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Thirteen (House)
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Dr. Remy "Thirteen" Hadley, M.D.
House character
First appearance
"The Right Stuff" (4.02)
Last appearance
"Everybody Dies" (8.22)
Portrayed by
Olivia Wilde
Information
Nickname(s)
Thirteen
Gender
Female
Occupation
Physician
Department of Diagnostic Medicine Fellow (seasons 4–8)
Family
Anne Hadley (mother, deceased)
John Hadley (father)
Unnamed brother (deceased)
Amy Hadley (sister)
Significant other(s)
Eric Foreman (5.12–6.03)
Amy (8.03–present)
Remy "Thirteen" Hadley, M.D., is a fictional character on the Fox medical drama House, portrayed by Olivia Wilde. She is part of the new diagnostic team assembled by Dr. Gregory House after the disbanding of his previous team in the third-season finale.[1] The character's nickname derives from the episode "The Right Stuff", when she is assigned the number during a competition for her position at the Princeton-Plainsboro Teaching Hospital.[2]
The show depicts Thirteen as a secretive character who does not divulge personal information; her surname was not used on the show until the fourth season's penultimate episode "House's Head", nor her given name until the fifth-season episode "Emancipation". Instead, several of the character's traits are implied before they are depicted as true. In the season four episode "You Don't Want to Know", Thirteen tells House that her mother died from Huntington's disease; a test she performs several episodes later confirms she carries the gene.[3][4] After hints were given regarding her character's sexuality, actress Olivia Wilde confirmed that her character is indeed bisexual.[5] This is confirmed by Foreman in the episode "Don't Ever Change". Thirteen was included in AfterEllen.com's Top 50 Lesbian and Bisexual Characters.[6] The character was also listed in Wetpaint's "10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV" and in BuzzFeed's "16 Hottest Doctors On Television".[7][8]
Contents
1 Characterization
1.1 Huntington's
1.1.1 Euthanasia
1.2 Sexuality
2 Character history
3 Concept and creation
3.1 "Thirteen"
4 References
Characterization[edit]
Thirteen is reluctant to reveal information about herself and is extremely secretive. During House's new team member election process in the fourth season, she simply lets her fellow applicants refer to her as "Thirteen" rather than her real name, and constantly deflects curious prodding from both House and Amber Volakis about her personal life and past. Amber admits to feeling threatened by how Thirteen's unusually secretive nature is fascinating to the prying House, who in season seven tells Thirteen she has the best "game face" he has ever seen. In the episode "Lockdown" Thirteen spends the episode engaged in a game of truth or dare with Wilson, but at the end it is implied that everything she has said has been a lie.
Although his meddling with her personal affairs and insatiable curiosity frustrates Thirteen, House comes to respect her as a talented doctor and the two build a relationship of mutual trust and understanding of each other's personalities (and, occasionally, shared cynicism and/or sarcasm). Wilson later states that House is better with her on his team, saying "He needs someone who doesn't need him. You're the only one he's never really been able to suck into his crazy House vortex. Keeps him grounded, his ego in check."
Both Thirteen and House are equally critical and understanding of each other's self-pity and fatalism in the face of miserable circumstances. Although she believes in the importance of hope, Thirteen says in "Changes" that she believes that people are intrinsically happy or miserable, and that this cannot be changed. House states that this is her defense mechanism, because if she can convince herself that she would have been miserable either way, she does not need to resent the fact that her life is full of misfortune rather than fortune. Thirteen retorts that House's life is similarly miserable and that "lotteries are stupid".
Huntington's[edit]
Thirteen has a 50/50 chance of having inherited Huntington's disease from her mother, but she initially refuses to be tested for it as not knowing allows her to live with hope. It is revealed in the season-four finale that she has the mutation for Huntington's.[4] In "Lucky Thirteen", Thirteen says that her Huntington's is more aggressive, greatly decreasing her life expectancy and hastening the onset of symptoms. Initially after being diagnosed, she exhibits sensation seeking: staying out all night, using recreational drugs and having repeated one-night stands with women. She later ceases to behave self-destructively after a near-death experience in the episode "Last Resort", wherein she realizes her conviction to live, agreeing to participate in a Huntington's disease drug trial and becoming more active in her attempts to prolong her life.
Her behavior brings her colleagues to consider her someone who avoids or ignores her own personal problems and pretends that nothing is wrong. She is also shown to hide deep-seated fear; in the episode "Mirror Mirror", a patient who mimics the personality of whomever he is talking to tells her that he is scared – when she assures him that it will be okay, he fearfully tells her that it won't be.
Euthanasia[edit]
It is revealed in "The Dig" that Thirteen euthanised her brother, who also suffered from Huntington's, out of a promise she made to him to end his life when it was time. In "After Hours", Thirteen risks the life of a friend to fulfill her promise to her, leading Chase to theorize that if Thirteen commits herself to keeping all her promises, she does not need to blame herself for killing her brother and can, instead, blame the promise. Thirteen later tells him he is right, and that she is scared the guilt will consume her and destroy her life.
Sexuality[edit]
In the episode "Don't Ever Change", Thirteen's contempt at the idea of being categorised or oversimplified leads to both House and Foreman to assume that she is bisexual, although she is surprised and does not respond to either of their comments. Her sexuality, often the butt of House's jokes and sexual innuendos, remains unclear until the episode "Lucky Thirteen". She becomes more open and blatant about her sexuality as the series progresses and her relationship with her colleagues grows, going as far to propose the idea that she might drunkenly make out with a stripper in order to gain an invite to Chase's bachelor party.
In her game of truth or dare with Wilson, she initially states that her father is supportive of her sexuality, although she later corrects this, saying he is in fact unaware and she never came out to him. She also tells Wilson that she has never been in a threesome. Wilson seems astonished, given Thirteen's promiscuity, and former thrill-seeking behavior. She later states that she may have participated in a foursome, thereby allowing her to truthfully answer "no", to the question about a threesome. However, at the end of the game, it is implied that nothing she has told him has been truthful, leaving her status with her father a mystery.
Character history[edit]
In "Lockdown", Thirteen says she went to Newton North High School. In "Epic Fail", Thirteen reveals she attended Sarah Lawrence College. The episode "Let Them Eat Cake" shows that as a child she resented her mother who was dying from Huntington's and she tells Chase that she knew her father was having an affair; other than this, very little is shown about her past. She appears to be very street smart; she can easily identify a drug dealer and is also able to differentiate the taste of good quality and bad quality cocaine, as well as identify typical street level drug dealer tactics employed to ensure repeat customers.
At the end of the fellowship competition, Cuddy tells House that, since he already has Eric Foreman on his team, he may only hire two additional people, so House fires Thirteen and Amber, claiming fellow applicants Chris Taub and Lawrence Kutner outperformed her, and that if he could keep Thirteen, he would. Cuddy overrules House's decision, forcing him to accept a woman, realizing only a minute later that this had been House's plan from the start.[1]
Throughout the fourth season, the possibility of Thirteen having inherited Huntington's disease from her mother becomes a source of tension between her and House. After noticing Thirteen's oversensitivity at accidentally dropping a file in "You Don't Want To Know", House swaps her usual decaffeinated coffee for caffeinated, causing her hands to shake and pushing her into confessing about her possible medical condition. Where House cannot fathom the idea of Thirteen not wanting to know whether she has inherited the gene or not, Thirteen asserts the not knowing allows her to live with hope. He has her secretly tested, but Thirteen refuses to look at the results, telling House that his never-ending search for answers is because when one runs out of questions, one runs out of hope.
In the fourth-season finale, Thirteen takes the test and is diagnosed as having the mutated Huntington gene. Shortly after this, she begins to display reckless behavior, having casual sex with random women, using drugs, partying late and showing up at the clinic hungover. In "Lucky Thirteen", House fires her for her recklessness after Cuddy finds her self-administering IV fluids after a night of hard partying. However, he allows her back on his team after she manages to solve a case, which is revealed to be part of House' scheme. Her risk-taking does not stop until the episode "Last Resort", in which she is forcibly injected with different medications and comes close to death, realizing her desire to keep living. Following this experience, she asks Foreman to admit her to the Huntington's drug trial that he is an administrator for.
Several episodes later, Foreman and Thirteen embark on a relationship, which affects Foreman's professional judgment to the extent that he fixes the drug trial, which causes serious side-effects in Thirteen. Foreman almost loses his medical license, resulting in House ordering the couple to either break up or quit. The couple fake a split and continue their relationship in secret, but come public after House discovers they are still seeing each other. Initial relationship strains develop during the episode "Simple Explanation (5.20) when Foreman tells Thirteen he needs alone time to grieve and process Kutner's suicide. The conflict is resolved during the funeral when Foreman reaches out for Thirteen's hand, and Thirteen, surprised by the gesture, accepts.
When Foreman takes House's position in the sixth season, their relationship becomes strained due to their difficulties balancing their romantic relationship and their new employer-employee status at work. He fires Thirteen in "Epic Fail" in an attempt to save their relationship, which fails. Thirteen initially breaks up with Foreman, but later decides to try to work things out by agreeing to a dinner with him; when, at dinner, she asks if he would have ever considered stepping down from head of the diagnostics department rather than sacrifice either her career or their relationship and Foreman replies no, she leaves him for good.
In the sixth-season episode "Instant Karma", Thirteen attempts to book a one-way flight to Bangkok, Thailand, citing a need for a vacation. However the tickets are mysteriously cancelled and Thirteen confronts House, Cuddy and Wilson to find out who did it. Wilson confesses to hacking Thirteen's e-mail account but it is later shown that it was really House; he is evasive about whether he did it for his own benefit, Foreman's or Thirteen's, but Wilson surmises that is it simply because he likes having her around and he needs her. Despite his attempts to stop her from leaving, Thirteen is seen eventually boarding a plane. In the episode "Teamwork", Thirteen has returned from Thailand and House manages to convince her to return to his team along with Chase, Taub, and Foreman.
During the season-six finale, "Help Me", Thirteen shows up late at a differential, obviously hiding something. She leaves a letter on House's desk asking for leave, citing personal reasons; when Taub asks her if everything is okay, she replies "obviously not". In the season-seven premiere "Now What", Foreman reads her letter and goes through her locker, finding flight tickets as well as information on an experimental treatment for Huntington's in Rome. With her teammates believing she will be leaving for Rome the following day, Thirteen affirms her friendship with Foreman and Taub tells her he approves of her seeking any chance of getting better. Chase offers her a sexual proposition (in the same way he once did Cameron), but she turns him down and surprises him with a long embrace. The team organize to meet up and have cake to send her off, but Thirteen disappears without saying goodbye. Foreman then discovers that the clues about Rome were purposely planted by Thirteen as a red herring. The team later find that all her phone lines have been disconnected and her apartment has been vacated.
Following this, Thirteen remains missing for a year without anyone knowing of her whereabouts. Her vacancy in the team is eventually filled by Dr. Martha Masters.
Thirteen returns in the show's 150th episode, "The Dig",[9] where House meets her upon release from a prison where she has been incarcerated for the last six months for over-prescribing drugs. She has House drive her to a seemingly random house where she rings the bell, then assaults the man who answers the door. The two then spend a few days on the road preparing for a spud-shooting contest while he tries to figure out the real reason she was in prison, eventually deducing that Thirteen helped kill her brother who was suffering from advanced stages of Huntington's. Thirteen eventually admits to House that she did what she had to when her brother's time had come, and that now she is alone and will have nobody there for her when her time comes. House later tells her that he is willing to euthanise her when she needs him to and rehires her onto his team.
The rest of the team are excited to see Thirteen again and are curious about where she has been; to her chagrin, House tells the team that she has been in rehab for a substance abuse problem. She later tells Masters, "the real reason I was gone is not something I want to share." Upon her return to work, House notices a change in her personality, as she has become more cynical and fatalistic, appearing resigned to misery. He eventually concludes that if she can convince herself that she is naturally miserable as a person, then she does not have to hate the universe for making her miserable. Thirteen then turns around, pointing out that House's life is also miserable, and that "We are who we are. Lotteries are stupid."
In "After Hours", a then unknown woman arrives at Thirteen's apartment, with a serious wound in her abdomen. She is revealed to be a cell mate of Thirteen's from prison and makes Thirteen promise that she will not take her to a hospital, as she will be arrested and taken back to prison. Thirteen phones Chase requesting help on false pretenses, bartering on their relationship to convince Chase to bring her medical supplies without explanation. Chase convinces her to let him help, and Thirteen admits to him that she was in prison for killing her brother. After it becomes clear the woman will die without a hospital, Chase engages in a physical confrontation with Thirteen to get the patient to the hospital. He also deduces that her conviction to always keep promises is so that she can blame her brother's death on her promise to him, rather than blame herself. After the two drive the woman to the hospital, she awakes alive but in custody. Thirteen apologizes, but her friend lashes out, claiming she only used Thirteen because she needed someone to talk to in prison. Thirteen later confides in Chase that his theory is right, and that she is afraid she will be consumed by guilt.
In "Charity Case", Thirteen is called in once more by House to help solve a case. Thirteen then decides to join the team once more. In the end, House saw that Thirteen was happy with her girlfriend and fired her once and for all so she can live out her last days being happy. She made her final appearance as one of the speakers at House's funeral in the series finale "Everybody Dies".
Concept and creation[edit]
""Thirteen" is hidden, and hasn't yet revealed very much about herself. She doesn't really want to look into the future, and House finds that enormously compelling".
—Executive Producer Katie Jacobs.[10][11]
Along with fellow actors Peter Jacobson (Taub), Kal Penn (Kutner), and Anne Dudek (Amber Volakis), Wilde did not know which character would be cut until the actors were given the scripts.[11][12] Producers watched to see how the actors developed their characters and interacted.[13] Wilde thought this technique improved the acting during the "Games" story arc. However, the story arc inspired a spirit of camaraderie between the actors instead of competition, due to the high-profile roles. While Thirteen's name was originally intended to be revealed during the story arc, the production team decided against doing so. Thirteen's actual name was replaced on all documents, including the call sheets, with the word "Thirteen" to further the in-joke in the show's narrative.[11][14] Wilde describes her character as a "big bowl of secrets" in stark comparison to her own openness.[11]
Thirteen's sexuality was initially written ambiguously: Foreman and House suggested she is bisexual. In response to the ambiguity, Wilde confirmed in July 2008 that her character is bisexual, the second time she has played a bisexual character (the first being on The O.C. as Alex Kelly).[5] Thirteen has been compared often with Allison Cameron, the previous female diagnostician.[15][16] Wilde described Thirteen as "almost the opposite" of Cameron, who is "compassionate and emotional", and attributed the comparisons to the similarity in the tasks that House delegates to both characters, and that "with two girls on a show, people are always going to compare them. Thirteen resists handing her trust to people, and has proven herself to be a rather difficult person."
"Thirteen"[edit]
The name "Thirteen" comes from the character's introduction: while searching for new team members House assigned all the applicants numbers rather than memorise all their names and persistently used it in reference to her. She did not correct him or offer her real name when prompted by fellow applicants, and the nickname stuck.[2]
Although the producers gave the character a full name, and told Wilde what it was, they chose to keep it a secret from the viewers as part of the ongoing relationship between the character and House.[17] Before the character's name was revealed, none of the actors, apart from Wilde herself, knew it.[14] In episode 15 of season four ("House's Head"), Cuddy refers to her as "Dr. Hadley". This is the first mention of her actual name. In episode 8 of season five ("Emancipation"), she reveals she is called Remy. In later season five episodes, the character is occasionally referred to as "Dr. Hadley" although she is still predominantly called "Thirteen" by her colleagues.[18][19]
In an interview with The Star-Ledger, producer David Shore commented that he would not be using Thirteen's real name too often, because "she will always be Thirteen".[20] In the Season 6 episode "The Down Low", a fake pay stub shows Thirteen's middle name to be "Beauregard", though it is uncertain if that is actually her middle name.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Writer: Eli Attie; Director: Deran Sarafian. "Games". House, M.D. Season 4. Episode 9. Fox.
^ Jump up to: a b Shore, David; Dick, Leonard; Egan, Doris (2007-10-02). "The Right Stuff". House, M.D. Season 4. Episode 2. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Shore, David; Hass, Sara (2008-11-20). "You Don't Want To Know". House, M.D. Season 4. Episode 8. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Shore, David; Blake, Peter; Egan, Doris; Friend, Russel; Lerner, Garett; Foster, David (2008-05-12). "House's_Head". House, M.D. Season 4. Episode 15. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b AfterEllen.com Staff (2008-07-18). "Best. Lesbian. Week. Ever". AfterEllen.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-01. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
Jump up ^ "AfterEllen.com's Top 50 Lesbian and Bisexual Characters". AfterEllen.com. March 15, 2010. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Martin, Rebecca (December 31, 2012). "The 10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV". Wetpaint. The Cambio Network. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The 16 Hottest Doctors On Television". BuzzFeed. September 28, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "TV: Olivia Wilde Returns to 'House' Set!". IMDb. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (2007-11-28). "Exclusive: Why House Fired "Cutthroat Bitch"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on 2010-01-18. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Radish, Christina (2008-02-05). "Olivia Wilde joins House's team". MediaBlvd. Archived from the original on 2008-02-09. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
Jump up ^ De Leon, Kris (2008-04-28). "House: Life Imitates Art for Olivia Wilde". BuddyTV. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
Jump up ^ Hendrickson, Paula (2008-05-09). "Guest spots can lead to full-time roles". Variety. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
^ Jump up to: a b Dos Santos, Kristin (2008-01-30). "House's New Ducklings Dish the Dirt". E!. Retrieved 2008-11-01. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Doyle, Chelsea (2008-02-08). "'House': The Slightly Suggestive Friendship Between House & Wilson Is Explored". StarPulse. Archived from the original on 2008-02-10. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
Jump up ^ Greengrass, Mara (2008-01-30). "Review: House MD: "It's a Wonderful Lie"". Firefox news. Archived from the original on 2008-02-07. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
Jump up ^ Feinberg, Daniel (2008-01-28). "Olivia Wilde says this 'House' is a very very very fine 'House'". Zap2it. Archived from the original on 2008-12-29. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
Jump up ^ Shore, David; Friedman, Liz; Hass, Sara (2008-10-21). "Lucky Thirteen". House, M.D. Season 5. Episode 5. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Shore, David; Green, Carol; Paddock, Justin (2008-09-30). "Adverse Events". House, M.D. Season 5. Episode 3. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Sepinwall, Alan (2008-08-05). "More with 'House' creator David Shore". The Star-Ledger. Archived from the original on 2010-01-18. Retrieved 2008-11-04.
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House
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Main
Gregory House
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Eric Foreman
Robert Chase
Allison Cameron
Thirteen (Remy Hadley)
Chris Taub
Lawrence Kutner
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Jessica Adams
Chi Park
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Edward Vogler
Stacy Warner
Michael Tritter
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Season 2
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"Que Será Será"
"Son of Coma Guy"
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"Finding Judas"
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Season 4
"Alone"
"The Right Stuff"
"97 Seconds"
"Guardian Angels"
"Mirror Mirror"
"Whatever It Takes"
"Ugly"
"You Don't Want to Know"
"Games"
"It's a Wonderful Lie"
"Frozen"
"Don't Ever Change"
"No More Mr. Nice Guy"
"Living the Dream"
"House's Head"
"Wilson's Heart"
Season 5
"Dying Changes Everything"
"Not Cancer"
"Adverse Events"
"Birthmarks"
"Lucky Thirteen"
"Joy"
"The Itch"
"Emancipation"
"Last Resort"
"Let Them Eat Cake"
"Joy to the World"
"Big Baby"
"The Greater Good"
"Unfaithful"
"The Softer Side"
"The Social Contract"
"Here Kitty"
"Locked In"
"Simple Explanation"
"Saviors"
"House Divided"
"Under My Skin"
"Both Sides Now"
Season 6
"Broken"
"Epic Fail"
"The Tyrant"
"Instant Karma"
"Brave Heart"
"Known Unknowns"
"Teamwork"
"Ignorance Is Bliss"
"Wilson"
"The Down Low"
"Remorse"
"Moving the Chains"
"5 to 9"
"Private Lives"
"Black Hole"
"Lockdown"
"Knight Fall"
"Open and Shut"
"The Choice"
"Baggage"
"Help Me"
Season 7
"Now What?"
"Selfish"
"Unwritten"
"Massage Therapy"
"Unplanned Parenthood"
"Office Politics"
"A Pox on Our House"
"Small Sacrifices"
"Larger than Life"
"Carrot or Stick"
"Family Practice"
"You Must Remember This"
"Two Stories"
"Recession Proof"
"Bombshells"
"Out of the Chute"
"Fall from Grace"
"The Dig"
"Last Temptation"
"Changes"
"The Fix"
"After Hours"
"Moving On"
Season 8
"Twenty Vicodin"
"Transplant"
"Charity Case"
"Risky Business"
"The Confession"
"Parents"
"Dead & Buried"
"Perils of Paranoia"
"Better Half"
"Runaways"
"Nobody's Fault"
"Chase"
"Man of the House"
"Love Is Blind"
"Blowing the Whistle"
"Gut Check"
"We Need the Eggs"
"Body & Soul"
"The C-Word"
"Post Mortem"
"Holding On"
"Everybody Dies"
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Automobile air conditioning
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
1953 Chrysler Imperial with factory trunk mounted "Airtemp" system
Automobile air conditioning (also called A/C) systems use air conditioning to cool the air in a vehicle.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Chrysler Airtemp
1.2 Nash integrated system
1.3 Growth in demand
1.4 Evaporative cooling
2 Operating principles
3 Power consumption
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
A company in New York City in the United States first offered installation of air conditioning for cars in 1933. Most of their customers operated limousines and luxury cars.[1]
In 1939, Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars.[2] These were manufactured by Bishop and Babcock Co, of Cleveland, Ohio. The "Bishop and Babcock Weather Conditioner" also incorporated a heater. Cars ordered with the new "Weather Conditioner" were shipped from Packard's East Grand Boulevard facility to the B&B factory where the conversion was performed. Once complete, the car was shipped to a local dealer where the customer would take delivery.
Packard fully warranted and supported this conversion, and marketed it well. However, it was not commercially successful for a number of reasons:
The main evaporator and blower system took up half of the trunk space (though this became less of a problem as trunks became larger in the post-war period).
It was superseded by more efficient systems in the post-war years.
It had no temperature thermostat or shut-off mechanism other than switching the blower off. (Cold air would still sometimes enter the car with any movement as the drive belt was continuously connected to the compressor—later systems would use electrically operated clutches to remedy this problem.)
The several feet of plumbing going back and forth between the engine compartment and trunk proved unreliable in service.
The price, at US $274 ($4,692.12 in 2014 US dollars), was unaffordable to most people in post-depression/pre-war America.
The option was discontinued after 1941.[3]
Chrysler Airtemp[edit]
The 1953 Chrysler Imperial was one of the first production cars in twelve years to offer modern automobile air conditioning as an option, following tentative experiments by Packard in 1940 and Cadillac in 1941.[4] Walter Chrysler had seen to the invention of Airtemp air conditioning in the 1930s for the Chrysler Building, and had offered it on cars in 1941-42, and again in 1951-52.
The Airtemp was more advanced than rival automobile air conditioners by 1953. It was operated by a single switch on the dashboard marked with low, medium, and high positions. As the highest capacity unit available at that time, the system was capable of quickly cooling the passenger compartment and also reducing humidity, dust, pollen, and tobacco smoke. The system drew in more outside air than contemporary systems; thus, reducing the staleness associated with automotive air conditioning at the time. Instead of plastic tubes mounted on the rear window package shelf as on GM cars, small ducts directed cool air toward the ceiling of the car where it filtered down around the passengers instead of blowing directly on them, a feature that modern cars have lost.[4]
Cadillac, Buick, and Oldsmobile added air conditioning as an option on some of their models in the 1953 model year.[5] All of these Frigidaire systems used separate engine and trunk mounted components.[6][7]
Nash integrated system[edit]
Logo on a 1957 car with AMC factory installed air-conditioning system
In 1954, the Nash Ambassador was the first American automobile to have a front-end, fully integrated heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system.[8][9] The Nash-Kelvinator corporation used its experience in refrigeration to introduce the automobile industry's first compact and affordable, single-unit heating and air conditioning system optional for its Nash models.[10] This was the first mass market system with controls on the dash and an electric clutch.[11] This system was also compact and serviceable with all of its components installed under the hood or in the cowl area.[12]
Combining heating, cooling, and ventilating, the new air conditioning system for the Nash cars was called the "All-Weather Eye".[13] This followed the marketing name of "Weather Eye" for Nash's fresh-air automotive heating and ventilating system that was first used in 1938.[12] With a single thermostatic control, the Nash passenger compartment air cooling option was "a good and remarkably inexpensive" system.[14] The system had cold air for passengers enter through dash-mounted vents.[15] Nash's exclusive "remarkable advance" was not only the "sophisticated" unified system, but also its $345 price that beat all other systems.[16]
Most competing systems used a separate heating system and an engine-mounted compressor, driven by the engine crankshaft via a belt, with an evaporator in the car's trunk to deliver cold air through the rear parcel shelf and overhead vents. General Motors made a front-mounted air conditioning system optional in 1954 on Pontiacs with a straight-eight engine that added separate controls and air distribution. The alternative layout pioneered by Nash "became established practice and continues to form the basis of the modern and more sophisticated automatic climate control systems."[17]
Growth in demand[edit]
Air-conditioning for automobiles came into wide use from the late twentieth century. Although air conditioners use significant power; the drag of a car with closed windows is less than if the windows are open to cool the occupants. There has been much debate on the effect of air conditioning on the fuel efficiency of a vehicle. Factors such as wind resistance, aerodynamics and engine power and weight must be considered, to find the true difference between using the air conditioning system and not using it, when estimating the actual fuel mileage. Other factors can affect the engine, and an overall engine heat increase can affect the cooling system of the vehicle.
The innovation was adopted quickly and new features to air conditioning like the Cadillac Comfort Control which was a completely automatic heating and cooling system set by dial thermostat was introduced as an industry first in the 1964 model year.[18] By 1960 about 20% of all cars in the U.S. had air-conditioning, with the percentage increasing to 80% in the warm areas of the Southwest.[19] American Motors made air conditioning standard equipment on all AMC Ambassadors starting with the 1968 model year, a first in the mass market, with a base price starting at $2,671.[20][21] By 1969, 54% of domestic automobiles were equipped with air conditioning, with the feature needed not only for passenger comfort, but also to increase the car's resale value.[22]
Evaporative cooling[edit]
Main article: Car cooler
A car cooler
A car cooler is an automobile evaporative cooler, sometimes referred to as a swamp cooler.[23][24] Most are aftermarket relatively inexpensive accessories consisting of an external window-mounted metal cylinder without moving parts, but internal under dashboard or center floor units with an electric fan are available.[25][26] It was an early type of automobile air conditioner[27] and is not used in modern cars relying on refrigerative systems to cool the interior.
To cool the air it used latent heat (in other words, cooling by water evaporation).[28] Water inside the device evaporates and in the process transfers heat from the surrounding air. The cool moisture-laden air is then directed to the inside of the car.[28][29] The evaporate "cooling" effect decreases with humidity because the air already saturated with water. Therefore, the lower humidity, such as in dry desert regions, the better the system works. Car coolers were popular, especially among summer tourists visiting or crossing the southwestern United States states of California, Arizona, Texas, New Mexico, and Nevada.[26]
Operating principles[edit]
See also: Refrigeration cycle
A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration cycle: 1) condensing coil, 2) expansion valve, 3) evaporator coil, 4) compressor
Regassing the air conditioning of a Ford Focus.
In the refrigeration cycle, heat is transported from the passenger compartment to the environment. A refrigerator is an example of such a system, as it transports the heat out of the interior and into the ambient environment.
Circulating refrigerant gas vapor (which also carries the compressor lubricant oil across the system along with it) from the evaporator enters the gas compressor in the engine bay, usually an axial piston pump compressor, and is compressed to a higher pressure, resulting in a higher temperature as well. The hot, compressed refrigerant vapor is now at a temperature and pressure at which it can be condensed and is routed through a condenser, usually in front of the car's radiator. Here the refrigerant is cooled by air flowing across the condenser coils (originating from the vehicle's movement or from a fan, often the same fan of the cooling radiator if the condenser is mounted on it, automatically turned on when the vehicle is stationary or moving at low speeds) and condensed into a liquid. Thus, the circulating refrigerant rejects heat from the system and the heat is carried away by the air.
The condensed and pressurized liquid refrigerant is next routed through the receiver-drier, that is, a one way desiccant and filter cartridge that both dehydrates the refrigerant and compressor lubricant oil mixture in order to remove any residual water content (which would become ice inside the expansion valve and therefore clog it) that the vacuum done prior to the charging process didn't manage to remove from the system, and filters it in order to remove any solid particles carried by the mixture, and then through a thermal expansion valve where it undergoes an abrupt reduction in pressure. That pressure reduction results in flash evaporation of a part of the liquid refrigerant, lowering its temperature. The cold refrigerant is then routed through the evaporator coil in the passenger compartment.
The air, often after being filtered by a cabin air filter, is blowed by an adjustable speed electric powered centrifugal fan across the evaporator, causing the liquid part of the cold refrigerant mixture to evaporate as well, further lowering the temperature. The warm air is therefore cooled, and also deprived of any humidity (which condenses on the evaporator coils and is drained outside of the vehicle) in the process. It is then passed through an heater matrix, inside of which the engine's coolant circulates, where it can be reheated to a certain degree or even a certain temperature selected by the user and then delivered inside the vehicle's cabin through a set of adjustable vents. Another way of adjusting the desired air temperature, this time by working on the system's cooling capacity, is precisely regulating the centrifugal fan speed so that only the strictly required volumetric flow rate of air is cooled by the evaporator. The user is also given the option to close the vehicle's external air flaps, in order to achieve even faster and stronger cooling by recirculating the already cooled air inside the cabin to the evaporator.
To complete the refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant vapor is routed back into the compressor.
The warmer is the air that reaches the evaporator, the higher is the pressure of the vapor mixture discharged from it and therefore the higher is the load placed on the compressor and therefore on the engine to keep the refrigerant flowing through the system.
The compressor can be driven by the car's engine (e.g. via a belt, often the serpentine belt, and an electromagnetically actuated clutch; an electronically actuated variable displacement compressor can also be always directly driven by a belt without the need of any clutch and magnet at all) or by an electric motor.
Power consumption[edit]
In a modern automobile, the A/C system will use around 4 horsepower (3 kW) of the engine's power, thus increasing fuel consumption of the vehicle.[30]
See also[edit]
Sustainable automotive air conditioning
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "First Air Conditioned Auto". Popular Science. 123 (5): 30. November 1933. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Michigan Fast Facts and Trivia". 50states.com. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Alder, Dennis (2004). Packard. MBI Publishing. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-7603-1928-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Langworth, Richard M. (1994). Chrysler and Imperial: The Postwar Years. Motorbooks International. ISBN 0-87938-034-9.
Jump up ^ "1953 Cadillac Brochure". oldcarbrochures.org. p. 5. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "1953-Buick Heating and AC Folder". oldcarbrochures.org. pp. 10–11. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "1953 Oldsmobile Brochure". oldcarbrochures.org. p. 23. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nash Low Cost Air Conditioner Cools or Heats by Turning Knob". Popular Mechanics. 101 (5): 86. May 1954. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "One Control Heating Cooling". Motor. 101: 54. 1954. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Gunnell, John, ed. (1987). The Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946–1975. Krause Publications. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-87341-096-0.
Jump up ^ Daly, Steven (2006). Automotive Air-Conditioning and Climate Control Systems. Elsevier Science & Technology Books. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-7506-6955-9. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Wolfe, Steven J. (2000). "HVAC Time Line". Refrigeration Service Engineers Society Twin Cities Chapter. Archived from the original on 21 November 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "News of the Automotive World - Nash Air Conditioner Combines Heating, Cooling, and Ventilating". Automotive Industries. 110: 86. 1954. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Stevenson, Heon J. (2008). American Automobile Advertising, 1930–1980: An Illustrated History. McFarland. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-7864-3685-9. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Binder, Al; the Ward's staff (2 February 2001). "Rearview Mirror". Ward's AutoWorld. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide (29 November 2007). "1953–1955 Nash and Hudson Ramblers". auto.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Nunney, Malcolm J. (2006). Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology. Elsevier Science & Technology Books. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-7506-8037-0.
Jump up ^ https://www.gmheritagecenter.com/docs/gm-heritage-archive/vehicle-information-kits/Cadillac/1964_Cadillac_VVI.pdf
Jump up ^ Nash, Gerald D. (1999). Federal Landscape: An Economic History of the Twentieth-Century West. University of Arizona Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-8165-1863-0.
Jump up ^ Lintern, Mike (1977). Complete guide to American cars, 1966-76. AutoMedia. p. 32. ISBN 9780905395012. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Business: Shuffle & Cut". Time. 6 October 1967. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Timeline". National Academy of Engineering. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Hinckley, p. 54 "...it was actually an evaporative cooler - something Californians and Southwesterners have on the roofs of their houses and often call 'swamp coolers' or 'swampies"."
Jump up ^ Heitmann, John Alfred (2009). The Automobile and American Life. McFarland. p. 151. ISBN 9781476601991. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Watt, John R. (1963). Evaporative Air Conditioning. Industrial Press. p. 93. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Watt, John R. (1986). Evaporative Air Conditioning Handbook (Second ed.). Springer. ISBN 9781461293873. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Hinckley, p. 54
^ Jump up to: a b Sibley, p. 221
Jump up ^ "The Easy Way". Popular Mechanics. 75 (5): 676–677. May 1941. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Impact of Vehicle Air-Conditioning on Fuel Economy" (PDF). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
External links[edit]
"Air Conditioners for Your Car". Popular Science. 194 (4): 117–132, includes detailed drawings. April 1969. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
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Jennifer Morrison
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Jennifer Morrison
Morrison at the 2014 Comic-Con International
Born
Jennifer Marie Morrison
(1979-04-12) April 12, 1979 (age 38)
Chicago, Illinois, United States
Occupation
Actress
producer
director
Years active
1994–present
Jennifer Marie Morrison (born April 12, 1979) is an American actress, producer, director, and former child model. She is known for her roles as Dr. Allison Cameron in the medical-drama series House (2004–2012) and Emma Swan in the ABC adventure-fantasy series Once Upon a Time (2011–2017). She also has portrayed Zoey Pierson, one of Ted Mosby's love interests on the comedy series How I Met Your Mother; Winona Kirk, mother of James T. Kirk in the 2009 science-fiction film Star Trek; and Tess Conlon in the 2011 sports drama film Warrior.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 1990s
2.2 2000s
2.3 2010s
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Music videos
4.4 Video games
5 Theatre
6 Awards and nominations
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Morrison was born in Chicago, Illinois, and grew up in Arlington Heights, Illinois. She is the oldest of three children; her sister, Julia, is a singer-songwriter and music therapist, and her brother, Daniel, is a high school band director.[1] Her father, David L. Morrison, is a retired music teacher and high school band director who was named Teacher of the Year by the Illinois State Board of Education in 2003.[2]
Morrison attended South Middle School, and then graduated from Prospect High School (where her parents worked) in 1997. She was friends with writer Ian Brennan. She was an All-State clarinet player in the school's marching band, sang in the choir, and was a cheerleader in the school pep squad.[3] She attended Loyola University Chicago where she majored in Theatre and minored in English, graduating in 2000. She studied at the Steppenwolf Theatre Company before moving to Los Angeles, California to pursue a career in acting.[citation needed]
Career[edit]
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1990s[edit]
Morrison started her career as a child model, appearing in print advertisements for JCPenney and Montgomery Ward, and commercials for Rice Krispies and Mondo. She was featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated for Kids with basketball star, Michael Jordan, in May 1992.[4] Morrison made her feature film debut at the age of 14 in the 1994 film Intersection, and later appeared as Samantha in Stir of Echoes (1999).
2000s[edit]
Morrison's first leading role came in the 2000 film Urban Legends: Final Cut, and she has since gone on to appear in films including Grind (2003), Surviving Christmas (2004), and Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005).
Morrison at the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival
In 2004, Morrison won the role of immunologist Dr. Allison Cameron on House. She played this role for the first six seasons of the show, from 2004 to 2009. Morrison's character left in 2009 in an episode called "Teamwork",[5] but returned in the 2010 episode "Lockdown". Cameron's story concluded at this point. Morrison returned in Season 8 for the series finale "Everybody Dies" in 2012.
In 2006, Morrison starred in and produced the independent film Flourish.[citation needed] She is also one of the producers that found Glee during its early draft and brought it to attention of writer Ryan Murphy, who adapted it into a television series. Morrison did not stay involved creatively, but is credited as an associated producer on the first season for her involvement in finding it and helping it get into the right hands.[6]
In 2007, Morrison appeared as Kirce James in the computer game Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars, a character who frequently interacts with the player during the course of the GDI campaign.[citation needed] Her film projects that year included Big Stan and The Murder of Princess Diana, a television film based on the book of the same name by Noel Botham. Produced by Lifetime and Working Title Television, Morrison portrays an American journalist, Rachel, who witnesses the car crash which took the life of Diana, Princess of Wales.
In 2009, Morrison returned to the big screen, appearing in the opening scene of J. J. Abrams' Star Trek reboot as James T. Kirk's mother, Winona. After her contract on House was not renewed, it was announced in December 2009[7] that Morrison had won the role of Kate Keller, Helen Keller's mother, in the Broadway-bound revival of The Miracle Worker.[8]
2010s[edit]
Morrison at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival
In the fall of 2010 Morrison appeared as a guest-star in the fourth episode of NBC's Chase. She played the role of Faith, a single mother-turned-fugitive, who embarks on a bloody killing spree across Texas with her little daughter.[9] She then joined the cast of CBS's How I Met Your Mother as recurring character Zoey Pierson, a mischievous architecture nerd and love interest of main character Ted Mosby, and "the biggest female character we've maybe ever added to the show in Ted's life", according to executive producer Craig Thomas.[10][11][12]
In 2011, Morrison appeared in Warrior, a film about two estranged brothers who enter a mixed martial arts tournament and are forced to confront their struggling relationship with each other and with their father. Morrison plays the wife of Joel Edgerton's character, struggling to keep her family together.[6] Since October 2011, Morrison had a starring role in ABC's Once Upon a Time. She played the role of Emma Swan, a bail bonds collector who turns out to be the missing daughter of Snow White and Prince Charming.
In April 2016, Morrison launched her own film production company, Apartment 3C Productions,[13] named after the apartment she shared with her friends during her time at Loyola University Chicago.[14] She directed her first feature film, Sun Dogs, under this label during the summer of 2016.[13] In December 2017, it was announced that Netflix had acquired worldwide streaming rights to the film.[15]
In March 2017, it was announced that Morrison was cast as Stephanie in an off-Broadway revival of the play The End of Longing.[16] The performance lasted from May 18 to July 1, 2017.[17]
On May 8, 2017, Morrison announced via social media that she would not be returning to Once Upon a Time as a series regular for season seven, while also noting that she had agreed to return as a guest for one episode.[18][19][20] Her final appearance was in the following season's second episode, which aired in October 2017.[21]
Morrison co-starred in Amityville: The Awakening as Candice. Originally shot in 2014, the film was ultimately released on Google Play on October 12, 2017, with a limited theatrical release on October 28, 2017.[22]
In October 2017, it was announced that Morrison would be directing a modern fairytale anthology series titled Fabled, produced by Zosia Mamet and Evan Jonigkeit for Refinery29.[23]
Personal life[edit]
Morrison began dating her House co-star, Jesse Spencer, in 2004.[24] Spencer proposed to Morrison at the Eiffel Tower on December 23, 2006 but in August 2007 they called off their engagement.[25] In summer 2012, Morrison and Sebastian Stan met on the Once Upon A Time set and dated for a year, breaking up in mid-2013.[26]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1994 Intersection Meaghan Eastman
1994 Miracle on 34th Street Denice
1999 Stir of Echoes Samantha Kozac
2000 Urban Legends: Final Cut Amy Mayfield
2001 Zeros, TheThe Zeros Joyce
2002 Design Sonya Mallow
2002 Big Shot: Confessions of a Campus Bookie Callie
2002 Nantucket Alicia
2002 100 Women Annie
2003 Grind Jamie
2004 Mall Cop Chris
2004 Sure Hand of God, TheThe Sure Hand of God Lily Bowser
2004 Surviving Christmas Missy Vanglider
2004 Lift Sarah Short film
2005 Mr. & Mrs. Smith Jade
2006 The Script Christie Short film
2006 Flourish Gabrielle Winters Producer
2007 The Murder of Princess Diana Rachel Visco
2007 Big Stan Mindy
2009 Star Trek Winona Kirk
2009 Table for Three Leslie Green
2011 Bringing Ashley Home Ashley Phillips
2011 Warrior Tess Conlon
2012 Stars in Shorts Agent Rachel Mintz Segment: "Prodigal"
2012 Knife Fight Angela
2013 Some Girl(s) Sam
2013 Alpha Alert Lt. White
2013 Star Trek Into Darkness Winona Kirk Voice Only
2014 The List Katherine Stern
2015 To Dust Return Sharon Reynolds Short film
2015 Mattresside Angelica Short film
2015 Warning Labels Short film; director
2016 The Darkness Joy Carter
2016 Albion: The Enchanted Stallion The Abbess
2017 Amityville: The Awakening Candice
2017 Sun Dogs Marie Director, producer
2017 All Creatures Here Below Penny
2017 Assassination Nation Margie Duncan
2018 Back Roads Callie Mercer
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2001 The Chronicle Gwen Episode: "Let Sleeping Dogs Fry"
2001 Touched by an Angel Melissa Episode: "Most Likely to Succeed"
2001–02 Dawson's Creek Melanie Shay Thompson 2 episodes
2002 Any Day Now Mandy Singer Episode: "In Too Deep"
2002 The Random Years Megan Episode: "Pilot"
2004–12 House Dr. Allison Cameron 108 episodes
2009 Super Hero Squad Show, TheThe Super Hero Squad Show Wasp 3 episodes; voice role
2010 Chase Faith Maples Episode: "Paranoia"
2010–14 How I Met Your Mother Zoey Pierson 13 episodes
2011 Five Sheila Segment: "Charlotte"
2011–17 Once Upon a Time Emma Swan Leading role (Season 1–6); Special guest star (Season 7); 133 episodes
Music videos[edit]
Year
Title
Artist
Notes
2002 "Too Bad About Your Girl" The Donnas
2003 "Shut Up" Nick Lachey
2005 "Dark Blue" Jack's Mannequin
2015 "What I Want" Will Butler
2015 "Demon Days (Do It All Again)" Wild Wild Horses Also director
Video games[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2007 Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars Kirce James
Theatre[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Venue
2010 The Miracle Worker Kate Keller Circle in the Square Theatre
2017 The End of Longing Stephanie Lucille Lortel Theatre
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Association
Category
Work
Result
Ref.
2009 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series House Nominated [27]
2014 People's Choice Awards Favorite On-Screen Chemistry (with Colin O'Donoghue) Once Upon a Time Nominated [28]
2015 Favorite Fantasy/Sci-Fi TV Actress Nominated [29]
Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress Fantasy/Sci-Fi Nominated [30]
Choice TV: Liplock (with Colin O'Donoghue) Nominated [30]
Kids' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actress Nominated [31]
2016 Favorite TV Actress Nominated [31]
People's Choice Awards Favorite Fantasy/Sci-Fi TV Actress Nominated [32]
Teen Choice Awards Choice TV: Liplock Won [33]
2017 People's Choice Awards Favorite Fantasy/Sci-Fi TV Actress Nominated [34]
Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress Fantasy/Sci-Fi Nominated [35]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Sequins & Suspenders". Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Band Teacher Marches on As 2003 Teacher of the Year". Illinois State Board of Education. March 22, 2003. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Spencer, Amy (September 10, 2014). "Jennifer Morrison rules the red carpet". New York Post. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Vintage Michael Jordan". SI Kids. May 1992. Archived from the original on November 5, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (November 16, 2009). "'House' exclusive: Jennifer Morrison speaks out about departure". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jennifer Morrison：Answers to Twitter questions.." April 10, 2010. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (December 13, 2009). "'House' alum news: Jennifer Morrison heads to Broadway!". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ The Broadway League. "The official source for Broadway Information". IBDB. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Keck, William (August 20, 2010). "House's Morrison To Co-Star With Real-Life Love on NBC's Chase". TVGuide.com. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (September 9, 2010). "Done deal: Jennifer Morrison hits the 'Mother' lode". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (September 9, 2010). "'House' Alumna Jennifer Morrison Joins CBS Comedy 'How I Met Your Mother'". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Keck, William (September 26, 2010). "Keck's Exclusives: Is Jennifer Morrison HIMYM's Mother?". TVGuide.com. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Lincoln, Ross (April 22, 2016). "Jennifer Morrison Launches Apartment 3C Productions; Directorial Debut 'Sun Dogs' Is First Project". Deadline. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Taras, Rebecca (June 13, 2014). "Jennifer Morrison: Life Outside The Once Upon A Time Fairy Tale". Refinery29. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ White, Peter (December 15, 2017). "Jennifer Morrison's Directorial Debut 'Sun Dogs' Lands At Netflix". Deadline. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Millward, Tom (March 23, 2017). "MCC Theater announces full cast of End of Longing". New York Theatre Guide. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Clement, Olivia (May 25, 2017). "Matthew Perry's The End of Longing Extends". Playbill. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Once Upon A Time': Jennifer Morrison Exits, Others Near Deals For Season 7". deadline.com. deadline.com.
Jump up ^ "'Once Upon a Time' Shocker: Star Jennifer Morrison to Exit".
Jump up ^ "Jennifer Morrison". www.facebook.com.
Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt (August 6, 2017). "Once Upon a Time Creators/Cast Tease Rumple's Menacing New Identity, Regina/Henry Reunion and More". TVLine. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Davies, Trevor (September 22, 2017). "The oft-delayed Amityville: The Awakening finally has a release date and will stream for free on Google Play". Critical Hit. Retrieved October 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Spangler, Todd (May 3, 2017). "Refinery29 Teams With Willow Smith, Rashida Jones, Zosia Mamet and More for Video Slate". Variety. Retrieved October 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Engaged House Stars Prepare to Tie the Knot". People. July 6, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jordan, Julie (August 15, 2007). "House Costars Call Off Engagement". Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Monde, Chiderah (November 3, 2013). "'Once Upon A Time' stars Jennifer Morrison, Sebastian Stan split: 'Once Upon A Time' actors 'grew apart' after real-life year long romance". NY Daily News.
Jump up ^ "The 15th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards | Screen Actors Guild Awards". www.sagawards.org. Retrieved 2016-11-15.
Jump up ^ Staff, E. W. "People's Choice Awards 2014: The winners list | EW.com". Retrieved 2016-11-15.
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards 2015: The winner's list". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com. Retrieved 2016-11-15.
^ Jump up to: a b "Check out 2015 Wave 1 Nominees! | Teen Choice on FOX". Teen Choice on FOX. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-15.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards: The Winners". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com. Retrieved 2016-11-15.
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards: Fan Favorites in Movies, Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com". www.peopleschoice.com. Retrieved 2016-11-15.
Jump up ^ "Teen Choice Awards 2016: Second Wave Nominations Announced". E! Online. Retrieved 2016-11-15.
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards 2017: Full List Of Nominees". People's Choice. 15 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Ceron, Ella. "The Pretty Little Liars Were ALL Nominated for the Same EXACT Award". Teen Vogue. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jennifer Morrison.
Jennifer Morrison on IMDb
Jennifer Morrison at the TCM Movie Database
Jennifer Morrison at AllMovie
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