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Cherub
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This article is about a type of supernatural being in the Bible. For the winged infant figure in art, see putto. For other uses, see Cherub (disambiguation).
A tetramorph cherub, in Eastern Orthodox iconography
A cherub (/ˈtʃɛrəb/;[1] also pl. cherubim; Hebrew: כְּרוּב kərūv, pl. כְּרוּבִים, kərūvîm; Latin cherub, pl. cherubin, cherubim; Syriac ܟܪܘܒܐ; Arabic قروبيين) is one of the unearthly beings who directly attend to God according to Abrahamic religions. The numerous depictions of cherubim assign to them many different roles; their original duty having been the protection of the Garden of Eden.[2] Angelic status is not attributed to cherubim in the Old Testament (at least not explicitly);[3] only in later sources such as De Coelesti Hierarchia are they identified as a hierarchical rank of angels.[4]
Different sources give conflicting information as to the physical appearance of cherubim.[5] An early, traditional Jewish notion supposes that cherubim had youthful, human features (although some early midrashic literature conceives of the cherubim as non-corporeal).[3] In the Book of Ezekiel and (at least some) Christian icons, the cherub is depicted as having a number of wing pairs, and four faces: that of a lion (representative of all wild animals), an ox (domestic animals), a human (humanity), and an eagle (birds).[5] Their legs were straight, the soles of their feet like the hooves of a bull, gleaming like polished brass. In Western Christian tradition, cherubim have become associated with the putto and the Greco-Roman deity Cupid/Eros, resulting in depictions of cherubim as small, plump, winged boys.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins and etymology
2 In Judaism
2.1 In the Hebrew Bible
2.2 In extrabiblical sources
3 In Christianity
4 In Islam
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Origins and etymology[edit]
A pair of shedu protecting a doorway (the bodies of the creatures extend into the distance)
The origin of the symbolic cherub predates history, and points to the time when humanity began to shape its ideas of supernatural powers by mystic forms, especially the combination of parts of the strongest animals of land and air (the lion and the eagle), which resulted in numerous hybrid figures in Middle Eastern lore and architecture. One of these is the Babylonian lamassu, a protective spirit with a sphinx-like form, possessing the wings of an eagle, the body of a lion, and the head of a king. This was adopted largely in Phoenicia. The wings, because of their artistic beauty, soon became the most prominent part, and animals of various kinds were adorned with wings; consequently, wings were bestowed also upon man,[2] thus forming the stereotypical image of an angel.[6] Another probable source is the human-bodied Hittite griffin, which, unlike other griffins, appear almost always not as a fierce bird of prey, but seated in calm dignity, like an irresistible guardian of holy things;[2][6] some have proposed that the Hittite word for "griffin" may be cognate with cherubim.[7]
The traditional Hebrew conception of cherubim as guardians of the Garden of Eden is backed by the Semitic belief of beings of superhuman power and devoid of human feelings, whose duty it was to represent the gods, and as guardians of their sanctuaries to repel intruders; these conceptions in turn are similar to an account found on Tablet 9 of the inscriptions found at Nimrud.[2] It has been suggested that the image of cherubim as storm winds explains why they are described as being the chariot of Yahweh in Ezekiel's visions, the Books of Samuel,[8] the parallel passages in the later Books of Chronicles,[9] and passages in the early Psalms:[2] for example "and he rode upon a cherub and did fly: and he was seen upon the wings of the wind."[10][11]
Dhorme argued in 1926 that cognates of the Hebrew noun could be found in the Akkadian words kāribu and the diminutive kurību; these terms are used to refer to intercessory beings (and statues of such beings) that plead with the gods on behalf of humanity.[12] He thus concludes that cherubim had an intercessory role. This conclusion, based on extra-biblical sources, is still drawn upon in relatively recent commentaries and articles.[12] Friedrich Delitzch connected the Hebrew word cherubim with the Assyrian terms kirubu (shedu- a being who is very similar to the lamassu in both appearance and role, but has the body of a bull) and karabu ('great, mighty'). Karppe states that the name Cherubim is Babylonian, and that it does not mean 'powerful', but, however, 'propitious'.[2][13] However, while the shedu were popular in Mesopotamia, archaeological remains from the Levant suggest that they were quite rare in the immediate vicinity of the Israelites.[14] In particular, in a scene reminiscent of Ezekiel's dream, the Megiddo Ivories depict an unknown king being carried on his throne by hybrid winged-creatures.[6]
In Judaism[edit]
In the Hebrew Bible[edit]
James Tissot - The Ark Passes Over the Jordan
The cherubim are the most frequently occurring heavenly creature in the Hebrew Bible, with the Hebrew word appearing 91 times.[5] Despite these many references, the role of the cherubim is never explicitly elucidated.[3] While Hebrew tradition must have conceived of the cherubim as guardians of the Garden of Eden[2] (in which they guard the way to the Tree of life),[15] they are often depicted as performing other roles; for example in the Book of Ezekiel, they transport Yahweh's throne. The cherub who appears in the "Song of David", a poem which occurs twice in the Hebrew Bible, in 2 Samuel 22 and Psalm 18, participates in Yahweh's theophany and is imagined as a vehicle upon which the deity descends to earth from heaven in order to rescue the speaker (see 2 Samuel 22:11, Psalm 18:10).[16]
Other than in the book of Ezekiel, the Bible describes cherubim with one face, one pair of wings, and four feet.[5]
In Exodus 25:18-22, Yahweh tells Moses to make multiple images of cherubim at specific points around the Ark of the Covenant.[5] Many appearances of the words cherub and cherubim in the Bible refer to the gold cherubim images on the mercy seat of the Ark, as well as images on the curtains of the Tabernacle and in Solomon's Temple, including two measuring ten cubits high.[17]
In Isaiah 37:16, Hezekiah prays, addressing Yahweh as "enthroned above the cherubim" (referring to the mercy seat).
Cherubim feature at some length in the Book of Ezekiel. While they first appear in chapter one, in which they are transporting the throne of Yahweh by the river Chebar, they are not called cherubim until chapter 10.[18] In Ezekiel 1:5-11 they are described as having the likeness of a man, and having four faces: that of a man, a lion (on the right side), and ox (on the left side), and an eagle. The four faces represent the four domains of God's rule: the man represents humanity; the lion, wild animals; the ox, domestic animals; and the eagle, birds.[19] These faces peer out from the center of an array of four wings; these wings are joined to each other, two of these are stretched upward, and the other two cover their bodies. Under their wings are human hands; their legs are described as straight, and their feet like those of a calf, shining like polished brass. Between the creatures glowing coals that moved between them could be seen, their fire "went up and down", and lightning burst forth from it. The cherubs also moved like flashes of lightning.
In Ezekiel chapter ten, another full description of the cherubim appears with slight differences in details. Three of the four faces are the same – man, lion and eagle – but where chapter one has the face of an ox, Ezekiel 10:14 says "face of a cherub." Ezekiel equates the cherubim of chapter ten with the living creatures of chapter one: "They were the same creatures (חיה) I had seen by the river Chebar" (Ezekiel 10:15) and "These were the living creatures I had seen under the God of Israel on the banks of the river Chebar" (Ezekiel 10:20). In Ezekiel 41:18-20, they are portrayed as having two faces, although this is probably because they are depicted in profile.[5]
In the Hebrew Bible the cherubim do not have the status of angels. It is only in later sources like the De Coelesti Hierarchia (see below) that they are considered to be a division of the divine messengers.[4]
In extrabiblical sources[edit]
The figures painted on the walls of the Herodian reconstruction of the Temple are called "cherubim" in the Babylonian Talmud.[20]
One traditional depiction of the cherubim and chariot vision, based on the description by Ezekiel
Many forms of Judaism include a belief in the existence of angels, including cherubim within the Jewish angelic hierarchy. The existence of angels is generally accepted within traditional rabbinic Judaism. There is, however, a wide range of beliefs within Judaism about what angels actually are and how literally one should interpret biblical passages associated with them.
In Kabbalah there has long been a strong belief in cherubim, with the cherubim and other angels regarded as having mystical roles. The Zohar, a highly significant collection of books in Jewish mysticism, states that the cherubim were led by one of their number named Kerubiel.[2]
On the other end of the philosophical spectrum is Maimonides, who had a neo-Aristotelian interpretation of the Bible. Maimonides writes that to the wise man, one sees that what the Bible and Talmud refer to as "angels" are actually allusions to the various laws of nature; they are the principles by which the physical universe operates.
For all forces are angels! How blind, how perniciously blind are the naive?! If you told someone who purports to be a sage of Israel that the Deity sends an angel who enters a woman's womb and there forms an embryo, he would think this a miracle and accept it as a mark of the majesty and power of the Deity, despite the fact that he believes an angel to be a body of fire one third the size of the entire world. All this, he thinks, is possible for God. But if you tell him that God placed in the sperm the power of forming and demarcating these organs, and that this is the angel, or that all forms are produced by the Active Intellect; that here is the angel, the "vice-regent of the world" constantly mentioned by the sages, then he will recoil.– The Guide for the Perplexed II:4
For he [the naive person] does not understand that the true majesty and power are in the bringing into being of forces which are active in a thing although they cannot be perceived by the senses... Thus the Sages reveal to the aware that the imaginative faculty is also called an angel; and the mind is called a cherub. How beautiful this will appear to the sophisticated mind, and how disturbing to the primitive." – The Guide for the Perplexed II:6.
Maimonides says that the figures of the cherubim were placed in the sanctuary only to preserve among the people the belief in angels, there being two in order that the people might not be led to believe that they were the image of God.[21]
Cherubim are discussed within the midrash literature. The two cherubim placed by God at the entrance of paradise (Gen. iii. 24) were angels created on the third day, and therefore they had no definite shape; appearing either as men or women, or as spirits or angelic beings (Genesis Rabbah xxi., end). The cherubim were the first objects created in the universe (Tanna debe Eliyahu R., i. beginning). The following sentence of the Midrash is characteristic: "When a man sleeps, the body tells to the neshamah (soul) what it has done during the day; the neshamah then reports it to the nefesh (spirit), the nefesh to the angel, the angel to the cherub, and the cherub to the seraph, who then brings it before God" (Leviticus Rabbah xxii.; Eccl. Rabbah x. 20).
In early Jewish tradition there existed the notion that cherubim had youthful, human features.[3] Despite this tradition, some early midrashic literature conceives of the cherubim as non-corporeal.[3] In the first century AD, Josephus claimed: "No one can tell, or even conjecture, what was the shape of these Cherubim."(Antiquities:8:73).[3]
A midrash states that when Pharaoh pursued Israel at the Red Sea, God took a cherub from the wheels of His throne and flew to the spot, for God inspects the heavenly worlds while sitting on a cherub. The cherub, however, is "something not material," and is carried by God, not vice versa (Midr. Teh. xviii. 15; Canticles Rabbah i. 9).
In the passages of the Talmud that describe the heavens and their inhabitants, the seraphim, ofannim, and living creatures are mentioned, but not the cherubim (Ḥag. 12b); and the ancient liturgy also mentions only these three classes.
In the Talmud, Jose the Galilean holds[22] that when the Birkat Hamazon (grace after meals) is recited by at least ten thousand seated at one meal, a special blessing, "Blessed is Ha-Shem our God, the God of Israel, who dwells between the Cherubim," is added to the regular liturgy.
In Christianity[edit]
Cherubim from Barton Turf Rood Screen, Norfolk, U.K.
In Medieval theology, following the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius, the cherubim are the second highest rank in the angelic hierarchy, following the seraphim.[23]
Cherubim are regarded in traditional Christian angelology as angels of the second highest order of the ninefold celestial hierarchy.[24]
In Western art, cherubim became associated with the putto and the Greco-Roman god Cupid/Eros, with depictions as small, plump, winged boys.[3]
Artistic representations of cherubim in Early Christian and Byzantine art sometimes diverged from scriptural descriptions. The earliest known depiction of the tetramorph cherubim is the 5th-6th century apse mosaic found in the Thessalonian Church of Hosios David. This mosaic is an amalgamation of Ezekiel's visions in Ezekiel 1:4–28, Ezekiel 10:12, Isaiah's seraphim in Isaiah 6:13 and the six-winged creatures of Revelation from Revelation 4:2–10.[25]
In Islam[edit]
Cherubs (al-Karubiyyin)[26], are not mentioned by name in either the Quran or canonical Sunni Hadith[citation needed], but many traditions based on these sources have developed about them. In Islamic tradition, cherubs are angels who hold God's throne. They ask God to forgive, bless and protect the righteous. In 40:8, the Quran says:
Those [angels] who carry the Throne and those around it exalt [Allah] with praise of their Lord and believe in Him and ask forgiveness for those who have believed, [saying], "Our Lord, You have encompassed all things in mercy and knowledge, so forgive those who have repented and followed Your way and protect them from the punishment of Hellfire.
Also in 69:17-18:
And the heaven will split [open], for that Day [Judgement Day] it is infirm. And the angels are at its edges. And there will bear the Throne of your Lord above them, that Day, eight [of them].
Having noticed the resemblance between those angels and the Judeo-Christian depiction of cherubs, some Muslim scholars came to the conclusion that the angelic rank responsible for holding God's throne and praising him according to the previous verses is the cherubim.[27] Some Hadith, considered inauthentic owing to their weak chains of narration, mention cherubs by name.[28] Fakhr Al-Din Al-Turaihi, a Muslim scholar who lived in the 17th Century C.E, believed that the archangel Gabriel is the head of the cherubim.[29]
In Shiite tradition, a hadith tells that Muhammad heard cherubs wailing and crying with sympathy for sinners in Heaven during his night journey, known as Isra and Mi'raj. In other traditions, the cherubs are described as being so bright that the light of one of them could suffice the whole world. When Moses asked God to show him his face, he made one of his cherubs shine upon the mountain, shattering it to pieces. According to this tradition, God was showing Moses that since he could not bear to look at a cherub, he would not be able to bear looking at God.[30]
See also[edit]
Buraq
Cherubism (medical condition)
Cupid and Kamadeva
Merkabah mysticism
Putto (plural: Putti) - often mislabeled as cherubs
Tetramorph
Seraph
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "cherub". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Jewish Encyclopedia: cherub". Original, 1906. JewishEncyclopedia.com, 2002-2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Wood, Alice. Of Wings and Wheels: A Synthetic Study of the Biblical Cherubim. p. 1. ISBN 978-3-11-020528-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Kosior, Wojciech. "The Angel in the Hebrew Bible from the Statistic and Hermeneutic Perspectives. Some Remarks on the Interpolation Theory". The Polish Journal of Biblical Research. 12 (1 (23)): 56–57. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Wood, Alice. Of Wing and Wheels: A Synthetic Study of the Biblical Cherubim. pp. 2–4. ISBN 978-3-11-020528-2.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wright, G. Ernest, Biblical Archaeology (Philadelphia, Westminster Press, 1957)
Jump up ^ William H. Propp, Exodus 19-40, volume 2A of The Anchor Bible, New York: Doubleday, 2006, ISBN 0-385-24693-5, Notes to Exodus 15:18, page 386, referencing:Julius Wellhausen, Prolegomena to the History of Israel, Edinburgh: Black, 1885, page 304. Also see: Robert S. P. Beekes,Etymological Dictionary of Greek, volume 1, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2010 ISBN 978-90-04-17420-7, page 289, entry for γρυπος,"From the archaeological perspective, origin in Asia Minor (and the Near East: Elam) is very probable."
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 4:4, 2 Samuel 6:2, 2 Samuel 22:11
Jump up ^ 1 Chronicles 13:6
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 22:11
Jump up ^ Psalms 18:10
^ Jump up to: a b Wood, Alice. Of Wings and Wheels:A Synthetic Study of the Biblical Cherubim. pp. 3–4.
Jump up ^ De Vaux, Roland (tr. John McHugh), Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions (NY, McGraw-Hill, 1961)
Jump up ^ Peake's commentary on the Bible
Jump up ^ Genesis 3:24 (King James Version) at Bible Gateway.com
Jump up ^ Wood, Alice. Of Wings and Wheels: A Synthetic Study of the Biblical Cherubim. pp. 84–85.
Jump up ^ "1 kings 6:23-6:35 KJV - And within the oracle he made two". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
Jump up ^ Wood, Alice. Of Wings and Wheels: A Synthetic Study of the Biblical Cherubim. p. 94.
Jump up ^ Wood, Alice. Of Wings and Wheels: A Synthetic Study of the Biblical Cherubim. p. 137.
Jump up ^ Yoma 54a: "it had painted Cherubim, as it is written."
Jump up ^ The Guide for the Perplexed III:45
Jump up ^ Berakhot 49b
Jump up ^ Dionysius the Areopagite's Celestial Hierarchy - See Chapter VII
Jump up ^ "Oxford Dictionaries: cherub". Oxford University Press. 2013.
Jump up ^ Peers, Glenn (2001). Subtle bodies: representing angels in Byzantium. Berkeley: University of California press. ISBN 978-0-520-22405-6.
Jump up ^ Moojan Momen Studies in Honor of the Late Hasan M. Balyuzi Kalimat Press 1988 ISBN 978-0-933-77072-0 page 83
Jump up ^ Tafsir al-Qur'an al-adhim (Interpretation of the Great Qur'an) - Ibn Kathir
Jump up ^ 49b (Adapted from islamqa.info)
Jump up ^ Majma Al-Bahrain (Junction of the two seas) - Fakhr Al-Di Al-Turaihi
Jump up ^ "من هم الكَرّوبيّون ؟". مركز الإشعاع الإسلامي.
Further reading[edit]
Yaniv, Bracha, "The Cherubim on Torah Ark Valances", Jewish Art Department, Bar-Ilan University, published in Assaph: Studies in Art History, Vol. 4, 1999.
R. Gilboa, "Cherubim: An Inquiry into an Enigma", Biblische Notizen, 82, 1996, 59–75. The article looks at the yet unknown nature of the Temple's Cherubim, through linguistic investigation, fauna probabilities and artistic presentations in the ancient Biblical period.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cherubs.
Jewish Encyclopedia: Cherub
Catholic Encyclopedia: Cherubim
The Cherubim - some pointers and problems by Rabbi Dr Raymond Apple
"Cherubim". Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 86–87.
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Ceuta
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Sabtah" redirects here. For the biblical figure, see Sabtah (biblical figure). For other uses, see Ceuta (disambiguation).
Ceuta
Arabic: سبتة (Sabtah)
Autonomous city
Ceuta, as seen from Monte Hacho

Flag
Coat of arms

Location of Ceuta within Spain
Coordinates: 35°53′18″N 5°18′56″W / 35.88833°N 5.31556°W / 35.88833; -5.31556Coordinates: 35°53′18″N 5°18′56″W / 35.88833°N 5.31556°W / 35.88833; -5.31556
Country
Spain
Autonomous city
Ceuta
First settled
5th century BC
End of Muslim rule
14 August 1415
Ceded to Spain
1 January 1668
Autonomy status
14 March 1995
Founded by
Berbers or Carthaginians
Government
• Type
Autonomous city
• Body
Council of Government
• Mayor-President
Juan Jesús Vivas (PP)
Area
• Total
18.5 km2 (7.1 sq mi)
• Land
18.5 km2 (7.1 sq mi)
Elevation
10 m (30 ft)
Highest elevation
349 m (1,145 ft)
Population (2011)[1]
• Total
82,376
• Density
4,500/km2 (12,000/sq mi)
Demonym(s)
Ceutan
ceutí (es)
Time zone
CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)
CEST (UTC+2)
ISO 3166-2
ES-CE
Postal code
51001–51005
Official language
Spanish
Parliament
Cortes Generales
Congress
1 deputy (out of 350)
Senate
2 senators (out of 264)
Website
www.ceuta.es
Ceuta (assimilated pronunciation /ˈsjuːtə/ SEW-tə, also /ˈseɪʊtə/ SAY-uu-tə;[2] Spanish: [ˈθeuta]; Arabic: سبتة, Sabtah) is an 18.5-square-kilometre (7.1 sq mi) Spanish autonomous city on the north coast of Africa, separated by 14 kilometers from Cadiz province on the Spanish mainland by the Strait of Gibraltar and sharing a 6.4 kilometer land border with M'diq-Fnideq Prefecture in the Kingdom of Morocco. It lies along the boundary between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean and is one of nine populated Spanish territories in Africa and, along with Melilla, one of two populated territories on mainland Africa. It was part of Cádiz province until 14 March 1995 when both Ceuta and Melilla's Statutes of Autonomy were passed, the latter having been part of Almeria province.
Ceuta, like Melilla and the Canary Islands, was a free port before Spain joined the European Union.[citation needed] As of 2011, it has a population of 82,376.[1] Its population consists of Christians, Muslims, and small minorities of Sephardic Jews and ethnic Sindhi Hindus.
Spanish is the official language, while Darija Arabic is also spoken by between 40% and 50% of the population which is of Moroccan origin.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 15th to 16th century
1.2 17th to 19th century
1.3 20th to 21st century
1.4 Ecclesiastical history
2 Geography
2.1 Climate
3 Politics
3.1 Subdivisions
3.2 Dispute with Morocco
4 Economy
4.1 Transport
5 Demographics
5.1 Education
5.2 Religion
6 Migrants
7 Notable people from Ceuta
8 Twin towns and sister cities
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links
History[edit]
Ceuta's location has made it an important commercial trade and military way-point for many cultures, beginning with the Carthaginians in the 5th century BC, who called the city Abyla; initially, this was also its name in Greek and Latin. It was known variously in Ancient Greek as: Ἀβύλη, Ἀβύλα, Ἀβλύξ, or Ἀβίλη στήλη – Abyle, Abila, Ablyx or Abile Stele – "Pillar of Abyle")[5] and in the Latin derivation from Greek as Abyla Mons Columna ("Mount Abyla" or "Column of Abyla"). Together with Gibraltar on the European side, it formed one of the famous "Pillars of Hercules".[5][6] Later, it was renamed for a formation of seven surrounding smaller mountains, collectively referred to as Septem Fratres ('[The] Seven Brothers') by Pomponius Mela, which lent their name to a Roman fortification known as Castellum ad Septem Fratres.[5]
It changed hands again approximately 400 years later, when Vandal tribes ousted the Romans.[citation needed] After being controlled by the Visigoths, it then became an outpost of the Byzantine Empire. Ceuta was an important Christian center since the fourth century (as recent discovered ruins of a Roman basilica show[7]).
In the 7th century the Umayyads tried to conquer the region but were unsuccessful. Byzantine governor, Julian (described as King of the Ghomara) who was a vassal of the Visigothic kings of Iberia changed his allegiance after the king Roderic raped his daughter, and exhorted the Muslims to invade the Iberian Peninsula. Under the leadership of the Berber general Tariq ibn Ziyad, the Muslims used Ceuta as a staging ground for an assault on Visigothic Iberian Peninsula. After Julian's death, the Berbers took direct control of the city, which the indigenous Berber tribes resented. They destroyed Ceuta during the Kharijite rebellion led by Maysara al-Matghari in 740.
Ceuta lay in ruins until it was resettled in the 9th century by Mâjakas, chief of the Majkasa Berber tribe, who started the short-lived Banu Isam dynasty.[8] His great-grandson briefly allied his tribe with the Idrisids, but the Banu Isam rule ended in 931 when he abdicated in favor of Abd ar-Rahman III, the Umayyad Caliph of Cordoba. Ceuta reverted to Moorish Andalusian rule in 927 along with Melilla, and later Tangier, in 951.
Marinid Walls of Ceuta built by Abu Sa'id Uthman II in 1328
Chaos ensued with the fall of the Umayyad caliphate in 1031. Following this Ceuta and the rest of Muslim Iberia were controlled by successive North African dynasties. Starting in 1084, the Almoravid Berbers ruled the region until 1147, when the Almohads conquered the land. Apart from Ibn Hud's rebellion of 1232, they ruled until the Tunisian Hafsids established control. The Hafsids' influence in the west rapidly waned, and Ceuta's inhabitants eventually expelled them in 1249. After this, a period of political instability persisted, under competing interests from the Kingdom of Fez and the Kingdom of Granada. The Kingdom of Fez finally conquered the region in 1387, with assistance from the Crown of Aragon.
15th to 16th century[edit]
Prince Henry the Navigator during the Conquest of Ceuta
Prince Henry the Navigator Statue in Ceuta Port
1572 depiction of Ceuta
The Royal Walls of Ceuta and navigable moats
On the morning of 21 August 1415, king John I of Portugal led his sons and their assembled forces in a surprise assault that would come to be known as the Conquest of Ceuta. The battle was almost anti-climactic, because the 45,000 men who traveled on 200 Portuguese ships caught the defenders of Ceuta off guard and only suffered eight casualties. By nightfall the town was captured. On the morning of August 22, Ceuta was in Portuguese hands. Álvaro Vaz de Almada, 1st Count of Avranches was asked to hoist what was to become the flag of Ceuta, which is identical to the flag of Lisbon, but in which the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Portugal was added to the center, the original Portuguese flag and coat of arms of Ceuta remained unchanged, and the modern-day Ceuta flag features the configuration of the Portuguese shield.
John's son Henry the Navigator distinguished himself in the battle, being wounded during the conquest. The looting of the city proved to be less profitable than expected for John I; he decided to keep the city to pursue further enterprises in the area.[9]
From 1415 to 1437 Pedro de Meneses, 1st Count of Vila Real became the first governor of Ceuta.
The Benemerine sultan started the Siege of Ceuta (1418) but was defeated by the first governor of Ceuta before reinforcements arrived in the form of John, Constable of Portugal and his brother Henry the Navigator who were sent with troops to defend Ceuta.
Under King John I of Portugals son, Duarte, the colony at Ceuta rapidly became a drain on the Portuguese treasury. Trans-Saharan trade journeyed instead to Tangier. It was soon realised that without the city of Tangier, possession of Ceuta was worthless. In 1437, Duarte's brothers Henry the Navigator and Fernando, the Saint Prince persuaded him to launch an attack on the Marinid sultanate. The resulting Battle of Tangier (1437), led by Henry, was a debacle. In the resulting treaty, Henry promised to deliver Ceuta back to the Marinids in return for allowing the Portuguese army to depart unmolested, which he reneged on.
Possession of Ceuta would indirectly lead to further Portuguese expansion. The main area of Portuguese expansion, at this time, was the coast of Magreb, where there was grain, cattle, sugar, and textiles, as well as fish, hides, wax, and honey.[10]
Ceuta had to endure alone for 43 years, until the position of the city was consolidated with the taking of Ksar es-Seghir (1458), Arzila and Tangier (1471) by the Portuguese.
The city was recognized as a Portuguese possession by the Treaty of Alcáçovas (1479) and by the Treaty of Tordesilhas (1494).
In the 1540s the Portuguese began building the Royal Walls of Ceuta as they are today including bastions, a navigable moat and a drawbridge. Some of these bastions are still standing, like the bastions of Coraza Alta, Bandera and Mallorquines.[11]
Luís de Camões lived in Ceuta between 1549 and 1551, losing his right eye in battle, which influenced his work of poetry Os Lusíadas.
In 1578 king Sebastian of Portugal died at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir (known as the Battle of Three Kings) in what is today northern Morocco, without descendants, triggering the 1580 Portuguese succession crisis. His granduncle, the elderly Cardinal Henry, succeeded him as King, but Henry also had no descendants, having taken holy orders. When the Cardinal-King died two years after Sebastian's disappearance, three grandchildren of king Manuel I of Portugal claimed the throne: Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza, António, Prior of Crato, and Philip II of Spain (Uncle of former King Sebastian of Portugal), who would go on to be crowned king Philip I of Portugal in 1581, uniting the two crowns and overseas empires known as the Iberian Union.[12], which allowed the two kingdoms to continue without being merged.
17th to 19th century[edit]
During the Iberian Union 1580 to 1640, Ceuta attracted many residents of Spanish origin.[13] Ceuta became the only city of the Portuguese Empire that sided with Spain when Portugal regained its independence in the Portuguese Restoration War of 1640.
Coast of Ceuta
Desnarigado Castle.
On 1 January 1668 by the Treaty of Lisbon, King Afonso VI of Portugal recognized the formal allegiance of Ceuta to Spain and formally ceded Ceuta to King Carlos II of Spain.
The city was attacked by Moroccan forces under Moulay Ismail during the Siege of Ceuta (1694-1727). During the longest siege in the history, the city underwent changes leading to the loss of its Portuguese character. While most of the military operations took place around the Royal Walls of Ceuta, there were also small-scale penetrations by Spanish forces at various points on the Moroccan coast, and seizure of shipping in the Strait of Gibraltar.
Disagreements regarding the border of Ceuta resulted in the Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60), which ended at the Battle of Tetuán.
20th to 21st century[edit]
A street in Ceuta, c. 1905–1910
In July 1936, General Francisco Franco took command of the Spanish Army of Africa and rebelled against the Spanish republican government; his military uprising led to the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939. Franco transported troops to mainland Spain in an airlift using transport aircraft supplied by Germany and Italy. Ceuta became one of the first casualties of the uprising: General Franco's rebel nationalist forces seized Ceuta, while at the same time the city came under fire from the air and sea forces of the official republican government.[14]
The Llano Amarillo monument was erected to honor Francisco Franco, it was inaugurated on 13 July 1940. The tall obelisk has since been abandoned, but the shield symbols of the Falange and Imperial Eagle remain visible.[15]
When Spain recognized the independence of Spanish Morocco in 1956, Ceuta and the other plazas de soberanía remained under Spanish rule. Spain considered them integral parts of the Spanish state, but Morocco has disputed this point.
Culturally, modern Ceuta is part of the Spanish region of Andalusia. It was attached to the province of Cádiz until 1925, the Spanish coast being only 20 km (12.5 miles) away. It is a cosmopolitan city, with a large ethnic Berber Muslim minority as well as Sephardic Jewish and Hindu minorities.[16]
On 5 November 2007, King Juan Carlos I visited the city, sparking great enthusiasm from the local population and protests from the Moroccan government.[17] It was the first time a Spanish head of state had visited Ceuta in 80 years.
Since 2010, Ceuta (and Melilla) have declared the Muslim holiday of Eid al-Adha or Feast of the Sacrifice, as an official public holiday. It is the first time a non-Christian religious festival has been officially celebrated in Spain since the Reconquista.[18][19]
Ecclesiastical history[edit]
The Catholic Diocese of Ceuta existed from 1417 to 1879. It was a suffragan of the Patriarchate of Lisbon until 1675 and the end of the Iberian Union, when Ceuta chose to remain linked to the king of Spain. Since then it has been a suffragan of the archbishopric of Seville.[20] The Diocese of Tanger was suppressed and incorporated to that of Ceuta in 1570.[21]
In 1851, upon the signature of the concordat between the Holy See and Spain, the diocese of Ceuta was agreed to be suppressed, being combined into the Diocese of Cádiz y Ceuta.[22] Until then in the Diocese of Cádiz y Algeciras, the bishop was usually the apostolic administrator of Ceuta. The agreement was not implemented until 1879.
Geography[edit]
Ceuta is dominated by Monte Anyera, a hill along its western frontier with Morocco. The mountain is guarded by a military fort.
Map of Ceuta (Perejil islet is just off the coast, in the upper left of this map)
Perspective view of the Strait of Gibraltar facing eastwards; Spain and Gibraltar on the left; Morocco and Ceuta on the right
Monte Hacho on the Peninsula of Almina overlooking the port is one of the possible locations for the southern pillar of the Pillars of Hercules of Greek legend (the other possibility being Jebel Musa).[23]
Climate[edit]
Ceuta has a maritime-influenced Subtropical/Mediterranean climate, similar to nearby Spanish and Moroccan cities such as Tarifa, Algeciras or Tangiers.[24] The average diurnal temperature variation is relatively low; the average annual temperature is 18.8 °C (65.8 °F) with average yearly highs of 21.4 °C (70.5 °F) and lows of 15.7 °C (60.3 °F) though the Ceuta weather station has only been in operation since 2003.[25] Ceuta has relatively mild winters for the latitude, while summers are warm yet milder than in the interior of Southern Spain, due to the moderating effect of the Straits of Gibraltar. Summers are very dry, but yearly precipitation is still at 849 millimetres (33.4 in),[25] which could be considered a humid climate if the summers weren't so arid.
[hide]Climate data for Ceuta city (1m altitude)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
21.7
(71.1) 25.5
(77.9) 27.9
(82.2) 28.4
(83.1) 33.7
(92.7) 35.3
(95.5) 40.2
(104.4) 38.9
(102) 34.8
(94.6) 33.1
(91.6) 27.2
(81) 25.6
(78.1) 40.2
(104.4)
Average high °C (°F)
16.1
(61) 16.7
(62.1) 17.8
(64) 19.4
(66.9) 22.5
(72.5) 25.8
(78.4) 28.9
(84) 28.5
(83.3) 26.1
(79) 22.9
(73.2) 18.9
(66) 16.7
(62.1) 21.7
(71.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)
13.6
(56.5) 14.2
(57.6) 15.0
(59) 16.5
(61.7) 19.2
(66.6) 22.3
(72.1) 25.0
(77) 25.1
(77.2) 23.0
(73.4) 20.2
(68.4) 16.5
(61.7) 14.4
(57.9) 18.8
(65.8)
Average low °C (°F)
11.1
(52) 11.6
(52.9) 12.2
(54) 13.6
(56.5) 15.9
(60.6) 18.8
(65.8) 21.1
(70) 21.7
(71.1) 19.9
(67.8) 17.5
(63.5) 14.0
(57.2) 12.2
(54) 15.8
(60.4)
Record low °C (°F)
1.3
(34.3) 4.4
(39.9) 7.2
(45) 9.0
(48.2) 10.5
(50.9) 13.2
(55.8) 16.3
(61.3) 18.0
(64.4) 15.3
(59.5) 12.2
(54) 7.4
(45.3) 6.3
(43.3) 1.3
(34.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
122
(4.8) 145
(5.71) 90
(3.54) 57
(2.24) 21
(0.83) 3
(0.12) 1
(0.04) 3
(0.12) 37
(1.46) 82
(3.23) 127
(5) 161
(6.34) 849
(33.43)
Average precipitation days
7 8 6 5 3 1 0 1 2 5 7 9 54
Average relative humidity (%)
72 75 68 71 66 67 61 70 72 75 73 73 70.3
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, WorldWeatherOnline and Weather.com [26][27][28][29]
Politics[edit]
Juan Jesús Vivas, Mayor-President of Ceuta since 2001
Since 1995, Ceuta is, along with Melilla, one of the two autonomous cities of Spain.[30]
Ceuta is known officially in Spanish as Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta (English: Autonomous City of Ceuta), with a rank between a standard Spanish city and an autonomous community. Ceuta is part of the territory of the European Union. The city was a free port before Spain joined the European Union in 1986. Now it has a low-tax system within the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union. As of 2006, its population was 75,861.
Ceuta has held elections every four years since 1979, for its 25-seat assembly. The leader of its government was the Mayor until the Autonomy Statute had the title changed to the Mayor-President. In the most recent election in 2011, the People's Party (PP) won 18 seats, keeping Juan Jesús Vivas as Mayor-President, which he has been since 2001. The remaining seats are held by the regionalist Caballas Coalition (4) and the Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE, 3).[31]
Due to its small population, Ceuta elects only one member of the Congress of Deputies, the lower house of the Spanish legislature. Since the 2011 election, this post is held by Francisco Márquez de la Rubia of the PP.[32]
Subdivisions[edit]
Ceuta is subdivided into 63 barriadas (neighbourhoods), such as Barriada de Berizu, Barriada de P. Alfonso, Barriada del Sarchal, and El Hacho.[33][34][35]
Dispute with Morocco[edit]
The Moroccan mountain of Jebel Musa, as viewed from Benzú
The government of Morocco has repeatedly called for Spain to transfer the sovereignty of Ceuta and Melilla, together with the rest of the Spanish plazas de soberanía on the North African coast, on the grounds of asserting its territorial integrity. Morocco has claimed the territories are colonies.[36] The Spanish position is that both Ceuta and Melilla are integral parts of the Spanish state, and have been since the 15th century, even before the foundation of Morocco as a country. Ceuta has been under Spanish rule for longer than cities in northern Spain such as Pamplona or Tudela, and was conquered roughly in the same period as the last Muslim cities of Southern Spain such as Granada, Málaga, Ronda or Almería. A significant majority of the residents of Ceuta want the region to remain Spanish.[37]. The United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories does not include these Spanish territories.
A sign welcoming visitors to Ceuta, showing the flags of Ceuta, Spain and the European Union
House of Dragons
Economy[edit]
The official currency of Ceuta is the euro. It is part of a special low tax zone in Spain.[38] Ceuta is one of two Spanish port cities on the northern shore of Africa, along with Melilla. They are historically military strongholds, free ports, oil ports, and also fishing ports.[39] Today the economy of the city depends heavily on its port (now in expansion) and its industrial and retail centres.[38] Ceuta Heliport is now used to connect the city to mainland Spain by air.
Transport[edit]
The city receives high numbers of ferries each day from Algeciras in Andalusia in the south of Spain, along with Melilla and the Canary Islands. The closest airport is Sania Ramel Airport in Morocco. There is a bus service throughout the city which does not pass into neighbouring Morocco.
A single road border checkpoint allows for cars to travel between Morocco and Ceuta. The rest of the border is closed and inaccessible.
Demographics[edit]
Due to its location, Ceuta is home to a mixed ethnic and religious population. The two main religious groups are Christians and Muslims. As of 2006 approximately 50% of the population was Spanish/Christian and approximately 49% Arab-Berber/Muslims.[40] As of 2012, the portion of Ceuta's population that identify as Roman Catholic was 68.0%, while the portion of Ceuta's population that identify as Muslim was 28.3%.[41]
Spanish is the primary and official language of the enclave. Moroccan Arabic, Berber, and French are also widely spoken.[citation needed]
Education[edit]
The University of Granada offers undergraduate programs at their campus in Ceuta. Like all areas of Spain, Ceuta is also served by the National University of Distance Education (UNED).
Primary and secondary education is possible only in Spanish however a growing number of schools are entering the Bilingual Education Program.
Religion[edit]
Cathedral of St. Mary of the Assumption
Christianity has been present in Ceuta (called in Roman times Septem[42] or Septum[43]) continuously since the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The ruins of a basilica in downtown Ceuta confirm this reality.[44]
Muley El Mehdi mosque
In 1415, on conquering the city from the Muslims, the Portuguese started the construction of the Cathedral of St. Mary of the Assumption. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ceuta was established two years later, and in 1851 was merged into the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cadiz y Ceuta. The present cathedral, dating from the late 17th century, combines baroque and neoclassical elements.
Migrants[edit]
As in Melilla, Ceuta is attractive to migrants who try to use it as an entry to Europe. As a result the enclave is surrounded by double fences that are 6 meters high and hundreds of migrants congregate near the fences waiting for a chance to cross them. The fences are regularly stormed by migrants trying to claim asylum once they enter Ceuta. [45]
Notable people from Ceuta[edit]
Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta (c. 1160–1226) was a Jewish physician and poet, and disciple of Moses Maimonides.
Ignacio Velázquez Rivera (born 1953), first Mayor-President of Melilla.
Al-Idrisi, geographer, explorer and traveler known for the "Tabula Rogeriana"
Twin towns and sister cities[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain
Ceuta is twinned with:
Aci Catena, Italy
Algeciras, Spain
Barstow, US
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Cádiz, Spain
Guadalajara, Mexico
Malacca City, Malacca, Malaysia
Maseru, Lesotho
Melilla, Spain
Monte Carlo, Monaco
Montevideo, Uruguay
Santarém, Portugal
See also[edit]
Spain portal
AD Ceuta, former football club
Arab Baths in Ceuta
Benzú
Ceuta border fence
Ceuta and Melilla (disambiguation)
Plazas de soberanía – Spanish exclaves on the Moroccan coast
Porteadoras – mule ladies, bale workers
Royal Walls of Ceuta
Spanish Morocco
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Decision Spain >> Resources >> Municipalities without testimony >> Ceuta + Melilla". Old.e-decision.org. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Ceuta. Oxford Dictionaries.
Jump up ^ https://www.um.es/tonosdigital/znum12/secciones/Estudios%20U-CEUTA.htm
Jump up ^ Fernández García, Alicia (2016). "Nacionalismo y representaciones lingüísticas en Ceuta y en Melilla". Revista de Filología Románica. Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 33 (1): 23–46. ISSN 0212-999X. doi:10.5209/RFRM.55230.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, illustrated by numerous engravings on wood. William Smith, LLD (London:Walton and Maberly, Upper Gower Street and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row; John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1854), Abyla [1])
Jump up ^ A Latin Dictionary. Founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary. revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten by. Charlton T. Lewis, Ph.D. and. Charles Short, LL.D. (Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1879), "Abyla" [2]
Jump up ^ Publiceuta. "Basílica Tardorromana de Ceuta. Guía turística de Ceuta.". www.ceutaturistica.com. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb; Johannes Hendrik Kramers; Bernard Lewis; Charles Pellat; Joseph Schacht (1994). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. p. 690. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
Jump up ^ López de Coca Castañer, José Enrique (1998). "Granada y la expansión portuguesa en el Magreb extremo". Historia. Instituciones. Documentos. Seville: Universidad de Sevilla (25): 351. ISSN 0210-7716.
Jump up ^ Cite error: The named reference Payne was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Jump up ^ "Ceuta". fortified-places.com. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
Jump up ^ * Kamen, Henry (1999). Philip of Spain. Yale University Press. p. 177. ISBN 9780300078008.
Jump up ^ Griffin, H (2010). Ceuta Mini Guide. Mirage. ISBN 978-0-9543335-3-9.
Jump up ^ "History of Ceuta". Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-01.
Jump up ^ "Franco monument now part of a rubbish dump in Ceuta". Archived from the original on 7 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Resistir en el monte del Renegado · ELPAÍS.com". Elpais.com. 22 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-17.
Jump up ^ "Ceuta y Melilla son España, dice Juan Carlos I; Sebta y Melilia son nuestras, responde Mohamed VI". Blogs.periodistadigital.com. 22 February 1999. Retrieved 2009-06-17.
Jump up ^ "Muslim Holiday in Ceuta and Melilla". Spainforvisitors.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
Jump up ^ "Public Holidays and Bank Holidays for Spain". Qppstudio.net. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
Jump up ^ "Diocese of Ceuta". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Tingis". Newadvent.org. 1 July 1912. Retrieved 2010-08-08.
Jump up ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Cadiz". Newadvent.org. 1 November 1908. Retrieved 2010-08-08.
Jump up ^ H. Micheal Tarver, Emily Slape, eds. (25 July 2016). The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia. I. ABC-CLIO. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-61069-422-3. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ "Ceuta, Spain Climate Summary". Weatherbase. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Standard climate values for Ceuta". Aemet.es. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "This Trend Might Actually Hurt You". Weather.com. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ceuta, Spain Weather Averages | Monthly Average High and Low Temperature | Average Precipitation and Rainfall days". World Weather Online. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Valores climatológicos normales: Ceuta - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España" (in Spanish). Aemet.es. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ceuta: Ceuta - Valores extremos absolutos - Selector - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España" (in Spanish). Aemet.es. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ley Orgánica 1/1995, de 13 de marzo, Estatuto de Autonomía de Ceuta". Noticias.juridicas.com. Retrieved 2009-06-17.
Jump up ^ "Resultados Electorales en Ceuta: Elecciones Municipales 2011 en EL PAÍS". Resultados.elpais.com. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.congreso.es/portal/page/portal/Congreso/Congreso/Diputados/DipCircuns/ComAutCeu?_piref73_1333447_73_1333444_1333444.next_page=/wc/fichaDiputado&idDiputado=196
Jump up ^ "elpueblodeceuta.es". elpueblodeceuta.es. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 2009-06-17.
Jump up ^ http://www.planetware.com/i/map/MAR/ceuta-map.jpg
Jump up ^ "Códigos postales de Ceuta en Ceuta". Codigo-postal.info. Retrieved 2009-06-17.
Jump up ^ Gold, Peter (2000). Europe or Africa? A contemporary study of the Spanish North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla. Liverpool University Press. pp. XII–XIII. ISBN 0-85323-985-1.
Jump up ^ * François Papet-Périn, "La mer d'Alboran ou Le contentieux territorial hispano-marocain sur les deux bornes européennes de Ceuta et Melilla". Tome 1, 794 p., tome 2, 308 p., thèse de doctorat d'histoire contemporaine soutenue en 2012 à Paris 1-Sorbonne sous la direction de Pierre Vermeren.
^ Jump up to: a b "Economic Data of Ceuta, de ceutna digital". Ceuta.es. Retrieved 2009-06-17.
Jump up ^ O'Reilly, Gerry; O'Reilly, J. G (1994). pp. 6–7, IBRU, Boundary and Territory Briefing. Ceuta and the Spanish Sovereign Territories: Spanish and Moroccan. ISBN 9781897643068. Retrieved 2009-06-17.
Jump up ^ Roa, J. M. (2006). "Scholastic achievement and the diglossic situation in a sample of primary-school students in Ceuta". Revista Electrónica de Investigación Educativa. 8 (1).
Jump up ^ "Interactivo: Creencias y prácticas religiosas en España". lavanguardia.com. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Walter E. Kaegi (4 November 2010). Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-521-19677-2.
Jump up ^ A Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature. 2. John Kitto, William Lindsay Alexander. 1864. p. 350.
Jump up ^ Villada, Fernando. "Ceuta huellas del cristianismo en Ceuta". academia.edu. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hundreds of migrants storm fence to reach Spanish enclave of Ceuta". BBC.
References[edit]
Turismo de Ceuta
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ceuta.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ceuta.
"Ceuta". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
(in Spanish) Official Ceuta government website
www.ceuta.si Ceuta tourism website
Web Oficial Servicios Turísticos de Ceuta
Pictures from Ceuta
[show]
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Ceuta
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Cathedral of St Mary of the Assumption
Ceuta border fence
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Estadio Alfonso Murube
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Geography
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Benzú
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Sport
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https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta
Ceuta – Zeelandic
zea
zea
interlanguage-link-target

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Ceuta rootpage-Ceuta vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view