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Internet Explorer
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Internet Explorer
Internet Explorer 11 running on Windows 10
Original author(s)
Thomas Reardon
Developer(s)
Microsoft
Initial release
August 16, 1995; 22 years ago (1995-08-16)
Last release(s)
Windows
11.0.47 (11.15.16299.0) (October 17, 2017; 16 days ago (2017-10-17)[1]) [±]
Mac
5.2.3 (June 16, 2003; 14 years ago (2003-06-16)) [±]
Unix
5.01 SP1 (2001; 16 years ago (2001)) [±]
Development status
Discontinued but still maintained[2]
Operating system
Windows, Mac OS X, Solaris, HP-UX
Included with
Windows 95 OSR1 and later
Windows NT 4 and later
Mac OS 8.1 through Mac OS X 10.2
Xbox 360
Xbox One
Engines
Trident, Chakra
Platform
IA-32, x64, ARMv7, IA-64, MIPS, Alpha, PowerPC, 68k, SPARC, PA-RISC
Available in
95 languages[3]
Type
Web browser
Feed reader
License
Proprietary, requires a Windows license[4]
Website
microsoft.com/ie
Standard(s)
HTML5, CSS3, WOFF, SVG, RSS, Atom, JPEG XR
Internet Explorer versions:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Internet Explorer[a] (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer[b] and Windows Internet Explorer,[c] commonly abbreviated IE or MSIE) is a series of graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft and included in the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, starting in 1995. It was first released as part of the add-on package Plus! for Windows 95 that year. Later versions were available as free downloads, or in service packs, and included in the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) service releases of Windows 95 and later versions of Windows. The browser is discontinued, but still maintained.[2]
Internet Explorer was one of the most widely used web browsers, attaining a peak of about 95% usage share during 2002 and 2003.[5] This came after Microsoft used bundling to win the first browser war against Netscape, which was the dominant browser in the 1990s. Its usage share has since declined with the launch of Firefox (2004) and Google Chrome (2008), and with the growing popularity of operating systems such as macOS, Linux, iOS and Android that do not run Internet Explorer. Estimates for Internet Explorer's overall market share range from 3.58% to 16.84% or by StatCounter's numbers ranked 3rd (others place 2nd just ahead of), just after Firefox (or even as low as 6th when counting all platforms[6]), as of September 2017[update] (browser market share is notoriously difficult to calculate). Microsoft spent over US$100 million per year on Internet Explorer in the late 1990s,[7] with over 1,000 people working on it by 1999.[8][9]
Versions of Internet Explorer for other operating systems have also been produced, including an Xbox 360 version called Internet Explorer for Xbox and for platforms Microsoft no longer supports: Internet Explorer for Mac and Internet Explorer for UNIX (Solaris and HP-UX), and an embedded OEM version called Pocket Internet Explorer, later rebranded Internet Explorer Mobile made for Windows Phone, Windows CE, and previously, based on Internet Explorer 7 for Windows Mobile.
On March 17, 2015, Microsoft announced that Microsoft Edge would replace Internet Explorer as the default browser on its Windows 10 devices. This effectively makes Internet Explorer 11 the last release. Internet Explorer, however, remains on Windows 10 primarily for enterprise purposes.[10] Starting January 12, 2016, only Internet Explorer 11 is supported.[11][12] Support varies based on the operating system's technical capabilities and its support lifecycle.[13]
The browser has been scrutinized throughout its development for use of third-party technology (such as the source code of Spyglass Mosaic, used without royalty in early versions) and security and privacy vulnerabilities, and the United States and the European Union have alleged that integration of Internet Explorer with Windows has been to the detriment of fair browser competition.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Internet Explorer 1 – Internet Explorer 8
1.2 Internet Explorer 9
1.3 Internet Explorer 10
1.4 Internet Explorer 11
1.5 End of life
2 Features
2.1 Standards support
2.2 Non-standard extensions
2.3 Favicon
2.4 Usability and accessibility
2.5 Cache
2.6 Group Policy
3 Architecture
4 Extensibility
5 Security
5.1 Security vulnerabilities
5.2 Vulnerability exploited in attacks on U.S. firms
5.3 Major vulnerability across versions
6 Market adoption and usage share
6.1 Industry adoption
7 Removal
8 Impersonation by malware
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
History[edit]
Main articles: History of Internet Explorer and Internet Explorer version history
The Internet Explorer project was started in the summer of 1994 by Thomas Reardon, who, according to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Review of 2003,[14] used source code from Spyglass, Inc. Mosaic, which was an early commercial web browser with formal ties to the pioneering National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) Mosaic browser.[15][16] In late 1994, Microsoft licensed Spyglass Mosaic for a quarterly fee plus a percentage of Microsoft's non-Windows revenues for the software.[16] Although bearing a name similar to NCSA Mosaic, Spyglass Mosaic had used the NCSA Mosaic source code sparingly.[17] Microsoft was sued by Synet Inc. in 1996, over the trademark infringement.[18]
Internet Explorer 1 – Internet Explorer 8[edit]
Internet Explorer 1
Main articles: Internet Explorer version history § Early versions, Internet Explorer 1, Internet Explorer 2, Internet Explorer 3, Internet Explorer 4, Internet Explorer 5, Internet Explorer 6, Internet Explorer 7, and Internet Explorer 8
The first version of Internet Explorer, Microsoft Internet Explorer (later referred to as Internet Explorer 1) made its debut on August 16, 1995. It was a reworked version of Spyglass Mosaic, which Microsoft licensed from Spyglass Inc., like many other companies initiating browser development.[15][16] It was installed as part of the Internet Jumpstart Kit in Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95 and Plus!.[19] The Internet Explorer team began with about six people in early development.[17][20] Internet Explorer 1.5 was released several months later for Windows NT and added support for basic table rendering. By including it free of charge on their operating system, they did not have to pay royalties to Spyglass Inc, resulting in a lawsuit and a US$8 million settlement on January 22, 1997.[15][21]
Internet Explorer 9[edit]
Main article: Internet Explorer 9
Internet Explorer 9 was released on March 14, 2011.[22] Development for Internet Explorer 9 began shortly after the release of Internet Explorer 8.[23] Microsoft first announced Internet Explorer 9 at PDC 2009, and spoke mainly about how it takes advantage of hardware acceleration in DirectX to improve the performance of web applications and quality of web typography. At MIX 10, Microsoft showed and publicly released the first Platform Preview for Internet Explorer 9, a frame for IE9's engine not containing any UI of the browser. Leading up to the release of the final browser, Microsoft released updated platform previews, each featuring improved JavaScript compiling (32-bit version), improved scores on the Acid3 test, as well as additional HTML5 standards support, approximately every 6 weeks. Ultimately, eight platform previews were released. The first public beta was released at a special event in San Francisco, which was themed around "the beauty of the web". The release candidate was released on February 10, 2011, and featured improved performance, refinements to the UI, and further standards support. The final version was released during the South by Southwest (SXSW) Interactive conference in Austin, Texas, on March 14, 2011.[22]
Internet Explorer 9 is only supported on Windows 7, Windows Server 2008, and Windows Server 2008 R2,[24] and was supported on Windows Vista SP2. It supports several CSS 3 properties (including border-radius, box-shadow, etc.), and embedded ICC v2 or v4 colour profiles support via Windows Color System. The 32-bit version has faster JavaScript performance, this being due to a new JavaScript engine called "Chakra".[25] It also features hardware accelerated graphics rendering using Direct2D, hardware-accelerated text rendering using DirectWrite, hardware-accelerated video rendering using Media Foundation, imaging support provided by Windows Imaging Component, and high fidelity printing powered by the XPS print pipeline.[26] IE9 also supports the HTML5 video and audio tags and the Web Open Font Format.[27] Internet Explorer 9 initially scored 95/100 on the Acid3 test, but has scored 100/100 since the test was updated in September 2011.[28]
Internet Explorer was to be omitted from Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 in Europe, but Microsoft ultimately included it, with a browser option screen allowing users to select any of several web browsers (including Internet Explorer).[29][30][31][32][33]
Internet Explorer is now available on Xbox 360 with Kinect support, as of October 2012.[34]
Internet Explorer 10[edit]
Internet Explorer 10 (app-style version) in Windows 8
Main article: Internet Explorer 10
Internet Explorer 10 became generally available on October 26, 2012, alongside Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012, but is by now supported on Windows Server 2012, while Windows Server 2012 R2 only supports Internet Explorer 11. It became available for Windows 7 on February 26, 2013.[35] Microsoft announced Internet Explorer 10 in April 2011, at MIX 11 in Las Vegas, releasing the first Platform Preview at the same time. At the show, it was said that Internet Explorer 10 was about 3 weeks in development.[36] This release further improves upon standards support, including HTML5 Drag & Drop and CSS3 gradients. Internet Explorer 10 drops support for Windows Vista and will only run on Windows 7 Service Pack 1 and later.[37] Internet Explorer 10 Release Preview was also released on the Windows 8 Release Preview platform.
Internet Explorer 11[edit]
Main article: Internet Explorer 11
Internet Explorer 11 is featured in a Windows 8.1 update which was released on October 17, 2013. It includes an incomplete mechanism for syncing tabs. It is a major update to its developer tools,[38][39] enhanced scaling for high DPI screens,[40] HTML5 prerender and prefetch,[41] hardware-accelerated JPEG decoding,[42] closed captioning, HTML5 full screen,[43] and is the first Internet Explorer to support WebGL[44][45][46] and Google's protocol SPDY (starting at v3).[47] This version of IE has features dedicated to Windows 8.1, including cryptography (WebCrypto),[38] adaptive bitrate streaming (Media Source Extensions)[48] and Encrypted Media Extensions.[43]
Internet Explorer 11 was made available for Windows 7 users to download on November 7, 2013, with Automatic Updates in the following weeks.[49]
Internet Explorer 11's user agent string now identifies the agent as "Trident" (the underlying layout engine) instead of "MSIE". It also announces compatibility with Gecko (the layout engine of Firefox).
Microsoft claimed that Internet Explorer 11, running the WebKit SunSpider JavaScript Benchmark, was the fastest browser as of October 15, 2013.[50]
End of life[edit]
Microsoft Edge, officially unveiled on January 21, 2015, has replaced Internet Explorer as the default browser on Windows 10. Internet Explorer is still installed in Windows 10 in order to maintain compatibility with older websites and intranet sites that require ActiveX and other Microsoft legacy web technologies.[51][52][53]
According to Microsoft, development of new features for Internet Explorer has ceased. However, it will continue to be maintained as part of the support policy for the versions of Windows with which it is included.[2]
Features[edit]
Page zoom as seen in IE9
Internet Explorer has been designed to view a broad range of web pages and provide certain features within the operating system, including Microsoft Update. During the heyday of the browser wars, Internet Explorer superseded Netscape only when it caught up technologically to support the progressive features of the time.[54][better source needed]
Standards support[edit]
Internet Explorer, using the Trident layout engine:
Supports HTML 4.01, HTML 5, CSS Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3, XML 1.0, and DOM Level 1, with minor implementation gaps.
Fully supports XSLT 1.0 as well as an obsolete Microsoft dialect of XSLT often referred to as WD-xsl, which was loosely based on the December 1998 W3C Working Draft of XSL. Support for XSLT 2.0 lies in the future: semi-official Microsoft bloggers have indicated that development is underway, but no dates have been announced.
Almost full conformance to CSS 2.1 has been added in the Internet Explorer 8 release.[55][56] The trident rendering engine in Internet Explorer 9 in 2011, scored highest in the official W3C conformance test suite for CSS 2.1 of all major browsers.
Supports XHTML in Internet Explorer 9 (Trident version 5.0). Prior versions can render XHTML documents authored with HTML compatibility principles and served with a text/html MIME-type.
Supports a subset[57] of SVG in Internet Explorer 9 (Trident version 5.0), excluding SMIL, SVG fonts and filters.
Internet Explorer uses DOCTYPE sniffing to choose between standards mode and a "quirks mode" in which it deliberately mimicks nonstandard behaviours of old versions of MSIE for HTML and CSS rendering on screen (Internet Explorer always uses standards mode for printing). It also provides its own dialect of ECMAScript called JScript.
Internet Explorer was criticised by Tim Berners-Lee for its limited support for SVG which is promoted by W3C.[58]
Non-standard extensions[edit]
Internet Explorer has introduced an array of proprietary extensions to many of the standards, including HTML, CSS, and the DOM. This has resulted in a number of web pages that appear broken in standards-compliant web browsers and has introduced the need for a "quirks mode" to allow for rendering improper elements meant for Internet Explorer in these other browsers.
Internet Explorer has introduced a number of extensions to the DOM that have been adopted by other browsers. These include the innerHTML property, which provides access to the HTML string within an element[citation needed] ; the XMLHttpRequest object, which allows the sending of HTTP request and receiving of HTTP response, and may be used to perform AJAX; and the designMode attribute of the contentDocument object, which enables rich text editing of HTML documents[citation needed] . Some of these functionalities were not possible until the introduction of the W3C DOM methods. Its Ruby character extension to HTML is also accepted as a module in W3C XHTML 1.1, though it is not found in all versions of W3C HTML.
Microsoft submitted several other features of IE for consideration by the W3C for standardization. These include the 'behaviour' CSS property, which connects the HTML elements with JScript behaviours (known as HTML Components, HTC); HTML+TIME profile, which adds timing and media synchronization support to HTML documents (similar to the W3C XHTML+SMIL), and the VML vector graphics file format. However, all were rejected, at least in their original forms; VML was subsequently combined with PGML (proposed by Adobe and Sun), resulting in the W3C-approved SVG format, one of the few vector image formats being used on the web, which IE did not support until version 9.[59]
Other non-standard behaviours include: support for vertical text, but in a syntax different from W3C CSS3 candidate recommendation, support for a variety of image effects[60] and page transitions, which are not found in W3C CSS, support for obfuscated script code, in particular JScript.Encode.[61] Support for embedding EOT fonts in web pages.[62]
Favicon[edit]
Support for favicons was first added in Internet Explorer 5.[63] Internet Explorer supports favicons in PNG, static GIF and native Windows icon formats. In Windows Vista and later, Internet Explorer can display native Windows icons that have embedded PNG files.[64][65]
Usability and accessibility[edit]
Internet Explorer makes use of the accessibility framework provided in Windows. Internet Explorer is also a user interface for FTP, with operations similar to that of Windows Explorer. Pop-up blocking and tabbed browsing were added respectively in Internet Explorer 6 and Internet Explorer 7. Tabbed browsing can also be added to older versions by installing MSN Search Toolbar or Yahoo Toolbar.
Cache[edit]
Main articles: Temporary Internet Files and Index.dat
Internet Explorer caches visited content in the Temporary Internet Files folder to allow quicker access (or offline access) to previously visited pages. The content is indexed in a database file, known as Index.dat. Multiple Index.dat files exist which index different content—visited content, web feeds, visited URLs, cookies, etc.[66]
Prior to IE7, clearing the cache used to clear the index but the files themselves were not reliably removed, posing a potential security and privacy risk. In IE7 and later, when the cache is cleared, the cache files are more reliably removed, and the index.dat file is overwritten with null bytes.
Caching has been improved in IE9.[67]
Group Policy[edit]
Main article: Group Policy
Internet Explorer is fully configurable using Group Policy. Administrators of Windows Server domains (for domain-joined computers) or the local computer can apply and enforce a variety of settings on computers that affect the user interface (such as disabling menu items and individual configuration options), as well as underlying security features such as downloading of files, zone configuration, per-site settings, ActiveX control behaviour and others. Policy settings can be configured for each user and for each machine. Internet Explorer also supports Integrated Windows Authentication.
Architecture[edit]
The architecture of IE8. Previous versions had a similar architecture, except that both tabs and the UI were within the same process. Consequently, each browser window could have only one "tab process".
Internet Explorer uses a componentized architecture built on the Component Object Model (COM) technology. It consists of several major components, each of which is contained in a separate Dynamic-link library (DLL) and exposes a set of COM programming interfaces hosted by the Internet Explorer main executable, iexplore.exe:[68]
WinInet.dll is the protocol handler for HTTP, HTTPS and FTP. It handles all network communication over these protocols.
URLMon.dll is responsible for MIME-type handling and download of web content, and provides a thread-safe wrapper around WinInet.dll and other protocol implementations.
MSHTML.dll houses the Trident rendering engine introduced in Internet Explorer 4, which is responsible for displaying the pages on-screen and handling the Document Object Model of the web pages. MSHTML.dll parses the HTML/CSS file and creates the internal DOM tree representation of it. It also exposes a set of APIs for runtime inspection and modification of the DOM tree. The DOM tree is further processed by a layout engine which then renders the internal representation on screen.
IEFrame.dll contains the user interface and window of IE in Internet Explorer 7 and above.
ShDocVw.dll provides the navigation, local caching and history functionalities for the browser.
BrowseUI.dll is responsible for rendering the browser user interface such as menus and toolbars.[69]
Internet Explorer does not include any native scripting functionality. Rather, MSHTML.dll exposes an API that permits a programmer to develop a scripting environment to be plugged-in and to access the DOM tree. Internet Explorer 8 includes the bindings for the Active Scripting engine, which is a part of Microsoft Windows and allows any language implemented as an Active Scripting module to be used for client-side scripting. By default, only the JScript and VBScript modules are provided; third party implementations like ScreamingMonkey (for ECMAScript 4 support) can also be used. Microsoft also makes available the Microsoft Silverlight runtime (not supported in Windows RT) that allows CLI languages, including DLR-based dynamic languages like IronPython and IronRuby, to be used for client-side scripting.
Internet Explorer 8 introduces some major architectural changes, called Loosely Coupled IE (LCIE). LCIE separates the main window process (frame process) from the processes hosting the different web applications in different tabs (tab processes). A frame process can create multiple tab processes, each of which can be of a different integrity level; each tab process can host multiple web sites. The processes use asynchronous Inter-Process Communication to synchronize themselves. Generally, there will be a single frame process for all web sites. In Windows Vista with Protected Mode turned on, however, opening privileged content (such as local HTML pages) will create a new tab process as it will not be constrained by Protected Mode.[70]
Extensibility[edit]
See also: Component Object Model and Browser Helper Object
Internet Explorer exposes a set of Component Object Model (COM) interfaces that allows add-ons to extend the functionality of the browser.[68] Extensibility is divided into two types: Browser extensibility and content extensibility. Browser extensibility involves adding context menu entries, toolbars, menu items or Browser Helper Objects (BHO). BHOs are used to extend the feature set of the browser, whereas the other extensibility options are used to expose that feature in the user interface. Content extensibility adds support for non-native content formats.[68] It allows Internet Explorer to handle new file formats and new protocols, e.g. WebM or SPDY.[68] In addition, web pages can integrate widgets known as ActiveX controls which run on Windows only but have vast potentials to extend the content capabilities; Adobe Flash Player and Microsoft Silverlight are examples.[68] Add-ons can be installed either locally, or directly by a web site.
Since malicious add-ons can compromise the security of a system, Internet Explorer implements several safeguards. Internet Explorer 6 with Service Pack 2 and later feature an Add-on Manager for enabling or disabling individual add-ons, complemented by a "No Add-Ons" mode. Starting with Windows Vista, Internet Explorer and its BHOs run with restricted privileges and are isolated from the rest of the system. Internet Explorer 9 introduced a new component – Add-on Performance Advisor. Add-on Performance Advisor shows a notification when one or more of installed add-ons exceed a pre-set performance threshold. The notification appears in the Notification Bar when the user launches the browser. Windows 8 and Windows RT introduce a Metro-style version of Internet Explorer that is entirely sandboxed and does not run add-ons at all.[71] In addition, Windows RT cannot download or install ActiveX controls at all; although existing ones bundled with Windows RT still run in the traditional version of Internet Explorer.[71]
Internet Explorer itself can be hosted by other applications via a set of COM interfaces. This can be used to embed the browser functionality inside a computer program or create Internet Explorer shells.[68]
Security[edit]
See also: Browser security
Internet Explorer uses a zone-based security framework that groups sites based on certain conditions, including whether it is an Internet- or intranet-based site as well as a user-editable whitelist. Security restrictions are applied per zone; all the sites in a zone are subject to the restrictions.
Internet Explorer 6 SP2 onwards uses the Attachment Execution Service of Microsoft Windows to mark executable files downloaded from the Internet as being potentially unsafe. Accessing files marked as such will prompt the user to make an explicit trust decision to execute the file, as executables originating from the Internet can be potentially unsafe. This helps in preventing accidental installation of malware.
Internet Explorer 7 introduced the phishing filter, that restricts access to phishing sites unless the user overrides the decision. With version 8, it also blocks access to sites known to host malware. Downloads are also checked to see if they are known to be malware-infected.
In Windows Vista, Internet Explorer by default runs in what is called Protected Mode, where the privileges of the browser itself are severely restricted—it cannot make any system-wide changes. One can optionally turn this mode off but this is not recommended. This also effectively restricts the privileges of any add-ons. As a result, even if the browser or any add-on is compromised, the damage the security breach can cause is limited.
Patches and updates to the browser are released periodically and made available through the Windows Update service, as well as through Automatic Updates. Although security patches continue to be released for a range of platforms, most feature additions and security infrastructure improvements are only made available on operating systems which are in Microsoft's mainstream support phase.
On December 16, 2008, Trend Micro recommended users switch to rival browsers until an emergency IE patch was released to fix a potential security risk which "could allow outside users to take control of a person's computer and steal their passwords". Microsoft representatives countered this recommendation, claiming that "0.02% of internet sites" were affected by the flaw.
On December 17, 2008, a fix to the security problem above became available, with the release of the Security Update for Internet Explorer KB960714, which is available from Microsoft Windows Update's webpage. Microsoft has said that this update fixes the security risk found by Trend Micro the previous day.[72][73]
In 2011, a report by Accuvant, funded by Google, rated the security (based on sandboxing) of Internet Explorer worse than Google Chrome but better than Mozilla Firefox.[74][75]
A more recent browser security white paper comparing Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, and Internet Explorer 11 by X41 D-Sec in 2017 came to similar conclusions, also based on sandboxing and support of legacy web technologies. [76]
Security vulnerabilities[edit]
See also: Comparison of web browsers § Security and vulnerabilities
Internet Explorer has been subjected to many security vulnerabilities and concerns: much of the spyware, adware, and computer viruses across the Internet are made possible by exploitable bugs and flaws in the security architecture of Internet Explorer, sometimes requiring nothing more than viewing of a malicious web page in order to install themselves. This is known as a "drive-by install". There are also attempts to trick the user into installing malicious software by misrepresenting the software's true purpose in the description section of an ActiveX security alert.
A number of security flaws affecting IE originated not in the browser itself, but ActiveX-based add-ons used by it. Because the add-ons have the same privilege as IE, the flaws can be as critical as browser flaws. This has led to the ActiveX-based architecture being criticized for being fault-prone. By 2005, some experts maintained that the dangers of ActiveX have been overstated and there were safeguards in place.[77] In 2006, new techniques using automated testing found more than a hundred vulnerabilities in standard Microsoft ActiveX components.[78] Security features introduced in Internet Explorer 7 mitigated some of these vulnerabilities.
Internet Explorer in 2008, had a number of published security vulnerabilities. According to research done by security research firm Secunia, Microsoft did not respond as quickly as its competitors in fixing security holes and making patches available.[79] The firm also reported 366 vulnerabilities in ActiveX controls, an increase from the prior year.
According to an October 2010 report in The Register, researcher Chris Evans had detected a known security vulnerability which, then dating back to 2008, had not been fixed for at least 600 days.[80] Microsoft says that it had known about this vulnerability but it was of very low severity as the victim web site must be configured in a special way for this attack to be feasible at all.[81]
In December 2010, researchers were able to bypass the "Protected Mode" feature in Internet Explorer.[82]
Vulnerability exploited in attacks on U.S. firms[edit]
Main article: Operation Aurora
Browser Market Share Worldwide July 2017[83]
Google Chrome
Firefox
Safari
UC Browser
Internet Explorer
Opera
No info
In an advisory on January 14, 2010, Microsoft said that attackers targeting Google and other U.S. companies used software that exploits a security hole, which had already been patched, in Internet Explorer. The vulnerability affected Internet Explorer 6 on Windows XP and Server 2003, IE6 SP1 on Windows 2000 SP4, IE7 on Windows Vista, XP, Server 2008 and Server 2003, and IE8 on Windows 7, Vista, XP, Server 2003, and Server 2008 (R2).[84]
The German government warned users against using Internet Explorer and recommended switching to an alternative web browser, due to the major security hole described above that was exploited in Internet Explorer.[85] The Australian and French Government issued a similar warning a few days later.[86][87][88][89]
Major vulnerability across versions[edit]
On April 26, 2014, Microsoft issued a security advisory relating to CVE-2014-1776 (use-after-free vulnerability in Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 through 11[90]), a vulnerability that could allow "remote code execution" in Internet Explorer versions 6 to 11.[91] On April 28, 2014, the United States Department of Homeland Security's United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team (US-CERT) released an advisory stating that the vulnerability could result in "the complete compromise" of an affected system.[92] US-CERT recommended reviewing Microsoft's suggestions to mitigate an attack or using an alternate browser until the bug is fixed.[93][94] The UK National Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-UK) published an advisory announcing similar concerns and for users to take the additional step of ensuring their antivirus software is up-to-date.[95] Symantec, a cyber security firm, confirmed that "the vulnerability crashes Internet Explorer on Windows XP".[96] The vulnerability was resolved on May 1, 2014, with a security update.[97]
Market adoption and usage share[edit]
See also: History of Internet Explorer § Market adoption and usage share, and Usage share of web browsers
Usage share of web browsers according to StatCounter
Historical market share of Internet Explorer
The adoption rate of Internet Explorer seems to be closely related to that of Microsoft Windows, as it is the default web browser that comes with Windows. Since the integration of Internet Explorer 2.0 with Windows 95 OSR 1 in 1996, and especially after version 4.0's release in 1997, the adoption was greatly accelerated: from below 20% in 1996, to about 40% in 1998, and over 80% in 2000. This made Microsoft the winner in the infamous 'first browser war' against Netscape. Netscape Navigator was the dominant browser during 1995 and until 1997, but rapidly lost share to IE starting in 1998, and eventually slipped behind in 1999. The integration of IE with Windows led to a lawsuit by AOL, Netscape's owner, accusing Microsoft of unfair competition. The infamous case was eventually won by AOL but by then it was too late, as Internet Explorer had already become the dominant browser.
Internet Explorer peaked during 2002 and 2003, with about 95% share. Its first notable competitor after beating Netscape was Firefox from Mozilla, which itself was an offshoot from Netscape.
Firefox 1.0 had surpassed Internet Explorer 5 in early 2005, with Firefox 1.0 at roughly 8 percent market share.[98]
Approximate usage over time based on various usage share counters averaged for the year overall, or for the fourth quarter, or for the last month in the year depending on availability of reference.[99][100][101][102][103][104]
According to StatCounter Internet Explorer's marketshare fell below 50% in September 2010.[105] In May 2012, it was announced that Google Chrome overtook Internet Explorer as the most used browser worldwide.
Industry adoption[edit]
Browser Helper Objects are also used by many search engine companies and third parties for creating add-ons that access their services, such as search engine toolbars. Because of the use of COM, it is possible to embed web-browsing functionality in third-party applications. Hence, there are a number of Internet Explorer shells, and a number of content-centric applications like RealPlayer also use Internet Explorer's web browsing module for viewing web pages within the applications.
Removal[edit]
Main article: Removal of Internet Explorer
While a major upgrade of Internet Explorer can be uninstalled in a traditional way if the user has saved the original application files for installation, the matter of uninstalling the version of the browser that has shipped with an operating system remains a controversial one.
The idea of removing a stock install of Internet Explorer from a Windows system was proposed during the United States v. Microsoft Corp. case. One of Microsoft's arguments during the trial was that removing Internet Explorer from Windows may result in system instability. Indeed, programs that depend on libraries installed by IE, including Windows help and support system, fail to function without IE. Before Windows Vista, it was not possible to run Windows Update without IE because the service used ActiveX technology, which no other web browser supports.
Impersonation by malware[edit]
The popularity of Internet Explorer has led to the appearance of malware abusing its name. On January 28, 2011, a fake Internet Explorer browser calling itself "Internet Explorer – Emergency Mode" appeared. It closely resembles the real Internet Explorer, but has fewer buttons and no search bar. If a user launches any other browser such as Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Safari or the real Internet Explorer, this browser will pop-up instead. It also displays a fake error message, claiming that the computer is infected with malware and Internet Explorer has entered Emergency Mode. It blocks access to legitimate sites such as Google if infected users try to access them.[106][107]
See also[edit]
Microsoft portal
Internet portal
Software portal
Bing Bar
History of the web browser
List of web browsers
Month of bugs
Web 2.0
Windows Filtering Platform
Winsock
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Since version 10
Jump up ^ In version 6 and earlier
Jump up ^ In versions 7, 8, and 9
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Cumulative security update for Internet Explorer: October 10, 2017". Support (18 ed.). Microsoft. 11 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Frequently Asked Questions". Microsoft Edge Development. Microsoft. The latest features and platform updates will only be available in Microsoft Edge. We will continue to deliver security updates to Internet Explorer 11 through its supported lifespan. To ensure consistent behavior across Windows versions, we will evaluate Internet Explorer 11 bugs for servicing on a case by case basis.
Jump up ^ "Internet Explorer 10 for Windows 7 released in 95 languages".
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Pre-Release Software License Terms: Internet Explorer 11 Developer Preview". microsoft.com. Microsoft. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft's Internet Explorer losing browser share". BBC.
Jump up ^ "Browser Market Share Worldwide: Sept 2017". StatCounter. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Victor: Software empire pays high price". CNET News. CBS Interactive. Retrieved October 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "The rise, fall, and rehabilitation of Internet Explorer". citeworld.com. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Paul Maritz. "U.S. Antitrust Case 98-1232". justice.gov. Retrieved February 6, 2015. There is talk about how we get more $'s from the 1000+ people we have working on browser related stuff...
Jump up ^ "Microsoft is killing off the Internet Explorer brand". The Verge. Vox Media. March 17, 2015. Retrieved March 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ "What is the Microsoft Lifecycle Support policy for Internet Explorer?". March 31, 2016. Compared with older versions of Internet Explorer, Internet Explorer 11 offers improved security
Jump up ^ "Stay up-to-date with Internet Explorer". Microsofts's MSDN blog. August 7, 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Internet Explorer Support Lifecycle Policy FAQ". Retrieved 2015-03-18.
Jump up ^ "Thomas Reardon, 34". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Elstrom, Peter (January 22, 1997). "Microsoft's $8 Million Goodbye to Spyglass". Businessweek. Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on June 29, 1997. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Thurrott, Paul (January 22, 1997). "Microsoft and Spyglass kiss and make up". Windows IT Pro. Penton. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Memoirs From the Browser Wars". Ericsink.com. Retrieved October 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ Goodwins, Rupert (August 15, 1996). "Microsoft sued by minnow over Internet Explorer name". ZDNet. Retrieved August 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hardmeier, Sandi (August 25, 2005). "The History of Internet Explorer". Microsoft. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ Borland, John (April 15, 2003). "Software empire pays high price". CNET News. CBS Interactive. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ Thurrott, Paul (January 22, 1997). "Microsoft and Spyglass kiss and make up". WindowsITPro. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Microsoft Announces Global Availability of Internet Explorer 9" (Press release). Microsoft. March 14, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ Oiaga, Marcus (December 20, 2007). "Forget about IE8 – Onward to Internet Explorer 9 in Windows 7". Softpedia. SoftNews NET SRL. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Internet Explorer 9 system requirements". Microsoft. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "HTML5, Hardware Accelerated: First IE9 Platform Preview Available for Developers". IEBlog. Microsoft. March 16, 2010. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Benefits of GPU-powered HTML5". IEBlog. Microsoft. April 9, 2010. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Meet WOFF, The Standard Web Font Format". IEBlog. Microsoft. April 23, 2010. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Web Standards Project's Acid3 Test". Microsoft. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft and EU settle dispute". Irish Times. December 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft pledges EU alternatives to Explorer". Irish Times. 17 December 2009. p. 19. (Registration required (help)).
Jump up ^ "After years of fighting, Microsoft and EU settle antitrust case without rancor". The Seattle Times. December 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Brussels accepts Microsoft's browser offer". Financial Times. United Kingdom.
Jump up ^ "In E.U. Deal, Microsoft Allows Rival Browsers". Time. December 17, 2009. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Kerr, Dara (May 10, 2012). "Xbox 360 Kinect said to add Internet Explorer browsing: Rumor has it users may soon be able to surf the Web on Microsoft's gaming console and do so with voice and gesture commands". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Rosenblatt, Seth (February 26, 2013). "IE reborn: Internet Explorer 10 arrives on Windows 7". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Native HTML5: First IE10 Platform Preview Available for Download". IEBlog. Microsoft. April 12, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ Keizer, Gregg (April 13, 2011). "Windows Vista: No IE10 for you". Computerworld. Computerworld Inc. Retrieved April 21, 2011. When Vista users try to install the IE10 preview, they see a dialog box that reads, "Windows Internet Explorer Platform Preview does not support any operating system earlier than Windows 7," after which the installation process terminates.
^ Jump up to: a b Thurrott, Paul (July 25, 2013). "Internet Explorer 11 Developer Preview for Windows 7". Paul Thurrott's SuperSite for Windows. Penton. Retrieved July 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "What's new in F12 Tools (Preliminary)". MSDN. Microsoft. June 26, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "High DPI support (Preliminary)". MSDN. Microsoft. July 25, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Prerender and prefetch support (Preliminary)". MSDN. Microsoft. July 25, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bradley, Tony (July 26, 2013). "Why Internet Explorer 11 is the right browser for business". PC World. IDG. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Brinkmann, Martin (July 25, 2013). "The Internet Explorer 11 Preview for Windows 7 is now available". Ghacks.net. ghacks Technology News. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Latest Windows 8.1 build beefs up IE developer tools". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft teases Internet Explorer 11 WebGL support on Vine". The Verge. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ "WebGL (Preliminary)". MSDN. Microsoft. July 25, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Lardinois, Frederic (June 26, 2013). "Microsoft Confirms IE11 Will Support Google’s SPDY Protocol". TechCrunch. Aol. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ Williams, Mike (July 26, 2013). "Internet Explorer 11 Developer Preview now available for Windows 7". BetaNews. BetaNews, Inc. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "IE11 for Windows 7 Globally Available for Consumers and Businesses". Retrieved November 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ "WebKit SunSpider JavaScript Benchmark Results". ie.microsoft.com. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Weber, Jason (January 21, 2015). "Spartan and the Windows 10 January Preview Build". IEBlog. Microsoft.
Jump up ^ Rossi, Jacob (November 11, 2014). "Living on the Edge – our next step in helping the web just work". IEBlog. Microsoft.
Jump up ^ Warren, Tom (January 27, 2015). "Microsoft reveals its Internet Explorer successor will support extensions". The Verge. Vox Media.
Jump up ^ Brian wilson. "Netscape Navigator — Browser History: Netscape explains that by the fourth generations of both browsers, Internet Explorer had caught up technologically with Netscape's browser ... Netscape 6.0 was considered slow and buggy, and adoption was slow to occur". blooberry.com. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Internet Explorer 8 Beta 1 Whitepapers". MSDN. Retrieved March 11, 2008.
Jump up ^ Hopkins, James. "IE8 Bugs". Archived from the original on August 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Summary results of W3C test suite on multiple browsers, different versions and browser plugins.". Retrieved April 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ Svensson, Peter (September 10, 2008). "Creator of Web spots a flaw in Internet Explorer". msnbc.msn.com. Retrieved November 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ "SVG Support Tables". codedread.com.
Jump up ^ "Filter Tool (WebFX)". webfx.eae.net. May 12, 2005.
Jump up ^ "Using Script Encoder". microsoft.com. May 12, 2005.
Jump up ^ "Font Embedding for the Web". microsoft.com.
Jump up ^ "How to Add a Shortcut Icon to a Web Page". MSDN. Microsoft. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Davis, Jeff (December 27, 2007). "why doesn't the favicon for my site appear in IE7?". jeffdav on code. Microsoft. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Fun with Favicons". Microsoft. September 7, 2013. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Windows Core Networking Team. "A bit about WinInet's Index.dat". MSDN blogs. Retrieved March 7, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Internet Explorer 9 Network Performance Improvements". Retrieved January 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Internet Explorer Architecture". MSDN. Retrieved January 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Chris. "Inside IE8 Beta 1 for Developers". MSDN Channel9. Retrieved March 7, 2008.
Jump up ^ "IE8 and Loosely Coupled IE". Retrieved March 18, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b McSherry, Tony (January 20, 2013). "A look at Internet Explorer 10 on Windows RT". TechRepublic. CBS Interactive.
Jump up ^ "Security risk detected in Internet Explorer software". Belfast Telegraph. December 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Serious security flaw found in IE". BBC News. December 16, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Goodin, Dan (December 9, 2011). "Chrome is the most secured browser – new study". The Register. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Accuvant Study Finds Chrome is Most Secure Browser, eSecurity Planet, December 13, 2011, retrieved May 22, 2012
Jump up ^ "Browser Security White Paper" (PDF). X41-Dsec GmbH. September 18, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Seltzer, Larry (April 14, 2005). "The Lame Blame of ActiveX". Security—Opinions. eWeek. Retrieved April 7, 2006.
Jump up ^ Lemos, Robert (July 31, 2006). "ActiveX security faces storm before calm". Security Focus. Retrieved July 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Secunia 2008 Report" (PDF). Secunia.
Jump up ^ Goodin, Dan (November 1, 2010). "Internet Explorer info leak festers for 2 years". San Francisco: The Register. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ Naraine, Ryan (November 1, 2010). "Two-year-old data leakage flaw still haunts Internet Explorer". ZDNet. CBS Interactive. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Researchers bypass Internet Explorer Protected Mode". December 3, 2010. Retrieved December 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Top Browsers Per Country, July 2017". Statcounter. 2017. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
Jump up ^ Mills, Elinor (January 14, 2010). "New IE hole exploited in attacks on U.S. firms". CNET News. CBS Interactive. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Emery, Daniel (January 16, 2010). "Germany issues Explorer warning". BBC News. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Fildes, Jonathan (January 18, 2010). "France in fresh Explorer warning". BBC News. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Emily Bourke for AM (January 19, 2010). "Govt issues IE security warning". abc.net.au. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Martinez-Cabrera, Alejandro (January 18, 2010). "The Technology Chronicles : France and Germany warn users not to use Internet Explorer". The San Francisco Chronicle.
Jump up ^ Govan, Fiona (January 18, 2010). "Germany warns against using Microsoft Internet Explorer". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "CVE-2014-1776". Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE). 2014-01-29. Retrieved 2017-05-16.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Security Advisory 2963983". Microsoft. April 26, 2014. Retrieved April 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ Finkle, Jim (April 28, 2014). "U.S., UK advise avoiding Internet Explorer until bug fixed". Reuters. Retrieved April 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Internet Explorer Use-After-Free Vulnerability Guidance". United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team. April 28, 2014. Retrieved April 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Vulnerability Note VU#222929 – Microsoft Internet Explorer use-after-free vulnerability". Carnegie Mellon University. April 27, 2014. Retrieved April 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "U.S.: Stop using Internet Explorer until security holes are fixed". Chicago Tribune. April 28, 2014. Retrieved April 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft warns of Internet Explorer flaw". BBC. April 28, 2014. Retrieved April 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Security Bulletin MS14-021 – Critical Security Update for Internet Explorer (2965111)". Microsoft Technet. May 1, 2014. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Market share for browsers, operating systems and search engines". marketshare.hitslink.com.
Jump up ^ "Market share for browsers, operating systems and search engines". marketshare.hitslink.com. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ Borland, John. Browser wars: High price, huge rewards, ZDNet, April 15, 2003. Accessed June 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "TheCounter.com: The Full-Featured Web Counter with Graphic Reports and Detailed Information". Thecounter.com. Retrieved October 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "TheCounter.com: The Full-Featured Web Counter with Graphic Reports and Detailed Information". Thecounter.com. Retrieved October 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "CNN — Behind the numbers: Browser market share — October 8, 1998". Cnn.com. Archived from the original on August 16, 2000. Retrieved October 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Web Analytics | Online Business Optimization by Omniture". Omniture.com. Retrieved October 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ Goldman, David (October 6, 2010). "Internet Explorer usage falls below 50%". CNN. Retrieved October 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "IE Emergency Mode". im-infected.com. January 28, 2011. Archived from the original on June 30, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bleeping Computer – Fake IE Emergency Mode (by fake AVG)". January 28, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2013.
Further reading[edit]
"Index DOT Html and Index DOT Css". Browser History: Windows Internet Explorer. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
Hachamovitch, Dean (July 27, 2005). "Windows Vista & IE7 Beta 1 Available". IEBlog. Microsoft. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
Wilson, Chris (July 30, 2005). "Standards and CSS in IE". IEBlog. Microsoft. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
Graff, Scott (October 7, 2006). "IE7 Is Coming This Month". IEBlog. Microsoft. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
"IE7 Platforms And Outlook Express". IEBlog. Microsoft. March 1, 2005. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
"Gates Highlights Progress on Security, Outlines Next Steps for Continued Innovation". News Center. Microsoft. February 15, 2005. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
Williams, Mary-Lynne; MacNeil, Leslie; Hall, Marty (September 17, 2010). Hachamovitch, Dean, ed. "User Experiences: Evolving the blue "e"". IEBlog. Microsoft. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Internet Explorer.
Wikinews has related news: France, Germany officials warn against using Internet Explorer
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Internet Explorer
Official website
Internet Explorer Architecture
IE Leak Patterns – Microsoft's analysis of how webpages can cause memory leaks in Internet Explorer, and how developers can prevent them
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UJA-Federation of New York
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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UJA-Federation of New York, (United Jewish Appeal - Federation of Jewish Philanthropies of New York, Inc) is the largest local philanthropy in the world.[1] Headquartered in New York City, the organization raises and allocates funds annually to fulfill a mission to “care for people in need, inspire a passion for Jewish life and learning, and strengthen Jewish communities in New York, in Israel, and around the world.” [2]
UJA-Federation provides funding to support a network of nearly 100 health, human-service, educational, and community-building agencies and dozens of grantees in New York, Israel, and 70 other countries.[3] These community-based organizations offer a multitude of services to combat poverty, help the elderly age with dignity, promote Jewish identity and renewal, strengthen connections between the Jewish people worldwide, care for people with disabilities and special needs, and stand in support of the people of Israel.[citation needed]
UJA-Federation, as it is known today, was created from the 1986 merger of the United Jewish Appeal, established in 1939, and the Federation of Jewish Philanthropies of New York, a predecessor organization established in 1917.[4]
During the late 1980s UJA-Federation participated in the Soviet Jewry Movement with its Passage to Freedom campaign to help Jewish Emigres from the Soviet Union.[5]
In 2016, UJA-Federation's annual campaign raised $153.4 million. Including bequests and endowment and capital and special gifts, the total amount raised in the year was $207.6 million.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Leadership
2 UJA-Federation of New York Archives
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Leadership[edit]
Jeffrey A. Schoenfeld was appointed president of UJA-Federation of New York on July 1, 2016; Robert S. Kapito was appointed chair of the board.[7] Eric S. Goldstein assumed the position of CEO on July 1, 2014.[8]
UJA-Federation of New York Archives[edit]
Archival material connected with the projects and philanthropic mission of the UJA-Federation of New York are held at the American Jewish Historical Society. The collection is open to all researchers, except items that are restricted. A finding aid for the collection can be found here.
See also[edit]
Jewish Federation, For other cities
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Israel News - The Jerusalem post". Jpost.com. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Home » UJA-Federation of New York". UJA-Federation of New York. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Who We Are". UJA-Federation of New York. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Pace, Eric (8 September 2003). "Sanford Solender, a Leader of Jewish Charities, Is Dead at 89". NYTimes.com. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Guide to the Judith A. Manelis Papers, 1986-1990, *P-970". Center for Jewish History. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
Jump up ^ "UJA's Campaign Reaches Pre-Recession Levels". Jewishweek.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ [2][dead link]
Further reading[edit]
Berkman, Matthew. “Transforming Philanthropy: Finance and Institutional Evolution at the Jewish Federation of New York, 1917–86,” Jewish Social Studies 22#2 (2017): 146–195.
Berman, Lila Corwin. "How Americans Give: The Financialization of American Jewish Philanthropy" American Historical Review (2017) 122#5 pp 1459-1489.
Elazar, Daniel J. Community and Polity: The Organizational Dynamics of American Jewry (1995) see pp 211-18 for a listing of the community Jewish federations and the founding date.
Feldstein, Donald "The Jewish Federation: The First Hundred Years". in Norman Linzer, ed. A portrait of the American Jewish community (1998).
Liebman, Charles S. “Leadership and Decision-Making in a Jewish Federation: The New York Federation of Jewish Philanthropies,” in American Jewish Year Book (1979), 3–76.
More, Deborah Dash. “From Kehillah to Federation: The Communal Functions of Federated Philanthropy in New York City, 1917–1933,” American Jewish History 68#2 (1978): 131–146;
Nissim, Hanna Shaul Bar. "The Adaptation Process of Jewish Philanthropies to Changing Environments: The Case of the UJA-Federation of New York Since 1990." Contemporary Jewry 38.1 (2018): 79-105.
Wenger, Beth S. “Federation Men: The Masculine World of New York Jewish Philanthropy, 1880–1945,” American Jewish History 101# 3 (2017): 377–399.
External links[edit]
UJA-Federation of New York
Guide to the Records of the United Jewish Appeal-Federation of New York, 1909-2004
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UJA-Federation_of_New_York&oldid=843222076"
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Scarface (Push It to the Limit)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Push It to the Limit.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Scarface (Push It to the Limit)"
Single by Paul Engemann
from the album Scarface: Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
B-side
"Tony's Theme"
Released
October 26, 1983 (1983-10-26)
Format
7" single
Recorded
1983
Genre
Synthpop
dance-rock
new wave
Length
3:03
Label
MCA
Songwriter(s)
Giorgio Moroder
Pete Bellotte
Producer(s)
Giorgio Moroder
"Scarface (Push It to the Limit)" is a song written by record producers Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte and recorded by American musician Paul Engemann. It appeared on the soundtrack for the 1983 motion picture Scarface. This song appears in the movie in the montage sequence that demonstrates Tony Montana's rise in wealth and position after he kills Frank Lopez (Robert Loggia) and takes over as the head cocaine trafficker in Miami. In the film, the song appeared in a slightly longer version, featuring a guitar solo during the instrumental break. This version was eventually released on a 12-inch single LP with the guitar solo included.
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition
2 In popular culture
3 In other media
4 See also
5 References
Composition[edit]
The song is composed with a tempo of 156 beats per minute.[1]
In popular culture[edit]
It has been employed as a montage song for underdog or dark horse characters, such as in the South Park episode "Up the Down Steroid" (in a techno format remixed by Moroder himself), and in the It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episode entitled "Mac's Big Break". A variation of this theme is used in a montage for the American Dad! episode "The Adventures of Twill Ongenbone and His Boy Jabari". Similarly, the 2009-2010 Britvic advert for 'Drench' bottled water features the song while a goldfish remembers its way through a maze. It is also the entrance song for German boxer Ralf Riemer.
In other media[edit]
Used in the video game Grand Theft Auto III on one of its available in-game radio stations, Flashback FM (Flashback 95.6), along with the rest of the Scarface film soundtrack.
Featured in the official Scarface game, Scarface: The World is Yours
Sampled on both "Push It" by Rick Ross[2] and remixed by Australian drum and bass artist, Phetsta[example needed]
The chorus was performed by Jamey Jasta in Necro's "Push it to the Limit" from his album The Pre-Fix for Death
Often used with the internet meme Safety Not Guaranteed[examples needed]
The song appeared in The Simpsons' 1980s-inspired couch gag in the episode "Teenage Mutant Milk-Caused Hurdles".
The song also appeared in the South Park episode "Up the Down Steroid".
An homage to the song, called "Break The Rules", written and composed by Simon Viklund, with vocals performed by Phil Bardowell, is used in the game Payday 2, as part of its Scarface DLC Packs.
The song appeared in It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia's season 5 episode "Mac's Big Break".
Covered by Finnish heavy metal band Battle Beast on their album Unholy Savior.
Used in the animated sitcom American Dad, in the season 8 episode "The Adventures of Twill Ongenbone and His Boy Jabari", during a montage where Roger prepares to run a marathon.
Used in the 2nd season, episode 4 of the Netflix series Stranger Things.
See also[edit]
"You're the Best", song featured in The Karate Kid
"Gonna Fly Now", also known as "Theme from Rocky"
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://songbpm.com/paul-engemann-scarface-push-it-to-the-limit
Jump up ^ http://www.whosampled.com/sample/1589/Rick-Ross-Push-It-Paul-Engemann-Scarface-(Push-It-to-the-Limit)/
[hide]
v
t
e
Scarface
Novel
Scarface (1929)
Films
Scarface (1932)
Scarface (1983)
Games
Scarface: The World Is Yours
Scarface: Money. Power. Respect.
Scarface
Music
Soundtrack
Music Inspired by Scarface
"Scarface (Push It to the Limit)"
"Rush Rush"
"She's on Fire"
"Turn Out the Night"
Characters
Tony Montana (Al Pacino)
Elvira Hancock (Michelle Pfeiffer)
Alejandro Sosa (Paul Shenar)
Legacy
Scarface Nation (2008)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scarface_(Push_It_to_the_Limit)&oldid=841894445"
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1983 songs
Paul Engemann songs
Songs written by Pete Bellotte
Songs written by Giorgio Moroder
Scarface (1983 film)
MCA Records singles
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Man on Fire
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Man on Fire may refer to:
Man on Fire (1957 film), starring Bing Crosby and Inger Stevens
Man on Fire (Quinnell novel), a 1981 thriller by A. J. Quinnell
Man on Fire (1987 film), starring Scott Glenn, based on the novel
Man on Fire (2004 film), starring Denzel Washington, based on the novel
Man on Fire, a 2005 mixtape album by Chamillionaire
"Man on Fire", a 1984 single from the album Strange Frontier by Roger Taylor, the drummer for the band Queen
"Man on Fire", a 2012 single from the album Here by Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros
"Man on Fire", a 2014 single from the album Runes by Bury Tomorrow
"Man on Fire" (The Vampire Diaries), an episode of the TV series The Vampire Diaries
Man on Fire (Kelman novel), a 2015 novel by Stephen Kelman
Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Man on Fire.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man_on_Fire&oldid=847352225"
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