). A Culture of Secrecy: The Government Versus the People's Right to Know. Kansas: University Press of Kansas. p. 27.
Jump up ^ Exec. Order No. 12356, 3 C.F.R. 166 (1983)
^ Jump up to: a b "Brief Amici Curiae of The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press and the Society of Professional Journalists in support of Leslie R. Weatherhead, Respondent". United States of America, United States Department of Justice, and United States Department of State, Petitioners, v. Leslie R. Weatherhead, Respondent, in the Supreme Court of the United States. 1999-11-19.
Jump up ^ "FOIA Reform Legislation Enacted: FOIA Update Vol. VII, No. 4". U.S. Department of Justice. 1986.
Jump up ^ "Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)". Illinois Institute of Technology Paul V. Galvin Library. Retrieved 2002-06-04.
Jump up ^ Executive Order no. 13489, Presidential Records, 74 FR 4669 (January 21, 2009)
Jump up ^ "Executive Order 13489 on Presidential Records". fas.org.
^ Jump up to: a b c "FOIA Post: FOIA Amended by Intelligence Authorization Act". United States Department of Justice Office of Information and Privacy. 2002.
Jump up ^ Pub.L. 107–306, 116 Stat. 2383, § 312 (to be codified at 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3)(A), 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3)(E)).
Jump up ^ 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3)(E)(ii) (as amended)
Jump up ^ 50 U.S.C. § 401a(4) (2000)
Jump up ^ "Public Law 110-175 OPENNESS PROMOTES EFFECTIVENESS IN OUR NATIONAL GOVERNMENT ACT OF 2007". Government Printing Office. 2007-12-31. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
^ Jump up to: a b "OGIS Home Page". National Archives and Records Administration.
Jump up ^ President Bush Signs S. 2488 into Law FAS Project on Government Secrecy
Jump up ^ "Executive Order 13526". Federation of American Scientists.
Jump up ^ "House holds hearing on controversial SEC FOIA exemption". rcfp.org.
Jump up ^ Guidance to Staff on Application of Section 929I of the Dodd-Frank Act (modified: September 15, 2010) from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Jump up ^ "Schapiro explains why some info should be secret". CNN. September 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Bill Summary & Status- 111th Congress (2009–2010) S.3717 from THOMAS at the Library of Congress
^ Jump up to: a b United States Dep't of Justice v. Landano, 373 U.S. 83 (1963).
Jump up ^ Theoharis (1998), pp. 151–152.
Jump up ^ Theoharis (1998), p. 156.
Jump up ^ Theoharis (1998), p. 159.
^ Jump up to: a b Gillum, Jack (4 June 2013). "TOP OBAMA APPOINTEES USING SECRET EMAIL ACCOUNTS". The Associated Press. Retrieved 24 September 2013. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "US officials found to be using secret government email accounts". The Guardian. The Associated Press. 4 June 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Woolery, Liz (14 June 2013). "'Secret' Email Accounts Raise More Questions, Concerns About Government Transparency". Chilling Effects Clearinghouse. Retrieved 24 September 2013. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "While US Attorney General, Eric Holder Used Kareem Abdul-Jabbar's Birth Name as His Official Email Address". VICE News. Retrieved 2016-02-27.
Jump up ^ "DEA wants $1.4 million before it will begin processing request". MuckRock. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
Jump up ^ "The Pentagon's $660 million FOIA fee". MuckRock. Retrieved 2016-02-27.
Jump up ^ Making the Grade: Access to Information Scorecard 2015 March 2015, 80 pages, Center for Effective Government, retrieved 21 March 2016
Further reading[edit]
Associated Press (March 18, 2016), US Gov't Sets Record for Failures to Find Files When Asked – via New York Times
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
5 U.S.C. § 552
U.S. Department of Justice FOIA complete reference
Freedom of Information Act Resources compiled by LLSDC.org
Stanford Libraries FOIA archive – Preserved collection of sites that deal with Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests and documents. This includes government sites that receive and distribute FOIA documents (aka "FOIA reading rooms") as well as non-profit organizations and government watchdogs that request large numbers of FOIA documents on specific topics like national security and civil rights.
Effect on Soviet Piracy in Cold War from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
"Freedom of Information Act". Amend section 3 of the Administrative Procedure Act. Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, compiled 1789–2008. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. July 4, 1966.
Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T (July 4, 1966). "Statement by the President Upon Signing the "Freedom of Information Act."". The American Presidency Project. University of California – Santa Barbara.
"Want to Obtain FBI Records a Little Quicker? Try New eFOIA System". FBI. November 30, 2015. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015.
Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar (January 12, 2016). Reflections on the U.S. Treasury Department in the Late 1990s (video). (Mentions inadequacy of government response to FOIA requests, e.g. around 22 min. in)
FOIA Wiki (wiki maintained by Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press with explanatory entries on various aspects of FOIA, including caselaw, agency information, and recent FOIA decisions)
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A. H. Wheeler
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A. H. Wheeler
Type
Bookstore
Founded
Allahabad (1877)
Headquarters
Allahabad, India
Key people
Émile Moreau and T. K. Banerjee
(Co-founders)
Website
www.ahwheeler.com
An A.H. Wheeler Bookstore at Sawai Madhopur railway station, Rajasthan
A. H. Wheeler & Co. Pvt. Ltd., commonly known as A. H. Wheeler or simply Wheeler, is an entirely Indian owned company. It owns a bookstore chain that was co-founded by Emile Moreau,[1][2] a French businessman, T. K. Banerjee, an Indian businessman and others in Allahabad in 1877, operating from railway stations.[3]
A. H. Wheeler borrowed its name from the then-successful London bookstore and its owner, "Arthur Henry Wheelers", who was also a friend of Emile Moreau and helped him financially.[4]
History[edit]
After foundation in 1877, this chain grew to have stores at railway stations all over India, especially in the north.[5][6]:56 The first store was opened at Allahabad railway station in 1877.[7] In 1888 the company began publishing a series of booklets known as the Indian Railway Library.
The Banerjees took over the company in 1950. In 2004 it had a bookstores in 258 railway stations all over India. It contributed to about 80% of the revenue earned by the Indian Railways made from book sales.[5] It had a monopoly on selling books on railway stations.[8] it is headquartered in Allahabad and the distribution network is also managed from there.[7]
A 2004 Indian Railways circular stated: "At present M/s. A.H. Wheeler & Co. is enjoying sole selling rights for running bookstalls at platforms on which this company had been running the same till 01.01.1976. It has now been decided that M/s. A.H. Wheeler & Co. shall not have any sole selling rights henceforth and their rights are brought at par with others. The number of bookstalls held by M/s. A.H. Wheeler & Co. and M/s. Higginbothams Ltd. are at present frozen. Since, the sole selling rights of M/s.A.H. Wheeler & Co. have been withdrawn and their rights have been brought at par with others, the freezing on the holding of stalls by M/s. A.H. Wheeler & Co. and M/s. Higginbothams Ltd. is also removed. In view of the need for decongesting the platform, any fresh allotment of any new bookstall to any category at the stations where railways had frozen the holding of M/s. A.H. Wheeler & Co. and M/s. Higginbothams Ltd. should have to be amply justified before any such decision is taken. The allotment at such stations should be done only with the personal approval of General Manager, irrespective of the type of station."[9]:6
According to The Financial Express this loss of monopoly was a result of a "New Book policy" being implemented by the Indian Railways. It also carries Wheeler's claims that it was the first Indian company to be granted "total rights of any business" by the British, which it gained in 1937.[10]
The following restrictions have been introduced by the railway on the nature of books sold on its platforms: "Sale of all types of obscene, scurrilous, smutty, pornographic, offensive or objectionable publications including pirated books is prohibited at all bookstalls. Zonal railways should exercise strict supervision and in case any licensee is found indulging in sale of such literature serious view should be taken including termination of licence."[9]:11
Notable publications[edit]
Plain Tales from the Hills written by Rudyard Kipling were issued as the "Indian Railway Library Series" by Wheeler.[11] These were the first publications of Kipling's collection of stories.[12] These books were sold on railway stations. They cost One rupee, then fifteenth part of a pound. Richard Jaffa considers them "amongst the early paperbacks".[13]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Anu Kumar, The mysterious European businessman who gave India its iconic railway book stalls, Quartz India, 24 August 2015. Retrieved on 9 March 2017.
Jump up ^ EMILE EDOUARD MOREAU CBE (1871-72), The Society of Old Framlinghamians. Retrieved on 9 March 2017.
Jump up ^ History - A. H. Wheeler, ahwheeler.com. Retrieved on 28 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Atul Sethi, "Train of Thoughts", The Times of India Chennai, 4 September 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Singh, Garima (2004-07-07). "Wheeler, Wheeler, more dealers". Kolkata: The Telegraph. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Derek O'Brien (1 January 2006). The Penguin-CNBC-TV18 business yearbook 2006-07. New York. ISBN 978-0-14-310098-0. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Motihar, Jhilmil (2011-08-19). "The original Wheeler dealers". New Delhi: HT Media. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Chaterjee, Rimi B. (May 2011). "Five centuries of print". Kathmandu: The Southasia Trust. Archived from the original on 8 May 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Kant, Kamal (2004-07-07). "(COMMERCIAL CIRCULAR NO. 19 OF 2004) Sub: Bookstall Policy – 2004" (PDF). New Delhi: GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS, RAILWAY BOARD. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "AH Wheeler's Future Uncertain". New Delhi: The Indian Express Online Media (Pvt) Ltd. 2004-07-04. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
Jump up ^ J. W. Cunliffe (30 May 2005). English Literature During the Last Half Century. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 171–172. ISBN 978-1-4179-8898-3. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Nanette Hale; Tabish Khair (2001). Unhinging Hinglish: The Languages and Politics of Fiction in English from the Indian Subcontinent. Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 46–. ISBN 978-87-7289-672-4. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Richard Jaffa (2 June 2011). Man and Mason-Rudyard Kipling. AuthorHouse. pp. 96–. ISBN 978-1-4567-8134-7. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._H._Wheeler&oldid=854681901"
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One Day at a Time
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about 1975–1984 sitcom. For other uses, see One Day at a Time (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
One Day at a Time
Genre
Sitcom
Created by
Whitney Blake
Allan Manings
Developed by
Norman Lear
Directed by
Norman Campbell
Herbert Kenwith
Sandy Kenyon
Howard Morris
Noam Pitlik
Alan Rafkin
Don Richardson
Tony Singletary
Starring
Bonnie Franklin
Mackenzie Phillips
Richard Masur
Valerie Bertinelli
Pat Harrington
Mary Louise Wilson
Michael Lembeck
Ron Rifkin
Glenn Scarpelli
Boyd Gaines
Shelley Fabares
Nanette Fabray
Howard Hesseman
Theme music composer
Jeff Barry
Nancy Barry
Opening theme
"This is It" performed by Polly Cutter
Ending theme
"This is It" (instrumental)
Composer(s)
Jeff Barry
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
9
No. of episodes
209 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Dick Bensfield
Jack Elinson
Perry Grant
Mort Lachman
Norman Lear
Alan Rafkin
Producer(s)
Dick Bensfield
Patricia Fass Palmer
Perry Grant
Katherine Green
Allan Manings
Bud Wiser
Camera setup
Multi-camera setup, videotape
Running time
24 minutes
Production company(s)
T.A.T. Communications Company (1975–82)
Embassy Television (1982–84)
Distributor
T.A.T. Communications Co. (1980–82)
Embassy Telecommunications (1982–86)
Embassy Communications (1986–88)
Columbia Pictures Television (1988–95)
Columbia TriStar Television (1995-2002)
Sony Pictures Television (2002-present)
Release
Original network
CBS
Audio format
Monaural
Original release
December 16, 1975 (1975-12-16) – May 28, 1984 (1984-05-28)
Bonnie Franklin, Mackenzie Phillips, and Valerie Bertinelli
Pat Harrington Jr. (1976)
One Day at a Time is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from December 16, 1975, until May 28, 1984. It starred Bonnie Franklin as a divorced mother raising two teenage daughters in Indianapolis. The daughters were played by Mackenzie Phillips and Valerie Bertinelli.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Plot
3 Production
3.1 Theme song and opening credits
3.2 Casting
3.2.1 Main cast
4 Episodes
5 Reception
5.1 Ratings
5.2 Awards and honors
6 Syndication
7 Cast reunions
8 DVD release
9 Remake
10 References
11 External links
Background[edit]
The series was created by Whitney Blake and Allan Manings, a husband-and-wife writing duo who were both actors in the 1950s and 1960s. The series was based on Whitney Blake's own life as a single mother, raising her three children (Including future actress Meredith Baxter) after her divorce from her first husband.[1]
Plot[edit]
Ann Romano, a divorced mother, moves from their home in Logansport, Indiana to Indianapolis with her daughters, the rebellious Julie and the wisecracking Barbara. Ann frequently struggles with maintaining her role as mother while affording her daughters the freedom she never had as a young woman. Ann begins dating her divorce lawyer, David Kane (Richard Masur). They become engaged and call it off on their wedding day when David says he wants kids but Ann doesn’t. Dwayne Schneider, the building's quirky superintendent (most often referred to only by his last name), provides usually unwanted advice to the tenants.
After David takes a job in Los Angeles, the focus squarely rests on Ann's dilemmas as a single mother and career woman as well as the girls' growing pains, with Schneider becoming a more welcomed part of the family. Ann's strained relationship with her ex-husband Ed slowly mends, as does the girls' relationship with his new wife, Vickie. Julie and Barbara advance through high school and into the working world, and Julie eventually marries flight attendant Max Horvath. Alex, the orphaned son of Ann's deceased boyfriend, moves in, changing the dynamics in the female-dominated apartment. Later in the series run, Julie gives birth to a daughter, "Little Annie" Horvath, Barbara marries dental student Mark Royer, and Ann's mother Katherine moves nearby.
In the penultimate episode, Ann decides to take a job in London, leaving her daughters in Indianapolis to raise families of their own. In the series finale, Schneider also leaves town, moving to Florida to take care of his niece and nephew.
Production[edit]
For its entire run, the series was taped in Hollywood before a studio audience. Originally, it was taped at CBS Television City. Shortly after its premiere, the series began taping at Metromedia Square, where it remained until 1982. From 1982 to 1984, the series was taped at Universal Studios Hollywood.
Like many sitcoms developed by Norman Lear, One Day at a Time often tackled serious issues in life and relationships, particularly those related to second wave feminism. Stories depicting such events as weddings, births, and other important milestones frequently stretched over two-, three-, and four-part episodes.
Theme song and opening credits[edit]
The theme song for One Day at a Time, "This is It", was composed by Brill Building songwriter Jeff Barry and his wife Nancy Barry, and performed by recording artist Polly Cutter. The opening credits were originally seen over a filmed sequence showing Ann, Julie, and Barbara excitedly moving into their new home. Later, the opening credits sequence mostly consisted of clips of each cast member taken from previous episodes.
Casting[edit]
Actors Bonnie Franklin, Pat Harrington, Jr., and Valerie Bertinelli were the only cast members to remain with the series throughout its entire run. Lead actress Mackenzie Phillips was fired after the fifth season due to growing problems with substance abuse. She later returned in a frequent recurring role. Original cast member Richard Masur was written out early in the second season but returned as a guest star in the sixth-season finale episode.
After Masur's departure, the producers tried going in a different direction. Instead of Ann Romano being romantically involved with a man, it was decided to give Ann a comedic foil. For that role, producer Norman Lear chose actress and comedienne Mary Louise Wilson, who had just completed a successful run on Broadway as "Tessie Tura" in a revival of Gypsy starring Angela Lansbury. Wilson was signed to play Ginny Wroblicki, a cocktail waitress who moves into Schneider's apartment building, and immediately becomes Ann's best friend and confidante. According to her memoir, My First Hundred Years in Show Business, prior to being cast as Ginny, Wilson had never seen One Day at a Time and immediately sat down and watched an episode one night in her apartment. She did not find the sitcom funny at all and was not given a script until the first read-through of her first episode. Wilson also did not take to Franklin "who took her role as arbiter over moral issues very seriously" and who considered herself "our foremost authority on Broadway". She also thought that Harrington's character of Schneider was not funny at all, although she admitted Harrington, himself, was hilarious offscreen. Wilson wrote that "aside from Lear, nobody thought I was funny...To make matters worse each character, according to the show's formula, had to have a 'serious' moral dilemma at some point, and I was given some problem about an illegitimate child to work out in these increasingly sentimental scenes that made my bowels shrink." At the end of the second season of One Day at a Time, Wilson begged her agent to ask Lear to release her from her contract. Wilson later admitted, "I felt terribly wrong to be so miserable. I knew this was the kind of break actors longed for." Wilson was also unaccustomed to working on a sitcom with four cameras in front of a live audience where "you said your line when the red light on the camera went on...and there follows a pause longer than the river Styx before the light on camera four goes on" at which the character you're speaking to says the next line. After the meeting with her agent, Wilson impulsively changed her mind and agreed to stay with the series but it was too late. Her agent had already informed Norman Lear of Wilson's unhappiness. As a result, Lear released Wilson from the show after she had completed 14 episodes, and Ginny Wroblicki was never seen, referred to, or heard from again[2] except in a fifth-season episode ("Retrospective") made up mainly of clips from earlier in the series..
For the next two seasons, the central cast of Ann, Julie, Barbara, and Schneider was supplemented by recurring characters, including William Kirby Cullen as Julie's boyfriend Chuck Butterfield; Howard Morton and K Callan as Chuck's parents; John Putch as Barbara's awkward friend Bob Morton; Scott Colomby as Barbara's boyfriend Cliff Randall; and John Hillerman and Charles Siebert as Ann's bosses, Mr. Connors and Mr. Davenport, respectively. Dick O'Neill and Nedra Volz made three appearances together as Orville and Emily, residents of the retirement home where the main characters put on a semi-regular variety show. Joseph Campanella also made several appearances as Ann's ex-husband and the girls' father, Ed Cooper.
Michael Lembeck joined the series as Julie's husband, Max, in the fifth season, but he was written out as a consequence of Phillips' firing. (But later returned in Season 7 along with Philips) A steady stream of regulars was added in the ensuing seasons, including Ron Rifkin as Ann's boyfriend, Nick; Glenn Scarpelli as Nick's son, Alex; and Boyd Gaines as Barbara's boyfriend, later husband, Mark. Shelley Fabares, who'd previously guest starred as Ann's rival co-worker Francine Webster, appeared more frequently, eventually becoming a regular. Nanette Fabray, who played Ann's mother, also made more frequent appearances before becoming a regular cast member in the final season. Howard Hesseman joined the series for a short time as Mark's father, Sam, who would become Ann's second husband.
Notable guest stars throughout the series run include Norman Alden, Robby Benson, Carla Borelli, Charlie Brill, Dennis Burkley, Jack Dodson, Elinor Donahue, David Dukes, Greg Evigan, Conchata Ferrell, Corey Feldman, Alice Ghostley, Lee Grant, Mark Hamill, Jim Hutton, Terry Kiser, Richard Kline, Christopher Knight, Jay Leno, Robert Mandan, Robert Morse, Denise Nicholas, J. Pat O'Malley, Jo Ann Pflug, Eve Plumb, Susan Richardson, William Schallert, Gretchen Corbett, Suzanne Somers, Ellen Travolta, Dick Van Patten, and Keenan Wynn.
Main cast[edit]
Actor
Character
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Bonnie Franklin Ann Romano Main
Mackenzie Phillips Julie Cooper Horvath Main Recurring
Richard Masur David Kane Main Guest
Valerie Bertinelli Barbara Cooper Royer Main
Pat Harrington, Jr. Dwayne Schneider Main
Mary Louise Wilson Ginny Wroblicki Main
Michael Lembeck Max Horvath Main Recurring Main
Ron Rifkin Nick Handris Main
Glenn Scarpelli Alex Handris Main
Boyd Gaines Mark Royer Recurring Main
Shelley Fabares Francine Webster Guest Guest Recurring Main Recurring
Nanette Fabray Katherine Romano Guest Recurring Main
Howard Hesseman Sam Royer Recurring Main
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of One Day at a Time episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 15 December 16, 1975 March 30, 1976
2 24 September 28, 1976 March 22, 1977
3 24 September 27, 1977 April 3, 1978
4 26 September 18, 1978 April 14, 1979
5 26 September 30, 1979 April 13, 1980
6 21 November 9, 1980 May 10, 1981
7 25 October 11, 1981 May 16, 1982
8 26 September 26, 1982 May 23, 1983
9 22 October 2, 1983 May 28, 1984
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
One Day at a Time was best known in the 1980s as a staple of the CBS Sunday-night lineup, one of the most successful in TV history, along with Archie Bunker's Place, Alice, and The Jeffersons.
The series consistently ranked among the top twenty (if not the top ten) programs in the ratings. However, the network moved the show around on the prime time schedule eleven times. By the end of the 1982–83 season, viewership was beginning to slip and the series ended season eight ranking at No. 16. At this time, Bonnie Franklin and Valerie Bertinelli were anxious to move on, but agreed to do a ninth (and final) season. (Although both were offered contracts for two more seasons: a ninth and a tenth according to Bertinelli in her autobiography Losing It: And Gaining My Life Back One Pound at a Time.)
TV Season
Time slot (ET)
Nielsen ratings[3]
Rank
Rating
1975–76 Tuesday at 9:30 pm 12 23.1
1976–77 8 23.4 (Tied with The ABC Sunday Night Movie and Baretta)
1977–78 Tuesday at 9:30 pm (Episodes 1-15)
Monday at 9:30 pm (Episodes 16-24) 10 23.0
1978–79 Monday at 9:30 pm (Episodes 1-13)
Wednesday at 9:00 pm (Episodes 14, 16-23)
Wednesday at 9:30 pm (Episode 15)
Sunday at 8:30 pm (Episodes 24-26) 18 21.6
1979–80 Sunday at 8:30 pm (Episodes 1-17, 19-26)
Sunday at 8:00 pm (Episode 18) 10 23.0
1980–81 Sunday at 8:30 pm (Episodes 1-9, 11-16, 19-21)
Sunday at 8:00 pm (Episode 10)
Sunday at 9:00 pm (Episode 17)
Sunday at 9:30 pm (Episode 18) 11 22.0
1981–82 Sunday at 8:30 pm 10 22.0
1982–83 Sunday at 9:30 pm (Episodes 1-18)
Monday at 9:30 pm (Episodes 19-26) 16 19.1
1983–84 Sunday at 8:30 pm (Episodes 1-6, 8-13)
Sunday at 9:00 pm (Episode 7)
Wednesday at 8:00 pm (Episodes 14-19)
Monday at 9:00 pm (Episodes 20-22) 31 N/A
Awards and honors[edit]
1981, 1982: Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film to Valerie Bertinelli
1982: Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series to Alan Rafkin[4]
1984: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor – Comedy Series to Pat Harrington[5]
Syndication[edit]
CBS aired daytime reruns of the show for three years. From September 17, 1979, to February 1, 1980, it aired on the daytime schedule at 3:30 pm Eastern time; with the cancellation of Love of Life to accommodate the expansion of The Young and the Restless to one hour, it was moved on February 4, 1980, to 4 pm Eastern due to Guiding Light moving to 3 pm. On September 28, 1981, it moved to 10 am Eastern time, and on September 20, 1982, it was replaced by The $25,000 Pyramid.
Soon after, the show entered off-network syndication, airing on local stations around the country, and nationally on WGN, TBS, and the E! Network.
Logo TV started airing episodes in April 2017.
As of July 23, 2017, the series airs Sunday nights on the digital broadcast network Antenna TV.[6] It also can be seen on the satellite service FeTV.
Cast reunions[edit]
The One Day at a Time Reunion was a 60-minute CBS retrospective special which aired on Tuesday February 22, 2005, at 9:00 pm ET, reuniting Bonnie Franklin, Mackenzie Phillips, Valerie Bertinelli, and Pat Harrington to reminisce about the series and their characters. Regular cast members Richard Masur, Shelley Fabares, Nanette Fabray, Michael Lembeck, and Glenn Scarpelli shared their feelings about their time on the show in separate interviews. The special was included as a bonus on One Day at a Time: The Complete First Season DVD set.
On February 26, 2008, Franklin, Phillips, Bertinelli, and Harrington reunited once again to talk about life on the set, Phillips' drug problems, and the show's theme song on NBC's Today Show as part of a week-long segment titled "Together Again: TV's Greatest Casts Reunited".
Bertinelli, Harrington, and (on tape) Franklin appeared on the September 10, 2008, episode of Rachael Ray to celebrate Ray's 40th birthday.
In 2011, Franklin reunited again with Bertinelli on an episode of Hot in Cleveland which marked one of Franklin's last acting roles before her death in 2013. Mackenzie Phillips and Pat Harrington Jr. also made individual cameos on the series.
One Day at a Time was awarded the Innovation Award on the 2012 TV Land Award show on April 29. Accepting the award were Valerie Bertinelli, Bonnie Franklin, Pat Harrington Jr., Richard Masur, Mackenzie Phillips, and Glenn Scarpelli.
DVD release[edit]
On April 24, 2007, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the first season of One Day at a Time on DVD in Region 1.
On September 7, 2017, it was announced that Shout! Factory had acquired the rights to the series and released One Day at a Time - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 on December 5, 2017.[7] Season 2 is scheduled for release on March 27, 2018.[8]
DVD Name
Ep #
Release Date
The Complete First Season 15 April 24, 2007
The Complete Second Season 24 March 27, 2018
The Complete Series 209 December 5, 2017
Remake[edit]
Main article: One Day at a Time (2017 TV series)
Gloria Calderon Kellett and Mike Royce developed a new version of the series, with a Latino cast, for Netflix, beginning in 2017. The ensemble is led by Justina Machado, with Rita Moreno, Stephen Tobolowsky, Isabella Gomez, Marcel Ruiz, and Todd Grinnell in supporting roles. Pam Fryman directed the pilot episode.[9][10][11][12][13]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mike Celizic (February 26, 2008). "Cast of 'One Day at a Time' reunites on TODAY". msnbc.msn.com. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Mary Louise. My First Hundred Years, pp. 133-139. Overlook Press. c. 2015, 2016
Jump up ^ Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle (2007). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946-Present (Ninth Edition). Ballantine Books. pp. 1687–1690. ISBN 978-0-345-49773-4.
Jump up ^ "Barbara's Crisis". TV.com. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Awards for "One Day at a Time"". IMDb. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Schedule - Antenna TV
Jump up ^ One Day at a Time - CONFIRMED! 'The Complete Series' DVDs in 2017 from Shout! 27-disc package with all nine seasons will be at stores in early December
Jump up ^ One Day at a Time - Shout!'s Street Date for a Separate 'Season 2' Set. 3-DVD release will be available near the end of March
Jump up ^ "Netflix Orders 'One Day At A Time' Latino Remake Series Co-Starring Rita Moreno". Deadline. January 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 22, 2016). "'One Day At A Time': Justina Machado To Play The Lead In Netflix Series Remake". Deadline.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 2, 2016). "'One Day At a Time': Stephen Tobolowsky Cast In Netflix Latino Family Remake". Deadline.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (April 19, 2016). "'One Day At a Time': Todd Grinnell Cast As Schneider In Netflix Series Remake". Deadline.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 5, 2016). "Pam Fryman Sets 3 Pilot Directing Gigs". Deadline.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to One Day at a Time.
One Day at a Time on IMDb
One Day at a Time at TV.com
One Day at a Time at epguides.com
Museum of Broadcast Communications page on One Day at a Time
[hide]
v
t
e
Shows produced or created by Norman Lear
The Deputy (1959–61)
All in the Family (1971–79)
Sanford and Son (1972–78)
Maude (1972–78)
Good Times (1974–79)
The Jeffersons (1975–85)
Hot l Baltimore (1975)
One Day at a Time (1975–84)
Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman (1976–78)
The Dumplings (1976)
All's Fair (1976–77)
The Nancy Walker Show (1976)
All That Glitters (1977)
Fernwood 2 Night (1977)
A Year at the Top (1977)
Sanford Arms (1977)
America 2-Night (1978)
In the Beginning (1978)
Apple Pie (1978)
Hanging In (1979)
The Baxters (1979–81)
Palmerstown, U.S.A. (1980–81)
a.k.a. Pablo (1984)
E/R (1984–85)
Sunday Dinner (1991)
The Powers That Be (1992–93)
704 Hauser (1994)
Channel Umptee-3 (1997–98)
One Day at a Time (2017–present)
Guess Who Died? (2018)
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