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Rude (song)
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"Rude"
Single by Magic!
from the album Don't Kill the Magic
B-side
"Mama Didn't Raise No Fool"
Released
October 11, 2013 (as a promotional single)
February 24, 2014 (re-release)
Format
CD
digital download
Recorded
2012
Genre
Pop
reggae fusion
Length
3:44
4:33 (Zedd remix)
Label
Latium
RCA
Sony
Songwriter(s)
Nasri Atweh
Adam Messinger
Mark Pellizzer
Ben Spivak
Alex Tanas
Producer(s)
Adam Messinger
Magic! singles chronology
"Rude"
(2013) "Don't Kill the Magic"
(2014)
"Rude"
(2014) "Don't Kill the Magic"
(2014)
Music video
"Rude" on YouTube
"Rude" is the debut single by Canadian band Magic! from their debut studio album, Don't Kill the Magic. It was originally released on October 11, 2013 as a promotional single and then re-released on February 24, 2014 by Sony Music Entertainment. The song was featured in a 2014 Nestea commercial in the Philippines. The official remix for the song features Kid Ink, Ty Dolla Sign and Travis Barker on the drums.
Despite mixed reviews from music critics, "Rude" was an international commercial success. The song peaked at number six on the Canadian Hot 100 and internationally topped the charts in the United States and the United Kingdom and peaked within the top ten of the charts in Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Denmark, the Netherlands and Sweden. "Rude" was the ninth best-selling song of 2014, with global sales of 8.6 million units, and won the Juno Award for Single of the Year.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and composition
2 Critical reception
3 Live performances and covers
4 Music video
5 Track listing
5.1 Zedd remix
6 Chart performance
7 Charts
7.1 Weekly charts
7.2 Year-end charts
8 Certifications
9 Release history
10 References
Background and composition[edit]
"Rude" (2014)
A 22-second sample of "Rude", a pop and reggae fusion song.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"Rude" was named after the reggae term "rude boy" and originally based on a real-life situation. The lead singer of Magic!, Nasri, had been in an unhealthy relationship with a previous girlfriend. After Nasri got in a fight with his girlfriend, the band based the song off of that headline. The couple was in a "mean time" when they were both being rude to each other, as Nasri says in what he describes as a "dark vibe."[2] "Rude" was written by Nasri, Adam Messinger, Mark Pellizzer, Ben Spivak and Alex Tanas, and produced by Adam Messinger.[3] According to the sheet music published by Sony/ATV Music Publishing at Musicnotes.com, "Rude" is a reggae fusion song set in common time with a tempo of 144 beats per minute. This song is written in the key of D♭ major. [4]
Critical reception[edit]
Critical reviews for "Rude" have been mixed. On a positive note, 4Music complimented the song, saying: "One listen and you'll be hooked."[5] An article in Psychology Today drew a connection between the lyrics of the song and social attitudes about interracial relationships,[6] while Time magazine named "Rude" the worst song of 2014, criticizing its "sanitized reggae-fusion sound" and lyrics.[7]
Live performances and covers[edit]
On December 9, 2013, the band made their Australian television debut on Sunrise, where they performed "Rude".[8] In June 2014, the band performed an acoustic version of the song on On Air with Ryan Seacrest.[9] In July, they performed it on The View and on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.[10][11] On August 10, 2014, the band performed the song at the 2014 Teen Choice Awards.[12] Magic! and American singer Marc Anthony performed a Spanglish version of the song at the 15th Latin Grammy Awards ceremony in 2014 with Anthony singing parts of the song in Spanish.[13]
On July 15, 2015, Postmodern Jukebox released a cover version of the song on YouTube,[14] featuring Von Smith.
In September 2015, American singer Selena Gomez covered the song on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge.[15]
Music video[edit]
The music video features the band singing the song in a garage while scenes show Nasri in a relationship with a beautiful woman played by model Ayla Parker. After this, Nasri asks her conservative father, played by actor Brian Knudson,[16] for her hand in marriage, but the father refuses and won't explain why. The mother, played by actress Mary Kay McCartney, is somewhat softer. Eventually, Nasri secretly proposes to her and together with the rest of the band, try to convince the father, but he still refuses. Nasri marries her anyway and all party in the garage as Parker proclaims her love for Nasri and she abandons her overprotective father once and for all. The video was released on the band's YouTube account on December 5, 2013.[17] As of August 2017, the video has over 1.3 billion views on YouTube, and is the site's 37th most-watched video.[18]
Track listing[edit]
Digital download[19]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Rude" 3:44
CD single[20]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Rude" 3:45
2. "Mama Didn't Raise No Fool" 4:07
Zedd remix[edit]
On 2 September 2014 Zedd released a remix of the song through Sony Music Entertainment lasting 4 minutes and 33 seconds.[21]
Digital download
No.
Title
Length
1. "Rude" (Zedd remix) 4:33
Chart performance[edit]
"Rude" entered the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 97 on May 10, 2014.[22] On the issue dated July 26, 2014, the song reached number one, marking their first number-one single. "Rude" spent six consecutive weeks at number one. On the chart issue dated September 6, 2014, the song tumbled from number one to number 5 on the Hot 100 as Taylor Swift's "Shake it Off" debuted atop the chart. This is the first time since The Black Eyed Peas' "I Gotta Feeling" that a song fell all the way to the number 5 spot after spending as many as six weeks atop the chart. The song has spent 16 weeks in the chart's top ten. Magic! is the sixth Canadian band to top the Billboard Hot 100, the first since Nickelback with "How You Remind Me" in 2001. It is also the ninth reggae song to reach the summit, the last being Sean Paul's "Get Busy" in 2003.[23]
"Rude" reached number two on the Billboard Hot Digital Songs on June 18, 2014, selling 207,000 digital copies.[24] The following week the song peaked at number one, selling 210,000. It is only the second reggae song to top the Billboard Hot Digital Songs, after Sean Kingston's "Beautiful Girls" in 2007.[25] The song was certified three-times Platinum by the RIAA in September 2014 and has sold 3 million copies in the US, as of January 2015.[26]
"Rude" peaked at number six on the Canadian Hot 100 and remained on the chart for 69 weeks. In Australia, "Rude" peaked at number two on the Australian Singles Chart. In New Zealand, the song peaked at number two on the New Zealand Singles Chart. In the United Kingdom, "Rude" debuted at number fifty on the UK Singles Chart on July 20, 2014 ― for the week ending date July 26, 2014 ― before climbing to number two a week later. The song topped the chart on August 3, 2014 ― for the week ending date August 9, 2014 ― becoming Magic!'s first chart-topper in Britain. The song has peaked at number two in Ireland.
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2013–15)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[27]
2
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[28]
3
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[29]
37
Belgium Dance (Ultratop Flanders)[30]
30
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[31]
44
Belgium Dance Bubbling Under (Ultratop Wallonia)[31]
15
Brazil (ABPD)[32]
1
Brazil (Billboard Brasil Hot 100)[33]
18
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[34]
6
Canada AC (Billboard)[35]
2
Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[36]
4
Canada Hot AC (Billboard)[37]
1
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[38]
5
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[39]
4
Denmark (Tracklisten)[40]
3
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[41]
8
France (SNEP)[42]
51
Germany (Official German Charts)[43]
7
Ireland (IRMA)[44]
2
Israel (Media Forest)[45]
4
Italy (FIMI)[46]
11
Japan (Japan Hot 100)[47]
4
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[48]
3
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[49]
5
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[50]
2
Norway (VG-lista)[51]
2
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[52]
1
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[53]
1
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[54]
6
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[55]
1
Slovenia (SloTop50)[56]
1
South Africa (EMA)[57]
8
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[58]
5
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[59]
2
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[60]
11
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[61]
1
US Billboard Hot 100[62]
1
US Adult Alternative Songs (Billboard)[63]
17
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[64]
1
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[65]
1
US Alternative Songs (Billboard)[66]
19
US Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard)[67]
3
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[68]
41
US Latin Airplay (Billboard)[69]
23
US Latin Pop Songs (Billboard)[70]
15
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[71]
1
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[72]
5
US (Monitor Latino)[73]
13
Venezuela (Record Report)[74]
74
Venezuela Top Anglo (Record Report)[75]
1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2013)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[76]
67
Chart (2014)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[77]
40
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[78]
5
Denmark (Tracklisten)[79]
13
Germany (Official German Charts)[80]
54
Italy (FIMI)[81]
31
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[82]
10
Poland (ZPAV)[83]
17
Slovenia (SloTop50)[84]
25
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[85]
12
US Billboard Hot 100[86]
7
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[87]
13
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[88]
5
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[89]
6
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[90]
24
Chart (2015)
Position
Slovenia (SloTop50)[91]
17
Chart (2016)
Position
Argentina (Monitor Latino)[92]
51
Brazil (Brasil Hot 100)[93]
26
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[94]
4× Platinum 280,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[95]
3× Platinum 240,000^
Germany (BVMI)[96]
Gold 150,000^
Italy (FIMI)[97]
2× Platinum 60,000*
Mexico (AMPROFON)[98]
2× Platinum 120,000*
New Zealand (RMNZ)[99]
Platinum 15,000*
Sweden (GLF)[100]
3× Platinum 120,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[101]
Gold 15,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[102]
Platinum 600,000
United States (RIAA)[103]
3× Platinum 3,000,000[26]
Streaming
Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[104]
3× Platinum 7,800,000^
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[105]
Platinum 8,000,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Since May 2013 RIAA certifications for digital singles include on-demand audio and/or video song streams in addition to downloads.[106]
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Format
Label
Worldwide[107][108]
October 11, 2013 Digital download
Latium
Sony
United States[109][110][111]
February 24, 2014 Adult album alternative
Latium
RCA
Sony
March 17, 2014 Hot adult contemporary
Contemporary hit radio RCA
Germany[20]
February 28, 2014 CD single
Latium
Sony
United Kingdom[112]
July 20, 2014 Digital download
References[edit]
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[hide]
v
t
e
Magic!
Nasri
Mark "Pelli" Pellizzer
Ben Spivak
Alex Tanas
Studio albums
Don't Kill the Magic
Primary Colours
Singles
"Rude"
"Don't Kill the Magic"
"Let Your Hair Down"
Featured Singles
"Sun Goes Down"
Labels
Sony Music Entertainment
RCA Records
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Flag of Portugal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the national flag of Portugal. For other flags, see List of Portuguese flags.
Portugal
Names
Bandeira das Quinas (Flag of the Five Escutcheons), Bandeira Verde-Rubra (Green-Red Flag)
Use
National flag and ensign
Proportion
2:3
Adopted
30 June 1911
Design
A 2:3 vertically striped bicolour of green and red, with the lesser coat of arms of Portugal centred over the colour boundary
Variant flag of Portugal
Use
War flag
Proportion
12:13
Adopted
30 June 1911
Design
As above, but evenly striped (1:1) and with the greater coat of arms, displaying a white scroll with the motto "Esta é a ditosa pátria minha amada" ("This is my beloved blissful homeland"), taken from Os Lusíadas, III, 21, v. 1
The Flag of Portugal (Portuguese: Bandeira de Portugal) is the national flag of the Portuguese Republic. It is a rectangular bicolour with a field unevenly divided into green on the hoist, and red on the fly. The lesser version of the national coat of arms (i.e. armillary sphere and Portuguese shield) is centred over the colour boundary at equal distance from the upper and lower edges. On 30 June 1911, less than a year after the downfall of the constitutional monarchy, this design was officially adopted for the new national flag of the First Portuguese Republic, after selection by a special commission whose members included Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro, João Chagas and Abel Botelho.
The conjugation of the new field colours, especially the use of green, was not traditional in the Portuguese national flag's composition and represented a radical republican-inspired change that broke the bond with the former monarchical flag. Since a failed republican insurrection on 31 January 1891, red and green had been established as the colours of the Portuguese Republican Party and its associated movements, whose political prominence kept growing until it reached a culmination period following the Republican revolution of 5 October 1910. In the ensuing decades, these colours were popularly propagandized as representing the hope of the nation (green) and the blood (red) of those who died defending it, as a means to endow them with a more patriotic and dignified, therefore less political, sentiment. Although the flag flown from the Oporto city hall in the morning of 31 January 1891, symbol of the republican uprising was red and green. Totally red with a green circle in the center, to which were added the inscriptions referring to the republican center to whom it belonged - the Centro Democrático Federal 15 de Novembro.'[1]
The current flag design represents a dramatic change in the evolution of the Portuguese standard, which had always been closely associated with the royal arms, blue and white. Since the country's foundation, the national flag developed from the blue cross-on-white armorial square banner of King Afonso I to the liberal monarchy's arms over a blue-and-white rectangle. In between, major changes associated with determinant political events contributed to its evolution into the current design.
Contents
[hide]
1 Design
1.1 Construction
1.2 Background
2 Symbolism
2.1 Colours
2.2 Armillary sphere
2.3 Portuguese shield
3 Evolution
3.1 1095–1248
3.2 1248–1495
3.3 1495–1667
3.4 1667–1830
3.5 1830–1910
4 Flag protocol
4.1 Use
4.2 Penalties
4.3 Folding
5 Military flags
5.1 National colours
5.2 Naval jack
5.3 Commissioning pennant
6 Government flags
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Design[edit]
The decree that legally replaced the flag used under the constitutional monarchy with the new design was approved by the Constituent Assembly and published in government journal no. 141 (Portuguese: diário do Governo), on 19 June 1911. On June 30, this decree had its regulations officially published in government diary no. 150.[2]
Construction[edit]
Construction sheet with the official dimensions of the flag. All measures are relative to the length (L).
The flag's length is equal to 1 1⁄2 times its width, which translates into an aspect ratio of 2:3. The background is vertically divided into two colours: dark green on the hoist side, and scarlet red on the fly. The colour division is made in a way that green spans 2⁄5 of the length and the remaining 3⁄5 are filled by red (ratio 2-3).[2] The lesser version of the national coat of arms (without the laurel wreaths)—a white-rimmed national shield on top of a black-highlighted yellow armillary sphere—is positioned over the border between both colours.
The armillary sphere has a diameter equal to 1⁄2 width and is equidistant from the upper and lower edges of the flag.[2] The sphere, drawn in perspective, possesses six edge-embossed arcs, four of which are great circles and two are small circles. The great circles represent the ecliptic (wider oblique arc), the equator, and two meridians. These last three are positioned so that the intersections between each two arcs make a right angle; one meridian lies on the flag's plane while the other is perpendicular to it. The small circles consist of two parallels (the tropics), each tangent to one of the ecliptic-meridian intersections.[3]
Vertically centred over the sphere is the national shield, a white-rimmed curved bottom red shield charged with a white inescutcheon. Its height and width are equal to 7⁄10 and 6⁄10 of the sphere's diameter, respectively. The shield is positioned in a way that its limits intersect the sphere:[3]
at the inflection points of the distal edges of the Tropic of Cancer's anterior half (top) and Tropic of Capricorn's posterior half (bottom);
at the intersection of the lower edges of the ecliptic's posterior half and of the equator's anterior half (dexter or viewer's left side); and
at the intersection of the upper edge of the ecliptic's anterior half with the lower edge of the equator's posterior half (sinister or viewer's right side).
A curious aspect of the official design is the absence of a segment of the Tropic of Capricorn, between the national shield and the ecliptic arc.[3]
The white inescutcheon is itself charged with five smaller blue shields (escudetes) arranged like a Greek cross (1+3+1). Each smaller shield holds five white bezants displayed in the form of a saltire (2+1+2). The red bordure is charged with seven yellow castles: three on the chief portion (one in each corner and one in the middle), two in the middle points of each quadrant of the curved base (rotated 45 degrees), and two more on each side of the bordure, over the flag's horizontal middle line. Each castle is composed by a base building, showing a closed (yellow) gate, on top of which stand three battlemented towers.[3] In heraldic terminology, the shield's blazon is described as Argent, five escutcheons in cross azure each charged with five plates in saltire, on a bordure gules seven towers triple-turreted Or, three in chief.a
The colour tones of the flag are not accurately specified in any legal document. Approximate tones are listed below:[3]
Scheme
Red
Green
Yellow
Blue
White
Black
PMS 485 CVC 349 CVC 803 CVC 288 CVC — Black 6 CVC
RGB 255-0-0 0-102-0 255-255-0 0-51-153 255-255-255 0-0-0
#FF0000 #006600 #FFFF00 #003399 #FFFFFF #000000
CMYK 0-100-100-0 100-35-100-30 0-0-100-0 100-100-25-10 0-0-0-0 0-0-0-100
Background[edit]
João Chagas, commissioner for the creation of the national flag
The Republican revolution of 5 October 1910, brought a need to replace the symbols of the overthrown monarchy, represented in the first instance by the old national flag and anthem. The choice of the new flag was not one without conflict, especially over the colours, as partisans of the republican red-and-green faced opposition from supporters of the traditional royal blue-and-white. Blue also carried a strong religious meaning as it was the colour of Our Lady of the Conception (Portuguese: Nossa Senhora da Conceição), who was crowned Queen and Patroness of Portugal by King John IV, so its removal or replacement from the future flag was justified by Republicans as one of the many measures needed to secularize the state.[4]
Monument to the Restorers (Restauradores), in Lisbon, where the new national flag was raised for the first time
After the presentation and discussion of the many proposals,[5] a governmental commission was set up on 15 October 1910. It included Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (painter), João Chagas (journalist), Abel Botelho (writer) and two military leaders of 1910: Ladislau Pereira and Afonso Palla.[4] This commission ultimately chose the red-and-green of the Portuguese Republican Party, delivering an explanation based on patriotic reasons,[6] which disguised the political significance behind the choice, as these had been the colours present on the banners of the rebellious during the republican insurrection of 31 January 1891, in Porto, and during the monarchy-overthrowing revolution, in Lisbon.[7]
The commission considered that red should "(...) be present as one of the main colours, because it is the battling, warm, virile colour, par excellence. It is the colour of conquest and laughter. A singing, burning, joyful colour (...) Recalls the idea of blood and urges to achieve victory". An explanation for the inclusion of the green was harder to come up with, given that it was not a traditional colour of the Portuguese flag's history. Eventually, it was justified on the grounds that, during the 1891 insurrection, this was the colour present on the revolutionary flag that "sparked the redeeming lightning" of republicanism. Finally, white (on the shield) represented "a beautiful and fraternal colour, into which all other colours merge themselves, colour of simplicity, of harmony and peace", adding that "(...) it is this same colour that, charged with enthusiasm and faith by the red cross of Christ, marks the Discoveries epic cycle".[6]
The Manueline armillary sphere, which had been present on the national flag under the reign of John VI, was revived because it consecrated the "Portuguese epic maritime history (...) the ultimate challenge, essential to our collective life.". The Portuguese shield was kept, being positioned over the armillary sphere. Its presence would immortalize the "human miracle of positive bravery, tenacity, diplomacy, and audacity, that managed to bind the first links of the Portuguese nation's social and political affirmation", since it is one of the "most vigorous symbols of the national identity and integrity".[6]
The new flag was produced in large numbers at the Cordoaria Nacional (English: National Rope House) and was officially presented nationwide on 1 December 1910, on occasion of the 270 years of the Restoration of Independence. This day had already been declared by the government as the "Flag Day" (currently not celebrated). In the capital, it was paraded from the city hall to the Restauradores (English: Restorers) Monument, where it was hoisted. This festive presentation did not mask, however, the turmoil caused by a design chosen single-handedly without prior popular consultation, and that represented more of a political regime than a whole nation. To encourage a greater acceptance of the new flag, the government issued all teaching establishments with one exemplar, whose symbols were to be explained to the students; textbooks were changed to intensively display these symbols. Also, 1 December ("Flag Day"), 31 January and 5 October were declared national holidays.[7]
Symbolism[edit]
The Portuguese flag displays three important symbols: the field colours, and the armillary sphere and national shield, which make up the coat of arms.
Colours[edit]
Flag of Portugal at the Castle of Silves
The explanation for the green and red colours that make up the background field arose during the Estado Novo period, the nationalist authoritarian regime that held power from 1933 to 1974. It claims that the green represented the hope of the Portuguese people, while the red represented the blood of those who died serving the nation.[8] Sources believe these noble meanings are far from the truth and are nothing more than propaganda, to provide an honourable justification to their choice.[9]
Despite the fact that these colours never constituted a major part of the national flag until 1910, they were present in several historical banners during important periods. King John I included a green Aviz cross on the red bordure of his banner. The red cross of the Order of Christ was used over a white field as a naval pennon during the Discoveries and frequently on ship sails. A green background version was a popular standard of the rebellious during the 1640 revolution that restored Portugal's independence from Spain.[10] There are no registered sources to confirm that this was the origin of the republican colours. Another explanation gives full credit to the flag that was hoisted on the balcony of Porto's city hall during the 1891 insurrection. It consisted of a red field bearing a green disc and the inscription Centro Democrático Federal «15 de Novembro» (English: Federal Democratic Centre «15 of November»), representing one of many masonry-inspired republican clubs.[11] Over the following 20 years, the red-and-green was present on every republican item in Portugal.[4] The 1891 flag-inherited red stands for the colour of the republican-inspired masonry-backed revolutionaries, whereas green was the colour Auguste Comte had destined to be present in the flags of positivist nations, an ideal incorporated into the republican political matrix.[4]
Armillary sphere[edit]
Armillary sphere with astronomical clock, made by Jost Bürgi and Antonius Eisenhoit in 1585 in Kassel, now at Nordiska Museet in Stockholm
The armillary sphere was an important astronomical and navigational instrument for the Portuguese sailors who ventured into unknown seas during the Age of Discoveries. It was introduced by the Knights Templar, whose knowledge was essential to the Portuguese Discoveries—Henry, the Navigator, the person mainly responsible for the development of Age of Discovery was actually the Grand Master of the Order of Christ. It thus became the symbol of the most important period of the nation—the Portuguese discoveries. In light of this, King Manuel I, who ruled during this period, incorporated the armillary sphere into his personal banner.[12] It was simultaneously used as the ensign of ships plying the route between the metropolis and Brazil,[13] thus becoming a colonial symbol and a fulcral element of the flags of the future Brazilian kingdom and empire.
Adding to the sphere's significance was its common use on every Manueline-influenced architectural work, where it is one of the major stylistic elements, as seen on the Jerónimos Monastery and Belém Tower.[14]
Portuguese shield[edit]
Current design of the Portuguese shield
The Portuguese shield rests over the armillary sphere. Except during the reign of Afonso I, it is present in every single historical flag, in one form or another. It is the prime Portuguese symbol as well as one of the oldest, with the first elements of today's shield appearing during the reign of Sancho I.[15] The evolution of the Portuguese flag is inherently associated with the evolution of the shield.
Within the white inescutcheon, the five small blue shields with their five white bezants representing the five wounds of Christ (Portuguese: Cinco Chagas) when crucified and are popularly associated with the "Miracle of Ourique".[16] The story associated with this miracle tells that before the Battle of Ourique on 25 July 1139, an old hermit appeared before Count Afonso Henriques (future Afonso I) as a divine messenger. He foretold Afonso's victory and assured him that God was watching over him and his peers. The messenger advised him to walk away from his camp, alone, if he heard a nearby chapel bell tolling, in the following night. In doing so, he witnessed an apparition of Jesus on the cross. Ecstatic, Afonso heard Jesus promising victories for the coming battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso, and his descendants, in order to create an empire which would carry his name to unknown lands, thus choosing the Portuguese to perform great tasks.[17]
O Milagre de Ourique (The Miracle of Ourique), by Domingos Sequeira (1763)
Boosted by this spiritual experience, Afonso won the battle against an outnumbering enemy. Legend has it that Afonso killed the five Moorish kings of the Seville, Badajoz, Elvas, Évora and Beja taifas, before decimating the enemy troops. Hence, in gratitude to Jesus, he incorporated five shields arranged in a cross—representing his divine-led victory over the five enemy kings—with each one carrying Christ's five wounds in the form of silver bezants. The sum of all bezants (doubling the ones in the central shield) would give thirty, symbolizing Judas Iscariot's thirty pieces of silver.[17]
However, evidence pointing out that the number of bezants on each shield was greater than five during long periods following Afonso I's reign,[16] as well as the fact that only in the 15th century was this legend registered on a chronicle by Fernão Lopes (1419),[18] support this explanation as one of pure myth and highly charged with patriotic feeling in the sense that Portugal was created by divine intervention and was destined for great things.
The seven castles are traditionally considered a symbol of the Portuguese victories over their Moorish enemies, under Afonso III, who supposedly captured seven enemy fortresses in the course of his conquest of the Algarve, concluded in 1249. However, this explanation is weakly founded since this king did not have seven castles on his banner, but an unspecified number. Some reconstructions display about sixteen castles; this number changed to twelve in 1385, to seven in 1485 and to eleven in 1495; it then changed back to seven, in 1578, this time definitively. An hypothesis about the origin of the castles on a red bordure lies in the family ties of Afonso III with Castile (both his mother and second wife were Castilian), whose arms consisted of a golden castle on a red field.[19]
Evolution[edit]
Since the foundation of the kingdom, the flag of Portugal was always linked to the Portuguese coat of arms. In fact, until the 19th century, the flag served as a mere support to display the Royal coat of arms, without having any separate meaning. Until the 16th century, the flag consisted in a banner of arms, with its field being totally occupied by the field of the coat of arms, then it came to include the complete coat of arms, including the crown and other external elements laid over a monochrome white field. The flag only acquired a meaning by its own in 1830, when its field was changed from the neutral white to the distinctive blue and white, which were the national colors at that time. Although representing the country since its early beginnings, the flag of Portugal had a limited use until the 19th century, essentially being used as a fortress flag and as naval ensign, with some other flags also existing to represent the nation in other contexts, namely at the sea. In the 19th century, the flag of Portugal started to have an universal use, becoming a real national flag. [20] It evolved in a way that gradually incorporated most of the symbols present on the current coat of arms.
1095–1248[edit]
Count Henry (1095)
King Afonso I (1143)
King Sancho I (1185)
The first heraldic symbol that can be associated with what would become the Portuguese nation was on the shield used by Henry of Burgundy, Count of Portugal since 1095, during his battles with the Moors. This shield consisted of a blue cross over a white field.[21] Nevertheless, this design has no reliable sources since it is a reconstruction that became popular and widely accepted thanks to the nationalistic purposes of the Estado Novo regime.[7]
Henry's son Afonso Henriques succeeded him in the county and took on the same shield. In 1139, despite being outnumbered, he defeated an army of Almoravid Moors at the Battle of Ourique and proclaimed himself Afonso I, King of Portugal, in front of his troops. Following the official recognition by the neighbouring León, Afonso changed his shield in order to reflect his new political status. Sources state he charged the cross with five sets of an unspecified number of silver bezants (most likely large-headed silver nails), one set on the centre and one on each arm, symbolizing Afonso's newly gained right to issue currency.[21][22]
During the time of Afonso I, it was typical not to repair battle damage inflicted on the shield, so changes such as the breaking off of pieces, colour shifting or stains were very common. When Sancho I succeeded his father Afonso I, in 1185, he inherited a very worn off shield: the blue-stained leather that made the cross had been lost except where the bezants (nails) held it in place. This involuntary degradation was the basis for the next step on the evolution of the national coat of arms, where a plain blue cross transformed into a compound cross of five blue bezant-charged escutcheons—the quina (Portuguese word meaning “group of five”) were thus born.[21][22] Sancho's personal shield (called "Portugal ancien"[15]) consisted of a white field with a compound cross of five shields (each one charged with eleven silver bezants) with the bottom edges of the lateral ones facing towards the centre. Both Sancho's son Afonso II and grandson Sancho II used these arms,[21] as it was usual with direct succession lines (cadency system). A new modification of the royal arms was made when Sancho II's younger brother became king, in 1248.
1248–1495[edit]
King Afonso III (1248)
King John I (1385)
King John II (1485)
Afonso III of Portugal was not the eldest son, therefore heraldic practices stated he should not take his father's arms without adding a personal variation. Before becoming king, Afonso was married to Matilda II of Boulogne but her inability to provide him with a royal heir led Afonso to divorce her, in 1253. He then married Beatrice of Castile, an illegitimate daughter of Alfonso X of Castile. It is more likely that it was this family connection with Castile (his mother was also Castilian) that justified the new heraldic addition to the royal arms—a red bordure charged with an undetermined number of yellow castles—rather than the definitive conquest of the Algarve and its Moorish fortresses, considering that the number of castles was only fixed in the late 16th century.
The inner portion contained the arms of Sancho I, although the number of bezants varied between seven, eleven and sixteen (the latter number was used on Afonso's personal standard while he was still Count of Boulogne).[21] This same design was used by the Portuguese kings until the end of the first dynasty, in 1383; a succession crisis put the country at war with Castile and left it without a ruler for two years.
In 1385, in the wake of the Battle of Aljubarrota, a second dynasty was founded when John, Master of the Order of Aviz and illegitimate son of King Peter I, acceded to the throne as John I. To his personal banner, John I added his Order's fleur-de-lys cross, displayed as green flowery points on the red bordure; this inclusion reduced the number of castles to twelve (three around each corner). The number of bezants in each escutcheon was reduced from eleven to seven.[21] This banner lasted a hundred years until John I's great-grandson John II restyled it, in 1485, introducing important changes: the removal of the Aviz cross, a downward arrangement and edge-smoothing of the shields, and the definitive fixing of five saltire-arranged bezants in each shield (summing up six quinas, i.e., six “groups of five”: one quina of shields and five quinas of bezants) and seven castles on the bordure (as it is currently).[23] John II's banner was the last armorial square banner used as the "national" flag or standard.[21] Following his death, in 1495, radical changes were made by his successor.
1495–1667[edit]
King Manuel I (1495)
King John III (1521)
King Sebastian (1578)
King John IV (1640)
John II was succeeded by his first cousin Manuel I, in 1495. This king was the first to convert the traditional square armorial banner into a rectangular (2:3) field with the coat of arms on its centre. Specifically, the flag was now a white rectangle centrally charged with the coat of arms (bearing eleven castles) on an ogival or heater-shaped shield and surmounted by an open royal crown.[21] This flag was used exclusively as the kingdom's banner since Manuel I possessed a personal standard which included the armillary sphere for the first time.[12]
In 1521, John III made minor changes to the flag by adopting a coat of arms (bearing only seven castles) with a round shaped shield.
In 1578, during the reign of Sebastian and on the eve of the fatal Battle of Alcácer Quibir, the flag was again modified. The number of castles was permanently fixed at seven and the royal crown was converted into a closed three-arched crown, which symbolized a stronger royal authority.[21] With Sebastian's death and the short-lived reign of his great-uncle Cardinal Henry, in 1580, a dynastic crisis was solved with the Spanish king Philip II acceding to the Portuguese throne as Philip I, installing a Spanish dynasty. The accession was made on the condition that Portugal was ruled as a separate, autonomous state, not as a province. This was fulfilled as Portugal and Spain formed a personal union under Philip I and his successors. A consequence of this administrative situation was the maintenance of the flag created under Sebastian's reign as the Portuguese national flag, while Spain had its own.[21] As the ruling house in Portugal, the Habsburg banner also included the Portuguese arms.[24]
The country regained its independence from Spain, in 1640, in a coup d'état that placed on the throne John, Duke of Bragança, as King John IV. Under his rule, the national flag was slightly changed as the ogival shield became rounded. It was from this reign forward that the royal arms and the kingdom's arms became separate banners.[21]
1667–1830[edit]
King Peter II (1667)
King John V (1707)
King Joseph I (1750)
King John VI (1816)
When Afonso VI's younger brother Peter II replaced him on the throne, in 1667, he adapted the flag's crown to fit the contemporary trends by transforming it into a five-arched crown.[25] The new flag did not remain unchanged for too long, as it was refurbished by Peter's son John V, after he took the throne, in 1707. Heavily influenced by the luxurious and ostentatious court of the French king Louis XIV, and by France's political and cultural impact in Europe, John V wanted to transpose such style into the country's coat of arms. A red beret was then added under the crown. Besides the change of the crown, the shields started to be represented, on the flags, not only in the traditional round bottom shape ("Iberian type"), but also in other formats like the samnitic ("French type"), the horsehead ("Italian type") or the oval ("cartouche") shapes. Instated by an absolute monarch like John V, this flag endured through almost the entire absolutist period in Portugal—John V (1707–1750), Joseph I (1750–1777) and Maria I (1777–1816).[21]
During the second half of the 17th century, the maritime use of the white flag with the Royal coat of arms of Portugal was increasingly restricted to the war ships. An ordinance of 1692 expressly banned the use of this flag by the Portuguese merchant ships, restricting its use to ships with 20 or more cannons and with a complement of 40 or more men. The Portuguese merchant ships flew instead green and white striped flags, which were the national colours of Portugal at that time. The colours green and white were also used in other Portuguese flags, like the naval commissioning pennants.
With the invasion of Portugal by Napoleon's imperial army in 1807, the Portuguese Royal Court fled to Brazil, establishing the capital of the Portuguese Monarchy and Empire in Rio de Janeiro. In 1815, the Portuguese state of Brazil was elevated to a kingdom, thus receiving the same status as the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves. The whole of the Portuguese Monarchy became then the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. To reflect the change of the status of the Portuguese Monarchy, the Prince Regent John (future King John VI, at that time still reigning in name of his mother, Queen Mary I) established a new Royal coat of arms, where the Portuguese shield (representing Portugal and the Algarves) charged a blue-filled yellow armillary sphere (representing Brazil) surmounted by the same beret-bearing five-arched crown. The new coat of arms replaced the previous one in the Portuguese flags.[21]
Despite the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves ceased to exist in 1822, when Brazil became independent, its coat of arms continued to be used, inclusive in flags, until the death of John VI in 1826. From then on, the previous coat of arms, without the armillary sphere, became in use again.
1830–1910[edit]
Queen Maria II (1830)
Queen Maria II (1830)
John VI died in Lisbon in 1826. His elder son Peter, who had declared the independence of Brazil in 1822, becoming Emperor Peter I, succeeded to the Portuguese throne as Peter IV. Because the new Brazilian constitution did not allow further personal unions of Portugal and Brazil, Peter abdicated the Portuguese crown in favour of his elder daughter Maria da Glória, who became Maria II of Portugal. She was only seven years old, so Peter stated she would marry his brother Miguel who would act as regent. However, in 1828, Miguel deposed Maria and proclaimed himself king, abolishing the 1822 liberal constitution and ruling as an absolute monarch. This started the period of the Liberal Wars.[26]
The liberals formed a separate government exiled on the Azorean island of Terceira. This government issued two decrees establishing modifications to the national flag. While supporters of usurper King Miguel I still upheld the flag established by John VI, the liberal supporters imposed important changes on it. The background was equally divided along its length into blue (hoist) and white (fly); the armillary sphere (associated with Brazil) was removed and the coat of arms was centred over the colour boundary; and the shield reverted to the "French type" shape of John V. This new flag configuration was decreed solely for terrestrial use, but a variation of it was used as the national ensign. This ensign differed in the way the colours occupied the background (blue 1⁄3, white 2⁄3) with a consequent positional shift of the arms.[21]
With the defeat and exile of Miguel in 1834, Queen Maria II returned to the throne and the standard of the victorious side was hoisted in Lisbon as the new national flag. It would survive for 80 years, witnessing the last period of the Portuguese monarchy until its abolition, in 1910. Currently this flag is used by Portuguese monarchists.
Flag protocol[edit]
Use[edit]
Flag hoisted at the Portuguese Parliament, in Lisbon
Flag hoisted at the Castle of São Jorge
The Portuguese legislation concerning the use of the National Flag is mostly limited to the Decree-law 150/87, issued in 30 March 1987, which replaced the previous scarce legislation dated back to the beginning of the 20th century.
The Decree-law 150/87 states that the flag is to be hoisted from 9:00 a.m. to sunset (during the night, it must be properly lit), on Sundays and national holidays, throughout the entire national territory. It can also be displayed on days where official ceremonies or other solemn public sessions are held; in this case, the flag is hoisted on-site. The flag can be hoisted in other days if it is considered appropriate by the central government, or by other regional or local governing bodies, or by heads of private institutions. It must follow the official design standard and be preserved in good condition.[27]
On the headquarters buildings of the bodies of sovereignty, the flag can stay hoisted on a daily basis. It can also be hoisted on civilian and military national monuments; on public buildings associated with the central, regional or local administration; and on headquarters of public corporations and institutions. Citizens and private institutions can also display it, on the condition that they respect the relevant legal procedures. In the facilities of nationally-based international organizations or in the case of international meetings, the flag is hoisted according to the protocol used on those situations.[27]
If national mourning is declared, the flag will be flown at half-staff during the fixed amount of days; any flag hoisted along with it will be flown in the same manner.[27]
When unfurled in the presence of other flags, the national flag must not have smaller dimensions and must be situated in a prominent, honourable place, according to the relevant protocol.[27]
If there are more than one flagpole, the National Flag should be flown:
Two flagpoles – in the right pole viewed by a person facing the exterior;
Three flagpoles – in the central pole;
More than three flagpoles:
Within a building – if odd number of poles, in the central pole; if even number, in the first pole on the right of the central point;
Outside a building – always in the rightmost pole;
If the flagpoles have not the same height, the flag must be flown in the highest pole. The poles should be placed in honourable locations of the ground, building façades and roofs. On public acts where the flag is not hoisted, it can be suspended from a distinct spot, but never used as decoration, covering or for any purpose that can diminish its dignity.[27]
Penalties[edit]
An early decree, from 28 December 1910, established that "any person who, through speech, published writings or any other public act, shows lack of respect to the national flag, which is the motherland's symbol, will be sentenced to a three to twelve-month prison term with corresponding fine and, in case of relapse, will be sentenced to exile, as stated in the 62nd article of the Penal Code". In its 332nd article, the current penal code punishes infractions with a prison sentence of up to two years. If the sentence is shorter than 240 days, there is a formula for converting it into a fine.[28] If the offense is directed towards regional symbols, the penalties are halved.[29]
Folding[edit]
During formal occasions, four people are required to properly fold the flag, where each person holds one of the sides. A correctly folded flag must be a square limiting the national shield. However, the order by which the different folding steps are performed to achieve this result is not legislated.[30]
The procedure begins with the flag fully extended and held in a horizontal plane with the obverse facing down. One of the possible folding sequences is demonstrated below:[30]
Stage
Description
Example
First
The upper third of the flag's height is folded into the reverse side until the crease is positioned over the shield's upper edge line.
Second
The lower third of the flag's height is folded into the reverse side until the crease is positioned over the shield's lowest point.
Third
The folding proceeds along the width axis, with the fly's (red) union with the hoist (green) and the fold's placement over the shield's right edge.
Fourth
Finally, the hoist is folded in a way that the resulting crease lies on top of the shield's left edge.
Military flags[edit]
The National Flag of Portugal also serves as war flag and ensign, so being flown on military facilities and naval ships. There are however specific national military flags for specific uses, namely the military colors, the naval jack and the naval pennant. The military colors are occasionally referred as war flag, however they are not to be flown on military facilities but are only to be carried by the military units on parades.
National colours
Naval jack
Naval commissioning pennant
National colours[edit]
A Portuguese tri-service colour guard leads a detachment of marines, carrying the national colours during the 2007 Bastille Day Military Parade in Paris
The national colours constitute the portable variants of the National Flag for use on parades by the military units. In the past, the colours had a practical function, being used as a signal to guide the military units in battle. Originally, the colours were referred as "regimental flags" (bandeiras regimentais) or "military units flags" (bandeiras das unidades militares), but now they are referred as "national standards" (estandartes nacionais). The colours are always carried in parade by a junior officer, escorted by a colour guard.
The standard model of the colours - also adopted in 1911 - is a rectangular flag measuring 1.20 metres (3.94 ft) in width and 1.30 metres (4.26 ft) in length (ratio 12:13). Green and red are positioned at the hoist and fly, respectively, but occupy the field in an equal manner (1–1). Centred over the colour boundary lie the armillary sphere and Portuguese shield, surrounded by two yellow laurel branches intersecting at their stems. These are bound by a white stripe bearing the verse by Luís de Camões "Esta é a ditosa pátria minha amada" (English: "This is my beloved fortunate motherland") as the motto. This differs from the version of coat of arms employed as emblem, where the laurel shoots are tied by a green and red stripe without the verse. The sphere's outer diameter is ⅓ of the width and lies 35 centimetres (14 in) from the upper edge and 45 centimetres (18 in) from the lower edge.[2]
Although the 1911 regulation is, theoretically, still in force, the various branches of the Armed Forces made specific changes to it and so, several types of colours are used by the different military units. For example, the colours adopted by the Portuguese Army, in 1979, measures just 0.80 m (4.26 ft) by 0.80 m.
Naval jack[edit]
The Portuguese naval jack (jaco or jaque) is only hoisted at the prow of docked or anchored Navy ships, from sunrise to sunset. The national flag is permanently hoisted at the stern, when sailing, and from sunrise to sunset, when docked.[31] It is a square flag (ratio 1:1) bearing a green-bordered red field with the minor coat of arms on the centre. The width of the green border and the diameter of the armillary sphere are equal to 1/8 and 3/7 of the side's dimension, respectively.[2]
Commissioning pennant[edit]
The Portuguese commissioning pennant (flâmula) is a long triangular flag, green on the hoist and red on the fly. It is to be flown on the main mast of the naval ships commanded by officers.[2]
Government flags[edit]
Highly ranked state and governmental offices are also represented by their own flag. The President of the Republic (Portuguese: Presidente da República) uses a flag largely similar to the national flag, except for having dark green as the only background colour.[32] It is usually hoisted at the President's official residence, the Palace of Belém, as well as on the presidential car, as small-sized flags. The flag of the Prime-Minister is a white rectangle (ratio 2:3) with a dark green saltire, holding the lesser coat of arms on its centre, and a red bordure charged with a pattern of yellow laurel leaves. Other ministerial flags do not possess the red bordure.[32] The flag of the Assembly of the Republic (Portuguese: Assembleia da República), the national parliament, is also a white rectangle (ratio 2:3) with the lesser coat of arms in the centre and a dark green bordure.[33]
President of the Republic
Assembly of the Republic
Prime Minister
Minister
See also[edit]
Portugal portal
Portuguese vexillology
List of Portuguese flags
Notes[edit]
^ From the original Portuguese blazon: "De prata, cinco escudetes, de blau, postos em cruz, cada um carregado com cinco besantes, de prata, postos em aspa; bordadura, de gules, carregada com sete castelos, de ouro, dos quais três em chefe".[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/pt%7Drep10.html
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Portugal, Government. "Decreto que aprova a Bandeira Nacional". Símbolos Nacionais (in Portuguese). Portal do Governo. Retrieved 18 February 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Sampaio, Jorge. "Bandeira nacional da República Portuguesa — desenho". Símbolos da República (in Portuguese). Presidente da República. Retrieved 6 April 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Teixeira, Nuno Severiano (1991). "Do azul-branco ao verde-rubro: a simbólica da bandeira nacional.". A Memória da Nação (in Portuguese). Retrieved 7 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Proposals for the new Portuguese national flag (1910–1911)". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c "A Bandeira Nacional". Símbolos (in Portuguese). Ministério da Defesa Nacional. Retrieved 18 February 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Bandeiras de Portugal" (in Portuguese). Acção Monárquica Tradicionalista. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
Jump up ^ "Symbolism". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-03-02.
Jump up ^ Martins, António. "Origins of the current Portuguese national flag". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
Jump up ^ "Christ Knights' Order (Portugal)". Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
Jump up ^ "Portuguese republican flags (1910s)". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-03-01.
^ Jump up to: a b Candeias, Jorge (2006-11-04). "Portugal - 1495 historical flags". Portugal (in Portuguese). Flags of the World. Retrieved 2010-01-06.
Jump up ^ Martins, António. "Flag of the Brazilian ships, 16th century (Portugal)". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
Jump up ^ "Monastery of the Jerónimos 2007 /2008and Tower of Belém in Lisbon". Heritage. IGESPAR — Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico. Archived from the original on 2010-11-07. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
^ Jump up to: a b Martins, António. "Portugal (1185–1248)". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Bandeira de Portugal". Portugal (in Portuguese). Criar Mundos. August 2005. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lenda do Milagre de Ourique". Lendas do distrito de Beja (in Portuguese). Lendas de Portugal. Retrieved 2007-02-24.
Jump up ^ "Ourique, legend and future". "A Alma e a Gente". RTP. 2006-12-19. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
Jump up ^ Martins, António. "Portugal (1248–1835)". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
Jump up ^ Martins, António. "Estandartes dos reis portugueses". Bandeiras de Portugal (in Portuguese). Bandeiras do Bacano. Archived from the original on 2007-01-11. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Martins, António. "História da Bandeira de Portugal". Bandeiras de Portugal (in Portuguese). Bandeiras do Bacano. Archived from the original on 2007-01-25. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
^ Jump up to: a b "Portuguese coat of arms". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
Jump up ^ Candeias, Jorge. "Portugal – 1485 historical flag". Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
Jump up ^ "Royal Standards 1580–1700 (Spain)". Spain. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
Jump up ^ Martins, António. "Portugal - 1667 historical flag". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Steven. "Chronology: 1826–34 (Portugal's) Liberal Wars". Luso-Spanish Military History and Wargaming. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Regras que regem o uso da Bandeira Nacional". Símbolos Nacionais (in Portuguese). Portal do Governo. Archived from the original on 2007-01-27. Retrieved 2007-02-27.
Jump up ^ "O que significa dia-multa" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2009-12-02.
Jump up ^ "Símbolos Nacionais" (in Portuguese). Presidency of the Portuguese Republic. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
^ Jump up to: a b Jorge Candeias; António Martins (1999-12-19). "How to fold the portuguese national flag". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
Jump up ^ "Distintivos" (in Portuguese). Associação Nacional de Cruzeiros (A.N.C.). 1997-10-14. Retrieved 2007-02-27.
^ Jump up to: a b "Portuguese governmental flags". Portugal. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-03-01.
Jump up ^ "Resolução da Assembleia da República nº 73/2006: Bandeira de hastear da Assembleia da República" (PDF). Diário da República. 1st (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional da Casa da Moeda, S.A. (248): 8574–8575. 2006-12-28. Retrieved 2010-01-06.
Further reading[edit]
Coelho, Trindade (1908). Manual político do cidadão portuguêz (in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Porto: Emprésa Litteraria e Typographica. OCLC 6129820.
Pinheiro, Columbano Bordalo (1910). Bandeira Nacional: Modelo approvado pelo Governo Provisorio da Republica Portuguesa (in Portuguese) (1st ed.). Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional. OCLC 24780919.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Portugal.
Portugal at Flags of the World
Presidency of the Republic — Official portal (in Portuguese)
Museum of the Presidency of the Republic (in Portuguese)
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