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In God We Trust
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For other uses, see In God We Trust (disambiguation).
"IN GOD WE TRUST" on the reverse of a United States twenty-dollar bill
"IN GOD WE TRUST" on the Flag of Florida
"In God We Trust" is the official motto of the United States of America and of the U.S. state of Florida. It was adopted as the nation's motto in 1956 as a replacement or alternative to the unofficial motto of E pluribus unum, which was adopted when the Great Seal of the United States was created and adopted in 1782.[1][2]
"In God We Trust" first appeared on the two-cent piece in 1864[3] and has appeared on paper currency since 1957. A law passed in a Joint Resolution by the 84th Congress (P.L. 84-140) and approved by President Dwight Eisenhower on July 30, 1956, declared "In God We Trust" must appear on American currency. This phrase was first used on paper money in 1957, when it appeared on the one-dollar silver certificate. The first paper currency bearing the phrase entered circulation on October 1, 1957.[3] The 84th Congress later passed legislation (P.L. 84-851), also signed by President Eisenhower on July 30, 1956, declaring the phrase to be the national motto.[4][5][6]
Some groups and people have expressed objections to its use, citing its religious reference that violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.[7] These groups believe the phrase should be removed from currency and public property. In lawsuits, this argument has so far not overcome the interpretational doctrine of accommodationism, which allows government to endorse religious establishments as long as they are all treated equally.[8] According to a 2003 joint poll by USA Today, CNN, and Gallup, 90% of Americans support the inscription "In God We Trust" on U.S. coins.[9]
In 2006, "In God We Trust" was designated as the motto of the U.S. state of Florida.[10][11] Its Spanish equivalent, En Dios Confiamos, is the motto of the Republic of Nicaragua.[12]
Contents
1 History
2 Society and culture
2.1 Religion
2.2 In popular culture
2.3 License plates
3 Criticism
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Salmon P. Chase, Treasury Secretary, scribes "In God is our Trust," scratches out "is our" and overwrites "We" to arrive at "In God We Trust" in a December 9, 1863, letter to James Pollock, Director of the Philadelphia Mint.[13]
"IN GOD WE TRUST" first appeared on the obverse side of the Two-cent piece in 1864[3]
In 1860, the phrase was used in the Coat of arms of New Westminster, Canada. The phrase has been incorporated in many hymns and religious-patriotic songs. During the American Civil War, the 125th Pennsylvania Infantry for the Union Army assumed the motto "In God we trust" in early August 1862.[14][15][16] William W. Wallace, coiner, circa August 1862, of the motto "In God We Trust"[17] was Captain of Company C of the 125th Pennsylvania Infantry.
The Reverend Mark R. Watkinson of 'Ridleyville', Pennsylvania, (pastor of Prospect Hill Baptist Church in present-day Prospect Park, Pennsylvania) in a letter dated November 13, 1861, petitioned the Treasury Department to add a statement recognizing "Almighty God in some form on our coins" in order to "relieve us from the ignominy of heathenism".[18][19] At least part of the motivation was to declare that God was on the Union side of the Civil War.[20] Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase acted on this proposal and directed the then-Philadelphia Director of the Mint, James Pollock, to begin drawing up possible designs that would include the religious phrase. Chase chose his favorite designs and presented a proposal to Congress for the new designs in late 1863.[21]
In December 1863, Abraham Lincoln's Secretary of the Treasury decided on a new motto, "In God We Trust," to engrave on U.S. coins. Lincoln's involvement in this decision is unclear.[22]
A version of the motto made an early appearance on obverse side of the twenty dollar interest bearing note issued in 1864 along with the motto "God and our Right".
As Chase was preparing his recommendation to Congress, it was found that the Act of Congress dated January 18, 1837 prescribed the mottoes and devices that should be placed upon the coins of the United States. This meant that the mint could make no changes without the enactment of additional legislation by the Congress. Such legislation was introduced and passed as the Coinage Act of 1864 on April 22, 1864, allowing the Secretary of the Treasury to authorize the inclusion of the phrase on one-cent and two-cent coins.[20]
An Act of Congress passed on March 3, 1865, allowed the Mint Director, with the Secretary's approval, to place the motto on all gold and silver coins that "shall admit the inscription thereon".[20][23] In 1873, Congress passed the Coinage Act, granting that the Secretary of the Treasury "may cause the motto IN GOD WE TRUST to be inscribed on such coins as shall admit of such motto".
The similar phrase 'In God is our Trust' appears in "The Star-Spangled Banner", adopted as the national anthem of the United States in 1931. Written by Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812, the fourth stanza includes the phrase, "And this be our motto: 'In God is our Trust'", which was adapted as the national motto.[24][better source needed]
The use of "In God We Trust" has been interrupted. The motto disappeared from the five-cent coin in 1883, and did not reappear until production of the Jefferson nickel began in 1938.[20] However, at least two other coins minted in every year in the interim still bore the motto,[citation needed] including the Morgan dollar and the Seated Liberty half dollar. The omission of the motto "In God We Trust" on the Indian Head eagle coin caused public outrage, and prompted Congress to pass a bill mandating its inclusion. Mint Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber added the words and made minor modifications to the design. In 1908, Congress made it mandatory that the phrase be printed on all coins upon which it had previously appeared. This decision was motivated after a public outcry following the release of a $20 coin which did not bear the motto.[25] The motto has been in continuous use on the one-cent coin since 1909, and on the ten-cent coin since 1916. It also has appeared on all gold coins and silver dollar coins, half-dollar coins, and quarter-dollar coins struck since July 1, 1908.[20] Since 1938, all US coins have borne the motto.[3]
A quarter dollar with the United States' official motto "IN GOD WE TRUST" on the obverse side
During the Cold War era, the government of the United States sought to distinguish itself from the Soviet Union, which promoted state atheism and thus implemented antireligious legislation.[26] The 84th Congress passed a joint resolution "declaring IN GOD WE TRUST the national motto of the United States". The resolution passed both the House and the Senate unanimously and without debate.[27][28] The law was signed by President Eisenhower on July 30, 1956.[29] The United States Code at 36 U.S.C. § 302, now states: "'In God we trust' is the national motto."
The same day, the President signed into law[30] a requirement that "In God We Trust" be printed on all U.S. currency and coins. On paper currency, it first appeared on the silver certificate in 1957, followed by other certificates. Federal Reserve Notes and United States Notes were circulated with the motto starting from 1964 to 1966, depending on the denomination.[20][31] (Of these, only Federal Reserve Notes are still circulated.)
Representative Charles Edward Bennett of Florida cited the Cold War when he introduced the bill in the House, saying "In these days when imperialistic and materialistic communism seeks to attack and destroy freedom, we should continually look for ways to strengthen the foundations of our freedom". [32]
Aronow v. United States was the first case to challenge the inclusion of "In God We Trust" on U.S. currency.[33] The law it challenged was "31 U.S.C. § 324a "the inscription 'In God we Trust'...shall appear on all United States currency and coins".[33] O'Hair v. Blumenthal (1978) challenged the inclusion of the phrase "In God We Trust" on U.S. currency. A similar decision was reached by the Fifth Circuit in Madalyn Murray O'Hair vs W. Michael Blumenthal in 1979, which affirmed that the "primary purpose of the slogan was secular."[34]
In March 2001, Governor of Mississippi Ronnie Musgrove signed legislation requiring the motto "In God We Trust" to be displayed in every public school classroom, as well as the school auditoriums and cafeterias, throughout the state.[35][36]
A framed poster displaying the national motto of the United States in a New Philadelphia High School classroom
After the September 11 attacks in 2001, many public schools across the United States posted "In God We Trust" framed posters in their "libraries, cafeterias and classrooms". The American Family Association supplied several 11-by-14-inch posters to school systems and vowed to defend any legal challenges to the displaying of the posters.[37]
According to a 2003 joint poll by USA Today, CNN, and Gallup, 90% of Americans support the inscription "In God We Trust" on U.S. coins.[9]
In 2006, on the 50th anniversary of its adoption, the Senate reaffirmed "In God We Trust" as the official national motto of the United States of America.[38] In Florida House Bill no. 1145, Florida adopted 'In God We Trust' as the official state motto, effective July 1, 2006.[10][11]
In 2011 the House of Representatives passed an additional resolution reaffirming "In God We Trust" as the official motto of the United States, in a 396–9 vote.[39][40]
In 2013, a federal court rejected a challenge, brought by Michael Newdow and the Freedom From Religion Foundation, to remove "In God We Trust" from American currency.[41]
"IN GOD WE TRUST" on the Seal of Mississippi
On January 31, 2014, purporting to defend religious freedom, the Mississippi senate voted to add the words, "In God We Trust" to the state seal and the change was made effective on July 1, 2014.[42][43]
In 2015 the county police department of Jefferson County, Illinois announced that the words "In God We Trust" will be on police squad cars.[44] In 2015, the Freedom from Religion Foundation demanded that local authorities remove decals of the motto from Childress, Texas Police Department patrol vehicles. In response, Police Chief Adrian Garcia told the organization, in a written letter, to "go fly a kite."[45]
In March 2017, Act 911, sponsored by State Rep. Jim Dotson, made it a requirement of Arkansas state law for schools to display posters with the national motto ("In God We Trust").[46][47]
In early 2018, Kimberly Daniels, a pastor[48] who currently serves as the representative for Florida House of Representatives District 14 as a member of the Democratic Party, introduced HB 839, a bill that requires public schools to display the motto "In God We Trust" in a conspicuous place. On Tuesday, January 23, 2018, the bill received unanimous approval from the House PreK-12 Innovation Subcommittee.[49] Later, in a vote on February 21, 2018, the bill passed 97 to 10 in the House.[50][51] As part of Florida's March 2018 K-12 education law, Gov. Rick Scott mandated that all public schools post the state motto ("In God We Trust") in a prominent location.[52]
In March 2018, a bill requiring Tennessee schools to prominently display the national motto ("In God We Trust") sponsored by Rep. Susan Lynn passed the state House with 81 of the 99 members voting in favor of it.[53]
Society and culture[edit]
Religion[edit]
In Judaism and Christianity, the official motto "In God We Trust" resounds with several verses from the Bible, including Psalm 118:8, Psalm 40:3, Psalm 73:28, and Proverbs 29:25.[54] Melkote Ramaswamy, a Hindu American scholar, writes that the presence of the phrase "In God We Trust" on American currency is a reminder that "there is God everywhere, whether we are conscious or not."[55]
In popular culture[edit]
In the 1994 film Miracle on 34th Street, just as Henry is about to make his decision, Susan walks up to him with a Christmas card containing a $1 bill. On the back, the words "In God We Trust" are circled. He realizes that, since the U.S. Department of Treasury can put its official faith in God with no hard evidence, then the people can believe in Santa in the same way. Left with no choice, an elated Henry dismisses the case and declares that Santa is real, existing in the person of Kris.
In the musical Hamilton, Aaron Burr says the line "My God! In God we trust, but we’ll never know what got discussed" in reaction to Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton making a deal.[citation needed]
An e-mail conspiracy theory is that "In God We Trust" was intentionally omitted from new U.S. dollar coins in 2007.[56] The first coins produced under the Presidential $1 Coin Program did indeed lack the "In God We Trust" inscription along their edges (along with the "E Pluribus Unum" inscription, the year of production, and the mint mark; these coins, unlike normal dollar coins, had completely blank edges), but these coins, known as "godless dollars", were the result of a minting error, not a deliberate omission.[57][58]
Marty Feldman's satirical comedy In God We Tru$t (1980).
The film They Live (1988) plays on the idea. Special sunglasses allow the wearers to see simple hidden messages instead of the signs they see without them. Advertising is seen as "OBEY", "CONSUME" and "MARRY AND REPRODUCE". Dollar bills are all marked "THIS IS YOUR GOD".[59]
In January 2006, Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen and his wife Jackie were offered a place on the Valentine's Day celebrity couples edition of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? They appeared on the show managing to reach the £1 million question, before answering it incorrectly and dropping from £500,000 all the way down to just £32,000 (a loss of £468,000). For the first time ever, Celador allowed Llewelyn-Bowen and his wife retry the show after the company claimed that the last question "didn't meet their standards".[citation needed] After returning and being shown a different £1 million question, the couple decided not to risk losing £468,000 for the second time and won £500,000 for their chosen charity, The Shooting Star Children's Hospice, of which Llewelyn-Bowen and his wife are both patrons. Their new question was about the first man to travel to space twice, and the correct answer to the question was Gus Grissom. They decided not to risk it this time and walked away with the £500,000. This amount is the highest amount that any celebrity couple has won on any British edition of Who Wants To Be a Millionaire?[60] The £468,000 they originally lost was also the greatest loss ever seen on the show, and no other contestant has ever answered the final question incorrectly in the United Kingdom version.[61][62] The allegedly misleading question was "Translated from the Latin, what is the motto of the United States?" The answer given was "In God We Trust" which is originally English and has in fact been the motto of the United States since 1956. The intended answer had been "One Out of Many" which is a translation of the Latin phrase E pluribus unum, which is not actually the current United States motto. E pluribus unum had been the de facto motto but was never legally declared as such.[60]
License plates[edit]
"IN GOD WE TRUST" optional license plate designed by Troy Wingard for the South Carolina Department of Public Safety in 2002
As of April 1, 2016 the following U.S. states currently offer an "In God We Trust" license plate as a speciality plate for an additional normal vehicle registration processing which vary from state to state: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina, Ohio [63], Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.[citation needed]
Florida (Which also offers a speciality plate) and Georgia which both display the county of issuance on their License Plate offer the option of "In God We Trust" in place of the County Name.[citation needed]
Criticism[edit]
Advocates of separation of church and state have questioned the legality of this motto asserting that it is a violation of the United States Constitution, prohibiting the government from passing any law respecting an establishment of religion.[64] Religious accommodationists state that this entrenched practice has not historically presented any constitutional difficulty, is not coercive, and does not prefer one religious denomination over another.[64]
"In God We Trust" as a national motto and on U.S. currency has been the subject of numerous unsuccessful lawsuits.[65] The motto was first challenged in Aronow v. United States in 1970, but the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled: "It is quite obvious that the national motto and the slogan on coinage and currency 'In God We Trust' has nothing whatsoever to do with the establishment of religion. Its use is of patriotic or ceremonial character and bears no true resemblance to a governmental sponsorship of a religious exercise."[66] In Lynch v. Donnelly (1984), the Supreme Court wrote that acts of "ceremonial deism" are "protected from Establishment Clause scrutiny chiefly because they have lost through rote repetition any significant religious content".[67] In Zorach v. Clauson (1952), the Supreme Court also wrote that the nation's "institutions presuppose a Supreme Being" and that government recognition of God does not constitute the establishment of a state church as the Constitution's authors intended to prohibit.[68]
In November 2005, Michael Newdow announced he wants to have "In God We Trust" removed from U.S. coins and banknotes. In 2004, he received the special Recognition Freethought Hero Award for his case to remove "In God We Trust" from currency.[69] In a November 14, 2005 interview with Fox News's Neil Cavuto, Newdow compared "In God We Trust" appearing on United States currency with racial segregation (specifically separate drinking fountains), saying, "How can you not compare those? What is the difference there? Both of them [whites and blacks] got equal water. They both had access. It was government saying that it's okay to separate out these two people on the basis of race. Here we're saying it's okay to separate two people on the basis of their religious beliefs."
In June 2006, a federal judge rejected Newdow's Establishment Clause lawsuit on the grounds that the minted words amount to a secular national slogan, and do not dictate anyone's beliefs. Newdow stated that he would appeal the ruling,[70] although it should be noted that Aronow v. United States was decided on the same grounds in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and the lower court was required to return the same ruling, likewise the Ninth Circuit does not traditionally overrule previous Ninth Circuit rulings.
On December 4, 2007, Newdow argued before a three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit to remove both "under God" from the Pledge of Allegiance (Roe v. Rio Linda Union School District),[citation needed] and "In God We Trust" from United States currency.[71] The Ninth Circuit rejected Newdow's challenge. In a decision published March 11, 2010, the court held that its earlier decision in Aronow, which "held the national motto is of a "patriotic or ceremonial character," has no "theological or ritualistic impact," and does not constitute "governmental sponsorship of a religious exercise," foreclosed Newdow's argument.[72] In an opinion concurring only in the judgment, even the extremely liberal Judge Stephen Reinhardt[73] agreed that Aronow was controlling precedent.[74]
Newdow v. Congress, 598 F.3d 638 (9th Cir. 2010) cert. denied 131 S. Ct. 1612 (U.S. 2011). AKA: The "In God We Trust Case" – A prominent atheist, Michael Newdow, filed a suit to declare the national motto – In God We Trust – unconstitutional and to have it removed from coins and currency.[75][76][77] Pacific Justice Institute intervened as a defendant and defended the against the suit.[75][76][77] The case was dismissed by the trial court and the Ninth Circuit affirmed that decision.[75][76][77]
In 2015, David F. Bauman dismissed a case against the Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion, making non-believers "second-class citizens".[78][79] He noted; "As a matter of historical tradition, the words 'under God' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words 'In God We Trust' from every coin in the land, than the words 'so help me God' from every presidential oath since 1789, or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787."
Aside from constitutional objections, President Theodore Roosevelt took issue with using the motto on coinage as he considered using God's name on money to be sacrilege.[80]
In September 2014, a proposal to add displays of "In God We Trust" on public property in Ballwin, Missouri was defeated following a plea to a meeting of aldermen by a local atheist.[81][82]
Gallery[edit]
"IN GOD WE TRUST" motto over the tribune in the United States House of Representatives Chamber (between the clock and the flag)
Flag of Georgia (U.S. state) with "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto
Indian Head eagle, revised design of 1908 adding "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto to reverse
Dollar coin stack showing "IN GOD WE TRUST" on edge
United States one-dollar bill, reverse, series 2009 with "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto
United States two-dollar bill, reverse, series 2003A with "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto
2013 Lincoln cent obverse, showing "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto
Saint-Gaudens double eagle, revised design of 1908 adding "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto to reverse
Seal of Florida with "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto
United States five-dollar bill, reverse, series 2006 with "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto
Grand Army of the Republic Memorial (Siloam Springs, Arkansas) engraved with the words "IN GOD WE TRUST"
United States twenty-dollar bill, reverse, series 2006 with "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto
United States one hundred-dollar bill, reverse, series 2009 with "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto
See also[edit]
Religion in the United States
Trust in God and keep your powder dry
Dieu et mon droit
God Save the Queen
God zij met ons
May God have mercy upon your soul
So help me God
Gott mit uns
Deus seja louvado
In God We Trust: All Others Pay Cash
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b "TV designer's second shot at £1m". British Broadcasting Corporation. 13 January 2006. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Born, Matt (13 January 2006). "Llewelyn-Bowen blows £1m". The Daily Mail. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Lat, David (25 August 2009). "Who Wants To Be A Millionaire? Ken Basin, Harvard Law '08, Sure Does". Above the Law. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
Jump up ^ http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/4503.763
^ Jump up to: a b Richard H. Fallon (2004). The Dynamic Constitution: an Introduction to Americans Constitutional Law. Cambridge University Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-521-60078-1. "Strict separationists" believe that the government has no business supporting religious beliefs or institutions in any way – for example, by providing tax breaks to churches, assisting parochial schools, including prayers or benedictions in public ceremonies, or inscribing "In God We Trust" on the currency. Religious accommodationists can well explain why certain entrenched social practices (such as the inscription of "In God We Trust" on the currency) were not historically perceived as presenting constitutional difficulties: The relevant practices are not coercive and do not prefer one narrow sect over another.
Jump up ^ Markoe, Lauren (2014-05-29). "Atheists Lose Latest Battle To Remove 'In God We Trust' From U.S. Currency". huffingtonpost.com. Religion News Service. Retrieved 2014-10-09.
Jump up ^ Aronow, 432 F.2d at 243.
Jump up ^ LYNCH v. DONNELLY, 465 U.S. 668 (1984) U.S. Supreme Court
Jump up ^ ABA Journal Sep 1962. Much more recently, in 1952, speaking through Mr. Justice Douglas in Zorach v. Clauson, 343 U.S. 306, 313, the Supreme Court repeated the same sentiments, saying: We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being. Mr. Justice Brewer in the Holy Trinity case, supra, mentioned many of these evidences of religion, and Mr. Justice Douglas in the Zorach case referred to ... [P]rayers in our legislative halls; the appeals to the Almighty in the messages of the Chief Executive; the proclamation making Thanksgiving Day a holiday; "So help me God" in our courtroom oaths – these and ... other references to the Almighty ... run through our laws, our public rituals, our ceremonies ... the supplication with which the Court opens each session: "God save the United States and this Honorable Court" (312–313). To this list may be added tax exemption of churches, chaplaincies in the armed forces, the "Pray for Peace" postmark, the widespread observance of Christmas holidays, and, in classrooms, singing the fourth stanza of America which is prayer invoking the protection of God, and the words "in God is our trust" as found in the National Anthem, and the reciting of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag, modified by an Act of Congress of June 14, 1954, to include the words "under God.
Jump up ^ "Freethought Hero Award 2004 – Mike Newdow". Archived from the original on 2007-07-29. Retrieved 2007-07-29. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) , Freedom From Religion Foundation 2004-10-30
Jump up ^ "Federal Judge Nixes 'In God We Trust' Lawsuit". Fox News Channel. 2006-06-12.
Jump up ^ "Newdow v. Congress of the United States" (PDF). findlaw.com.
Jump up ^ "Newdow v. Lefevre, No. 06-16344, at 4210 (9th Cir. Mar. 11, 2010) (citing Aronow, 432 F.2d at 243–44)" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Matt Rees, The Judge the Supreme Court Loves to Overturn, The Weekly Standard, May 5, 1997;". compare "David G. Savage, Crusading Liberal Judge Keeps High Court Busy, L.A. Times, Mar. 3, 1996." The Los Angeles Times. 1996-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Newdow, at 4210–11 (Reinhardt, J., concurring)" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b c Bob Egelko, 'In God We Trust' suit rejected by Supreme Court, San Francisco Chronicle, [1] March 8, 2011
^ Jump up to: a b c Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, Newdow v. Congress, [2] March 11, 2010
^ Jump up to: a b c C-SPAN Video Library, Establishment of Religion Clause Oral Arguments, Part 1, [3] December 7, 2007
Jump up ^ Salvador Rizzo. "Hearing 'Under God' in Pledge of Allegiance does not violate rights of atheist students, NJ judge rules". NorthJersey.com. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Judge Refuses To Kick God Out Of Public Schools". Forbes. February 7, 2015. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "ROOSEVELT DROPPED 'IN GOD WE TRUST'; President Says Such a Motto on Coin Is Irreverence, Close to Sacrilege. NO LAW COMMANDS ITS USE He Trusts Congress Will Not Direct Him to Replace the Exalted Phrase That Invited Constant Levity". The New York Times. November 14, 1907. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
Jump up ^ https://www.riverfronttimes.com/newsblog/2014/09/24/ballwin-rejects-in-god-we-trust-sign-after-atheist-mothers-passionate-plea-video
Jump up ^ http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/ballwin-rejects-in-god-we-trust-sign/article_ed39ceaf-242c-509d-aed6-1f9892489ae3.html
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to In God We Trust.
Final answer? Not quite as star gets second chance to play for a million – article in The Guardian about a disputed quiz question about the motto of the United States.
Local documentary on origin of phrase
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text:
Coulomb
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Coulomb (disambiguation).
Coulomb
Unit system
SI derived unit
Unit of
Electric charge
Symbol
C
Named after
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
Unit conversions
1 C in ... ... is equal to ...
SI base units
A⋅s
CGS units
2997924580 statC
Atomic units
6.24150934(14)e×10^18[1]
The coulomb (symbol: C) is the International System of Units (SI) unit of electric charge. It is the charge (symbol: Q or q) transported by a constant current of one ampere in one second:
1 C = 1 A ⋅ 1 s {\displaystyle 1~{\text{C}}=1~{\text{A}}\cdot 1~{\text{s}}}
Thus, it is also the amount of excess charge on a capacitor of one farad charged to a potential difference of one volt:
1 C = 1 F ⋅ 1 V {\displaystyle 1~{\text{C}}=1~{\text{F}}\cdot 1~{\text{V}}}
It is equivalent to the charge of approximately 7018624200000000000♠6.242×1018 (6995103600000000000♠1.036×10−5 mol) protons, and −1 C is equivalent to the charge of approximately 7018624200000000000♠6.242×1018 electrons.
Contents
[hide]
1 Name and notation
2 Definition
3 SI prefixes
4 Conversions
5 Relation to elementary charge
6 In everyday terms
7 See also
8 Notes and references
Name and notation[edit]
This SI unit is named after Charles-Augustin de Coulomb. As with every International System of Units (SI) unit named for a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case (C). However, when an SI unit is spelled out in English, it should always begin with a lower case letter (coulomb)—except in a situation where any word in that position would be capitalized, such as at the beginning of a sentence or in material using title case. Note that "degree Celsius" conforms to this rule because the "d" is lowercase.— Based on The International System of Units, section 5.2.[2]
Definition[edit]
The SI system defines the coulomb in terms of the ampere and second: 1 C = 1 A × 1 s.[3] The second is defined in terms of a frequency naturally emitted by caesium atoms.[4] The ampere is defined using Ampère's force law;[5] the definition relies in part on the mass of the international prototype kilogram, a metal cylinder housed in France.[6] In practice, the watt balance is used to measure amperes with the highest possible accuracy.[6]
Since the charge of one electron is known to be about 6981160217662079999♠1.6021766208(98)×10−19 C,[7] 1 C can also be considered the charge of roughly 6.241509×10^18 electrons or +1 C the charge of that many positrons or protons, where the number is the reciprocal of 1.602177×10^−19.
The proposed redefinition of the ampere and other SI base units would have the effect of fixing the numerical value of the elementary charge to an explicit constant expressed in coulombs, and therefore it would implicitly fix the value of the coulomb when expressed as a multiple of the fundamental charge (the numerical values of those quantities are the multiplicative inverses of each other).
SI prefixes[edit]
SI multiples for coulomb (C)
Submultiples
Multiples
Value
SI symbol
Name
Value
SI symbol
Name
10−1 C dC decicoulomb 101 C daC decacoulomb
10−2 C cC centicoulomb 102 C hC hectocoulomb
10−3 C mC millicoulomb 103 C kC kilocoulomb
10−6 C µC microcoulomb 106 C MC megacoulomb
10−9 C nC nanocoulomb 109 C GC gigacoulomb
10−12 C pC picocoulomb 1012 C TC teracoulomb
10−15 C fC femtocoulomb 1015 C PC petacoulomb
10−18 C aC attocoulomb 1018 C EC exacoulomb
10−21 C zC zeptocoulomb 1021 C ZC zettacoulomb
10−24 C yC yoctocoulomb 1024 C YC yottacoulomb
Common multiples are in bold face.
See also SI prefix.
Conversions[edit]
One coulomb is the magnitude (absolute value) of electrical charge in 6.24150934(14)×10^18 protons or electrons.[1]
The inverse of this number gives the elementary charge of 6981160217662079999♠1.6021766208(98)×10−19 C.[7]
The magnitude of the electrical charge of one mole of elementary charges (approximately 6.022×1023, or Avogadro's number) is known as a faraday unit of charge (closely related to the Faraday constant). One faraday equals 96485.3399 coulombs. In terms of Avogadro's number (NA), one coulomb is equal to approximately 1.036 × NA×10−5 elementary charges.
One ampere-hour = 3600 C, 1 mA⋅h = 3.6 C.
One statcoulomb (statC), the obsolete CGS electrostatic unit of charge (esu), is approximately 3.3356×10−10 C or about one-third of a nanocoulomb.
Relation to elementary charge[edit]
The elementary charge, the charge of a proton (equivalently, the negative of the charge of an electron), is approximately 6981160217662079999♠1.6021766208(98)×10−19 C[7]. In SI, the elementary charge in coulombs is an approximate value: no experiment can be infinitely accurate. However, in other unit systems, the elementary charge has an exact value by definition, and other charges are ultimately measured relative to the elementary charge.[8] For example, in conventional electrical units, the values of the Josephson constant KJ and von Klitzing constant RK are exact defined values (written KJ-90 and RK-90), and it follows that the elementary charge e = 2/(KJRK) is also an exact defined value in this unit system.[8] Specifically, e90 = (6991200000000000000♠2×10−9)/(7004258128070000000♠25812.807 × 7005483597900000000♠483597.9) C exactly.[8] SI itself may someday change its definitions in a similar way.[8] For example, one possible proposed redefinition is "the ampere...is [defined] such that the value of the elementary charge e (charge on a proton) is exactly 6981160217648699999♠1.602176487×10−19 coulombs",[9] (in which the numeric value is the 2006 CODATA recommended value, since superseded). This proposal is not yet accepted as part of the SI.
In everyday terms[edit]
The charges in static electricity from rubbing materials together are typically a few microcoulombs.[10]
The amount of charge that travels through a lightning bolt is typically around 15 C, although large bolts can be up to 350 C.[11]
The amount of charge that travels through a typical alkaline AA battery from being fully charged to discharged is about 5 kC = 5000 C ≈ 1400 mA⋅h.[12]
The hydraulic analogy uses everyday terms to illustrate movement of charge and the transfer of energy. The analogy equates charge to a volume of water, and voltage to pressure. One coulomb equals (the negative of) the charge of 7018624000000000000♠6.24×1018 electrons. The amount of energy transferred by the flow of 1 coulomb can vary; for example, 300 times fewer electrons flow through a lightning bolt than in the discharge of an AA battery, but the total energy transferred by the flow of the lightning's electrons is 300 million times greater.
See also[edit]
Abcoulomb, a cgs unit of charge
Ampère's circuital law
Coulomb's law
Electrostatics
Elementary charge
Faraday (unit), an obsolete unit
Quantity of electricity
Notes and references[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b 6.24150934(14)×10^18 is the reciprocal of the 2010 CODATA recommended value 1.602176565(35)×10^−19 for the elementary charge in coulomb.
Jump up ^ "SI Brochure, Appendix 1," (PDF). BIPM. p. 144.
Jump up ^ "SI brochure, section 2.2.2". BIPM.
Jump up ^ "SI brochure, section 2.2.1.3". BIPM.
Jump up ^ "SI brochure, section 2.2.1.4". BIPM.
^ Jump up to: a b "Watt Balance". BIPM.
^ Jump up to: a b c "CODATA Value: elementary charge". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. US National Institute of Standards and Technology. June 2015. Retrieved 2015-09-22. 2014 CODATA recommended values
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mills, I. M.; Mohr, P. J.; Quinn, T. J.; Taylor, B. N.; Williams, E. R. (2005). "Redefinition of the kilogram: a decision whose time has come". Metrologia. 42 (2): 71. Bibcode:2005Metro..42...71M. doi:10.1088/0026-1394/42/2/001.
Jump up ^ Report of the CCU to the 23rd CGPM
Jump up ^ Martin Karl W. Pohl. "Physics: Principles with Applications" (PDF). DESY.
Jump up ^ Hasbrouck, Richard. Mitigating Lightning Hazards, Science & Technology Review May 1996. Retrieved on 2009-04-26.
Jump up ^ How to do everything with digital photography – David Huss, p. 23, at Google Books, "The capacity range of an AA battery is typically from 1100–2200 mAh."
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text:
Rest Your Love on Me
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Rest Your Love On Me"
Single by Bee Gees
A-side
"Too Much Heaven"
Released
November 1978
Format
7"
Recorded
2 May 1976
Studio
Le Studio, Quebec, Canada
Genre
Country pop
Length
4:20
Label
RSO
Songwriter(s)
Barry Gibb
Producer(s)
Bee Gees, Albhy Galuten, Karl Richardson
Bee Gees singles chronology
"Night Fever"
(1978) "Rest Your Love On Me"
(1978) "Tragedy"
(1979)
"Night Fever"
(1978) "Too Much Heaven" / Rest Your Love On Me
(1978) "Tragedy"
(1979)
"Rest Your Love on Me" is a country ballad performed by the Bee Gees written and sung by Barry Gibb. It was the B-side of the US No. 1 hit "Too Much Heaven".
Contents
[hide]
1 Recording
2 Release
3 Credits and personnel
4 Conway Twitty version
4.1 Charts
5 Other versions
6 References
7 External links
Recording[edit]
"Rest Your Love on Me" was written by Barry Gibb in 1976 and recorded it in May 2 on the Children of the World sessions. Stephen Stills played bass on its original demo.[1]
It was not used until "Too Much Heaven" was released, as "Rest Your Love on Me" was chosen as the B-side. As a country song it did not fit in with what the Bee Gees were putting on their albums, even though they continued to write the occasional country song, like "Where Do I Go", also left off the forthcoming album.[2]
Release[edit]
By itself, it reached #39 on the country charts in the United States, their only appearance in the Country Top 40 as artists (though Barry and Maurice also performed and played on 1983's country chart-topping "Islands in the Stream"). The single was a double A in the United Kingdom, France, Scandinavia, Ireland and in Belgium. Later in 1979 it was included in the compilation album Bee Gees Greatest, which rose #1 on the Billboard album charts.
The Osmonds, themselves beginning a transition from a pop/rock band to country music, recorded the song under Maurice Gibb's direction shortly before the Bee Gees released their version, but not released until afterward. In January 1979, Andy Gibb and Olivia Newton-John would perform it at the Music for UNICEF show, the first time most people heard it.
Credits and personnel[edit]
Barry Gibb – vocals, guitar
Maurice Gibb – bass
Blue Weaver – keyboards, synthesiser, piano
Dennis Bryon – drums
Karl Richardson – sound engineer
Nick Blacona – engineer
Conway Twitty version[edit]
"Rest Your Love on Me"
Single by Conway Twitty
from the album Rest Your Love On Me
B-side
"I Am the Dreamer (You Are the Dream)"
Released
February 21, 1981
Format
7"
Genre
Country
Length
2:50
Label
MCA
Songwriter(s)
Barry Gibb
Producer(s)
Conway Twitty, Ron Chancey
Conway Twitty singles chronology
"Lovin' What Your Lovin' Does to Me"
(1981) "Rest Your Love on Me"
(1981) "I Still Believe in Waltzes"
(1981)
"Lovin' What Your Lovin' Does to Me"
(1981) "Rest Your Love on Me"
(1981) "I Still Believe in Waltzes"
(1981)
"Rest Your Love on Me" was recorded by Conway Twitty in 1980 for his album of the same name. It was his 25th number one on the country chart as a solo artist. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of 10 weeks within the Top 40.[3]
Charts[edit]
Chart (1981)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks[4] 1
Canadian RPM Country Tracks[4] 9
Other versions[edit]
Andy Gibb and Olivia Newton-John had done a duet version of "Rest Your Love on Me" at the UNICEF show in January 1979, so she agreed to record it and a new song for Andy's third album After Dark, Albhy Galuten winces recalling the session years later.[5] This song was released as a single in other countries.
The Osmonds recorded this song from their album Steppin' Out released in that year also produced by Maurice Gibb.
Rhythm Sound, a Surinamese group, recorded "Rest Your Love on Me" in their own language.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hughes, Andrew. The Bee Gees – Tales of the Brothers Gibb. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Gibb Songs : 1976". Columbia.edu. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944–2006, Second edition. Record Research. p. 362.
^ Jump up to: a b Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944–2006, Second edition. Record Research. p. 360.
Jump up ^ "Gibb Songs : 1997". Columbia.edu. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"A Headache Tomorrow (Or a Heartache Tonight)" by Mickey Gilley Billboard Hot Country Singles
number-one single (Conway Twitty version)
May 2, 1981 Succeeded by
"Am I Losing You" by Ronnie Milsap
[show]
v
t
e
Bee Gees singles discography
1960s
1963
"The Battle of the Blue and the Grey" / "The Three Kisses of Love"
"Timber!" / "Take Hold of That Star"
1964
"Peace of Mind" / "Don't Say Goodbye"
"Claustrophobia" / "Could It Be"
"Turn Around, Look at Me" / "(Theme From) The Travels of Jamie McPheeters"
1965
"Every Day I Have to Cry" / "You Wouldn't Know"
"Wine and Women" / "Follow the Wind"
"I Was A Lover, A Leader of Men" / "And the Children Laughing"
1966
"I Want Home" / "Cherry Red"
"Monday's Rain" / "All of My Life"
"Spicks and Specks" / "I Am the World"
1967
"Born a Man" / "Big Chance"
"New York Mining Disaster 1941" / "I Can't See Nobody"
"To Love Somebody" / "Close Another Door"
"Holiday" / "Every Christian Lion Hearted Man Will Show You"
"Massachusetts" / "Barker of the UFO"
"World" / "Sir Geoffrey Saved the World"
1968
"Words" / "Sinking Ships"
"Jumbo" / "The Singer Sang His Song"
"I've Gotta Get a Message to You" / "Kitty Can"
"I Started a Joke" / "Kilburn Towers"
1969
"First of May" / "Lamplight"
"Tomorrow Tomorrow" / "Sun in My Morning"
"Don't Forget to Remember" / "The Lord"
1970s
1970
"If Only I Had My Mind on Something Else" / "Sweetheart" (US)
"I.O.I.O." / "Sweetheart"
"Lonely Days" / "Man for All Seasons"
1971
"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart" / "Country Woman"
"Don't Wanna Live Inside Myself" / "Walking Back to Waterloo"
1972
"My World" / "On Time"
"Run to Me" / "Road to Alaska"
"Alive" / Paper Mache, Cabbages and Kings"
1973
"Saw a New Morning" / "My Life Has Been a Song"
"Wouldn't I Be Someone" / "Elisa"
1974
"Mr. Natural" / "It Doesn't Matter Much to Me"
"Throw a Penny" / "I Can't Let You Go"
"Charade" / "Heavy Breathing"
1975
"Jive Talkin'" / "Wind of Change"
"Nights on Broadway" / "Edge of the Universe"
1976
"Fanny (Be Tender with My Love)" / "Country Lanes"
"You Should Be Dancing" / "Subway"
"Love So Right" / "You Stepped Into My Life"
1977
"Boogie Child" / "Lovers"
"Edge of the Universe (live)" / "Words (live)"
"How Deep Is Your Love" / "Can't Keep a Good Man Down" (live)
"Stayin' Alive" / "If I Can't Have You"
1978
"Night Fever" / "Down the Road (live)"
"Too Much Heaven" / "Rest Your Love on Me"
1979
"Tragedy" / "Until"
"Love You Inside Out" / "I'm Satisfied"
1980s
1981
"He's a Liar"
"Living Eyes" / "I Still Love You"
1983
"The Woman in You" / "Stayin' Alive"
"Someone Belonging to Someone" / "I Love You Too Much" (instrumental)
1987
"You Win Again" / "Backtafunk"
"E.S.P." / "Overnight"
1989
"Ordinary Lives" / "Wing and a Prayer"
"One" / "Flesh and Blood"
1990s
1990
"Bodyguard" / "Will You Ever Let Me"
1991
"Secret Love" / "Party with No Name"
"When He's Gone" / "True Confessions"
"The Only Love" / "You Win Again" (live)
"Happy Ever After" / "Evolution"
1993
"Paying the Price of Love" / "My Destiny"
"For Whom the Bell Tolls" / "Decadance"
1994
"How to Fall in Love, Part 1" / "Fallen Angel"
"Kiss of Life" / "855-7019"
1997
"Alone" / "Rings Around the Moon"
"I Could Not Love You More" / "Love Never Dies" (EUR)
"Still Waters (Run Deep)" / "Love Never Dies"
2000s
2001
"This Is Where I Came In" / "Just in Case"
Other countries
1968
"And the Sun Will Shine" / "Really and Sincerely" (France)
1970
"Let There Be Love" / "Really and Sincerely" (Netherlands)
1971
"When the Swallows Fly" / "Give Your Best" (Netherlands)
"Morning of my Life" / "To Love Somebody"
1972
"Israel" / "Dearest" (Netherlands)
"Sea of Smiling Faces" / "Please Don't Turn Out the Lights"
1977
"Children of the World" / "Boogie Child" (Australia}
1988
"Crazy for Your Love" / "You Win Again (Remix)"
"Angela" / "You Win Again (Remix)" (Germany, Netherlands)
[show]
v
t
e
Andy Gibb
Studio albums
Flowing Rivers
Shadow Dancing
After Dark
Singles
"Words and Music"
"I Just Want to Be Your Everything"
"(Love Is) Thicker Than Water"
"Shadow Dancing"
"An Everlasting Love"
"(Our Love) Don't Throw it All Away"
"Why"
"Desire"
"I Can't Help It"
"Time Is Time"
"Me (Without You)"
"All I Have to Do Is Dream"
Compilations
Andy Gibb's Greatest Hits
Andy Gibb (Hits Collection)
20th Century Masters - The Millennium Collection
Mythology
Other songs
"Warm Ride"
"Rest Your Love on Me"
"Arrow Through the Heart"
Related articles
Bee Gees
RSO Records
Polydor Records
Solid Gold (TV series)
Warner Music Group
Universal Music Group
Book
[show]
v
t
e
Olivia Newton-John singles
Albums
Singles
Videography
Tours
Awards and honours
1970s
If Not for You
"If Not for You"
"Banks of the Ohio"
Olivia
"What is Life"
"Just a Little Too Much"
Let Me Be There
"Take Me Home, Country Roads"
"Let Me Be There"
Long Live Love
"Long Live Love"
"I Honestly Love You"
If You Love Me, Let Me Know
"If You Love Me, Let Me Know"
"I Honestly Love You"
Have You Never Been Mellow
"Have You Never Been Mellow"
"Please Mr. Please"
Clearly Love
"Something Better to Do"
"Let It Shine"
Come on Over
"Come on Over"
"Jolene"
Don't Stop Believin'
"Don't Stop Believin'"
"Every Face Tells a Story"
"Sam"
Making a Good Thing Better
"Making a Good Thing Better"
Grease
"You're the One That I Want"
"Summer Nights"
"Hopelessly Devoted to You"
Totally Hot
"A Little More Love"
"Deeper Than the Night"
"Totally Hot"
1980s
Xanadu
"Magic"
"Xanadu"
"Suddenly"
Physical
"Physical"
"Make a Move on Me"
"Landslide"
Greatest Hits Vol. 2
"Heart Attack"
"Tied Up"
Two of a Kind
"Twist of Fate"
"Take a Chance"
"Livin' in Desperate Times"
Soul Kiss
"Soul Kiss"
"Toughen Up"
The Rumour
"The Rumour"
"Can't We Talk It Over in Bed"
Warm and Tender
"Reach Out for Me"
"When You Wish upon a Star"
1990s
Back to Basics
"I Need Love"
"Deeper Than a River"
Gaia: One Woman's Journey
"No Matter What You Do"
"Don't Cut Me Down"
Back with a Heart
"I Honestly Love You (1998 version)"
"Back with a Heart"
2010s
Grace and Gratitude
"Help Me to Heal"
A Few Best Men
"Mickey (Chew Fu Fix)"
Featured singles
"I Can't Help It"
"The Best of Me"
"Had to Be"
"Falling"
"Physical (Glee cast version)"
"You Have to Believe" (with Dave Aude and Chloe Lattanzi)
Other singles
"Till You Say You'll Be Mine"
"Rest Your Love on Me"
"Spirit of the Florest"
"The Grease Megamix"
"Grease: The Dream Mix"
"One Heart at a Time"
"Love Shouldn't Hurt"
"Hope Is Always Here"
"When You Wish upon a Star (2011 version)"
"Magic (Peach & Murphy remix)"
[show]
v
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Conway Twitty
Studio albums
Sings
Saturday Night with Conway Twitty
Lonely Blue Boy
House on Old Lonesome Road
Crazy in Love
Even Now
Final Touches
Collaboration albums
We Only Make Believe
Lead Me On
Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man
Country Partners
Dynamic Duo
Compilation albums
25 Number Ones
Notable singles
"It's Only Make Believe"
"Mona Lisa"
"Danny Boy"
"Next in Line"
"I Love You More Today"
"To See My Angel Cry"
"Hello Darlin'"
"Fifteen Years Ago"
"How Much More Can She Stand"
"I Can't See Me Without You"
"(Lost Her Love) On Our Last Date"
"I Can't Stop Loving You"
"She Needs Someone to Hold Her (When She Cries)"
"You've Never Been This Far Before"
"There's a Honky Tonk Angel (Who'll Take Me Back In)"
"I'm Not Through Loving You Yet"
"I See the Want To in Your Eyes"
"Linda on My Mind"
"Touch the Hand"
"This Time I've Hurt Her More Than She Loves Me"
"After All the Good Is Gone"
"The Games That Daddies Play"
"I Can't Believe She Gives It All to Me"
"Play Guitar Play"
"I've Already Loved You in My Mind"
"Georgia Keeps Pulling on My Ring"
"Boogie Grass Band"
"Your Love Had Taken Me That High"
"Don't Take It Away"
"I May Never Get to Heaven"
"Happy Birthday Darlin'"
"I'd Love to Lay You Down"
"Rest Your Love on Me"
"Tight Fittin' Jeans"
"Red Neckin' Love Makin' Night"
"The Clown"
"Slow Hand"
"We Did But Now You Don't"
"The Rose"
"We Had It All"
"Lost in the Feeling"
"Heartache Tonight"
"Three Times a Lady"
"Somebody's Needin' Somebody"
"I Don't Know a Thing About Love (The Moon Song)"
"Ain't She Somethin' Else"
"Don't Call Him a Cowboy"
"Between Blue Eyes and Jeans"
"Desperado Love"
"Fallin' for You for Years"
"Julia"
"I Want to Know You Before We Make Love"
"That's My Job"
"Goodbye Time"
"Saturday Night Special"
"I Wish I Was Still in Your Dreams"
"She's Got a Single Thing in Mind"
"House on Old Lonesome Road"
"Fit to Be Tied Down"
"Crazy in Love"
"I Couldn't See You Leavin'"
"Rainy Night in Georgia"
Collaboration singles
"After the Fire Is Gone"
"Lead Me On"
"Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man"
"Feelins'"
"The Letter"
"I Can't Love You Enough"
"Making Believe"
"Don't Cry Joni"
Related articles
Discography
Discography with Loretta Lynn
MGM Records
Decca Records
MCA Records
Elektra Records
Warner Bros. Records
Joni Lee
This 1980s country song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rest_Your_Love_on_Me&oldid=785254705"
Categories:
1978 singles
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1976 songs
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1981 singles
Conway Twitty songs
Song recordings produced by Ron Chancey
Billboard Hot Country Songs number-one singles
MCA Records singles
Song recordings produced by Albhy Galuten
Country ballads
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