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Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution
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The Sixth Amendment (Amendment VI) to the United States Constitution is the part of the United States Bill of Rights that sets forth rights related to criminal prosecutions. The Supreme Court has applied the protections of this amendment to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Contents
[hide]
1 Text
2 Rights secured
2.1 Speedy trial
2.2 Public trial
2.3 Impartial jury
2.3.1 Impartiality
2.3.2 Venire of juries
2.3.3 Sentencing
2.4 Vicinage
2.5 Notice of accusation
2.6 Confrontation
2.7 Compulsory process
2.8 Assistance of counsel
2.8.1 Self-representation
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Text[edit]
The amendment as proposed by Congress in 1789 reads as follows:
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.[1]
The Bill of Rights in the National Archives
The hand-written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights, 1789, cropped to just show the text that would later be ratified as the Sixth Amendment
Rights secured[edit]
Speedy trial[edit]
Main article: Speedy Trial Clause
Criminal defendants have the right to a speedy trial. In Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514 (1972), the Supreme Court laid down a four-part case-by-case balancing test for determining whether the defendant's speedy trial right has been violated. The four factors are:
Length of delay. A delay of a year or more from the date on which the speedy trial right "attaches" (the date of arrest or indictment, whichever first occurs) was termed "presumptively prejudicial," but the Court has never explicitly ruled that any absolute time limit applies.
Reason for the delay. The prosecution may not excessively delay the trial for its own advantage, but a trial may be delayed to secure the presence of an absent witness or other practical considerations (e.g., change of venue).
Time and manner in which the defendant has asserted his right. If a defendant agrees to the delay when it works to his own benefit, he cannot later claim that he has been unduly delayed.
Degree of prejudice to the defendant which the delay has caused.
In Strunk v. United States, 412 U.S. 434 (1973), the Supreme Court ruled that if the reviewing court finds that a defendant's right to a speedy trial was violated, then the indictment must be dismissed and/or the conviction overturned. The Court held that, since the delayed trial is the state action which violates the defendant's rights, no other remedy would be appropriate. Thus, a reversal or dismissal of a criminal case on speedy trial grounds means that no further prosecution for the alleged offense can take place.
Public trial[edit]
Main article: Public trial
In Sheppard v. Maxwell, 384 U.S. 333 (1966), the Supreme Court ruled that the right to a public trial is not absolute. In cases where excess publicity would serve to undermine the defendant's right to due process, limitations can be put on public access to the proceedings. According to Press-Enterprise Co. v. Superior Court, 478 U.S. 1 (1986), trials can be closed at the behest of the government if there is "an overriding interest based on findings that closure is essential to preserve higher values and is narrowly tailored to serve that interest." The accused may also request a closure of the trial; though, it must be demonstrated that "first, there is a substantial probability that the defendant's right to a fair trial will be prejudiced by publicity that closure would prevent, and second, reasonable alternatives to closure cannot adequately protect the defendant's right to a fair trial."
Impartial jury[edit]
Main article: Juries in the United States
The right to a jury has always depended on the nature of the offense with which the defendant is charged. Petty offenses—those punishable by imprisonment for no more than six months—are not covered by the jury requirement.[2] Even where multiple petty offenses are concerned, the total time of imprisonment possibly exceeding six months, the right to a jury trial does not exist.[3] Also, in the United States, except for serious offenses (such as murder), minors are usually tried in a juvenile court, which lessens the sentence allowed, but forfeits the right to a jury.
Originally, the Supreme Court held that the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial indicated a right to “a trial by jury as understood and applied at common law, and includes all the essential elements as they were recognized in this country and England when the Constitution was adopted.”[4] Therefore, it was held that juries had to be composed of twelve persons and that verdicts had to be unanimous, as was customary in England.
When, under the Fourteenth Amendment, the Supreme Court extended the right to a trial by jury to defendants in state courts, it re-examined some of the standards. It has been held that twelve came to be the number of jurors by "historical accident," and that a jury of six would be sufficient,[5] but anything less would deprive the defendant of a right to trial by jury.[6] The Sixth Amendment mandates unanimity in a federal jury trial. However, the Supreme Court has ruled that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, while requiring states to provide jury trials for serious crimes, does not incorporate all the elements of a jury trial within the meaning of the Sixth Amendment. Thus, states are not mandated to require jury unanimity, unless the jury has only six members.[7][8][9]
Impartiality[edit]
The Sixth Amendment requires juries to be impartial. Impartiality has been interpreted as requiring individual jurors to be unbiased. At voir dire, each side may question potential jurors to determine any bias, and challenge them if the same is found; the court determines the validity of these challenges for cause. Defendants may not challenge a conviction because a challenge for cause was denied incorrectly if they had the opportunity to use peremptory challenges.
In Peña-Rodriguez v. Colorado (2017), the Supreme Court ruled that the Sixth Amendment requires a court in a criminal trial to investigate whether a jury's guilty verdict was based on racial bias. For a guilty verdict to be set-aside based on the racial bias of a juror, the defendant must prove that the racial bias "was a significant motivating factor in the juror's vote to convict."[10]
Venire of juries[edit]
Another factor in determining the impartiality of the jury is the nature of the panel, or venire, from which the jurors are selected. Venires must represent a fair cross-section of the community; the defendant might establish that the requirement was violated by showing that the allegedly excluded group is a "distinctive" one in the community, that the representation of such a group in venires is unreasonable and unfair in regard to the number of persons belonging to such a group, and that the under-representation is caused by a systematic exclusion in the selection process. Thus, in Taylor v. Louisiana, 419 U.S. 522 (1975), the Supreme Court invalidated a state law that exempted women who had not made a declaration of willingness to serve from jury service, while not doing the same for men.
Sentencing[edit]
In Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), and Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004), the Supreme Court ruled that a criminal defendant has a right to a jury trial not only on the question of guilt or innocence, but also regarding any fact used to increase the defendant's sentence beyond the maximum otherwise allowed by statutes or sentencing guidelines.[11] In Alleyne v. United States, 11-9335 (2013), the Court expanded on Apprendi and Blakely by ruling that a defendant's right to a jury applies to any fact that would increase a defendant's sentence beyond the minimum otherwise required by statute.[12]
Vicinage[edit]
Main article: Vicinage Clause
Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution requires defendants be tried by juries and in the state in which the crime was committed. The Sixth Amendment requires the jury to be selected from judicial districts ascertained by statute. In Beavers v. Henkel, 194 U.S. 73 (1904), the Supreme Court ruled that the place where the offense is charged to have occurred determines a trial's location. Where multiple districts are alleged to have been locations of the crime, any of them may be chosen for the trial. In cases of offenses not committed in any state (for example, offenses committed at sea), the place of trial may be determined by the Congress.
Notice of accusation[edit]
Main article: Notice
A criminal defendant has the right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him. Therefore, an indictment must allege all the ingredients of the crime to such a degree of precision that it would allow the accused to assert double jeopardy if the same charges are brought up in subsequent prosecution.[13] The Supreme Court held in United States v. Carll, 105 U.S. 611 (1881) that “in an indictment ... it is not sufficient to set forth the offense in the words of the statute, unless those words of themselves fully, directly, and expressly, without any uncertainty or ambiguity, set forth all the elements necessary to constitute the offense intended to be punished.” Vague wording, even if taken directly from a statute, does not suffice. However, the government is not required to hand over written copies of the indictment free of charge.[14]
Confrontation[edit]
Main article: Confrontation Clause
The Confrontation Clause relates to the common law rule preventing the admission of hearsay, that is to say, testimony by one witness as to the statements and observations of another person to prove that the statement or observation was accurate. The rationale was that the defendant had no opportunity to challenge the credibility of and cross-examine the person making the statements. Certain exceptions to the hearsay rule have been permitted; for instance, admissions by the defendant are admissible, as are dying declarations.[15] Nevertheless, in California v. Green, 399 U.S. 149 (1970), the Supreme Court has held that the hearsay rule is not the same as the Confrontation Clause. Hearsay is admissible under certain circumstances. For example, in Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123 (1968), the Supreme Court ruled that while a defendant's out of court statements were admissible in proving the defendant's guilt, they were inadmissible hearsay against another defendant. Hearsay may, in some circumstances, be admitted though it is not covered by one of the long-recognized exceptions. For example, prior testimony may sometimes be admitted if the witness is unavailable. However, in Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004), the Supreme Court increased the scope of the Confrontation Clause by ruling that "testimonial" out-of-court statements are inadmissible if the accused did not have the opportunity to cross-examine that accuser and that accuser is unavailable at trial. In Davis v. Washington 547 U.S. 813 (2006), the Court ruled that "testimonial" refers to any statement that an objectively reasonable person in the declarant's situation would believe likely to be used in court. In Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. ___ (2009), and Bullcoming v. New Mexico, 564 U.S. ___ (2011), the Court ruled that admitting a lab chemist's analysis into evidence, without having him testify, violated the Confrontation Clause.[16][17] In Michigan v. Bryant, 562 U.S. ___ (2011), the Court ruled that the "primary purpose" of a shooting victim's statement as to who shot him, and the police's reason for questioning him, each had to be objectively determined. If the "primary purpose" was for dealing with an "ongoing emergency", then any such statement was not testimonial and so the Confrontation Clause would not require the person making that statement to testify in order for that statement to be admitted into evidence.[18]
The right to confront and cross-examine witnesses also applies to physical evidence; the prosecution must present physical evidence to the jury, providing the defense ample opportunity to cross-examine its validity and meaning. Prosecution generally may not refer to evidence without first presenting it.
In the late 20th and early 21st century this clause became an issue in the use of the silent witness rule.[19]
Compulsory process[edit]
Main article: Compulsory Process Clause
The Compulsory Process Clause gives any criminal defendant the right to call witnesses in his favor. If any such witness refuses to testify, that witness may be compelled to do so by the court at the request of the defendant.[20][21] However, in some cases the court may refuse to permit a defense witness to testify. For example, if a defense lawyer fails to notify the prosecution of the identity of a witness to gain a tactical advantage, that witness may be precluded from testifying.[22]
Assistance of counsel[edit]
Main article: Assistance of Counsel Clause
A criminal defendant has the right to be represented by counsel.
In Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 (1932), the Supreme Court ruled that “in a capital case, where the defendant is unable to employ counsel, and is incapable adequately of making his own defense because of ignorance, feeble mindedness, illiteracy, or the like, it is the duty of the court, whether requested or not, to assign counsel for him.” In Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458 (1938), the Supreme Court ruled that in all federal cases, counsel would have to be appointed for defendants who were too poor to hire their own.
In 1961, the Court extended the rule that applied in federal courts to state courts. It held in Hamilton v. Alabama, 368 U.S. 52 (1961), that counsel had to be provided at no expense to defendants in capital cases when they so requested, even if there was no "ignorance, feeble mindedness, illiteracy, or the like." Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963), ruled that counsel must be provided to indigent defendants in all felony cases, overruling Betts v. Brady, 316 U.S. 455 (1942), in which the Court ruled that state courts had to appoint counsel only when the defendant demonstrated "special circumstances" requiring the assistance of counsel. Under Argersinger v. Hamlin, 407 U.S. 25 (1972), counsel must be appointed in any case resulting in a sentence of actual imprisonment. Regarding sentences not immediately leading to imprisonment, the Court in Scott v. Illinois, 440 U.S. 367 (1979), ruled that counsel did not need to be appointed, but in Alabama v. Shelton, 535 U.S. 654 (2002), the Court held that a suspended sentence that may result in incarceration can not be imposed if the defendant did not have counsel at trial.
As stated in Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387 (1977), the right to counsel “[means] at least that a person is entitled to the help of a lawyer at or after the time that judicial proceedings have been initiated against him, whether by formal charge, preliminary hearing, indictment, information, or arraignment.”[23] Brewer goes on to conclude that once adversary proceeding have begun against a defendant, he has a right to legal representation when the government interrogates him[24] and that when a defendant is arrested, "arraigned on [an arrest] warrant before a judge", and "committed by the court to confinement", "[t]here can be no doubt that judicial proceedings ha[ve] been initiated."
Self-representation[edit]
Main article: Pro se legal representation in the United States
A criminal defendant may represent himself, unless a court deems the defendant to be incompetent to waive the right to counsel.
In Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975), the Supreme Court recognized a defendant's right to pro se representation. However, under Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389 (1993), a court that believes the defendant is less than fully competent to represent himself can require that defendant to be represented by counsel. In Martinez v. Court of Appeal of California, 528 U.S. 152 (2000), the Supreme Court ruled the right to pro se representation did not apply to appellate courts. In Indiana v. Edwards, 554 U.S. 164 (2008), the Court ruled that a criminal defendant could be simultaneously competent to stand trial, but not competent to represent himself.
In Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817 (1977), the Supreme Court held that the constitutional right of "meaningful access to the courts" can be satisfied by counsel or access to legal materials. Bounds has been interpreted by several United States courts of appeals to mean a pro se defendant does not have a constitutional right to access a prison law library to research his defense when access to the courts has been provided through appointed counsel.[25]
See also[edit]
Trial in absentia
United States constitutional criminal procedure
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Bill of Rights Transcript". Archives.gov. Retrieved 2011-06-09.
Jump up ^ District of Columbia v. Clawans, 300 U.S. 617 (1937) and Baldwin v. New York, 399 U.S. 66 (1970)
Jump up ^ Lewis v. United States, 518 U.S. 322 (1996)
Jump up ^ Patton v. United States, 281 U.S. 276 (1930)
Jump up ^ Williams v. Florida, 399 U.S. 78 (1970)
Jump up ^ Ballew v. Georgia, 435 U.S. 223 (1978)
Jump up ^ Apodaca v. Oregon, 406 U.S. 404 (1972)
Jump up ^ Burch v. Louisiana 441 U.S. 130 (1979)
Jump up ^ "Jury Size and Unanimity under the 6th and 14th Amendments".
Jump up ^ Howe, Amy (March 6, 2017). "Opinion analysis: Divided court rules for defendant in juror-bias case". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Plank, Doug (December 20, 2011). "Criminal Fines - Applicability of Apprendi v. New Jersey". National Legal Research Group. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Gottlieb, Mike (June 17, 2013). "Reconciling ceilings and floors: Alleyne v. United States". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ United States v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542 (1876)
Jump up ^ United States v. Van Duzee, 140 U.S. 169 (1891)
Jump up ^ Kirby v. United States, 174 U.S. 47 (1899) (“It is scarcely necessary to say that…the admission of dying declarations...was well established before the adoption of the constitution, and was not intended to be abrogated.”)
Jump up ^ Denniston, Lyle (June 25, 2009). "Analysis: Law need not bow to chemistry". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved 2009-06-25.
Jump up ^ "Bullcoming v. New Mexico Resource Page". Federal Evidence Review. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Blackman, Josh (February 28, 2011). "Instant Analysis of Michigan v. Bryant: The Confrontation of Social Cost". Retrieved 1 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Johnathan M. Lamb, Pepperdine Law Review, Vol. 36, p. 213 (2008). "The Muted Rise of the Silent Witness Rule in National Security Litigation". ssrn.com. SSRN 1125459  . Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Compulsory Process Clause". Revolutionary War and Beyond.
Jump up ^ United States v. Cooper, 4 U.S. (4 Dallas) 341 (1800)
Jump up ^ Taylor v. Illinois, 484 U.S. 400 (1988)
Jump up ^ 430 U.S. at 398
Jump up ^ 430 U.S. at 401, citing Massiah v. United States, 377 U.S. 201 (1964)
Jump up ^ "Routine Maintenance".
External links[edit]
Kilman, Johnny and George Costello (Eds). (2000). The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation.
CRS Annotated Constitution: Sixth Amendment
Chin, Gabriel and Scott Wells. (1998). Can A Reasonable Doubt have an Unreasonable Price? Limitations on Attorneys Fees in Criminal Cases, 41 Boston College Law Review 1.
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United States Sixth Amendment case law
[show]
Speedy Trial Clause
Beavers v. Haubert (1905)
United States v. Provoo (1955)
Pollard v. United States (1957)
United States v. Ewell (1966)
Klopfer v. North Carolina (1967)
Smith v. Hooey (1969)
Dickey v. Florida (1970)
United States v. Marion (1971)
Barker v. Wingo (1972)
Strunk v. United States (1973)
United States v. Lovasco (1977)
United States v. MacDonald (1982)
United States v. Loud Hawk (1986)
Doggett v. United States (1992)
Vermont v. Brillon (2009)
Betterman v. Montana (2016)
[show]
Public Trial Clause
Gaines v. Washington (1928)
In re Oliver (1948)
Gannett Co., Inc. v. DePasquale (1979)
Waller v. Georgia (1984)
Presley v. Georgia (2010)
[show]
Impartial Jury Clause
Availability
Callan v. Wilson (1888)
Natal v. State (1891)
Schick v. United States (1904)
District of Columbia v. Colts (1930)
District of Columbia v. Clawans (1937)
United States v. Barnett (1964)
Cheff v. Schnackenberg (1966)
Duncan v. Louisiana (1968)
Bloom v. Illinois (1968)
DeStefano v. Woods (1968)
Frank v. United States (1969)
Baldwin v. New York (1970)
Mayberry v. Pennsylvania (1971)
Taylor v. Haynes (1974)
Codispoti v. Pennsylvania (1974)
Blanton v. North Las Vegas (1989)
United States v. Nachtigal (1993)
Lewis v. United States (1996)
Impartiality
Reynolds v. United States (1878)
Connors v. United States (1895)
Aldridge v. United States (1931)
Glasser v. United States (1942)
Dennis v. United States (1950)
Irvin v. Dowd (1961)
Beck v. Washington (1962)
Rideau v. Louisiana (1963)
Sheppard v. Maxwell (1966)
Witherspoon v. Illinois (1968)
Ham v. South Carolina (1973)
Murphy v. Florida (1975)
Ristaino v. Ross (1976)
Adams v. Texas (1980)
Rosales-Lopez v. United States (1981)
Patton v. Yount (1984)
Wainwright v. Witt (1985)
Turner v. Murray (1986)
Lockhart v. McCree (1986)
Gray v. Mississippi (1987)
Ross v. Oklahoma (1988)
Mu'Min v. Virginia (1991)
Morgan v. Illinois (1992)
United States v. Martinez-Salazar (2000)
Skilling v. United States (2010)
McDonnell v. United States (2016)
Facts found
McMillan v. Pennsylvania (1986)
Walton v. Arizona (1990)
Almendarez-Torres v. United States (1998)
Jones v. United States (1999
Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000)
Harris v. United States (2002)
Ring v. Arizona (2002)
Blakely v. Washington (2004)
Schriro v. Summerlin (2004)
United States v. Booker (2005)
Washington v. Recuenco (2006)
Cunningham v. California (2007)
Oregon v. Ice (2009)
Southern Union Co. v. United States (2012)
Alleyne v. United States (2013)
Hurst v. Florida (2016)
Size and unanimity
Thompson v. Utah (1898)
Maxwell v. Dow (1900)
Rassmussen v. United States (1905)
Patton v. United States (1930)
Williams v. Florida (1970)
Apodaca v. Oregon (1972)
Ballew v. Georgia (1978)
Burch v. Louisiana (1979)
Vicinage Clause
United States v. Dawson (1853)
Jones v. United States (1890)
Cook v. United States (1891)
Burton v. United States (1905, 1906)
Ruthenberg v. United States (1918)
Lewis v. United States (1929)
United States v. Cabrales (1998)
Impeachment of verdicts
McDonald v. Pless (1915)
Tanner v. United States (1987)
Warger v. Shauers (2014)
Peña-Rodriguez v. Colorado (2017)
[show]
Information Clause
Twitchell v. Pennsylvania (1868)
Cole v. Arkansas (1948)
Russell v. United States (1962)
Rabe v. Washington (1972)
[show]
Confrontation Clause
Out-of-court statements
Reynolds v. United States (1878)
Mattox v. United States (1895)
Kirby v. United States (1899)
Motes v. United States (1900)
Dowdell v. United States (1911)
Pointer v. Texas (1965)
Brookhart v. Janis (1966)
Barber v. Page (1968)
Bruton v. United States (1968)
Berger v. California (1969)
Frazier v. Cupp (1969)
California v. Green (1970)
Dutton v. Evans (1970)
Mancusi v. Stubbs (1972)
Ohio v. Roberts (1980)
Tennessee v. Street (1985)
Delaware v. Fensterer (1985)
United States v. Inadi (1986)
Lee v. Illinois (1986)
Crawford v. Washington (2004)
Davis v. Washington (2006)
Whorton v. Bockting (2007)
Giles v. California (2008)
Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts (2009)
Michigan v. Bryant (2011)
Bullcoming v. New Mexico (2011)
Williams v. Illinois (2012)
Ohio v. Clark (2015)
Face-to-face confrontation
Snyder v. Massachusetts (1934)
Kentucky v. Stincer (1987)
Coy v. Iowa (1988)
Maryland v. Craig (1990)
Restrictions on cross-examination
Douglas v. Alabama (1965)
McCray v. Illinois (1967)
Smith v. Illinois (1968)
Chambers v. Mississippi (1973)
Davis v. Alaska (1974)
Delaware v. Fensterer (1985)
Delaware v. Van Arsdall (1986)
Right to present relevant evidence
Cooper v. California (1967)
McCray v. Illinois (1967)
Pennsylvania v. Ritchie (1987)
Olden v. Kentucky (1988)
Michigan v. Lucas (1991)
[show]
Compulsory Process Clause
Washington v. Texas (1967)
United States v. Valenzuela-Bernal (1982)
Taylor v. Illinois (1988)
[show]
Assistance of Counsel Clause
Choice
Chandler v. Fretag (1954)
Morris v. Slappy (1983)
Wheat v. United States (1988)
Caplin & Drysdale, Chartered v. United States (1989)
United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez (2006)
Appointment
Powell v. Alabama (1932)
Johnson v. Zerbst (1938)
Betts v. Brady (1942)
Hamilton v. Alabama (1961)
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Anders v. California (1967)
Argersinger v. Hamlin (1972)
Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973)
Scott v. Illinois (1979)
Baldasar v. Illinois (1980)
Pennsylvania v. Finley (1987)
McCoy v. Court of Appeals of Wisconsin (1988)
Penson v. Ohio (1988)
Murray v. Giarratano (1989)
Nichols v. United States (1994)
Smith v. Robbins (2000)
Alabama v. Shelton (2002)
Constructive denial
Avery v. Alabama (1940)
Ferguson v. Georgia (1961)
Brooks v. Tennessee (1972)
Herring v. New York (1975)
Geders v. United States (1976)
Perry v. Leeke (1989)
Conflict-free
Glasser v. United States (1942)
Dukes v. Warden (1972)
Holloway v. Arkansas (1978)
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Do Not Call Register
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about Australia's Do Not Call Register. For similar lists in other countries, see Do not call list.
Australia has a national Do Not Call Register to regulate the growing practice of telemarketing making unsolicited telephone calls to private individuals. The scheme is free and applies to home, mobile or fax numbers. A number of categories of organisations are exempt from the Register prohibitions, include government bodies, registered political parties, MPs, political candidates, charities and educational organisations.
The Register was established by the Do Not Call Register Act 2006, which was passed by the Parliament of Australia on 30 June 2006.[1] The Australian Communications and Media Authority is responsible for establishing and overseeing the Register. In September 2014, Salmat was awarded the contract to operate the Register, commencing in mid-2015.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Function
3 Reception
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The Do Not Call Register[3] and the Industry Standard[4] commenced on 1 May 2007. On the first day, the website was inundated with traffic and apparently "crashed" under the load.[citation needed]
In September 2014, Salmat, an Australian multichannel marketing company, was awarded the contract to operate the Do Not Call Register on behalf of the Australian Communications and Media Authority.[2]
Function[edit]
Individuals can place home, fax or mobile numbers on the Register, provided that the number is used primarily for domestic purposes. After it has been added, telemarketers have 30 days to cease calling it, and the number remains on the register permanently.[5] Certain organisations, however, are exempt from this, specifically charities, religious organisations, educational institutions, government bodies, registered political parties/candidates, or any organisation for which the individual has given consent (explicit or inferred) for their number to be called,[6] which can be withdrawn at any time.[7] Market research is not considered to be telemarketing and is also exempt, although these calls are also subject to the industry standard.[8]
It is an offence for a non-exempt organisation to call a number on the Do Not Call Register; organisations that do so may be fined.[9] Individuals who receive telemarketing calls when their number is on the register can submit a complaint to the Australian Communications and Media Authority.[10]
Even for organisations that are exempt or for whom consent has been provided, the industry standard developed in conjunction with the register places limits on the times at which calls can be made, requires that calls be terminated upon request, and requires that telemarketers provide certain information to the called party.[11] Telemarketers must provide contact information, enable Caller ID, and reveal upon request how they obtained the recipient's telephone number.[11]
Reception[edit]
The register has attracted criticism for not attempting to curb unsolicited calls from charities and political parties and for not allowing the inclusion of small business numbers on the register.[12][13]
See also[edit]
New Zealand Name Removal Service
National Do Not Call Registry (United States)
Telephone Preference Service (United Kingdom)
National Do Not Call List (Canada)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Australia Law – Do Not Call Register Act 2006
^ Jump up to: a b "Salmat Digital awarded Do Not Call Register contract". ACMA. 22 September 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
Jump up ^ ACMA – Do Not Call Register Information Page Archived 25 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Telecommunications (Do Not Call Register) (Telemarketing and Research Calls) Industry Standard 2007
Jump up ^ Numbers on Do Not Call Register now permanent, Media release 27 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Do Not Call Register — Overview Archived 29 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine., 18. What exemptions apply under the Do Not Call Register legislation?
Jump up ^ Do Not Call Register — Overview Archived 29 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine., 7. What if I change my mind? Can I take my number off the Do Not Call Register?
Jump up ^ Do Not Call Register — Overview Archived 29 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine., 19. Can market and social researchers call or fax numbers on the Do Not Call Register?
Jump up ^ DNCR: enforcement outcomes
Jump up ^ Complaints and Enquiries Archived 17 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Telemarketing and Research Calls Industry Standard
Jump up ^ "Go Away, Please: The social and economic impact of intrusive marketing" (PDF). The Australia Institute. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hey Telemarketers, If You Hadn't Already Noticed, Australia Hates Your Guts". lifehacker. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
External links[edit]
Australian Do Not Call Register
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_Not_Call_Register&oldid=800185879"
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Telecommunications in Australia
Telemarketing
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text:
Canada 2001 Census
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Canada 2001 Census was a detailed enumeration of the Canadian population. Census day was May 15, 2001. On that day, Statistics Canada attempted to count every person in Canada. The total population count of Canada was 30,007,094.[1] This was a 4% increase over 1996 Census of 28,846,761. In contrast, the official Statistics Canada population estimate for 2001 was 31,021,300. This is considered a more accurate population number than the actual count.[2]
The following census was the 2006 Census.
Contents
[hide]
1 Canada by the numbers
2 Census summary
3 Population by province/territory
4 Demographics
4.1 Mother tongue
4.2 Aboriginal peoples
4.3 Ethnic origin
4.4 Religion
4.5 Visible minorities
4.6 Age
5 Methodology
6 Effects of Census
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Canada by the numbers[edit]
A summary of information about Canada.
Total Population
30,007,094
Dwellings 12,548,588
Men 14,706,850
Women 15,300,245
Median age 37.6 years
Average earnings $31,757
Census summary[edit]
Canada has experienced one of the smallest census-to-census growth rates in its population. From 1996 to 2001, the nation's population increased only 4.0%. The Census counted 30,007,094 people on May 15, 2001, compared with 28,846,761 on May 14, 1996.
Only three provinces and one territory had growth rates above the national average. Alberta's population soared 10.3%, Ontario gained 6.1% and British Columbia, 4.9%. Nunavut's population rose 8.1%. The population of Newfoundland and Labrador declined for the second consecutive census period.
Urbanization continued. In 2001, 79.4% of Canadians lived in an urban centre of 10,000 people or more, compared with 78.5% in 1996. Outside the urban centres, the population of rural and small-town areas declined 0.4%.
In 2001, just over 64% of the nation's population, or about 19,297,000 people, lived in the 27 census metropolitan areas (CMAs), up slightly from 63% in 1996. Seven of these 27 CMAs saw their populations grow at a rate of at least double the national average. The strongest rise, by far, occurred in Calgary.
From 1996 to 2001, the nation's population concentrated further in four broad urban regions: the extended Golden Horseshoe in southern Ontario; Montreal and environs; British Columbia's Lower Mainland and southern Vancouver Island; and the Calgary-Edmonton corridor. In 2001, 51% of Canada's population lived in these regions, compared with 49% in 1996.
Population by province/territory[edit]
Province
2001 Census
1996 Census
% Change
Newfoundland and Labrador 512,930 551,792 -7.0
Prince Edward Island 135,294 134,557 0.5
Nova Scotia 908,007 909,282 -0.1
New Brunswick 729,498 738,133 -1.2
Quebec 7,237,479 7,138,795 1.4
Ontario 11,410,046 10,753,573 6.1
Manitoba 1,119,583 1,113,898 0.5
Saskatchewan 978,933 990,237 -1.1
Alberta 2,974,807 2,696,826 10.3
British Columbia 3,907,738 3,724,500 4.9
Yukon 28,674 30,766 -6.8
Northwest Territories 37,360 39,672 -5.8
Nunavut 26,745 24,730 A 8.1
Demographics[edit]
Mother tongue[edit]
Main article: Languages of Canada
Population by mother tongue of Canada's official languages:
Mother tongue
Population
English 17,572,170
French 6,741,955
Bilingual 122,660
Other 5,202,240
Aboriginal peoples[edit]
Population of Aboriginal peoples in Canada:
Aboriginal Population 976,305
North American Indian 608,850
Métis 292,305
Inuit 45,070
Ethnic origin[edit]
Main article: List of Canadians by ethnicity
Population by ethnic origin. Only those origins with more than 250,000 respondents are included here. This is based entirely on self reporting.
Ethnic origins
Total responses
Single responses
Multiple responses 2
Total population 29,639,035 18,307,540 11,331,490
Canadian 11,682,680 6,748,135 4,934,550
English 5,978,875 1,479,520 4,499,355
French 4,668,410 1,060,755 3,607,655
Scottish 4,157,210 607,235 3,549,975
Irish 3,822,660 496,865 3,325,800
German 2,742,765 705,595 2,037,170
Italian 1,270,370 726,275 544,090
Chinese 1,094,700 936,210 158,490
Ukrainian 1,071,060 326,200 744,860
North American Indian 1,000,890 455,805 545,085
Dutch (Netherlands) 923,310 316,220 607,090
Polish 817,085 260,415 556,670
African 731,044 Unknown Unknown
East Indian 713,330 581,665 131,665
Norwegian 363,760 47,230 316,530
Portuguese 357,690 252,835 104,855
Welsh 350,365 28,445 321,925
Jewish 348,605 186,475 162,130
Russian 337,960 70,890 267,070
Filipino 327,545 266,140 61,410
Métis 307,845 72,210 235,635
Swedish 282,760 30,440 252,320
Hungarian (Magyar) 267,255 91,795 175,460
American (USA) 250,010 25,200 224,805
Religion[edit]
Main article: Religion in Canada
Population by religion. Only those religions with more than 250,000 respondents are included here. The census question was partly aided—that is, the questionnaire form gave examples of some of the denominations but not others. The actual question asked is noted below.
Religion
Total responses
% of Population
Roman Catholic 12,793,125 43.2
No religion 4,796,325 16.2
United Church 2,839,125 9.6
Anglican 2,035,500 6.9
Christian n.i.e.[3] 780,450 2.6
Baptist 729,470 2.5
Lutheran 606,590 2.0
Muslim 579,640 2.0
Protestant n.i.e.[3] 549,205 1.9
Presbyterian 409,830 1.4
Pentecostal 369,475 1.2
Jewish 329,995 1.1
Buddhist 300,345 1.0
Hindu 297,200 1.0
Sikh 278,410 0.9
Jediism 21,000 0.1
The actual question asked: "What is this person's religion? Indicate a specific denomination or religion even if this person is not currently a practising member of that group.
For example, Roman Catholic, Ukrainian Catholic, United Church, Anglican, Lutheran, Baptist, Coptic Orthodox, Greek Orthodox, Jewish, Islam, Buddhist, Hindu, Sikh, etc."
Visible minorities[edit]
Visible minority
Total responses
% of Population
Chinese 1,029,395 3.47
South Asian 917,070 3.09
Black 662,215 2.23
Filipino 308,575 1.04
Others 1,066,590 3.60
Not a visible
minority 25,655,185 86.56
Age[edit]
Population by age:
Age
Population
0–4 years 1,696,285
5–14 years 4,029,255
15–19 years 2,053,325
20–24 years 1,955,810
25–44 years 9,096,560
45–54 years 4,419,290
55–64 years 2,868,015
65–74 years 2,142,835
75–84 years 1,329,810
85 years and over 415,910
Methodology[edit]
Every person was legally required to return the census questionnaire that required answering basic demographic information. In addition randomly selected people were legally required to complete a much more detailed questionnaire.
On May 15, 2001, Statistics Canada had thousands of canvassers who went around to try to ensure that the entire population was counted. For the first time, this included canvassers who went to homeless shelters to ensure that the homeless were included in the census.
In addition to a small number of individuals who refused to participate, some first nation communities refused to participate en masse and therefore some of the statistics are inaccurate. This is noted as footnotes in many of the affected results.
Effects of Census[edit]
The census numbers are the basis of the federal governments transfer payments to the provinces and therefore when a province loses population, its transfer payments are decreased.
In addition, the census numbers are one of the elements that Elections Canada uses to create the boundaries of federal ridings.
See also[edit]
History of Canada portal
List of population of Canada by years
Demographics of Canada
Ethnic groups in Canada
History of immigration to Canada
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "2001 Census facts: did you know..." (pdf). Statistics Canada. 2006. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Population estimates". Statistics Canada. 2006. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
^ Jump up to: a b not included elsewhere
External links[edit]
2001 Census - Statistics Canada's page on the 2001 Census.
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The Gold
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"The Gold"
Single by Manchester Orchestra
from the album A Black Mile to the Surface
Released
June 9, 2017
Format
Digital download
Studio
Favorite Gentlemen, Atlanta, Georgia
Genre
Indie rock[1]
Length
4:33
Label
Loma Vista
Songwriter(s)
Andy Hull, Robert McDowell
Producer(s)
Catherine Marks
Manchester Orchestra singles chronology
"Every Stone"
(2014) "The Gold"
(2017) "The Moth"
(2018)
"Every Stone"
(2014) "The Gold" (2017) "The Moth"
(2018)
"The Gold" is a song by the American rock band Manchester Orchestra. The song was released on June 9, 2017 as the lead single from their fifth studio album, A Black Mile to the Surface. The song was a chart success for the band, peaking at No. 2 on Billboard's Adult Alternative Songs chart and No. 12 on Billboard's Alternative Songs chart, their first charting single in six years.[2]

Contents
[hide]
1 Background and recording
2 Release
3 Chart performance
4 References
Background and recording[edit]
In an interview, Manchester Orchestra lead singer Andy Hull stated that "The Gold" deals with issues of trust and learning to communicate. The song was written by Hull and guitarist Robert McDowell. Producer Catherine Marks, who the band was working with for the first time, allowed the band's songwriters to work on the A Black Mile to the Surface album for three months by themselves, during which they deconstructed and added new layers to "The Gold".[3]
Release[edit]
The song was released on June 9, 2017. The song was sent for adds to Triple-A radio stations on June 26 and Alternative radio stations on September 12.[4]
A video for "The Gold" was released on the same day as the song.[5]
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (2017-18)
Peak
position
US Alternative Songs (Billboard)[6] 12
US Adult Alternative Songs (Billboard)[7] 2
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.popmatters.com/manchester-orchestra-a-black-mile-to-the-surface-2495384801.html
Jump up ^ "Manchester Orchestra Premieres 'The Gold (Live)' Video, Talks Recording 'A Black Mile to the Surface': Exclusive". Billboard. Retrieved 2018-01-24.
Jump up ^ "Interview: Manchester Orchestra's Andy Hull goes the extra Mile before Ybor City show". Creative Loafing: Tampa Bay. Retrieved 2018-01-24.
Jump up ^ "Future Releases on Alternative Radio Stations, Independent Artist Song Releases | ..." All Access. Retrieved 2018-01-24.
Jump up ^ "Manchester Orchestra Announce New Album, Share Video for New Song "The Gold": Watch | Pitchfork". pitchfork.com. Retrieved 2018-01-24.
Jump up ^ "Manchester Orchestra Chart History (Alternative Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Manchester Orchestra Chart History (Adult Alternative Songs)". Billboard.
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I'm Like a Virgin Losing a Child (2006)
Mean Everything to Nothing (2009)
Simple Math (2011)
Cope (2014)
Hope (2014)
A Black Mile to the Surface (2017)
EP
5 Stories (2004)
You Brainstorm, I Brainstorm, but Brilliance Needs a Good Editor (2005)
Let My Pride Be What's Left Behind (2008)
Fourteen Years of Excellence (2009)
The MySpace Transmissions: Manchester Orchestra (2009)
Unreleased
Nobody Sings Anymore (2005)
Singles
"Wolves at Night"
"I've Got Friends"
"Tony the Tiger"
"Shake It Out"
"Simple Math"
"April Fool"
"Top Notch"
"The Gold"
"The Alien"
"The Moth"
Discography
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Gold&oldid=839937532"
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reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
Manchester_Orchestra
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
*_Andy_Hull
*_Robert_McDowell
*_Andy_Prince
*_Tim_Very

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values:
/wiki/5_Stories_(EP)
mw-redirect
5 Stories (EP)

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs

values: Category:Singlechart called without song

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs

values: catlinks catlinks-allhidden mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/The_Gold
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
/w/index.php?title=The_Gold&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Gold rootpage-The_Gold skin-vector action-view