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Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted
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Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Eric Darnell
Conrad Vernon[1]
Tom McGrath[2]
Produced by
Mireille Soria
Mark Swift
Written by
Eric Darnell
Noah Baumbach
Starring
Ben Stiller
Chris Rock
David Schwimmer
Jada Pinkett Smith
Sacha Baron Cohen
Cedric the Entertainer
Andy Richter
Tom McGrath
Jessica Chastain
Bryan Cranston
Martin Short
Frances McDormand
Music by
Hans Zimmer
Edited by
Nick Fletcher
Production
company
DreamWorks Animation
Pacific Data Images
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures1
Release date
May 18, 2012 (2012-05-18) (Cannes Film Festival)
June 8, 2012 (2012-06-08) (United States)
Running time
93 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$145 million[3]
Box office
$746.9 million[4]
Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted is a 2012 American 3D computer-animated comedy film, produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures.1 It is the third installment of the Madagascar series and the sequel to Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa (2008). It is also the first in the series to be released in 3D. The film is directed by Eric Darnell, Tom McGrath, and Conrad Vernon, with a screenplay written by Darnell and Noah Baumbach .
In this film, Alex (Ben Stiller), Marty (Chris Rock), Melman (David Schwimmer), and Gloria (Jada Pinkett Smith) are still struggling to get home to New York. This time, their journey takes them to Europe, where they are relentlessly pursued by the murderous Monaco-based French Animal Control officer Captain Chantel Dubois (Frances McDormand). As a means of getting passage to North America, the animals join a circus, where they become close friends with the animal performers, including the new characters of Gia (Jessica Chastain), Vitaly (Bryan Cranston), and Stefano (Martin Short). Together, they spectacularly revitalize the business and along the way find themselves reconsidering where their true home really is.
Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted made its world premiere at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival on May 18, 2012. In the United States, it was released on June 8, 2012. It has a 79% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes[5] and is the eighth highest-grossing film of 2012 and the highest-grossing Madagascar film with a worldwide gross of over $746 million.[4] A spin-off titled Penguins of Madagascar was released on November 26, 2014. A sequel, Madagascar 4, was initially announced for 2018 but it was removed from its schedule due to the studio's restructuring.[6][7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Voice cast
3 Production
4 Release
4.1 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Critical reception
5.2 Box office
5.3 Accolades
6 Soundtrack
7 Video games
8 Comic book
9 Spin-off and sequel
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links
Plot[edit]
Many days after bidding the penguins goodbye, Alex the lion suggests to his friends, Marty the zebra, Melman the giraffe and Gloria the hippopotamus and the lemurs, King Julien XIII the ring-tailed lemur, Maurice the aye-aye and Mort the mouse lemur that they should go to Monte Carlo to get the penguins and chimpanzees, Mason and Phil and fly back to New York City, which they agree to do.
In Monte Carlo, the penguins and chimpanzees have been saving up their daily winnings from the casino to fly back to Africa and bring their friends home. Alex's interference to kidnap them leads to animal control, led by a vicious big-game hunter named Chantel DuBois, pursuing them around the city, with Alex and the gang barely escaping. With determination, DuBois vows to capture Alex and add his head to her collection of animals' heads she's captured.
In the skies of France, the plane crashes as the authorities close in. They come across a circus train consisting of Stefano the sea lion, Gia the jaguar, and Vitaly the tiger, and manage to gain entry, claiming that they are circus animals themselves. The team soon learn from Stefano that they are performing in Rome and London, where they plan to impress a promoter to get them on their first American tour. Before the zoo animals' claim is discredited, the penguins suddenly appear with a deal to purchase the circus themselves; however, the circus animals' show in Rome proves to be a failure.
In route to London, Stefano soon reveals to Alex that Vitaly was the biggest star of them all, but quit due to an accident in one of his stunts; therefore, the friends lost faith in the circus. At a stop in the Alps, Alex convinces the circus to continue pursuing the circus. Marty finds a new passion in being shot out of a cannon along with Stefano, while Melman and Gloria decide to dance on a tightrope. Gia persuades Alex to teach her Trapeze Americano. In the process, they grow closer.
Meanwhile, DuBois is arrested in Rome while chasing the animals, but escapes and discovers that Alex was the missing lion from the zoo in New York. Once free, DuBois personally reassembles her injured men and they head toward the Alps, forcing the animals to proceed to London despite incomplete rehearsals. Alex finds Vitaly preparing to leave and convinces him to stay by reminding him of how he enjoys performing the impossible. He suggests that he uses hair conditioner as a safer lubricant to perform his flaming ring jump as well as fix his damaged fur. As a result, Vitaly's stunt is performed perfectly and the show is a spectacular success. After the impressed promoter arranges for an American tour, DuBois shows up with a paper showing that Alex was missing. Though the penguins are able to foil Dubois' plan, Alex is forced to confess that the four of them are just zoo animals trying to get home, disappointing the others who feel used and lied to.
The zoo animals and circus go their separate ways but arrive in New York City at the same time. Realizing how much their adventures have changed them, the zoo animals find that their true home was with the circus. Before they can go back, however, DuBois tranquilizes and captures them, before being discovered by the zoo staff, who believe she is responsible for returning the missing animals. King Julien and the penguins manage to get to the circus and convince the circus animals to rescue their friends.
Back at the zoo, Alex awakens to find that he along with his friends are trapped in larger fence enclosures. DuBois, who was honored by the zoo guards, secretly loads a poison-filled dart into a gun that she hides inside a foam finger in preparation for publicly executing Alex. The circus animals arrive led by Skipper and are able to defeat DuBois and her henchmen. Alex and his friends eventually decide to permanently join the circus to pursue their adventures, while DuBois and her henchmen are sent off in crates bound for Madagascar (just like the zoo animals themselves where in the first film) thanks to the penguins.
Voice cast[edit]
Main article: List of Madagascar characters
Ben Stiller and Jessica Chastain at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival, where the film had its worldwide premiere.
Ben Stiller as Alex, a lion.
Chris Rock as Marty, a zebra and Alex's best friend.
David Schwimmer as Melman, a giraffe, another of Alex's friends and Gloria's love interest.
Jada Pinkett Smith as Gloria, a hippopotamus, another of Alex's friends and Melman's love interest.
Sacha Baron Cohen as King Julien XIII, a ring-tailed lemur.
Cedric the Entertainer as Maurice, an aye-aye.
Andy Richter as Mort, a Goodman's mouse lemur.
Tom McGrath as Skipper, a penguin and First Policeman.
Frances McDormand as Captain Chantel DuBois, the leader of the Animal Control.
Jessica Chastain as Gia, an Italian jaguar and Alex's love interest.
Bryan Cranston as Vitaly, a Russian Siberian tiger.
Martin Short as Stefano, an Italian sea lion.
Chris Miller as Kowalski, a penguin and Skipper's right-hand men.
Christopher Knights as Private, a penguin
John DiMaggio as Rico, a penguin
Frank Welker as Sonya, a bear
Paz Vega as the Andalusian Triplets (Esmeralda, Esperanza and Ernestina)
Conrad Vernon as Mason, a chimpanzee and Second Policeman
Vinnie Jones as Freddie, a dog
Steve Jones as Jonesy, a dog
Nick Fletcher as Frankie, a dog
Jules de Jongh as Shakey, a dog
Eric Darnell as Comandante, Zoo Official and Zoo Announcer
Daniel O'Connor as Casino Security and Mayor of New York City
Danny Jacobs as Croupier and Circus Master
Production[edit]
DreamWorks Animation's CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg confirmed in 2008 that there would be an additional sequel to Madagascar and Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa. Katzenberg stated, "There is at least one more chapter. We ultimately want to see the characters make it back to New York."[8] At the Television Critics Association press tour in January 2009, Katzenberg was asked if there would be a third film in the series. He replied, "Yes, we are making a Madagascar 3 now, and it will be out in the summer of 2012."[9] On August 9, 2010, Katzenberg revealed in an e-mail that writer-director Noah Baumbach has done sixty pages of re-writes to the screenplay.[10]
A significant amount of the animation and visual effects for the film had been done at DreamWorks Dedicated Unit, an India-based unit at Technicolor.[11]
Release[edit]
Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted premiered at the Cannes Film Festival on May 18, 2012.[12] The American release followed on June 8, 2012.[13] The film was also converted to the IMAX format and shown in specific European territories, including Russia, Ukraine, and Poland.[14]
Home media[edit]
Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted was released on DVD, Blu-ray, and Blu-ray 3D on October 16, 2012. It was the first DreamWorks Animation film to use the UltraViolet System and the Blu-ray and Blu-ray 3D comes with a rainbow wig.[15]
Reception[edit]
Critical reception[edit]
Based on 129 reviews, the film holds an approval rating of 79% on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes and an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Dazzlingly colorful and frenetic, Madagascar 3 is silly enough for young kids, but boasts enough surprising smarts to engage parents along the way."[5] This marks the best general review consensus of the film series that has showed improving critical favor; the original film has a score of 55%,[16] and the sequel scores 64%.[17] On Metacritic, it holds a score of 60 out of 100 based on 26 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[18]
Lisa Kennedy of The Denver Post gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars and said, "From time to time the improbable occurs: A sequel outdoes its original."[19] Colin Covert of Star Tribune said that Madagascar 3 set a high standard for cartoon comedy and was almost too good for kids. He gave it 3.5 out of 4 stars.[20] Giving the film 3.5 out of 5 stars, Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times said, "A neon-saturated, high-flying trapeze act with enough frenetic funny business that it's a wonder the folks behind this zillion-dollar franchise about zoo critters on the lam didn't send the animals to the circus sooner."[21] Stephen Witty of the Newark Star-Ledger calls the movie "fun and fast family entertainment. […] the animals' jazzy circus performance, done in black-light colors and set to a Katy Perry song—may be one of the trippiest scenes in a mainstream kiddie movie since Dumbo saw those pink elephants."[22] Film scholar Timothy Laurie writes that the plot development of Madagascar 3 is "met with large servings of personal growth and side dishes of overcooked romance".[23]
Box office[edit]
Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted earned $216,391,482 in North America and $530,529,792 in other countries for a worldwide total of $746,921,274.[4] Its worldwide opening weekend totaled $137.6 million.[24] Worldwide, it is the highest-grossing film in the series,[25] the fourth-highest-grossing DreamWorks Animation film,[26] the second-highest-grossing animated film of 2012, and the eighth-highest-grossing film of that year.[27] Overall, it is the eleventh-highest-grossing animated film and the 52nd-highest-grossing film of all time. The film took between 66 and 94 days of release, respectively, to out-gross its two predecessors. It surpassed Kung Fu Panda 2 to become DreamWorks' highest-grossing non-Shrek film, and the first non-Shrek film to reach over $700 million.
In North America, the film made $20.7 million on its opening day, which was higher than the opening-day grosses of the original film ($13.9 million) and its sequel ($17.6 million).[28] For its opening weekend, the film ranked at the no. 1 spot, beating Prometheus, with $60.3 million, which was higher than the opening of the original Madagascar ($47.2 million) but was behind the opening weekend of Escape 2 Africa ($63.1 million).[29] It remained at the top spot for two consecutive weekends.[30] In North America, it is the highest-grossing film in the series,[25] the sixth-highest-grossing DreamWorks Animation film,[26] the second-highest-grossing 2012 animated film,[31] and the tenth-highest-grossing film of 2012.[32]
Outside North America, Europe's Most Wanted out-grossed Shrek Forever After to become DreamWorks Animation's highest-grossing film. On its opening weekend, it topped the box office with $77.3 million from 28 countries.[33] It held that position for three consecutive weekends.[34][35] Its three highest-grossing openings occurred in Russia and the CIS ($15.7 million), China ($10.4 million), and Brazil ($10.1 million in 5 days).[36] It set an opening-day record for animated films in Russia with $3.7 million[37] (since surpassed by Ice Age: Continental Drift)[38] and became the highest-grossing animated film (surpassed by Ice Age: Continental Drift)[39] and the third-highest-grossing film ever (at the time), earning $49.4 million.[40] It also set an opening-weekend record for any film in Argentina with $3.80 million[41] (first surpassed by Ice Age: Continental Drift)[42] and it set opening-weekend records for animated films in Brazil, Venezuela, Trinidad,[43] and the United Arab Emirates.[34]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Category
Nominated
Result
ASCAP Award[44] Top Box Office Films Hans Zimmer Won
Teen Choice Awards[45] Movie Voice Chris Rock Nominated
Summer Movie: Comedy/Music Madagascar 3
Annie Awards[46][47] Animated Effects in an Animated Production Jihyun Yoon
Character Design in an Animated Feature Production Craig Kellman
Production Design in an Animated Feature Production Kendal Cronkhite-Shaindlin, Shannon Jeffries, Lindsey Olivares, Kenard Pak
Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production Rob Koo
Satellite Award[48] Motion Picture, Animated or Mixed Media Madagascar 3
Best Original Song "Love Always Comes as a Surprise" – Peter Asher & Dave Stewart
Critics' Choice Movie Awards[49] Best Animated Feature Eric Darnell, Tom McGrath and Conrad Vernon
Kids' Choice Awards[50] Favorite Animated Movie Madagascar 3
Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie Ben Stiller
Chris Rock
Soundtrack[edit]
Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted
Soundtrack album by Hans Zimmer
Released
June 5, 2012
Recorded
2012
Genre
Score
Length
40:25
Label
Interscope
Producer
Hans Zimmer
Hans Zimmer film scores chronology
Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows
(2011)Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows2011 Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted
(2012) The Dark Knight Rises
(2012)The Dark Knight Rises2012
Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted is the soundtrack of the film scored by Hans Zimmer and was released on June 5, 2012.[51] "Afro Circus/I Like to Move It" peaked at 7 on the ARIA Hitseekers Singles chart on the week commencing October 15, 2012.[52]
No.
Title
Music
Performer
Length
1. "New York City Surprise" Hans Zimmer 3:05
2. "Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now)" Danny Jacobs 2:15
3. "Wannabe" Danny Jacobs 2:37
4. "Game On" Hans Zimmer 3:12
5. "Hot in Herre" Danny Jacobs 2:27
6. "We No Speak Americano" Yolanda Be Cool & DCUP Yolanda Be Cool & DCUP 4:29
7. "Light the Hoop on Fire!" Hans Zimmer 3:10
8. "Fur Power!" Hans Zimmer 2:18
9. "Non Je Ne Regrette Rien" Frances McDormand 1:13
10. "Love Always Comes as a Surprise" Peter Asher Peter Asher 3:21
11. "Rescue Stefano" Hans Zimmer 5:51
12. "Firework" Katy Perry Katy Perry 3:46
13. "Afro Circus/I Like to Move It" Chris Rock & Danny Jacobs 2:41
Total length: 40:25
In some variations of the soundtrack, "Cool Jerk" is featured in replacement of "We No Speak Americano". "Sexy and I Know It" by LMFAO was only used in the theatrical trailer, and not included on the soundtrack and was replaced by "Firework" for the circus. "Any Way You Want It" by Journey and the instrumental "Watermark" from the album of the same name by Enya were also used, but are not included on the soundtrack. "Land of Hope and Glory" by Edward Elgar appears in the track "Fur Power". The "Afro Circus" tune is from "Entrance of the Gladiators", by the Czech composer Julius Fučík.
Video games[edit]
A video game based on the film, Madagascar 3: The Video Game, was released on June 5, 2012.[53] The game allows gamers to play as Alex, Marty, Melman, and Gloria as they travel across Europe promoting the circus by performing stunts, circus acts and completing missions.[53] It was released to Wii, Nintendo 3DS, Nintendo DS, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3.[53] Published by D3 Publisher, the Wii, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3 versions were developed by Monkey Bar Games, and the 3DS and DS versions by Torus Games.[53] The game received negative reviews from critics with Metacritic giving the Xbox 360 version a 45/100.[54]
A mobile video game, Madagascar: Join the Circus!, also published by D3 Publisher, was released on June 4, 2012, for iPhone and iPad. The game allows players to build a circus and play mini-games.[55][56] The game was removed from App Stores on June 16, 2017.[57]
Comic book[edit]
A comic book based on the film and titled Madagascar Digest Prequel: Long Live the King! was released on June 12, 2012, by Ape Entertainment.[58][59]
Spin-off and sequel[edit]
A spin-off feature film titled Penguins of Madagascar, featuring the penguins from the Madagascar films, was released on November 26, 2014.[60] Its story picks up right after Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted.[61] The plot of the television series of the same name does not tie in with the film.[62]
In June 2014, it was announced that Madagascar 4 would be released on May 18, 2018.[63] However, in January 2015, the film was removed from the release schedule following corporate restructuring and DreamWorks Animation's new policy to release two films a year.[6][7] In April 2017, Tom McGrath said about the film: "There are things in the works, nothing is announced yet, but I think they'll show their faces once more…"[64]
Notes[edit]
^ In July 2014, the film's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation from Paramount Pictures and transferred to Universal Pictures.[65]
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External links[edit]
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Madagascar
Films
Madagascar
Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa
Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted
Penguins of Madagascar
TV series
The Penguins of Madagascar
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
All Hail King Julien
Episodes
Short films
The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper
Merry Madagascar
Madly Madagascar
Games
Madagascar
Madagascar: Operation Penguin
Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa
Madagascar Kartz
DreamWorks Super Star Kartz
The Penguins of Madagascar
The Penguins of Madagascar: Dr. Blowhole Returns – Again!
Madagascar 3: The Video Game
Penguins of Madagascar
Other
Characters
Madagascar Madness
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King Julien's Theatre in the Wild
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Madagascar at Universal Studios Singapore
King Julien's Beach Party-Go-Round
Madagascar: A Crate Adventure
DreamWorks Theatre
show
v
t
e
DreamWorks Animation
A subsidiary of NBCUniversal, a Comcast company
Feature
films
Antz (1998)
The Prince of Egypt (1998)
The Road to El Dorado (2000)
Joseph: King of Dreams (2000)
Shrek (2001)
Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron (2002)
Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas (2003)
Shrek 2 (2004)
Shark Tale (2004)
Madagascar (2005)
Over the Hedge (2006)
Shrek the Third (2007)
Bee Movie (2007)
Kung Fu Panda (2008)
Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa (2008)
Monsters vs. Aliens (2009)
How to Train Your Dragon (2010)
Shrek Forever After (2010)
Megamind (2010)
Kung Fu Panda 2 (2011)
Puss in Boots (2011)
Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (2012)
Rise of the Guardians (2012)
The Croods (2013)
Turbo (2013)
Mr. Peabody & Sherman (2014)
How to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014)
Penguins of Madagascar (2014)
Home (2015)
Kung Fu Panda 3 (2016)
Trolls (2016)
The Boss Baby (2017)
Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie (2017)
Produced with
Aardman
Chicken Run (2000)
Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005)
Flushed Away (2006)
Upcoming
How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World (2019)
Abominable (2019)
Trolls World Tour (2020)
The Croods 2 (2020)
The Boss Baby 2 (2021)
Spooky Jack (2021)
Franchises
Shrek (since 2001)
Madagascar (since 2005)
Kung Fu Panda (since 2008)
Monsters vs. Aliens (2009–14)
How to Train Your Dragon (since 2010)
Tales of Arcadia (since 2016)
TV series
Ended
Toonsylvania (1998)
Invasion America (1998)
Alienators: Evolution Continues (2001–02)
Father of the Pride (2004–05)
The Penguins of Madagascar (2008–15)
Neighbors from Hell (2010)
Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness (2011–16)
DreamWorks Dragons (2012–18)
Monsters vs. Aliens (2013–14)
Turbo FAST (2013–16)
VeggieTales in the House (2014–16)
All Hail King Julien (2014–17)
The Adventures of Puss in Boots (2015–18)
Dawn of the Croods (2015-2017)
The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show (2015-17)
Trollhunters (2016-2018)
VeggieTales in the City (2017)
Current
Dinotrux (since 2015)
Home: Adventures with Tip & Oh (since 2016)
Noddy, Toyland Detective (since 2016)
Voltron: Legendary Defender (since 2016)
Spirit Riding Free (since 2017)
Trolls: The Beat Goes On! (since 2018)
The Boss Baby: Back in Business (since 2018)
The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (since 2018)
Harvey Street Kids (since 2018)
The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants (since 2018)
Upcoming
Kung Fu Panda: The Paws of Destiny (2018)
She-Ra and the Princesses of Power (2018)
3 Below (2018)
Wizards (2019)
Fast & Furious (TBA)
Television
specials
Shrek the Halls (2007)
Monsters vs. Aliens: Mutant Pumpkins from Outer Space (2009)
Merry Madagascar (2009)
Scared Shrekless (2010)
Kung Fu Panda Holiday (2010)
Madly Madagascar (2013)
Trolls Holiday (2017)
Short films
Shrek 4-D (2003)
Far Far Away Idol (2004)
The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper (2005)
First Flight (2006)
Hammy's Boomerang Adventure (2006)
Secrets of the Furious Five (2008)
B.O.B.'s Big Break (2009)
Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon (2010)
Megamind: The Button of Doom (2011)
Night of the Living Carrots (2011)
Gift of the Night Fury (2011)
Book of Dragons (2011)
Kung Fu Panda: Secrets of the Masters (2011)
Puss in Boots: The Three Diablos (2012)
Rocky and Bullwinkle (2014)
Dawn of the Dragon Racers (2014)
Kung Fu Panda: Secrets of the Scroll (2016)
DreamWorks Theatre (2018)
People
Bill Damaschke
Chris Meledandri
Jeffrey Katzenberg
Subsidiaries
DreamWorks Channel
DreamWorks Classics
Big Idea Entertainment
Harvey Entertainment
DreamWorks New Media (AwesomenessTV (51%))
Pearl Studio
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topics
Amblimation
DreamWorks
DreamWorks Records
DreamWorks Television
DreamWorks Interactive
Go Fish Pictures
In amusement parks
DreamWorks Experience
Pacific Data Images
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Other programs
Unproduced projects
show
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Director
Kicking and Screaming (1995)
Mr. Jealousy (1997)
Highball (1997)
The Squid and the Whale (2005)
Margot at the Wedding (2007)
Greenberg (2010)
Frances Ha (2012)
While We're Young (2014)
Mistress America (2015)
De Palma (2015)
The Meyerowitz Stories (2017)
Untitled Noah Baumbach Project (2018)
Writer only
The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004)
Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009)
Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (2012)
show
v
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Films directed by Conrad Vernon
Shrek 2 (2004)
Monsters vs. Aliens (2009)
Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (2012)
Sausage Party (2016)
The Addams Family (2019)
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Love It or List It
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Love It or List It
Genre
Reality renovations, upgrading
Created by
Maria Armstrong
Catherine Fogarty
Directed by
Various
Starring
Hilary Farr
David Visentin
Narrated by
Jacqueline Hennessy
Theme music composer
Lou Pomanti
Country of origin
Canada
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
10
No. of episodes
130 (List of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Maria Armstrong
Catherine Fogarty
Producer(s)
Maria Armstrong
Production location(s)
Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Raleigh–Durham, North Carolina, United States
Running time
44 minutes
Production company(s)
Big Coat Productions
Release
Original network
W Network
HGTV
Original release
September 8, 2008 – present
External links
Website
Production website
Love It or List It is a Canadian home design TV show currently airing on HGTV, W Network, and on OWN Canada, and is the original show in the Love it or List It franchise. The show is produced by Big Coat Productions and was based in Toronto and other surrounding areas in Ontario, Canada. The show premiered as a primetime program on W Network on September 8, 2008, and has since aired on OWN Canada as well as HGTV in the United States. In September 2014, the show began filming in the United States in North Carolina.[1]
In September 2017, HGTV ordered 20 additional episodes of the program. The next season is to start airing in June 2018.[2]
Contents
1 Format
2 Host and crew
3 Episodes
4 Franchise
5 International syndication
6 Reception
7 Controversy
8 References
9 External links
Format[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Every episode of Love It or List It follows the same formula. A couple (usually, but not in all cases) presents their living situation in the current house that they own. In most episodes, the couple is split on whether or not they want to stay in the house.
Interior designer Hilary Farr and real estate agent David Visentin tour the couple's home before meeting with them. The tour usually consists of David finding mostly negative things to say about the residence while Hilary is convinced that she can work magic with whatever plans she is given.
At the meetup between the couple and the hosts of the show, both Hilary and David are briefed as to what the couple's desires are. Hilary is given a list of renovations the couple wants for the current house and her budget for the entire project. David, meanwhile, is tasked with searching for a new home for the couple that both meets their needs and stays within their desired budget.
Common challenges faced by Hilary are an inadequate budget to complete the entire request list from the homeowners, often due to discovery of unforeseen issues with the house that are uncovered during the renovation such as lack of compliance with modern building codes. Common issues for David, meanwhile, depend on the homeowners' desires; for instance, the couple has children enrolled in the neighborhood school and they do not desire to change, or the potential house is too distant from family members or a workplace.
After Hilary's renovation is complete, the homeowners are given a tour of their current home to see what she was able to accomplish. After the tour, David meets with them and hands them an evaluation of the home's current market value following the renovations. He will then remind the couple what they could have in one of the new homes they looked at and that they would not get that in their current home.
After a moment to deliberate, Hilary and David pose a question to the homeowners. They must choose to either Love It, meaning that they will continue to live in their current home with the renovations, or to List It, meaning that they will buy one of the homes David showed them and sell their current home. After they reveal their decision, the homeowners explain their reasoning to Hilary and David (who, if they decided to Love It, reacts with incredulity) before bidding them farewell.
Host and crew[edit]
Hosts
Hilary Farr – Hilary Farr is a home designer from Toronto, Ontario. She has lived in Australia, England, California, and New York City. Farr honed her skills on properties in Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, New York and Toronto. When she first moved back to Toronto, she became the first designer to "stage" properties for sale. She continues to build and design homes in the downtown core where she herself owns properties.[3]
David Visentin – David Visentin is a real estate agent in Southern Ontario with Country Living Realty Limited. He has been practicing since 1987.[4]
Assistant Designer
Desta Ostapyk (Canadian episodes) – Desta is a Toronto-based designer who graduated in 2004 from the Toronto International Academy of Design and Technology in Interior Design, and has since focused on a career in the Television Industry. She first started working with Big Coat Productions during her last semester of school as an intern for HGTV's hit series My Parents House. She soon became the Design Stylist for the show.[5]
Contractors
Eric Eremita (North Carolina episodes) – General contractor and designer Eric Eremita was selected to be the one and only general contractor on HGTV's "Love It or List It" U.S. version, after HGTV network took notice of him when he competed in its "Brother vs. Brother" reality show.
Eddie Richardson (Canadian episodes) – Eddie Richardson was a contractor on Love It or List It who started his own family business. Richardson has also been a pro-beach volleyball player and professional bass fisherman.
Fergus McLaren (Canadian episodes) – Fergus McLaren started up his own construction company, R-Mac Solutions, 10 years ago.
Behind the Scenes
Architect: Simon West
Senior Production Coordinator: Linda Johnstone
Construction Coordinator: David Violante
Construction Assistants: Chris Blinn, Adam Dalgarno, Ahren Mrowietz, Dale George
Design Coordinator: Kaaveh Shoman
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Love It or List It episodes
Season
Start date
End date
Episodes
Hilary wins
David wins
1
September 8, 2008 January 5, 2009 12 9 3
2
April 6, 2009 December 7, 2009 18 10 8
3
May 3, 2010 November 8, 2010 21 9 12
4
March 14, 2011 November 11, 2011 19 12 7
5
February 20, 2012 November 19, 2012 18 10 8
6
January 19, 2013 July 1, 2013 14 8 6
7
January 8, 2014 April 9, 2014 14 11 3
8
September 8, 2014 January 19, 2015 16 8 8
9
March 9, 2015 December 7, 2015 22 13 9
Total
154
90
64
Victories for Hilary are families or clients who decided to love their home and stay. Victories for David are families and clients who decided to list and move into a new or better home.
Franchise[edit]
Main article: Love It or List It (franchise)
Love It or List It has spawned five spinoffs. The first,[6] known as Love It or List It Vancouver (or Love it or List it Too in the US), was launched in winter 2012 and is hosted by Jillian Harris and Todd Talbot. The second spin-off, a British version known as Love It or List It UK, debuted in 2015,[7] is hosted by Kirstie Allsopp and Phil Spencer. The third spin off, Love It or List It Vacation Homes[8] debuted in spring 2016 and is hosted by Dan Vickery and Elisa Goldhawke. A fourth spin off, Vendre ou renover au Quebec debuted in January 2017 and is hosted by Maika Desnoyers and Daniel Corbin.[9] The fifth spin off, Love It Or List It Australia debuted in September 2017 and is hosted by Andrew Winter and Neale Whittaker.[10]
International syndication[edit]
Country / Region
Name
Television Network
Dubbing / Subtitles
Australia Love It or List It Lifestyle Home N/A
Canada Love It or List It W Network N/A
USA Love It or List It HGTV[11] N/A
Spain Tu casa a juicio Divinity Spanish
Brazil Ame-a ou Deixe-a Discovery Home & Health Portuguese
Norway Bolighjelpen TV 2 (Norway) Norwegian
Bulgaria Podnovi ili proday Fox Life (Bulgaria) Bulgarian
Italy Prendere o lasciare Cielo dubbed in Italian
Poland Pokochaj lub sprzedaj Vancouver WP lector
|}
Reception[edit]
On August 31, 2010, Love It or List It was nominated for two Gemini Awards: Best Reality Program or Series and Best Direction in a Reality Program or Series. When HGTV premiered the show on the network, the company stated that Love It or List It has been the highest rating reality series since Candice Olson's Candice Tells All.[12]
In 2012, New York Times' columnist Gail Collins noted that it was US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's favorite TV show.[13][14] According to Collins, Clinton finds the show "very calming"[15] after being interviewed about her departure from politics.[16][17][18]
In a 2013 interview with Las Vegas Magazine, Vanna White from Wheel of Fortune said it was one of her favourite HGTV programs.[19] Actress Julianne Moore also gave similar praise for the show in an interview with Katie Couric and the Daily Mail.[20][21]
According to the Wall Street Journal, the show and its Vancouver spinoff is one of Canada's beloved reality series.[22]
Controversy[edit]
In April 2016, homeowners Deanna Murphy and Tim Sullivan who had participated in a 2015 Love It or List It episode filed suit against production company Big Coat TV, as well as the North Carolina contractor (Aaron Fitz Construction)[23] who had been hired by the show to do the renovations on their home. The couple alleges that the renovation funds that they provided were not properly disbursed, and that the work on their home was done to a substandard quality.[24] Moreover, the lawsuit states that the television personalities on the show do not play an active role in the renovation process, and that they were not shown homes on the market by any licensed North Carolina real estate agent. Big Coat TV has commented that they "do intend to vigorously defend what [they] consider to be false allegations."[25]
The suit was settled in April 2017.[26] The plaintiffs had signed a confidentiality agreement; their lawyer would not comment on the settlement.[27] Big Coat had previously filed a countersuit for libel, slander and product disparagement; parts of that suit had been dismissed by the time of the settlement but that was under appeal by Big Coat. After the agreements had been concluded, both suits were dismissed.[28]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.bigcoatproductions.com/blog/post/love-it-or-list-it-is-on-the-move-to-the-us. Big Coat Productions. Retrieved 12 December 2014
Jump up ^ "HGTV Orders 20 New Episodes of Hit Series 'Love It or List It' | Scripps Networks Interactive Newsroom". newsroom.scrippsnetworksinteractive.com. Retrieved 2018-01-02.
Jump up ^ Host Bios; Hilary Farr "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ Host Bios; David Visentin "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Big Coat Productions". Big Coat Productions. Archived from the original on July 16, 2013. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Love it or List it launches new spin off
Jump up ^ "Kirstie and Phil's Love It or List It will return for a second series:Channel 4 orders six more episodes of the show to air in 2016". Digital Spy. 2 June 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.bigcoatmedia.com/
Jump up ^ http://www.hgtv.ca/tags/love-it-or-list-it-vacation-homes/
Jump up ^ http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/reality-tv/i-fear-pineapples-are-very-much-the-new-owls-love-it-or-list-it-hosts-kiss-and-tell-on-renos/news-story/935d73b586c68943a6a455f02354bef9
Jump up ^ Vlessing, Etan (November 28, 2011). "HGTV Acquires Canadian Lifestyle Series 'Love It Or List It'". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ W Network's Top Rated Show; http://corusent.com/home/Corporate/PressReleases/tabid/1697/Default.aspx?Id=2323
Jump up ^ Maga, Carly (March 29, 2012). "Hillary Clinton's favorite show is Canada's 'Love It Or List It'". Ca.omg.yahoo.com. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Miller, Julie. "Hillary Clinton's Unlikely Favorite TV Show Revealed". Vanity Fair. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Vanity Fair: Hillary Clinton's Unlikely Favorite TV Show Revealed". Huffingtonpost.com. November 13, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hillary Clinton likes 'Love It or List It'". Politico.Com. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Love it or list it News, Video and Gossip". Jezebel. November 11, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Collins, Gail (November 10, 2012). "Hillary's Next Move". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Q&A WITH VANNA WHITE". Las Vegas Magazine. September 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Daily Mail. London http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/you/article-2376232/Julianne-Moore-My-50s-important-years.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Julianne Moore Opens Up About Her Family". KatieCouric.com. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "W Network Announces Return of Home-grown Favourites in Fall 2013 Lineup". The Wall Street Journal. July 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2017/05/lawsuit-against-producer-of-love-it-or-list-it.html
Jump up ^ CNN, Lisa Respers France. "'Love It or List It' homeowners file suit". CNN. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
Jump up ^ "'Love It Or List It' homeowners sue over Raleigh renovation". miamiherald. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
Jump up ^ ""Raleigh property owners settle lawsuit with 'Love It or List It'"". News & Observer. Retrieved 2017-11-26.
Jump up ^ http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article150134792.html
Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2017/05/lawsuit-against-producer-of-love-it-or-list-it.html
External links[edit]
Love It or List It on HGTV
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Kitten
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For other uses, see Kitten (disambiguation) and Kitty (disambiguation).
A stray kitten in Rizal Park, Manila
A kitten, also known as a kitty or kitty cat, is a juvenile cat. After being born, kittens are totally dependent on their mother for survival and they do not normally open their eyes until after seven to ten days. After about two weeks, kittens quickly develop and begin to explore the world outside the nest. After a further three to four weeks, they begin to eat solid food and grow adult teeth. Domestic kittens are highly social animals and enjoy human companionship.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology and development
2 Health
3 Nutrition
3.1 Pre-weaning nutrition
3.1.1 Establishing immunity
3.2 Post-weaning nutrition
3.2.1 Fat
3.2.2 Protein
3.2.3 Carbohydrates
3.3 Diet Composition
3.3.1 Amino Acids
3.3.2 Vitamins
3.3.3 Metabolism aids
3.3.4 Growth and Development
3.3.5 Immunity Boosters
4 Orphaned kittens
5 See also
6 References
7 Sources
7.1 Printed
7.2 Online
8 External links
Etymology and development
The word "kitten" derives from the Middle English word kitoun, which in turn came from the Old French chitoun or cheton.[1] Juvenile big cats are called "cubs" rather than kittens; either term may be used for the young of smaller wild felids, such as ocelots, caracals and lynx, but "kitten" is usually more common for these species.[2]
A litter of kittens being suckled by their mother
A kitten opens its eyes for the first time
A mother cat protecting her kittens at Chinawal, India
A feline litter usually consists of two to five kittens[3] born after a gestation lasting between 64 and 67 days, with an average length of 66 days.[3] Kittens emerge in a sac called the amnion, which is bitten off and eaten by the mother cat.[4]
For the first several weeks, kittens are unable to urinate or defecate without being stimulated by their mother.[5] They are also unable to regulate their body temperature for the first three weeks, so kittens born in temperatures less than 27 °C (81 °F) can die from hypothermia if their mother does not keep them warm.[6] The mother's milk is very important for the kittens' nutrition and proper growth. This milk transfers antibodies to the kittens, which helps protect them against infectious disease.[7] Newborn kittens are unable to produce concentrated urine, and so have a very high requirement for fluids.[8] Kittens open their eyes about seven to ten days after birth. At first, the retina is poorly developed and vision is poor. Kittens are not able to see as well as adult cats until about ten weeks after birth.[9]
Kittens develop very quickly from about two weeks of age until their seventh week. Their coordination and strength improve. They play-fight with their litter-mates and begin to explore the world outside the nest or den. They learn to wash themselves and others as well as play hunting and stalking games, showing their inborn ability as predators. These innate skills are developed by the kittens' mother or other adult cats, who bring live prey to the nest. Later, the adult cats demonstrate hunting techniques for the kittens to emulate.[10] As they reach three to four weeks old, the kittens are gradually weaned and begin to eat solid food, with weaning usually complete by six to eight weeks.[11] Kittens generally begin to lose their baby teeth around three months of age, and have a complete set of adult teeth by nine months.[12] Kittens live primarily on solid food after weaning, but usually continue to suckle from time to time until separated from their mothers. Some mother cats will scatter their kittens as early as three months of age, while others continue to look after them until they approach sexual maturity.[13]
The sex of kittens is usually easy to determine at birth. By six to eight weeks they are harder to sex because of the growth of fur in the genital region. The male's urethral opening is round, whereas the female's urethral opening is a slit. Another marked difference is the distance between anus and urethral opening, which is greater in males than in females.[14]
Kittens are highly social animals and spend most of their waking hours interacting with available animals and playing on their own. Play with other kittens peaks in the third or fourth month after birth, with more solitary hunting and stalking play peaking later, at about five months.[15]
Kittens are vulnerable because they like to find dark places to hide, sometimes with fatal results if they are not watched carefully.[16]
Although domestic kittens are commonly sent to new homes at six to eight weeks of age, it has been suggested that being with their mother and litter-mates from six to twelve weeks is important for a kitten's social and behavioural development.[15] Usually, breeders and foster/rescue homes will not sell or adopt out a kitten that is younger than twelve weeks. In many jurisdictions, it is illegal to give away kittens younger than eight weeks of age.[17] Kittens generally reach sexual maturity at around seven months old. A cat reaches full "adulthood" around one year of age.[18]
Health
Domestic kittens in developed societies are usually vaccinated against common illnesses from two to three months of age. The usual combination vaccination protects against feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR), feline calicivirus (C), and feline panleukopenia (P). This FVRCP inoculation is usually given at eight, twelve, and sixteen weeks, and an inoculation against rabies may be given at sixteen weeks. Kittens are usually spayed or neutered at seven months of age, but kittens may be neutered as young as seven weeks (if large enough), especially in animal shelters.[19] Such early neutering does not appear to have any long-term health risks to cats, and may even be beneficial in male cats.[20] Kittens are commonly wormed against roundworms from about four weeks.[21]
Nutrition
Felines are carnivores and have adapted to animal-based diets and low carbohydrate inclusion. Kittens are categorized in a growth life stage, and have high energy and protein requirements.[22] When feeding a kitten, it is often recommended to use highly digestible ingredients and various components to aid in development in order to produce a healthy adult.[23] In North America, diets certified by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) are accepted as adequate nutrition, thus kitten diets should be AAFCO approved to ensure full supplementation.[24] Key components of the diet are high fat content to meet caloric requirements of growth, high protein to meet requirements for muscle growth as well as supplementation of certain nutrients such as docosahexaenoic acid to benefit the development of the brain and optimization of cognition.[25]
Pre-weaning nutrition
Establishing immunity
Part of the kittens immune system exists within the gastrointestinal tract called the mucosal immune system. The mucosal immune system is largely responsible for coordinating proper immune responses by tolerating innocuous antigens and attacking foreign pathogens.[26] In order to optimize kitten health and increase chances of survival, it is important to optimize the link between the gut-associated lymphoid tissue and the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract. Lasting health and longevity can be accomplished partly through proper nutrition[27] and establishing a healthy gut from birth through utilizing colostrum.[28]
Within the first 2 days after parturition, kittens acquire passive immunity from their mother’s milk.[29] Milk within the first few days of parturition is called colostrum, and contains high concentrations of immunoglobulins.[29] These include immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G which cross the intestinal barrier of the neonate.[28] The immunoglobulins and growth factors found in the colostrum begin to establish and strengthen the weak immune system of the offspring.[30] Kittens are able to chew solid food around 5-6 weeks after birth, and it is recommended that 30% of their diet should consist of solid food at this time.[31] The kitten remains on the mother’s milk until around eight weeks of age when weaning is complete and a diet of solid food is the primary food source.[22]
Post-weaning nutrition
Fat
Up until approximately one year of age the kitten is undergoing a growth phase where energy requirements are up to 2.5 times higher than maintenance.[32] Pet nutritionists often suggest that a commercial cat food designed specifically for kittens by offered beginning at 4 weeks of age.[27] Fat has a higher caloric value than carbohydrates and protein, supplying 8.5kcal/g.[33]The growing kitten requires arachidonic and linoleic acid which can be provided in omega-3 fatty acids.[22] Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is another vital nutrient that can be supplied through omega 3 fatty acid. Addition of DHA to the diet benefits the cognition, brain and visual development of kittens.[27]
Protein
Cats are naturally carnivores and require high amounts of protein in the diet. Kittens are undergoing growth and require high amounts of protein to provide essential amino acids that enable the growth of tissues and muscles.[29] It is recommended that kittens consume a diet containing approximately 30% protein on a dry matter basis for proper growth.[34]
Taurine is an essential amino acid found only in animal tissues and cannot be produced in sufficient amounts by the cat.[35] As it is an indispensable amino acid, it must be provided exogenously through the diet at 10 mg/kg bodyweight/day.[36] Kittens deprived of taurine can experience poor growth[35] and can result in retinal degeneration in cats.[37]
Carbohydrates
Felines are natural carnivores and do not intentionally consume large quantities of carbohydrates. The domestic cat's liver has adapted to the lack of carbohydrates in the diet by utilizing amino acids to produce glucose to fuel the brain and other tissues.[38] Studies have shown that carbohydrate digestion in young kittens is much less effective than that of a mature feline with a developed gastrointestinal tract.[39] Highly digestible carbohydrates can be found in commercial kitten food as a source of additional energy as well as a source of fiber to stimulate the immature gut tissue. Soluble fibre such as beet pulp is a common ingredient used as a fibrous stool hardener and has been proven to strengthen intestinal muscles and the thicken gut mucosal layer to prevent diarrhea.[40]
Diet Composition
Amino Acids
The lack of readily available glucose from the limited carbohydrates in the diet has resulted to the adaptation of the liver to produce glucose from the breakdown components of protein—amino acids. The enzymes that breakdown amino acids are constantly active in cats and thus, cats need a constant source of protein in their diet.[23] Kittens, require an increased amount of protein to supply readily available amino acids for daily maintenance and for building new body components seeing as they are constantly growing.[23] There are many required amino acids for kittens. Histidine is required at no greater than 30% in kitten diets since consuming histidine-free diets causes weight loss.[24]Tryptophan is required at 0.15% seeing as it maximized performance at this level.[24] Kittens also need the following amino acids supplemented in their diet: arginine to avoid an excess of ammonia in the blood otherwise known as hyperammonemia, isoleucine, leucine, valine, lysine, methionine as a sulfur containing amino acid, asparagine for maximal growth in the early post-weaning kitten, threonine and taurine to prevent from central retinal degeneration.[24]
Vitamins
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin A is required in kitten diets because cats cannot convert carotenes to retinol in the intestinal mucosa because they lack the enzyme so this vitamin must be supplement in the diet.[23][41]. Vitamin E is another required vitamin in kitten diets seeing as deficiency leads to steatitis, causing the depot fat to become firm and yellow-orange in colour, which is painful and leads to death.[41] Also, Vitamin D is an essential vitamin because cats cannot convert it from precursors in the skin.[23]
Water-Soluble Vitamins
Cats can synthesize niacin, but their breakdown exceeds the rate that it can be synthesized and thus, have a higher need for it, which can be fulfilled through an animal-based diet.[23] Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) is required in increased amounts seeing as it is needed to produce amino acids.[23] To continue, vitamin B12 is an AAFCO recommended vitamin essential in the metabolism of carbohydrates and protein and maintains a healthy nervous system, healthy mucous membranes, healthy muscle and heart function and in general, promotes normal growth and development.[41] Choline is also a AAFCO recommended ingredient for kittens, which is important for neurotransmission in the brain and as a component of membrane phospholipids.[23] Biotin is another AAFCO recommended vitamin to support thyroid and adrenal glands and the reproductive and nervous systems.[23] Kittens also require riboflavin (vitamin B2) for heart health, pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), and folacin.[41]
Metabolism aids
Since kitten diets are very high in calories, ingredients must be implemented to ensure adequate digestion and utilization of these calories. Choline chloride is an ingredient that maintains fat metabolism.[41] Biotin and niacin are also active in the metabolism of fats, carbs and protein.[41] Riboflavin is also necessary for the digestion of fats and carbohydrates.[41] These are the main metabolism aids incorporated into kitten diets to ensure nutrient usage is maximized.
Growth and Development
A combination of required nutrients is used to satisfy the overall growth and development of the kitten body, there are many ingredients that kittens do not require, but are included in diet formulation to encourage healthy growth and development. These ingredients include: dried egg as source of high quality protein and fatty acids, flaxseed as source of flaxseed oil which is rich in omega 3 fatty acid and aids in digestion, calcium carbonate as a source of calcium, and calcium pantothenate (vitamin B5) acts as a coenzyme in the conversion of amino acids and is important for healthy skin.[41]
Immunity Boosters
Antioxidants help support the development of a healthy immune system through inhibiting the oxidation of other molecules, which are essential for a growing kitten.[23] Antioxidants can be derived from ingredients, such as: carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, vitamin E and vitamin E supplement, and zinc proteinate.
Orphaned kittens
A young orphaned black kitten in Los Angeles, showing signs of malnourishment
Kittens require a high-calorie diet that contains more protein than the diet of adult cats.[42] Young orphaned kittens require cat milk every two to four hours, and they need physical stimulation to defecate and urinate.[5] Cat milk replacement is manufactured to feed to young kittens, because cow's milk does not provide all the necessary nutrients.[43] Human-reared kittens tend to be very affectionate with humans as adults and sometimes more dependent on them than kittens reared by their mothers, but they can also show volatile mood swings and aggression.[44] Depending on the age at which they were orphaned and how long they were without their mothers, these kittens may be severely underweight and can have health problems later in life, such as heart conditions. The compromised immune system of orphaned kittens (from lack of antibodies found naturally in the mother's milk) can make them especially susceptible to infections, making antibiotics a necessity.[45]
See also
Cats portal
Felis
Puppy
References
Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionary 2005.
Jump up ^ Sunquist & Sunquist 2014, pp. 58–59.
^ Jump up to: a b Tsutsui & Stabenfeldt 1993, p. 1699.
Jump up ^ Vandivert 1975, p. 53.
^ Jump up to: a b Pet Education 2011.
Jump up ^ International Cat Care 2015.
Jump up ^ Casal, Jezyk & Giger 1996, p. 1653.
Jump up ^ Sturgess & Hurley 2005, p. 243.
Jump up ^ Tootle & Friedlander 1989, p. 1325.
Jump up ^ Poirier & Hussey 1982, pp. 133–148.
Jump up ^ Sturgess & Hurley 2005, p. 244.
Jump up ^ Veterinary Medicine 2013.
Jump up ^ Bönisch 1996, pp. 23–24.
Jump up ^ Walls 1991, p. 22.
^ Jump up to: a b Crowell-Davis 2005, p. 18.
Jump up ^ Cats have a habit of seeking refuge under or inside cars or on top of car tires during stormy or cold weather. This often leads to broken bones, burns, heat stroke, damaged internal organs or death. Daphne Sashin, Five Risky Hiding Places For Cats. WebMD, September 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ Sunquist & Sunquist 2014, p. 111.
Jump up ^ Santa Maria Times 2013.
Jump up ^ Olson, Kustritz & Johnston 2001, pp. 223–232.
Jump up ^ Spain, Scarlett & Houpt 2004, pp. 372–379.
Jump up ^ McHattie 1993, p. 121.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sheridan, L. (2014). Kitten Nutrition. Veterinary Nursing Journal, 27(6), 232-241.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Sheridan, Libby (2012). "Kitten nutrition". Veterinary Nursing. 27 (6): 232–241.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Anderson, P; Baker, D; Sherry, P; Corbin, J (1980). "Histidine, phenylalanine-tyrosine and tryptophan requirements for growth of the young kitten". Journal of Animal Science. 50 (3): 479–483. doi:10.2527/jas1980.503479x.
Jump up ^ Greco 2014, p. 265.
Jump up ^ Kabat, A. M., Pott, J., & Maloy, K. J. (2016). The mucosal immune system and its regulation by autophagy. Frontiers in immunology, 7.
^ Jump up to: a b c Case, L. P., Daristotle, L., Hayek, M. G., Raasch , M. F. (2011) Nutritional care of neonatal puppied and kittens. Canine and Feline Nutrition, 21, 209-219.
^ Jump up to: a b Chastant‐Maillard, S., Aggouni, C., Albaret, A., Fournier, A., & Mila, H. (2017). Canine and feline colostrum. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 52(S2), 148-152.
^ Jump up to: a b c Case, Linda; Leighann, Daristotle; Hayek, Michael; Foess Raasch, Melody (2011). Canine and Feline Nutrition: A Resource for Companion Animal Professionals. Elsevier. p. 210.
Jump up ^ Greco, D. S. (2014). Pediatric Nutrition. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 44(2), 265-273.
Jump up ^ Little, S. (2013) Successful management of orphaned kittens. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 15, 201-210.
Jump up ^ Hand, M. S. L., & Lon, D. (2000). Small animal clinical nutrition (No. SF 992. N88. L49 2000).
Jump up ^ The heats of combustion for glucose, sucrose, and starch are 15.57, 16.48 and 17.48 kJ/g respectively, or 3.72, 3.94 and 4.18 kcal/g.
Jump up ^ Rogers, Q. R., & Morris, J. G. (1979). Essentiality of amino acids for the growing kitten. The Journal of nutrition, 109(4), 718-723.
^ Jump up to: a b Sturman, J. A., Moretz, R. C., French, J. H., & Wisniewski, H. M. (1985). Postnatal taurine deficiency in the kitten results in a persistence of the cerebellar external granule cell layer: correction by taurine feeding. Journal of neuroscience research, 13(4), 521-528.
Jump up ^ Burger, I. H., & Barnett, K. C. (1982). The taurine requirement of the adult cat. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 23(9), 533-537.
Jump up ^ Markwell, P. J., & Earle, K. E. (1995). Taurine: an essential nutrient for the cat. A brief review of the biochemistry of its requirement and the clinical consequences of deficiency. Nutrition research, 15(1), 53-58.
Jump up ^ Schermerhorn, T. (2013). Normal glucose metabolism in carnivores overlaps with diabetes pathology in non-carnivores. Frontiers in endocrinology, 4.
Jump up ^ Harper, E. J., & Turner, C. L. (2000). Age-related changes in apparent digestibility in growing kittens. Reproduction Nutrition Development, 40(3), 249-260
Jump up ^ Fukunaga, T., Sasaki, M., Araki, Y., Okamoto, T., Yasuoka, T., Tsujikawa, T., ... & Bamba, T. (2003). Effects of the soluble fibre pectin on intestinal cell proliferation, fecal short chain fatty acid production and microbial population. Digestion, 67(1-2), 42-49.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h MacDonald, M; Rogers, Q (1984). "Nutrition of the domestic cat, a mammalian carnivore". Annual Review of Nutrition. 4: 521–562.
Jump up ^ Rogers & Morris 1979, pp. 718–723.
Jump up ^ Guilford 1994, pp. 2663–2669.
Jump up ^ Heath 2005, p. 102.
Jump up ^ Messonnier 2010, p. 375.
Sources
Printed
Bönisch, Susanne (1996). Natural Healing for Cats. Sterling Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8069-8122-2.
Casal, Margret; Jezyk, Peter; Giger, Urs (1996). Transfer of Colostral Antibodies From Queens to Their Kittens. American Journal of Veterinary Research. PMID 8915447.
Crowell-Davis, Sharon (2005). Cat Behaviour: Social Organization, Communication and Development. Rochlitz. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3227-7_1.
Guilford, Grant (1994). Nutritional Management of Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases of Dogs and Cats. Journal of Nutrition. PMID 7996263.
Heath, Sarah (2005). Behaviour Problems and Welfare. Rochlitz. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3227-7_4.
McHattie, Grace (1993). That's Cats! A Compendium of Feline Facts. David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-0126-5.
Messonnier, Shawn (2010). Natural Health Bible for Dogs & Cats: Your A-Z Guide to Over 200 Conditions, Herbs, Vitamins, and Supplements. Crown/Archetype Publishing. ISBN 978-0-307-55860-2.
Olson, Patricia; Kustritz, Margaret; Johnston, Shirley (2001). Early-age Neutering of Dogs and Cats in the United States. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Supplement. PMID 11787153.
Poirier, Frank; Hussey, Kaye (1982). Nonhuman Primate Learning: The Importance of Learning from an Evolutionary Perspective. Anthropology & Education Quarterly. JSTOR 3216627.
Rogers, Quinton; Morris, James (1979). Essentiality of Amino Acids for the Growing Kitten. Journal of Nutrition. PMID 430271.
Spain, Victor; Scarlett, Janet; Houpt, Katherine (2004). Long-term Risks and Benefits of Early-age Gonadectomy in Cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. doi:10.2460/javma.2004.224.372.
Sturgess, Kit; Hurley, Karyl (2005). Nutrition and Welfare. Rochlitz. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3227-7_9.
Sunquist, Fiona; Sunquist, Mel (2014). The Wild Cat Book: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Cats. Chicago University. ISBN 978-0-226-14576-1.
Tootle, John; Friedlander, Michael (1989). Postnatal Development of the Spatial Contrast Sensitivity of X- and Y-cells in the Kittens Retinogeniculate Pathway. Journal of Neuroscience. PMID 2703879.
Tsutsui, Toshihiko; Stabenfeldt, George (1993). Biology of Ovarian Cycles, Pregnancy and Pseudo Pregnancy in the Domestic Cat. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Supplement. PMID 8229938.
Vandivert, Rita (1975). Understanding Animals as Pets. Illustrated Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7232-6118-6.
Walls, Jerry (1991). Kittens as a New Pet. TFH Publications. ISBN 978-0-86622-614-1.
Greco, D.S. (2014). Pediatric Nutrition. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. ISBN 978-0-32337-185-8.

Online
"How to Raise Orphaned Kittens". Pet Education. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
"Kittens Deaths ('Fading Kittens')". International Cat Care. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
"Kitten". Oxford Dictionary. Retrieved 15 September 2005.
"When Does a Kitten Become a Cat?". Santa Maria Times. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
"When Do Puppies and Kittens Lose Their Baby Teeth?". Veterinary Medicine. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
External links
Media related to Kitten at Wikimedia Commons
How to choose your pet and take care of it at Wikibooks
The dictionary definition of kitten at Wiktionary
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