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Analysis of competing hypotheses
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The analysis of competing hypotheses (ACH) allegedly provides an unbiased methodology for evaluating multiple competing hypotheses for observed data. It was developed by Richards (Dick) J. Heuer, Jr., a 45-year veteran of the Central Intelligence Agency, in the 1970s for use by the Agency.[1] ACH is used by analysts in various fields who make judgments that entail a high risk of error in reasoning. It helps an analyst overcome, or at least minimize, some of the cognitive limitations that make prescient intelligence analysis so difficult to achieve.[1]
ACH was a step forward in intelligence analysis methodology, but it was first described in relatively informal terms. Producing the best available information from uncertain data remains the goal of researchers, tool-builders, and analysts in industry, academia and government. Their domains include data mining, cognitive psychology and visualization, probability and statistics, etc. Abductive reasoning is an earlier concept with similarities to ACH.
Contents
[hide]
1 Process
2 Strengths
3 Weaknesses
3.1 Structured analysis of competing hypotheses
3.2 Other approaches to formalism
4 Automation
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links
Process[edit]
Heuer outlines the ACH process in considerable depth in his book, Psychology of Intelligence Analysis.[1] It consists of the following steps:
Hypothesis – The first step of the process is to identify all potential hypotheses, preferably using a group of analysts with different perspectives to brainstorm the possibilities. The process discourages the analyst from choosing one "likely" hypothesis and using evidence to prove its accuracy. Cognitive bias is minimized when all possible hypotheses are considered.[1]
Evidence – The analyst then lists evidence and arguments (including assumptions and logical deductions) for and against each hypothesis.[1]
Diagnostics – Using a matrix, the analyst applies evidence against each hypothesis in an attempt to disprove as many theories as possible. Some evidence will have greater "diagnosticity" than other evidence — that is, some will be more helpful in judging the relative likelihood of alternative hypotheses. This step is the most important, according to Heuer. Instead of looking at one hypothesis and all the evidence ("working down" the matrix), the analyst is encouraged to consider one piece of evidence at a time, and examine it against all possible hypotheses ("working across" the matrix).[1]
Refinement – The analyst reviews the findings, identifies any gaps, and collects any additional evidence needed to refute as many of the remaining hypotheses as possible.[1]
Inconsistency – The analyst then seeks to draw tentative conclusions about the relative likelihood of each hypothesis. Less consistency implies a lower likelihood. The least consistent hypotheses are eliminated. While the matrix generates a definitive mathematical total for each hypothesis, the analyst must use their judgment to make the final conclusion. The result of the ACH analysis itself must not overrule analysts' own judgments.
Sensitivity – The analyst tests the conclusions using sensitivity analysis, which weighs how the conclusion would be affected if key evidence or arguments were wrong, misleading, or subject to different interpretations. The validity of key evidence and the consistency of important arguments are double-checked to assure the soundness of the conclusion's linchpins and drivers.[1]
Conclusions and evaluation – Finally, the analyst provides the decisionmaker with his or her conclusions, as well as a summary of alternatives that were considered and why they were rejected. The analyst also identifies milestones in the process that can serve as indicators in future analyses.[1]
Strengths[edit]
There are many benefits of doing an ACH matrix. It is auditable. It is widely believed to help overcome cognitive biases, though there is a lack of strong empirical evidence to support this belief.[2] Since the ACH requires the analyst to construct a matrix, the evidence and hypotheses can be backtracked. This allows the decisionmaker or other analysts to see the sequence of rules and data that led to the conclusion.
Weaknesses[edit]
The process to create an ACH is time consuming. The ACH matrix can be problematic when analyzing a complex project. It can be cumbersome for an analyst to manage a large database with multiple pieces of evidence.
Especially in intelligence, both governmental and business, analysts must always be aware that the opponent(s) is intelligent and may be generating information intended to deceive.[3][4] Since deception often is the result of a cognitive trap, Elsaesser and Stech use state-based hierarchical plan recognition (see abductive reasoning) to generate causal explanations of observations. The resulting hypotheses are converted to a dynamic Bayesian network and value of information analysis is employed to isolate assumptions implicit in the evaluation of paths in, or conclusions of, particular hypotheses. As evidence in the form of observations of states or assumptions is observed, they can become the subject of separate validation. Should an assumption or necessary state be negated, hypotheses depending on it are rejected. This is a form of root cause analysis.
Evidence also presents a problem if it is unreliable. The evidence used in the matrix is static and therefore it can be a snapshot in time.
According to social constructivist critics, ACH also fails to stress sufficiently (or to address as a method) the problematic nature of the initial formation of the hypotheses used to create its grid. There is considerable evidence, for example, that in addition to any bureaucratic, psychological, or political biases that may affect hypothesis generation, there are also factors of culture and identity at work. These socially constructed factors may restrict or pre-screen which hypotheses end up being considered, and then reinforce confirmation bias in those selected.[5]
van Gelder[6] has made the following criticisms:
ACH demands that the analyst makes too many discrete judgments, a great many of which contribute little if anything to discerning the best hypothesis
ACH misconceives the nature of the relationship between items of evidence and hypotheses by supposing that items of evidence are, on their own, consistent or inconsistent with hypotheses.
ACH treats the hypothesis set as "flat", i.e. a mere list, and so is unable to relate evidence to hypotheses at the appropriate levels of abstraction
ACH cannot represent subordinate argumentation, i.e. the argumentation bearing up on a piece of evidence.
ACH activities at realistic scales leave analysts disoriented or confused.
Structured analysis of competing hypotheses[edit]
The structured analysis of competing hypotheses offers analysts an improvement over the limitations of the original ACH.[discuss][7] The SACH maximizes the possible hypotheses by allowing the analyst to split one hypothesis into two complex ones.
For example, two tested hypotheses could be that Iraq has WMD or Iraq does not have WMD. If the evidence showed that it is more likely there are WMDs in Iraq then two new hypotheses could be formulated: WMD are in Baghdad or WMD are in Mosul. Or perhaps, the analyst may need to know what type of WMD Iraq has; the new hypotheses could be that Iraq has biological WMD, Iraq has chemical WMD and Iraq has nuclear WMD. By giving the ACH structure, the analyst is able to give a nuanced estimate.[8]
Other approaches to formalism[edit]
One method, by Valtorta and colleagues uses probabilistic methods, adds Bayesian analysis to ACH.[9] A generalization of this concept to a distributed community of analysts lead to the development of CACHE (the Collaborative ACH Environment),[10] which introduced the concept of a Bayes (or Bayesian) community. The work by Akram and Wang applies paradigms from graph theory.[11]
Other work focuses less on probabilistic methods and more on cognitive and visualization extensions to ACH, as discussed by Madsen and Hicks.[12] DECIDE, discussed under automation is visualization-oriented.[13]
Work by Pope and Jøsang uses subjective logic, a formal mathematical methodology that explicitly deals with uncertainty.[14] This methodology forms the basis of the Sheba technology that is used in Veriluma's intelligence assessment software.
Automation[edit]
A few online and downloadable tools help automate the ACH process. These programs leave a visual trail of evidence and allow the analyst to weigh evidence.
PARC ACH 2.0[15] was developed by Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in collaboration with Richards J. Heuer, Jr. It is a standard ACH program that allows analysts to enter evidence and rate its credibility and relevance. Another useful program is the Decision Command software created by Dr. Willard Zangwill.[16]
SSS Research, Inc. is an analytic research firm that created DECIDE.[13][17] DECIDE not only allows analysts to manipulate ACH, but it provides multiple visualization products.[18]
There is at least one open source ACH implementation.[19]
See also[edit]
Decision analysis
Decision matrix
Intelligence (information gathering)
Multiple-criteria decision analysis
Sensemaking
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Heuer, Richards J., Jr, "Chapter 8: Analysis of Competing Hypotheses", Psychology of Intelligence Analysis, Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency
Jump up ^ Thomason, Neil (2010), "Alternative Competing Hypotheses", Field Evaluation in the Intelligence and Counterintelligence Context: Workshop Summary, National Academies Press
Jump up ^ Elsaesser, Christopher; Stech, Frank J. (2007), "Detecting Deception", in Kott, Alexander; McEneaney, William, Adversarial Reasoning: Computational Approaches to Reading the Opponent’s Mind, Chapman & Hall/CRC, pp. 101–124
Jump up ^ Stech, Frank J.; Elsaesser, Christopher, Deception Detection by Analysis of Competing Hypotheses (PDF), MITRE Corporation MITRE Sponsored Research Project 51MSR111, Counter-Deception Decision Support
Jump up ^ Chapters one to four, Jones, Milo L. and; Silberzahn, Philippe (2013). Constructing Cassandra, Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA, 1947-2001. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804793360.
Jump up ^ van Gelder, Tim (December 2008), "Can we do better than ACH?", AIPIO News, Australian Institute of Professional Intelligence Officers (Issue 55)
Jump up ^ Wheaton, Kristan J., et al. (November–December 2006), "Structured Analysis of Competing Hypotheses: Improving a Tested Intelligence Methodology" (PDF), Competitive Intelligence Magazine, 9 (6): 12–15
Jump up ^ Chido, Diane E., et al. (2006), Structured Analysis Of Competing Hypotheses: Theory and Application, Mercyhurst College Institute for Intelligence Studies Press, p. 54
Jump up ^ Valtorta, Marco; et al. (May 2005), "Extending Heuer's Analysis of Competing Hypotheses Method to Support Complex Decision Analysis", International Conference on Intelligence Analysis Methods and Tools (PDF)
Jump up ^ Shrager, J., et al. (2009) Soccer science and the Bayes community: Exploring the cognitive implications of modern scientific communication. Topics in Cognitive Science, 2(1), 53–72.
Jump up ^ Akram, Shaikh Muhammad; Wang, Jiaxin (23 August 2006), "Investigative Data Mining: Connecting the dots to disconnect them", Proceedings of the 2006 Intelligence Tools Workshop (PDF), pp. 28–34
Jump up ^ Madsen, Fredrik H.; Hicks, David L. (23 August 2006), "Investigating the Cognitive Effects of Externalization Tools", Proceedings of the 2006 Intelligence Tools Workshop (PDF), pp. 4–11
^ Jump up to: a b Cluxton, Diane; Eick, Stephen G., ""DECIDE Hypothesis Visualization Tool"", 2005 Intl conf on Intelligence Analysis (PDF)
Jump up ^ Pope, Simon; Josang, Audun (June 2005), Analysis of Competing Hypotheses using Subjective Logic (ACH-SL), Queensland University, Brisbane, Australia, ADA463908
Jump up ^ Xerox Palo Alto Research Center and Richards J. Heuer, ACH2.0.3 Download Page: Analysis of Competing Hypotheses (ACH)
Jump up ^ Zangwill, Willard, Quantinus Biography
Jump up ^ Lankenau, Russell A., et al. (July 2006), SSS Research, Inc. – DECIDE, VAST 2006 Contest Submission
Jump up ^ SSS Research, DECIDE: from Complexity to Clarity, archived from the original (– Scholar search) on March 28, 2007
Jump up ^ "Competing Hypotheses". competinghypotheses.org. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
External links[edit]
http://competinghypotheses.org/
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The Innovators (book)
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The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution
Author
Walter Isaacson
Country
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Genre
Biography
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Publication date
October 7, 2014
Media type
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Pages
488 pp.
ISBN
1-4767-0869-X
OCLC
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Preceded by
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The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution is an overview of the history of computer science and the Digital Revolution. It was written by Walter Isaacson, and published in 2014 by Simon & Schuster.
The book summarizes the contributions of several innovators who have made pivotal breakthroughs in computer technology and its applications—from the world's first computer programmer, Ada Lovelace, and Alan Turing's work in artificial intelligence, through the Information Age of the present.[1][2] Although his book's focus is on individuals, Isaacson reminds readers that innovations are often the product of group collaboration.
Innovators discussed in the book include Charles Babbage, Ada Lovelace, Vannevar Bush, Alan Turing, Grace Hopper, John Mauchly, John von Neumann, J. C. R. Licklider, Doug Engelbart, Robert Noyce of Intel, Bill Gates and Paul Allen of Microsoft, Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs of Apple, Tim Berners-Lee, Larry Page of Google, Jimmy Wales of Wikipedia, and Lee Felsenstein of Osborne.
Corrections[edit]
In December 2015, Simon & Schuster published a revised electronic edition of The Innovators, which corrected significant errors and omissions in the original edition’s Chapter 9, which covers Software. Isaacson – who in researching the book interviewed Bill Gates but not Paul Allen – had erroneously assigned virtually all credit for the company’s early innovations and success to Gates, when in fact they were the product of highly collaborative efforts by several people, including Allen. In the revised edition, among other edits, Isaacson includes archival material from 1981 in which Gates credits Allen for being the “idea man” in charge of R&D at Microsoft, while he, Gates, was “the front man running the business.”[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ PBS Charlie Rose Interview with Walter Isaacson Oct 13, 2014
Jump up ^ "The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution". books.simonandschuster.com. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. Retrieved 2014-10-24.
Jump up ^ Isaacson, Walter (December 2015). The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 1471138798.
External links[edit]
Simon & Schuster Publisher's article on The Innovators
Discussion with Isaacson on The Innovators at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California, October 14, 2014
Discussion with Isaacson The Innovators at the Miami Book Fair International, November 22, 2014
You can look it up: The Wikipedia story – excerpt from The Innovators
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Grown Ups 2
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Grown Ups 2
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Kevin James
Chris Rock
David Spade
Salma Hayek
Maya Rudolph
Maria Bello
Nick Swardson
Music by
Rupert Gregson-Williams
Cinematography
Theo van de Sande
Edited by
Tom Costain
Production
company
Happy Madison Productions[1]
Distributed by
Sony Pictures Releasing[1]
Release date
July 12, 2013 (2013-07-12)
Running time
101 minutes[2]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$80 million[3]
Box office
$247 million[4]
Grown Ups 2 is a 2013 American comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan and co-produced by Adam Sandler, who also starred in the film. It is the sequel to the 2010 film Grown Ups. The film co-stars Kevin James, Chris Rock, David Spade, Nick Swardson, and Salma Hayek. The film is produced by Adam Sandler's production company Happy Madison Productions and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. The film was released on July 12, 2013. The film grossed roughly $247 million on an $80 million budget. Like the first film, it was widely panned by critics. It was nominated for nine Razzies at the 2014 Golden Raspberry Awards.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Main cast
2.2 The Feder family
2.3 The McKenzie family
2.4 Other characters
3 Production
4 Release
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
4.3 Accolades
4.4 Home media
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Three years after the events of the first film, Lenny Feder has relocated his family back to his Connecticut hometown of Stanton where he and his friends grew up.
In the film's opening in the Feder household, Lenny wakes up to find a wild deer standing next to his bed. Lenny tries to get his wife Roxanne to open the window. She wakes up in anger and startles the deer, causing it to urinate all over the bed and on Lenny. The deer runs down the hall and crashes into the bathroom where it runs into Lenny's eldest son Greg showering scaring him and making the deer urinate on him. It turns out that Lenny's younger daughter, Becky, left the door open overnight for any animals that wanted to come in. Lenny is able to get the deer out of the house by using Becky's monkey doll, which rips it apart, devastating her. Greg, Keith, and Becky then go to their last day of school. Roxanne brings up the idea of their family having another baby, but Lenny says their family is perfect as is, upsetting Roxanne.
At the Lamonsoff household, Eric Lamonsoff and his wife Sally are at odds with each other over how to raise their children- Sally believes in unwavering support while Eric prefers to be more practical with them, as proven for their son's bad math skills and daughter's rambuncious sense in fashion. At the McKenzie household, Kurt surprises his wife Deanne with a thoughtful anniversary present, only to find that she has completely forgotten. Meanwhile, Marcus Higgins is waiting at a train station after receiving a letter from an old girlfriend, who tells him that he has a seventeen-year-old son Braden. Marcus is stunned to see a tattooed, six-foot-tall boy, who turns out to be Braden. Marcus tries to be nice and takes him to school, but Braden shows an immediate dislike toward him, believing that he abandoned him and his mother.
After dropping off their kids, Lenny, Eric, Kurt, and Marcus spend the day roaming around town, reminiscing about the amazing summers they used to have when they were kids and Lenny's childhood bully, Tommy Cavanaugh. Lenny argues that he could take Tommy as a kid and he can still take him. Eventually, the friends go to see Becky's ballet recital, where Lenny runs into Tommy, whom Lenny is visibly terrified of. Tommy threatens that if Lenny ever lies again about being able to beat him up, he'll publicly beat Lenny up.
Once the kids are out of school, Lenny, Eric, Kurt, and Marcus decide to visit the old quarry, where they used to swim as kids. However, they run into a gang of partying frat boys who force them to jump into the quarry lake naked. Braden, who was partying with the frat boys, witnesses this and goes off to vandalize their frat house. When the frat boys return, they swear to take revenge.
Lenny arrives home to help Roxanne set up for a 1980s-themed party for their friends. Meanwhile, Marcus begins to bond with Braden. As all of their friends begin to arrive, Roxanne urges Lenny to consider having another baby. Lenny continues to protest the idea and is left dumbfounded when Roxanne reveals that she is pregnant. Lenny, feeling overwhelmed by this discovery, goes off to drink with his friends. The Feder's party goes well most of the night until Tommy Cavanaugh shows up and disrespects Lenny in front of everyone, so Lenny challenges Tommy to a fight. In a surprising turn, Tommy decides to take a dive so that Lenny can look tough for his own bullied son, and the two develop a mutual respect. Soon after, the angry frat boys arrive at the house looking for retribution for the damage to their frat house. When they go on to insult the local town residents, Dickie Bailey, Lenny's old nemesis, points out that Lenny accomplished more in his life than the entire frat put together, inciting a fight. The locals hold their own against the frat boys and eventually send them running away defeated.
After all the commotion dies down, the four friends, plus Bailey, have pancakes at Eric's mom's house. After sharing an embarrassing photo of him and Bailey in kindergarten (they had been childhood friends before their personal lives drove them apart), Mrs. Lamonsoff reassures Lenny that a new baby is a wonderful thing and eventually he will never be able to imagine life with just three kids (and also mentions that Eric was an accidental baby because she and her husband had sex in the bathroom at a New England Patriots game). Lenny has a change of heart and returns home, telling Roxanne he is sorry and excited about the new baby, and they reconcile.
Cast[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Adam Sandler as Lenny Feder
Kevin James as Eric Lamonsoff
Chris Rock as Kurt McKenzie
David Spade as Marcus Higgins
The Feder family[edit]
Salma Hayek as Roxanne Feder
Cameron Boyce as Keith Feder
Jake Goldberg as Greg Feder
Alexys Nycole Sanchez as Becky Feder
The McKenzie family[edit]
Maya Rudolph as Deanne McKenzie
China Anne McClain as Charlotte McKenzie
Nadji Jeter as Andre McKenzie

Other characters[edit]
Nick Swardson as Nick Hilliard
Maria Bello as Sally Lamonsoff
Alexander Ludwig as Braden Higgins
Steve Buscemi as Wiley
Tim Meadows as Malcolm Fluzoo
Colin Quinn as Dickie Bailey
Cheri Oteri as Penny
Allen Covert as Hippie Teacher
Jonathan Loughran as Robideaux
Peter Dante as Officer Dante
Shaquille O'Neal as Officer Fluzoo
Taylor Lautner as Frat Boy Andy
David Henrie as Frat Boy
Patrick Schwarzenegger as Frat Boy Cooper
Milo Ventimiglia as Frat Boy Milo
Jimmy Tatro as Frat Boy Jimmy
Steve Austin as Tommy Cavanaugh
Oliver Hudson as Kyle
Jon Lovitz as Squats Fitness Janitor
Chris Berman as The Great Rinaldo
Dan Patrick as Gym Teacher
Michael Kay as football coach
Dennis Dugan as the Doctor
Halston Sage as Nancy Arbuckle
Norm Crosby as K-Mart associate
Ellen Cleghorne as Mary Fluzoo
April Rose as Hot Dance Teacher
Andy Samberg, Taran Killam, Bobby Moynihan, Will Forte, Jorma Taccone, Akiva Schaffer as Male Cheerleaders
Production[edit]
Filming of Grown Ups 2 began on May 2, 2012, in Massachusetts, United States and ended on July 15, 2012.[5] Columbia Pictures and Happy Madison Productions distributed the film. The film was written by Adam Sandler, Fred Wolf and Tim Herlihy and directed by Dennis Dugan, Sandler's longtime collaborator.[6] The film was released on July 12, 2013 in the United States. It was released on August 9, 2013 in the United Kingdom.[7] Rob Schneider did not reprise his role from the first film because of scheduling conflicts and his wife was pregnant during production.[8]
The film is the first film sequel that Adam Sandler has starred in. The movie also has a role played by WWE hall of famer Steve Austin.[9] Stand-up comedian Chris Hardwick confirmed a cameo as an ice cream vendor via his Facebook page.[10] Additionally, the film features a cameo appearance by sportscaster Michael Kay and includes Shaquille O'Neal as a cop.[11] On July 10, 2012, it was announced Arnold Schwarzenegger's son, Patrick, would be appearing as one of the frat brothers.[12] Oliver Cooper was offered a role as one of the fraternity brothers but had to back out due to scheduling conflicts.[13]
Release[edit]
The first trailer for the film was released on April 2, 2013.[14] The film was released on July 12, 2013 in United States.
Box office[edit]
Grown Ups 2 grossed $133.7 million in North America and $113.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $247 million, against a budget of $80 million.[4] It made a net profit of $48 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film.[15]
In North America, the film earned $16.3 million on its opening day,[16] and opened to number two in its first weekend, with $41,508,572, behind Despicable Me 2.[17] In its second weekend, the film dropped to number four in the United States, grossing an additional $19.9 million.[18] In its third weekend, the film dropped to number five in the United States, grossing $11.6 million.[19] In its fourth weekend, the film dropped to number six, grossing $7.9 million.[19]
Critical response[edit]
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 7% of 108 critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 2.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "While it's almost certainly the movie event of the year for filmgoers passionate about deer urine humor, Grown Ups 2 will bore, annoy, and disgust audiences of nearly every other persuasion."[20] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 19 out of 100 based on 28 critics, indicating "overwhelming dislike".[21] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, the same grade earned by its predecessor.[22]
John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter said, "Throughout, gags are cartoonishly broad and afforded so little time for setup and delivery we seem to be watching less a story than a catalog of tossed-out material."[23] Andrew Barker of Variety said, "Among the slackest, laziest, least movie-like movies released by a major studio in the last decade, "Grown Ups 2" is perhaps the closest Hollywood has yet come to making Ow! My Balls! seem like a plausible future project."[24] Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film one out of four stars, saying, "The temptation arises to say something nice about "Grown Ups 2" just because it doesn't cause injury. But no, it's a bad movie, just old-school bad, the kind that's merely lousy and not an occasion for migraines or night sweats."[25] Linda Barnard of the Toronto Star gave the film zero out of four stars, saying, "Adam Sandler scrapes the bottom of the barrel—and then he pukes into it—with Grown Ups 2, a lazily cribbed-together swamp of pointless and unfunny sketches that makes 2010’s Grown Ups look like Citizen Kane."[26] Matt Patches of Time Out New York gave the film one out of five stars, saying, "In the first five minutes, a deer walks into the star's bedroom and urinates on his face. It's all downhill from there."[27]
Rafer Guzman of Newsday gave the film one out of four stars, saying, "For all its warm and fuzzy notions of family and community, Grown Ups 2... has a desperate reliance on nasty jokes about pee, poo and – with surprising frequency – gay panic."[28] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly, who gave the film a B, said, "In certain ways, Grown Ups 2 marks a return to classically Sandlerian infantile anarchy."[29] Mark Olsen of the Los Angeles Times gave the film one and a half stars out of five, saying, "Grown Ups 2 looks like it was a lot of fun to make. And the last laugh is on us."[30] Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News gave the film two out of five stars, saying, "Like most Adam Sandler movies, it’s exactly like most Adam Sandler movies... This movie stars all Sandler’s buddies and gleefully embraces lowbrow crudity even while promoting loving family values."[31] Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club gave the film a D–, saying, "Largely free of Sandler’s usual schmaltz and lame romance, it’s pure plotless, grotesque high jinks, bizarre and inept in a way that’s fascinating without ever being all that funny."[32] Nick Schager of The Village Voice gave the film a negative review, saying "A few decent one-liners notwithstanding, the movie comes off as willfully uninspired."[33]
Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film one star out of four, saying, "Mystifyingly, the movie manages to emerge plot-free. Instead, it offers a succession of humorless gross-out gags, fat jokes, suggestive posturing, bullying, belches and pratfalls. Life is simple – and gross – in Sandlerville."[34] Sara Stewart of the New York Post gave the film half a star out of four, saying, "The movie lurches from one gross-out scene to another, flipping the bird at continuity and logic. It honestly seems as if Sandler and his team descended on a random suburb, halfheartedly improvising and moving on when they got bored."[35] Stephanie Merry of The Washington Post gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying, "Grown Ups 2 isn’t merely mindless. At times it seems to actually drain IQ points from its viewers while wasting a talented cast of “Saturday Night Live” alums, who are all capable of being much smarter and so much funnier."[36] Andy Webster of The New York Times gave the film one out of five stars, saying, "This is pap, plain and simple: scattered raunch-lite devoid of emotional resonance. At best, it sells itself on the spectacle of a TV show’s cast reunion—and even then it disappoints. With the debacles of That's My Boy and Jack and Jill, Mr. Sandler has increasingly squandered his comic capital. His onetime SNL brethren do themselves few favors—beyond a paycheck—by working in his orbit."[37] Peter Keough of The Boston Globe gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying, "Apparently the world demanded another family-friendly version of The Hangover, one that combined scatological comedy with smarmy sentimentality."[38]
Connie Ogle of the Miami Herald gave the film one out of four stars, saying, "Nobody escapes untainted by the foul stench of Grown Ups 2; it’s bad enough to make you look askance at Salma Hayek, Maria Bello, and Maya Rudolph, all of whom deserve a chance to do something funny other than pose as wives exuding various degrees of sexiness."[39] Richard Roeper gave the film one and a half stars, saying, "When Taylor Lautner is the funniest thing in a movie starring Adam Sandler and Chris Rock, we're in trouble."[40] Randy Cordova of The Arizona Republic gave the film one out of five stars, saying, "In its own way, "Grown Ups 2" sets the bar really high. After all, it’s hard to imagine another comedy coming along this year that is this abrasive and free of laughs. It’s like everyone involved intentionally tried to create a horrible movie."[41] Alonso Duralde of The Wrap wrote, "Yes, it's time for another visit to the Adam Sandler Death-of-Cinema Fun Factory, the big-screen version of a terrible sitcom where laugh tracks are replaced by the co-stars chuckling at their own awful material."[42] Adam Nayman of The Globe and Mail gave the film two out four stars, saying, "None of the stars are trying very hard, and so the most memorable presences are the cameos: If nothing else, Grown Ups 2 will go down as the only film in history to find room for Steve Buscemi alongside "Stone Cold" Steve Austin."[43]
Accolades[edit]
List of awards and nominations
Award
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
2014 Golden Raspberry Awards[44]
Worst Picture Grown Ups 2 Nominated
Worst Director Dennis Dugan
Worst Actor Adam Sandler
Worst Supporting Actor Taylor Lautner
Nick Swardson
Worst Supporting Actress Salma Hayek
Worst Screenplay Adam Sandler, Tim Herlihy and Fred Wolf
Worst Screen Combo The entire cast of Grown Ups 2
Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel Grown Ups 2
Kids' Choice Awards[45] Favorite Movie Actor Adam Sandler Won
Home media[edit]
Grown Ups 2 was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 5, 2013.[46]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Grown Ups 2". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved 2017-06-20.
Jump up ^ "GROWN UPS 2 (12A)". British Board of Film Classification. April 12, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Amy (July 11, 2013). "With 'Grown Ups 2' poised for strong debut, will 'Pacific Rim' flop?". latimes.com. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Grown Ups 2 (2013)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "All these towns have to do is act naturally - North". The Boston Globe. June 14, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Grown Ups Sequel Planned". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Where Is Your God Now: GROWN UPS 2 Set for July 12, 2013 | Collider | Page 137713". Collider. January 15, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Rob Schneider: ‘Sandler Left Me Out Of Grown Ups 2′ « CBS Houston". Houston.cbslocal.com. 2012-05-25. Retrieved 2014-05-05.
Jump up ^ "Photo: "Stone Cold" Steve Austin In Grown Ups 2 Movie Poster". PWMania. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Grown Ups 2 Clip: Adam Sandler vs. Taylor Lautner". Movie Fanatic. June 11, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "First Look: Shaquille O'Neal in "Grown Ups 2"". WorstPreviews.com. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Lautner, Patrick Schwarzenegger In Grown Ups 2 Trailer". ETonline.com. April 29, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Arnold Schwarzenegger's Son Joins "Grown Ups" Sequel". Worstpreviews.com. July 10, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Trailer for Grown Ups 2 is Here!". ComingSoon.net. April 2, 2013. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sony Hack Reveals Top-Secret Profitability of 2013 Movies". The Hollywood Reporter. December 5, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mendelson, Scott (July 13, 2013). "Friday Box Office: 'Pacific Rim' Grosses $14.6m, 'Grown Ups 2' Grosses $16.3m". Forbes. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office Results for July 12-14, 2013". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office Results for July 19-21, 2013". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Weekend Box Office Results for July 26-28, 2013". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Grown Ups 2 (2013)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Grown Ups 2 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com.
Jump up ^ DeFore, John (November 17, 2011). "Grown Ups 2: Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (June 13, 2013). "‘Grown Ups 2′ Review: Adam Sandler Stars in Tasteless, Storyless Sequel". Variety. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Mick LaSalle. "'Grown Ups 2' review: Gang's back - minus the laughs - San Francisco Chronicle". Sfchronicle.com. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ July 12, 2013 12:04 AM EDT Facebook Twitter RSS (July 11, 2013). "Adam Sandler's Grown Ups 2 a gross and lazy no-star flop: review | Toronto Star". Thestar.com. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Matt Patches (July 12, 2013). "Grown Ups 2: movie review | review, synopsis, book tickets, showtimes, movie release date | Time Out New York". Timeout.com. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Grown Ups 2' review: Gross-out humor". Newsday.com. July 12, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman. "Grown Ups 2 Movie Review | Movie Reviews and News | Summer Movies - Calendar, Trailers, Movie Photos, Movie Clips, Movie Guide". EW.com. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Olsen, Mark (July 11, 2013). "Review: 'Grown Ups 2' refuses to leave the sandbox". latimes.com. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Grown Ups 2': movie review". New York: NY Daily News. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Vishnevetsky, Ignatiy (July 11, 2013). "Grown Ups 2 | Film | Movie Review". The A.V. Club. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Nick Schager (July 11, 2013). "Grown Ups 2 Has No Real Plot to Speak of - Page 1 - Movies - New York". Village Voice. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Puig, Claudia (July 11, 2013). "'Grown-Ups 2' is groan-inducingly bad". Usatoday.com. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Stewart, Sara (July 11, 2013). "‘Grown Ups 2’ movie review". NYPOST.com. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Merry, Stephanie (July 11, 2013). "‘Grown Ups 2’ review: Adam Sandler and friends up to more immature idiocy". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ The New York Times
Jump up ^ Keough, Peter. "Growing up is hard to do - Movies". Boston.com. Archived from the original on July 17, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ogle, Connie. "'Grown Ups 2' (PG-13)". miami.com. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Grown-Ups 2 Review". RichardRoeper.com. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Arizona Republic". Azcentral.com. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Duralde, Alonso. "'Grown Ups 2' Review: See Adam Sandler, Chris Rock Chuckle at Their Own Moronic Jokes | The Wrap Movies". Thewrap.com. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Adam Nayman (July 11, 2013). "Grown Ups 2: Sandler’s buddies comedy is sincere, if not a little lazy and indifferent". Toronto: The Globe and Mail. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nominations for the 34th Annual Razzie Awards Announced". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ng, Philiana (February 24, 2014). "Nickelodeon's Kids' Choice Awards Nominations Revealed". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Grown Ups 2 Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
External links[edit]
Official website
Grown Ups 2 on IMDb
Grown Ups 2 at Box Office Mojo
Grown Ups 2 at Metacritic
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Dennis Dugan
Problem Child (1990)
Brain Donors (1992)
The Shaggy Dog (1994)
Happy Gilmore (1996)
Beverly Hills Ninja (1997)
Big Daddy (1999)
Saving Silverman (2001)
National Security (2003)
The Benchwarmers (2006)
I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry (2007)
You Don't Mess with the Zohan (2008)
Grown Ups (2010)
Just Go with It (2011)
Jack and Jill (2011)
Grown Ups 2 (2013)
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text:
Miriam A. Ferguson
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Ma Ferguson
29th and 32nd Governor of Texas
In office
January 17, 1933 – January 15, 1935
Lieutenant
Edgar Witt
Preceded by
Ross Sterling
Succeeded by
James Allred
In office
January 20, 1925 – January 18, 1927
Lieutenant
Barry Miller
Preceded by
Pat Neff
Succeeded by
Dan Moody
First Lady of Texas
In role
January 19, 1915 – August 25, 1917
Governor
James Ferguson
Preceded by
Alice Colquitt
Succeeded by
Willie Hobby
Personal details
Born
Miriam Amanda Wallace Ferguson
(1875-06-13)June 13, 1875
Bell County, Texas, U.S.
Died
June 25, 1961(1961-06-25) (aged 86)
Austin, Texas, U.S.
Political party
Democratic
Spouse(s)
James Ferguson (1899–1944)
Education
Salado College
University of Mary Hardin-Baylor
Miriam Amanda Wallace "Ma" Ferguson (June 13, 1875 – June 25, 1961) was the first female Governor of Texas, serving from 1925 to 1927 and 1933 to 1935.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 1924 election and first term
3 1932 election and second term
4 Views and policies
5 Post-governorship
6 See also
7 Notes
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Ferguson was born Miriam Amanda Wallace in Bell County, Texas. She studied at Salado College and Baylor Female College. When she was 24, she married James Edward Ferguson, who was then a lawyer.
She got her nickname "Ma" partly from her initials "M. A.", and also because her husband was known as "Pa" Ferguson. They had two daughters, Oudia and Dorris.
James Ferguson served as Governor of Texas from 1915 to 1917. However, he was impeached, convicted, and removed from office during his second term. As part of his conviction, he was not allowed to hold state office in Texas again.[2]
1924 election and first term[edit]
After her husband's impeachment and conviction, Ma Ferguson sought the Democratic nomination for governor, and was elected to office. She told voters that she would follow the advice of her husband and Texas thus would get "two governors for the price of one."[3] A common campaign slogan was, "Me for Ma, and I Ain't Got a Durned Thing Against Pa." Against the odds, Ma Ferguson was elected governor, becoming the first female chief executive of Texas.[4] Ferguson was elected with the help and support of her campaign manager, Homer T. Brannon of Fort Worth, Texas.
After her victory in the Democratic primary, she defeated George C. Butte, a prominent lawyer and University of Texas dean who emerged as the strongest Republican gubernatorial nominee in Texas since Reconstruction in 1869. Ferguson received 422,563 votes (58.9 percent) to Butte's 294,920 (41.1 percent). Butte had been supported by former Governor William P. Hobby, who had succeeded James Ferguson in 1917. Ma Ferguson was the second female state governor in the United States, and the first to be elected in a general election. Just two weeks before her inauguration, Nellie Tayloe Ross had been sworn in as governor of Wyoming to finish the unexpired term of her late husband.[5]
1932 election and second term[edit]
Ferguson ran again in 1932. She narrowly won the Democratic nomination over incumbent Ross S. Sterling. She then soundly defeated Republican Orville Bullington in the general election, 521,395 (61.6 percent) to 322,589 (38.1 percent). Bullington, who was a cousin of the first wife of future U.S. Senator John G. Tower, fared more strongly than most Texas Republican candidates did at that time but still polled behind Butte's 1924 showing against Mrs. Ferguson. Ferguson's second term as governor was less controversial than the first.[3]
According to rumor, state highway contracts only went to companies that advertised in the Fergusons' newspaper, Ferguson Forum. A House committee investigated the charge but nothing ever came of it.[4]
In October 1933, she signed into law Texas House Bill 194, which was instrumental in establishing the University of Houston as a four-year institution.[6]
Views and policies[edit]
"Fergusonism," as the Fergusons' brand of populism was called, is still a controversial subject in Texas. As governor, she tackled some of the tougher issues of the day. Though a teetotaler like her husband, she aligned herself with the "wets" in the battle over prohibition and took a firm stand against the Ku Klux Klan. She has been described as a fiscal conservative, but also pushed for a state sales tax and corporate income tax.[3] Miriam Ferguson is often credited with a quote allegedly spoken in reference to bilingualism in Texas schools: “If English was good enough for Jesus Christ, it ought to be good enough for the children of Texas.”[7] However, variations of this going back to 1881 were often used to ridicule the claimed backwardness of various unnamed Christians, which supports the argument that the attribution to Ferguson is false.[8]
Mrs. Ferguson's infamously generous granting of pardons was her way of relieving the overcrowded conditions in Texas prisons.[citation needed] During two non-consecutive terms in office, Mrs. Ferguson issued almost 4,000 pardons, many of them to free those convicted of violating prohibition laws. Though never proven, rumors persisted that pardons were available in exchange for cash payments to the governor’s husband. In 1936, voters passed an amendment to the state constitution stripping the governor of the power to issue pardons and granting that power to a politically independent Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles (see Capital punishment in Texas).[9]
Post-governorship[edit]
Except for an unsuccessful bid to replace Governor W. Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel in 1940, the Fergusons remained retired from political life after 1935. In that campaign, she trailed O'Daniel's principal rival, Texas Railroad Commissioner Ernest O. Thompson of Amarillo.[3]
Ferguson Cut Off, between Hwy. 290 East and the old Manor Road, in Austin, Texas, is named after Ma Ferguson.[10]
James Ferguson died of a stroke in 1944.
Miriam Ferguson died from congestive heart failure in 1961 at the age of eighty-six.
See also[edit]
List of female state governors in the United States
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Portraits of Texas Governors: The Politics of Personality". Texas State Library. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
Jump up ^ Coppedge, Clay (February 25, 2007). "A city grows up: Temple matures into a regional medical and agricultural hub". Temple Daily Telegram. Retrieved April 13, 2007. [permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b c d John D. Huddleston. "Ferguson, Miriam Amanda Wallace". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
^ Jump up to: a b Coppedge, Clay (March 25, 2007). "'Ma' elected governor of Texas". Temple Daily Telegram.
Jump up ^ Ferguson and Ross actually both won election on the same day, but Wyoming inaugurated its governor before Texas.
Jump up ^ "Discover UH's Heritage & History". UH Alumni Organization. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ Cárdenas, José A. (1994). All Pianos Have Keys and Other Stories. Intercultural Development Research Association. ISBN 1-878550-53-5.
Jump up ^ Zimmer, Benjamin (April 29, 2006). "Ma Ferguson, the apocryphal know-nothing". Language Log. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved September 25, 2007.
Jump up ^ Texas State Libraries and Archives Commission: "Pardons and Paroles" retrieved October 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ "ferguson cutoff map, austin, tx – Google Search". google.com. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Miriam A. Ferguson
Miriam Ferguson from the Handbook of Texas Online
Miriam A. Ferguson at Find a Grave
Honorary titles
Preceded by
Alice Colquitt First Lady of Texas
1915–1917 Succeeded by
Willie Hobby
Party political offices
Preceded by
Pat Neff Democratic nominee for Governor of Texas
1924 Succeeded by
Dan Moody
Preceded by
Ross Sterling Democratic nominee for Governor of Texas
1932 Succeeded by
James Allred
Political offices
Preceded by
Pat Neff Governor of Texas
1925–1927 Succeeded by
Dan Moody
Preceded by
Ross Sterling Governor of Texas
1933–1935 Succeeded by
James Allred
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Fannie Bruner Campbell (1907–1911)
Alice Murrell Colquitt (1911–1915)
Miriam A. Ferguson (1915–1917)
Willie Cooper Hobby (1917–1921)
Myrtle Mainer Neff (1921–1925)
James E. Ferguson (1925–1927)
Mildred Paxton Moody (1927–1931)
Maud Gage Sterling (1931–1933)
James E. Ferguson (1933–1935)
Joe Betsy Miller Allred (1935–1939)
Merle Estella Butcher O'Daniel (1939–1941)
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LCCN: n94011080
SUDOC: 079107222
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miriam_A._Ferguson&oldid=815565600"
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Toano Range
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Location of the Toano Mountains within Nevada
The Toano Range is a mountain range located in eastern Elko County, Nevada in the United States. The highest point in the range reaches 7,913 feet (2,412 m).[1] The range is separated from the Goshute Mountains to the south by Morgan Pass.[2]
Sunset over the Toano Range
Interstate 80 and Union Pacific Railroad's Central Corridor(former Feather River Route), used both by freight trains and Amtrak's California Zephyr, cross the Toano range via Silver Zone Pass. On the eastern approach to the pass the railroad makes a near 360 degree hairpin bend called the Arnold Loop.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Toano Range Range - Nevada Mountain Peak Information". mountainzone.com. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
Jump up ^ Keith B. Ketner; Warren C. Day; Maya Elrick; Myra K. Vaag; Robert A. Zimmermann; Lawrence W. Snee; Richard W. Saltus; John E. Repetski; Bruce R. Wardlaw; Michael E. Taylor & Anita G. Harris (1998). "U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1593 - An Outline of Tectonic, Igneous, and Metamorphic Events in the Goshute-Toano Range Between Silver Zone Pass and White Horse Pass, Elko County, Nevada: A History of Superposed Contractional and Extensional Deformation" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
Coordinates: 40°58′36″N 114°18′32″W / 40.9767°N 114.309°W / 40.9767; -114.309

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