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Eastern Orthodox church architecture
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Eastern Orthodox church architecture constitutes a distinct, recognizable family of styles among church architectures. These styles share a cluster of fundamental similarities, having been influenced by the common legacy of Byzantine architecture from the Eastern Roman Empire. Some of the styles have become associated with the particular traditions of one specific autocephalous Orthodox patriarchate, whereas others are more widely used within the Eastern Orthodox Church.
These architectural styles have held substantial influence over cultures outside Eastern Orthodoxy; particularly in the architecture of Islamic mosques,[1] but also to some degree in Western churches.
Contents
1 History
2 Terminology
3 Architecture
3.1 Narthex
3.2 Nave
3.3 Iconostasis
3.4 Sanctuary
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow, the world's tallest Orthodox church
The Cathedral of Saint Sava in Belgrade, Serbia
While sharing many traditions, Eastern Christianity and Western Christianity began to diverge from each other from an early date. Whereas the basilica, a long aisled hall with an apse at one end, was the most common form in the West, a more compact centralised style became predominant in the East.
These churches were in origin "martyria" focused on the tombs of the saints—specifically, the martyrs who had died during the persecutions, which only fully ended with the conversion of the Emperor Constantine. They copied pagan tombs and were roofed over by a dome which symbolised heaven. The central dome was then often surrounded by structures at the four points of the compass producing a cruciform shape - these were themselves often topped by towers or domes. The centralised and basilica structures were sometimes combined as in the church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. The basilican east end then allowed for the erection of an iconostasis, a screen on which icons are hung and which conceals the altar from the worshippers except at those points in the liturgy when its doors are opened.
A variant form of the centralised church was developed in Russia and came to prominence in the 16th century. Here the dome was replaced by a much thinner and taller hipped or conical roof which, it is said, originated from the need to prevent snow from remaining on roofs. One of the finest examples of these tented churches is St. Basil's in Red Square in Moscow.
For a long time, the art of architecture was primarily concerned with the design of churches and aristocratic palaces, therefore the evolution of Orthodox churches represents a major part of the history of Byzantine architecture and Russian architecture. More detailed information is presented in those articles.
Unlike Western Christian architecture with its tendencies of modernity (see, e.g., Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral or Notre Dame du Haut), Orthodox architectural style remains largely conservative and traditional. One notable and architecturally important exception is Frank Lloyd Wright's design of Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, in the United States.
The Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity on New York City's Upper East Side is the largest Orthodox Christian church in the Western Hemisphere.[2]
Terminology[edit]
Church of the Intercession on the Nerl (1165), one of the most famous Russian medieval churches. Part of the White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal site, on the UN World Heritage List.
Saint Basil's Cathedral in Moscow's Red Square
St. Andrew of Patras Greek Orthodox Cathedral in Patras, Greece
The Postmodern Church of the Holy Spirit in Bialystok is the largest Orthodox house of worship in all of Poland.
In the Russian language (similar to other East Slavic languages) a general-purpose word for "church" is tserkov (церковь). When spoken in an exalted sense, the term khram (Храм), "temple", is used to refer to the church building as a Temple of God Khram Bozhy (Храм Божий). The words "church" and "temple", in this case are interchangeable; however, the term “church” (Greek: εκκλησία) is far more common in English. The term "temple" (Greek: ναός) is also commonly applied to larger churches. Some famous churches which are occasionally referred to as temples include Hagia Sophia, Saint Basil's Cathedral, Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Temple of Saint Sava.
Some churches have a special status and referred to as sobor (or soborny khram, cоборный храм), from the Old Russian word for "gathering" (see sobor for other meanings). In Greek, diocesan sees are referred to as καθεδρικός ναός. In Russian, a cathedral is a "sobor" (Russian: кафедральный собор, kafedralny sobor). The seat of the Patriarch is called a "patriarchal sobor" (Патриарший собор, Patriarshiy sobor) The main church of a monastery may also be called a "sobor". If a bishop builds a new sobor for his cathedra, the old church retains its status of a sobor. The status of sobor may be assigned only by the Patriarch.
The major church in a monastery is called a catholicon, and may be reserved for major services, lesser services being celebrated in other churches in the monastery.
A church independent of local eparchy is called "stauropegial sobor" (Greek stauropegia means "mounting of the cross"). For example, patriarchal sobors are stauropigial ones.
Another kind of extra-eparchial churches are house churches, which belong to households.
Architecture[edit]
See also: List of Russian church types
Orthodox church buildings have the following basic shapes, each with its own symbolism:
Elongated: rectangle, rounded rectangle (circle), symbolizing the ship as a means of salvation (Noah's Ark)
Cruciform (cross shaped)
Star shaped
Circular
The cupola instead of a flat ceiling symbolizes the sky. In Russian churches, cupolas are often topped by onion-shaped domes, where crosses are mounted. These domes are called "heads" (глава) or "poppy heads" (маковица, маковка). Sometimes crosses have a crescent-like shape at the bottom, which contrary to the common misconception, has no relation either to Islam, or to a Christian victory over the Muslims. The crescent moon was one of the state symbols of Byzantium that predated the Ottoman conquests. The crescent moon found on Old Russian icons, vestments, and book miniatures refers to the moon as the symbol of anchor, the symbol of salvation, concordant with the symbolism of the Church as a ship.[3]
The altar (sanctuary) is situated in the eastern part of the church, regardless of its shape. A bell tower is attached to (or built separately by) the western part of the church.
The church building has many symbolic meanings; perhaps the oldest and most prominent is the concept that the Church is the Ark of Salvation (as in Noah's Ark) in which the world is saved from the flood of temptations. Because of this, most Orthodox Churches are rectangular in design. Another popular shape, especially for churches with large choirs is cruciform or cross-shaped. Architectural patterns may vary in shape and complexity, with chapels sometimes added around the main church, or triple altars (Liturgy may only be performed once a day on any particular altar), but in general, the symbolic layout of the church remains the same.
The Church building is divided into three main parts: the narthex (vestibule), the nave (the temple proper) and the sanctuary (also called the altar or holy place).
A major difference of traditional Orthodox churches from Western churches is the absence of any pews in the nave. In some ethnic traditions of Orthodoxy, it was deemed disrespectful to sit during sermons. However, in some churches in the West and particularly in the diaspora churches in the United States, pews and kneelers were introduced, under the influence of other Christian denominations.
Narthex[edit]
The narthex is the connection between the Church and the outside world and for this reason catechumens (pre-baptized Orthodox) and non-Orthodox are to stand here (note: the tradition of allowing only confirmed Orthodox into the nave of the church has for the most part fallen into disuse). In monastic churches, it is usual for the lay people visiting the monastery to stand in the narthex while the monks or nuns stand in the nave. Separating the narthex from the nave are the Royal Doors (either because Christ passes through them in the liturgy, or from the time of the Byzantine Empire, when the emperor would enter the main body of Hagia Sophia, the Church of Holy Wisdom, through these doors and proceed up to the altar to partake of the Eucharist). On either side of this portal are large brass candlestands called menalia which represent the pillars of fire which went before the Hebrews into the promised land.
Nave[edit]
A view of the nave in the Russian Orthodox Cathedral of the Holy Trinity in Chicago (designed by Louis Sullivan)
The nave is the main body of the church where the people stand during the services.[4] In most traditional Eastern Orthodox churches there are no seats or pews as in the West, but rather stacidia (A high-armed chair with arm rests high enough to be used for support while standing); these are usually found along the walls. Traditionally there is no sitting during services with the only exceptions being during the reading of the Psalms, and the priest's sermon. The people stand before God. However, many exceptions to this can be found in western countries, especially the USA, where familiarity with Catholic and Protestant churches has led to similarities in church furnishings. It is not uncommon to encounter both pews and kneelers.
In some more traditional churches, mostly in Greece, a special chandelier known as a polyeleos can be found. This chandelier is usually adorned with candles and icons, and pushed to swing during its respective service.
The walls are normally covered from floor to ceiling with icons or wall paintings of saints, their lives, and stories from the Bible. Because the church building is a direct extension of its Jewish roots where men and women stand separately, the Orthodox Church continues this practice, with men standing on the right and women on the left. With this arrangement it is emphasized that we are all equal before God (equal distance from the altar), and that the man is not superior to the woman. In many modern churches this traditional practice has been altered and families stand together.
Above the nave in the dome of the church is the icon of Christ the Almighty (Παντοκρατωρ/Pantokrator, "Ruler of All"). Directly hanging below the dome (In more traditional churches) is usually a kind of circular chandelier with depictions of the saints and apostles, called the horos, which is the same as the polyeleos mentioned above.
The Nave of an Orthodox Church can vary in shape/size & layout according to the various traditions within the Church. The two most common layouts inside Orthodox Churches since Justinian have been a cruciform layout, an open square/rectangular layout, or a more linear layout with side-aisles. However the latter of which has fallen out of use since the Great Schism, as it was more widely used in Western Churches and better suited the services celebrated in them than in Eastern Rite churches. The two former layouts, the open square (or rarely, circular) and the cruciform have been found best suited to celebration of the Divine Liturgy. These two interior layouts tend to be square/circular in form rather than elongated.
The cruciform is the oldest of the two interior layouts and seems to be of Byzantine origin. It comes from the adaptation of two of the earliest Christian architectural forms, the Basilica and the octagonal/circular form. The cruciform church often includes side-aisles similar to the Western Basilica, but they are often very short and cut open in the middle leaving a large cross shape through the middle of the church. The open square/circle is the newer of the two forms. It is most commonly found in Eastern European churches & more modern Greek churches. This church retains the earlier square/circular shape, however the side-aisles have been removed opening the space completely. This has found wider use across the world in more recent years with the invention of steel, as it allows for the dome to be supported without the need for massive arches and columns which were main features of the older cruciform churches.
Iconostasis[edit]
Main article: Iconostasis
A depiction of the front of an iconostasis from Stepan Shukhvostov's Church of St. Alexis in the Chudov Monastery of the Moscow Kremlin
Mid-17th-century iconostasis at Ipatiev Monastery. To either side of the Holy Doors are Christ Pantokrator and the Theotokos; above them, the Great Feasts; above them, the Deesis; above that Prophets to either side of Our Lady of the Sign; above them the Apostles to either side of the Holy Trinity.
The iconostasis, also called the τεμπλον/templon, it is a screen or wall between the nave and the sanctuary, which is covered with icons. There will normally be three doors, one in the middle and one on either side. The central one is traditionally called the Beautiful Gate and is only used by the clergy. There are times when this gate is closed during the service and a curtain is drawn. The doors on either side are called the Deacons' Doors or Angel Doors as they often have depicted on them the Archangels Michael and Gabriel. These doors are used by deacons and servers to enter the sanctuary. Typically, to the right of the Beautiful Gate (as viewed from the nave) is the icon of Christ, then the icon of St John the Baptist; to the left the icon of the Theotokos, always shown holding Christ; and then the icon of the saint to whom the church is dedicated (i.e., the patron). There are often other icons on the iconostasis but these vary from church to church. The curtain is also drawn and opened at various points in the service.
Sanctuary[edit]
The area behind the iconostasis reached through the Beautiful Gates or Angel Doors is the sanctuary or altar. Within this area is the altar table, which is more often called the holy table or throne; the apse containing the high place at the center back with a throne for the bishop and the synthronos, or seats for the priests, on either side; the Chapel of Prothesis on the north side where the offerings are prepared in the Proskomedia before being brought to the altar table and the holy vessels are stored; and the Diaconicon on the south side where the vestments are stored.
Orthodox Altars are usually square. Traditionally they have a heavy brocade outer covering that reaches all the way to the floor. Occasionally they have canopies over them. All Eastern Orthodox altars have a saint's relics embedded inside them, usually that of a martyr, placed at the time they are consecrated. Atop the altar table at the center toward the back is an ornate container usually called the tabernacle where the reserved Eucharistic elements are stored for communion of the sick. It is often shaped like a model of a church building. In front of this is placed the Gospel book, which usually has a decorated metal cover. Under the gospel is a folded piece of cloth called the eiliton. Folded within the eiliton is the antimension, which is a silken cloth imprinted with a depiction of the burial of Christ and with relics sewn into it. Both these cloths are unfolded before the offerings are placed on the altar table. Behind the altar is a seven-branched candlestick, which recalls the seven-branched candlestick of the Old Testament Tabernacle and Temple in Jerusalem. Behind this is a golden processional cross. On either side of the cross are liturgical fans (Greek: ripidia or hexapteryga) which represent the six-winged Seraphim. Against the wall behind the altar is a large cross. Hanging from the cross is usually a flat iconographic depiction of Christ (corpus) which can be removed during the 50 days following Pascha (Easter).
Traditionally, no animal products other than wool and beeswax are allowed in the sanctuary/altar. In theory, this prohibition covers leather (in the form of leather-bound service-books and shoes), but this is not always enforced today. Money is also forbidden. None may enter the altar without a blessing from the priest or bishop, and personal jewelry, such as rings and earrings, is not worn by those serving there.

Gallery[edit]
Romanian Patriarchal Cathedral in Bucharest, completed in 1658, Romania.
Tbilisi Sameba Cathedral A Georgian Orthodox church in Tbilisi
The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Sofia, Bulgaria.
The Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev, Ukraine.
The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Łódź was built through the contributions of the city's mercantilist elite as well as the Tsar of Russia.
A "wooden miracle" of Kizhi, part of an ensemble of wooden churches, chapels and houses. It is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Russia and an UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Architectural-ethnographic museum "Khokhlovka" in Perm Krai. Church of Transformation of the Lord (1707) and a watchtower (17th century).
Tokyo Resurrection Cathedral (Japanese: Nicorai-do, after Nikolai of Japan).
A wing of Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg houses a private Orthodox chapel of the Russian tsars.
The Orthodox Church in Białowieża, Poland, on the edge of the Białowieża Primaeval Forest.
Orthodox churches are common in Alaska, particularly in the southern and southwest portions of the state.
A Serbian Orthodox church in Nocaj, Vojvodina
Svetitskhoveli Cathedral A Georgian Orthodox church in Mtskheta Georgia Between 1010 and 1029.It is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Georgia and an UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The Orthodox Church of the Icon of Our Lady of Częstochowa is a Polish Orthodox church in Częstochowa honoring the Icon of Our Lady of Częstochowa, considered to be one of the country's national symbols.
The Russian Orthodox Church of Saint Sofia in Harbin, China.
The church of the Theotokos Orans (Our Lady of the Sign) in Vilnius demonstrates typical features of developed Byzantine revival: exposed two-tone, striped, masonry; four symmetrical apses tightly fused into the main dome, creating a tall triangular outline; arcades blending into the domes; and a relatively small belltower, clearly subordinate to the main dome.
Saint Isaac's Cathedral in Saint Petersburg, the most famous example of an Orthodox church built in the style of classicism.
The Supraśl Lavra is undergoing conservation work since the revolutions of 1989, when the Polish government returned it to the Polish Autocephalous Orthodox Church.
The Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity on New York City's Upper East Side, the largest Orthodox Christian church in the Western Hemisphere.
The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, was built from natural-coloured stone imported from Mesopotamia, and with golden cupolas.
See also[edit]
Architecture portal
Eastern Christianity portal
Early Christian art and architecture
Category:Palaeo-Christian architecture
Category:Byzantine sacred architecture
Cross-in-square
Morava architectural school
Raška architectural school
Category:Churches in Bulgaria
Moldavian style
Brâncovenesc style
Wooden churches of Maramureş
Orthodox temple (disambiguation)
List of tallest Orthodox churches
List of Eastern Orthodox monasteries
Category:Eastern Orthodox cathedrals
Armenian church architecture
Coptic architecture
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Stokes, James, ed. (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. p. 528.
Jump up ^ Thomas E. Fitzgerald (1998). The Orthodox Church: Student Edition. Praeger. p. 147. ISBN 0-313-26281-0. ISSN 0193-6883. LCCN 94-21685.
Jump up ^ Alfeyev, Metropolitan Hilarion. Orthodox Christianity Vol. III, The Architecture, Icons, and Music of the Orthodox Church. p. 57.
Jump up ^ Joy Neumeyer (March 4, 2013). "A guide to the interior of a Russian Orthodox church". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on April 24, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
External links[edit]
Flickr photos of Orthodox Church Architecture (in English)
Church Etiquette (Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia) (in English)
The Church Building and Its Arrangement (in English)
House of God by Rev. Thomas Fitzgerald (in English)
Catalog of Orthodox architecture (in Russian)
Sergey Zagraevsky. Typological forming and basic classification of Ancient Russian church architecture. Saarbrücken, 2015. ISBN 978-3-659-80841-8
Liturgics textbook of Kyiv Theological Seminary (in Russian)
Interior of an Orthodox church (in Russian)
Orthodox churches and monasteries. Foto album (in German)
Yuri Sidorenko became the first Ukrainian who built an Orthodox church in the Arabian Peninsula
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text:
Articles of association
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For the articles adopted by the First Continental Congress in 1774, see Continental Association.
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In corporate governance, a company's articles of association (AoA, called articles of incorporation in some jurisdictions) is a document which, along with the memorandum of association (in cases where the memorandum exists) form the company's constitution, defines the responsibilities of the directors, the kind of business to be undertaken, and the means by which the shareholders exert control over the board of directors.
Contents
1 Overview
2 Other countries
3 Contents
4 Directors
5 Shareholders
6 Memorandum of association
7 Board meetings
8 Annual general meeting
9 Resolutions
10 Model articles of association
11 Companies Act 2006
12 See also
13 Notes
14 External links
Overview[edit]
A company is an incorporated body so there should be some rules and regulations formed for the management of its internal affairs and conduct of its business as well as the relation between the members and the company. Moreover, the rights and duties of its members and the company are to be recorded. This is why Articles of Association are necessary. The Articles of Association is a document that contains the purpose of the company as well as the duties and responsibilities of its members defined and recorded clearly. It is an important document which needs to be filed with the Registrar of Companies.
Other countries[edit]
The term articles of association of a company, or articles of incorporation, of an American or Canadian Company, are often simply referred to as articles (and are often capitalized as an abbreviation for the full term). The Articles are a requirement for the establishment of a company under the law of India, the United Kingdom, Nigeria, Pakistan and many other countries. Together with the memorandum of association, they are the constitution of a company. The equivalent term for LLC is Articles of Organization. Roughly equivalent terms operate in other countries, such as Gesellschaftsvertrag in Germany, statuts in France, statut in Poland,[1] Ukrainian: статут (Latin: statut) in Ukraine, Jeong-gwan in South Korea.
In South Africa, from the new Companies Act 2008 which commenced in 2011, articles and memoranda of association have been replaced by a "memorandum of incorporation" or "MOI". The MOI gives considerably more scope to vary how to the company is governed than the previous arrangement.[2][3]
Contents[edit]
The following is largely based on British Company Law, references which are made at the end of this Article.
The Articles can cover a medley of topics, not all of which is required in a country's law. Although all terms are not discussed, they may cover:
The issuing of shares (also called stock), different voting rights attached to different classes of shares
Valuation of intellectual rights, say, the valuations of the IPR of one partner and, in a similar way as how we value real estate of another partner
The appointments of directors - which shows whether a shareholder dominates or shares equality with all of the contributors
Directors meetings - the quorum and percentage of vote
Management decisions - whether the board manages or a founder
Transferability of shares - assignment rights of the founders or other members of the company do
Special voting rights of a Chairman, and his/her mode of election
The dividend policy - a percentage of profits to be declared when there is profit or otherwise
Winding up - the conditions, notice to members
Confidentiality of know-how and the founders' agreement and penalties for disclosure
First right of refusal - purchase rights and counter-bid by a founder
Directors[edit]
A Company is essentially run by the shareholders, but for convenience, and day-to-day working, by the elected Directors. Usually, the shareholders elect a Board of Directors (BOD) at the Annual General Meeting (AGM), which may be statutory (e.g. India).
The number of Directors depends on the size of the Company and statutory requirements. The Chairperson is generally a well-known outsider but he /she may be a working Executive of the company, typically of an American Company. The Directors may, or may not, be employees of the Company.
Shareholders[edit]
In the emerging countries there are usually some major shareholders who come together to form the company. Each usually has the right to nominate, without objection of the other, a certain number of Directors who become nominees for the election by the shareholder body at the AGM. The Treasurer and Chairperson is usually the privilege of one of the JV partners (which nomination can be shared). Shareholders may also elect Independent Directors (from the public). The Chair would be a person not associated with the promoters of the company, a person is generally a well-known outsider. Once elected, the BOD manages the Company. The shareholders play no part till the next AGM/EGM.
Memorandum of association[edit]
The Objectives and the purpose of the Company are determined in advance by the shareholders and the Memorandum of Association (MOA), if separate, which denotes the name of the Company, its Head- Office, street address, and (founding) Directors and the main purposes of the Company for public access. It cannot be changed except at an AGM or Extraordinary General Meeting (EGM) and statutory allowance. The MOA is generally filed with a Registrar of Companies who is an appointee of the Government of the country. For their assurance, the shareholders are permit of the Memorandum of Association. Any matter in the Articles of Association not within the scope of the Memorandum of Association of the company is void.
Board meetings[edit]
The Board meets several times each year. At each meeting there is an 'agenda' before it. A minimum number of Directors (a quorum) is required to meet. This is either determined by the 'by-laws' or is a statutory requirement. It is presided over by the Chairperson, or in his absence, by the Vice-Chair. The Directors survey their area of responsibility. They may determine to make a 'Resolution' at the next AGM or if it is an urgent matter, at an EGM. The Directors who are the electives of one major shareholder, may present his/her view but this is not necessarily so - they may have to view the Objectives of the Company and competitive position. The Chair may have to break the vote if there is a tie. At the AGM, the various Resolutions are put to vote.
Annual general meeting[edit]
The AGM is called with a notice sent to all shareholders with a clear interval. A certain quorum of shareholders is required to meet. If the quorum requirement is not met, it is canceled and another Meeting called. If it at that too a quorum is not met, a Third Meeting may be called and the members present, unlimited by the quorum, take all decisions. There are variations to this among companies and countries.
Decisions are taken by a show of hands; the Chair is always present. Where decisions are made by a show of hands is challenged, it is met by a count of votes. Voting can be taken in person or by marking the paper sent by the Company. A person who is not a shareholder of the Company can vote if he/she has the 'proxy', an authorization from the shareholder. Each share carries the number of votes attached to it. Some votes maybe for the decision, others not.
Resolutions[edit]
There are two types of resolutions, known as an Ordinary Resolution and a Special Resolution.
A Special Resolution can be tabled at a Director's Meeting. The Ordinary Resolution requires the endorsement by a majority vote, sometimes easily met by partners' vote. The Special Resolution requires a 60,70 or 80% of the vote as stipulated by the constitution of the Company. Shareholders other than partners may vote. The matters which require the Ordinary and Special Resolution to be passed are enumerated in Company or Corporate Law. Special Resolutions covering some topics may be a statutory requirement.
Model articles of association[edit]
In the United Kingdom, model articles of association, known as Table A have been published since 1865.[4] The articles of association of most companies incorporated prior to 1 October 2009 – particularly small companies – are Table A, or closely derived from it. However, a company is free to incorporate under different articles of association, or to amend its articles of association at any time by a special resolution of its shareholders, provided that they meet the requirements and restrictions of the Companies Acts. Such requirements tend to be more onerous for public companies than for private ones. In Hong Kong, the Companies Registry provides four samples of model Articles of Association[5], and they are known as Sample A, B, C, and D respectively[6][7][8][9]. Sample A and B are both designed for a private company (the most common company type). Sample C for a public company. Sample D for a company limited by guarantee. Apparently, the Hong Kong Companies Registry decided to give more than one sample of model Articles of Association rather than one size fits all.
Companies Act 2006[edit]
The Companies Act 2006 received Royal Assent on 8 November 2006 and was fully implemented on 1 October 2009. It provides a new form of Model Articles for companies incorporated in the United Kingdom. Under the new legislation, the articles of association will become the single constitutional document for a UK company, and will subsume the majority of the role previously filled by the separate memorandum of association.[10]
See also[edit]
List of company registers
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Articles of Agreement Law & Legal Definition
Jump up ^ Delport, Piet "The New Companies Act Manual" (Lexis Nexis)
Jump up ^ How to make your MOI "mooi"
Jump up ^ Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 - Table B
Jump up ^ http://www.cr.gov.hk/en/faq/faq01.htm#06
Jump up ^ http://www.cr.gov.hk/en/companies_ordinance/docs/AA_Sample_A.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.cr.gov.hk/en/companies_ordinance/docs/AA_Sample_B.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.cr.gov.hk/en/companies_ordinance/docs/AA_Sample_C.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.cr.gov.hk/en/companies_ordinance/docs/AA_Sample_D.pdf
Jump up ^ Under the law prior to the 2006 Act, in the event of any inconsistency between the memorandum and the articles, the memorandum usually prevailed: see Ashbury v Watson (1885) 30 Ch D 376.
External links[edit]
Legislation.gov.uk
Companies House (for England, Wales and Scotland)
Articles of Association (Table A)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Articles_of_association&oldid=857056767"
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text:
End of the Road
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see End of the Road (disambiguation).
"End of the Road"
U.S. commercial cassette single
Single by Boyz II Men
from the album Boomerang (soundtrack) and Cooleyhighharmony (Reissue)
B-side
"Remix"
Released
June 30, 1992 (1992-06-30)
Format
CD
maxi CD
7"
Recorded
1991, Philadelphia
Genre
R&B
Length
5:48 (album version)
4:13 (single version)
Label
LaFace
Arista
Motown
Songwriter(s)
Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds
Antonio "L.A." Reid
Daryl Simmons
Producer(s)
Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds
Antonio "L.A." Reid
Daryl Simmons (co.)
Boyz II Men singles chronology
"Please Don't Go"
(1992) "End of the Road"
(1992) "In the Still of the Nite (I Remember)"
(1992)
"Please Don't Go"
(1992) "End of the Road"
(1992) "In the Still of the Nite (I Remember)"
(1992)
Music video
"End of the Road" on YouTube
"End of the Road"
"End of the Road" from Cooleyhighharmony (1993 re-release)
"Al Final Del Camino"
Spanish language version from the same album
Problems playing these files? See media help.
"End of the Road" is a single recorded by American R&B group Boyz II Men for the Boomerang soundtrack. It was released in 1992 and written and produced by Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, L.A. Reid and Daryl Simmons.
"End of the Road" achieved overwhelming domestic and international success and is considered one of the most successful songs of all time. In the United States, "End of the Road" spent a then record breaking 13 weeks at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100, a record broken later in the year by Whitney Houston's 14-week number one hit "I Will Always Love You"; Boyz II Men would later match Houston's record with "I'll Make Love to You", which spent 14 weeks at number one in 1994, and then reclaim the record with "One Sweet Day" (a duet with Mariah Carey), which spent 16 weeks at number one from 1995 to 1996.
"End of the Road" was the number one single of 1992 on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 Singles of 1992. It is ranked by Billboard as the sixth most successful song of the decade 1990–1999.[1] It is also ranked at number 50 on Billboard's "All Time Top 100 Songs".[2]
Internationally, "End of the Road" reached number one in Australia, United Kingdom and the Hot 100 Eurochart, among others.
"End of the Road" has been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of over one million units in the United States.[3] The song also won Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and Best R&B Song at the 1993 Grammy Awards.
Contents
[hide]
1 Release and chart performance
2 Track listings
3 Awards and nominations
4 Charts
4.1 Weekly charts
4.2 Year-end charts
4.3 End of decade charts
4.4 Certifications
4.5 Chart successions
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Release and chart performance[edit]
"End of the Road" was released on June 30, 1992. It was released as a single from the Boomerang soundtrack and did not originally appear on Boyz II Men's debut album, Cooleyhighharmony. It was released after all singles from their debut had been released, and was their fifth single overall. However, Cooleyhighharmony was re-issued in 1992 and 1993 to include "End of the Road" due to the success of the single.
"End of the Road" debuted at #53 on the Billboard Hot 100 on July 18, 1992. Within 4 weeks, it reached #1, holding the position for 13 consecutive weeks from August 15, 1992 - November 7, 1992. It also spent four weeks atop of the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.
Track listings[edit]
Europe/UK/Australia CD
End of the Road (Pop Edit) 3:39
End of the Road (Radio Edit w/ Acapella End) 4:13
End of the Road (LP Version) 5:50
End of the Road (Instrumental) 5:16
7" single
"End of the Road" (pop edit) — 3:39
"End of the Road" (instrumental version) — 5:16
Cassette single
A side: End of the Road (LP Version)
B side: End of the Road (Instrumental Version)
Awards and nominations[edit]
1993 Grammy Awards[4]
Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocal – Boyz II Men – "End of the Road" (winner)
Best R&B Song – Babyface, Daryl Simmons, L.A. Reid – "End of the Road" (winner)
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1992–93)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[5] 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[6] 19
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[7] 3
Canadian Singles Chart 3
Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)[8] 1
France (SNEP)[9] 7
Germany (Official German Charts)[10] 6
Irish Singles Chart[11] 1
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[12] 1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[13] 1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[14] 1
Norway (VG-lista)[15] 3
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[16] 2
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[17] 7
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[18] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[19] 1
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[20] 1
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[21] 1
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[22] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1992)
Position
Australian Singles Chart[23] 3
Dutch Top 40[24] 9
Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)[25] 23
UK Singles Chart 6
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[26] 1
End of decade charts[edit]
Chart (1990–1999)
Position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[1] 6
Certifications[edit]
Country
Certification
Date
Sales certified
UK[27] Gold November 1, 1992 400,000
U.S.[28] Platinum December 9, 1992 1,000,000+
Chart successions[edit]
Preceded by
"Sleeping Satellite" by Tasmin Archer Irish IRMA number-one single
12 November 1992 – 3 December 1992 Succeeded by
"I Will Always Love You" by Whitney Houston
Preceded by
"Sleeping Satellite" by Tasmin Archer UK Singles Chart number-one single
25 October 1992 – 21 November 1992 Succeeded by
"Would I Lie to You?" by Charles & Eddie
Preceded by
"Sweat (A La La La La Long)" by Inner Circle Dutch Singles Chart number-one single
14 November 1992 – 5 December 1992 Succeeded by
"Gebabbel/Vlieg met me mee (live)" by Paul de Leeuw & Willeke Alberti
Preceded by
"Achy Breaky Heart" by Billy Ray Cyrus New Zealand Singles Chart
18 October 1992 – 6 December 1992 Succeeded by
"Would I Lie to You?" by Charles & Eddie
Preceded by
"Achy Breaky Heart" by Billy Ray Cyrus Australian ARIA Singles Chart
22 November 1992 – 20 December 1992 Succeeded by
"I Will Always Love You" by Whitney Houston
Preceded by
"This Used to Be My Playground" by Madonna Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
15 August 1992 – 14 November 1992 Succeeded by
"How Do You Talk to an Angel" by The Heights
See also[edit]
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1992
List of number-one R&B singles of 1992 (U.S.)
List of number-one singles in 1992 (New Zealand)
List of number-one singles from the 1990s (UK)
List of European number-one hits of 1992
Dutch Top 40 number-one hits of 1992
List of number-one singles in Australia during the 1990s
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Geoff Mayfield (December 25, 1999). 1999 The Year in Music Totally '90s: Diary of a Decade - The listing of Top Pop Albums of the '90s & Hot 100 Singles of the '90s. Billboard. Retrieved October 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 55th Anniversary: The All-Time Top 100 Songs". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2014-11-28.
Jump up ^ "RIAA - Certified Awards Search - "End of the Road"].". RIAA. Retrieved 2014-11-28. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "allmusic ((( Boomerang > Charts & Awards > GRAMMY Awards )))". Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Boyz II Men – End of the Road". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Boyz II Men – End of the Road" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Boyz II Men – End of the Road" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ Billboard - Google Books
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Boyz II Men – End of the Road" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Boyz II Men – End of the Road". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived 2009-06-03 at WebCite (Retrieved April 7, 2008)
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Boyz II Men - End Of The Road search results" (in Dutch) Dutch Top 40. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Boyz II Men – End Of The Road" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Boyz II Men – End of the Road". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Boyz II Men – End of the Road". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Boyz II Men – End of the Road". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Boyz II Men – End of the Road". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Boyz II Men: Artist Chart History" Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Boyz II Men – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Boyz II Men. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Boyz II Men – Chart history" Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for Boyz II Men. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Boyz II Men – Chart history" Billboard Pop Songs for Boyz II Men. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Boyz II Men – Chart history" Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Boyz II Men. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ 1992 Australian Singles Chart aria.com Archived July 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved August 2, 2008)
Jump up ^ "Single top 100 over 1992" (pdf) (in Dutch). Top40. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Billboard - Google Books
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 - 1992". Archived from the original on 2010-01-17. Retrieved 2009-09-15.
Jump up ^ "UK certifications, database". Bpi. Archived from the original on 17 January 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
Jump up ^ RIAA Gold & Platinum Searchable Database - "End of the Road"[permanent dead link]. RIAA.com. Retrieved October 27, 2009)
External links[edit]
"End of the Road" Music Video on YouTube / VEVO official channel
"End of the Road" at Discogs (list of releases)
"End of the Road" at Discogs (Promotional version)
"End of the Road" at Discogs (Japanese version)
"Al Final del Camino" at Discogs (Spanish version)
"End of the Road (A Cappella)" at Discogs (2008 single in UK)
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
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Boyz II Men
Nathan Morris
Shawn Stockman
Wanya Morris
Marc Nelson
Michael McCary
Studio albums
Cooleyhighharmony
II
Evolution
Nathan Michael Shawn Wanya
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Throwback, Vol. 1
The Remedy
Motown: Hitsville USA
Love
Twenty
Collide
Compilation albums
Christmas Interpretations
The Remix Collection
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Legacy: The Greatest Hits Collection
Winter/Reflections
Covered: Winter
The Millennium Collection: The Best of Boyz II Men
Singles
"Motownphilly"
"It's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday"
"Uhh Ahh"
"Please Don't Go"
"End of the Road"
"In the Still of the Nite (I'll Remember)"
"Let It Snow"
"I'll Make Love to You"
"On Bended Knee"
"Thank You"
"Water Runs Dry"
"One Sweet Day"
"Brokenhearted"
"Hey Lover"
"4 Seasons of Loneliness"
"A Song for Mama"
"Doin' Just Fine"
"I Will Get There"
"Pass You By"
"Thank You in Advance"
"The Color of Love"
"Relax Your Mind"
"What You Won't Do for Love"
"The Tracks of My Tears"
"Just My Imagination"
"War"
"Mercy Mercy Me"
"I Can't Make You Love Me"
"Iris"
Related topics
Discography
Babyface
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Total Package Tour
Book
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Billboard Year-End number one singles (1980–1999)
1980: "Call Me" – Blondie
1981: "Bette Davis Eyes" – Kim Carnes
1982: "Physical" – Olivia Newton-John
1983: "Every Breath You Take" – The Police
1984: "When Doves Cry" – Prince
1985: "Careless Whisper" – Wham! featuring George Michael
1986: "That's What Friends Are For" – Dionne & Friends
1987: "Walk Like an Egyptian" – The Bangles
1988: "Faith" – George Michael
1989: "Look Away" – Chicago
1990: "Hold On" – Wilson Phillips
1991: "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" – Bryan Adams
1992: "End of the Road" – Boyz II Men
1993: "I Will Always Love You" – Whitney Houston
1994: "The Sign" – Ace of Base
1995: "Gangsta's Paradise" – Coolio featuring L.V.
1996: "Macarena (Bayside Boys Mix)" – Los del Río
1997: "Candle in the Wind 1997"/"Something About the Way You Look Tonight" – Elton John
1998: "Too Close" – Next
1999: "Believe" – Cher
Complete list
(1946–1959)
(1960–1979)
(1980–1999)
(2000–2019)
[show]
v
t
e
Boomerang Original Soundtrack Album
Tracks
"Give U My Heart" (Babyface ft. Toni Braxton)
"It's Gonna Be Alright" (Aaron Hall ft. Charlie Wilson)
"Tonight is Right" (Keith Washington)
"I'd Die Without You" (P.M. Dawn)
"7 Day Weekend" (Grace Jones)
"End of the Road" (Boyz II Men)
"Reversal of a Dog" (The LaFace Cartel ft. Damian Dame, Highland Place Mobsters, TLC, and Toni Braxton)
"Love Shoulda Brought You Home" (Toni Braxton)
"There U Go" Johnny Gill)
"Don't Wanna Love You" (Shanice)
"Feels Like Heaven" (Kenny Vaughn and The Art of Love)
"Hot Sex" (A Tribe Called Quest)
Related articles
Boomerang
LaFace Records
New jack swing
L.A. Reid
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=End_of_the_Road&oldid=801624899"
Categories:
1992 singles
Motown singles
1990s ballads
Pop ballads
Rhythm and blues ballads
A cappella songs
Boyz II Men songs
Songs written by Daryl Simmons
Songs written by L.A. Reid
Songs written by Babyface (musician)
Spanish-language songs
Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles
Billboard Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs) number-one singles
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Canadian Singles Chart number-one singles
Number-one singles in Australia
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Song recordings produced by Babyface (musician)
Song recordings produced by Daryl Simmons
LaFace Records singles
1992 songs
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
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Webarchive template webcite links
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CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)
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Singlechart usages for Australia
Singlechart usages for Austria
Singlechart usages for Flanders
Singlechart usages for France
Singlechart usages for Germany2
Singlechart usages for Dutch40
Singlechart called without song
Singlechart usages for Dutch100
Singlechart usages for New Zealand
Singlechart usages for Norway
Singlechart usages for Sweden
Singlechart usages for Switzerland
Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname
Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100
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