text:
Gelastic seizure
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This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A gelastic seizure, also known as "gelastic epilepsy", is a rare type of seizure that involves a sudden burst of energy, usually in the form of laughing or crying.[1] This syndrome usually occurs for no obvious reason and is uncontrollable. It is slightly more common in males than females.
This syndrome can go for very long periods of time without a diagnosis, as it may resemble normal laughing or crying if it occurs infrequently. It has been associated with several conditions, such as temporal and frontal lobe lesions, tumors, atrophy, tuberous sclerosis, hemangiomas, and post-infectious foci, but mainly hypothalamic hamartomas.
The term "gelastic" originates from the Greek word "gelos", which means laughter.
Contents
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Causes
3 Diagnosis
4 Management
5 Prognosis
6 History
7 Media references
8 References
9 External links
Signs and symptoms[edit]
The main sign of a gelastic seizure is a sudden outburst of laughter or crying with no apparent cause.[1] The laughter may sound unpleasant and sardonic rather than joyful. The outburst usually lasts for less than a minute. During or shortly after a seizure, an individual might display some twitching, strange eye movements, lip smacking, fidgeting or mumbling. If a person who suffers from the seizures is hooked up to an electroencephalogram, it will reveal interictal epileptic discharges. This syndrome usually manifests itself before the individual reaches the age of three or four. The temporal lobes, and the hypothalamus are the areas of the brain with the most involvement with these seizures. This may cause learning disabilities, and faulted cognitive function as well.[citation needed] It is not uncommon for children to have tonic-clonic seizures, and atonic seizures directly following the seizure. Those that are associated with hypothalamic hamartomas may occur as often as several times hourly and typically begin during infancy. Seizures that occur in infancy may include bursts of cooing, respirations, giggling, and smiling. Due to early hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activation in girls who suffer from the seizures, it is not uncommon for them to display secondary sex characteristics before the age of eight.[citation needed]
Causes[edit]
Tuber cinereum hamartomas (also known as hypothalamic hemartoma) are at the hypothalamus between the mamillary bodies
A gelastic seizure is typically caused by a hypothalamic hamartoma,[2] or a brain tumor. A hypothalamic hamartoma is defined as a benign mass of glial tissue on or near the hypothalamus. The size of the hamartoma can vary from one centimeter to larger than three centimeters. They can cause several different types of seizures including a Gelastic Seizure. These structures can be detected with different imaging modalities such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. A computed tomography scan of an individual with a hypothalamic hamartoma would reveal an suprasellar mass with the same density as brain tissue. Images of these masses are not enhanced with the use of contrast. However, although a computed tomography scan may be useful in diagnosing the cause of a seizure, in the case of a hypothalamic hamartoma, magnetic resonance imaging is the tool of choice due to the cerebrospinal fluid which defines these masses. Photon emission computed tomography may also be used. This involves the use of a radiotracer which is taken up by the ictal region of the brain which is typically where the tumor lies. Gelastic seizures have been observed after taking a birth control pill (Maxim (R)).
Optic nerve hypoplasia is the only reported condition with gelastic seizures without hypothalamic hamartomas, suggesting that hypothalamic disorganization alone can cause gelastic seizures.[3]
Diagnosis[edit]
A diagnosis is difficult, especially in children, due to the difficulty in differentiating between actual laughing or crying, versus a seizure that involves laughing and crying. In pre-verbal infants, a diagnosis may be impossible. A long history must be taken with a description of all the signs leading to and during the seizure. The episodes can also be confused with behavioral and emotional disorders. Some doctors ask parents to videotape the children's outbursts. The tapes may be difficult to obtain, but can be very helpful in speeding up the difficult diagnosis process. Diagnosis is also complicated due to the many possible causes of the seizures. Imaging is always helpful in an attempt to diagnose seizures caused by hypothalamic hamartoma. If there is evidence of this, the diagnosis takes much less time.
Management[edit]
Gelastic seizures are usually not responsive to pharmacotherapy. They can produce secondary seizure characteristics which may respond to medications or surgery. These options are not a guaranteed cure, and depend primarily on the individual patient’s pathology.
The treatment depends on the cause of the seizures. If the seizures are caused by a tumor, surgical removal can be attempted. However, surgical removal is not always an immediate cure, and there can be complications. Complications can include cerebral infarcts, and cognitive deterioration. Hormonal treatment can be attempted to help individuals with precocious puberty. Anti-epileptic drugs could be an option as well depending on the patient’s criteria. These drugs could include carbamazepine, clobazam, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine and topiramate. However, usually none of these medications are capable of stopping the seizures from occurring, and like any medication, there may be undesirable side effects. There is also a specialized form of radiotherapy that may be an option depending on the tumor type and location. Once again, there are very few areas in the world that offer this treatment. Gamma knife radiosurgery can be the treatment of choice when it comes to hypothalamic hamartomas. It is a low risk option due to its lower frequency of neurological deficits. It is recommended for patients with tumors that don’t come into contact with the optic chiasm.
Prognosis[edit]
Like many other types of seizures, gelastic seizures are hard to control for an extended period of time. The best outlook is for children suffering the seizures due to a benign tumor in their hypothalamus. The removal of these tumors can be effective not only for the frequency of the seizures, but also the behavioral and cognitive symptoms that come along with the syndrome. Cases have also been described where that antiepileptic drugs have stopped seizures fully.[citation needed]
History[edit]
Very likely gelastic seizures were already recognized at the time of Babylonian medicine.[4] A detailed description was given by the Scottish physician Robert Whytt in 1765,[5] and the term "gelastic seizure" was coined in 1898 by the French neurologist, neuropathologist and epileptologist Charles Féré.[6]
Media references[edit]
Gelastic syncope was also referred to in one paper also as "Seinfeld syncope" after an incident in which a patient repeatedly fainted while watching an episode of Seinfeld.[7]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Not your everyday epilepsy" (PDF). Epilepsy Action Australia. Retrieved 2011-07-04.
Jump up ^ C.P. Panayiotopoulos (2010). Atlas of epilepsies. London: Springer. p. 479. ISBN 9781848821279.
Jump up ^ Fink, C (Feb 2015). "Hypothalamic dysfunction without hamartomas causing gelastic seizures in optic nerve hypoplasia". J Child Neurol. 30 (2): 233–7. doi:10.1177/0883073814527156. PMID 24700666.
Jump up ^ Kinnier Wilson JV, Reynolds EH. Translation and analysis of a cuneiform text forming part of a babylonian treatise on epilepsy. Med Hist 1990; 34: 185–198
Jump up ^ Whytt R. Observations on the Nature, Causes, and Cure of those Disorders Which are Commonly Called Nervous, Hypochondriac, or Hysteric. To which are prefixed some Remarks on the Sympathy of the Nerves. Edinburgh, Becket, Hondt and Balfour 1765
Jump up ^ Féré C. Accés des rire chez un épileptique. Compt Rend Soc Biol 1898; 5: 430–432
Jump up ^ Stephen V. Cox; Andrew C. Eisenhauer; Kinan Hreib (1997). "Seinfeld syncope". Catheterization and Cardiovascular Diagnosis. 42 (2): 242. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0304(199710)42:2<242::AID-CCD41>3.0.CO;2-M. PMID 9328725.
External links[edit]
Gelastic Seizures - Goran Brandberg, Orvar Eeg-Olofsson
Epilepsy Ontario - Gelastic seizures
Hypothalamic hamartomas and gelastic epilepsy
MR imaging of hypothalamic hamartoma
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Atticus Shaffer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Atticus Shaffer
Shaffer attending the Hollywood Walk of Fame in May 2012.
Born
(1998-06-19) June 19, 1998 (age 20)
Santa Clarita, California, U.S.
Residence
Acton, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actor, voice actor
Years active
2007–present
Parent(s)
Ron Shaffer
Debbie Shaffer
Atticus Shaffer (born June 19, 1998) is an American actor known for portraying Brick Heck on the ABC sitcom The Middle, as well as for voicing Edgar in the film Frankenweenie (2012), Ono on the Disney Junior series The Lion Guard, and for his brief appearance in Hancock (2008).[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Personal life
2 Filmography
2.1 Television
2.2 Film
2.3 Radio
2.4 Self
3 Awards and nominations
4 References
5 External links
Personal life[edit]
Shaffer was born in Santa Clarita, California, the son of Ron and Debbie Shaffer. He lives in Acton, California.[2]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Shaffer has type four osteogenesis imperfecta,[3][4][5] a condition involving a defect in type 1 collagen, which causes fragile bones, and short stature as he is 4' 8" tall.[6][7]
Filmography[edit]
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2007 The Class Jonah Episode: "The Class Rides a Bull"
2007 Days of Our Lives Irish boy Episode 1.10632
2007 Human Giant Wade Episode: "Mind Explosion"
2008 Carpoolers Boy Episode: "Take Your Daughter to Work Day"
2008 Out of Jimmy's Head Aaron Episode: "Bad Fad"
2009 My Name Is Earl Space camper Episode: "Chaz Dalton's Space Academy"
2009–2018 The Middle Brick Heck Main role; 215 episodes
2010 Extreme Makeover: Home Edition Himself Special guest, 1 episode
2010–2014 Fish Hooks Albert Glass (voice) 28 episodes
2011 I'm in the Band Eddie Nova, Jr. Episode: "Camp Weasel Rock"
2011 The Penguins of Madagascar Vesuvius Twins (voice) 3 episodes
2011 Shake It Up Zane Episode: "Beam It Up"
2011 ThunderCats Young Emrick (voice) Episode: "Song of the Petalars"
2012 See Dad Run Episode: "See Dad Find His Way Home Part 1"
2013–present Steven Universe Peedee Fryman (voice) Recurring role
2015 Clarence Seabass (voice) Episode: "Hoofin' It"
2016–present The Lion Guard Ono (voice) Main role
2016–present Home: Adventures with Tip & Oh Fox (voice) Recurring role
2017-2018 Star vs. the Forces of Evil Dennis (voice) 2 episodes
2018-present Harvey Street Kids Melvin (voice) Main role
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2008 Leaving Barstow Boy on bus
2008 Hancock Bus bench
2008 An American Carol Timm
Atticus
2009 The Unborn Matty Newton
2009 Opposite Day Small Man
2009 Subject: I Love You Tommy Voice role
2012 Frankenweenie Edgar Voice role
2013 Super Buddies Monk-E Voice role
2015 The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar Ono Voice role; Television film
2016 Monkey Up Mooner Voice role
2017 The Lion Guard: The Rise of Scar Ono Voice role; Television film
Radio[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2016-present Adventures in Odyssey Maury Rydell Recurring role
Self[edit]
Year
Title
Notes
2009, 2010, 2011 Jimmy Kimmel Live! 3 episodes
2010, 2013, 2014, 2015 The View 4 episodes
2010 The Bonnie Hunt Show Episode: "30 March 2010"
2010, 2017 Entertainment Tonight 2 episodes
2010 Lopez Tonight Episode: "3 November 2010"
2010 The Tonight Show With Jay Leno Episode: #19.44
2010 79th Annual Hollywood Christmas Parade Episode: "10 December 2010"
2011 25th Annual Genesis Awards Episode: "30 April 2011"
2011 Conan Episode: "The Container Store Of My Discontent"
2011 Extreme Makeover: Home Edition Episode: "The Sharrock Family"
2012 Good Morning America Episode: "6 February 2012"
2012 Live with Kelly and Michael Episode: "6 February 2012"
2012 Made in Hollywood Episode: #8.3
2013 The Queen Latifah Show Episode: #1.8
2013 40th Annual Annie Awards Presenter
2013 The Chew Episode: "Meals from the Heartland"
2014, 2015 Home & Family 2 episodes
2015 Ok! TV Episode: 16 October 2015
2016 The Real Episode "15 January 2016"
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Association
Category
Work
Result
Ref.
2010 Media Access Awards Diversity Award for Actor with a Physical or Emotional Disability Won [8]
2010/11 Young Artist Awards Outstanding Young Ensemble in a TV Series The Middle Nominated
2013 Annie Awards Voice Acting in a Feature Production Frankenweenie Nominated [9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "About Atticus Shaffer".
Jump up ^ Mark Bennett. "Caught in the 'Middle' - Terre Haute Tribune Star: Lifestyles". Tribstar.com. Retrieved 2015-09-19.
Jump up ^ WENN. "Atticus Shaffer opens up about brittle bone condition". Hollywood.com. Retrieved 2018-05-25.
Jump up ^ "The Middle star says it's OK to be a nerd". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 2018-05-25.
Jump up ^ http://people.com/archive/picks-and-pans-review-the-middles-atticus-shaffer-bricks-layers-vol-73-no-14/
Jump up ^ "Exclusive Interview: 'The Middle' Star Atticus Shaffer Opens Up about Acting, His Faith, and Why He Loves Christian Rock". Gospelherald.com. 2015-03-21. Retrieved 2018-05-25.
Jump up ^ "'The Middle' Star Atticus Shaffer Credits God for Success: 'I Could Not Have Gotten Here on My Own'". Christianpost.com. 2018-02-09. Retrieved 2018-05-25.
Jump up ^ "2010 Media Access Awards Honor Hollywood". Wga.org. 2010-10-08. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2015-09-19.
Jump up ^ "Annie Awards : Location: California, USA : Awards for 2013". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2015-09-19.
External links[edit]
Atticus Shaffer on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
ISNI: 0000 0001 4006 3311
LCCN: no2011164138
VIAF: 187154692
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atticus_Shaffer&oldid=850027655"
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