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Quorum
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Vote cast against Themistocles; a quorum of 6,000 was required for ostracism under the Athenian democracy, according to Plutarch; a similar quorum was necessary in the following century for grants of citizenship[1]
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A quorum is the minimum number of members of a deliberative assembly (a body that uses parliamentary procedure, such as a legislature) necessary to conduct the business of that group. According to Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised, the "requirement for a quorum is protection against totally unrepresentative action in the name of the body by an unduly small number of persons."[2]
The term quorum is from a Middle English wording of the commission formerly issued to justices of the peace, derived from Latin quorum, "of whom", genitive plural of qui, "who".[3] As a result, quora as plural of quorum is not a valid Latin formation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Number constituting a quorum
2 Determination of a quorum
3 Limited actions in the absence of a quorum
4 Call of the house
4.1 Examples in United States Senate
5 Quorum-busting
6 Disappearing quorum
7 By country
7.1 Australia
7.2 Austria
7.3 Canada
7.3.1 Provincial and territorial quorums
7.4 Germany
7.5 Hong Kong
7.6 India
7.7 Ireland
7.8 Philippines
7.9 Turkey
7.10 United Kingdom
7.11 United Nations
7.12 United States
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Number constituting a quorum[edit]
Each assembly determines the number of members that constitutes a quorum in its governing documents (such as in its constitution, charter, bylaws or standing orders). The quorum may also be set by law. Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised states that the quorum set in an organization's bylaws "should approximate the largest number that can be depended on to attend any meeting except in very bad weather or other extremely unfavorable conditions."[2]
In the absence of such a provision, a quorum in an assembly whose membership can be determined is a majority of the entire membership.[2] In the meetings of a convention, unless provided otherwise, a quorum is a majority of registered delegates, even if some have departed. In a mass meeting or in an organization in which the membership cannot be accurately determined, the quorum consists of those who attend the meeting.[2]
In committees and boards, a quorum is a majority of the members of the board or committee unless provided otherwise. The board or committee cannot set its own quorum unless given such power.[4] In a committee of the whole or its variants, a quorum is the same as the assembly unless otherwise provided.
In online groups, a quorum has to be determined in a different manner since no one is actually "present". The rules establishing such groups would have to prescribe this determination.[5] An example is that a quorum in such groups could be established as "present" if enough members state that they are "present" at the designated meeting time.[6]
Determination of a quorum[edit]
The chairman of the group has the responsibility to determine if a quorum is present.[7] In addition, any member can raise a point of order about an apparent absence of a quorum.[8] Because it is difficult to determine exactly when a quorum was lost, points of order relating to the absence of a quorum are "generally not permitted to affect prior action; but upon clear and convincing proof, such a point of order can be given effect retrospectively by a ruling of the presiding officer, subject to appeal."[7]
Limited actions in the absence of a quorum[edit]
When a quorum is not met, the assembly can only take limited procedural actions. These limited actions are to fix the time to which to adjourn, adjourn, recess, or take measures to obtain a quorum, such as a motion that absent members be contacted during a recess.[9]
Any other business that is conducted is not valid unless it is ratified at a later meeting where a quorum is present. However, there is no obligation to ratify such action and those responsible may be punished for their actions.[9]
Call of the house[edit]
In legislatures and other assemblies that have the legal power to compel the attendance of their members, the call of the house procedure may be used to obtain a quorum.[10] This procedure does not exist in ordinary societies, since voluntary associations have no coercive power.[10]
When a call of the house is ordered, the clerk calls the roll of members and then the names of absentees. Members who do not have an excused absence are arrested and brought in.[10] The arrested members may be charged a fee.[10]
Examples in United States Senate[edit]
In the United States Senate, the procedure was used in the early morning hours of 25 February 1988. Senator Robert C. Byrd of West Virginia, then the Senate Majority Leader, moved a call of the house after the minority Republicans walked out in an attempt to deny the Senate a quorum after Senate aides began bringing cots into the Senate cloakrooms in preparation for an all-night session over campaign finance reform for congressional elections. Byrd's motion was approved 45-3 and arrest warrants were signed for all 46 Republicans. Senate Sergeant-at-Arms Henry K. Giugni and his staff searched the Capitol's corridor and Senate office buildings for absent Senators, and after checking several empty offices, spotted Senator Steve Symms of Idaho, who fled down a hallway and escaped arrest. After a cleaning woman gave a tip that Senator Robert Packwood of Oregon was in his office, Giugni opened the door with a skeleton key. Packwood attempted to shove the door closed, but Giugni and two assistants pushed it open. Packwood was "carried feet-first into the Senate chamber by three plainclothes officers" and sustained bruised knuckles.[11]
Prior to 1988, the last time the procedure had been used was during a 1942 filibuster over civil rights legislation.[11] Southern Democrat senators had spent days filibustering legislation to end poll taxes, just days after midterm elections had resulted in the loss of nine seats. Democratic Majority Leader Alben W. Barkley obtained an order on a Saturday session on 14 November 1942, directing Sergeant at Arms Chesley W. Jurney to round up the five Southern absentees to obtain a quorum. Jurney sent his Deputy Sergeant at Arms, J. Mark Trice, to the apartment of Democratic Senator Kenneth McKellar of Tennessee at the Mayflower Hotel. Then 73 years old and the third-most senior Senator, McKellar was later described by Republican Senator Bill Frist in his book on Tennessee senators as an "extraordinarily shrewd man of husky dimensions with a long memory and a short fuse." Trice called from the lobby, but McKellar refused to answer his phone, so the deputy sergeant at arms walked up to the apartment and convinced the senator's maid to let him in:[12]
When Trice explained that McKellar was urgently needed back at the Capitol, the 73-year-old legislator agreed to accompany him. As they approached the Senate wing, McKellar suddenly realized what was up. An aide later recalled, "His face grew redder and redder. By the time the car reached the Senate entrance, McKellar shot out and barreled through the corridors to find the source of his summons."
Barkley got his quorum...[12]
Quorum-busting[edit]
The tactic of quorum-busting—causing a quorum to be prevented from the meeting—has been used in legislative bodies by minorities seeking to block the adoption of some measure they oppose. This generally only happens where the quorum is a super-majority, as quorums of a majority or less of the membership mean that the support of a majority of members is always sufficient for the quorum (as well as for passage). Rules to discourage quorum-busting have been adopted by legislative bodies, such as the call of the house, outlined above.
Quorum-busting has been used for centuries. For instance, during his time in the state legislature, Abraham Lincoln leapt out of a first story window (the doors of the Capitol had been locked to prevent legislators from fleeing) in a failed attempt to prevent a quorum from being present.[13]
A recent prominent example of quorum-busting occurred during the 2003 Texas redistricting, in which the majority Republicans in the Texas House of Representatives sought to carry out a controversial mid-decade congressional redistricting bill which would have favored Republicans by displacing five Democratic U.S. Representatives from Texas (the Texas Five) from their districts. The House Democrats, certain of defeat if a quorum were present, took a plane to the neighboring state of Oklahoma to prevent a quorum from being present (and thus the passage of the bill). The group gained the nickname "the Killer Ds."
Similarly, the minority Democrats in the Texas Legislature's upper chamber, the Texas Senate, fled to New Mexico to prevent a quorum of the Senate to prevent a redistricting bill from being considered during a special session. The Texas Eleven stayed in New Mexico for 46 days before John Whitmire returned to Texas, creating a quorum. Because there was now no point in staying in New Mexico, the remaining ten members of the Texas Eleven returned to Texas to vote in opposition to the bill.
During the 2011 Wisconsin protests, fourteen Democratic members of the Wisconsin Senate went to Illinois in order to bust the necessary 20-member quorum. Democrats in the Indiana House of Representatives did the same in order to block another union-related bill, causing the legislative clock on the bill to expire. Traveling out of their state placed these legislators beyond the jurisdiction of state troopers who could compel them to return to the chamber.[14]
Disappearing quorum[edit]
The similar tactic of disappearing quorum (refusing to vote although physically present on the floor) was used by the minority to block votes in the United States House of Representatives until 1890. That year, Speaker Thomas Brackett Reed ordered that members who were present but abstaining would count in the quorum.[15][16][17]
By country[edit]
Australia[edit]
Section 22 and section 39 of the Constitution of Australia set the quorum for sittings of the House of Representatives and Senate at one-third of the whole number of MPs and senators, respectively, but Parliament is permitted to change the quorum for each House by ordinary legislation.
In the House of Representatives, the quorum was amended down to one-fifth by the House of Representatives (Quorum) Act 1989, which means the quorum of the current House of 150 MPs is 30 MPs.[18] In the senate, the quorum was amended down to one-quarter by the Senate (Quorum) Act 1991, so 19 senators is a quorum.[19] The quorum includes the occupant of the Chair and is not reduced by the death or resignation of a member or senator.
If at the beginning of a sitting the quorum is not met, the bells are rung for five minutes and a count is then taken; if the quorum is still not met the sitting is adjourned until the next sitting day. During the sitting, any MP or senator may draw attention to the lack of quorum in which the bells are rung for four minutes, and if a quorum is still not met the sitting is adjourned.
Although quorum-busting is virtually unheard of in Australia, it is not unknown for parties to deliberately use quorum counts as a disruptive tactic and there have been some suggestions to enact rules to restrict this practice; however, this is very difficult due to the explicit mention of a quorum in the constitution. It is considered disorderly to call attention to quorum when one exists and members or senators who do so can be punished.
Austria[edit]
In the National Council of Austria at least one-third of the representatives must be present, so that they may decide on a simple law (participation quorum of 33.3%). At least half of the members must participate if a constitutional law should pass the parliament (participation quorum of 50% based on the total number of members). Over and above that, constitutional laws require the consent of at least two-thirds of the members present (quorum agreement of 66.6% based on the number of voting present).
Canada[edit]
In Canada, the Constitution Act, 1867 sets quorum for sittings of the House of Commons of Canada at 20 MPs. If a member calls for quorum to be counted and a first count shows there are fewer than 20 members, bells are rung to call in the members; if after 15 minutes there are still fewer than 20 members, the session is adjourned to the next sitting day; the members present sign a roll on the table of the house, and this list is included in the Journal of the House. There is no need for quorum when the attendance of the House is requested in the Senate of Canada, for example, when Royal Assent is being given to bills.[20] The quorum of the Senate is 15.[21]
Provincial and territorial quorums[edit]
Province/Territory
Quorum
Alberta 20[22]
British Columbia 10[23]
Manitoba 10[24]
New Brunswick 14[25]
Newfoundland and Labrador 15[26]
Northwest Territories majority[27]
Nova Scotia 15[28]
Nunavut majority[29]
Ontario 12[30]
Prince Edward Island 10[31]
Quebec 21[32]
Saskatchewan 15[33]
Yukon majority[34]
Germany[edit]
In the German Bundestag at least half of the members (311 out of 622) must be present so that it is empowered to make resolutions.[35] It is however common that fewer members are present, because they can still make effective decisions as long as no parliamentary group or 5% of the members of the parliament are complaining about the lack of quorum. This, in rare cases, is used by opposition parties to delay votes.[36]
Hong Kong[edit]
Article 75 of the Basic Law of Hong Kong stipulates that the quorum required for the meetings of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo) as "not less than one-half of its members". Between 1997 and 2012 the quorum was 30, and since 2012 it has been 35. Prior to 1997 transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong, the quorum was set at 20.
The quorum for the panels, committees and subcommittees is, nevertheless, one-third or three members, whichever the greater, as according to the Rules of Procedure. The three standing committees, namely, the Finance Committee, the Public Accounts Committee and Committee on Members' Interests, is exceptional that the quorums are 9, 3 and 3 respectively.
Quorum-busting was used at least twice since 1997. In 2005, when some pro-democracy members of the council paid a silent tribute to late leader of the People's Republic of China, Zhao Ziyang, against the Rules of Procedure, the president of the council suspended the meeting. When the meeting was recalled, pro-Beijing members refused to return to the chamber, forcing the meeting to be adjourned.
On 27 January 2010, when five pro-democracy members were intending to make their resignation speeches, pro-Beijing members of the council left the chamber as a sign of protest. One of the pro-Beijing members nevertheless stayed in the chamber to call for the quorum to be counted, effectively forcing the meeting to be adjourned. The resignation was intended as a de facto referendum across all five geographical constituencies of the territory, involving the entire electorate, which would not be officially recognised anyway. Most other factions, although against the move by these five Members, stayed in the chamber.
On 2 May 2012, when the LegCo was debating a law change to bar resigning legislators to participate in by-elections in 6 months, effectively discouraging any more "de facto" referenda, some of the five pro-democracy members who resigned constantly issued quorum calls, especially when they were making their resignation speeches intended for 2 years before. In the nine-hour meeting, 23 quorum calls were issued, taking up to 3 hours. When LegCo reconvened on 3 May, it was adjourned for lack of quorum amid a boycott by the pan-democrats. The pro-government members drew a timetable to ensure a quorum, but it failed to prevent another lack of quorum.
On 18 June 2015, when the LegCo was due to vote on a resolution to amend the provisions for the election of the territory's Chief Executive, pro-Beijing members left the chamber to force a quorum roll call to make sure that a sick member could be able to rush back to the chamber. However some of the members stayed behind, citing miscommunication, and the division proceeded with two members above the required quorum of 35. While the resolution was originally predicted to be narrowly defeated due to not able to get super-majority support votes, it turned out to be a landslide defeat.[37]
Quorum-busting and attempts to thwart it are also a common feature during the annual motion debate related to the 1989 Tiananmen massacre moved by pro-democracy Members. The quorum is called to be counted from time to time by the pan-democrats, in order to force the pro-Beijing camp to keep some members in the chamber.
India[edit]
Further information: Constitution of India and Parliament of India
Article 100 of the Constitution of India stipulates that at least 10% of total number of members of the House must be present to constitute the quorum to constitute a meeting of either House of Parliament. For example, if the House has the total membership of 250, at least 25 members must be present for the House to proceed with its business.[38]
If at any time during a meeting of a House there is no quorum, the Chairman has to either adjourn the House or suspend it until there is a quorum.[38]
Ireland[edit]
According to the most recent standing orders, published in 2011, the Quorum for the Irish Parliament (The Oireachtas) for both the house and senate is 20 members.
The chamber of Dail Eireann is rarely full outside question time, with often just one government representative (often an ordinary member of parliament, not a minister) present to answer opposition questions.
Philippines[edit]
In Congress of the Philippines, half of the membership (13 in the Senate and 149 in the House of Representatives) is needed to muster a quorum. If someone contests the lack of quorum, a roll call[disambiguation needed] shall be done, and if there is indeed less than a majority of members present, the meeting shall be adjourned.
Both majority and minority blocs in Congress have used the lack of quorum in defeating bills that they don't want to be passed without putting it to a vote. After an election during the lame-duck session, quorums are notoriously difficult to muster, more so in the House of Representatives as winning incumbents may opt to go on vacation, and defeated incumbents may opt to not to show up.
Turkey[edit]
According to article 96 of the Turkish Constitution, unless otherwise stipulated in the Constitution, the Turkish Grand National Assembly shall convene with at least, one-third of the total number of members (184 out of 550) and shall take decisions by an absolute majority of those present; however, the quorum for decisions can, under no circumstances, be less than a quarter plus one of the total number of members.
Before the constitutional referendum of 2007, there was a quorum of two-thirds required in the Turkish Parliament. The opposition parties used the quorum to deadlock the presidential election of 2007, making it impossible for the parliament to choose a president. As a result, the ruling AK party proposed a referendum to lower the quorum. Nearly seventy percent of the participants supported the constitutional changes.
United Kingdom[edit]
In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the House of Commons has a quorum of 40 MPs, including the Speaker, out of 650 members of the House. There is no need for a quorum to be present at all times. Commons debates could theoretically continue even if just one MP and the Speaker were present. However, if a division is called and fewer than 40 MPs are present, then a decision on the business being considered is postponed and the House moves on to consider the next item of business. The quorum for votes on legislation in the House of Lords is 30, but just three of the 753 peers, including the Lord Speaker, are required to be present for a debate to take place.[39]
Historically, the Quorum was a select group of the Justices of the Peace in each county in early modern Britain. In theory, they were men experienced in law, but many of the Quorum were appointed because of their status. Some legislation required the involvement of a member of the Quorum, (e.g., granting a license to a badger). In practice, they increasingly were not qualified, as the proportion in the Quorum rose faster than the proportion who were called to the bar or practising lawyers. By 1532, an average 45% of Justices of the Peace nationally were of the Quorum. In Somerset, the proportion rose from 52% in 1562 to 93% in 1636. By then, most of those not on the Quorum were new to the bench. Sometimes Justices of the Peace were removed from the Quorum as a disciplinary measure less drastic than removal from the bench.[40]
United Nations[edit]
The large deliberative bodies of the United Nations (the General Assembly and Economic and Social Council, as well as their subsidiary organs) generally require the attendance of one-third of the membership (currently 65 states in the General Assembly and 18 in ECOSOC) to conduct most business, but a majority of members (currently 97 states in the General Assembly and 28 states in ECOSOC) in order to take any substantive decisions.[41][42] The rules of the United Nations Security Council make no provisions for quorum, but nine votes are in all cases required to pass any substantive measure, effectively meaning that a meeting with fewer than nine members in attendance is pointless.[43]
United States[edit]
Article I, Section 5, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution provides that "Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business..." Therefore, in both the House of Representatives and the Senate a quorum is a simple majority of their respective members. The only exception is that stated in the Twelfth Amendment, which provides that in cases in which no candidate for President of the United States receives a majority in the Electoral College, the election is decided by the House of Representatives, in which case "a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states," and in cases in which no candidate for Vice President of the United States has been elected, the election is decided by the Senate, in which case "a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators."
The Senate has the additional ordinary requirement in Rule VI of its Standing Rules that "A quorum shall consist of a majority of the Senators duly chosen and sworn."[44]
See also[edit]
Quorum call
Minyan - the quorum of 10 Jews (traditionally, ten male adults, above the age of 13) necessary for Jewish communal prayer to be conducted
Quorum sensing in bacteria
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sinclair, R. K. (1988). Democracy and Participation in Athens. Cambridge University Press. pp. 114–9. ISBN 0521423899.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-306-82020-5.
Jump up ^ "Quorum," Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary, 11th Edition.
Jump up ^ Robert 2011, p. 347
Jump up ^ Robert 2011, p. 99
Jump up ^ Stackpole, John D. (July 2001). "Electronic Meetings: Rules for Electronic (e-mail) Meetings or The E-liberative Assembly" (PDF). aipparl.org. American Institute of Parliamentarians. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Robert 2011, p. 349
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 3)". The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site. The Robert's Rules Association. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Robert 2011, p. 348
^ Jump up to: a b c d Robert 2011, pp. 350–351
^ Jump up to: a b Lauter, David. "Senate Police Seize Packwood for Quorum Call." Los Angeles Times 25 February 1988.
^ Jump up to: a b "November 14, 1942: Arrests Compel Senate Quorum." United States Senate History.
Jump up ^ Donald, David Herbert (1995). Lincoln. Random House. p. 77.
Jump up ^ Burton, Thomas M. (24 February 2011). "Indiana GOP Drops Union Bill, but Democrats Stay Out of State". Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ Oleszek, Walter J. (December 1998). "A Pre-Twentieth Century Look at the House Committee on Rules, The Reed Rules". archives.democrats.rules.house.gov. The U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Rules. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "The History and Lessons of Congressional Crises". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "House quorum rule changed, Jan. 29, 1890". POLITICO. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Guide to Procedures". Aph.gov.au. 18 March 2005. Archived from the original on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 8, Odgers' Australian Senate Practice Eleventh Edition". Aph.gov.au. Archived from the original on 15 August 2008. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Marleau, Robert, and Camille Montpetit, eds. ''House of Commons Procedure and Practice.'' 2000 ed. Accessed 13 June 2008". Parl.gc.ca. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
Jump up ^ The Constitution Act, 1867, 30 & 31 Vict, c 3, s 35 <http://canlii.ca/t/ldsw#sec35> retrieved on 2013-10-21
Jump up ^ https://www.assembly.ab.ca/pro/standing/standing_orders.pdf
Jump up ^ Constitution Act
Jump up ^ Manitoba Laws
Jump up ^ http://www.gnb.ca/legis/publications/rules-reglement.pdf
Jump up ^ [1] Archived 21 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Northwest Territories Act
Jump up ^ Rules and Forms of Procedure
Jump up ^ "Rules of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut" (PDF). Legislative Assembly of Nunavut. May 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Standing Orders - Legislative Assembly of Ontario
Jump up ^ http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/legassembly_rul.pdf
Jump up ^ Quorum - National Assembly of Québec
Jump up ^ Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan - Glossary
Jump up ^ Yukon Act
Jump up ^ "§ 45 Geschäftsordnung des Deutschen Bundestages". Bundestag.de. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Bundestag bricht überraschend Sitzung ab". Spiegel Online. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
Jump up ^ One Sick Lawmaker Makes Vote on Hong Kong Democracy a Landslide - Bloomberg Business
^ Jump up to: a b "Rajya sabha handbook". Archived from the original on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Quorum" (23 October 2008). BBC.
Jump up ^ Gleason, J.H. The Justice of the Peace in England 1558-1640, Oxford, 1969
Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly. "UN General Assembly Rules of Procedure". United Nations. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
Jump up ^ United Nations Economic and Social Council. "UN Economic and Social Council Rules of Procedure" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
Jump up ^ United Nations Security Council (1983). "UN Security Council Provisional Rules of Procedure". United Nations. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Rybicki, Elizabeth (8 June 2017). Quorum Requirements in the Senate: Committee and Chamber (PDF). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
External links[edit]
Look up quorum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
"Quorum". Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 (11th ed.). 1911.
"Voting and Quorum Procedures" (PDF). U.S. Senate.
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Fairuza Balk
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Fairuza Balk
Fairuza Balk at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2006
Born
Fairuza Alejandra Feldthouse
(1974-05-21) May 21, 1974 (age 43)
Point Reyes, California, United States
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1983–present
Fairuza Balk (born May 21, 1974) is an American film actress. She made her theatrical film debut as Dorothy Gale in Disney's 1985 film Return to Oz. Balk also made appearances in Valmont, The Craft, The Island of Dr. Moreau, American History X, The Waterboy, Almost Famous, and Personal Velocity: Three Portraits.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Filmography
4 References
5 External links
Early life[edit]
Balk was born as Fairuza Alejandra Feldthouse in Point Reyes, California.[1] Until age two, Balk lived in Cloverdale, California with her mother. They then moved to Vancouver, British Columbia, where she began acting at age six. They moved to London and then to Paris for another role. They remained there for six months before returning to Vancouver. Balk moved to Los Angeles as a young woman upon signing to act in The Craft.[citation needed]
Fairuza's mother, Cathryn Balk, has studied, performed, and taught the ethnic and traditional dance forms of many countries such as Egypt, Turkey, Morocco and Spain.[2] Her father, Solomon Feldthouse, was one of the founding members of the 1960s psychedelic rock group Kaleidoscope, and is also a traveling folk musician.[3] He was born in Pingree, Idaho and between the ages of 6 and 10, he lived in Turkey where he learned Greek, Turkish, Iraqi and Iranian music.[4] Balk has stated that her father is of Romani and Cherokee ancestry, and that her mother is of Irish and French descent.[5][6]
Career[edit]
Balk's debut role was in a television film titled The Best Christmas Pageant Ever, produced in 1983. While in London, Balk was cast by Walt Disney Productions to star as Dorothy Gale in Return to Oz, the unofficial sequel to MGM's 1939 musical The Wizard of Oz.[7] This role led to other, minor roles, including that of Mildred Hubble in The Worst Witch, and in 1988, at age 14, she moved to Paris to work on Valmont with Miloš Forman. By 1989 she was back in Vancouver, where she attended high school.[citation needed] However, she soon decided to take correspondence courses instead and went back to Hollywood, where she gained increasing notice as an actress. In 1992 she was awarded an Independent Spirit Award as best actress for her performance in the Allison Anders film Gas Food Lodging.[citation needed]
In 1996, she appeared in a lead role in The Craft, in which her character formed a teenage coven with characters portrayed by Neve Campbell, Rachel True and Robin Tunney. Since then, Balk has continued to find roles, primarily dark ones. In 1996, she co-starred in The Island of Dr Moreau. In 1998, played a neo-Nazi goth-punk opposite Edward Norton in American History X, and was featured in The Waterboy, alongside Adam Sandler. Since 2000, she has appeared in over a dozen films. She has also done voice work for animated films, TV shows and video games, including Justice League, Family Guy, Grand Theft Auto: Vice City and Lords of EverQuest. The 2007 documentary Return to Oz: The Joy That Got Away was dedicated to her.
In 2010, Balk released the single "Stormwinds" under the artist title "Armed Love Militia".[citation needed]
In 2011, Balk began to exhibit art in Los Angeles and New York. On August 4, 2012, she participated in the group show 'MiXTAPE', with other notable artists Mark Ryden, Camille Rose Garcia, Jessicka Addams, and Marion Peck. Artists were asked to pick a song and create art inspired by that song. Fairuza chose the song “Nuages” by Django Reinhardt and created a 16"x20"x12" mixed-media sculpture. The eclectic mix of songs chosen were featured for digital download on iTunes.[8][9][10]
In 2017, the emo puppet band Fragile Rock performed a song entitled "Fairuza Balk" on their NPR Tiny Desk Concert.[11] Balk tweeted that the song was "wonderful and hilarious" and made her year. [12]
Filmography[edit]
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1985 Return to Oz Dorothy Gale
1986 The Worst Witch Mildred Hubble
1986 Discovery Molly
1988 Outside Chance of Maximilian Glick, TheThe Outside Chance of Maximilian Glick Celia Brzjinski
1989 Valmont Cecile
1992 Gas Food Lodging Shade Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead
1994 Imaginary Crimes Sonya Weiler
1994 Tollbooth Doris
1995 Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead Lucinda
1996 Craft, TheThe Craft Nancy Downs MTV Movie Award for Best Fight (shared with Robin Tunney)
Nominated – Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress
1996 Island of Dr. Moreau, TheThe Island of Dr. Moreau Aissa
1997 American Perfekt Alice Thomas
1997 Maker, TheThe Maker Bella Sotto
1998 Life in the Fast Lane Mona
1998 American History X Stacey
1998 Waterboy, TheThe Waterboy Vicki Vallencourt
2000 Red Letters Gretchen Van Buren
2000 Almost Famous Sapphire
2002 Personal Velocity: Three Portraits Paula
2002 Deuces Wild Annie
2005 What is it? Screaming Snail/Insect/Monkey Girl (voice)
2005 Don't Come Knocking Amber
2005 Year and a Day, AA Year and a Day Lola
2006 Wild Tigers I Have Known Logan's Mom
2008 Humboldt County Bogart
2008 Grindstone Road Hannah
2009 Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call New Orleans Heidi
2010 Shit Year Message Voice
2013 Dose of Reality Rose
2013 Another Stateside Rifka
2014 Beyond Clueless Narrator
2017 Battle Scars Rifka
2015 August Falls Anna Ellison Post-production
2018 Hell Is Where the Home Is Filming
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1983 Best Christmas Pageant Ever, TheThe Best Christmas Pageant Ever Beth Bradley Television film
1985 Deceptions Penny Roberts Television film
1986 Worst Witch, TheThe Worst Witch Mildred Hubble Television film
1987 Poor Little Rich Girl: The Barbara Hutton Story Barbara—Age 12 Television film
1991 Deadly Intentions... Again? Stacey Television film
1992 Shame Lizzie Curtis Television film
1992 Danger of Love: The Carolyn Warmus Story, TheThe Danger of Love: The Carolyn Warmus Story Lisa Television film
1993 Murder in the Heartland Caril Ann Fugate Television film
1994 ZZ Top: Breakaway Vampire Girl Television film
1995 Shadow of a Doubt Angel Harwell Television film
1999 Family Guy Coco (voice) Episode: "Peter, Peter, Caviar Eater"
2000 Family Guy Connie D'Amico (voice) Episode: "Let's Go to the Hop"
2001 The Sopranos Agent Deborah Ciccerone Episode: "Army of One" (original airing only)
2003 Justice League Penny Dee (voice) Episode: "Only a Dream"
2006 Orpheus Karen Television film
2006 Masters of Horror Stacia Episode: "Pick Me Up"
2011–2012 Celebrity Ghost Stories Herself 3 episodes
2015 Ray Donovan Ginger 7 episodes
Video games
Year
Title
Voice role
2002 Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Mercedes Cortez
2003 Lords of EverQuest Lady T'Lak
References[edit]
Jump up ^ California Birth Index 1905–1995.
Jump up ^ "Fairuza Balk Biography (1974-)". FilmReference.com. 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-12.
Jump up ^ "Fairuza Balk Photos, Gossip, Bio & Reviews". AskMen.com. IGN Entertainment, Inc. 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-12.
Jump up ^ "The Rise and Fall of the Neoprene Lizards — the Kaleidoscope Story, p. 1". PulsatingDream.com. 2006. Archived from the original on 2010-04-21. Retrieved 2010-08-12.
Jump up ^ Balk, Fairuza (2010-09-10). "Persecution of the Roma". Fairuza.com. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
Jump up ^ "Fairuza Balk on Twitter". Twitter.
Jump up ^ "The Wizard of Oz Production Timeline". The Walt Disney releases an unofficial sequel to the 1939 film titled Return to Oz and starring Fairuza Balk. The film is not a musical, and is much darker in tone than the 1939 film.
Jump up ^ Miller, Bridgette.Frances Bean Cobain & More Create Art That Rocks for MiXTAPE LA Bust (magazine) Aug 02, 2012
Jump up ^ LA MIXTAPE: AS A GESTURE OF LOVE L.A. Record August 3, 2012
Jump up ^ Duran, Amy.[1] IN L.A.: LA MIXTAPE @ LEBASSE PROJECTS CHINA TOWN juxtapoz magazine Monday August 20, 2012
Jump up ^ NPR Music (2017-07-25), Fragile Rock: NPR Music Tiny Desk Concert, retrieved 2017-08-06
Jump up ^ Balk, Fairuza (2017-07-16). "You guys just made my year:)! You are wonderful an hilarious:) I am honoured to have been sung to by a puppet band!!". @fairuza. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fairuza Balk.
Official website
Fairuza Balk on IMDb
Fairuza Balk at AllMovie
[show]
Awards for Fairuza Balk
[show]
v
t
e
Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead
Geraldine Page (1985)
Isabella Rossellini (1986)
Sally Kirkland (1987)
Jodie Foster (1988)
Andie MacDowell (1989)
Anjelica Huston (1990)
Judy Davis (1991)
Fairuza Balk (1992)
Ashley Judd (1993)
Linda Fiorentino (1994)
Elisabeth Shue (1995)
Frances McDormand (1996)
Julie Christie (1997)
Ally Sheedy (1998)
Hilary Swank (1999)
Ellen Burstyn (2000)
Sissy Spacek (2001)
Julianne Moore (2002)
Charlize Theron (2003)
Catalina Sandino Moreno (2004)
Felicity Huffman (2005)
Shareeka Epps (2006)
Ellen Page (2007)
Melissa Leo (2008)
Gabourey Sidibe (2009)
Natalie Portman (2010)
Michelle Williams (2011)
Jennifer Lawrence (2012)
Cate Blanchett (2013)
Julianne Moore (2014)
Brie Larson (2015)
Isabelle Huppert (2016)
Frances McDormand (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
MTV Movie Award for Best Fight
Adam Sandler vs. Bob Barker – Happy Gilmore (1996)
Fairuza Balk vs. Robin Tunney – The Craft (1997)
Will Smith vs. Cockroach – Men in Black (1998)
Ben Stiller vs. Puffy the Dog – There's Something About Mary (1999)
Keanu Reeves vs. Laurence Fishburne – The Matrix (2000)
Zhang Ziyi vs. Entire bar – Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2001)
Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker vs. Hong Kong gang – Rush Hour 2 (2002)
Yoda vs. Christopher Lee – Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2003)
Uma Thurman vs. Chiaki Kuriyama – Kill Bill: Volume 1 (2004)
Uma Thurman vs. Daryl Hannah – Kill Bill: Volume 2 (2005)
Angelina Jolie vs. Brad Pitt – Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2006)
Gerard Butler vs. Robert Maillet – 300 (2007)
Sean Faris vs. Cam Gigandet – Never Back Down (2008)
Robert Pattinson vs. Cam Gigandet – Twilight (2009)
Beyoncé Knowles vs. Ali Larter – Obsessed (2010)
Robert Pattinson vs. Bryce Dallas Howard and Xavier Samuel – The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2011)
Jennifer Lawrence and Josh Hutcherson vs. Alexander Ludwig – The Hunger Games (2012)
Robert Downey Jr., Chris Evans, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Hemsworth, Scarlett Johansson and Jeremy Renner vs. Tom Hiddleston – The Avengers (2013)
Orlando Bloom and Evangeline Lilly vs. Orcs – The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2014)
Dylan O'Brien vs. Will Poulter – The Maze Runner (2015)
Ryan Reynolds vs. Ed Skrein - Deadpool (2016)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 22341573
LCCN: no97037813
ISNI: 0000 0001 1606 2706
GND: 122143485
SUDOC: 099608839
BNF: cb14029750s (data)
MusicBrainz: a6cda0cb-cc98-43a6-a3d6-1b9de346b342
BNE: XX1177440
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fairuza_Balk&oldid=835220545"
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