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2026 FIFA World Cup
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2026 FIFA World Cup
FIFA World Cup United 2026
Copa Mundial de la FIFA Unidos 2026
Coupe du Monde de la FIFA - Unis 2026
Bid logo
Tournament details
Host countries
United States
Canada
Mexico
Teams
48 (from 6 confederations)
Venue(s)
16 (in 16 host cities)
← 2022
2030 →
The 2026 FIFA World Cup (Spanish: Copa mundial de la FIFA de 2026; French: Coupe du monde de la FIFA de 2026) will be the 23rd FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international men's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA. The tournament will be jointly hosted by 16 cities in three North American countries; 60 matches, including the quarterfinals, semi-finals, and the final, will be hosted by the United States while neighboring Canada and Mexico will each host 10 matches. The tournament will be the first hosted by three nations.[1][2]
The United 2026 bid beat a rival bid by Morocco during a final vote at the 68th FIFA Congress in Moscow. It will be the first World Cup since South Korea/Japan in 2002 that will be hosted by more than one nation. With its past hosting of the 1970 and 1986 tournaments, Mexico will also become the first country to host all or part of three men's World Cups.
The 2026 World Cup will also see the tournament expanded from 32 to 48 teams.[3]
Contents
1 Format
1.1 Slot allocation
1.1.1 Playoff tournament
1.2 Host selection
1.2.1 Voting
2 Qualification
3 Candidate cities and venues
3.1 Canada
3.2 Mexico
3.3 United States
4 Controversies
5 Broadcasting rights
6 References
Format[edit]
Michel Platini, who was then the UEFA president, had suggested in October 2013 an expansion of the tournament to 40 teams,[4][5] an idea that FIFA president Gianni Infantino also suggested in March 2016.[6] A desire to increase the number of participants in the tournament from the previous 32 team format was announced on 4 October 2016. Four expansion options were considered:[7][8][9][10]
Expand to 40 teams (8 groups of 5 teams) – 88 matches
Expand to 40 teams (10 groups of 4 teams) – 76 matches
Expand to 48 teams (opening 32-team playoff round) – 80 matches
Expand to 48 teams (16 groups of 3 teams) – 80 matches
On 10 January 2017, the FIFA Council voted unanimously to expand to a 48-team tournament.[3]
The tournament will open with a group stage consisting of 16 groups of three teams, with the top two teams progressing from each group to a knockout tournament starting with a round of 32 teams.[11] The number of games played overall will increase from 64 to 80, but the number of games played by finalists remains at seven, the same as with 32 teams, but one group match will be replaced by a knockout match. The tournament will also be completed within 32 days, the same as previous 32-team tournaments.[12]
The European Club Association and its member clubs opposed the proposal for expansion, saying that the number of games was already at an "unacceptable" level and they urged the governing body to reconsider its idea of increasing the number of teams that qualify.[13] They contended that it was a decision taken for political reasons because Infantino would thus satisfy his electorate, rather than for sporting reasons.[14] Liga de Fútbol Profesional president Javier Tebas agreed, affirming the unacceptability of the new format. He told Marca that the football industry is maintained thanks to clubs and leagues, not FIFA, and that Infantino did politics because to be elected he promised more countries in the World Cup; he wanted to keep the electoral promises.[15] German national team coach Joachim Löw warned that expansion, as had occurred for Euro 2016, would dilute the value of the world tournament because players have already reached their physical and mental limit.[16] Another criticism of the new format is that with three-team groups, the risk of collusion between the two teams playing in the last round of the group stage will increase compared with four-team groups (where simultaneous kick-offs have been employed). One suggestion by president Infantino is that group matches that end in draws will be decided by penalty shootouts.[17]
Slot allocation[edit]
On 30 March 2017, the Bureau of the FIFA Council (composed of the FIFA president and the presidents of each of the six confederations) proposed a slot allocation for the 2026 FIFA World Cup. The recommendation was submitted for the ratification by the FIFA Council.[18][19]
On 9 May 2017, two days before the 67th FIFA Congress, the FIFA Council approved the slot allocation in a meeting in Manama, Bahrain. It includes an intercontinental playoff tournament involving six teams to decide the last two FIFA World Cup berths.[20]
Confederation
FIFA eligible members
Places in finals
(including hosts)
Percentage of members
with places in finals
Places before 2026
(excluding hosts,
including half-places)
AFC 46 8 17% 4.5
CAF 54 9 17% 5
CONCACAF 35 6 17% 3.5
CONMEBOL 10 6 60% 4.5
OFC 11 1 9% 0.5
UEFA 55 16 29% 13
Playoff – 2 33% –
Total
211
48
23%
31 (+ hosts)
The issue of how to allocate automatic host country qualification given that there are multiple host countries has not yet been resolved and will be decided by the FIFA council.[18][20][21] The United bid anticipated all three host countries being awarded automatic places.[22]
The ratification of slot allocation gives OFC a guaranteed berth in the final tournament for the first time in FIFA World Cup history. The 2026 FIFA World Cup will be the first tournament in which all six confederations have guaranteed berths.
Playoff tournament[edit]
A playoff tournament involving six teams will be held to decide the last two FIFA World Cup berths,[18] consisting of one team per confederation (except for UEFA) and one additional team from the confederation of the host country (i.e. CONCACAF).
Two of the teams will be seeded based on the FIFA World Rankings, and the seeded teams will play for a FIFA World Cup berth against the winners of the first two knockout games involving the four unseeded teams.
The tournament is to be played in the host country(ies) and to be used as a test event for the FIFA World Cup. The existing playoff window of November 2025 has been suggested as a tentative date for the 2026 edition.
Host selection[edit]
Main articles: Morocco 2026 FIFA World Cup bid and United 2026 FIFA World Cup bid
Map of the World with the six confederations
The FIFA Council went back and forth between 2013 and 2017 on limitations within hosting rotation based on the continental confederations. Originally, it was set that bids to be host would not be allowed from countries belonging to confederations that hosted the two preceding tournaments. It was temporarily changed to only prohibit countries belonging to the confederation that hosted the previous World Cup from bidding to host the following tournament,[23] before the rule was changed back to its prior state of two World Cups. However, the FIFA Council did make an exception to potentially grant eligibility to member associations of the confederation of the second-to-last host of the FIFA World Cup in the event that none of the received bids fulfill the strict technical and financial requirements.[24][25] In March 2017, FIFA president Gianni Infantino confirmed that "Europe (UEFA) and Asia (AFC) are excluded from the bidding following the selection of Russia and Qatar in 2018 and 2022 respectively."[26] Therefore, the 2026 World Cup could be hosted by one of the remaining four confederations: CONCACAF (last hosted in 1994), CAF (last hosted in 2010), CONMEBOL (last hosted in 2014), or OFC (never hosted before), or potentially by UEFA in case no bid from those four met the requirements.
After the selection, the map of world cup hosts stayed like this. Remember that some city locations may be wrong
Co-hosting the FIFA World Cup—which had been banned by FIFA after the 2002 World Cup—was approved for the 2026 World Cup, though not limited to a specific number but instead evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Also by 2026, the FIFA general secretariat, after consultation with the Competitions Committee, will have the power to exclude bidders who do not meet the minimum technical requirements to host the competition.[24]
Canada, Mexico and the United States had all publicly considered bidding for the tournament separately, but the United joint bid was announced on 10 April 2017. The United bid contacted 48 venues in 43 cities (3 venues in 3 cities in Mexico, 8 venues in 6 cities in Canada and 37 venues in 34 cities in the United States). This bid was ultimately cut down to 23 venues in 23 cities (3 in Canada, 3 in Mexico and 17 in the United States; the American venues will be cut down to 10 for a total of 16 venues for the tournament). Morocco announced its bid in August 2017, and had 14 proposed venues in 12 cities.
Voting results:
Allowed to vote
Banned from voting
Voted for United bid
Canada/Mexico/United States
Voted for Moroccan bid
Morocco
Voted for neither
Sanctioned by FIFA
Abstained from voting
Not a FIFA member
Voting[edit]
Main article: 2026 FIFA World Cup bids
The voting took place on 13 June 2018, during FIFA's annual congress in Moscow, and it was reopened to all eligible members.[27] The United bid won receiving 134 valid ballots, while the Morocco bid received 65 valid ballots. Upon the selection, Canada becomes the fifth country to host both men's and women's World Cup—the latter was in 2015, Mexico becomes the first country to host three men's World Cups—previously in 1970 and 1986, and the United States becomes the first country to host both men's and women's World Cup twice each—having hosted the 1994 men's and the 1999 and 2003 women's World Cups.
Qualification[edit]
The 2026 World Cup's qualification process has yet to be decided. The FIFA Council is expected to decide which hosts, if any, will receive automatic qualifications to the tournament.[18][20][21] The United Bid personnel anticipated that all three host countries would be awarded automatic places.[22]
Candidate cities and venues[edit]
During the bidding process, there were 49 venues in 43 cities contacted to be part of the bid. 41 cities with 45 venues responded and submitted to be part of the bid (3 venues in 3 cities in Mexico, 8 venues in 6 cities in Canada and 38 venues in 34 cities in the United States). A first round elimination cut 9 venues and 9 cities, then a second round elimination cut 9 venues in 6 cities, reducing the total number to 23 venues, each in their own city or metropolitan area. The 23 candidate cities and venues will be narrowed down to 16 in 2020 or 2021 (3 in Canada, 3 in Mexico, and 10 in the United States):
A denotes a stadium used for previous men's World Cup tournaments (United States and Mexico only)
A denotes an indoor stadium with a fixed or retractable roof.
Canada[edit]
Montreal[28]
Edmonton[28]
Toronto[28]
Olympic Stadium Commonwealth Stadium BMO Field
Capacity: 61,004
(Bid book capacity: 55,822)
(Expandable to 73,000) Capacity: 56,302
(Bid book capacity: 56,418) Capacity: 30,000
(Expanding to 45,500 for tournament)
Edmonton
Montreal
Toronto
Canadian candidate cities
Mexico[edit]
Mexico City[28]
Monterrey[28]
Guadalajara[28]
Estadio Azteca Estadio BBVA Bancomer Estadio Akron
Capacity: 87,523 Capacity: 53,500
(Bid book capacity: 53,460) Capacity: 46,232
(Bid book capacity: 48,071)
Mexico City
Monterrey
Guadalajara
Mexican candidate cities
United States[edit]
Los Angeles[28]
New York City[28]
Washington, D.C.[28]
Dallas[28]
Rose Bowl
(Pasadena, California) MetLife Stadium
(East Rutherford, New Jersey) FedExField
(Landover, Maryland) AT&T Stadium
(Arlington, Texas)
Capacity: 92,000
(Bid book capacity: 88,432) Capacity: 82,500
(Bid book capacity: 87,157) Capacity: 82,000
(Bid book capacity: 70,249) Capacity: 80,000
(Bid book capacity: 92,967)
(expandable to 100,000)
Kansas City[28]
Denver[28]
Houston[28]
Baltimore[28]
Arrowhead Stadium Broncos Stadium at Mile High NRG Stadium M&T Bank Stadium
Capacity: 76,416
(Bid book capacity: 76,640) Capacity: 76,125
(Bid book capacity: 77,595) Capacity: 71,795
(Bid book capacity: 72,220) Capacity: 71,006
(Bid book capacity: 70,976)
Atlanta[28]
Atlanta
Baltimore
Boston
Cincinnati
Dallas
Denver
Houston
Kansas City
Los Angeles
Miami
Nashville
New York City
Orlando
Philadelphia
San Francisco Bay Area
Seattle
Washington, D.C.
United States candidate cities
Mercedes-Benz Stadium
Capacity: 71,000
(Bid book capacity: 75,000)
(expandable to 83,000)
Philadelphia[28]
Nashville[28]
Seattle[28]
San Francisco Bay Area[28]
Lincoln Financial Field Nissan Stadium CenturyLink Field Levi's Stadium
(Santa Clara, California)
Capacity: 69,176
(Bid book capacity: 69,328) Capacity: 69,143
(Bid book capacity: 69,722)
(expandable to 75,000) Capacity: 69,000
(expandable to 72,000) Capacity: 68,500
(Bid book capacity: 70,909)
(expandable to 75,000)
Boston[28]
Cincinnati[28]
Miami[28]
Orlando[28]
Gillette Stadium
(Foxborough, Massachusetts) Paul Brown Stadium Hard Rock Stadium
(Miami Gardens, Florida) Camping World Stadium
Capacity: 65,878
(Bid book capacity: 70,000) Capacity: 65,515
(Bid book capacity: 67,402) Capacity: 64,767
(Bid book capacity: 67,518) Capacity: 60,219
(Bid book capacity: 65,000)
Controversies[edit]
FIFA president Gianni Infantino criticized the U.S. travel ban on several Muslim-majority nations. Infantino said, "When it comes to FIFA competitions, any team, including the supporters and officials of that team, who qualify for a World Cup need to have access to the country, otherwise there is no World Cup. That is obvious."[29]
However, assurances were later given by the government that there would be no such discrimination.[30][31]
U.S. President Donald Trump threatened the countries that intended to support the Morocco bid to host the 2026 World Cup, tweeting: "The US has put together a STRONG bid w/ Canada & Mexico for the 2026 World Cup. It would be a shame if countries that we always support were to lobby against the U.S. bid. Why should we be supporting these countries when they don’t support us (including at the United Nations)?"[32]
Broadcasting rights[edit]
Canada – CTV, TSN, RDS[33][34]
United States – Fox, Telemundo[35]
On 12 February 2015, Fox and Telemundo's rights to the tournament were renewed by FIFA to cover 2026, without accepting any other bids. The New York Times believed that this decision was designed as compensation for the rescheduling of the 2022 World Cup to later in the year, which falls during the heart of the U.S. National Football League regular season.[36][37]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "World Cup 2026: Canada, US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament". BBC. 13 June 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Carlise, Jeff (10 April 2017). "U.S., neighbors launch 2026 World Cup bid". ESPN. Archived from the original on 11 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Unanimous decision expands FIFA World Cup™ to 48 teams from 2026". FIFA. 10 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Michel Platini calls for 40-team World Cup starting with Russia 2018". The Guardian. 28 October 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "BBC Sport — Michel Platini's World Cup expansion plan unlikely — Fifa". BBC Sport. 29 October 2013. Archived from the original on 21 April 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Infantino suggests 40-team World Cup finals". Independent Online. South Africa: IOL. Reuters. 30 March 2016. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "New Fifa chief backs 48-team World Cup". HeraldLIVE. 7 October 2016. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. It's an idea, just as the World Cup with 40 teams is already on the table with groups of four or five teams.
Jump up ^ "Fifa's 5 options for a 2026 World Cup of 48, 40 or 32 teams". Yahoo! Sports. Associated Press. 23 December 2016. Archived from the original on 10 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "FIFA World Cup format proposals" (PDF). FIFA. 19 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Federations 'overwhelmingly in favour' of 48-team World Cup – Infantino". ESPN. 28 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Fifa approves Infantino's plan to expand World Cup to 48 teams from 2026". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "World Cup: Gianni Infantino defends tournament expansion to 48 teams". BBC Sport. 10 January 2017. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "World Cup: Europe's top clubs oppose FIFA's expansion plans". CNN. 15 December 2016. Archived from the original on 24 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Críticas a decisión de la FIFA de jugar el Mundial 2026 con 48 selecciones". El Universo (in Spanish). Agence France-Presse. 10 January 2017. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mundial de 48 equipos: durísimas críticas en Europa". Clarín (in Spanish). 10 January 2017. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Low confirms opposition to 40-team World Cup". sbs.com.au. Australian Associated Press. 2 October 2016. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016.
Jump up ^ George Flood (10 January 2017). "How 48-team World Cup in 2026 will work and what is left to be decided". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 11 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Bureau of the Council recommends slot allocation for the 2026 FIFA World Cup". FIFA. 30 March 2017. Archived from the original on 9 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "World Cup 2026: Fifa reveals allocation for 48-team tournament". BBC. 30 March 2017. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "FIFA Council prepares Congress, takes key decisions for the future of the FIFA World Cup™". FIFA. 9 May 2017. Archived from the original on 18 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "World Cup 2026: Canada, US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament". BBC Sport. 13 June 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "United 2026 bid book" (PDF). Retrieved 13 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Current allocation of FIFA World Cup™ confederation slots maintained". FIFA. 30 May 2015. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "FIFA Council discusses vision for the future of football". FIFA. 14 October 2016. Archived from the original on 17 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "FIFA blocks Europe from hosting 2026 World Cup, lifting Canada's chances". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Associated Press. 14 October 2016. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Trump travel ban could prevent United States hosting World Cup". The Guardian. 9 March 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2018/jun/13/world-cup-2026-vote-fifa-nations-choose-between-north-america-and-morocco-live
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "United 2026 bid book" (PDF). united2026.com. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Donald Trump travel ban could prevent USA from hosting 2026 World Cup". The Independent. 9 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Davis, Scott. "Anti-Trump sentiments around the world could reportedly cost the US a chance to host the 2026 World Cup". Business Insider.
Jump up ^ "U.S. offers assurances over 2026 World Cup". ESPN. Associated Press. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Donald Trump issues warning to other countries over voting against US 2026 World Cup bid". The Independent. 27 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Sandomir, Richard (12 February 2015). "Fox and Telemundo to Show World Cup Through 2026 as FIFA Extends Contracts"". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "FIFA extending TV deals through 2026 World Cup with CTV, TSN and RDS". The Globe and Mail. 12 February 2015. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Parker, Ryan. "2026 World Cup TV rights awarded without bids; ESPN 'surprised'" Archived 3 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine.. Los Angeles Times. 13 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "FIFA grants Fox, Telemundo U.S. TV rights for World Cup through 2026". SI.com. 12 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Why FIFA Made Deal With Fox for 2026 Cup". The New York Times. 26 February 2015.
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text:
Bring It On: Fight to the Finish
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bring It On: Fight to the Finish
DVD cover
Directed by
Bille Woodruff
Produced by
David Brookwell
Sean McNamara
David Buelow
Written by
Alyson Fouse
Elena Song
Starring
Christina Milian
Rachele Brooke Smith
Cody Longo
Vanessa Born
Gabrielle Dennis
Holland Roden
Music by
Andrew Gross
Cinematography
David Claessen
Edited by
Michael Jablow
Richard Halsey
Production
company
Brookwell McNamara Entertainment
Beacon Pictures
Distributed by
Universal Studios Home Entertainment
Release date
September 1, 2009 (2009-09-01)
Running time
102 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Bring It On: Fight to the Finish is a 2009 teen comedy film starring Christina Milian, Rachele Brooke Smith, Cody Longo, Vanessa Born, Gabrielle Dennis and Holland Roden.[1] Directed by Bille Woodruff and the fifth installment in the series of stand-alone films starting with the 2000 film Bring It On.[1] The film was released direct-to-video on DVD and Blu-ray on September 1, 2009.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Soundtrack track listing
5 Marketing
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Lina Cruz is a tough, sharp-witted cheerleader from East L.A. who transfers to Malibu Vista High School after her widowed mother remarries a wealthy man. Lina not only finds herself a fish-out-of-water at her new high school, she also faces off against Avery, the snobbish and ultra-competitive All-Star cheerleading Captain who leads her own squad, 'The Jaguars' after the high school squad, 'The Sea Lions', did not vote for her to be Captain.
After Lina upsets Sky, her stepsister, she is forced to join The Sea Lions by her mother. She goes into the school stadium to check them out and finds Evan, a basketball player who is also her crush, practicing hoops. He is also Avery's younger brother. Lina impresses Evan, and The Sea Lions vote her Captain. When Lina is Captain, Gloria, her friend from East L.A, is called to help her out.
After a team member from the Sea Lions quits, Lina calls her other friend, Treyvonetta ("Trey") to come and help her out. At a basketball game, the Sea Lions go on and perform, but a fall takes place, so The Jaguars, led by Avery, are there and save them from their misery. Lina calls for back up and takes the Sea Lions to an impromptu flavor school to work on their movements. She later meets Evan waiting for her there, and Victor, Gloria's boyfriend, befriends him.
The next day, Lina comes up with the idea of The Sea Lions competing in the All Star Championship. After the team agrees to double up their practices, The Sea Lions are invited to a Rodeo Drive Divas (RDD) party. Following Sea Lion practice, Gloria and Trey are expelled when Avery goes to the principal and gets Lina in trouble for sneaking them in without approval. Lina refuses to go to the dance, but is confronted by Sky. Evan takes Lina as his date to the party, where Gloria and Trey turn up. Lina and Avery proceed to have a dance off. Lina wins the dance off, and Avery tells her that she does not belong in Malibu using multiple racial slurs. Lina, angered, runs off the dance floor and outside, where Evan follows her. There she breaks up with Evan, sends for Gloria to take her back to East L.A, and quits being Captain of The Sea Lions.
There, Lina is confronted by Gloria and Trey, so she stays at Malibu and becomes Captain of The Sea Lions again. The next day at school, half of the Sea Lions squad quits because of Lina's routines and practices. Avery and Kayla approach Lina, Christina, and Sky to tell them that they are dreaming if they think they have a chance at winning the Spirit Championship. Sky loses her temper and tells them to back off, otherwise a fight would start.
Lina then goes on a field trip to East L.A with the remaining Sea Lions, where Gloria has persuaded a gym to sponsor the Sea Lions and some of the members of The East L.A. Rough Riders as an All Star squad. By combining the Sea Lions and the Rough Riders, they become The Dream Team. The next day after practice, while Lina is at her locker talking with Sky and Christina, Evan kisses her and tells her exactly how he feels in front of a crowd in the hallway that is recording the entire scene. They get back together, and Lina and her team make it to the final round of the All Star Championship and end up defeating The Jaguars, after which Avery breaks down. Evan comforts her but motions a "call me" signal to Lina over Avery's shoulder. The film ends with Lina taking a picture with Trey, Gloria and Sky, claiming all of them as her cheer sisters.
Cast[edit]
Christina Milian as Catalina "Lina" Cruz
Rachele Brooke Smith as Avery Whitbourne
Cody Longo as Evan Whitbourne
Vanessa Born as Gloria
Gabrielle Dennis as Treyvonetta (Trey)
Holland Roden as Sky
Nikki SooHoo as Christina
Meagan Holder as Kayla
Laura Cerón as Isabel Cruz
David Starzyk as Henry
Brandon Gonzales as Victor
Giuliana Rancic as Herself
Prima J as Themselves
Production [edit]
The movie was filmed at locations around Malibu. The field shots were filmed at Occidental College, in western Los Angeles County. The spirit championships were filmed at Glendale Community College in Glendale, California and California State University Northridge in Northridge, California.
Soundtrack track listing[edit]
This was the only film in the series other than the first to actually have a soundtrack album released - via Arsenal Records on September 15, 2009.
I Gotta Get to You - Christina Milian (4:05)
Popular - The Veronicas (2:42)
Corazon (You're Not Alone) - Prima J (3:04)
Bounce - Fizz & Boog (3:59)
Get It Girl - World's First (3:59)
Whine Up (Johnny Vicious Spanish Mix) - Kat Deluna (3:18)
Whoa Oh! (Me vs. Everyone) - Forever the Sickest Kids (3:25)
Dale - L.A. Rouge (2:27)
Mueve La Caderas - Andrew Gross (1:03)
Viva La Celebration - Andrew Gross (1:45)
Marketing [edit]
American Cheerleader Magazine had an interview and photo shoot with cast members Christina Milian, Cody Longo, Vanessa Born, Rachele Brooke Smith and Gabrielle Dennis, which can be seen in the August 2009 issue. Christina Milian is also on the cover of American Cheerleader Magazine's August 2009 issue.[citation needed]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b DVD Verdict
Jump up ^ Thehdroom.com
External links[edit]
Bring It On: Fight to the Finish on IMDb
[show]
v
t
e
Bring It On
Films
Bring It On (2000)
Again (2004)
All or Nothing (2006)
In It to Win It (2007)
Fight to the Finish (2009)
Worldwide #Cheersmack (2017)
Musical
Bring It On: The Musical
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Bille Woodruff
Honey (2003)
Beauty Shop (2005)
Bring It On: Fight to the Finish (2009)
Honey 2 (2011)
Rags (2012)
Addicted (2014)
Drumline: A New Beat (2014)
The Perfect Match (2016)
Honey 3: Dare to Dance (2016)
Honey: Rise Up and Dance (2018)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bring_It_On:_Fight_to_the_Finish&oldid=819332282"
Categories:
2009 films
English-language films
2009 direct-to-video films
American films
American comedy films
Direct-to-video comedy films
Direct-to-video sequel films
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films set in Los Angeles
Teen comedy films
Cheerleading films
Bring It On (film series)
Films directed by Bille Woodruff
Beacon Pictures films
Universal Pictures direct-to-video films
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text:
List of missions to Mars
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Mars and its moons have been a target for many spacecraft, with flyby, orbiter, lander and rover missions visiting the planet.[1][2] In addition, two spacecraft, Rosetta and Dawn, have made flybys to get gravity assists for other missions; the former en route to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, and the latter en route to asteroid 4 Vesta and dwarf planet Ceres. Three missions were dedicated to Phobos, but they did not achieve their targets
Contents
[hide]
1 Missions
2 Locations of selected Mars landers and rovers
3 Future missions
3.1 In development
3.2 Proposals
4 Missions to the moons of Mars
5 See also
6 References
Missions[edit]
Spacecraft
Launch Date
Operator
Mission[1]
Outcome[3]
Remarks
Carrier rocket[2]
1M No.1 000000001960-10-10-000010 October 1960 OKB-1
Soviet Union Flyby 0Launch failure Failed to orbit Molniya
1M No.2 000000001960-10-14-000014 October 1960 OKB-1
Soviet Union Flyby 0Launch failure Failed to orbit Molniya
2MV-4 No.1 000000001962-10-24-000024 October 1962 Soviet Union Flyby 0Launch failure Booster stage ("Block L") disintegrated in LEO Molniya
Mars 1
(2MV-4 No.2) 000000001962-11-01-00001 November 1962 Soviet Union Flyby 1Spacecraft failure Communications lost before flyby Molniya
2MV-3 No.1 000000001962-11-04-00004 November 1962 Soviet Union Lander 0Launch failure Never left LEO Molniya
Mariner 3 000000001964-11-05-00005 November 1964 NASA
United States Flyby 0Launch failure Payload fairing failed to separate Atlas LV-3 Agena-D
Mariner 4 000000001964-11-28-000028 November 1964 NASA
United States Flyby 4Successful Closest approach at 01:00:57 UTC on 15 July 1965 Atlas LV-3 Agena-D
Zond 2
(3MV-4A No.2) 000000001964-11-30-000030 November 1964 Soviet Union Flyby 1Spacecraft failure Communications lost before flyby Molniya
Mariner 6 000000001969-02-25-000025 February 1969 NASA
United States Flyby 4Successful Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
2M No.521 000000001969-03-27-000027 March 1969 Soviet Union Orbiter 0Launch failure Failed to orbit Proton-K/D
Mariner 7 000000001969-03-27-000027 March 1969 NASA
United States Flyby 4Successful Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
2M No.522 000000001969-04-02-00002 April 1969 Soviet Union Orbiter 0Launch failure Failed to orbit Proton-K/D
Mariner 8 000000001971-05-09-00009 May 1971 NASA
United States Orbiter 0Launch failure Failed to orbit Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
Kosmos 419
(3MS No.170) 000000001971-05-10-000010 May 1971 Soviet Union Orbiter 0Launch failure Never left LEO; booster stage burn timer set incorrectly Proton-K/D
Mars 2
(4M No.171) 000000001971-05-19-000019 May 1971 Soviet Union Orbiter 3Mostly successful Entered orbit 27 November 1971, operated for 362 orbits. Mapping operations unsuccessful due to dust storms on the surface[4] Proton-K/D
Mars 2 lander
(SA 4M No.171) 000000001971-05-19-000019 May 1971 Soviet Union Lander 1Spacecraft failure Deployed from Mars 2, failed to land during attempt on 27 November 1971 Proton-K/D
Mars 3
(4M No.172) 000000001971-05-28-000028 May 1971 Soviet Union Orbiter 3Mostly successful Entered orbit 2 December 1971, operated for 20 orbits.[5] Mapping operations unsuccessful due to dust storms on the surface[6] Proton-K/D
Mars 3 lander
(SA 4M No.172) 000000001971-05-28-000028 May 1971 Soviet Union Lander 2Partial failure Deployed from Mars 3; landed at 13:52 UTC on 2 December 1971; contact lost 14.5 seconds after transmission start Proton-K/D
Prop-M Rover rover
(SA 4M No.172) 000000001971-05-28-000028 May 1971 Soviet Union Rover 1Spacecraft failure Failed to deploy Proton-K/D
Mariner 9 000000001971-05-30-000030 May 1971 NASA
United States Orbiter 4Successful[7] Entered orbit on 14 November 1971, deactivated 516 days after entering orbit Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
Mars 4
(3MS No.52S) 000000001973-07-21-000021 July 1973 Soviet Union Orbiter 1Spacecraft failure Failed to perform orbital insertion burn Proton-K/D
Mars 5
(3MS No.53S) 000000001973-07-25-000025 July 1973 Soviet Union Orbiter 2Partial failure Failed after 9 days in Mars orbit; returned 180 frames Proton-K/D
Mars 6
(3MP No.50P) 000000001973-08-05-00005 August 1973 Soviet Union Lander
Flyby 1Spacecraft failure Contact lost upon landing, atmospheric data mostly unreadable. Flyby bus collected data.[8] Proton-K/D
Mars 7
(3MP No.51P) 000000001973-08-09-00009 August 1973 Soviet Union Lander
Flyby 1Spacecraft failure Separated from coast stage prematurely, failed to enter Martian atmosphere Proton-K/D
Viking 1 orbiter 000000001975-08-20-000020 August 1975 NASA
United States Orbiter 4Successful Operated for 1385 orbits Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
Viking 1 lander 000000001975-08-20-000020 August 1975 NASA
United States Lander 4Successful Deployed from Viking 1 orbiter, operated for 2245 sols Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
Viking 2 orbiter 000000001975-09-09-00009 September 1975 NASA
United States Orbiter 4Successful Operated for 700 orbits Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
Viking 2 lander 000000001975-09-09-00009 September 1975 NASA
United States Lander 4Successful Deployed from Viking 2 orbiter, operated for 1281 sols Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
Phobos 1
(1F No.101) 000000001988-07-07-00007 July 1988 Soviet Union Orbiter
Phobos lander 1Spacecraft failure Communications lost before reaching Mars; failed to enter orbit Proton-K/D-2
Phobos 2
(1F No.102) 000000001988-07-12-000012 July 1988 Soviet Union Orbiter
Phobos lander 2Partial failure Orbital observations successful, communications lost before landing Proton-K/D-2
Mars Observer 000000001992-09-25-000025 September 1992 NASA
United States Orbiter 1Spacecraft failure Lost communications before orbital insertion Commercial Titan III
Mars Global Surveyor 000000001996-11-07-00007 November 1996 NASA
United States Orbiter 4Successful Operated for seven years Delta II 7925
Mars 96
(M1 No.520) 000000001996-11-16-000016 November 1996 Rosaviakosmos
Russia Orbiter
Penetrators 0Launch failure Never left LEO Proton-K/D-2
Mars Pathfinder 000000001996-12-04-00004 December 1996 NASA
United States Lander 4Successful Landed at 19.13°N 33.22°W on 4 July 1997[9] Delta II 7925
Sojourner 000000001996-12-04-00004 December 1996 NASA
United States Rover 4Successful Operated for 84 days[10] Delta II 7925
Nozomi
(PLANET-B) 000000001998-07-03-00003 July 1998 ISAS
Japan Orbiter 1Spacecraft failure Ran out of fuel before reaching Mars M-V
Mars Climate Orbiter 000000001998-12-11-000011 December 1998 NASA
United States Orbiter 1Spacecraft failure Approached Mars too closely during orbit insertion attempt due to unit conversion error and burned up in the atmosphere Delta II 7425
Mars Polar Lander 000000001999-01-03-00003 January 1999 NASA
United States Lander 1Spacecraft failure Failed to land Delta II 7425
Deep Space 2 000000001999-01-03-00003 January 1999 NASA
United States Penetrator 1Spacecraft failure Deployed from MPL, no data returned Delta II 7425
Mars Odyssey 000000002001-04-07-00007 April 2001 NASA
United States Orbiter 5Operational Expected to remain operational until 2025. Delta II 7925
Mars Express 000000002003-06-02-00002 June 2003 ESA
Europe Orbiter 5Operational Enough fuel to remain operational until 2026. Soyuz-FG/Fregat
Beagle 2 000000002003-06-02-00002 June 2003 ESA
Europe Lander 1Lander failure Deployed from Mars Express. Successful landing, but two solar panels failed to deploy, obstructing its communications. Soyuz-FG/Fregat
Spirit
(MER-A) 000000002003-06-10-000010 June 2003 NASA
United States Rover 4Successful operated for 2208 sols Delta II 7925
Opportunity
(MER-B) 000000002003-07-08-00008 July 2003 NASA
United States Rover 5Operational Delta II 7925H
Rosetta 000000002004-03-02-00002 March 2004 ESA
Europe Gravity assist 4Successful Flyby in February 2007 en route to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko[11] Ariane 5G+
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 000000002005-08-12-000012 August 2005 NASA
United States Orbiter 5Operational Atlas V 401
Phoenix 000000002007-08-04-00004 August 2007 NASA
United States Lander 4Successful Delta II 7925
Dawn 000000002007-09-27-000027 September 2007 NASA
United States Gravity assist 4Successful Flyby in February 2009 en route to 4 Vesta and Ceres Delta II 7925H
Fobos-Grunt 000000002011-11-08-00008 November 2011 Roskosmos
Russia Orbiter
Phobos sample 1Spacecraft failure Never left LEO (intended to depart under own power) Zenit-2M
Yinghuo-1 000000002011-11-08-00008 November 2011 CNSA
PR China Orbiter 1Failure
Lost with Fobos-Grunt To have been deployed by Fobos-Grunt Zenit-2M
Curiosity
(Mars Science Laboratory) 000000002011-11-26-000026 November 2011 NASA
United States Rover 5Operational Atlas V 541
Mars Orbiter Mission
(Mangalyaan) 000000002013-11-05-00005 November 2013 ISRO
India Orbiter 5Operational Entered Mars orbit on 24 September 2014. Mission extended till 2020.[12] PSLV-XL
MAVEN 000000002013-11-18-000018 November 2013 NASA
United States Orbiter 5Operational Orbit insertion on September 22, 2014[13] Atlas V 401
ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter 000000002016-03-14-000014 March 2016 ESA/Roscosmos
Europe/Russia Orbiter 5Operational Proton-M/Briz-M
Schiaparelli EDM lander 000000002016-03-14-000014 March 2016 ESA
Europe Lander 1Partial failure Carried by the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. Lander crashed, but test declared successful.[14][15] Proton-M/Briz-M
Locations of selected Mars landers and rovers[edit]
Interactive imagemap of the global topography of Mars, overlain with locations of Mars landers and rovers (Red label = Rover; Blue label = Lander; bold red/blue = currently active). Hover your mouse to see the names of over 25 prominent geographic features, and click to link to them. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations, based on data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter on NASA's Mars Global Surveyor. Reds and pinks are higher elevation (+3 km to +8 km); yellow is 0 km; greens and blues are lower elevation (down to −8 km). Whites (>+12 km) and browns (>+8 km) are the highest elevations. Axes are latitude and longitude; Poles are not shown.
(See also: Mars map & Mars Memorials & Mars Memorials map) (view • discuss)
← Beagle 2 (2003)
Curiosity (2012) →
Deep Space 2 (1999) →
Mars 2 (1971) →
← Mars 3 (1971)
Mars 6 (1973) →
Polar Lander (1999) ↓
↑ Opportunity (2004)
← Phoenix (2008)
Schiaparelli EDM (2016) →
← Sojourner (1997)
Spirit (2004) ↑
Viking 1 (1976) →
Viking 2 (1976) →
There are a number of derelict orbiters around Mars whose location is not known precisely; there is a proposal to search for small moons, dust rings, and old orbiters with the Optical Navigation Camera on Mars Recon. Orbiter.[16] There should be 8 derelict Mars orbiters barring unforeseen events if they have not decayed as of 2016.[17] One example is Mariner 9, which entered Mars orbit in 1971 and is expected to remain in orbit until approximately 2022, when the spacecraft is projected to enter the Martian atmosphere and either burn up or crash into the planet's surface.[18] The Viking 1 orbiter is predicted not to decay until at least 2019.[19] One orbiter that is confirmed to have undergone Mars atmospheric entry is Mars Climate Orbiter.
(see also List of Mars orbiters)
Future missions[edit]
In development[edit]
Mission
Launch
Notes
Country or Space Agency
InSight May 5, 2018[20][21] Lander NASA, USA
Emirates Mars Mission July 2020[22][23][24] Orbiter[22] MBRSC, UAE
Mars 2020 July 2020 Rover NASA, USA
ExoMars 2020 July 2020[25] Lander, Rover ESA/ASE, EU
2020 Chinese Mars Mission July/August 2020[26] Orbiter, lander, rover CNSA, PRC
NICT Mars mission[27] July 2020[28] Orbiter NICT, ISSL, Japan
Mangalyaan 2[29] 2021-2022[30] Orbiter.
Optional: lander, rover. ISRO, India
Proposals[edit]
Mission
Launch
Notes
Country or Space Agency
NASA 2022 orbiter 2022 Telecomm orbiter[31] NASA, USA
Crewed mission to Mars[32] SpaceX, USA
2030[33] Sample return phase of the Chinese Mars exploration program CNSA, PRC
Mars One Orbiter, lander, rover, Human Colony Mars One, USA
2036[26] Crewed phase of the Chinese Mars exploration program CNSA, PRC
2040–45 Crewed phase of the Russian Mars exploration program[34] Роскосмос (Roscosmos), Russian Federation
Mars to Stay Settlement[citation needed] United States
Missions to the moons of Mars[edit]
Phobos' Stickney Crater
Deimos (lower left) and Phobos (lower right) compared with the asteroid 951 Gaspra
Phobos by Mars Global Surveyor in 1998[35]
Missions dedicated to explore the two moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos. Many missions to Mars have also included dedicated observations of the Moons, while this section is about missions focused solely on them. There have been three unsuccessful dedicated missions and many proposals. Because of the proximity of the Mars moons to Mars, any mission to them may also be considered a mission to Mars from some perspectives.
There have been at least three proposals in the United States Discovery Program, including PADME, PANDORA, and MERLIN.[36] The ESA has also considered a sample return mission, one of the latest known as Martian Moon Sample Return or MMSR, and it may use heritage from an asteroid sample return mission.[37]
In Japan, the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) is assessing a sample return mission to Phobos.[38][39] This mission is called MMX (Martian Moons Explorer)[40] and is proposed as a flagship Strategic Large Mission.[41] If funded, MMX will build on the expertise the Japanese Space Agency (JAXA) would gain through the Hayabusa 2 and SLIM missions.[42] As of January 2016, MMX is under review by JAXA, and is proposed to be launched in 2022.[39][43]
Proposal
Target
Reference
Aladdin Phobos and Deimos [44]
DSR Deimos [45]
Gulliver Deimos [46]
Hall Phobos and Deimos [47]
M-PADS Phobos and Deimos [48]
Merlin Phobos and Deimos [49]
MMSR (2011 ver.) Phobos or Deimos [37]
OSRIS-REx 2 Phobos or Deimos [50]
Pandora Phobos and Deimos [36]
PCROSS Phobos [51]
Phobos Surveyor Phobos [52]
PRIME Phobos [53]
Fobos-Grunt 2 Phobos [54]
Phootprint Phobos [55][56]
PADME Phobos and Deimos [57][58]
Martian Moons Explorer (MMX) Phobos [40]
Three missions to land on Phobos have been launched; the Phobos program in the late 1980s saw the launch of Fobos 1 and Fobos 2, while the Fobos-Grunt sample return mission was launched in 2011. None of these missions were successful: Fobos 1 failed en route to Mars, Fobos 2 failed shortly before landing, and Fobos-Grunt never left low Earth orbit.
Launched mission
Target
Reference
Phobos 1 Phobos
Phobos 2 Phobos
Fobos-Grunt Phobos
Missions sent to the Martian system have returned data on Phobos and Deimos and missions specifically dedicated to the moons are a subset of missions Mars that often include dedicated goals to acquire data about these moons. An example of this is the imaging campaigns by Mars Express of the Mars moons.
Osiris-Rex 2 was a proposal to make OR a double mission, with the other one collecting samples from the two Mars moons.[59] In 2012, it was stated that this mission would be the both quickest and least expensive way to get samples from the Moons.[60]
The 'Red Rocks Project', a part of Lockheed Martin's "Stepping stones to Mars" program, proposed to explore Mars robotically from Deimos.[61][62]
See also[edit]
Mars portal
Spaceflight portal
Artificial objects on Mars
Exploration of Mars
Manned mission to Mars
Mars Exploration Rover
Mars flyby
Mars landing
Mars rover
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Chronology of Mars Exploration. NASA. Retrieved on 2011-12-01.
^ Jump up to: a b Russian Space Web - Mars Missions
Jump up ^ "Pathfinder Rover Gets Its Name".
Jump up ^ "Missions to Mars". The Planetary Society.
Jump up ^ Perminov, V.G. (July 1999). The Difficult Road to Mars - A Brief History of Mars Exploration in the Soviet Union (PDF). NASA Headquarters History Division. pp. 34–60. ISBN 0-16-058859-6.
Jump up ^ Webster, Guy (April 11, 2013). "NASA Mars Orbiter Images May Show 1971 Soviet Lander". NASA. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Pyle, Rod (2012). Destination Mars. Prometheus Books. pp. 73–78. ISBN 978-1-61614-589-7. It was the first spacecraft to enter orbit around another world.
Jump up ^ NSSDC - Mars 6
Jump up ^ "Mars Pathfinder Science Results". NASA.
Jump up ^ Mars Pathfinder - Welcome to Mars - Sol 86
Jump up ^ "ESA - Beautiful new images from Rosetta's approach to Mars: OSIRIS UPDATE". Esa.int. 2007-02-24. Retrieved 2012-01-16.
Jump up ^ http://www.deccanherald.com/content/595344/isro-mars-orbiter-mission-life.html
Jump up ^ Brown, Dwayne; Neal-Jones, Nancy; Zubritsky, Elizabeth (September 21, 2014). "NASA's Newest Mars Mission Spacecraft Enters Orbit around Red Planet". NASA. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Chan, Sewell (20 October 2016). "No Signal From Mars Lander, but European Officials Declare Mission a Success". New York Times. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Wall, Mike (21 October 2016). "ExoMars '96 Percent' Successful Despite Lander Crash: ESA". Space.com. Retrieved 2016-10-21.
Jump up ^ M. Adler, et al. – Use of MRO Optical Navigation Camera .. (2012)
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ NASA - This Month in NASA History: Mariner 9, November 29, 2011 – Vol. 4, Issue 9 Archived May 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ Clark, Stephen (9 March 2016). "InSight Mars lander escapes cancellation, aims for 2018 launch". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 2016-03-09.
Jump up ^ Chang, Kenneth (9 March 2016). "NASA Reschedules Mars InSight Mission for May 2018". New York Times. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Clark, Stephen (8 May 2015). "UAE details ambitious plan for Martian weather satellite". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Emirates Mars Mission". iCresRise Magazine. January 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Emirates Mars Mission. Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC). 5 May 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Second ExoMars mission moves to next launch opportunity in 2020" (Press release). ESA. 2 May 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "China shows first images of Mars rover, aims for 2020 mission". Reuter. 24 Aug 2016. Retrieved 10 Dec 2016.
Jump up ^ "惑星資源探査 ⼩型テラヘルツ探査機" (PDF) (in Japanese). National Institute of Information and Communications Technology. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 2017-05-13.
Jump up ^ Yamazaki, Keisuke (March 27, 2017). "Japan planning 2020 mission to put satellite in Martian orbit". The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 2017-05-13.
Jump up ^ "India plans second Mars mission in 2018". CNN IBN. 30 October 2014. Retrieved 2014-10-30.
Jump up ^ "India eyes a return to Mars and a first run at Venus". Science. 17 February 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Stephen, Clark (March 3, 2015). "NASA eyes ion engines for Mars orbiter launching in 2022". Space Flight Now. Retrieved 2015-03-05.
Jump up ^ http://www.popsci.com/elon-musk-wants-to-put-humans-on-mars-by-2025
Jump up ^ Jones, Andrew (22 February 2016). "China is racing to make the 2020 launch window to Mars". GB Times. Retrieved 10 Dec 2016.
Jump up ^ Пилотируемый полет на Марс будет возможен после 2040 года - Роскосмос. versii.com (in Russian). Retrieved 22 August 2014.
Jump up ^ [3]
^ Jump up to: a b MERLIN: The Creative Choices Behind a Proposal to Explore the Martian Moons (Merlin and PADME info also)
^ Jump up to: a b MMSR - a study for a Martian Moon Sample Return mission
Jump up ^ "Introduction to JAXA's Exploration of the Two Moons of Mars, with Sample Return from Phobos" (PDF). Phobos/Deimos Sample Return Mission Study Team. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-22.
^ Jump up to: a b "JAXA、火星衛星「フォボス」探査…２２年に". The Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese). January 4, 2016. Archived from the original on January 4, 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
^ Jump up to: a b "ISASニュース 2016.1 No.418" (PDF) (in Japanese). Institute of Space and Astronautical Science. 22 January 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
Jump up ^ "宇宙科学・探査分野 工程表取り組み状況について その3" (PDF) (in Japanese). Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency. 13 October 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-21.
Jump up ^ Torishima, Shinya (June 19, 2015). "JAXAの「火星の衛星からのサンプル・リターン」計画とは". Mynavi News (in Japanese). Retrieved 2015-10-06.
Jump up ^ JAXA plans probe to bring back samples from moons of Mars
Jump up ^ C. Pieters, et al. - Aladdin: Phobos-Deimos Sample Return
Jump up ^ Small Body Sample Return to Deimos
Jump up ^ Dr. Britt - The Gulliver Mission: Sample Return from Deimos
Jump up ^ P. Lee, et al. - Hall: A Phobos and Deimos Sample Return Mission
Jump up ^ Mars Phobos and Deimos Survey (M-PADS)–A Martian Moons Orbiter and Phobos Lander (Ball, Andrew J.; Price, Michael E.; Walker, Roger J.; Dando, Glyn C.; Wells, Nigel S. and Zarnecki, John C. (2009). Mars Phobos and Deimos Survey (M-PADS)–A Martian Moons Orbiter and Phobos Lander. Advances in Space Research, 43(1), pp. 120–127.)
Jump up ^ Murchie, S.; Eng, D.; Chabot, N.; Guo, Y.; Arvidson, R.; Yen, A.; Trebi-Ollennu, A.; Seelos, F.; Adams, E.; Fountain, G. (2014). "MERLIN: Mars-Moon Exploration, Reconnaissance and Landed Investigation". Acta Astronautica. 93: 475–482. Bibcode:2014AcAau..93..475M. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.10.014.
Jump up ^ Elifritz, T. L. - OSIRIS-REx II to Mars
Jump up ^ Colaprete, A, et al. - PCROSS — Phobos Close Rendevous(sic) Observation Sensing Satellite
Jump up ^ Phobos Surveyor - Space Safety Magazine
Jump up ^ PRIME
Jump up ^ SSM - Phobos-Grunt 2 Bound for Launch in 2020, Russians Confirmed While Celebrating Sputnik
Jump up ^ Barraclough, Simon; Ratcliffe, Andrew; Buchwald, Robert; Scheer, Heloise; Chapuy, Marc; Garland, Martin (June 16, 2014). Phootprint: A European Phobos Sample Return Mission (PDF). 11th International Planetary Probe Workshop. Airbus Defense and Space.
Jump up ^ Koschny, Detlef; Svedhem, Håkan; Rebuffat, Denis (August 2, 2014). "Phootprint - A Phobos sample return mission study". ESA. Bibcode:2014cosp...40E1592K. Retrieved 2015-12-22.
Jump up ^ Lee, Pascal; Bicay, Michael; Colapre, Anthony; Elphic, Richard (March 17–21, 2014). Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment (PADME): A LADEE-Derived Mission to Explore Mars's Moons and the Martian Orbital Environment. (PDF). 45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2014).
Jump up ^ Reyes, Tim (1 October 2014). "Making the Case for a Mission to the Martian Moon Phobos". Universe Today. Retrieved 2014-10-05.
Jump up ^ OSIRIS-REx II to Mars - Mars Sample Return from Phobos and Deimos
Jump up ^ Elifritz, T. L. - OSIRIS-REx II to Mars — Mars Sample Return from Phobos and Deimos (2012)
Jump up ^ Larry Page Deep Space Exploration - Stepping Stones builds up to "Red Rocks : Explore Mars from Deimos"
Jump up ^ One Possible Small Step Toward Mars Landing: A Martian Moon
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Spirit rover

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Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre

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ExoMars Rover

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2020 Chinese Mars Mission

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NICT Mars mission

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Roscosmos State Corporation

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Japanese Space Agency

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Manned mission to Mars

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New York Times

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List of missions to Mercury

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Planetary exploration

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Explorer program

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Deep Space Network

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ExoMars rover

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Mars 2020 rover mission

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Gully (Mars)

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Labyrinthi (planetary geology)

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Geyser (Mars)

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values: Spisak misija istraživanja Marsa – Bosnian

values: Llista de missions d'exploració de Mart – Catalan

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