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First Continental Congress
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For the first seating of the United States Congress, see 1st United States Congress.
The First Continental Congress
Thirteen Colonies
First Continental Congress 1774
Type
Type
Unicameral
History
Established
September 5, 1774
Disbanded
October 26, 1774
Preceded by
Stamp Act Congress
Succeeded by
Second Continental Congress
Leadership
President of Congress
Peyton Randolph
Henry Middleton
Secretary
Charles Thomson
Seats
56 from 12 colonies (excluding Georgia)
Meeting place
Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia
This article is part of a series on the
United States
Continental Congress
Predecessors
Albany Congress 1754
Stamp Act Congress 1765
1st Continental Congress
Declaration and Resolves
Continental Association
Petition to the King
2nd Continental Congress
Olive Branch Petition
Committee of Secret Correspondence
Necessity of Taking Up Arms
Lee Resolution
Declaration of Independence
Model Treaty
Articles of Confederation
Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture
Congress of the Confederation
Bank of North America
Land Ordinance of 1784 / of 1785
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Members
List of delegates
Presidents of the Continental Congress
Secretary of the Continental Congress
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The First Continental Congress was a meeting of delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies who met from September 5 to October 26, 1774, at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, early in the American Revolution. It was called in response to the Intolerable Acts passed by the British Parliament, which the British referred to as the Coercive Acts, with which the British intended to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party.
The Congress met briefly to consider options, including an economic boycott of British trade and drawing up a list of rights and grievances; in the end, they petitioned King George III for redress of those grievances.
The Congress also called for another Continental Congress in the event that their petition was unsuccessful in halting enforcement of the Intolerable Acts. Their appeal to the Crown had no effect, and so the Second Continental Congress was convened the following year to organize the defense of the colonies at the onset of the American Revolutionary War. The delegates also urged each colony to set up and train its own militia.
Contents
1 Convention
2 Declaration and Resolves
3 Accomplishments
4 List of delegates
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Convention
Carpenters' Hall
The Congress met from September 5 to October 26, 1774. Peyton Randolph presided over the proceedings; Henry Middleton took over as President of the Congress from October 22 to 26. Charles Thomson, leader of Philadelphia Committee of Correspondence, was selected to be Secretary of the Continental Congress.[1]
The delegates who attended were not of one mind concerning why they were there. Conservatives such as Joseph Galloway, John Dickinson, John Jay, and Edward Rutledge believed their task to be forging policies to pressure Parliament to rescind its unreasonable acts. Their ultimate goal was to develop a reasonable solution to the difficulties and bring about reconciliation between the Colonies and Great Britain. Others such as Patrick Henry, Roger Sherman, Samuel Adams, and John Adams believed their task to be developing a decisive statement of the rights and liberties of the Colonies. Their ultimate goal was to end what they felt to be the abuses of parliamentary authority, and to retain their rights which had been guaranteed under both Colonial charters and the English constitution.[2]
Roger Sherman denied the legislative authority of Parliament, and Patrick Henry believed that the Congress needed to develop a completely new system of government, independent from Great Britain, for the existing Colonial governments were already dissolved.[3] In contrast to these ideas, Joseph Galloway put forward a "Plan of Union" which suggested that an American legislative body be formed with some authority, whose consent would be required for imperial measures.[3][4]
Declaration and Resolves
In the end, the voices of compromise carried the day. Rather than calling for independence, the First Continental Congress passed and signed the Continental Association in its Declaration and Resolves, which called for a boycott of British goods to take effect in December 1774. It requested that local Committees of Safety enforce the boycott and regulate local prices for goods. These resolutions adopted by the Congress did not endorse any legal power of Parliament to regulate trade, but consented, nonetheless, to the operation of acts for that purpose. Furthermore, they did not repudiate control by the royal prerogative, which was explicitly acknowledged in the Petition to the King a few days later.
Accomplishments
The Congress had two primary accomplishments. The first was a compact among the Colonies to boycott British goods beginning on December 1, 1774.[5] The West Indies were threatened with a boycott unless the islands agreed to non-importation of British goods.[6] Imports from Britain dropped by 97 percent in 1775, compared with the previous year.[5] Committees of observation and inspection were to be formed in each Colony to ensure compliance with the boycott. All of the Colonial Houses of Assembly approved the proceedings of the Congress, with the exception of New York.[7]
If the Intolerable Acts were not repealed, the Colonies would also cease exports to Britain after September 10, 1775.[5] The boycott was successfully implemented, but its potential for altering British colonial policy was cut off by the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War.
The second accomplishment of the Congress was to provide for a Second Continental Congress to meet on May 10, 1775. In addition to the Colonies which had sent delegates to the First Continental Congress, the Congress resolved on October 21, 1774, to send letters of invitation to Quebec, Saint John's Island (now Prince Edward Island), Nova Scotia, Georgia, East Florida, and West Florida.[8] However, letters appear to have been sent only to Quebec (three letters in all). None of these other colonies sent delegates to the opening of the Second Congress, though a delegation from Georgia arrived the following July.[9]
List of delegates
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Name
Colony
Notes
1 Nathaniel Folsom New Hampshire
2 John Sullivan New Hampshire 3rd and 5th Governor of New Hampshire; general in the Continental Army
3 John Adams Massachusetts Lawyer, first Vice-President of the United States and second President
4 Samuel Adams Massachusetts cousin of John Adams; sometimes called "Father of the American Revolution"
5 Thomas Cushing Massachusetts
6 Robert Treat Paine Massachusetts
7 Stephen Hopkins Rhode Island Authored pamphlet The Rights of the Colonies
8 Samuel Ward Rhode Island
9 Silas Deane Connecticut
10 Eliphalet Dyer Connecticut
11 Roger Sherman Connecticut Created the Great Compromise and Three-Fifths Compromise at the Constitutional Convention; Congressman; a member of the Committee of Five who presented the Declaration of Independence
12 James Duane New York Appointed by the Committee of Fifty-one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany, Duchess, and Westchester
13 John Jay New York Lawyer; First Chief Justice of the United States; co-author of The Federalist Papers; appointed by the Committee of Fifty-one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany, Duchess, and Westchester
14 Philip Livingston New York Appointed by the Committee of Fifty-one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany, Duchess, and Westchester
15 Isaac Low New York Appointed by the Committee of Fifty-one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany, Duchess, and Westchester
16 Simon Boerum New York
17 John Haring New York Appointed by the General Meeting of all the Committees of the County of Orange
18 Henry Wisner New York Appointed by the General Meeting of all the Committees of the County of Orange
19 William Floyd New York For Suffolk County
20 John Alsop New York Appointed by the Committee of Fifty-one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany, Duchess, and Westchester
21 Stephen Crane New Jersey
22 John De Hart New Jersey
23 James Kinsey New Jersey
24 William Livingston New Jersey
25 Richard Smith New Jersey
26 Edward Biddle Pennsylvania
27 John Dickinson Pennsylvania author of Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
28 Joseph Galloway Pennsylvania Originator of the Galloway Plan of Union
29 Charles Humphreys Pennsylvania
30 Thomas Mifflin Pennsylvania Later served as the first governor of Pennsylvania; Quartermaster general of the U.S. Army
31 John Morton Pennsylvania
32 Samuel Rhoads Pennsylvania
33 George Ross Pennsylvania
34 Thomas McKean Delaware
35 George Read Delaware
36 Caesar Rodney Delaware
37 Samuel Chase Maryland Later served as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court
38 Robert Goldsborough Maryland
39 Thomas Johnson Maryland
40 William Paca Maryland
41 Matthew Tilghman Maryland
42 Richard Bland Virginia
43 Benjamin Harrison Virginia Later served as the fifth governor of Virginia; father of President William Henry Harrison and great-grandfather of President Benjamin Harrison
44 Patrick Henry Virginia Creator of the Virginia Stamp Act Resolutions
45 Richard Henry Lee Virginia
46 Edmund Pendleton Virginia
47 Peyton Randolph Virginia Served as President of this First Continental Congress
48 George Washington Virginia Future commander of the Continental Army; first President of the United States
49 Richard Caswell North Carolina
50 Joseph Hewes North Carolina Secretary of Naval Affairs Committee in 1776
51 William Hooper North Carolina
52 Christopher Gadsden South Carolina
53 Thomas Lynch Jr. South Carolina
54 Henry Middleton South Carolina
55 Edward Rutledge South Carolina
56 John Rutledge South Carolina Second Chief Justice; Associate Justice; first Governor of South Carolina
See also
List of delegates to the Continental and Confederation congresses
Papers of the Continental Congress
Timeline of United States revolutionary history (1760–1789)
Notes
Jump up ^ Risjord, Norman K. (2002). Jefferson's America, 1760-1815. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 114.
Jump up ^ McLaughlin, Andrew C. (1936). "A constitutional History of the United States". New York, London: D. Appleton-Century Company. pp. 83–90. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Greene, Evarts Boutell (1922). The Foundations of American Nationality. American Book Company. p. 434.
Jump up ^ Miller, Marion Mills (1913). Great Debates in American Hist: From the Debates in the British Parliament on the Colonial Stamp. Current Literature Pub. Co. p. 91.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kramnick, Isaac (ed); Thomas Paine (1982). Common Sense. Penguin Classics. p. 21. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Ketchum, p. 262.
Jump up ^ Launitz-Schurer p. 144.
Jump up ^ Worthington C. Ford, Library of Congress (United States); et al., eds. (1774 (printed 1901)). Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789. p. 101. Retrieved February 7, 2010. Check date values in: |date= (help)
Jump up ^ Worthington C. Ford; et al. (eds.). Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. pp. 2:192–193.
References
Bancroft, George. History of the United States of America, from the discovery of the American continent. (1854–78), vol 4-10 online edition
Burnett, Edmund C. (1975) [1941]. The Continental Congress. Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 0-8371-8386-3.
Henderson, H. James (2002) [1974]. Party Politics in the Continental Congress. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8191-6525-5.
Launitz-Schurer, Loyal Whigs and Revolutionaries, The making of the revolution in New York, 1765-1776, 1980, ISBN 0-8147-4994-1
Ketchum, Richard, Divided Loyalties, How the American Revolution came to New York, 2002, ISBN 0-8050-6120-7
Miller, John C. Origins of the American Revolution (1943) online edition
Puls, Mark, Samuel Adams, father of the American Revolution, 2006, ISBN 1-4039-7582-5
Montross, Lynn (1970) [1950]. The Reluctant Rebels; the Story of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. Barnes & Noble. ISBN 0-389-03973-X.
Primary sources
Peter Force, ed. American Archives, 9 vol 1837-1853, major compilation of documents 1774-1776. online edition
External links
Full text of Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789
Papers of the Continental Congress (Digitized Original Documents)
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1Hancock did not attend during his 2nd term; Ramsay and Gorham served as chairmen in his absence
Preceded by
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Diriliş: Ertuğrul
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Diriliş: Ertuğrul
Genre
Historical
Adventure
Romance
Created by
Mehmet Bozdağ
Directed by
Metin Günay
Starring
Engin Altan Düzyatan
Esra Bilgiç Töre
Composer(s)
Zeynep Alasya
Country of origin
Turkey
Original language(s)
Turkish
No. of seasons
4
No. of episodes
118 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Kemal Tekden
Location(s)
Turkey, Riva
Running time
115–125 minutes
Production company(s)
Tekden Film
Release
Original network
TRT 1 (HD)
TRT 4K
Picture format
1080i (16:9 HDTV)
4K UHD
Audio format
5.1 Surround Sound
Original release
December 10, 2014 (2014-12-10) – present
External links
Website
Production website
Diriliş: Ertuğrul (English: Resurrection: Ertugrul) is a Turkish historical adventure television series created by Mehmet Bozdağ, starring Engin Altan Düzyatan and Esra Bilgiç Töre in leading roles. It is filmed in Riva, a village in Beykoz, Turkey, and premiered on TRT 1 in Turkey on December 10, 2014. The show is based on the history of the Muslim Oghuz Turks and takes place in the 13th century. It centers around the life of Ertuğrul, the father of Osman I, who was the founder of the Ottoman Empire.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Episodes
3 Cast and characters
4 Production
5 Social media
6 Broadcast schedule
7 Rating in Turkey
8 International broadcasting
9 References
Plot[edit]
In response to the Mongol invasions Turkic tribes flee from Central Asia. The Kayi tribe, one of the Oghuz Turkic people, settle in Anatolia with four hundred large nomad tents. After getting through a difficult time of famine they determine to migrate to a better place where they can start a new life. Suleyman Shah (Serdar Gökhan) is the leader of the Kayi tribe. His two sons Gündoğdu and Ertuğrul are loyal to him.
Ertuğrul (Engin Altan Düzyatan), the younger son of Suleyman Shah, often goes hunting with three close friends (Bamsi, Dogan, and Turgut). During a hunt they encounter the transport of three condemned prisoners by the Knights Templar. Ertuğrul and his friends kill the knights and save the lives of the three prisoners who were to be executed; a young girl named Halime (Esra Bilgiç), her father, and her brother.
Without knowing the true identity of the rescued prisoners (that they belong to a noble family of the Seljuk Empire) Ertugrul and his friends bring them to the nomad group. Fear of being caught again leads Halime and her family to not reveal their true identity.
The arrival of Halime and her family at the group brings new difficulties to the Kayi tribe. The Seljuk Empire threatens war if the family doesn't return, and the Knights Templar seek revenge for the rescue. These threats cause some nomads to blame Suleyman Shah for poor leadership in not avoiding these problems. The group's unrest serves the ambition of Kurdoğlu, a sworn brother of Suleyman Shah. Kurdoğlu's desire is to remove Suleyman Shah and take over his position as the leader of the Kayi tribe.
Seeking to solve the unrest, Suleyman Shah sends Ertuğrul on a mission to find a new place for the nomad group to settle. He specifically sends Ertuğrul and his three friends to Aleppo to seek an agreement with the Sultan; an event that sets off the chain of events that ultimately lead to the founding of the Ottoman Empire..
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Diriliş: Ertuğrul episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 26 December 10, 2014 (2014-12-10) June 17, 2015 (2015-06-17)
2 35 September 30, 2015 (2015-09-30) June 8, 2016 (2016-06-08)
3 30 October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26) June 14, 2017 (2017-06-14)
4 36 October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25) July 11, 2018 (2018-07-11)
Cast and characters[edit]
Played by
Character
Description
Engin Altan Düzyatan Ertuğrul Ghazi The father of Gündüz Alp, Savci Bey and Osman Gazi I, founder of the Ottoman Empire. Second son of Suleyman Shah and Hayme Hatun.
Esra Bilgiç Töre Halime Hatun Wife of Ertuğrul and the mother of Gündüz Alp, Savci Bey and Osman Gazi I, founder of the Ottoman Empire. She is the daughter of Shahzade Numan, noble family of the Seljuk Empire.
Serdar Gökhan Suleyman Shah Leader of the Kayi tribe and father of Ertuğrul, Gündoğdu, Sungurtekin and Dündar, grandfather of Osman Gazi I. Father in law of Halime Hatun and Selcan Hatun.
Hülya Darcan Hayme Hatun Mother of Ertuğrul, Gündoğdu, Sungurtekin and Dündar. Wife of Suleyman Shah and grandmother of Osman Gazi I. Mother-in-law of Halime Hatun and Selcan Hatun.
Kaan Taşaner Gündoğdu Bey Eldest son of Suleyman Shah and older brother of Ertuğrul.
Arda Anarat (Season 1-2) & Batuhan Karacakaya (Season 3-4) Dündar Bey Youngest son of Suleyman Shah, younger brother of Ertuğrul and the paternal uncle of Osman Gazi I. Although very loving & loyal towards Ertuğrul & his family, yet gets swayed often by his free thinking.
Yaman Tumen (Season 3) Gündüz Alp Oldest son of Ertugrul Gazi and Halime Hatun. Brother of Savci Bey and Osman Gazi I, founder of the Ottoman Empire.
Barış Bağcı Bayju Noyan One of the Commanders of the Mongols, appointed by Ögedei Khan to expand Mongol power in Anatolia.
Hüseyin Özay Korkut Bey Leader of the Dodurga tribe and older brother of Hayme Hatun.
Uğur Güneş Tuğtekin Son of Korkut Bey. Commander of the Dodurga tribe and cousin of Ertuğrul and Gündoğdu.
Kaptan Gürman Geyikli Dervish Lives in the forest. Helps Ertuğrul on his quest.
Osman Soykut Ibn Arabi Andalusian Sufi mystic and spiritual leader of the East. Helps Ertuğrul and his friends.
Murat Garipağaoğlu Sa'd al-Din Köpek / Emir Sadettin Köpek An important Seljuk court administrator and Minister of Sultan Alauddin Kayqubad I. A consistent adversary of Ertuğrul, his only motive is to seize complete power & control of Seljuk Empire for himself.
Cengiz Coşkun Turgut Alp The most loyal Alp of Ertuğrul and best friends with Bamsi Beyrek and Doğan Alp. Fights with an axe instead of with a traditional sword.
Hande Subaşı Aykız Wife of Turgut Alp and spiritual daughter of Hayme Hatun.
Didem Balçın Selcan Hatun Wife of Gündoğdu and daughter-in-law of Hayme Hatun and Suleyman Shah. Older sister of Gökçe.
Burcu Kıratlı Gökçe Younger sister of Selcan Hatun. She has an unrequitted romantic love for Ertuğrul. Later becomes wife of Tuğtekin.
Eren Sakcı Efrasiyab Iranian merchant. Secretly cooperating with Noyan.
Mehmet Çevik Deli Demir The blacksmith of the Kayi tribe. Good and loyal friend of Suleyman Shah. He has a strong personality.
Hakan Vanlı Kurdoğlu Sworn Brother of Suleyman Shah and leader of many nomad families of the Kayi tribe. Secretly plots to make himself the leader of the Kayi tribe.
Celal Al Abdur Rahman Loyal Alp of Ertuğrul. Special commander of Hayme Hatun and good friends with Turgut Alp, Doğan Alp and Bamsi Beyrek.
Nurettin Sönmez Bamsi Beyrek The most loyal Alp of Ertuğrul and best friends with Turgut Alp and Doğan Alp. Very loyal and good-hearted. Somewhat slow-thinking and prone to emotional outburst.
Cavit Çetin Güner Doğan Alp The most loyal Alp of Ertuğrul and best friends with Turgut Alp and Bamsi Beyrek.
Turgut Tunçalp Afşin Bey Loyal Commander of the Seljuk Empire often carrying out secret missions for the state.
Sedat Savtak Shahzade Numan Banned and exiled prince of the Seljuk Empire. Father of Halime Hatun and Shehzade Yiğit.
Levent Öktem Petruccio Manjini, Üstad-ı Azam Knights Templar Grand Vizier of the Order Council. His main purpose is to destroy the Muslims and recapture Jerusalem.
Serdar Deniz Titus Commander of Knights Templar. Obsessively seeks to kill Ertuğrul as revenge for Ertuğrul killing his younger brother in a fair fight.
Burak Temiz Shehzade Yiğit Son of Shehzade Numan and younger brother of Halime Hatun.
Mehmet Emin Inci Emir El-Aziz Ayyubid emir of Aleppo, grandson of Salah ad-Din Ayyubi.
Gökhan Atalay Atabey Şahabeddin The uncle of Sultan El-Aziz.
Hamit Demir Akçakoca Leader of some of the nomad families of the Kayi tribe and friend of Suleyman Shah.
Reshad Strik Claudius (Ömer) A great Knight that was assigned to assassin Ibn Arabi only to become his pupil and later saves Ertuğrul's life.
Fahri Öztezcan Ilyas Fakih Apprentice of Ibn Arabi and friend of Ertuğrul.
Sezgin Erdemir Sungurtekin Bey Second son of Suleyman Shah and Hayme Hatun. He was disappeared for years, and his family thought he was dead, but then he appeared as the Sultan's spy in the Mongols. Later he came back to the tribe after the Mongols realized that he's a spy.
Erden Alkan Candar Bey Leader of Çavdaroğlu nomad tribe. Father of Aliyar Bey, Ural Bey and Aslihan Hatun.
Kürşat Alnıaçık Ural Bey Eldest son of Candar Bey. Very ambitious and will do everything to get what he wants.
Cem Uçan Aliyar Bey Younger son of Candar Bey. Pious, scholarly and level headed young man. Formidable archer as well as a master detective. Forms a strong, unshakeable bond of brotherhood with Ertuğrul. In battles, wields his trademark two-pointed sword & dagger, seemingly inspired by Zulfiqar the legendary sword of Fourth Caliph, Hazret Ali.
Gülçin Santırcıoğlu Çolpan Hatun / Ekaterina Wife of Ural Bey and daughter of former tekfur (governor) of Karaçahisar Castle. She is of Greek origin and is a hidden Christian.
Gulsim Ali Aslıhan Hatun Little sister of Ural Bey and Aliyar Bey. Youngest daughter of Candar Bey and leader of the Çavdar nomad tribe after Candar Bey's death. Later becomes Turgut Alp's new wife.
Lebip Gökhan Ustad Simon Owner of Hanli Pazar and local master & commander of Knights Templar.
Çağdaş Onur Öztürk Vasilius Originally a Byzantine military commander, he is promoted as Tekfur (Governor) of Karaçahisar Castle. Obsessed with the idea of driving away all Turks from his lands, plots almost ceaselessly against Ertuğrul.
Gökhan Bekletenler Haçaturyan Usta A good spirited slave who was freed by Ertuğrul and then becomes his assistant. He is Armenian. Master of gold mining.
Ezgi Esma Kürklü Banu Çiçek A hatun of the Dodurga nomad tribe. Brave woman and skilled in swordsmanship. Later marries Doğan Alp and becomes a hatun of Kayı tribe.
Burak Hakkı Sultan Alauddin Kayqubad I The Seljuk Sultan who commands the nomad tribes. Highly respected Sultan and has a strong authority.
Ayberk Pekcan Artuk Bey One of the respected Bey in Dodurga nomad tribe before he met Ertuğrul and becomes his consultant. An experienced physician, his mastery and education in the medical field makes him a worthy consultant. He is very loyal and wise.
Burçin Abdullah Hafsa Hatun (Helena) Daughter of the Karacahisar Tekfur (Governor) and came from a noble lineage. Later lives with the Kayı tribe and became Bamsi Beyrek's wife, converts to Islam and changes her name to Hafsa.
Edip Zeydan Dumrul Alp One of Ertuğrul's greatest Alp and also a friend of Haçaturyan Usta. Mostly battles alongside Samsa Alp and Günküt Alp.
Orhan Kiliç Atsiz Ertuğrul's saver when he became a slave. Later becomes one of Ertuğrul's assistants. Originally Seljuk. He is on a mission to spy on the Byzantines.
Melih Özdoğan Samsa Alp One of Tuğtekin's Alp and also his blood brother. Later he becomes Ertuğrul's Alp after Tuğtekin's death. He is very loyal to both Tuğtekin and Ertuğrul.
Kara Tolga Hamza Alp Gündögdu Bey's most loyal Alp. Disillusioned by misunderstandings towards Gündögdu Bey, he defects to Noyan. However, he repents later and helps Gündögdu Bey catch Noyan.
Gökhan Oskay Kaya Alp He was an Alp of Dodurga nomad tribe and Korkut Bey's guard. Later he becomes one of Ertugrul's Alps.
Attila Kiliç Bogaç Alp He was Tuğtekin's loyal Alp and also his and Samsa's blood brother. However, possesses a doubtful character.
Hakan Serim Günküt Alp One of the most loyal Alp of Ertuğrul and Kayı nomad tribe. He likes to joke, especially to Bamsı Alp and is often at the receiving end of a friendly banter.
Elif Sümbül Sert Amanda A Greek perfume trader at Hanli Pazar, she is also revealed to be a paramour and accomplice of Ural Bey.
Oya Unustasi Sügay Hatun Osman's milk mother after Halime Sultan's death. Lives in Kayi tribe.
Production[edit]
The series is written and produced by Mehmet Bozdağ and directed by Metin Günay. The theme music is by Alpay Göktekin. It has aired since December 10, 2014 on TRT 1 (Turkey).
As for the choreography of the show, Nomad, the special choreography crew of movies such as The Expendables 2, 47 Ronin, and Conan the Barbarian, was invited to Turkey. The crew prepared special choreographies for actors, horses and other scenes.
There are 25 horses on the set, attended by a veterinarian. All are maintained on horse farm in Riva. A special area similar to a zoo (but on a smaller scale) was created for all the animals which appear in the show, which include sheep, goats, nightingales and partridges.
The TV series is a milestone in Turkey with respect to its administration of art. Copper and other metallic accessories are accumulated from various parts of Turkey.[1]
A representative of TRT stated that the series "aim to strengthen the nationhood sentiment of Turkish people by teaching the audience how the Turkish state came into existence, through a combination of history and quality entertainment."[2]
Social media[edit]
Rating figures marked Diriliş: Ertuğrul as the best breakthrough Turkish TV series of the 2014 Season. The first episode shook Turkish social media after it was aired on Wednesday.[3]
Broadcast schedule[edit]
Season
Timeslot
Season premiere
Season Finale
Number of episodes
TV channel
Season 1 19:55 December 10, 2014 June 17, 2015 26 TRT 1
Season 2 19:55 September 30, 2015 June 8, 2016 35 TRT 1
Season 3 19:55 October 26, 2016 June 14, 2017 30 TRT 1
Season 4 20:00 October 25, 2017 July 11, 2018 36 TRT 1
Rating in Turkey[edit]
Episodes
Total
1 5.54
2 5.82
3 5.96
4 6.13
5 5.93
6 5.60
7 5.06
8 4.87
9 5.71
10 5.61
11 5.44
12 5.72
13 5.28
14 5.50
15 5.62
16 5.31
17 5.30
18 5.98
19 5.37
20 5.76
21 6.02
22 6.42
23 5.57
24 5.21
25 4.87
26 4.06
27 5.27
28 6.01
29 6.33
30 6.81
31 7.17
32 6.74
33 7.23
34 7.66
35 7.15
36 8.08
37 8.60
38 8.90
39 9.11
40 9.20
41 9.48
42 9.86
43 9.37
44 8.87
45 9.24
46 9.65
47 9.31
48 9.24
49 9.93
50 9.67
51 9.92
52 9.99
53 10.41
54 9.13
55 8.87
56 9.34
57 9.06
58 9.58
59 8.93
60 8.77
61 9.00
62 11.19
63 9.59
64 10.12
65 11.42
66 13.83
67 11.68
68 11.69
69 13.71
70 13.17
71 12.62
72 12.90
73 13.21
74 12.42
75 12.61
76 12.45
77 12.88
78 12.90
79 12.53
80 13.42
81 13.27
82 12.86
83 14.12
84 13.87
85 14.38
86 13.81
87 11.03
88 12.13
89 10.85
90 10.31
91 9.6
92 13.04
93 12.98
94 13.66
95 14.68
96 16.40
97 14.79
98 16.52
99 16.69
100 16.73
101 16.03
102 17.00 (highest rating)
103 16.38
104 14.94
105 14.62
106 14.69
107 14.47
108 15.13
109 15.61
110 15.06
111 14.81
112 13.90
113 14.66
114 14.60
115 14.99
116 12.62
117 13.11
118 10.77
International broadcasting[edit]
Country
Network
Series premiere
Afghanistan Tolo TV September, 2015
Albania TV Klan October 17, 2015
Algeria Echorouk TV October, 2017
Arab World Nilesat & Arabsat satellite channels
Qatar TV
Al Noor TV
Al Yarmouk TV
Daawa Channel
4Shabab January 16, 2017
Azerbaijan ATV December, 2015
Bangladesh Ekushey Television
Maasranga Television September 14, 2016
April 2, 2017
Chile Televisión Nacional de Chile
Indonesia Trans7 August 24, 2015
Kazakhstan Channel 31 March 29, 2016
Pakistan Hum Sitaray August 24, 2015
Northern Cyprus TRT 1 December 10, 2014
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Dirilis Ertugrul 's success is approved!". December 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Turkish history-themed series Diriliş Ertuğrul enjoyed in 60 countries". Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Turkey's new TV series about the founding of the Ottoman empire tops the ratings". December 12, 2014.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diriliş:_Ertuğrul&oldid=842896238"
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text:
Drop Dead Diva (season 3)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Drop Dead Diva (season 3)
DVD box cover art
Country of origin
USA
No. of episodes
13
Release
Original network
Lifetime
Original release
June 19 (2011-06-19) – September 18, 2011 (2011-09-18)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 2
Next →
Season 4
List of Drop Dead Diva episodes
Drop Dead Diva season three premiered on June 19, 2011 and concluded on September 25, 2011, on Lifetime. Season three aired on Sundays at 9:00 pm ET and consisted of 13 episodes. Sally Fields had a guest appearance as the judge for the episode.
Contents
[hide]
1 Storylines
1.1 Jane/Deb & Grayson
1.2 Kim & Parker
1.3 Fred & Stacy
2 Cast
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Recurring cast
2.3 Guest cast
3 Episodes
4 References
5 External links
Storylines[edit]
Jane/Deb & Grayson[edit]
Grayson nearly marries Vanessa, but she backs out on the day of the wedding. Jane has two relationships during the season that indicate she is trying to move on from Grayson. The first, with Dr. Bill Kendall (Ben Shenkman), ends when he reveals that Jane is one of the several women he is dating and that he is not ready to get serious with any one of them. The second, toward the end of the season, is with a fun-loving new judge named Owen French (Lex Medlin).
Kim & Parker[edit]
Kim and Parker's relationship was short lived, after Kim realized that Parker just ignored all of his ex-partners. In the end of Season 2, Jane shares with Kim that she saw Harrison and Parker kissing in Parker's office. Kim is outraged and goes to Parker's house to tell him that they're over. Harrison fires Kim from the firm in the end of Season 2, but she returns in Mid-Season 3. In early Season 3, Parker still tries to charm Kim and begs her to come back to him. She refuses, and keeps moving on with her job and maintaining a platonic relationship with her boss. They end up together in a later episode, seemingly giving their relationship another try. But when Parker hired his former flame Elisa (Brandy) as a temp, Kim became jealous, putting Jane in a tough situation, knowing that Elisa has a son with Parker and Parker doesn't know anything about it.
Fred & Stacy[edit]
Stacy shares with Jane that she's afraid Fred thinks that the kissing IS the relationship, and they have not progressed to intercourse. Stacy keeps waking up early to run, claiming she runs a lot when she's frustrated. Jane then gives Fred advice, because Jane knows everything Stacy wants in a man. Afterward, it appears the relationship has been consummated and is going well, because Stacy claims she "may never run again."
Stacy finally gets a part on a TV show as a main star. She claims that she has to keep her relationship with Fred a "secret" for publicity purposes, but eventually she ends up cheating on Fred with her co-star, Brian (Robert Hoffman), and Fred witnesses the two sharing a passionate kiss. Stacy is unable to choose between Brian and Fred; despite Jane's advice for her to talk to Fred, the choice is made for Stacy when Fred eventually confronts her and angrily leaves. Stacy becomes distraught and upset with Jane, believing Jane told Fred of her infidelity. Fred is later shown having drinks with Grayson and Teri, who comfort him.
Stacy's behavior ends up annoying not only Fred, but also Jane/Deb and Teri when she becomes a diva and starts treating her friends like dirt, leading to a failed intervention. Brian steals her commercial deal and sleeps with her assistant, resulting in Stacy punching out Brian and getting arrested for assault. She is later cleared of the charges, but kisses Grayson after he represented her. Although the two quickly realize it was a mistake, Stacy is unaware that Jane saw it. Jane also tells Fred at the airport about what happened, thus devastating Fred who was ready to forgive Stacy and propose to her.
Cast[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Brooke Elliott as Jane Bingum (13 episodes)
Margaret Cho as Teri Lee (13 episodes)
April Bowlby as Stacy Barrett (13 episodes)
Kate Levering as Kim Kaswell (13 episodes)
Jackson Hurst as Grayson Kent (13 episodes)
Josh Stamberg as Jay Parker (13 episodes)
Ben Feldman as Fred (13 episodes)
Recurring cast[edit]
Ben Shenkman as Dr. Bill Kendall (5 episodes)
Lex Medlin as Judge Owen French (4 episodes)
Marcus Lyle Brown as A.D.A. Paul Saginaw (3 episodes)
Robert Hoffman as Brian Pullman (3 episodes)
Brandy as Elisa Shayne (3 episodes)
Jaime Ray Newman as Vanessa Hemmings (3 episodes)
Vickie Eng as Judge Rita Mayson (3 episodes)
Guest cast[edit]
Gregory Alan Williams as Judge Warren Libby (2 episodes)
Jeff Rose as Doug Resnick (2 episodes)
Sharon Lawrence as Bobbie Dobkins (2 episodes)
Faith Prince as Elaine Bingum (1 episodes)
Rhoda Griffis as Paula Dewey (1 episode)
Paula Abdul as Judge Paula Abdul (1 episode)
Brooke D'Orsay as Deb Dobkins (1 episode)
Episodes[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. Viewers
(millions)
27
1 "Hit and Run" Jamie Babbit Josh Berman June 19, 2011 (2011-06-19) 2.86[1]
While she waits for Grayson to wake up from his coma, Jane is assigned a case about a pair of celebrities who were both charged with a hit-and-run involving a 13-year-old girl. The case gets more complicated when the girl dies in the hospital. Meanwhile, Kim takes a case from one of her former clients who has just gotten divorced.
28
2 "False Alarm" Michael Grossman Alex Taub June 26, 2011 (2011-06-26) 2.38[2]
Grayson wants Jane's help planning his wedding with Vanessa. Kim's new case revolves around a model who died during surgery. Parker takes a case about Teri's boyfriend. Fred loses his virginity to Stacy.
29
3 "Dream Big" Martha Coolidge Rob Wright July 10, 2011 (2011-07-10) 2.01[3]
Jane takes over the case of a woman who is reluctantly suing a sperm bank due to her resulting child being a "little person". Fred hires an actress to play his mother for a lunch with Stacy. Grayson helps a stripper with a legal matter, and later finds out that Vanessa's father will be presiding over the case.
30
4 "The Wedding" Kevin Hooks Sandy Isaac July 17, 2011 (2011-07-17) 2.27[4]
Grayson and Vanessa's wedding doesn't go as well as planned. Jane finds the real reason why a gunman held her at gunpoint and reluctantly decides to represent him in court, but he goes against her legal advice. Meanwhile, Grayson's new case revolves around a "rogue camel milker".
31
5 "Prom" Jamie Babbit Sarah McLaughlin July 24, 2011 (2011-07-24) 2.08[5]
Jane takes over the case of a teenager who was denied access to her prom due to her sexual orientation; a casting director attempts to get Fred into an energy drink commercial, which causes Stacy to become jealous; Grayson and Kim help represent Hank, Jane's former love interest, in a case about a mail-order bride scam.
32
6 "Closure" Michael Grossman William N. Fordes July 31, 2011 (2011-07-31) 2.09[6]
After being deputized as a DA, Jane/Deb meet one of Jane’s exes, a corrupt DA; Grayson represents Stacy on a lawsuit regarding her blog; Parker begins to suspect that Kim is dating, so he orders Teri to check it out.
33
7 "Mothers Day" Kevin Hooks Jeffrey Lippman August 7, 2011 (2011-08-07) 2.36[7]
Jane's and Deb's mothers fight over Jane's attention on a separate legal matter; Kim advises Fred on how to improve his relationship with Stacy.
34
8 "He Said, She Said" Tim Matheson Amy Engelberg & Wendy Engelberg August 14, 2011 (2011-08-14) 2.39[8]
Jane and Grayson are at odds when she represents a college student who accuses a star football player from Grayson's alma mater of rape; Kim helps her sister Jenna in her divorce settlement; Jane finds herself in an awkward position when she advises Parker and Bobbi (Deb's mother) in their relationship.
35
9 "You Bet Your Life" Dwight Little Rob Wright August 21, 2011 (2011-08-21) 2.23[9]
Jane helps Deb's former sorority house mother Kristin prove that the casino in which she lost all of her money has created an environment of intoxication; Kim and Parker represent a botanist who has cultivated a rare flower; Fred takes a down-and-out Grayson on a "guys night out".
36
10 "Toxic" Michael Schultz Sandy Isaac & Sarah McLaughlin August 28, 2011 (2011-08-28) 2.53[10]
Jane puts her own job in jeopardy by taking a case against one of the firm's biggest clients. Meanwhile, Teri asks Kim to represent her against a motivational speaker that she has despised since childhood, Fred becomes jealous of Stacy's relationship with her TV co-star, Brian, and Grayson's new relationship is about to hit a roadblock thanks to Jane.
37
11 "Ah Men" Robert J. Wilson Adam R. Perlman September 4, 2011 (2011-09-04) 1.93[11]
Parker is visited by an old flame, Elisa, who wants to sue her father's life insurance company after they refuse to pay out his policy. When Jane is asked to represent her, she learns what really happened after Parker's relationship with Elisa ended; Kim represents a reverend who has a controversial way to help the poor; Fred decides it's time for Stacy to confirm they really have a relationship after she spends more time with her on-screen co-star.
38
12 "Bride-a-Palooza" Michael Grossman Amy and Wendy Engelberg & William N. Fordes September 18, 2011 (2011-09-18) 2.18[12]
Jane takes the case of a law student whose fiancé was trampled by other brides during an off-the-rack bridal gown super-sale. Meanwhile Kim and Grayson take a case involving a brother and sister over the control of a medieval restaurant, Parker gets upset over Kim making new hire Elisa take on extra work, and Stacy's ride to the top of the diva chain is about to come crashing down.
39
13 "Change of Heart" Jamie Babbit Jeffrey Lippman & Alex Taub September 25, 2011 (2011-09-25) 2.12[13]
A respected judge requests Jane's help in the case of a man on death row who wants to donate his heart to his ill sister. Owen wants to take Jane with him on a year-long stay in New Zealand, where he will train for and eventually sail in the America's Cup. Grayson helps Stacy when she is accused of assault against her former co-star, and Jane is heartbroken when she sees the two kiss after the trial. Realizing the kiss was a mistake, Stacy tells Grayson that Jane is Deb, leaving him heartbroken. Parker discovers that he is the father of Elisa's child and leaves the firm indefinitely to establish a relationship with his unexpected family. Kim gets her wish to become a partner in the firm, and will be in charge while Parker is gone. Jane meets Owen at the airport, but only to tell him that he inspired her to go to Milan. She sees Fred at the gate to Milan. He tells her that he wants to propose to Stacy, but Jane tells him about the kiss, and when he asks what to do now, she says that he can go anywhere. Jane gets on the plane to Milan, only to have Owen sit down beside her and tell her that he can sail anywhere, while there is only one Jane. Grayson arrives at the airport, too late to get on the plane to Milan.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (June 20, 2011). "Return of Lifetime's 'Drop Dead Diva' Becomes Series' Most-Watched Season Premiere in Key Demographics". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (June 28, 2011). "Sunday Cable Ratings: More 'True Blood' & 'Falling Skies,' + 'Kardashians,' 'Law & Order: CI,' 'The Glades' and Much More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (July 12, 2011). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Bounces Back, 'Falling Skies' Steady + Women's World Cup, 'In Plain Sight,' 'The Glades' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (July 19, 2011). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Slips , 'Falling Skies' Steady + 'Breaking Bad,' 'Leverage,' 'In Plain Sight,' 'The Glades' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (July 26, 2011). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Rises, 'Falling Skies' Steady + Kardashians, 'Entourage,' 'Breaking Bad,' 'Leverage,' 'The Glades' & Much More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (August 2, 2011). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood,' Shark Week , 'Falling Skies,' 'In Plain Sight,' 'Breaking Bad,' 'Leverage,' & Much More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sunday Cable Ratings: ‘True Blood,’ Kardashians, ‘Falling Skies,’ ‘In Plain Sight,’ ‘Breaking Bad,’ & Much More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011-08-09. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
Jump up ^ "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Rises, Leads Night + Kardashians, 'Entourage,' 'Leverage,' 'Breaking Bad,' & Much More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011-08-16. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (August 23, 2011). "Sunday Cable: 'True Blood,' 'Kardashians,' 'Entourage' Lead + 'Breaking Bad,' 'Glee Project' & Much More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Rises, Leads Night + Kardashians, 'Entourage,' 'Leverage,' 'Breaking Bad,' & Much More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011-08-30. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
Jump up ^ "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Rises, Leads Night + Kardashians, 'Entourage,' 'Leverage,' 'Breaking Bad,' & Much More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011-09-07. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
Jump up ^ "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Rises, Leads Night + Kardashians, 'Entourage,' 'Leverage,' 'Breaking Bad,' & Much More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011-09-20. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
Jump up ^ "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Rises, Leads Night + Kardashians, 'Entourage,' 'Leverage,' 'Breaking Bad,' & Much More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
External links[edit]
Drop Dead Diva on Lifetime
Drop Dead Diva on IMDb
Drop Dead Diva at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
e
Drop Dead Diva
Episodes
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Season 4
Season 5
Season 6
Related
Official soundtrack
List of characters
Korean remake
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text:
Shanhai Pass
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Shanhaiguan" redirects here. For the administrative district, see Shanhaiguan District.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Coordinates: 40°00′33.71″N 119°45′14.92″E / 40.0093639°N 119.7541444°E / 40.0093639; 119.7541444
Shanhai Pass
The "First Pass Under Heaven" plaque on Shanhaiguan's main gate
Traditional Chinese
山海關
Literal meaning
"Mountain and Sea Pass"
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Shānhǎi Guān
Wade–Giles
Shan Hai Kuan
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping
saan1 hoi2 gwaan1
Shanhai Pass, known in Chinese as Shanhaiguan (Chinese: 山海關; pinyin: Shānhǎiguān; formerly Shan-hai-kwan or Shan-hai-kuan), also called Yu Pass (Chinese: 榆關; pinyin: Yúguān), is one of the major passes in the Great Wall of China. The words "First Pass Under Heaven" (Chinese: 天下第一關; pinyin: Tiānxià Dìyī Guān) are engraved above one of the gates, and so the site is also known by that name. It is located in Shanhaiguan District, Qinhuangdao, Hebei province.
In 1961, the pass became a National Cultural Site of China. It is a popular tourist destination given its situation at the eastern end of the main line of the Ming Dynasty Great Wall. The location where the wall meets the Bohai Sea is nicknamed "Old Dragon's Head" (老龍頭). The pass lies nearly 300 kilometres (190 mi) east of Beijing and is linked via the Jingshen Expressway that runs northeastward to Shenyang.
Throughout Chinese history, the pass served as a frontline defense against ethnic groups from Manchuria, including the Khitan, Jurchen and the Manchus.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Battle of Shanhai Pass
1.2 Later history
2 Structure
3 See also
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 External links
History[edit]
Located south of Yan Mountain, and north of the Bohai Sea, for centuries the pass guarded the narrow passage between Northeast and Central East China. Both the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty constructed passes here. In 1381, Ming general Xu Da constructed the present pass, which was named Shanhaiguan (literally "mountain-sea-pass") because of its position between the mountains and the sea. In the late 16th century, Ming general Qi Jiguang began fortification and construction of a military city around the pass, building cities and forts to the east, south and north, making it one of the most heavily fortified passes in China. Today it is one of the best preserved passes in the Great Wall.
Battle of Shanhai Pass[edit]
Main article: Battle of Shanhai Pass
In 1644, Li Zicheng led a rebel army into the Ming dynasty capital of Beijing, marking the official end of the Ming dynasty. After occupying the capital, Li attempted to enlist the support of Ming general Wu Sangui, commander of the powerful Ningyuan garrison north of the Great Wall. Rather than submit to Li, Wu contacted the Manchu Qing dynasty, suggesting that they combine forces to drive the rebels from the capital. Dorgon, regent of the Qing, marched his army to Shanhai Pass to receive Wu's surrender. Together, Wu and the Manchus defeated Li Zicheng's army near the pass, and Li was forced to abandon the capital. The Qing victory enabled their army to enter Beijing unopposed, and established them as the dominant power in China.[1]
Later history[edit]
Shanhaiguan, painted by a passing traveler in 1900
During the Qing era, the Shanhai Pass, situated between Shenyang and Beijing, was referred to as the "Key to the Capitals". During the Republican era, as well as during the Eight-Nation Alliance and World War II, the pass witnessed many conflicts.
The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica noted:
SHANHAI-KWAN, a garrison town in the extreme east of the province of Chih-li, China. Pop. about 30,000. It is situated at the point where the range of hills carrying the Great Wall of China dips to the sea, leaving a kwon or pass of limited extent between China proper and Manchuria. It is thus an important military station, and the thoroughfare of trade between Manchuria and the great plain of China. The Imperial Northern railway from Tientsin and Taku, 174 m. from the former, runs through the pass, and skirts the shore of the Gulf of Liao-tung as far as the treaty port of Niu-chwang, where it connects with the railways leading from Port Arthur to the Siberian main line. The pass formed the southern limit of the Russian sphere of influence as defined in the convention between Great Britain and Russia of the 28th of April 1899.
In July 1900, 15,000 Japanese troops landed at Shanhai Pass, prior to marching on Peking to relieve the siege of the legations by the Boxers. A pre-landing bombardment of the area was unnecessary as few Chinese troops were present.[2] Inter-allied relations were dealt a blow when a drunken fracas occurred at the Shanhai Pass between Japanese and French troops. In the fighting three French and seven Japanese soldiers were killed, and five French and 12 Japanese were wounded.[3]
In November 1945, the North Eastern People's Liberation Army (PLA) attempted to hold Shanhaiguan against Guomindang forces attacking from the south. They sought to keep Chiang Kai-shek out of Manchuria. The PLA forces of 10,000 were under equipped and too few to defend the position and retreated to Siping.
Structure[edit]
The Shanhai Pass is where the Great Wall of China meets the ocean (at the Bohai Sea).
The Shanhai Pass is built as a square, with a perimeter of around 4 kilometres (2.5 mi). The walls reach a height of 14 metres (46 feet), and are 7 metres (23 feet) thick. The east, south and north sides are surrounded by a deep, wide moat with drawbridges over it. In the middle of the pass stands a tall bell tower.
All four sides of the Shanhai Pass once possessed a gate or mén (門), with the Zhèndōng Gate (鎮東門) in the east wall, the Yíng'ēn Gate (迎恩門) in the west, the Wàngyáng Gate (望洋門) in the south and the Wēiyuǎn Gate (威遠門) in the north. Due to lack of repairs over the centuries, only the Zhèndōng Gate remains today. This was the most important gate due to its position, which faces outside the pass towards Beijing.
See also[edit]
Lady Meng Jiang
Jiayu Pass
Juyong Pass
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985, pp. 290–318
Jump up ^ Straits Times, 18 July 1900, p.2
Jump up ^ Sydney Morning Herald, 19 July 1904 p.5
Bibliography[edit]
Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0520048040
External links[edit]
Shanhaiguan travel guide from Wikivoyage
Photos of Shanhaiguan
Great Wall of China Man made Object
Illustrated Atlas of Shanhai, Yongping, Jizhou, Miyun, Gubeikou, Huanghua Zhen and Other Areas
[show]
v
t
e
Great Wall of China
Yumen Pass
Yang Pass
Jiayu Pass
Yanmen Pass
Jumenbu
Niangzi Pass
Pingxing Pass
Dajingmen
Badaling
Juyong Pass (Cloud Platform)
Huanghuacheng
Jiankou (Beijing Knot)
Mutianyu
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