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Stone Mountain
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This article is about the mountain in the U.S. state of Georgia. For the city of the same name, see Stone Mountain, Georgia. For other uses, see Stone Mountain (disambiguation).
Stone Mountain
The mountain, rock relief, and train.
Highest point
Elevation
1,686 ft (514 m)
Prominence
825 ft (251 m)
Coordinates
33°48′21.40″N 84°8′43.52″W / 33.8059444°N 84.1454222°W / 33.8059444; -84.1454222Coordinates: 33°48′21.40″N 84°8′43.52″W / 33.8059444°N 84.1454222°W / 33.8059444; -84.1454222
Geography
Stone Mountain
Stone Mountain, Georgia, United States
Topo map
USGS Stone Mountain, GA
Stone Mountain is a quartz monzonite dome monadnock and the site of Stone Mountain Park near Stone Mountain, Georgia. At its summit, the elevation is 1,686 feet (514 m) MSL and 825 feet (251 m) above the surrounding area. Stone Mountain is well-known for not only its geology, but also the enormous rock relief on its north face, the largest bas-relief in the world.[1] The carving depicts three Confederate figures during the Civil War: Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson.
Stone Mountain was once owned by the Venable Brothers and was the site of the founding of the second Ku Klux Klan in 1915. It was purchased by the State of Georgia in 1958.
Stone Mountain is more than 5 miles (8 km) in circumference at its base. The summit of the mountain can be reached by a walk-up trail on the west side of the mountain or by the Skyride aerial tram.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geology
2 Natural history
3 Confederate Memorial
3.1 Carving and the Ku Klux Klan
3.2 Confederate Memorial controversy
4 History
4.1 Aviation incidents
4.2 Governance
5 Places of interest
5.1 Broadcast tower
5.2 Scenic Railroad
5.3 Stone Mountain trails
5.4 Attractions
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Geology[edit]
South side of Stone Mountain from the Songbird Habitat and Trail in 2009.
Stone Mountain is a pluton, a type of igneous intrusion. Primarily composed of quartz monzonite, the dome of Stone Mountain was formed during the formation of the Blue Ridge Mountains around 300–350 million years ago (during the Carboniferous period), part of the Appalachian Mountains.[2] It formed as a result of the upwelling of magma from within the Earth's crust. This magma solidified to form granite within the crust five to ten miles below the surface.
Stone Mountain pluton continues underground 9 miles (14 km) at its longest point into Gwinnett County. Numerous reference books and Georgia literature have dubbed Stone Mountain as “the largest exposed piece of granite in the world".[3] This misconception is most likely a result of misrepresentation by granite companies and early park administration. Stone Mountain, though often called a pink granite dome, actually ranges in composition from quartz monzonite[4] to granite and granodiorite.[5]
The minerals within the rock include quartz, plagioclase feldspar, microcline and muscovite, with smaller amounts of biotite and tourmaline. The tourmaline is mostly black in color, and the majority of it exists as optically continuous skeletal[6] crystals, but much larger, euhedral pegmatitic tourmaline crystals can also be found in the mountain's numerous, cross-cutting felsic dikes. Embedded in the granite are xenoliths or pieces of foreign rocks entrained in the magma.
The granite intruded into the metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont region during the last stages of the Alleghenian Orogeny, which was the time when North America and North Africa collided. Over time, erosion eventually exposed the present mountain of more resistant igneous rock. This intrusion of granite also gave rise to Panola Mountain and Arabia Mountain, both in DeKalb County, smaller outcroppings farther south of Stone Mountain.
Natural history[edit]
Summit of Stone Mountain, Kennesaw Mountain in Background
The top of the mountain is a landscape of bare rock and rock pools, and it provides views of the surrounding area including the skyline of downtown Atlanta, often Kennesaw Mountain, and on very clear days even the Appalachian Mountains. On some days, the top of the mountain is shrouded in a heavy fog, and visibility may be limited to only a few feet. The clear freshwater pools on the summit form by rainwater gathering in eroded depressions, and are home to unusual clam shrimp and fairy shrimp. The tiny shrimp appear only during the rainy season. Through the process of cryptobiosis, the tiny shrimp eggs (or cysts) can remain dormant for years in the dried out depressions, awaiting favorable conditions.
Leaves of the Georgia oak
The mountain's lower slopes are wooded. The rare Georgia oak was first discovered at the summit, and several specimens can easily be found along the walk-up trail and in the woods around the base of the mountain. In the fall, the extremely rare Confederate yellow daisy (Helianthus porteri) flowers appear on the mountain, growing in rock crevices and in the large wooded areas.
Confederate Memorial[edit]
Close-up of the memorial
1925 Stone Mountain Memorial Half Dollar
The largest bas-relief sculpture in the world, the Confederate Memorial Carving depicts three Confederate leaders of the Civil War: President Jefferson Davis and Generals Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson (and their favorite horses, "Blackjack", "Traveller", and "Little Sorrel", respectively). The entire carved surface measures 1.57 acres (6,400 m2). The carving of the three men towers 400 feet (120 m) above the ground, measures 76 by 158 feet (23 by 48 m), and is recessed 42 feet (13 m) into the mountain. The deepest point of the carving is at Lee's right elbow, which is 12 feet (3.7 m) to the mountain's surface.[7]
The carving was conceived by Mrs. C. Helen Plane,[8] a charter member of the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC). The Venable Brothers, owners of the mountain, deeded the north face of the mountain to the UDC in 1916. The UDC was given 12 years to complete a sizable Civil War monument. Gutzon Borglum was commissioned to do the carving. Borglum abandoned the project in 1925 (and later went on to begin Mount Rushmore). The US Mint issued a 1925 Commemorative silver US half dollar, along with the words "Stone Mountain" as part of a fundraiser for the monument.[9] American sculptor Augustus Lukeman continued until 1928, when further work stopped for thirty years. In 1958, at the urging of Governor Marvin Griffin, the Georgia legislature approved a measure to purchase Stone Mountain for $1,125,000. In 1963, Walker Hancock was selected to complete the carving, and work began in 1964. The carving was completed by Roy Faulkner, who later operated a museum (now closed) on nearby Memorial Drive commemorating the carving's history. The carving was completed on March 3, 1972.[10] An extensive archival collection related to the project is now at Emory University, with the bulk of the materials dating from 1915 to 1930; the 'finding aid' provides a history of the project, and an index of the papers contained in the collection.[8]
Carving and the Ku Klux Klan[edit]
The revival of the Ku Klux Klan was emboldened by the release of D. W. Griffith's Klan-glorifying film The Birth of a Nation,[11] and coincided with the August 1915 lynching of Leo Frank. On November 25 of the same year, a small group, including fifteen robed and hooded "charter members" of the new organization, met at Stone Mountain to create a new iteration of the Klan. They were led by William J. Simmons, and included two elderly members of the original Klan. As part of their ceremony, they burned a crude cross.[12]
Fundraising for the monument resumed in 1923. In October of that year, Venable granted the Klan easement with perpetual right to hold celebrations as they desired.[13] The influence of the UDC continued, in support of Mrs. Plane's vision of a carving explicitly for the purpose of creating a Confederate memorial. The UDC established the Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial Association (SMCMA) for fundraising and on-site supervision of the project. Venable and Gutzon Borglum, who were both closely associated with the Klan, arranged to pack the SMCMA with Klan members.[14] The SMCMA, along with the United Daughters of the Confederacy, continued fundraising efforts. Of the $250,000 raised, part came from the federal government, which in 1925 issued special fifty-cent coins with the soldiers Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson on them.[15] The image on the verso of the coin was based upon 'The Last Meeting of Lee and Jackson'[16] executed in 1869 by Everett B. D. Fabrino Julio (American, b. St Helena 1843 – 1879, emigrated to US 1860) itself an icon of 'Lost Cause' mythology, now Museum of the Confederacy, Richmond VA. [17] When the state completed the purchase in 1960, it condemned the property to remove Venable's agreement to allow the Klan perpetual right to hold meetings on the premises.[14]
William J. Simmons founded the reborn Klan atop Stone Mountain in 1915
The Atlanta Constitution clipping Nov. 28, 1915, describing the Klan re-establishment atop Stone Mountain
Confederate Memorial controversy[edit]
After the Charleston church shooting in the summer of 2015, Stone Mountain was the subject of a political debate related to the removal of symbols of the Confederacy.[18] This controversy was stimulated by a movement in other states to remove the Confederate battle flag from public areas.
A proposal was made to remove the Confederate carving from Stone Mountain Park.[19] However, according to Georgia state law, no one is allowed to alter the figures carved upon the stone face. Any changes within the state park would require approval by the state legislature.[20]
On October 11, 2015, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported the park is considering a proposal of a permanent "Freedom Bell" honoring Martin Luther King, Jr. and the line "Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia" as part of King's "I Have A Dream" speech of 1963.[21] The proposed monument is inspired by a bell-ringing ceremony held in 2013 honoring the 50th anniversary of King's speech.
In August 2017, after the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, (a white supremacist protest against the removal of a Confederate monument) turned violent, people across the country demanded the removal of Confederate monuments and memorials.[22][23][24] Georgia State Representative Stacey Abrams called for the removal of Stone Mountain's carving.[25]
History[edit]
Stone Mountain, c. 1910
Human habitation of Stone Mountain and its surroundings date back into prehistory. When the mountain was first encountered by European explorers, its summit was encircled by a rock wall, similar to that still to be found on Georgia's Fort Mountain. The wall is believed to have been built by early Native American inhabitants of the area, although its purpose remains unclear. By the beginning of the 20th century, the wall had disappeared, the rocks having been taken away by early visitors as souvenirs, rolled down the rockface, or removed by the commercial quarrying operation. The mountain was as well the eastern end of the Campbellton Trail, a Native American path that ran through what is now the Atlanta area.
Europeans first learned of the mountain in 1597, when Spanish explorers were told of a mountain farther inland which was "very high, shining when the sun set like a fire." By this time, the Stone Mountain area was inhabited by the Creek and (to a lesser extent) Cherokee peoples.
In the early 19th century, the area was known as Rock Mountain. After the founding of DeKalb County and the county seat of Decatur in 1822, Stone Mountain was a natural recreation area; it was common for young couples on dates to ride to the mountain on horseback.
Entrepreneur Aaron Cloud built a 165 feet (50 m) wooden observation tower at the summit of the mountain in 1838, but it was destroyed by a storm and replaced by a much smaller tower in 1851. Visitors to the mountain would travel to the area by rail and road, and then walk up the 1.1-mile (1.8 km) mountaintop trail to the top, where Cloud also had a restaurant and club.
Granite quarrying started at Stone Mountain in the 1830s, but became a major industry following the completion of a railroad spur to the quarry site in 1847. This line was rebuilt by the Georgia Railroad in 1869. Over the years, Stone Mountain granite was used in many buildings and structures, including the locks of the Panama Canal, the steps to the East Wing of the United States Capitol and the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. In recent years, granite suppliers in Georgia sent stone samples cut from Stone Mountain to the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Foundation to be considered for use in a planned monument in King's honor; the Foundation later chose to use granite imported from China.[26] Unfortunately, quarrying during earlier periods also destroyed several spectacular geological features on Stone Mountain, such as the Devil's Crossroads, which was located on top of the mountain.
In 1887 Stone Mountain was purchased for $45,000 by the Venable Brothers of Atlanta, who quarried the mountain for 24 more years, and descendents of the Venable family would retain ownership of the mountain until it was purchased by the State of Georgia in the 1950s.
Martin Luther King, Jr. mentioned the monument in his 1963 "I Have a Dream" speech in Washington, D.C., when he said "let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia!"[27]
During the 1996 Summer Olympics, Stone Mountain Park provided venues for Olympic events in tennis, archery and track cycling.[28][29] The venues for archery and cycling were temporary and are now part of the songbird and habitat trail.[30]
Some of the outdoor scenes for the Netflix's Stranger Things were filmed in the park in late 2015 and early 2016. [31]
Aviation incidents[edit]
Grist Mill at Stone Mountain
According to George Weiblen's annotated calendar for Monday, May 7, 1928: "Mail plane crashed on mountain at 8:00 P.M."[citation needed] The pilot, Johnny S. Kytle (1905–1931), not only survived the crash, but managed to grab the mail and walk down the mountain.
Around dusk on September 16, 2003, in clear weather, a small airplane circled the mountain five times, then crashed headlong into the south side, burst into flames and killed the pilot. A witness testifying at the NTSB investigation stated that the pilot, a 69-year-old accountant, had threatened on multiple occasions to commit suicide by flying into the mountain. The official NTSB accident report lists the probable cause as "The pilot's intentional flight into the ground for the purpose of suicide while impaired by alcohol."[32]
Governance[edit]
Stone Mountain Park, which surrounds the Confederate Memorial, is owned by the state of Georgia and managed by the Stone Mountain Memorial Association, a Georgia state authority. The Herschend Family Entertainment Corporation currently has a long-term contract to operate park attractions while the Stone Mountain Memorial Association retains ownership and the right to reject any project deemed unfit.
Places of interest[edit]
Covered Bridge at Stone Mountain
Stone Mountain Scenic Railroad depot (1971 photograph)
Carillon at Stone Mountain Park; January 2012
Pavilion and transmitting tower at the summit of Stone Mountain
Confederate Hall, operated directly by the Stone Mountain Memorial Association or SMMA, is a museum that educates students and park guests on the geology and ecology of Stone Mountain as well as historical aspects of the area. A small theater shows a historical documentary about the Civil War in Georgia called "The Battle for Georgia".
The education department is host to thousands of students each school year, teaching the subjects of geology, ecology, and history. Classes are designed to meet the Georgia Performance Standards and the North American Association for Environmental Education guidelines.
The Antebellum Plantation and Farmyard is an open-air museum composed of 19 historic buildings, built between 1790 and 1875, which have been re-erected on the site to represent a pre-Civil War Georgia plantation. The historic houses have been furnished with an extensive collection of period furniture and decorations. The farm features live animals that guests can pet.
A 732-bell carillon that originated at the 1964 New York World's Fair provides a daily concert.
A covered bridge, dating from 1892, which originally spanned the Oconee River in Athens, Georgia.[33]
A grist mill, dating from 1869 and moved to the park in 1965.
Broadcast tower[edit]
The mountain top and Skyride
The short broadcast tower on the top of the mountain transmits two non-commercial stations: television station WGTV TV 8, and weather radio station KEC80 on 162.55 MHz. FM radio station WABE FM 90.1 was located on this tower from 1984 until 2005, when it was required to relocate to accommodate WGTV's digital conversion.[citation needed] W266BW FM 101.1 now has a permit as well. Atop the tower also sits the W4BOC Amateur Radio repeater which operates on a frequency on 146.760.
The tower is also used for the park's Project 25 two-way radio systems.[34][35]
Scenic Railroad[edit]
Main article: Stone Mountain Scenic Railroad
Stone Mountain trails[edit]
Stone Mountain walk-up trail
Walk Up Trail: A 1.3-mile (2.1 km) trail to the top of Stone Mountain ascending 786 ft (240 m) in elevation to a height of 1,686 ft (514 m). The trail is steep, but spectacular panoramic views and cool winds await hikers at the top.
Cherokee Trail: A 5-mile (8 km) National Recreation Trail, the Cherokee Trail loops around the mountain base, with a mile section going up and over the west side of the mountain (crosses Walk Up Trail). It passes primarily through an oak-hickory forest, but views of the lakes, streams, and mountain are common.[36]
Nature Garden Trail: A scenic 3⁄4 mile (1.2 km) loop trail through a mature oak-hickory forest community, it is excellent for viewing shade-loving native plants. A small garden with interpretive native plant signs is at the entrance to the trail.
Songbird Habitat Trails: Comprising two loop trails each running 1 mile (1.6 km), the field trail is an excellent birding spot and the woodland trail provides shade and numerous native plants. Dogs are not allowed.
Attractions[edit]
Stone Mountain riverboat
The Park features several attractions that are operated by Herschend Family Entertainment Corporation.
On summer evenings the mountain hosts the Stone Mountain Laser Show Spectacular, a fireworks and laser light display. The laser lightshow projects moving images of the Deep South as well as Georgia history onto the Confederate Memorial carving on the side of the mountain. During Memorial Day Weekend of 2011, Stone Mountain unveiled its overhaul of the laser show, dubbed Mountainvision. This incorporates digital projectors, lasers, special effects, and pyrotechnics.[37]
The Skyride, a Swiss-built cable car to the summit of the mountain, passes by the carving on the way up.
The Riverboat offered a scenic cruise aboard a reproduction of a Mississippi riverboat on 363-acre (147 ha) Stone Mountain Lake. It has been retired.
The Antebellum Plantation is a collection of historic buildings relocated from around the state of Georgia, including three plantation manor-houses dating from 1794, 1850, and 1845; two slave cabins; a barn; and other outbuildings. The Plantation Farmyard features historic breeds of sheep, goats, and pigs that guests can pet.
Crossroads is a recreation of an 1872 southern town with several attractions that include a modern 4-D movie theater, an adventure mini-golf course, a duck tour ride, stores and restaurants. Craft demonstrators include glass blowing and candy-making. Among other attractions in this area:
The Great Barn is a children's activity area that features 65 interactive games, climbing structures, trampoline floors, slides and more.
Sky Hike is a family ropes adventure course. Guests can choose their own path and level of challenge.
Geyser Towers is a playground featuring a large fountain at the entrance, so guests have the option of climbing through the course or getting wet.
Panoramic view from the top of Stone Mountain. The skyline of Atlanta is visible at right.
See also[edit]
Atlanta portal
List of colossal sculpture in situ
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Stone Mountain." georgia.gov, retrieved February 2007.
Jump up ^ "New Georgia Encyclopedia: Granite Outcrops". Georgiaencyclopedia.org. 2005-01-07. Retrieved 2012-12-18.
Jump up ^ Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). Natural Wonders of the World. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. p. 358. ISBN 0-89577-087-3.
Jump up ^ Herrmann, L.A. 1954. Geology of the Stone Mountain-Lithonia District, Georgia. Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin 61. Atlanta, GA.
Jump up ^ Grant, W.H. 1962. Field excursion, Stone Mountain-Lithonia district. Georgia Geologic Survey Guidebook 2. Atlanta, Georgia
Jump up ^ Skeletal Tourmaline, Undercooling, and Crystallization History of the Stone Mountain Granite, Georgia, U.S.A., Kristen M. Longfellow and Samuel E. Swanson (incomplete ref)
Jump up ^ Mellen, Mickey (August 19, 2011). "Just how big is the Stone Mountain sculpture?". Google Earth Blog. Retrieved 2017-08-25.
^ Jump up to: a b Stone Mountain collection, 1915-1977. Manuscript Collection No. 95. Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library. Emory University. emory.edu. Retrieved 2017-08-25.
Jump up ^ Pilitowski, Tom. "Information about the Stone Mountain Half Dollar coin". U.S. Rare Coin Investments. The authorized issue was 5 million coins, to be sold at $1 each, but only 1.3 million coins released. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "History". Stone Mountain Park. stonemountainpark.org. Retrieved 2017-08-25.
Jump up ^ "A Painful Present as Historians Confront a Nation's Bloody Past". Hartford-hwp.com. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
Jump up ^ "The Various Shady Lives of the Ku Klux Klan". Time magazine. April 9, 1965. An itinerant Methodist preacher named William Joseph Simmons started up the Klan again in Atlanta in 1915. Simmons, an ascetic-looking man, was a fetishist on fraternal organizations. He was already a "colonel" in the Woodmen of the World, but he decided to build an organization all his own. He was an effective speaker, with an affinity for alliteration; he had preached on "Women, Weddings and Wives," "Red Heads, Dead Heads and No Heads," and the "Kinship of Kourtship and Kissing." On Thanksgiving Eve 1915, Simmons took 15 friends to the top of Stone Mountain, near Atlanta, built an altar on which he placed an American flag, a Bible and an unsheathed sword, set fire to a crude wooden cross, muttered a few incantations about a "practical fraternity among men," and declared himself Imperial Wizard of the Invisible Empire of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan.
Jump up ^ The Klan – Patsy Sims – Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
^ Jump up to: a b "Stone Mountain Carving". Ngeorgia.com. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
Jump up ^ Shaff, Howard & Audrey arl Shaff, ‘’Six Wars at a Time: the lif and times of Gutzon Borglum, Sculptor of Mt. Rushmore’’, The Center For Western Studies, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 1985 p. 207
Jump up ^ "Confederate Half Dollar". xroads.virginia.edu. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Last Meeting". Encyclopediavirginia.org\accessdate=1 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Debate brewing over Stone Mountain Park's Confederate flags". Retrieved 2015-08-11. .
Jump up ^ "NAACP calls for removal of giant Confederate carving on Georgia mountainside". Retrieved 2016-07-23.
Jump up ^ "The removal of the Confederate carving at Stone Mountain is seen as unlikely". Retrieved 2015-07-26. "
Jump up ^ "A monument to MLK will crown Stone Mountain - Political Insider blog". Politics.blog.ajc.com. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Schachar, Natalie (August 15, 2015). "Jindal seeks to block removal of Confederate monuments in New Orleans". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kenning, Chris (August 15, 2017). "Confederate Monuments Are Coming Down Across the United States". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "U.S. cities step up removal of Confederate statues, despite Virginia". Reuters. August 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Week: After Charlottesville, eyes turn to Stone Mountain". ajc. Retrieved 2017-08-20.
Jump up ^ Democracy in America American politics (August 30, 2011). "Martin Luther King: A blockheaded memorial". The Economist. Retrieved 2012-12-18.
Jump up ^ King, Martin Luther, Jr (28 August 1963). "I have a Dream". Lillian Goldman Law Library. Retrieved 8 October 2011. let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia!
Jump up ^ 1996 Summer Olympics official report. Volume 1. p. 543.
Jump up ^ 1996 Summer Olympics official report. Volume 3. pp. 448, 453.
Jump up ^ Driving Map: Stone Mountain Park (2009). Pamphlet. Stone Mountain, Georgia: Stone Mountain Park.
Jump up ^ "Georgia Locations for Netflix’s ‘Stranger Things’". Deep South Magazine. Deep South Media. July 28, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2017. Georgia’s small towns outside of Atlanta, including Douglasville, Conyers, Jackson, Winston and Fayetteville, easily pass for the Midwest, and Jackson’s intact downtown isn’t a far stretch from 1983 Hawkins on film.
Jump up ^ NTSB Accident Report: Stone Mountain, 16 September 2003.
Jump up ^ Seibert, David. "Stone Mountain Covered Bridge". GeorgiaInfo: an Online Georgia Almanac. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Stone Mountain Park Memorial Association system: WPRF799 (public safety) FCC website
Jump up ^ Stone Mountain Park Memorial Association system: WNAU431 (businesses) FCC website
Jump up ^ [1] Archived March 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Stone Mountain Park Debuts New Lasershow Spectacular™ in Mountainvision This Summer – STONE MOUNTAIN, Ga., March 21, 2011 /PRNewswire/". Prnewswire.com. 2011-03-21. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
Further reading[edit]
Deborah Yost (1997). Georgia's Stone Mountain Park. Aerial Photography Services, Inc. ISBN 1-880970-11-2.
Golden Ink (1994–2003). About North Georgia: Stone Mountain. Retrieved July 29, 2005.
James W. Loewen (1999). Lies Across America: What Our Historic Sites Get Wrong. New Press. ISBN 1-56584-344-4.
"Ecosystem". Stone Mountain Park. Stone Mountain Memorial Association. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
United Daughters of the Confederacy(2007). Georgia Division, United Daughters of the Confederacy.
Atlanta's Stone Mountain: A Multicultural History (2011) Written by: Paul Stephen Hudson and Laura Pond Mirza.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stone Mountain Park, Georgia.
Atlanta, Georgia, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
City of Stone Mountain, Georgia, from the City of Stone Mountain
Main Street Stone Mountain
Stone Mountain article, from the New Georgia Encyclopedia
Stone Mountain Park and City Information
Stone Mountain Park Photos
Stone Mountain Park website, from the state authority that owns the park
Stone Mountain Park guide, with current and historical photos
View from the top of Stone Mountain looking Northeast (1934) and Granite Quarry at Stone Mountain (1913) from the Georgia Geological Survey photographs in the collection of the Georgia Archives.
Stone Mountain Granite Corporation – Producers and Manufacturers Stone Mountain Light Gray Granite For Building Work – Dorian Gray For Mausoleums and Monuments & Stone Mountain Granite Corporation Granite Price List, circa 1914 (Office, quarries, and finishing plant located at Stone Mountain, Georgia)
Southeast Granite Company – Stone Mountain Granite Memorial/Monumental Stones Catalog (1920s)
Shades of Gray: The Changing Focus of Stone Mountain Park
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Mountains of Georgia
Blue Ridge Mountains
Big Bald Mountain
Big John Dick Mountain
Black Mountain
Black Rock Mountain
Blood Mountain
Brasstown Bald
Coosa Bald
Cowrock Mountain
Currahee Mountain
Dick's Knob
Double Spring Knob
Flat Top
Fort Mountain
Glade Mountain
Glassy Mountain
Grassy Mountain
Grassy Ridge
Hightower Bald
Horsetrough Mountain
Jacks Knob
Levelland Mountain
Mount Oglethorpe
Rabun Bald
Rich Mountain
Slaughter Mountain
Springer Mountain
Tray Mountain
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Young Lick
Rich Knob
Screamer Mountain
Three Sisters
Yonah Mountain
Rock Mountain
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Rocky Mountain
Ridge-and-Valley
Baugh Mountain
Blossom Hill
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Others
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Bear Mountain
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Chenocetah Mountain
Dowdell's Knob
Kennesaw Mountain
Little Kennesaw Mountain
Mount Wilkinson
Panola Mountain
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Pine Mountain (Bartow County)
Pine Mountain (Cobb County)
Sawnee Mountain
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Stone Mountain
Sweat Mountain
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Venues of the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic Ring
Alexander Memorial Coliseum
Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium
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Cycling road course
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Georgia State University Gymnasium
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Marathon course
Morehouse College Gymnasium
Morris Brown College Stadium
Centennial Olympic Stadium
Omni Coliseum
Walking course
Metro Atlanta
Atlanta Beach
Georgia International Horse Park
Lake Lanier
Stone Mountain Park Archery Center and Velodrome
Stone Mountain Tennis Center
Wolf Creek Shooting Complex
Other venues
Florida Citrus Bowl (Orlando, Florida)
Golden Park (Columbus, Georgia)
Legion Field (Birmingham, Alabama)
Ocoee Whitewater Center (Polk County, Tennessee)
Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
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Sanford Stadium (Athens, Georgia)
University of Georgia Coliseum (Athens, Georgia)
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Olympic venues in archery
1900: Bois de Vincennes
1904: Francis Field
1908: White City Stadium
1920: Nachtegalen Park
1972: Bogenschießlage
1976: Olympic Archery Field, Joliette
1980: Krylatskoye Sports Complex Archery Field
1984: El Dorado Park
1988: Hwarang Archery Field
1992: Olympic Archery Field
1996: Stone Mountain Park Archery Center and Velodrome
2000: Sydney International Archery Park
2004: Panathenaic Stadium
2008: Olympic Green Archery Field
2012: Lord's
2016: Sambódromo
2020: Dream Island Archery Field
2024: Les Invalides
2028: Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park
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Olympic venues in cycling
1896
Marathon (city), Neo Phaliron Velodrome
1900
Vélodrome de Vincennes
1904
Francis Field
1908
White City Stadium
1912
Liljeholmen, Mälaren
1920
Antwerp, Vélodrome d'Anvers Zuremborg
1924
Stade de Colombes, Vélodrome de Vincennes
1928
Amsterdam, Olympic Stadium
1932
Los Angeles Avenue, Pacific Coast Highway, Rose Bowl in Pasadena, Vineyard Avenue
1936
Avus Motor Road, BSV 92 Field & Stadium
1948
Herne Hill Velodrome, Windsor Great Park
1952
Käpylä, Maunula, Pakila, Velodrome
1956
Broadmeadows, Velodrome
1960
Olympic Velodrome, Via Cassia, Via Flaminia, Via Cristoforo Colombo, Via di Grottarossa
1964
Hachioji City, Hachioji Velodrome
1968
Agustín Melgar Olympic Velodrome, Satellite Circuit
1972
Bundesautobahn 96, Grünwald, Radstadion
1976
Mount Royal Park, Olympic Velodrome, Quebec Autoroute 40
1980
Krylatskoye Sports Complex Cycling Circuit, Krylatskoye Sports Complex Velodrome, Moscow-Minsk Highway
1984
Artesia Freeway, Olympic Velodrome, Streets of Mission Viejo
1988
Olympic Velodrome, Tongillo Road Course
1992
A-17 highway, Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya, Sant Sadurní Cycling Circuit, Velòdrom d'Horta
1996
Cycling road course, Georgia International Horse Park, Stone Mountain Park Archery Center and Velodrome
2000
Centennial Parklands, Dunc Gray Velodrome, Western Sydney Parklands
2004
Athens Olympic Velodrome, Kotzia Square, Parnitha Olympic Mountain Bike Venue, Vouliagmeni Olympic Centre
2008
Laoshan Bicycle Moto Cross (BMX) Venue, Laoshan Mountain Bike Course, Laoshan Velodrome, Urban Road Cycling Course
2012
BMX Circuit, Hadleigh Farm, London Velodrome, Hampton Court Palace
2016
Fort Copacabana, Mountain Bike Centre, Olympic BMX Centre, Pontal, Rio Olympic Velodrome
2020
Izu Velodrome, Japan Cycle Sports Center, Tokyo Imperial Palace, Olympic BMX Course
2024
Vélodrome de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Champs-Élysées, Élancourt Hill
2028
VELO Sports Center, Los Angeles Convention Center, Grand Park, Downtown Long Beach, Frank G. Bonelli Regional Park
[show]
v
t
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Atlanta landmarks
[hide]
Current
Commercial
Atlantic Station
AmericasMart
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Mary Mac's Tea Room
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Monuments
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Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial
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Museums
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1075 Peachtree)
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[show]
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Turner Field†
Union Stations: 1853
1871
1930
Post Office and Customs House/City Hall (1911-1930)
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† – Centennial Olympic Stadium was rebuilt in 1997 as Turner Field. In turn, Turner Field was rebuilt as Georgia State Stadium in 2017.
[show]
Planned
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Atlanta Symphony Center
[show]
v
t
e
Protected areas of Georgia
Federal
National historic sites
and military parks
Andersonville NHS
Jimmy Carter NHS
Martin Luther King Jr. NHS
Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park
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National monuments
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Wild and scenic rivers
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Other protected areas
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State
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Amicalola Falls
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Historic parks
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and other
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[show]
v
t
e
Stonewall Jackson
Leadership
Instructor, Virginia Military Institute
Colonel, Virginia Militia
Stonewall Brigade
Second Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia
Mexican–American War
Siege of Veracruz
Battle of Contreras
Battle of Chapultepec
Battle for Mexico City
American Civil War
raids and expeditions
Great Train Raid of 1861
Romney Expedition
American Civil War
battles and campaigns
First Battle of Manassas
Valley Campaign
Seven Days Battles
Northern Virginia Campaign
Maryland Campaign
Battle of Fredericksburg
Battle of Chancellorsville
Historic items
Winchester Headquarters
Stone Mountain
Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar
Monument Avenue
"Stonewall Jackson's Way"
CSS Stonewall
USS Stonewall
USS Stonewall Jackson
Related
Lee–Jackson Day
[show]
v
t
e
Herschend Family Entertainment
Amusement parks
Dollywood
Silver Dollar City
Wild Adventures
Aquariums
Adventure Aquarium
Newport Aquarium
Water parks
Dollywood's Splash Country
Splash Island (Wild Adventures)
White Water Branson
Other
Dolly Parton's Dixie Stampede
Harlem Globetrotters
Ride the Ducks
Showboat Branson Belle
Stone Mountain Park
Talking Rocks Cavern
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone_Mountain&oldid=807875620"
Categories:
1996 Summer Olympic venues
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Granite domes
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Mountain monuments and memorials
Mountains of Georgia (U.S. state)
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Natural monoliths
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Open-air museums in Georgia (U.S. state)
Outdoor sculptures in Georgia (U.S. state)
Parks in Georgia (U.S. state)
Protected areas established in 1958
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Seven Natural Wonders of Georgia (U.S. state)
Tourist attractions in Atlanta
Aerial tramways in the United States
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Sculptures by Walker Hancock
Reliefs in the United States
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text:
Background check
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A background check or background investigation is the process of looking up and compiling criminal records, commercial records, and financial records of an individual or an organization.[1]
Contents
1 Purpose
2 Pre-employment screening
2.1 United Kingdom
2.2 Poland
2.3 Asia/Oceania
2.4 The market
2.5 Types of checks
2.6 Regulation
2.7 United States
2.7.1 Laws
2.7.1.1 Florida
2.7.2 Types of checks
3 Possible information included
4 Controversies
5 Public records pay sites
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Purpose[edit]
Background checks are often requested by employers on job candidates for employment screening, especially on candidates seeking a position that requires high security or a position of trust, such as in a school, courthouse, hospital, financial institution, airport, and government. These checks are traditionally administered by a government agency for a nominal fee, but can also be administered by private companies. Background checks can be expensive depending on the information requested. Results of a background check typically include past employment verification, credit history, and criminal history. The objective of background checks is to ensure the safety and security of the employees in the organisation.[2]
These checks are often used by employers as a means of judging a job candidate's past mistakes, character, and fitness, and to identify potential hiring risks for safety and security reasons. Background checks are also used to thoroughly investigate potential government employees in order to be given a security clearance. However, these checks may sometimes be used for illegal purposes, such as unlawful discrimination (or employment discrimination), identity theft, and violation of privacy.
Checks are frequently conducted to confirm information found on an employment application or résumé/curriculum vitae. One study showed that half of all reference checks done on prospective employees differed between what the job applicant provided and what the source reported.[3] They may also be conducted as a way to further differentiate potential employees and pick the one the employer feels is best suited for the position. Employers have an obligation to make sure their work environment is safe for all employees and helps prevent other employment problems in the workplace.[4]
In the United States, the Brady Bill requires criminal checks for those wishing to purchase handguns from licensed firearms dealers. Restricted firearms (like machine guns), suppressors, explosives or large quantities of precursor chemicals, and concealed weapons permits also require criminal checks.[5]
Checks are also required for those working in positions with special security concerns, such as trucking, ports of entry, and airports (including airline transportation). Other laws exist to prevent those who do not pass a criminal check from working in careers involving the elderly, disabled, or children.
Pre-employment screening[edit]
Pre-employment screening refers to the process of investigating the backgrounds of potential employees and is commonly used to verify the accuracy of an applicant's claims as well as to discover any possible criminal history, workers compensation claims, or employer sanctions. For example, CBC News of Canada reported that fraud in the workplace cost Canadian Businesses over $3.2 Billion in 2011.[6]
United Kingdom[edit]
A number of annual reports, including BDO Stoy Hayward's Fraudtrack 4[7] and CIFAS's [8] (The UK's fraud prevention service) 'The Enemy Within' have showed a rising level of major discrepancies and embellishments on CVs over previous years.[citation needed]
Almost half (48%) of organizations with fewer than 100 staff experienced problems with vetted employees.[citation needed]
Thirty-nine percent of UK organizations have experienced a situation where their vetting procedures have allowed an employee to be hired who was later found to have lied or misrepresented themselves in their application.[citation needed]
Since the onset of the financial crisis of 2007–2010, the level of fraud has almost doubled and some experts have predicted that it will escalate further.[9] Background-checking firm Powerchex has claimed the number of applicants lying on their applications has been increasing since the summer of 2007 when the financial crisis began.[10] In 2009, Powerchex claimed that nearly one in 5 applicants has a major lie or discrepancy on his or her application.[11]
Poland[edit]
The first Polish research on the issue of pre-employment screening shows that 81% of recruiters have come across the phenomenon of lies in the CVs of candidates for the job.[citation needed] The survey was conducted by IBBC Group and Background Screening Service, which deal with outsourcing and conducting background screenings in Central - Eastern Europe.
The research shows how many failures occurred in the relationship between employer and employee over the years and what dangers it brings. Applicants usually lie about additional skills (85%), dates of employment (58%), responsibilities (53%) or positions (28%).[citation needed]
Due to bad hire, employers lose in a multitude of ways: financial-wise, reputation-wise and time-wise. The research shows that as many as 77% of them have lost significant sums of money to carry out the re-recruitment. Moreover, the companies have suffered losses after hiring the dishonest employee due to his low competences (57%), lack of diligence at work (28%), spending on additional training (28%) or problems with attendance (15%) and employee theft (7%).[citation needed] The demand for pre-employment screenings is constantly growing among Polish entrepreneurs.
Background screening can be conducted in Poland on the grounds of written consent of the person. Depending on the degree to which recruitment is carried out, verifications can include: identity, history of education, employment history, reason for leaving, additional qualifications, employee opinion, criminal record, indebtedness, references, business connections, presence on sanction lists, presence in the media.
Asia/Oceania[edit]
While background screening and verification is well established in Australia and New Zealand,[12] it is in its infancy in Asia and regulations vary widely across the region.[13] Leading background screening companies in the region must navigate different regulatory frameworks and market leaders offer a full complement of services including financial probity, education, criminal background checking where legal, directorships.
The market[edit]
Larger companies are more likely to outsource than their smaller counterparts – the average staff size of the companies who outsource is 3,313 compared to 2,162 for those who carry out in-house checks.
Financial services firms had the highest proportion of respondents who outsource the service, with over a quarter (26%) doing so, compared to an overall average of 16% who outsource vetting to a third party provider.
The construction and property industry showed the lowest level of outsourcing, with 89% of such firms in the sample carrying out checks in-house, making the overall average 16%. This can increase over the years.
Companies that choose to outsource must be sure to use companies that are Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) compliant. Companies that fail to use an FCRA compliant company may face legal issues due to the complexity of the law.
Types of checks[edit]
Academic Verifications
Character Reference Check
Gaps in employment history
Gap in educational history
Identity and Address Verification - whether the applicant is who he or she claims to be. Generally includes verification of the candidate’s present and previous addresses. Can include a money laundering, identity and terrorist check and one to verify the validity of passports.
Whether an applicant holds a directorship
Credit History (credit score is not included)
Purchase fire arms
Regulation[edit]
The Financial Services Authority states in their Training & Competence guidance that regulated firms should have:
Adequacy of procedures for taking into account knowledge and skills of potential recruits for the role
Adequacy of procedures for obtaining sufficient information about previous activities and training
Adequacy of procedures for ensuring that individuals have passed appropriate exams or have appropriate exemptions
Adequacy of procedures for assessing competence of individuals for sales roles
The Financial Services Authority’s statutory objectives:
Protecting consumers
Maintaining market confidence
Promoting public awareness
Reducing financial crime
United States[edit]
Laws[edit]
Due to the sensitivity of the information contained in consumer reports and certain records, there are a variety of important laws regulating the dissemination and legal use of this information. Most notably, the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) regulates the use of consumer reports (which it defines as information collected and reported by third party agencies) as it pertains to adverse decisions, notification to the applicant, and destruction and safekeeping of records.
If a consumer report is used as a factor in an adverse hiring decision, the applicant must be presented with a "pre-adverse action disclosure," a copy of the FCRA summary of rights, and a "notification of adverse action letter." Individuals are entitled to know the source of any information used against them including a credit reporting company. Individuals must also consent in order for the employer to obtain a credit report. Pre-employment credit reports do not include a credit score. A pre-employment credit report will show up on an individuals credit report as a "soft inquiry" and do not affect the individual's credit score.[citation needed]
Florida[edit]
Title XLV, section 768.095, of the Florida Statutes protects employers from negligent hiring liabilities, provided they attempt to conduct certain screening procedures. Employers who follow these steps will be presumed not to have been negligent when hiring if a background check fails to reveal any records on an applicant.[14]
Types of checks[edit]
There are a variety of types of investigative searches that can be used by potential employers. Many commercial sites will offer specific searches to employers for a fee. Services like these will actually perform the checks, supply the company with adverse action letters, and ensure compliance throughout the process. It is important to be selective about which pre-employment screening agency one uses. A legitimate company will be happy to explain the process. Many employers choose to search the most common records such as criminal records, driving records, and education verification. Other searches such as sex offender registry, credential verification, skills assessment, reference checks, credit reports and Patriot Act searches are becoming increasingly common. Employers should consider the position in question when determining which types of searches to include, and should always use the same searches for every applicant being considered for one.
Possible information included[edit]
The amount of information included on a background check depends to a large degree on the sensitivity of the reason for which it is conducted—e.g., somebody seeking employment at a minimum wage job would be subject to far fewer requirements than somebody applying to work for a law enforcement agency such as the FBI or jobs related to national security.
Criminal, arrest, incarceration, and sex offender records
There are several types of criminal record searches available to employers, some more accurate and up to date than others. These "third party" background checking agencies cannot guarantee the accuracy of their information, thus many of them have incomplete records or inaccurate records. The only way to conduct an accurate background check is to go directly through the state. Most times using the state of choice is much cheaper than using a "third party" agency. Many websites offer the "instant" background check, which will search a compilation of databases containing public information for a fee. These "instant" searches originate from a variety of sources, from statewide court and corrections records to law enforcement records which usually stem from county or metro law enforcement offices. There are also other database-type criminal searches, such as statewide repositories and the national crime file. A commonly used criminal search by employers who outsource is the county criminal search.
Citizenship, immigration, or legal working status
The hiring of undocumented workers has become an issue for American businesses since the forming of the Department of Homeland Security and its Immigrations and Customs Enforcement (ICE) division. Many history making immigration raids[15] over the past two years have forced employers to consider including legal working status as part of their background screening process. All employers are required to keep government Form I-9 documents on all employees and some states mandate the use of the federal E-Verify program to research the working status of Social Security numbers. With increased concern for right-to-work issues, many outsourcing companies are sprouting in the marketplace to help automate and store Form I-9 documentation. Some jobs are only available to citizens who are residents of that country due to security concerns.
Litigation records
Employers may want to identify potential employees who routinely file discrimination lawsuits. It has also been alleged that in the U.S., employers that do work for the government do not like to hire whistleblowers who have a history of filing qui tam suits.
Driving and vehicle records
Employers that routinely hire drivers or are in the transportation sector seek drivers with clean driving records—i.e., those without a history of accidents or traffic tickets. Department of Motor Vehicles and Department of Transportation records are searched to determine a qualified driver.
Drug tests
Drug tests are used for a variety of reasons—corporate ethics, measuring potential employee performance, and keeping workers' compensation premiums down.
Education records
These are used primarily to see if the potential employee had graduated from high school (or a GED) or received a college degree, graduate degree, or some other accredited university degree. There are reports of SAT scores being requested by employers as well.
Employment records
These usually range from simple verbal confirmations of past employment and timeframe to deeper, such as discussions about performance, activities and accomplishments, and relations with others.
Financial information
Credit history, liens, civil judgments, bankruptcy, and tax information may be included in the report.
Licensing records
A government authority that has some oversight over professional conduct of its licensees will also maintain records regarding the licensee, such as personal information, education, complaints, investigations, and disciplinary actions.
Medical, mental, and physiological evaluation and records
These records are generally not available to consumer reporting agencies, background screening firms, or any other investigators without documented, written consent of the applicant, consumer or employee.
Military records
Although not as common today as it was in the past fifty years, employers frequently requested the specifics of one's military discharge.
Polygraph testing
Those seeking employment in the government relating in a field of national security, law enforcement, or other field of safety or security may look into a persons background not disclosed in applications. Those who fail a polygraph test may not be selected. In the United States laws regarding the use are under the Employee Polygraph Protection Act.
Social Security Number
(or equivalent outside the US). A fraudulent SSN may be indicative of identity theft, insufficient citizenship, or concealment of a "past life". Background screening firms usually perform a Social Security trace to determine where the applicant or employee has lived.
Other interpersonal interviews
Employers may investigate past employment to verify position and salary information. More intensive checks can involve interviews with anybody that knew or previously knew the applicant—such as teachers, friends, coworkers, neighbors, and family members; however, extensive hearsay investigations in background checks can expose companies to lawsuits. Past employment and personal reference verifications are moving toward standardization with most companies in order to avoid expensive litigation.
Controversies[edit]
Drug tests and credit checks for employment are highly controversial practices. According to the Privacy Rights Clearinghouse, a project of the Utility Consumers' Action Network (UCAN): "While some people are not concerned about background investigations, others are uncomfortable with the idea of investigators poking around in their personal histories. In-depth checks could unearth information that is irrelevant, taken out of context, or just plain wrong. A further concern is that the report might include information that is illegal to use for hiring purposes or which comes from questionable sources."
In May 2002, allegedly improper post-hire checks conducted by Northwest Airlines were the subject of a civil lawsuit between Northwest and 10,000 of their mechanics.
In the case of an arrest that did not lead to a conviction, employment checks can continue including the arrest record for up to seven years, per § 605 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act:
Except as authorized under subsection (b) of this section, no consumer reporting agency may make any consumer report containing . . . Civil suits, civil judgments, and records of arrest that from date of entry, antedate the report by more than seven years or until the governing statute of limitations has expired, whichever is the longer period.
Subsection (b) provides for an exception if the report is in connection with "the employment of any individual at an annual salary which equals, or which may reasonably be expected to equal $75,000, or more".[16]
Some proposals for decreasing potential harm to innocent applicants include:
Furnishing the applicant with a copy of the report before it is given to the employer, so that any inaccuracies can be addressed beforehand; and
Allowing only conviction (not arrest) records to be reported.
In New Zealand, criminal checks have been affected by the Criminal Records (Clean Slate) Act 2004, which allows individuals to legally conceal "less serious" convictions from their records provided they had been conviction-free for at least seven years.
In Michigan, the system of criminal checks has been criticized in a recent case where a shooting suspect was able to pass an FBI check to purchase a shotgun although he had failed the check for a state handgun permit. According to the spokesman of the local police department,
... you could have a clear criminal history but still have contacts with law enforcement that would not rise to the level of an arrest or conviction [that can be used] to deny a permit whether or not those involved arrests that might show up on a criminal history.[17]
The Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence has criticized the federal policy, which denies constitutional rights based on a criminal check only if the subject has been accused of a crime.
Public records pay sites[edit]
Taking advantage of public records availability in the United States, a number of Web-based companies began purchasing U.S. public records data and selling it online, primarily to assist the general public in locating people. Many of these sites advertise background research and provide employers and/or landlords with fee-based checks.
There has been a growing movement on the web[citation needed] to use advertising-based models to subsidize these checks. These companies display targeted ads next to the reports delivered to landlords or employers. Some of the reports provided by these pay sites are only expanded versions of a basic people search providing a 20-year history of addresses, phone numbers, marriages and divorces, businesses owned and property ownership. Usually, these sites will also provide a nationwide criminal report for an added charge.
As a general rule, employers may not take adverse action against an applicant or employee (not hiring or terminating them), solely on the basis of results obtained through a database search. Database searches, as opposed to source records searches (search of actual county courthouse records), are notoriously inaccurate, contain incomplete or outdated information, and should only be used as an added safety net when conducting a background check. Failure by employers to follow FCRA guidelines can result in hefty penalties.[18]
See also[edit]
Credit check
Criminal record check
Employment discrimination
Identity resolution
Negligence in employment
Psychological evaluation
Security clearance
Universal background check, a U.S. political term regarding firearm sales
Vetting
Online vetting
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Advanced Personnel Vetting Techniques in Critical Multi-Tennant Hosted Computing Environments" (PDF). Thesai.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
Jump up ^ "Need for Employee Background check". www.emptrust.com. Archived from the original on 2017-08-08. Retrieved 2017-08-08.
Jump up ^ "ASUW Students Attorney Program". Archived from the original on October 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Attorney General's Report on Criminal History Background Checks" (PDF). Usdoj.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-05-30. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
Jump up ^ Davidson, Charlie. "The Brady Gun Background Check Act". Fbinicsystem.com. Archived from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
Jump up ^ CBC News (December 6, 2011). "Workplace fraud cost $3.2B last year". CBC News. Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved May 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ "BDO Fraudtrack 4 Report". Bdo.co.uk. Archived from the original on October 20, 2008. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
Jump up ^ "The Enemy Within". CIFAS. Archived from the original on 2015-09-09. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
Jump up ^ Fraud doubles yet expert says the worst is still to come Archived July 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Jessica Shepherd (August 6, 2009). "Under-21s told 29% more lies on job applications this year than last". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Annual pre-employment Screening Survey" (PDF). Powerchex.co.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-01. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
Jump up ^ "Hidden dangers of background checks". news.com.au. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-20. Retrieved 2016-08-04.
Jump up ^ "The 2012 Florida Statutes". Florida Senate. Archived from the original on July 17, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "U.S Immigration and Customs Enforcement News Release". Ice.gov. 2008-08-26. Archived from the original on 2012-09-21. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
Jump up ^ "Fair Credit Reporting Act". Ftc.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-06-15. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
Jump up ^ Kathy Barks Hoffman, Associated Press, 10:33 am EDT Apr 13, "Mich. shooting suspect was denied permit"
Jump up ^ "Bellwether Settlement For $5.9 Million Given Preliminary Approval For FCRA Class Action Involving Criminal History Information : Workplace Class Action Litigation : Lawyers & Attorneys for Labor & Employment Law Litigation, Counseling, Employee Relations : Seyfarth Shaw LLP". Workplaceclassaction.com. Archived from the original on June 15, 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
External links[edit]
Advocates Complain of Background Check Errors, ABC News, 13 Oct 2008.
Why You Shouldn’t Rely On Free Background Checks, Crimcheck, 4 May 2018.
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text:
Lists of diseases
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Diseases
Alphabetical list
0–9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G

H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q

R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
See also

Health
Exercise
Nutrition
A medical condition is a broad term that includes all diseases and disorders.
A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism.
A disorder is a functional abnormality or disturbance.
List of cancer types
List of cutaneous conditions
List of endocrine diseases
List of eye diseases and disorders
List of intestinal diseases
List of infectious diseases
List of human disease case fatality rates
List of notifiable diseases - diseases that should be reported to public health services e.g.hospitals.
Disorders
List of communication disorders
List of genetic disorders
List of neurological disorders
List of voice disorders
List of vulvovaginal disorders
List of liver disorders
List of heart disorders
Mental illness (alphabetical list)
List of eating disorders
List of mood disorders
List of personality disorders
See also[edit]
Category:Diseases and disorders
Category:List of diseases
List of disorders
List of abbreviations for diseases and disorders
List of fictional diseases, diseases found only in works of fiction.
Airborne disease, a disease that spreads through the air.
Contagious disease, a subset of infectious diseases.
Cryptogenic disease, a disease whose cause is currently unknown.
Disseminated disease, a disease that is spread throughout the body.
Environmental disease
Lifestyle disease, a disease caused largely by lifestyle choices.
Localized disease, a disease affecting one body part or area.
Non-communicable disease, a disease that can't be spread between people.
Organic disease
Progressive disease, a disease that gets worse over time.
Rare disease, a disease that affects very few people.
Systemic disease, a disease affecting the whole body.
Category:Animal diseases
Category:Lists of plant diseases
External links[edit]
List from Health on the Net Foundation, available in several languages
List from National Institutes of Health
List from Orphanet (change the last two letters of the link to choose your language: ES, DE, ...)
List from Biomedical Entity Network (http://crn.vistainformatics.com)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists_of_diseases&oldid=811322689"
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Lists of diseases
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This page was last edited on 20 November 2017, at 22:05.
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List of intestinal diseases

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List of communication disorders

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List of neurological disorders

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List of vulvovaginal disorders

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List of liver disorders

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List of heart disorders

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List of eating disorders

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List of mood disorders

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