text:
List of banks in Pakistan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The following is the list of notable banks in Pakistan. State Bank of Pakistan is the central bank of Pakistan.
Contents
[hide]
1 Total Number of Schedule Banks on June 30th, 2017
2 Public Sector Schedule Banks
3 Specialized Schedule banks
4 Private Banks
5 Islamic banks
6 Foreign Banks
7 Micro-finance Banks
8 Development Finance Institutions
9 Other Financial Institutions in Pakistan
10 References
11 External links
Total Number of Schedule Banks on June 30th, 2017[edit]
Al Baraka Bank (Pakistan) Limited.
Allied Bank Limited.
Askari Bank Limited.
Bank Alfalah Limited.
Bank Al-Habib Limited.
BankIslami Pakistan Limited.
Citi Bank N.A.
Deutsche Bank A.G.
Dubai Islamic Bank Pakistan Limited.
Faysal Bank Limited.
First Women Bank Limited.
Habib Bank Limited.
Habib Metropolitan Bank Limited.
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China
Industrial Development Bank of Pakistan.
JS Bank Limited.
MCB Bank Limited.
MCB Islamic Bank Limited.
Meezan Bank Limited.
National Bank of Pakistan.
S.M.E. Bank Limited.
Samba Bank Limited.
Silk Bank Limited.
Sindh Bank Limited.
Soneri Bank Limited.
Standard Chartered Bank (Pakistan) Limited.
Summit Bank Limited.
The Bank of Khyber.
The Bank of Punjab.
The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi Limited.
The Punjab Provincial Cooperative Bank Limited.
United Bank Limited.
Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited.
NIB Bank Limited. (Now merged with MCB Bank on July 7th, 2017)
Public Sector Schedule Banks[edit]
National Bank of Pakistan
The Bank of Punjab
Sindh Bank
Bank of Khyber
First Women Bank
Specialized Schedule banks[edit]
Industrial Development Bank
SME Bank
The Punjab Provincial Cooperative Bank
Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited
Private Banks[edit]
Askari Bank
Allied Bank Limited
MCB Bank Limited
Bank Alfalah
Bank Al Habib
Faysal Bank
HBL Pakistan
Habib Metropolitan Bank
JS Bank
NIB Bank
Samba Bank Limited
Silk bank Limited
Standard Chartered Pakistan
Soneri Bank
Summit Bank
United Bank Limited
Islamic banks[edit]
There are many Islamic banks working in Pakistan. The list of banks is given below:
Meezan Bank Limited
Dubai Islamic Bank
Al Baraka Bank
Bank Alfalah Islamic
BankIslami Pakistan Limited
Askari Bank Ltd
MCB Islamic Baking
UBL Islamic Banking
HBL Islamic Banking
National Bank of Pakistan
Bank Al Habib Islamic Banking
Emirates Global Islamic Bank Limited
Allied Bank Islamic Banking
These are the names of Islamic banks having accreditation license from the state bank of Pakistan.
Foreign Banks[edit]
Deutsche Bank AG
Citi Bank N.A
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited
Standard Chartered Pakistan
Bank of China [1]
Samba Bank Limited
Micro-finance Banks[edit]
Khushhali Bank Limited
NRSP Microfinance Bank
Apna Microfinance Bank Ltd
FINCA Microfinance Bank Limited
Mobilink Microfinance Bank Limited
Pak-Oman Microfinance Bank Ltd
Telenor Microfinance Bank Limited(TMFB)
The First Microfinance Bank Ltd(FMFB)
Sindh MicroFinance Bank Ltd (SMFB)
U Microfinance Bank Limited
Advans Pakistan Microfinance Bank Limited
Development Finance Institutions[edit]
Asian Housing Financed
Other Financial Institutions in Pakistan[edit]
Economy of Pakistan
Pakistan Stock Exchange Exchange
AKD Securities Pvt Limited
[2]
Arif Habib Securities Pvt Limited
Royal Securities Pvt Limited
[3]
Islamic banking
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.dawn.com/news/1332915
Jump up ^ http://www.akdsecurities.net/
Jump up ^ http://www.royalsecuritiespvtltd.com/
External links[edit]
Android application about Banks in Pakistan
List of Banks in Pakistan 2014-15
List Of Banks in Pakistan
Banks in Pakistan
Banks in Pakistan database
Banks in Pakistan with products they offer
Pakistani Banks
State Bank of Pakistan
Banking Jobs in Pakistan
The Pakistan Credit Rating Agency Limited
List of Microfinance Banks in Pakistan
[show]
v
t
e
Banking in Pakistan
Central bank
State Bank of Pakistan
Big Four
HBL Pakistan
MCB Bank Limited
National Bank of Pakistan
United Bank Limited Pakistan
Commercial banking
Allied Bank Limited
Askari Bank
Atlas Bank
Bank AL Habib
Bank Alfalah
Bank of Khyber
Bank of Punjab
Faysal Bank
First Women Bank
Habib Metropolitan Bank
Industrial Development Bank
JS Bank
NIB Bank
Sindh Bank
Soneri Bank
Summit Bank
Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited
Microfinance banking
FINCA Microfinance Bank Limited
First MicroFinance Bank-Pakistan
Khushhali Bank
NRSP Microfinance Bank
Telenor Microfinance Bank Limited
Islamic banking
BankIslami Pakistan
Burj Bank
Dubai Islamic Bank Pakistan Limited
Meezan Bank
Foreign banks
Barclays
HSBC Bank Middle East
Royal Bank of Scotland
Standard Chartered Pakistan
Defunct banks
Bank of Credit and Commerce International
KASB Bank
MyBank
PICIC Commercial Bank
Union Bank
See also
List of banks in Pakistan
Pakistan Remittance Initiative
Pakistani bankers
Institute of Bankers Pakistan
National Institute of Banking and Finance
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Economy of Pakistan
History
Numbering system
Five-Year Plans
Nationalization
Privatization
Corporatization
Fauji Foundation
Islamic economization
Economic liberalization
Medium Term Development Framework
Periods of stagflation
Banking and finance
Banking (List of banks)
Pakistan Remittance Initiative
Communications
Currency
Mailing
Postal codes
Postage stamps
Telecommunications
Dialing codes
Internet
Mobile network operators
Telephone numbers
Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite
Transportation
Airlines
Airports
Bridges
Motorways
National highways
Railways
Railway stations
Dry ports
Seaports
Vehicle plates
Industry
Aerospace
Agriculture
Fishery
Livestock
Rice production
Tea
Defence
Automotive
Books and publishing
Cottage and small scale
Forestry
Information technology
Insurance
Mining
Media
Cinema
Television
Music
Pharmaceuticals
Real estate
Textiles (Carpets and rugs)
Silk
Tourism
Medical tourism
Infrastructure
Buildings
Education
Schools
Universities
Healthcare
AIDS
Hospitals
Housing
Poverty
Science and technology
Water supply and sanitation (Dams)
Water resources management
Energy
Electricity
Fuel extraction
Nuclear power
Policy
Power companies
Power stations
Renewable energy
Solar power
Wind power
Taxation
Federal Board of Revenue
Tax on cash withdrawal
Institutions
Companies
Islamabad / Karachi / Lahore stock exchanges
Ministry of Commerce (Ministers)
Ministry of Finance (Ministers)
National Bank of Pakistan
Planning Commission
Research institutes
Securities and Exchange Commission
State Bank of Pakistan (Governors)
Society
Billionaires
Businesspeople
Demographics
Labour force (Child labour)
Public holidays
Urbanisation
Pensions
Domestic economies
Azad Kashmir
Balochistan
FATA
Gilgit-Baltistan
Islamabad
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Punjab
Faisalabad
Lahore
Rawalpindi
Sindh (Karachi)
See also
Central business districts
Foreign aid
Foreign trade
International ranking
Investment in Pakistan
Sister cities
Provinces by GDP
Pakistanis by net worth
Politicians
Standard of living
Category
[show]
v
t
e
List of banks in Asia
Sovereign states
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Egypt
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
States with
limited recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Northern Cyprus
Palestine
South Ossetia
Taiwan
Dependencies and
other territories
British Indian Ocean Territory
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Hong Kong
Macau
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_banks_in_Pakistan&oldid=804479809"
Categories:
Lists of companies of Pakistan
Banks of Pakistan
Lists of banks by country
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
اردو
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 October 2017, at 08:15.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

value: p

attrs: role tabindex class

values: button 0 togglelink

value: span

value: li

values: Edit section: Total Number of Schedule Banks on June 30th, 2017

values: Edit section: Public Sector Schedule Banks

values:
/wiki/The_Bank_of_Punjab
mw-redirect
The Bank of Punjab

values:
/wiki/First_Women_Bank
mw-redirect
First Women Bank

values: Edit section: Specialized Schedule banks

values: The Punjab Provincial Cooperative Bank (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/United_Bank_Limited
mw-redirect
United Bank Limited

values:
/wiki/Meezan_Bank_Limited
mw-redirect
Meezan Bank Limited

values: Bank Alfalah Islamic (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/BankIslami_Pakistan_Limited
mw-redirect
BankIslami Pakistan Limited

values: MCB Islamic Baking (page does not exist)

values: UBL Islamic Banking (page does not exist)

values: HBL Islamic Banking (page does not exist)

values: Bank Al Habib Islamic Banking (page does not exist)

values: Emirates Global Islamic Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Allied Bank Islamic Banking (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Deutsche_Bank_AG
mw-redirect
Deutsche Bank AG

values: Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited

values:
/wiki/Khushhali_Bank_Limited
mw-redirect
Khushhali Bank Limited

values: Apna Microfinance Bank Ltd (page does not exist)

values: FINCA Microfinance Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Mobilink Microfinance Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Pak-Oman Microfinance Bank Ltd (page does not exist)

values: Telenor Microfinance Bank Limited(TMFB) (page does not exist)

values: The First Microfinance Bank Ltd(FMFB) (page does not exist)

values: Sindh MicroFinance Bank Ltd (SMFB) (page does not exist)

values: U Microfinance Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Advans Pakistan Microfinance Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Edit section: Development Finance Institutions

values: Asian Housing Financed (page does not exist)

values: Edit section: Other Financial Institutions in Pakistan

values:
/wiki/Islamic_banking
mw-redirect
Islamic banking

values:
nofollow
external free
https://www.dawn.com/news/1332915

values:
nofollow
http://www.akdsecurities.net/
external free

values:
nofollow
http://www.royalsecuritiespvtltd.com/
external free

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nicepakistan.com/bank.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.pakloans.com/banks

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sbp.org.pk/f_links/index.asp

values:
nofollow
external text
http://paperpk.com/job/category/banking

values:
nofollow
http://www.pacra.com.pk/
external text

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/United_Bank_Limited_Pakistan
mw-redirect
United Bank Limited Pakistan

values:
/wiki/Commercial_banking
mw-redirect
Commercial banking

values:
/wiki/Bank_AL_Habib
mw-redirect
Bank AL Habib

values: Telenor Microfinance Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Bank of Credit and Commerce International

values: National Institute of Banking and Finance

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
Economy_of_Pakistan
vcard
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
/wiki/South_Asian_numbering_system
mw-redirect
South Asian numbering system

values:
/wiki/Nationalization_in_Pakistan
mw-redirect
Nationalization in Pakistan

values:
/wiki/Communications_in_Pakistan
mw-redirect
Communications in Pakistan

values:
/wiki/List_of_postal_codes_of_Pakistan
mw-redirect
List of postal codes of Pakistan

values:
/wiki/Postage_stamps_of_Pakistan
mw-redirect
Postage stamps of Pakistan

values: List of mobile network operators of Islamic Republic of Pakistan

values: List of ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean

values: Cottage and small scale industries in Pakistan

values:
/wiki/Media_in_Pakistan
mw-redirect
Media in Pakistan

values:
/wiki/Health_care_in_Pakistan
mw-redirect
Health care in Pakistan

values: List of electric supply companies in Pakistan

values:
/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(Pakistan)
mw-redirect
Ministry of Commerce (Pakistan)

values:
/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Pakistan)
mw-redirect
Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)

values:
/wiki/Finance_Minister_of_Pakistan
mw-redirect
Finance Minister of Pakistan

values: Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan

values:
/wiki/Labour_force_of_Pakistan
mw-redirect
Labour force of Pakistan

values: Economy of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_Pakistan
mw-redirect
Economy of Punjab, Pakistan

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_Faisalabad
mw-redirect
Economy of Faisalabad

values: Category:Central business districts in Pakistan

values: List of twin towns and sister cities in Pakistan

values: List of Pakistani provinces by gross domestic product

values: List of Pakistani politicians by net worth

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Iran
mw-redirect
List of banks in Iran

values: List of banks in the United Arab Emirates

values: List of banks in Abkhazia (page does not exist)

values: List of banks in the Republic of Artsakh (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Northern_Cyprus
mw-redirect
List of banks in Northern Cyprus

values: List of banks in the Palestinian territories

values: List of banks in South Ossetia (page does not exist)

values: List of banks in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)

values: List of banks in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Pakistan
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: پاکستان کے بینکوں کی فہرست – Urdu

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_banks_in_Pakistan rootpage-List_of_banks_in_Pakistan vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Blue Heelers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Australian television programme. For the dog breed, see Australian Cattle Dog.
Blue Heelers
Also known as
Boys in Blue (working title)
Starring
(See Cast list)
Composer(s)
Garry Hardman
Red Symonds
Jason Bond
Country of origin
Australia
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
13
No. of episodes
510 (list of episodes)
Production
Running time
45 minutes
Production company(s)
Southern Star Group
Seven Network Productions
Distributor
Southern Star
Release
Original network
Seven Network
Picture format
PAL (1994–2002)
576i (2003–06)
1080i HDTV (2003–06)
Audio format
Stereo (1994–2006)
Dolby Digital (2003–06)
Original release
18 January 1994 (1994-01-18) – 4 June 2006 (2006-06-04)
Blue Heelers was an Australian police drama series that was produced by Southern Star Group and ran for 12 years on Seven Network, from 1994 to 2006. Although based around the policing of the town, the series generally depicted the everyday lives and relationships of the residents of Mount Thomas, a fictional small town in Victoria. The series was one of the highest-rated and most-awarded programs in the history of Australian television. It is noted for its two main stars Lisa McCune, a four-time recipient of the Gold Logie, and John Wood, who also won Gold.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Plot
3 Cast
3.1 Main cast
3.2 Recurring/semi-regular cast
4 Production
4.1 Conception and development
4.2 Filming locations
5 Reception
5.1 2004 Revamp: The Station Bombing
5.2 Cancellation
6 Episodes
7 Merchandise
7.1 DVD release
8 Re-Release
9 Original Release
9.1 Classic DVD titles
9.2 VHS
10 Awards and nominations
11 International broadcasting
11.1 Australia
11.2 New Zealand
11.3 Ireland
11.4 USA
11.5 Canada
11.6 Italy
11.7 United Kingdom
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
Overview[edit]
Blue Heelers was first aired on 10 September 1993, with the episode "A Woman's Place". The last episode, aired on 4 June 2006, was the 510th episode, "One Day More". It was produced by Southern Star for the Seven Network. During its 13-season run it won a total of 32 awards and was nominated for a further 50.[1] This included 25 Logie Awards, five of which were the Gold Logie, the most coveted television award in Australia.[2]
As well as everyday policing matters, the series deals with many controversial and "touchy" subjects. The series was the first to examine the stressful world of young police officers who are "thrown into the deep end where they are left to sink or swim".[3]
Police procedurals were enormously popular in Australia in the 1960s and 1970s, but by the 1980s they had been replaced by home-grown soap operas and mini-series. Blue Heelers, however, was Australia's most popular television drama while it lasted. The series drew more than 2.5 million viewers every week at its peak.[2] Along with Homicide, Blue Heelers holds the Australian record for most episodes produced of a weekly prime-time drama. It was also nearly the longest-running series,[4][5] but Homicide lasted one calendar month longer and, due to five feature-length episodes, had more time on air.
Blue Heelers has also gained recognition in the UK, Ireland, New Zealand, Canada and other countries. It has been sold to 108 territories.[6]
Blue Heelers launched the careers of many Australian actors, such as Lisa McCune, Grant Bowler, Ditch Davey, Rachel Gordon, Tasma Walton, Charlie Clausen and Jane Allsop. While many of these actors are still best known for their work on Blue Heelers, some have gone on to bigger roles. Many other actors of today also appeared in guest roles, including Hugh Jackman, Charles 'Bud' Tingwell, Peter O'Brien and John Howard. John Wood and Julie Nihill remained with Blue Heelers during its entire 12-year run, portraying Senior Sergeant Tom Croydon and the publican Chris Riley respectively.
Plot[edit]
P.J. Hasham, Tom Croydon and Maggie Doyle
The series primarily focuses on the daily lives of Victorian police officers working at a police station in the fictional small town of Mount Thomas. Each episode is presented from the perspective of the officers. This was a specific technique that creator Hal McElroy chose to employ.[7]
The police officers, commonly referred to as "Heelers", are always active sorting out the town's many problems. These problems range from trivial complaints such as land and fencing disputes to more serious offences, such as homicides and assaults. The small town is also faced with many other significant occurrences including bank robberies, escaped criminals, police shootings, kidnappings and the acts of deluded criminals. Of these, one of the more significant events is the bombing of the police station during the show's eleventh season.
Whenever overwhelmed, the Heelers call on the assistance of the police in the larger town of St Davids, home of the resident police inspector Russell Falcon-Price. An antagonist in the series, Falcon-Price often tries to terminate the employment of the Mount Thomas sergeant or to close the entire station.
Along with their police work, aspects of the Heelers' personal lives are regularly featured, notably the relationship between Maggie and PJ, which ends with Maggie's death in one of the most watched moments on Australian television.
Cast[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Actor
Character
Episode count
Season
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
John Wood Tom Croydon 510 Main
Julie Nihill Chris Riley 510 Main
Martin Sacks P.J. Hasham 475 Main
Lisa McCune Maggie Doyle 249 Main
William McInnes Nick Schultz 249 Main Guest Guest
Grant Bowler Wayne Patterson 96 Main
Ann Burbrook Roz Patterson 31 Main Guest
Damian Walshe-Howling Adam Cooper 178 Main Guest
Tasma Walton Dash McKinley 128 Main
Paul Bishop Ben Stewart 253 Main
Rupert Reid Jack Lawson 102 Main
Jane Allsop Jo Parrish 202 Main
Caroline Craig Tess Gallagher 139 Main
Ditch Davey Evan Jones 193 Main
Simone McAullay Susie Raynor 99 Main
Rachel Gordon Amy Fox 70 Main
Samantha Tolj Kelly O'Rourke 69 Main
Danny Raco Joss Peroni 68 Main
Geoff Morrell Mark Jacobs 59 Main
Charlie Clausen Alex Kirby 50 Main
Matt Holmes Matt Graham 20 Main
Recurring/semi-regular cast[edit]
Blue Heelers final cast of 2006
Main article: List of recurring Blue Heelers characters
Each episode featured a range of guest cast members, and over the run of the series hundreds of actors featured in these roles.[8]
As well as the main (regular) cast members, a number of well-known Australian actors frequently appeared as either recurring or semi-regular characters. These included Terry Gill as Superintendent Clive Adamson,[9] Neil Pigot as Inspector Russel Falcon-Price,[10] Jeremy Kewley as Mt Thomas journalist Tony Timms,[10] Frankie J. Holden as Snr. Det. Jack Woodley,[11] Catherine Wilkin,[12] Debra Lawrance,[9] Emily Browning,[13] Josh Lawson,[14] along with Suzi Dougherty as Dr. Mel Carter, Peta Doodson as Inspector Monica Draper, Beth Buchanan as Susan Croydon, Michael Isaacs as Clancy Freeman, and the late Reg Evans as Keith Purvis.
Many other notable actors also had one-off or recurring guest roles in Blue Heelers including Shane Bourne,[15] Hugh Jackman,[16] Gerard Kennedy,[17] David Wenham,[18] Marcus Graham,[19] Peter O'Brien,[20] Gary Sweet,[21] Vince Colosimo,[22] Alan Cinis and Alan Dale.
Production[edit]
On average, 42 episodes of Blue Heelers were broadcast per year on Australian television, with each episode comprising fifty scenes. One episode was made every week. The scripts were written to a formula which allowed one day for rehearsal, two days on location and two days in the studio.[8] Episodes were shot eight to ten weeks ahead of their scheduled broadcast date.[23] There were 16 episodes in various stages of production at any one time (from the conception of new storylines to post-production). In addition, there were always seven complete episodes waiting to go to air.[8] Apart from the regular cast members, the show employed 4,300 guest actors annually, plus 30 extras every week. A total of 150 people were involved in some way with the show's production each week, including cast members, crew, wardrobe, publicists and writers.[8]
Conception and development[edit]
Blue Heelers creator/producer, Hal McElroy, conceived the idea of Blue Heelers when he heard that an eighteen-year-old friend was planning to become a police officer. Intrigued, he inquired as to why this young boy, fresh out of school, would want to become a police officer, as opposed to the many other opportunities he had open to him. McElroy soon discovered that, at the time, a staggering 60% of Australian police officers were under the age of 26.[24] This, coupled with McElroy's desire to create a country cop show, formed the basis of the programme. When this same young officer left the force only a year later due to the shooting death of his colleague, McElroy was even more intrigued to learn about the very fickle, yet rewarding job of policing the community.[7] McElroy continued his quest by asking ex-police officer Michael Winter to write down what it was like to be a city cop who transferred to a country town. These became the ideas that Blue Heelers was based around.[25] Michael Winter also conceived the name of the programme by recounting the common names for a country police officer: "tyre-biters"—referring to the fact that country cops are often involved in car chases—and "blue heelers"—referring to their blue uniforms and overall similar appearance and persona to a Blue Heeler dog, a protective and intuitive breed of Australian dog.[24] From the time that McElroy's idea was initially conceived, to the time the programme was ready to air, three years passed.
During the early development of Blue Heelers two completely different pilots were shot: one depicting the story from the perspective of a police officer and the other from the perspective of a criminal. When these were presented to the Seven Network, the network committed to 13 episodes of the first pilot. The pilot went on to become the official first episode of Blue Heelers, telling the story of a new cop in town, Maggie Doyle, and her beginnings in Mount Thomas. Hal McElroy chose to discard the second pilot, realising it was a fatal mistake to be "with the criminals as they plotted the crime". He also conceived his rule that the producers of the show "couldn't have a camera in a room unless there was a copper there as well" (a rule shared by long-running UK Police drama The Bill). Hence, the basis of the show being from a police officer's perspective became a firm reality.[7] (The only bending of this rule was with scenes featuring publican Chris; as she was billed with the main cast, she was given the same on-screen "rules" as the officers. In early episodes, before she worked at the station, this "rule" also applied to Wayne Patterson's wife Roz).
Hal McElroy gives his police adviser's opinion:
He had been posted to Yass (in New South Wales) and he really loved it up there because the routine was so simple and straightforward-most often you knew the victim and sometimes you knew the culprit, and someone in charge would give them a clip behind the ear and say 'wash the police car' or 'sweep the yard' and 'don't ever do it again', rather than sending a juvenile to jail.
I loved it, and I said 'Hey this is great'. But all the writers said, 'No it's boring, we want that gritty, inner-city police stuff'. (We had Boys in Blue set up in Leichhardt in Sydney.) And I still remember the moment I was driving home up River Road and I thought, 'Then we can have two shows'. I said to this copper 'What are you called in the country? What is your nickname?' And he said they call highway patrol 'tyre biters' and coppers 'blue heelers'. And I thought 'That's the title!' So I rang [scriptwriter] Tony Morphett and said 'Let's do a show about young cops in the country. It's called Blue Heelers.
— Hal McElroy, [7]
By creating the programme, McElroy and Morphett hoped to close the gap between to police and the public. They hoped to show the human side of the policing and that, like other citizens, police officers have feelings, regrets, aspirations and fears.[3] They also hoped that the show would act as a tribute to the courage of police officers, who risk their lives everyday, never knowing if they'd return home at the end of the day.[24]
Filming locations[edit]
Only about half of the footage for each episode was shot on location.[23] Most of the scenes, including scenes in the police station and pub, were filmed at the Seven Network studios in Melbourne.[23][26] Much of the filming on location was carried out in towns such as Williamstown,[26] and the more established parts of Werribee.[27] The scenes of the outside of the Mount Thomas police station were actually filmed at the old, disused Williamstown police station, which was then a private residence. Scenes at Mount Thomas High School were filmed at Williamstown High School. The town of Castlemaine was most often used as the backdrop for Mount Thomas, seen in almost every episode.[28][29] Although the Blue Heelers' pilot was shot in Castlemaine, the cast and crew very rarely returned there to shoot further episodes;[23] images of Castlemaine were usually just establishing shots. Chris Riley's fictional Imperial Hotel, for example, was actually the real Imperial Hotel in Castlemaine.[28][29] Mount Thomas' fictional Commercial Hotel was filmed at the Willy Tavern in Williamstown.[26] The second Mount Thomas police station, adopted during the programme's reform of 2004, was filmed at Newport Railway workshops. The Mount Thomas Hospital was filmed at the Werribee Mercy Hospital.[30]
Reception[edit]
Described by critics before its launch as "A Country Practice meets Cop Shop",[25] and as "the contemporary cousin of British cop show, Heartbeat",[31] Blue Heelers was not anticipated by critics to become a hugely popular programme. However, it became a hit TV show soon after it began airing. During most of its broadcast, Blue Heelers was very popular in Australia, regularly attracting up to 2.5 million viewers,[2] and up to 3.5 million viewers at its peak.[32] Throughout the show's broadcast it continually drew a strong audience, regularly appearing among the top-rating prime time programmes on Australian television. Viewership of Blue Heelers never dropped below 1 million viewers.[6] The episodes "Gold" and "Fool's Gold" (episodes 140 and 141), which aired during the programme's fourth season, were two of the most popular Blue Heelers episodes. Each drew 2.5 million viewers, considered a huge achievement in 1997.[5]
Blue Heelers' executive producer, Gus Howard believed the show's popularity was due mainly to the quality of the cast.
Much of the success of Blue Heelers has been attributed to one of the best ensemble casts of any drama on television, with most every cast member becoming a household name... The basic vocation for the show has always been about shedding a little light on the human condition, something Australian audiences have readily identified with. The show epitomises and represents the Australian ethos in a way that truly reflects Australian life.
— Gus Howard, [6]
Much of the show's sixth season, as well as the first 10 episodes of its seventh season, were the most watched episodes of the series. These episodes focus of the death of Maggie Doyle (played by Lisa McCune). Maggie's being shot and left for dead during episode 255, "One More Day", was ranked by TV Week as the third most memorable moment of a drama series on Australian television.[33]
Season
No. of episodes
Originally Aired
Viewers (in millions)
Rating
Drama Rank
Season premiere
Season finale
1 45 10 September 1993 22 November 1994 N/A
2 41 21 February 1995 21 November 1995
3 41 12 February 1996 26 November 1996
4 42 10 February 1997 25 November 1997
5 41 24 February 1998 25 November 1998 N/A[34] 18.0[34] #1[34]
6 42 10 February 1999 24 November 1999 N/A[34] 15.6[34] #2[34]
7 41 9 February 2000 22 November 2000 N/A[34] 13.7[34] #2[34]
8 41 21 February 2001 28 November 2001 1.757[34] 13.4[34] #1[34]
9 40 13 February 2002 20 November 2002 1.508[34] 11.3[34] #2[34]
10 42 12 February 2003 26 November 2003 1.397[34] 10.3[34] #3[34]
11 39 4 February 2004 5 November 2004 1.264[35] 9.3[35] #12[35]
12 42 2 February 2005 26 November 2005 1.209[35] 8.7[35] #19[35]
13 11 1 April 2006 4 June 2006 N/A[35]
2004 Revamp: The Station Bombing[edit]
After low ratings in 2003 and 2004, the producers and executives of Blue Heelers realised that there were apparent problems which could potentially lead to the series's downfall. In 2004 Blue Heelers lost the top ratings spot to McLeod's Daughters.[36] During 2003 and 2004, Australian television drama was also at its "lowest point in a decade" and many popular shows were cancelled.[37] As the show remained basically unchanged from its debut, ten years earlier, the production team decided that a revamp was in order.
At the beginning of season 11, the revamp began with new, more modern opening credits, using an electric guitar, rather than an acoustic. Later in that season, a live episode, "Reasonable Doubt", was broadcast in hope of offering a short-term ratings boost and encourage more long-term viewers. Although an immediate success, the live episode did not bring about a sustained increase in ratings.[36] Producers also hoped that a shift in direction, a change of mood and setting, and the addition of four cast members would cement Blue Heelers' long-term future.[36] They also wanted the show to remain relevant and more accurately reflect today's modern world:[38]
Mount Thomas was created in 1993 and the world has changed... It will now be more reflective of today's country towns, not the sleepy backwater it was. It wasn't an easy task but the creative team responded brilliantly and there's a real feeling of excitement again... The old girl can still dance. And dance to new tunes.
— John Holmes, [39]
The main plot, setting and character changes started in July 2004, with the airing of the episode "End of Innocence". In this episode, the main storyline was the bombing of the Mount Thomas police station. The blast killed popular main character Snr. Const. Jo Parrish (Jane Allsop) and recurring cast member Clancy Freeman, and injured the show's main protagonist,[40] Senior Sergeant Croydon. After the bombing it was revealed that Croydon's wife, the Reverend Curtis, was missing. It was later revealed she had been brutally raped and murdered.[36] These events brought about sweeping changes to the mood of not only Croydon, but also the mood of the entire show. The Daily Telegraph television writer Marcus Casey commented, "Mount Thomas has become a darker, grittier place, the people and cops in it transformed by an invasion of evil".[39] Consequently, the story changed its focus from the old Mount Thomas police station to the new one that was used until the show's cancellation in 2006. The Seven Network feared that in the modern post-9/11 world, a show about country police was no longer what audiences wanted.[41] Storylines of the proceeding five episodes focused on the bombing of the station and the 4 new main characters: Rachel Gordon as Amy Fox, Geoff Morrell as Mark Jacobs, Samantha Tolj as Kelly O'Rourke and Danny Raco as Joss Peroni.[36][39] Popular former cast member William McInnes also returned to the show, temporarily reprising his role as Nick Schultz. Producers hoped the new tone of the series, the new younger actors, and McInnes's role reprisal would lure back viewers who had stopped watching the programme.[39] This new style of programme that Blue Heelers was embracing was a sign of the show trying to keep up with other larger television shows, particularly the CSI franchise.[39]
The revamp of the series resulted in a 25% ratings increase, bringing the series's weekly viewership to 1.6 million people.[42] Critical response after the event was reassuring, and it appeared that critics were approving of the drastic moves by Seven and Southern Star:
The recent shake-up at the old station has swept aside an unhealthy staleness that had settled on the place and there's some much-needed fresh energy provided by the new recruits, including Samantha Tolj as true-blue Aussie gal Kelly O'Rourke and Danny Raco as Italian stallion Joss Peroni.
— Debi Enker, [43]
Cancellation[edit]
In the hope that viewing would increase, an 11-episode season in 2006 was commissioned by the Seven Network.[44] However, the ratings spike begun in 2004 was not sufficient for the Seven Network to commit to continuing to produce the show. In January 2006, Seven officially announced that they had cancelled Blue Heelers, but would air a final shortened season of 11 episodes in mid-2006.[45] At the time the show was still drawing 1.2 million viewers per week on average, down from the 3.5 million it was drawing at its peak.[46] The announcement was front-page news on nearly all of Australia's major newspapers including The Sydney Morning Herald, Sydney's Daily Telegraph, The Melbourne Herald Sun, The Melbourne Age and Brisbane's Courier Mail.[47] Two different endings were shot for the final episode, which finished filming on 20 December 2005. The first ending wrapped up all the show's storylines, while the second left the show open for another season; the first was version was used.[27]
For Blue Heelers' final season in 2006, it was moved from its primetime Wednesday-night timeslot, to a lower rating Saturday-night timeslot.[48] In the Saturday timeslot Blue Heelers competed with The Bill, a British police drama which had become quite popular in Australia on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and Saturday Night AFL Coverage on Fox Footy Channel and Network Ten.[40] This move was slammed by leading cast member, John Wood.[40] Blue Heelers cancellation may also be related to Seven's AFL broadcast, which saw Seven invest $780m for the 5-year broadcasting rights of the game.[5]
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Blue Heelers episodes
Seasons generally ran in Australia from early February to late November. Each season generally consisted of 41 to 42 episodes. The eleventh season however, only consisted of 39 episodes, as the Seven Network had gained the rights to televise the 2004 Athens Olympic Games. In total, 510 episodes were aired: 509 hour-long standard episodes and one live episode. The live episode, titled "Reasonable Doubts", was filmed to celebrate Blue Heelers 10th year on the air.[49] To prepare, the cast was given six days to memorise their lines.[50]
The final episode of the 13th season aired as a 2-hour tribute. It opened with an introduction from John Wood and concluded with a compilation of Blue Heelers moments from over its 13-season run.[51]
Australian television quiz-show, The Weakest Link, hosted by Cornelia Frances, also aired a Blue Heelers special episode on 9 August 2001. Cast members John Wood, Neil Pigot, Ditch Davey, Jeremy Kewley, Jane Allsop, Suzi Dougherty, Paul Bishop, Caroline Craig and Peta Doodson took part in this special event.[52][53]
Season
Ep. #
Season Premiere
Season Finale
Season 1 45 10 September 1993 22 November 1994
Season 2 41 21 February 1995 21 November 1995
Season 3 41 12 February 1996 26 November 1996
Season 4 42 10 February 1997 25 November 1997
Season 5 41 24 February 1998 25 November 1998
Season 6 42 10 February 1999 24 November 1999
Season 7 41 9 February 2000 22 November 2000
Season 8 41 21 February 2001 28 November 2001
Season 9 41 13 February 2002 20 November 2002
Season 10 42 12 February 2003 26 November 2003
Season 11 39 4 February 2004 5 November 2004
Season 12 42 2 February 2005 26 November 2005
Season 13 11 1 April 2006 4 June 2006
Merchandise[edit]
A CD Album titled "Music From Blue Heelers" was released in 1995. It included the Blue Heelers theme music, plus other songs related to the program, many of them Country songs.
The first full Blue Heelers novel, Maggie's Story, was written by Roger Dunn and released in 1997 by Coronet Books. In August 1998, a second novel, Tom's Story, written by Cassandra Carter was released by Bolinda Publishing.
Name
Format
Release
Music From Blue Heelers CD 1995
Blue Heelers Maggie's Story Book 1997
Blue Heelers Tom's Story Book August 1998
Blue Heelers calendar 1999
DVD release[edit]
All seasons were released to DVD. They are no longer in print and on July 2013 the production company, Endemol Australia has stated there are no plans at this stage to re-release. On November 2, 2015 Channel 7 said that there are still no plans to Re-Release Blue Heelers on DVD or Blu-ray. it was announced on May 6, 2017 that the compete series would be re-released on dvd thought Via Vision.
Re-Release[edit]
DVD title
Episodes #
Discs
Region 4 (Australia)
DVD Special Features
Blue Heelers Season 1-3 (Collection 1) Series 1, Episodes 1-45
Series 2, Episodes 1-41
Series 3, Episodes 1-10
27 5 July 2017 Photo Galleries
Commentary on episodes 19 & 44
Blue Heelers Season 4-7 (Collection 2) Series 3,Episodes 11-42
Series 4, Episodes 1-42
Series 5, Episodes 1-41
Series 6, Episodes 1-42
Series 7, Episodes 1-12
44 6 September 2017 Photo Galleries (Series 4-7)
Blue Heelers Season 8-10 (Collection 3) Series 7, Episodes 13-41
Series 8,Episodes 1-42
Series 9,Episodes 1-41
Series 10,Episode 1-11
37 4 October 2017 Photo Galleries (Series 8)
Blue Heelers Season 11-13 (Collection 4) Series 10,Episodes 12-42
Series 11,Episodes 1-39
Series 12,Episodes 1-42
Series 13, Episode 1-11
31 3 November 2017 Blue Heelers: Live Episode
Original Release[edit]
DVD title
Episodes #
Discs
Region 4 (Australia)
DVD Special Features
Blue Heelers Season 1 Season 1, Episodes 1-17 6 2 November 2005 Photo Gallery
Blue Heelers Season 2 (Parts 1&2) Season 1, Episodes 18-45
Season 2, Episodes 1-9
10 1 December 2005 Photo Gallery;
Commentary on episodes 19 and 44 (season 1)
Blue Heelers Season 3 (Parts 1&2) Season 2, Episodes 10-41
Season 3, Episodes 1-10
11 16 February 2006 Photo Gallery
Blue Heelers Season 4 (Parts 1&2) Season 3, Episodes 11-42
Season 4, Episode 1-11
11 6 April 2006 Photo Gallery
Blue Heelers Season 5 (Parts 1&2) Season 4, Episodes 12-42
Season 5, Episode 1-11
11 6 June 2006 Photo Gallery
Blue Heelers Season 6 (Parts 1&2) Season 5, Episode 12-41
Season 6, Episode 1-12
11 10 August 2006 Photo Gallery
Blue Heelers Season 7 (Parts 1&2) Season 6, Episodes 13-42
Season 7, Episodes 1-12
11 31 July 2008 Photo Gallery
Blue Heelers Season 8 (Parts 1&2) Season 7, Episodes 13-41
Season 8, Episodes 1-12
11 1 October 2008 Photo Gallery
Blue Heelers Season 9 (Parts 1&2) Season 8, Episode 18-42
Season 9, Episodes 1-12
11 5 November 2009 Photo Gallery
Blue Heelers Season 10 (Parts 1&2) Season 9, Episodes 13-40
Season 10, Episodes 1-12
10 6 May 2010 None
Blue Heelers Season 11 (Parts 1&2) Season 10, Episodes 13-42
Season 11, Episode 1-10
10 5 August 2010 None
Blue Heelers Season 12 Season 11, Episodes 11-40 8 4 November 2010 Blue Heelers: Live Episode
Blue Heelers Season 13 (Parts 1&2) Season 12, Episodes 1-20
Season 12, Episodes 21-42
10 3 March 2011 None
Blue Heelers Season 14 Season 13, Episdodes 1-10 3 2 June 2011 None
Classic DVD titles[edit]
DVD title
Episodes #
Discs
Region 4 (Australia)
DVD Special Features
Welcome To Mt Thomas Season 1, Episode 1&2 1 2003 None
The Earth is Made of Glass Season 1, Episode 3&4 1 2003 None
The Spice of Life Season 1, Episode 5&6 1 2003 None
The Wheel Of Chance Season 1, Episode 7&8 1 2003 None
VHS[edit]
Several episodes were released on VHS video cassette format in the later 1990s, including "In The Gun" and "Fair Crack of the Whip".
VHS title
Episodes #
Tapes
Region 4 (Australia)
VHS Special Features
Paranoia - Parts 1&2 Season 2, Episodes 22&23 1 5 October 1998 None
Double Jeopardy - Parts 1&2 Season 2, Episodes 30&31 1 7 September 1998 None
Brotherly Love - Parts 1&2 Season 2, Episodes 40&41 1 3 August 1998 None
Cops with Heart ? 1 - Behind The Scenes
Awards and nominations[edit]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Blue Heelers
In terms of awards, Blue Heelers is regarded as one of the most successful programmes on Australian television.[54] Blue Heelers has been the recipient of many awards, including 25 Logie Awards, five of which are the prestigious Gold Logie, 3 AFI Television Awards, 3 People's Choice Awards, and 1 AWGIE Awards.[55][56] Blue Heelers was nominated for a further twelve Gold Logies. Blue Heelers has also won multiple Silver Logies, including numerous Most Popular Actor, Most Popular Actress and Most Popular Programme awards, as well as many Outstanding Awards. Many Blue Heelers cast members have also presented awards at the Logies. In the 2005 50 Years 50 Shows poll,Blue Heelers was voted 37th greatest show on Australian television and ranked within the top ten dramas.
Blue Heelers award summary[1]
Award
Wins
Nominations
Gold Logie Awards[57] 5 5
Silver Logie Awards[58] 20 35
AFI Television Awards[59] 3 4
AWGIE Awards[60][61] 1 1
People's Choice Awards[62][63] 3 6
Australian Screen Editors' Awards[1] 0 1
TOTAL 32 50
International broadcasting[edit]
Blue Heelers had a strong following not only in Australia, but also worldwide; it has been sold to 108 territories[6] and is shown in over 70 countries.[64]
Australia[edit]
Blue Heelers originally aired on Tuesday nights at 7:30 pm on the Seven Network, thus it was limited to a PG content level restriction. When the series was hailed as a success it began the transition from this timeslot to the 8:30 pm timeslot on the same day. After the move, writers could explore more diverse storylines, as the show was restricted to an M rating. The third and fourth season premiers aired on Monday nights during the 8:30 pm timeslot, but the show moved back to its original slot before the next episode. In its fifth season, Blue Heelers moved to the Wednesday night 8:30 pm timeslot, which it occupied for most of its run, until the end of its twelfth season. This move was made to make way for hospital drama All Saints.
Starting in 2004, the Seven Network aired Blue Heelers weekdays at 2:00 pm. All episodes aired with the final episode airing in 2007. This made way for the broadcast of early episodes of All Saints.
in February 2014 Repeats of Series 12, Started Airing. and in May 2014 Repeats of Series 13 Aired. On Channel 7TWO.
Blue Heelers has also screened on Foxtel The Hallmark Channel in Australia in various timeslots.
New Zealand[edit]
In New Zealand Blue Heelers screened on TV One in a popular timeslot. However, following the on-screen death of Maggie Doyle, ratings fell, and the show was moved to a 9:30 pm slot on Friday. Following that, the show moved to a late night Thursday slot where the rest of the episodes played out, with the show beginning anywhere between 11:30 pm and midnight. It aired its final episode on TV One on 20 March 2008.
Ireland[edit]
Irish broadcaster RTÉ originally began airing Blue Heelers on Friday afternoons at 4:30 pm. Episodes were only a few months behind the Australian broadcast. The series took a two-year break in 2000, before re-commencing in a five-day-a-week timeslot at 10:30 am in early 2002. The show quickly caught up with the Australian broadcast; resulting in the show being scaled back to the original one episode a week in 2004, and moved to a late night Thursday timeslot typically around 1:00 am. RTÉ commenced broadcasting the final season on 30 May 2008 in a late night Saturday timeslot. RTÉ screened the final episode on 30 November 2008. RTÉ began re-airing Blue Heelers weekly from episode one, commencing on 24 June 2009, usually around 4:00 am Sunday mornings. RTÉ screened all episodes in their original unedited state. The drama proved very popular in Ireland and rated very well.
USA[edit]
Blue Heelers aired briefly in the United States of America in the early 2000s on the short-lived cable channel Trio (carried primarily by DirecTV). No episode after number 76 was ever shown in the United States, and when Trio changed their programming in 2004, Blue Heelers was dropped from the schedule.
Canada[edit]
Blue Heelers was broadcast on Showcase in Canada, last airing on 15 May 1998.[65]
Iran
Blue Heelers is broadcasting on IRIB. All episodes were dubbed in Persian.
Italy[edit]
In Italy Blue Heelers was broadcast on Italia 7 Gold (now called 7 Gold), from the 1st to the 6th season. All episodes were dubbed in Italian.
United Kingdom[edit]
In the United Kingdom the series was broadcast on most stations on the ITV Network. Many companies tended to screen the show as hour-long episodes in the afternoon (occasionally with necessary edits to suit the time slot, usually regarding profanity).
Central Television started in February 1995 with a late night 23.40 slot on Mondays before following other regions with a typically 14.20 slot. Central were one of the most consistent region to broadcast Blue Heelers, completing series 6 by early 2002.
Carlton Television aired Blue Heelers in half-hour episodes originally on Mondays to Wednesdays, starting from 3 January 1995, however the series then switched to airing hour-long episodes; Westcountry Television Also followed the half hour format, from early 1995 until September 2001. When the three Carlton owner station stated a uniformed schedule during 2002 Blue Heelers reverted to two-part half hour episodes; with the final batch of episodes shown in the regions were from Season 7 finishing on Wednesday 20 November 2002.
Blue Heelers also aired on Anglia Television, Meridian Television and Channel Television, typically Mondays at 2:20 pm, during the summer school holidays it was broadcast daily in a morning slot, until late 1998. Granada and border also screened the series from 1995 in the hour long format but by 1998 dropped the series. Ulster Television (UTV) began airing Blue Heelers in early 1995. The show initially screened 3 times a week, on Monday, Wednesday and Friday afternoons at 1:50 pm. They then moved it to the 2:20 pm slot later in the series. A few episodes also ran at 11:40 pm on Thursday nights, as they were considered unsuitable for daytime viewing. UTV cancelled Blue Heelers in 1998.
Scottish Television began aired hour-long episodes from 1995, airing on Fridays, and then later on Tuesdays from mid 1996, until episode 106, when the series was replaced by Murder She Wrote. The series then reappear on most Saturday afternoon during 1998 until December when the series was dropped.
HTV, Yorkshire Television and Tyne Tees Television all chose not to import the show. When the English ITV contractors reformatted as one company in Late 2002, regionally-run programmes such as Blue Heelers (which were at different points of the series in each region) disappeared from screens. No ITV region ever screened the series in full. The show also aired on UK cable channel Carlton Select in the late 1990s, first screening the early episodes daily and then in a weekly slot Fridays at 20.00 as episodes became more recent. Episodes to the later part of the 1997 season were shown before the series was dropped.
See also[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Blue Heelers
List of Australian television series
Mount Thomas
Victoria Police
List of longest-running Australian television series
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Zuk, Tim. Blue Heelers Awards, Australian Television Information Archive.
^ Jump up to: a b c Idato, Michael. "Final Farewell", Sydney Morning Herald, 29 May 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b Hallett,Bryce "Bush coppers show mettle", The Australian, 18 January 1994.
Jump up ^ television.au AUSSIE COP SHOWS
^ Jump up to: a b c "Blue Heelers Axed, and AFL the Main Suspect", Sydney Morning Herald, 14 January 2004.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Blue Heelers Final Episodes to Air in 2006", Southern Star Group, 13 January 2006.[dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Government of the Commonwealth of Australia. Small Screen, Big Picture, Big Future Archived 1 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine., Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts, July 2000.
^ Jump up to: a b c d James, Carol. Heelers hit 150, TV Week, 5 July 1997. Retrieved from LisaMcCune.net on 13 August 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Paranoia (Part 2)". Blue Heelers. Season 2. Episode 26. 1995-07-25.
^ Jump up to: a b "Random Breath". Blue Heelers. Season 4. Episode 17. 1997-06-03.
Jump up ^ "A Fair Crack of the Whip (Part 1)". Blue Heelers. Season 4. Episode 14. 1996-04-30.
Jump up ^ "The Lord Giveth". Blue Heelers. Season 8. Episode 32. 2001-10-03.
Jump up ^ "Small Potatoes". Blue Heelers. Season 7. Episode 22. 2000-07-05.
Jump up ^ "Burning Up". Blue Heelers. Season 13. Episode 7. 2007-05-13.
Jump up ^ "Unfinished Business". Blue Heelers. Season 7. Episode 9. 2000-04-05.
Jump up ^ "Just Deserts". Blue Heelers. Season 2. Episode 33. 1995-10-03.
Jump up ^ "The Discount Suit". Blue Heelers. Season 2. Episode 39. 1995-11-07.
Jump up ^ "Happy Families". Blue Heelers. Season 3. Episode 12. 1996-04-09.
Jump up ^ "Moonlighting". Blue Heelers. Season 13. Episode 9. 2006-05-27.
Jump up ^ "Lost". Blue Heelers. Season 12. Episode 41. 2005-11-26.
Jump up ^ "Chasing Smoke". Blue Heelers. Season 12. Episode 5. 2005-03-02.
Jump up ^ "Killing Time". Blue Heelers. Season 12. Episode 10. 2006-04-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Blue Heelers in town, Bendigo Advertiser, 8 April 2005. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Farmer, Monique. "Bush Bobbies", Sydney Morning Herald 17 January 1994
^ Jump up to: a b Schembri, Jim: "A Country Cop Show", The Age, 14 January 1994
^ Jump up to: a b c Webster, Di. Blue Appealers, Who Weekly, 10 February 1997. Retrieved 3 May 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Webb, Caroline; Idato, Michael. "Axe falls on Blue Heelers", The Age, 14 January 2006. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Castlemaine, Australia, Australia eguide. Retrieved 3 May 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Victorian Government. Famous television locations Archived 2 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine., Australian Centre for the Moving Image. Retrieved 3 May 2008.
Jump up ^ Hobsons Bay City Council. Tourism & Places of Interest. Retrieved 4 May 2008. Archived 20 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Reviewers. Blue Heelers review Archived 20 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine., Law4u. Retrieved 12 June 2008
Jump up ^ Freeman, Jane. The top dogs of local TV drama, The Age, 17 April 1997. Retrieved 16 June 2008
Jump up ^ TV Week, 50 most memorable TV moments. Retrieved 8 September 2008. Archived 8 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "TOP-RATING AUSTRALIAN DRAMA SERIES AND SERIALS (INCLUDING COMEDY) ON TELEVISION, 1998–2003". screenaustralia.gov.au. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "TOP 20 DRAMA SERIES AND SERIALS SHOWN ON TELEVISION, 2004–2009". screenaustralia.gov.au. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Miller, Kylie. Investing in Blue Heelers' future, The Age, 7 July 2004. Retrieved 12 July 2008.
Jump up ^ Warneke, Ross. The Publicity People Did It, The Age, 8 July 2008. Retrieved 12 June 2008.
Jump up ^ Fidgeon, Robert. Blue if Heelers axed, The Herald Sun, 14 July 2004. Retrieved 12 June 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Casey, Marcus. The Force Is With Them, The Daily Telegraph, 25 August 2005. Retrieved 12 June 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dennehy, Luke.Blue Heeler sees red, The Herald Sun, 29 April 2006. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "Can John get Heelers out of the woods?", The Daily Telegraph, 1 July 2004
Jump up ^ Fidegon, Robert. New Lease of Life for Blue Heelers, The Herald Sun, 7 August 2008. Retrieved 12 June 2008.
Jump up ^ Enker, Debi. Blue Heelers review, The Age, 24 February 2005. Retrieved 13 June 2008.
Jump up ^ Miller, Kylie.Heelers stay, The Age, 29 September 2005. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
Jump up ^ Le Marquand, Sarah. Boot for Heelers, The Daily Telegraph, 14 January 2006. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
Jump up ^ Nicholson, Sarah. Every Dog Had Its Day, 31 May 2006, The Courier-Mail. Retrieved 9 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "Blue Heelers" (1994)
Jump up ^ Blue Heelers Returns For Final Season, Seven Network, 13 March 2006. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
Jump up ^ Witham, Katrina. Live and Laughing, The Courier-Mail, 15 April 2004. Retrieved 9 June 2008.
Jump up ^ Miller, Kylie. Heelers Try New Trick, The Age, 15 April 2004. Retrieved 9 June 2008.
Jump up ^ Blundell, Graeme. Cop Out, The Australian, 3 June 2006. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
Jump up ^ Zuk, Tim. Blue Heelers season 8 (2001) episode guide, Australian Television Information Archive. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "Blue Heelers Special". The Weakest Link. 2001-08-09.
Jump up ^ AAP. Blue Heelers coming back, The Age, 30 September 2005. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "Blue Heelers" (1994) – Awards
Jump up ^ Australian Television: Blue Heelers: awards & nominations
Jump up ^ TV Week editors. History of the Gold Logie, TV Week. Retrieved 8 June 2008 Archived 2 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Zuk, Tim. List of Logie Award winners and nominees, Australian Television Information Archive. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
Jump up ^ Television Awards 1986 – 2007 Archived 23 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine.. Australian Film Institute. Retrieved 26 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Australian Writers' Guild Awards. Australian Writers' Guild Awards of 1997. @ Australian Television Information Archive. Retrieved 26 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Australian Writers' Guild Awards. Australian Writers' Guild Awards of 2002. @ Australian Television Information Archive. Retrieved 26 April 2008.
Jump up ^ People's Choice Awards. People's Choice Awards of 1998. @ Australian Television Information Archive. Retrieved 26 April 2008.
Jump up ^ People's Choice Awards. People's Choice Awards of 1999. @ Australian Television Information Archive. Retrieved 26 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Tuohy, Wendy. True Blue and Loving It, The Age, 14 May 2000. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
Jump up ^ Zuk, Tim. Series Previously Aired in Canada, Australian Television Information Archive. Retrieved 19 September 2008
External links[edit]
Blue Heelers on IMDb
Blue Heelers at TV.com
Blue Heelers at the Australian Television Information Archive
Blue Heelers at the National Film and Sound Archive
[hide]
v
t
e
Blue Heelers
Characters
Roz Patterson
Chris Riley
Wayne Patterson
Adam Cooper
Dash McKinley
Jack Lawson
Kelly O'Rourke
Joss Peroni
Matt Graham
Jo Parrish
Susie Raynor
Nick Schultz
Maggie Doyle
Tess Gallagher
Ben Stewart
Mark Jacobs
Alex Kirby
Tom Croydon
P. J. Hasham
Amy Fox
Evan Jones
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Related
Awards and Nominations
Mount Thomas
[show]
v
t
e
Logie Award for Best Drama Program
77 Sunset Strip (1960)
Stormy Petrel (1961)
Consider Your Verdict (1962)
The One Day of the Year (1963)
Country and Western Hour (1964)
Country and Western Hour (1965)
Homicide (1966)
Homicide (1967)
Homicide (1968)
Homicide (1969)
Division 4 (1970)
Homicide (1971)
Division 4 (1972)
Homicide (1973)
Number 96 (1974)
Number 96 (1975)
Number 96 (1976)
Power Without Glory (1977)
The Sullivans (1978)
The Sullivans (1979)
The Sullivans (1980)
Prisoner (1981)
Prisoner (1982)
Sons and Daughters (1983)
A Country Practice (1984)
A Country Practice (1985)
A Country Practice (1986)
Neighbours (1987)
Neighbours (1988)
Neighbours (1989)
Neighbours (1990)
Home and Away (1991)
E Street (1992)
Home and Away (1993)
Home and Away (1994)
Home and Away (1995)
Home and Away (1996)
Blue Heelers (1997)
Blue Heelers (1998)
Blue Heelers (1999)
Blue Heelers (2000)
All Saints (2001)
All Saints (2002)
All Saints (2003)
McLeod's Daughters (2004)
McLeod's Daughters (2005)
Home and Away (2006)
Home and Away (2007)
Home and Away (2008)
Packed to the Rafters (2009)
Packed to the Rafters (2010)
Packed to the Rafters (2011)
Packed to the Rafters (2012)
House Husbands (2013)
Home and Away (2014)
Home and Away (2015)
Home and Away (2016)
Logie Awards
[show]
v
t
e
Television Programming of Endemol Australia
Children's and family
Hi-5
Foreign Exchange
The Adventures of Sam
Blue Water High
RAGGS Kids Club Band
The Sleepover Club
Tracey McBean
The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill
Magic Mountain
Oscar and Friends
Prime-time drama
McLeod's Daughters
Love My Way
The Surgeon
Blue Heelers
The Secret Life of Us
Water Rats
Police Rescue
Murder Call
Rush
Tangle
Rescue: Special Ops
Offspring
City Homicide
Home and Away
Packed to the Rafters
All Saints
Factual
Forensic Investigators
Strictly Speaking
Game Show and Reality
Balls of Steel Australia
Beauty and the Geek Australia
Big Brother Australia
Don't Tell the Bride
Undercover Boss Australia
RPA
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Heelers&oldid=800023825"
Categories:
Blue Heelers
Australian drama television series
Australian crime television series
Seven Network shows
Television shows set in Australia
Television shows set in Victoria (Australia)
1994 Australian television series debuts
1990s Australian television series
2000s Australian television series
2006 Australian television series endings
Television series by Southern Star Group
English-language television programs
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from June 2016
Webarchive template wayback links
Use Australian English from January 2013
All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English
Use dmy dates from January 2013
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
Español
Italiano
Magyar
Polski
Svenska
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 September 2017, at 05:12.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

values: text-align:center;background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values:
/wiki/Southern_Star_Group
mw-redirect
Southern Star Group

values:
/wiki/Logie_Award
mw-redirect
Logie Award

values:
/wiki/Charles_%27Bud%27_Tingwell
mw-redirect
Charles 'Bud' Tingwell

values:
/wiki/Patrick_Joseph_%27P.J.%27_Hasham
mw-redirect
Patrick Joseph 'P.J.' Hasham

values:
/wiki/Margaret_%27Maggie%27_Doyle
mw-redirect
Margaret 'Maggie' Doyle

values: background:#ececec; color:gray; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Deirdre_%27Dash%27_McKinley
mw-redirect
Deirdre 'Dash' McKinley

values:
/wiki/Benjamin_%27Ben%27_Stewart
mw-redirect
Benjamin 'Ben' Stewart

values:
/wiki/Teresa_%27Tess%27_Gallagher
mw-redirect
Teresa 'Tess' Gallagher

values:
/wiki/Evan_%27Jonesy%27_Jones
mw-redirect
Evan 'Jonesy' Jones

values: Edit section: Recurring/semi-regular cast

values: List of recurring Blue Heelers characters

values: Edit section: Conception and development

attrs: rowspan colspan data-sort-value style class

values: background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;

values:
wikitable plainrowheaders
text-align: center

values: Edit section: 2004 Revamp: The Station Bombing

values:
/wiki/11_September_2001_attacks
mw-redirect
11 September 2001 attacks

values:
/wiki/The_Herald_Sun
mw-redirect
The Herald Sun

values:
/wiki/The_Courier_Mail
mw-redirect
The Courier Mail

values:
/wiki/Video_cassette
mw-redirect
Video cassette

values: Australian Film Institute Television Awards

values: background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: Edit section: International broadcasting

values: V Channel (Australia) (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/TV_One_(New_Zealand)
mw-redirect
TV One (New Zealand)

values:
/wiki/Westcountry_Television
mw-redirect
Westcountry Television

values:
/wiki/Anglia_Television
mw-redirect
Anglia Television

values:
/wiki/Meridian_Broadcasting
mw-redirect
Meridian Broadcasting

values:
/wiki/Channel_Television
mw-redirect
Channel Television

values:
/wiki/Ulster_Television
mw-redirect
Ulster Television

values:
/wiki/Yorkshire_Television
mw-redirect
Yorkshire Television

values:
/wiki/Tyne_Tees_Television
mw-redirect
Tyne Tees Television

values:
nofollow
http://www.lisamccune.net/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.acmi.net.au/tv50_tour.htm

values:
nofollow
http://www.acmi.net.au/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.australiantelevision.net/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://imdb.com/title/tt0108709/awards

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0108709/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.tv.com/shows/blue-heelers/
external text

values: List of awards and nominations for Blue Heelers

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible show navbox-inner

values: Template:Logie Award for Most Popular Drama Series on Australian Television

values: Template talk:Logie Award for Most Popular Drama Series on Australian Television

values: Country and Western Hour (page does not exist)

values: Sons and Daughters (Australian TV series)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/RAGGS_Kids_Club_Band
mw-redirect
RAGGS Kids Club Band

values:
/wiki/Big_Brother_Australia
mw-redirect
Big Brother Australia

values: Don't Tell the Bride (Australian TV series)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Australian drama television series

values: Category:Australian crime television series

values: Category:Television shows set in Australia

values: Category:Television shows set in Victoria (Australia)

values: Category:1994 Australian television series debuts

values: Category:1990s Australian television series

values: Category:2000s Australian television series

values: Category:2006 Australian television series endings

values: Category:Television series by Southern Star Group

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2016

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Use Australian English from January 2013

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English

values: Category:Use dmy dates from January 2013

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Blue_Heelers
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: Blue Heelers - Poliziotti con il cuore – Italian

values: Blue Heelers: Kisvárosi zsaruk – Hungarian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Blue_Heelers rootpage-Blue_Heelers skin-vector action-view


text:
Adipocyte
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Adipocyte
Yellow adipose tissue in paraffin section
Details
Identifiers
Latin
adipocytus
Code
TH H2.00.03.0.01005
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Adipocytes, also known as lipocytes and fat cells, are the cells that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat.[1] Adipocytes are derived from mesenchymal stem cells which give rise to adipocytes, osteoblasts, myocytes and other cell types.
There are two types of adipose tissue, white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), which are also known as white fat and brown fat, respectively, and comprise two types of fat cells. Most recently, the presence of beige adipocytes with a gene expression pattern distinct from either white or brown adipocytes has been described.
Contents
[hide]
1 White fat cells (unilocular cells)
2 Brown fat cells (multilocular cells)
3 Marrow fat cells (unilocular cells)
4 Lineage
5 Cell turnover
6 Adipocyte adaptation
7 Endocrine functions
8 References
9 External links
White fat cells (unilocular cells)[edit]
Illustration depicting white adipose cells.
White fat cells or monovacuolar cells contain a large lipid droplet surrounded by a layer of cytoplasm. The nucleus is flattened and located on the periphery. A typical fat cell is 0.1 mm in diameter with some being twice that size and others half that size. The fat stored is in a semi-liquid state, and is composed primarily of triglycerides and cholesteryl ester. White fat cells secrete many proteins acting as adipokines such as resistin, adiponectin, leptin and apelin. An average human adult has 30 billion fat cells with a weight of 30 lbs or 13.5 kg. If excess weight is gained as an adult, fat cells increase in size about fourfold before dividing and increasing the absolute number of fat cells present.[2]
Brown fat cells (multilocular cells)[edit]
Brown fat cells or plurivacuolar cells are polygonal in shape. Unlike white fat cells, these cells have considerable cytoplasm, with lipid droplets scattered throughout. The nucleus is round, and, although eccentrically located, it is not in the periphery of the cell. The brown color comes from the large quantity of mitochondria. Brown fat, also known as "baby fat," is used to generate heat.
Marrow fat cells (unilocular cells)[edit]
Marrow adipocytes, like brown and white adipocytes, are derived from mesenchymal stem cells. The marrow adipose tissue depot is poorly understood in terms of its physiologic function and relevance to bone health. Marrow adipose tissue expands in states of low bone density but additionally expands in the setting of obesity;[3]. Interestingly, marrow adipose tissue response to exercise approximates that of WAT[3][4][5][6] exercise reduces both adipocyte size as well as MAT volume as quantified by MRI or μCT imaging of bone stained with the lipid binder osmium.
Lineage[edit]
Pre-adipocytes are undifferentiated fibroblasts that can be stimulated to form adipocytes. Recent studies shed light into potential molecular mechanisms in the fate determination of pre-adipocytes although the exact lineage of adipocyte is still unclear.[7][8] The variation of body fat distribution resulting from normal growth is influenced by nutritional and hormonal status in dependence on intrinsic differences in cells found in each adipose depot.[9]
Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into adipocytes, connective tissue, muscle or bone.[1]
The term "lipoblast" is used to describe the precursor of the adult cell. The term "lipoblastoma" is used to describe a tumor of this cell type.[10]
Cell turnover[edit]
Even after marked weight loss, the body never loses adipocytes.[citation needed]As a rule, to facilitate changes in weight, the adipocytes in the body merely gain or lose fat content. However, if the adipocytes in the body reach their maximum capacity of fat, they may replicate to allow additional fat storage.
Adult rats of various strains became obese when they were fed a highly palatable diet for several months. Analysis of their adipose tissue morphology revealed increases in both adipocyte size and number in most depots. Reintroduction of an ordinary chow diet[clarification needed] to such animals precipitated a period of weight loss during which only mean adipocyte size returned to normal. Adipocyte number remained at the elevated level achieved during the period of weight gain.[11]
In some reports and textbooks, the number of adipocytes can increase in childhood and adolescence, though the amount is usually constant in adults. Interestingly, individuals who become obese as adults, rather than as adolescents, have no more adipocytes than they had before.[12]
People who have been fat since childhood generally have an inflated number of fat cells. People who become fat as adults may have no more fat cells than their lean peers, but their fat cells are larger. In general, people with an excess of fat cells find it harder to lose weight and keep it off than the obese who simply have enlarged fat cells.[13]
According to research by Tchoukalova et al., 2010, body fat cells could have regional responses to the overfeeding that was studied in adult subjects. In the upper body, an increase of adipocyte size correlated with upper-body fat gain; however, the number of fat cells was not significantly changed. In contrast to the upper body fat cell response, the number of lower-body adipocytes did significantly increase during the course of experiment. Notably, there was no change in the size of the lower-body adipocytes.[14]
Approximately 10% of fat cells are renewed annually at all adult ages and levels of body mass index without a significant increase in the overall number of adipocytes in adulthood.[12]
Adipocyte adaptation[edit]
Obesity is characterized by the expansion of fat mass, through adipocyte size increase (hypertrophy) and, to a lesser extent, cell proliferation (hyperplasia).[15] In the fat cells of obese individuals, there is increased production of metabolism modulators, such as glycerol, hormones, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to the development of insulin resistance.[16]
Fat production in adipocytes is strongly stimulated by insulin. By controlling the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase and the acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzymes, insulin promotes unsaturated fatty acid synthesis. It also promotes glucose uptake and induces SREBF1, which activates the transcription of genes that stimulate lipogenesis.[17]
SREBF1 (sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1) is a transcription factor synthesized as an inactive precursor protein inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane by two membrane-spanning helices. Also anchored in the ER membrane is SCAP (SREBF-cleavage activating protein), which binds SREBF1. The SREBF1-SCAP complex is retained in the ER membrane by INSIG1 (insulin-induced gene 1 protein). When sterol levels are depleted, INSIG1 releases SCAP and the SREBF1-SCAP complex can be sorted into COPII-coated transport vesicles that are exported to the Golgi. In the Golgi, SREBF1 is cleaved and released as a transcriptionally active mature protein. It is then free to translocate to the nucleus and activate the expression of its target genes.
Proteolytic activation of SREBF-controlled lipid biosynthesis.
[18]
Clinical studies have repeatedly shown that even though insulin resistance is usually associated with obesity, the membrane phospholipids of the adipocytes of obese patients generally still show an increased degree of fatty acid unsaturation.[19] This seems to point to an adaptive mechanism that allows the adipocyte to maintain its functionality, despite the increased storage demands associated with obesity and insulin resistance.
A study conducted in 2013[19] found that, while INSIG1 and SREBF1 mRNA expression was decreased in the adipose tissue of obese mice and humans, the amount of active SREBF1 was increased in comparison with normal mice and non-obese patients. This downregulation of INSIG1 expression combined with the increase of mature SREBF1 was also correlated with the maintenance of SREBF1-target gene expression. Hence, it appears that, by downregulating INSIG1, there is a resetting of the INSIG1/SREBF1 loop, allowing for the maintenance of active SREBF1 levels. This seems to help compensate for the anti-lipogenic effects of insulin resistance and thus preserve adipocyte fat storage abilities and availability of appropriate levels of fatty acid unsaturation in face of the nutritional pressures of obesity.
Endocrine functions[edit]
Adipocytes can synthesize estrogens from androgens,[20] potentially being the reason why being underweight or overweight are risk factors for infertility.[21] Additionally, adipocytes are responsible for the production of the hormone leptin. Leptin is important in regulation of appetite and acts as a satiety factor.[22]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Birbrair, Alexander; Zhang, Tan; Wang, Zhong-Min; Messi, Maria Laura; Enikolopov, Grigori N.; Mintz, Akiva; Delbono, Osvaldo (2013-03-21). "Role of Pericytes in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration and Fat Accumulation". Stem Cells and Development. 22 (16): 2298–2314. ISSN 1547-3287. PMC 3730538  . PMID 23517218. doi:10.1089/scd.2012.0647.
Jump up ^ Pool, Robert (2001). Fat: fighting the obesity epidemic. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511853-7. Template:Incorrect citation
^ Jump up to: a b Styner, Maya; Pagnotti, Gabriel M.; McGrath, Cody; Wu, Xin; Sen, Buer; Uzer, Gunes; Xie, Zhihui; Zong, Xiaopeng; Styner, Martin A. (2017-04-24). "Exercise Decreases Marrow Adipose Tissue Through ß-Oxidation in Obese Running Mice". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research: The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. ISSN 1523-4681. PMID 28436105. doi:10.1002/jbmr.3159.
Jump up ^ Pagnotti, Gabriel M.; Styner, Maya (2016). "Exercise Regulation of Marrow Adipose Tissue". Frontiers in Endocrinology. 7: 94. ISSN 1664-2392. PMC 4943947  . PMID 27471493. doi:10.3389/fendo.2016.00094.
Jump up ^ Styner, Maya; Pagnotti, Gabriel M.; Galior, Kornelia; Wu, Xin; Thompson, William R.; Uzer, Gunes; Sen, Buer; Xie, Zhihui; Horowitz, Mark C. (August 2015). "Exercise Regulation of Marrow Fat in the Setting of PPARγ Agonist Treatment in Female C57BL/6 Mice". Endocrinology. 156 (8): 2753–2761. ISSN 1945-7170. PMC 4511140  . PMID 26052898. doi:10.1210/en.2015-1213.
Jump up ^ Styner, Maya; Thompson, William R.; Galior, Kornelia; Uzer, Gunes; Wu, Xin; Kadari, Sanjay; Case, Natasha; Xie, Zhihui; Sen, Buer (July 2014). "Bone marrow fat accumulation accelerated by high fat diet is suppressed by exercise". Bone. 64: 39–46. ISSN 1873-2763. PMC 4041820  . PMID 24709686. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2014.03.044.
Jump up ^ "Scientists closer to finding what causes the birth of a fat cell". ScienceDaily.
Jump up ^ Coskun, Huseyin; Summerfield, Taryn LS; Kniss, Douglas A; Friedman, Avner (2010). "Mathematical modeling of preadipocyte fate determination". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 265 (1): 87–94. PMID 20385145. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.03.047. .
Jump up ^ Fried SK, Lee MJ, Karastergiou K (2015). "Shaping fat distribution: New insights into the molecular determinants of depot- and sex-dependent adipose biology". Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) (Review). 23 (7): 1345–52. PMC 4687449  . PMID 26054752. doi:10.1002/oby.21133.
Jump up ^ Hong, Ran; Choi, Dong-Youl; Do, Nam-Yong; Lim, Sung-Chul (2008). "Fine-needle aspiration cytology of a lipoblastoma: A case report". Diagnostic Cytopathology. 36 (7): 508–11. PMID 18528880. doi:10.1002/dc.20826.
Jump up ^ Faust, IM.; Johnson, PR; Stern, JR; Hirsch, J (1978). "Diet-induced adipocyte number increase in adult rats: a new model of obesity". Am J Physiol. 235 (3): 279–96. PMID 696822.
^ Jump up to: a b Spalding, K. L.; Arner, E.; Westermark, P. L. O.; Bernard, S.; Buchholz, B. A.; Bergmann, O.; Blomqvist, L.; Hoffstedt, J.; Näslund, E.; Britton, T.; Concha, H.; Hassan, M.; Rydén, M.; Frisén, J.; Arner, P. (2008). "Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans". Nature. 453 (7196): 783–787. PMID 18454136. doi:10.1038/nature06902.
Jump up ^ Pool, Robert (2001). Fat: fighting the obesity epidemic. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. p. 68. ISBN 0-19-511853-7.
Jump up ^ Tchoukalova, YD.; Votruba, SB; Tchkonia, T.; Giorgadze, N.; Kirkland, JL.; Jensen, MD. (2010). "Regional differences in cellular mechanisms of adipose tissue gain with overfeeding". PNAS. 107 (42): 18226–31. PMC 2964201  . PMID 20921416. doi:10.1073/pnas.1005259107.
Jump up ^ Blüher, M (2009). "Adipose Tissue Dysfunction in Obesity". Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 117 (6): 241–50. PMID 19358089. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1192044.
Jump up ^ Kahn, SE; Hull, RL; Utzschneider, KM (2006). "Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes". Nature. 444 (7121): 840–46. PMID 17167471. doi:10.1038/nature05482.
Jump up ^ Kahn, BB; Flier, JS (2000). "Obesity and insulin resistance.". J Clin Invest. 106 (4): 473–81. PMC 380258  . PMID 10953022. doi:10.1172/JCI10842.
Jump up ^ Rawson, RB (2003). "The SREBP pathway—insights from Insigs and insects". Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 4 (8): 631–40. PMID 12923525. doi:10.1038/nrm1174.
^ Jump up to: a b Carobbio, S; Hagen, RM; Lelliot, CJ; Slawik, M; Medina-Gomez, G; Tan, CY (2013). "Adaptive changes of the Insig1/SREBP1/SCD1 set point help adipose tissue to cope with increased storage demands of obesity". Diabetes. 62 (11): 3697–708. PMID 23919961. doi:10.2337/db12-1748.
Jump up ^ Nelson, Linda R.; Bulun, Serdar E. (2001). "Estrogen production and action☆". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 45 (3): S116–24. PMID 11511861. doi:10.1067/mjd.2001.117432.
Jump up ^ http://www.protectyourfertility.com/femalerisks.html Archived September 22, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. FERTILITY FACT > Female Risks By the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM). Retrieved on Jan 4, 2009
Jump up ^ Klok, M.D.; Jakobsdottir, S.; Drent, M.L. (2006). "The role of leptin and ghrelin in the regulation of food intake and body weight in humans: a review". The International Association for the Study of Obesity. obesity reviews. 8 (1): 12–34. PMID 17212793. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00270.x.
External links[edit]
Histology image: 08201loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University – "Connective Tissue: unilocular (white) adipocytes "
Histology image: 04901lob – Histology Learning System at Boston University – "Connective Tissue: multilocular (brown) adipocytes"
[show]
v
t
e
Connective tissue
Physiology
Soft tissue
Fibrosis
Scarring
Composition
Cells
Resident
Fibroblast
Fibrocyte
Reticular cell
Tendon cell
Adipocyte
Melanocyte
Wandering cells
Mast cell
Macrophage
Extracellular
matrix
Ground substance
Tissue fluid
Fibers
Collagen fibers
Reticular fibers
COL3A1
Elastic fibers
Elastin
Fibrillin
FBN1
FBN2
FBN3
EMILIN1
Elaunin
Classification
Proper
Loose
Reticular
Adipose
Brown
White
Dense
Dense irregular connective tissue
Submucosa
Dermis
Dense regular connective tissue
Ligament
Tendon
Aponeurosis
Embryonic
Mucoid
Mesenchymal
Specialized
Cartilage
Bone
[show]
v
t
e
Cells in humans derived from mesoderm
Paraxial
Mesenchymal stem cell
Osteochondroprogenitor cell
Bone (Osteoblast → Osteocyte)
Cartilage (Chondroblast → Chondrocyte)
Myofibroblast
Fat
Lipoblast → Adipocyte
Muscle
Myoblast → Myocyte
Myosatellite cell
Tendon cell
Cardiac muscle cell
Other
Fibroblast → Fibrocyte
Other
Digestive system
Interstitial cell of Cajal
Intermediate
Renal stem cell
Angioblast → Endothelial cell
Mesangial cell
Intraglomerular
Extraglomerular
Juxtaglomerular cell
Macula densa cell
Stromal cell → Interstitial cell → Telocytes
Simple epithelial cell → Podocyte
Kidney proximal tubule brush border cell
Reproductive system
Sertoli cell
Leydig cell
Granulosa cell
Peg cell
germ cells
spermatozoon
ovum
Lateral plate/
hemangioblast
Hematopoietic stem cell
Lymphoid
Lymphoblast
see lymphocytes
Myeloid
CFU-GEMM
see myeloid cells
Circulatory system
Endothelial progenitor cell
Endothelial colony forming cell
Endothelial stem cell
Angioblast/Mesoangioblast
Pericyte
Mural cell
Authority control
GND: 4154243-5
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adipocyte&oldid=801266588"
Categories:
Sequestering cells
Human cells
Connective tissue cells
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2013
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Latviešu
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 September 2017, at 17:49.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: Yellow adipose tissue in paraffin section - lipids washed out.jpg

attrs: scope style

values: Edit section: White fat cells (unilocular cells)

values: Edit section: Brown fat cells (multilocular cells)

values: Edit section: Marrow fat cells (unilocular cells)

values:
/wiki/Marrow_Adipose_Tissue
mw-redirect
Marrow Adipose Tissue

values: Fact not supported with reference. Subsequent references do not support the general claim (September 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2013)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/SREBP_cleavage_activating_protein
mw-redirect
SREBP cleavage activating protein

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1547-3287

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23517218

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1089%2Fscd.2012.0647

values: Template:Incorrect citation (page does not exist)

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1523-4681

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28436105

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fjbmr.3159

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1664-2392

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27471493

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3389%2Ffendo.2016.00094

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1945-7170

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26052898

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2015-1213

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-2763

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24709686

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bone.2014.03.044

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20385145

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jtbi.2010.03.047

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26054752

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Foby.21133

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18528880

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fdc.20826

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/696822

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18454136

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06902

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20921416

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1005259107

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19358089

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0029-1192044

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17167471

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05482

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10953022

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI10842

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12923525

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrm1174

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23919961

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2337%2Fdb12-1748

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11511861

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1067%2Fmjd.2001.117432

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17212793

values:
/wiki/Connective_tissue_proper
mw-redirect
Connective tissue proper

values:
/wiki/Mucoid_connective_tissue
mw-redirect
Mucoid connective tissue

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Human cell types derived primarily from mesoderm

values: Template talk:Human cell types derived primarily from mesoderm

values:
/wiki/Macula_densa_cell
mw-redirect
Macula densa cell

values: Kidney proximal tubule brush border cell

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
http://d-nb.info/gnd/4154243-5

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2013

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Adipocyte
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: خلية دهنية – Arabic

values: Адипоцит – Bulgarian

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipocit
Adipocit – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipozyt
Adipozyt – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipocito
Adipocito – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipocito
Adipocito – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipozito
Adipozito – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values: آدیپوسیت – Persian

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipocyte
Adipocyte – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipocito
Adipocito – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiposit
Adiposit – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipocita
Adipocita – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipocytt
Adipocytt – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipocyt
Adipocyt – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Адипоцит – Russian

values: Адипоцит – Serbian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipocit
Adipocit – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasvasolu
Rasvasolu – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fettcell
Fettcell – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: Адипоцит – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Adipocyte rootpage-Adipocyte skin-vector action-view