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Marginal cost
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A typical marginal cost curve with marginal revenue overlaid. Price is on the vertical axis and quantity on the horizontal axis.
In economics, marginal cost is the change in the opportunity cost that arises when the quantity produced is incremented by one unit, that is, it is the cost of producing one more unit of a good.[1] Intuitively, marginal cost at each level of production includes the cost of any additional inputs required to produce the next unit. At each level of production and time period being considered, marginal costs include all costs that vary with the level of production, whereas other costs that do not vary with production are considered fixed. For example, the marginal cost of producing an automobile will generally include the costs of labor and parts needed for the additional automobile and not the fixed costs of the factory that have already been incurred. In practice, marginal analysis is segregated into short and long-run cases, so that, over the long run, all costs (including fixed costs) become marginal.
If the cost function C {\displaystyle C} is differentiable, the marginal cost M C {\displaystyle MC} is the first derivative of the cost function with respect to the quantity Q {\displaystyle Q} .[2]
M C ( Q ) = d C d Q {\displaystyle MC(Q)={\frac {\ dC}{\ dQ}}}
The marginal cost can be a function of quantity if the cost function is non-linear. If the cost function is not differentiable, the marginal cost can be expressed as follows.
M C = Δ C Δ Q {\displaystyle MC={\frac {\Delta C}{\Delta Q}}}
where Δ {\displaystyle \Delta } denotes an incremental change of one unit.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cost functions and relationship to average cost
2 Economies of scale
3 Perfectly competitive supply curve
4 Decisions taken based on marginal costs
5 Relationship to fixed costs
6 Private versus social marginal cost
6.1 Negative externalities of production
6.2 Positive externalities of production
7 See also
8 References
Cost functions and relationship to average cost[edit]
In the simplest case, the total cost function and its derivative are expressed as follows, where Q represents the production quantity, VC represents variable costs, FC represents fixed costs and TC represents total costs.
Since (by definition) fixed costs do not vary with production quantity, it drops out of the equation when it is differentiated. The important conclusion is that marginal cost is not related to fixed costs. This can be compared with average total cost or ATC, which is the total cost divided by the number of units produced and does include fixed costs.
A T C = C 0 + Δ C Q {\displaystyle ATC={\frac {C_{0}+\Delta C}{Q}}}
For discrete calculation without calculus, marginal cost equals the change in total (or variable) cost that comes with each additional unit produced. In contrast, incremental cost is the composition of total cost from the surrogate of contributions, where any increment is determined by the contribution of the cost factors, not necessarily by single units.
For instance, suppose the total cost of making 1 shoe is $30 and the total cost of making 2 shoes is $40. The marginal cost of producing the second shoe is $40 – $30 = $10.
Marginal cost is not the cost of producing the "next" or "last" unit.[3] As Silberberg and Suen note, the cost of the last unit is the same as the cost of the first unit and every other unit. In the short run, increasing production requires using more of the variable input — conventionally assumed to be labor. Adding more labor to a fixed capital stock reduces the marginal product of labor because of the diminishing marginal returns. This reduction in productivity is not limited to the additional labor needed to produce the marginal unit – the productivity of every unit of labor is reduced. Thus the costs of producing the marginal unit of output has two components: the cost associated with producing the marginal unit and the increase in average costs for all units produced due to the "damage" to the entire productive process (∂AC/∂q)q. The first component is the per unit or average cost. The second unit is the small increase in costs due to the law of diminishing marginal returns which increases the costs of all units of sold.
Marginal costs can also be expressed as the cost per unit of labor divided by the marginal product of labor.[4]
M C = Δ V C Δ Q {\displaystyle MC={\frac {\Delta VC}{\Delta Q}}}
Δ V C = w Δ L {\displaystyle \Delta VC={w\Delta L}}
M C = w Δ L Δ Q {\displaystyle MC={\frac {w\Delta L}{\Delta Q}}}
Because Δ L Δ Q {\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta L}{\Delta Q}}} is the change in quantity of labor that affects a one unit change in output, this implies that this equals 1 M P L {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{MPL}}} .
where MPL is the ratio of increase in the quantity produced per unit increase in labour i.e. ΔQ/ΔL. Therefore, M C = w M P L {\displaystyle MC={\frac {w}{MPL}}} [5] Since the wage rate is assumed constant, marginal cost and marginal product of labor have an inverse relationship—if marginal cost is increasing (decreasing) the marginal product of labor is decreasing (increasing).[6]
Economies of scale[edit]
Economies of scale applies to the long run, a span of time in which all inputs can be varied by the firm so that there are no fixed inputs or fixed costs. Production may be subject to economies of scale (or diseconomies of scale). Economies of scale are said to exist if an additional unit of output can be produced for less than the average of all previous units— that is, if long-run marginal cost is below long-run average cost, so the latter is falling. Conversely, there may be levels of production where marginal cost is higher than average cost, and the average cost is an increasing function of output. For this generic case, minimum average cost occurs at the point where average cost and marginal cost are equal (when plotted, the marginal cost curve intersects the average cost curve from below); this point will not be at the minimum for marginal cost if fixed costs are greater than 0.
Perfectly competitive supply curve[edit]
The portion of the marginal cost curve above its intersection with the average variable cost curve is the supply curve for a firm operating in a perfectly competitive market. (the portion of the MC curve below its intersection with the AVC curve is not part of the supply curve because a firm would not operate at price below the shutdown point) This is not true for firms operating in other market structures. For example, while a monopoly "has" an MC curve it does not have a supply curve. In a perfectly competitive market, a supply curve shows the quantity a seller's willing and able to supply at each price – for each price, there is a unique quantity that would be supplied. The one-to-one relationship simply is absent in the case of a monopoly. With a monopoly, there could be an infinite number of prices associated with a given quantity. It all depends on the shape and position of the demand curve and its accompanying marginal revenue curve.
Decisions taken based on marginal costs[edit]
In perfectly competitive markets, firms decide the quantity to be produced based on marginal costs and sale price. If the sale price is higher than the marginal cost, then they supply the unit and sell it. If the marginal cost is higher than the price, it would not be profitable to produce it. So the production will be carried out until the marginal cost is equal to the sale price. In other words, firms refuse to sell if the marginal cost is greater than the market price.[7]
Relationship to fixed costs[edit]
Marginal costs are not affected by changes in fixed cost. Marginal costs can be expressed as ∆C(q)∕∆Q. Since fixed costs do not vary with (depend on) changes in quantity, MC is ∆VC∕∆Q. Thus if fixed cost were to double, the cost of MC would not be affected, and consequently, the profit-maximizing quantity and price would not change. This can be illustrated by graphing the short run total cost curve and the short-run variable cost curve. The shapes of the curves are identical. Each curve initially increases at a decreasing rate, reaches an inflection point, then increases at an increasing rate. The only difference between the curves is that the SRVC curve begins from the origin while the SRTC curve originates on the y-axis. The distance of the origin of the SRTC above the origin represents the fixed cost – the vertical distance between the curves. This distance remains constant as the quantity produced, Q, increases. MC is the slope of the SRVC curve. A change in fixed cost would be reflected by a change in the vertical distance between the SRTC and SRVC curve. Any such change would have no effect on the shape of the SRVC curve and therefore its slope at any point – MC.
Private versus social marginal cost[edit]
Main article: Social cost
Of great importance in the theory of marginal cost is the distinction between the marginal private and social costs. The marginal private cost shows the cost associated to the firm in question. It is the marginal private cost that is used by business decision makers in their profit maximization goals. Marginal social cost is similar to private cost in that it includes the cost of private enterprise but also any other cost (or offsetting benefit) to society to parties having no direct association with purchase or sale of the product. It incorporates all negative and positive externalities, of both production and consumption. Examples might include a social cost from air pollution affecting third parties or a social benefit from flu shots protecting others from infection.
Externalities are costs (or benefits) that are not borne by the parties to the economic transaction. A producer may, for example, pollute the environment, and others may bear those costs. A consumer may consume a good which produces benefits for society, such as education; because the individual does not receive all of the benefits, he may consume less than efficiency would suggest. Alternatively, an individual may be a smoker or alcoholic and impose costs on others. In these cases, production or consumption of the good in question may differ from the optimum level.
Negative externalities of production[edit]
Negative Externalities of Production
Much of the time, private and social costs do not diverge from one another, but at times social costs may be either greater or less than private costs. When marginal social costs of production are greater than that of the private cost function, we see the occurrence of a negative externality of production. Productive processes that result in pollution are a textbook example of production that creates negative externalities.
Such externalities are a result of firms externalizing their costs onto a third party in order to reduce their own total cost. As a result of externalizing such costs, we see that members of society will be negatively affected by such behavior of the firm. In this case, we see that an increased cost of production in society creates a social cost curve that depicts a greater cost than the private cost curve.
In an equilibrium state, we see that markets creating negative externalities of production will overproduce that good. As a result, the socially optimal production level would be lower than that observed.
Positive externalities of production[edit]
Positive Externalities of Production
When marginal social costs of production are less than that of the private cost function, we see the occurrence of a positive externality of production. Production of public goods are a textbook example of production that create positive externalities. An example of such a public good, which creates a divergence in social and private costs, includes the production of education. It is often seen that education is a positive for any whole society, as well as a positive for those directly involved in the market.
Examining the relevant diagram we see that such production creates a social cost curve that is less than that of the private curve. In an equilibrium state, we see that markets creating positive externalities of production will underproduce that good. As a result, the socially optimal production level would be greater than that observed.
See also[edit]
Average cost
Break even analysis
Cost
Cost curve
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
Cost-sharing mechanism
Economic surplus
Marginal concepts
Marginal factor cost
Marginal product of labor
Marginal revenue
Merit goods
References[edit]
Jump up ^ O'Sullivan, Arthur; Sheffrin, Steven M. (2003). Economics: Principles in Action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 111. ISBN 0-13-063085-3.
Jump up ^ Simon, Carl; Blume, Lawrence (1994). Mathematics for Economists. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393957330.
Jump up ^ Silberberg & Suen, The Structure of Economics, A Mathematical Analysis 3rd ed. (McGraw-Hill 2001) at 181.
Jump up ^ See http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/economics/14-01-principles-of-microeconomics-fall-2007/lecture-notes/14_01_lec13.pdf.
Jump up ^ Chia-Hui Chen, course materials for 14.01 Principles of Microeconomics, Fall 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [12 Sept 2009].
Jump up ^ Note also that AVC = VC/Q=wL/Q = w/(Q/L) OR w/APL
Jump up ^ "Piana V. (2011), Refusal to sell - a key concept in Economics and Management, Economics Web Institute."
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List of Miami Dolphins seasons
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of seasons completed by the Miami Dolphins American football franchise of the National Football League (NFL). The list documents the season-by-season records of the Dolphins franchise from 1966 to present, including postseason records, and league awards for individual players or head coaches.
Although the Miami Dolphins were not successful before joining the NFL, from 1970 when they played their first season after the AFL–NFL merger until 2001 they were one of the most successful teams in the league, playing in the postseason on 22 occasions over those 32 years and winning 335 and tying two of 528 games for an overall win percentage of 63.6. Early in this period the Dolphins won their only two Super Bowls in consecutive seasons, in the process achieving the only modern-day perfect season in any major professional sports league during only their third year in the NFL. Much of this success was orchestrated by coach Don Shula who joined the team in 1970 and stayed with them until his retirement in 1995.
After Shula retired in 1995, the Dolphins remained a force for six years under successors Jimmy Johnson and Dave Wannstedt, but since 2002 and especially since 2004 have fallen on harder times, reaching the postseason only twice in the twelve seasons since. In 2007, they nearly suffered an imperfect season, winning only one game in overtime.
For complete team history, see History of the Miami Dolphins.
Seasons[edit]
Super Bowl Champions (1970–present) Conference Champions Division Champions Wild Card Berth One-Game Playoff Berth
Franchise records according to Pro-Football Reference.com[1]
Season
Team
League
Conference
Division
Regular Season
Post Season Results
Awards
Head coaches
Finish
Wins
Losses
Ties
1966
1966 AFL Eastern 5th 3 11 0 George Wilson
1967
1967 AFL Eastern 4th 4 10 0
1968
1968 AFL Eastern 3rd 5 8 1
1969
1969 AFL Eastern 5th 3 10 1
1970
1970 NFL AFC East 2nd 10 4 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Raiders) 14–21 Don Shula
1971
1971 NFL AFC East 1st 10 3 1 Won Divisional Playoffs (at Chiefs) 27–24 (OT)
Won Conference Championship (Colts) 21–0
Lost Super Bowl VI (vs. Cowboys) 3–24
1972
1972 NFL AFC East 1st 14 0 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Browns) 20–14
Won Conference Championship (at Steelers) 21–17
Won Super Bowl VII (1) (vs. Redskins) 14–7 Don Shula (COY)
Jake Scott (SB MVP)
Earl Morrall (CBPOY)
1973
1973 NFL AFC East 1st 12 2 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Bengals) 34–16
Won Conference Championship (Raiders) 27–10
Won Super Bowl VIII (2) (vs. Vikings) 24–7 Dick Anderson (DPOY)
Larry Csonka (SB MVP)
Garo Yepremian (PB MVP)
1974
1974 NFL AFC East 1st 11 3 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Raiders) 26–28
1975
1975 NFL AFC East 2nd 10 4 0
1976
1976 NFL AFC East 3rd 6 8 0
1977
1977 NFL AFC East 2nd 10 4 0 A. J. Duhe (DROY)
1978
1978 NFL AFC East 2nd 11 5 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Oilers) 9–17
1979
1979 NFL AFC East 1st 10 6 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Steelers) 14–34 Larry Csonka (CBPOY)
1980
1980 NFL AFC East 3rd 8 8 0
1981
1981 NFL AFC East 1st 11 4 1 Lost Divisional Playoffs (Chargers) 38–41 (OT)
1982
1982 NFL AFC 2nd1 7 2 0 Won First Round (Patriots) 28–13
Won Second Round (Chargers) 34–13
Won Conference Championship (Jets) 14–0
Lost Super Bowl XVII (vs. Redskins) 17–27
1983
1983 NFL AFC East 1st 12 4 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs (Seahawks) 20–27 Doug Betters (DPOY)
1984
1984 NFL AFC East 1st 14 2 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Seahawks) 31–10
Won Conference Championship (Steelers) 45–28
Lost Super Bowl XIX (vs. 49ers) 16–38 Dan Marino (MVP, OPOY)
1985
1985 NFL AFC East 1st 12 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Browns) 24–21
Lost Conference Championship (Patriots) 14–31 Dwight Stephenson (WPMOY)
1986
1986 NFL AFC East 3rd 8 8 0
1987
1987 NFL AFC East 3rd 8 7 0 Troy Stradford (OROY)
1988
1988 NFL AFC East 5th 6 10 0
1989
1989 NFL AFC East 3rd 8 8 0
1990
1990 NFL AFC East 2nd 12 4 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs (Chiefs) 17–16
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Bills) 34–44
1991
1991 NFL AFC East 3rd 8 8 0
1992
1992 NFL AFC East 1st 11 5 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Chargers) 31–0
Lost Conference Championship (Bills) 10–29
1993
1993 NFL AFC East 2nd 9 7 0
1994
1994 NFL AFC East 1st 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs (Chiefs) 27–17
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Chargers) 21–22 Tim Bowens (DROY)
Dan Marino (CBPOY)
1995
1995 NFL AFC East 3rd 9 7 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Bills) 22–37
1996
1996 NFL AFC East 4th 8 8 0 Jimmy Johnson
1997
1997 NFL AFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Patriots) 3–17
1998
1998 NFL AFC East 2nd 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs (Bills) 24–17
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Broncos) 3–38 Dan Marino (WPMOY)
1999
1999 NFL AFC East 3rd 9 7 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs (at Seahawks) 20–17
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Jaguars) 7–62
2000
2000 NFL AFC East 1st 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs (Colts) 23–17 (OT)
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Raiders) 0–27 Dave Wannstedt
2001
2001 NFL AFC East 2nd 11 5 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Ravens) 3–20
2002
2002 NFL AFC East 3rd 9 7 0 Ricky Williams (PB MVP)
2003
2003 NFL AFC East 2nd 10 6 0
2004
2004 NFL AFC East 4th 4 12 0 Dave Wannstedt (1–8)
Jim Bates (3–4)
2005
2005 NFL AFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Nick Saban
2006
2006 NFL AFC East 4th 6 10 0 Jason Taylor (DPOY)
2007
2007 NFL AFC East 4th 1 15 0 Jason Taylor (WPMOY) Cam Cameron
2008
2008 NFL AFC East 1st 11 5 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Ravens) 9–27 Chad Pennington (CBPOY) Tony Sparano
2009
2009 NFL AFC East 3rd 7 9 0
2010
2010 NFL AFC East 3rd 7 9 0
2011
2011 NFL AFC East 3rd 6 10 0 Brandon Marshall (PB MVP) Tony Sparano (4–9)
Todd Bowles (2–1)
2012
2012 NFL AFC East 2nd 7 9 0 Joe Philbin
2013
2013 NFL AFC East 3rd 8 8 0
2014
2014 NFL AFC East 3rd 8 8 0
2015
2015 NFL AFC East 4th 6 10 0 Joe Philbin (1–3)
Dan Campbell (5–7)
2016
2016 NFL AFC East 2nd 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Steelers) 12–30 Adam Gase
2017
2017 NFL AFC East 3rd 6 10 0
Totals
445
351
4
All-time regular season record (1960–2017)
20
21
0
All-time postseason record (1960–2017)
465
372
4
All-time regular & postseason record (1960–2017)
Note: Statistics are correct through the end of the 2017 NFL season.
1 Due to a strike-shortened season in 1982, all teams were ranked by conference instead of division.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Miami Dolphins Franchise Encyclopedia". Pro-Football Reference.
External links[edit]
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Jack Reacher (book series)
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Jack Reacher is a fictional protagonist of a series of novels, novellas and short stories by British author Lee Child.[1] A former major in the United States Army Military Police Corps, Reacher roams the United States taking odd jobs and investigating suspicious and frequently dangerous situations. The Reacher novels are written either in the first-person or third-person. The schedule for the Reacher series, previously one-per-year, was increased in 2010 with the release of both 61 Hours and Worth Dying For. Most of the novels are set in the United States, in locales ranging from major metropolitan areas like New York City and Los Angeles to small towns in the Midwestern and Southern United States. To date, Reacher's travels outside the US have taken him to rural England (The Hard Way), London (Personal), Hamburg (Night School) and Paris, France, where Reacher and his brother visit their dead mother's grave.
Contents
[hide]
1 Novel series
2 Short stories and novellas
2.1 "Second Son"
2.2 "Deep Down"
2.3 "Guy Walks into a Bar"
2.4 "James Penney's New Identity"
2.5 "High Heat"
2.6 "Everyone Talks"
2.7 "Not a Drill"
2.8 "Good and Valuable Consideration"
2.9 "Small Wars"
2.10 "The Picture of the Lonely Diner"
2.11 "No Middle Name" - The Complete Collected Short Stories
3 Other authors' works
4 In-story chronology
5 Reception
6 In other media
6.1 Films
7 References
Novel series[edit]
Series no.
Title
ISBN
Date of publication
1st/3rd person
Summary
1 Killing Floor 0-515-12344-7 March 1997 1st Jack Reacher gets off a Greyhound bus in the fictional town of Margrave, Georgia, because he remembers his brother mentioning that a blues musician named Blind Blake died there. Much to his surprise, shortly after his arrival, he is arrested in a local diner for murder. He must try to prove his innocence.
- Though the first published novel, it is the fourth one in terms of the in-story chronology.[2]
2 Die Trying 0-399-14379-3 July 1998 3rd Just as Reacher helps Holly Johnson, an attractive young woman struggling with her crutches on a Chicago street, they are both kidnapped at gunpoint. Reacher and the woman are thrown into a dark van and taken 2,000 miles across America, completely unaware why they were kidnapped and where they are going. Finding themselves trapped in a seemingly remote place, they must work together to find the answers.
3 Tripwire 0-515-14307-3 July 1999 3rd Reacher is in Key West, digging pools by hand and moonlighting as a bouncer for a topless bar. He discovers the body of a New York investigator hired by "Mrs. Jacob" to find him. He finds out that she is attorney Jodie Garber, daughter of General Leon Garber, Reacher's mentor and surrogate father in the Army. She wants his help investigating her father's last project, a search on behalf of the elderly parents of their military MIA son. They soon find themselves hunted by a psychopath businessman and military criminal crippled in the Vietnam War, who has a shadowy business and other secrets to protect. Reacher inherits a house and a steady girlfriend, and contemplates sedentary life.
4 The Visitor (UK)
Running Blind (US) 978-0-515-14350-8 April 2000 3rd Two women are found dead in their own homes—in baths filled with Army-issue camouflage paint, their bodies completely unmarked. Jack Reacher knew them, and he knows that they both left the Army under dubious circumstances, both victims of sexual harassment. Reacher is under suspicion and arrested; as a former US military policeman, a loner and a drifter, he matches the psychological criminal profile prepared by FBI Special Agent Julia Lamarr. When another woman is killed the same way while Reacher is under surveillance, he is released but pressured into helping the murder investigation. He has to find out what they have in common and why someone would kill more.
5 Echo Burning 0-515-13331-0 April 2001 3rd Reacher hitches a ride in Texas. Carmen, the driver, is a mother of a young girl trapped in an abusive marriage and requests Reacher's help. After some deliberation Reacher consents. However, at her remote ranch in Echo County Reacher encounters lies, prejudice and hatred climaxing in Carmen being arrested for the murder of her husband. With Carmen's true motives cast into doubt, Reacher finds himself investigating the truth.
6 Without Fail 978-0-515-14431-4 April 2002 3rd Reacher arrives in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and is intercepted by Mary Ellen (M. E.) Froelich, a beautiful Secret Service agent. She has a special request: that Reacher tell her the various ways, were he an actual assassin, in which he could kill the Vice-President; being made aware of any such methods would help her considerably in tightening her security detail in order to protect the Vice-President's life. He accepts the challenge, enlisting old colleague Frances Neagley to help carry out the mission. Suspicious and threatening letters have been sent to the Vice-President and intercepted by his protective team. Together, they attempt to find those responsible.
7 Persuader 978-0-440-24598-8 April 2003 1st Walking along the street, Reacher sees Quinn, a man who should be dead: dead as he was responsible for the murder of two of Reacher's colleagues ten years back. Now a chance encounter outside Boston's Symphony Hall shows Reacher that Francis Xavier Quinn got away with murder. Reacher teams up with the DEA to penetrate a smuggling ring in order to get back at Quinn.
8 The Enemy 0-553-81585-7 April 2004 1st In-story, this novel is set first chronologically.[2] On New Year's Day, 1990, in a North Carolina motel, a two-star general is found dead, suspected to have suffered a heart attack while engaging in coitus with a prostitute. Within minutes, Reacher is ordered to contain the situation to prevent embarrassment to the US Army. But matters escalate when Reacher discovers the general's briefcase is missing and is tasked with recovering an important agenda present in it.
9 One Shot 0-385-33668-3 April 2005 3rd In an innocent heartland city, five murders with six shots are done by an expert sniper. The police quickly identify and arrest a suspect, and build a slam-dunk case with iron-clad evidence. But the accused man claims he's innocent and says "Get Jack Reacher." Reacher himself sees the news report and turns up in the city. The defense is immensely relieved; but Reacher has come to bury the guy. Shocked by the request of the accused, Reacher sets out to confirm for himself the absolute certainty of the man's guilt, but comes up with more than he bargained for.
- This novel was adapted for the screen in 2012 as Jack Reacher, with Tom Cruise in the title role.
10 The Hard Way 0-385-33669-1 May 2006 3rd After witnessing an exchange of $1,000,000. Jack Reacher is hired by the underhanded director of a private military company to rescue his wife and stepchild, who appear to have been kidnapped. Reacher- enlisting the help of an ex-FBI private investigator -uncovers clues that might lead to a rescue, learning about the director's mysterious past in the process. The investigation leads him to the truth, and ultimately engage in a gun battle on a farm in Norfolk, England. The novel is set primarily in New York City.
11 Bad Luck and Trouble 0-385-34055-9 April 2007 3rd Reacher is content with his choice of being a loner, a wanderer and being almost impossible to find. But someone makes a small anonymous deposit into his bank account, which triggers Reacher's fixation for math and his investigative instincts. Reacher deduces that the deposit is a signal only the eight former members of his elite team of army investigators would use. Obsessed with math like Reacher, Frances Neagley locates him because of the brutal death of one of their own. They race to reunite with the survivors of their old team and raise the living, bury the dead, and connect the dots in a mystery that grows more complex with more murders. With the lives of those Reacher considers family at stake, his usual emotionless demeanor breaks and he says of the killers, "They are dead men walking." The team falls into their old roles and routines with ease, their motto still their sacred rule: You do not mess with the Special Investigators.
12 Nothing to Lose 978-059-305702-5 March 2008 3rd Traveling from the town of Hope, Colorado to the neighboring town of Despair, Reacher finds that he is an unwelcome visitor, which fuels his curiosity. Reacher decides to investigate the mystery behind the town's unwelcoming disposition towards visitors, unraveling in the process the secrets of Thurman, a powerful businessman who has employed the majority of the population of Despair to work in his recycling factory.
13 Gone Tomorrow 978-0-440-24368-7 April 2009 1st Reacher takes the subway late at night, habitually checking out his fellow passengers. Four of them are okay, but the fifth is not. Checking against his mental list for suicide bombers, he comes to the conclusion that the fifth is one. He is puzzled with her choice of timing and place, as it is not crowded; on the contrary the subway was exceedingly empty. He reasons with her, but she shoots herself; thereby proving Reacher wrong when he concluded she was a bomber. His determination to discover why she killed herself forms the plot of the story.
14 61 Hours 978-0-440-24369-4 March 2010 3rd In South Dakota, a tourist bus crashes during a savage snow storm with Jack Reacher in it. Reacher gets caught up in a hunt for a murderer and the protection of a key witness.
15 Worth Dying For 978-0-385-34431-9 September 2010 3rd Reacher arrives late one night in a rural Nebraska town. In the town's fading motel bar he overhears a drunk doctor's refusal to attend a victim of domestic abuse. Reacher intervenes, getting the doctor to attend to the victim while breaking the nose of the husband responsible for the abuse. It turns out that the husband is the scion of the powerful and rich Duncan clan, which maintains authority in that part of Nebraska. Reacher's intervention causes him to end up embroiled in a smuggling ring and an unsolved disappearance from twenty-five years prior.
16 The Affair 978-0-440-24630-5 27 September 2011 1st March 1997. Six months before the events of Killing Floor. Jack Reacher is still in the army, and there is big trouble in a small town in Mississippi, where a soldier's girlfriend is found with her throat cut from ear to ear. Reacher must determine whether the killer is local, or from nearby Fort Kelham, a large base used by elite Army Rangers. Reacher's orders are to go undercover, keep his distance, and monitor the investigation. The army's official investigation and Reacher's undercover search point to different suspects, which puts pressure on Reacher, who must decide whether to speak out.
- This is the third novel chronologically.[2]
17 A Wanted Man 978-0-440-24631-2 11 September 2012 3rd In order to get to Virginia, Reacher hitches a ride from a group of three—two men and a woman. An hour behind them, the FBI descends on an old pumping station where a man was stabbed to death—the knife work professional, the killers nowhere to be seen. At the same time Reacher discovers the woman appears to be kidnapped and that the two men are the kidnappers. Reacher now finds himself tied to a volatile situation and it is up to him to try and defuse it.
18 Never Go Back 978-0-593-06574-7 3 September 2013 3rd Culminating the story arc extending from 61 Hours, Reacher makes it to his destination in northeastern Virginia: the headquarters of his old unit, the 110th MP. On arriving though, Reacher finds out that the new commanding officer, Major Susan Turner, has been arrested. Soon he too finds himself taken into custody, pending the trail of two crimes he allegedly committed while he was in the army. Reacher and Turner set out on a journey; Turner in hopes of clearing her name and Reacher to prove the charges fraudulent or if true then atone for them.
- This novel was adapted for the screen in 2016 as Jack Reacher: Never Go Back, with Tom Cruise in the title role.
19 Personal 978-0-5930-7382-7 28 August 2014 1st Reacher is tasked with finding out the person responsible for taking a long distance shot at the French President, one of the suspects being a man Reacher tracked down once and put in jail sixteen years back for murder.
20 Make Me 978-0-8041-7877-8 8 September 2015 3rd Reacher makes a stop in an agrarian town called Mother's Rest. There a woman, Michelle Chang, enlists his help to find a missing colleague.
21 Night School 0804178801 8 November 2016 3rd Early 1996 finds Reacher, still in the army and fresh off a successful mission, placed into a top-secret multi-agency task force. A CIA informant in a Jihadist sleeper cell in Hamburg, Germany, has relayed the message "The American wants a hundred million dollars". With little else to go on, Reacher and his new associates are tasked with finding the buyer and the seller and determining what is being sold. Along with his longtime righthand-woman Sergeant Frances Neagley, Reacher heads to recently reunified Germany to get to the heart of the matter, and he quickly finds himself skirting neo-Nazi elements as he pursues the Middle-Eastern terrorists and the American traitor.
- This is the second novel chronologically.[2]
22 The Midnight Line 978-0-3995-9348-2 7 November 2017 3rd - It follows the novella "Too Much Time" that is included in the collection of short stories in No Middle Name Released in May 2017.
23 Past Tense November 2018
Short stories and novellas[edit]
Reacher has also appeared in several short stories by Child. "Second Son," "Deep Down" and "Not a Drill" were all released originally for the Amazon Kindle although "Second Son" was later included in the American & Canadian paperback and Kindle editions of The Affair,[3] and "Deep Down" with the American & Canadian paperback and Kindle editions of A Wanted Man.[4] "High Heat" with the American paperback and Kindle editions of Never Go Back, "Everyone Talks" with the UK edition of Never Go Back, and "Not a Drill" with the American paperback of Personal.
"Second Son"[edit]
"Second Son" is a snapshot of the life of Reacher and his family circa 1974, while they are stationed on a military base in Okinawa. Upon arriving they immediately get into deep trouble that is compounded by some bad news. The action is interspersed with contemplative moments, such as when 13-year-old Jack's grandfather, a prosthetic-limb maker and World War I veteran in Paris, recounts that "… a great war leaves a country with three armies: an army of cripples, an army of mourners, and an army of thieves."
"Deep Down"[edit]
In 1986, summoned by military intelligence to Washington, DC, Reacher is sent undercover. The assignment that awaits him: the army is meeting with its Capitol Hill paymasters for classified talks on a new, state-of-the-art sniper rifle for US forces. But vital details about the weapon are leaking from someone at the top of the federal government and probably into the hands of unidentified foreign arms dealers. The prospect of any and every terrorist, mercenary, or dictator's militia getting their hands on the latest superior firepower is unthinkable. Reacher is tasked with infiltrating the top-secret proceedings and revealing the traitor. He targets a quartet of high-powered Army political liaison officers—all of them fast-track women on their way to the top. According to his bosses, it's a zero-danger mission, but Reacher knows that things are rarely what they seem.
"Guy Walks into a Bar"[edit]
The story is set in the moments before the beginning of the novel Gone Tomorrow. Reacher, while at a blues music club, observes what he believes to be the beginning of a kidnapping as part of a Russian mafia dispute. This story was published in The New York Times on 6 June 2009.
"James Penney's New Identity"[edit]
The story features Reacher, still in the Army as a captain, helping James Penney, a Vietnam War veteran who has recently been made redundant at work and had his car stolen. When Penney unknowingly becomes a fugitive (after he accidentally burns down two neighbours' houses in the course of deliberately burning down his own in an act of frustration after being fired), Reacher helps Penney obtain a new identity so he can start a new life. The story has appeared in Fresh Blood 3 (1999), an anthology of mystery short stories edited by Mike Ripley and Maxim Jakubowski,[5] and in Thriller (2006), a short story anthology of thrillers written by International Thrillers, Inc. members and edited by James Patterson.[citation needed]
"High Heat"[edit]
This novella, published in 2013,[6] opens on 13 July 1977[7] with an almost seventeen year old Reacher stopping by in New York in the middle of a heat wave to visit his brother at West Point when he encounters a woman (Jill Hemingway) being assaulted by a man. He drives off the man after a small scuffle, only to learn that the man is Croselli, one of the mob bosses of New York City. Croselli had slapped Hemingway for wearing a wire tape, and from this he deduced that Hemingway was an FBI agent. Hemingway warns him to leave the city before midnight or else Croselli would have his men kill him. They then part ways.
Reacher then meets a brunette, Chrissie at a coffee shop and they agree to go CBGB together using Chrissie's car. Inside the club they find Hemingway along with one of Croselli's henchmen, who promptly calls his boss on seeing Reacher. Meanwhile, Reacher gets to know that Jill Hemingway had been suspended from the FBI, pending review as part of the deal cut by Croselli with the FBI and that she was planning to bring him down. Reacher takes care of the henchman, just before a power outage strikes, before making his escape with Chrissie.
Chrissie and Reacher then make out in her car, when they encounter the Son of Sam, a serial killer who killed couples making out in cars. Son of Sam couldn't see Chrissie and leaves, but not before Reacher gets a good look at his posture and mannerisms.
Reacher and Chrissie then meet Hemingway outside Croselli's hideout. Hemingway informs Reacher that due to the outage, Croselli's men were out protecting various businesses that paid him money, from looters and plunderers, leaving Croselli alone in his warren. Chrissie and Reacher part ways and then Reacher breaks into the hideout to take care of Croselli but not before he gets him to profess his various crimes on tape. Reacher leaves Croselli tied to a chair with the tape at his feet and Hemingway calls in the FBI.
Hemingway also makes a call to the New York Police Department about the Son of Sam based on the description given to her by Reacher. They then go to a motel where Jill dies of a myocardial infarction.[8] Reacher leaves the motel after informing the police of her death.
The story ends with the Son of Sam being apprehended 28 days after the outage, based on Reacher's description.
This story was initially released exclusively in the eBook format.[6]
"Everyone Talks"[edit]
A short story published as part of the UK hardback edition of Never Go Back, the story is told from the perspective of a female detective investigating an alleged shooting. Reacher, while in hospital, relates the events prior to the story beginning. This was also included in the June–July 2012 Esquire magazine. This story was also included as a small book with the Blu ray release of the movie Jack Reacher Never go Back, released February 2017 in the US. the book is 5.5 X 6.75 inches, 10 pages, a few illustrations, some color, some black and white.
"Not a Drill"[edit]
Hitchhiking in Maine near the Canada–US border, Reacher is picked up by a trio of Canadians who claim to be outdoor enthusiasts. At the end of the road trip, Reacher parts ways with his companions and finds himself near a hiking trail sealed off by the US Army under mysterious circumstances. Reacher subsequently investigates the closure of the trail when one of the Canadians returns to seek his help.
"Good and Valuable Consideration"[edit]
This short story, co written by Lee Child and Joseph Finder, opens with Jack Reacher encountering two men, Nick Heller, a private spy and Jerry DeLong, a forensic accountant. Reacher and Heller soon find out that the chief enforcer for the Albanian mafia in Boston, Alex Dushku (also known as "Allie Boy"), will soon arrive to meet DeLong whom he is coercing into giving one of his enterprises a clean chit in a purported audit to be conducted by DeLong. Outside the bar, Reacher and Heller beat Dushku unconscious and steal his bribe money, which they then split between themselves before parting ways. DeLong, not having received the bribe money, is no longer under contractual obligation to carry out the subterfuge.
"Small Wars"[edit]
This story is set in 1989, when Jack Reacher is serving as an officer in the military police. A young lieutenant colonel in a stylish handmade uniform roars through the damp woods of Georgia in her new silver Porsche, until she meets a very tall soldier with a broken-down car.
"The Picture of the Lonely Diner"[edit]
This story takes place in Manhattan's Flatiron District. Jack Reacher has an unusual encounter in a diner reminiscent of the Edward Hopper painting "Nighthawks". It was part of the Mystery Writers' Guild anthology Manhattan Mayhem edited by Mary Higgins Clark.
"No Middle Name" - The Complete Collected Short Stories[edit]
This anthology includes a novella, "Too Much Time", and the short stories"Deep Down", "Everyone Talks", "Guy Walks into a Bar", "High Heat", "James Penney’s New Identity" (the original version which is longer), "Maybe They Have a Tradition", "No Room at the Motel", "Not a Drill", "Second Son", "Small Wars", and "The Picture of the Lonely Diner".
Other authors' works[edit]
Reacher is mentioned several times in the Stephen King novel Under the Dome, where he is described by the character Colonel Cox as "the toughest goddam Army cop that ever served, in my humble opinion."[9] Lee Child's endorsement of Under the Dome appears on the cover of at least one edition of the book.[citation needed]
Reacher is referred to in the Hunt for Reacher series of novels and short stories by Diane Capri, but is never explicitly seen. Capri has said in an interview that the series was inspired by her wondering "What's [Reacher] doing between books?"[10]
In the introduction to the short story "Good and Valuable Consideration," it is mentioned that while creating his 'Nick Heller' series character, Joseph Finder borrowed many cues from the Jack Reacher series.[11] The story is anthologized in the collection FaceOff, which pairs signature protagonists from two authors in co-written stories.[12]
In-story chronology[edit]
"Second Son" (short story, 2011)
"High Heat" (novella, 2013)
"Deep Down" (short story, 2012)
"Small Wars" (short story, 2015)
The Enemy (2004)
"James Penney's New Identity" (1999 edited 2006)
Night School (2016)
The Affair (2011)
Killing Floor (1997)
Die Trying (1998)
Tripwire (1999)
The Visitor - aka Running Blind (2000)
Echo Burning (2001)
Without Fail (2002)
Persuader (2003)
One Shot (2005)
The Hard Way (2006)
Bad Luck and Trouble (2007)
Nothing to Lose (2008)
"Guy Walks into a Bar..." (2009)
Gone Tomorrow (2009)
61 Hours (2010)
Worth Dying For (2010)
"Knowing you're Alive" (with Dr. Morgan Snow) (2011)
A Wanted Man (2012)
"Everyone Talks" (2013)
Never Go Back (2013)
"Not a Drill" (2014)
Personal (2014)
"Good and Valuable Consideration" (with Nick Heller) (2014) [13]
"No Room at the Motel" (2014)
"The Picture of the Lonely Diner" (2015)
Make Me (2015)
"Maybe they Have a Tradition" (2016)
"Faking a Murderer" (with Temperance Brennan) (2017)[14]
"Too Much Time" (2017)
The Midnight Line (2017)
"The Christmas Scorpion" (2017)
Past Tense (5 November 2018)
Reception[edit]
The series has sold over 60 million copies.[15]
In other media[edit]
Films[edit]
Main article: Jack Reacher (film)
Paramount Pictures hired Academy Award nominated screenwriter Josh Olson to adapt One Shot, under the title Jack Reacher. Christopher McQuarrie, Oscar-winning screenwriter for The Usual Suspects was then brought in to re-write Olson's draft.[16] It was announced in July 2011 that Tom Cruise - a 5'7" tall actor - would play Reacher, who is 6'5" tall in the books. Lee Child was quoted as saying, "Reacher's size in the books is a metaphor for an unstoppable force, which Cruise portrays in his own way."[17] All Jack Reacher books have been optioned for film.[18][full citation needed][better source needed]
Main article: Jack Reacher: Never Go Back
It was announced in September 2014 that Tom Cruise would take on the role again in a sequel. The movie will be an adaptation of the 18th Jack Reacher book Never Go Back. Christopher McQuarrie will not be directing due to other commitments with Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation also starring Cruise. When the sequel was announced, a replacement director had yet to be named.[19] Lee Child has stated "It’s going to be a new backroom crew, which I think is good. I thought the McQuarrie movie was fantastic, but let’s see someone else’s take on it."[20] The movie was released on October 21 in the United States with Edward Zwick directing.[21]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Curtis, Bryan (2012). "The Curious Case of Lee Child: Before Tom Cruise could become Jack Reacher, Jim Grant had to become Lee Child". Grantland (20 December). Retrieved 5 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Publication Order of Jack Reacher Books". Book Series in Order. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-11-18. Retrieved 2013-11-18.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived 28 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Child, Lee (1999). "James Penney's New Identity," In Fresh Blood III (Bloodlines), 163, (M. Ripley & Maxim Jakubowski, Eds.), London, GBR: Do-Not Press, ISBN 9781899344529. Accessed 5 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "High Heat: (A Jack Reacher Novella) (Kindle Single) (Jack Reacher Short Stories Book 3) eBook: Lee Child: Amazon.co.uk: Kindle Store". Retrieved 3 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Child, Lee (2013). High Heat. Delacorte Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-345-54664-7.
Jump up ^ Child, Lee (2013). High Heat. Delacorte Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-345-54664-7.
Jump up ^ King, Stephen (2009). Under the Dome: Part Two. New York, New York: Pocket Books. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-4767-6728-4. Retrieved 31 December 2016. Wettington was given a citation for helping to break up an illegal drug ring operating out of the Sixty-seventh Combat Support Hospital in Würzburg, Germany, and was personally recommended by a man named Jack Reacher, the toughest goddam Army cop that ever served, in my humble opinion.
Jump up ^ "Don't Know Jack: Interview With Diane Capri | Simplycreating". Sharonkowensimplycreating.wordpress.com.
Jump up ^ Finder, Joseph; Child, Lee (September 2014). Good And Valuable Consideration. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4767-8879-1. When Joseph Finder decided to try a series character, he took many cues from Lee Child’s Jack Reacher.
Jump up ^ Baldacci, David, ed. (2014). FaceOff. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781476762074. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
Jump up ^ This work is a crossover between the Jack Reacher and Nick Heller series, the latter with Joseph Finder.[citation needed]
Jump up ^ This work is a crossover between the Jack Reacher and Temperance Brennan series, the latter with Kathy Reichs.[citation needed]
Jump up ^ The Belfast Telegraph on the Jack Reacher books: "2012 marks a landmark year for Lee Child, whose Jack Reacher thrillers have now sold in excess of 60 million copies worldwide." (7 September 2012)
Jump up ^ McWeeny, Drew (20 October 2010). "Why hasn't Paramount started making Jack Reacher movies?". HitFix. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike (15 July 2011). "Tom Cruise Locked To Play Jack Reacher In 'One Shot' For Paramount And Skydance". Deadline. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Child, Lee (2013). Never Go Back, back cover flap, ISBN 9780593065747.[full citation needed][better source needed]
Jump up ^ Schaefer, Sandy (September 2014). "'Jack Reacher' Author Says the Movie Sequel Will Have a New Director". Screen Rant. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
Jump up ^ O'Connell, Sean (17 September 2014). "Jack Reacher 2 Is Happening, With These Changes". Cinema Blend. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Tom Cruise to attend charity movie premiere in Knoxville". WBIR (Knoxville, Tennessee). September 13, 2016.
[hide]
v
t
e
Jack Reacher books by Lee Child
Novel series
Killing Floor
Die Trying
Tripwire
The Visitor
Echo Burning
Without Fail
Persuader
The Enemy
One Shot
The Hard Way
Bad Luck and Trouble
Nothing to Lose
Gone Tomorrow
61 Hours
Worth Dying For
The Affair
A Wanted Man
Never Go Back
Personal
Make Me
Night School
The Midnight Line
Anthologies
No Middle Name
Films
Jack Reacher (2012)
Jack Reacher: Never Go Back (2016)
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