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India and the United Nations
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Republic of India
United Nations membership
Membership
Full member
Since
30 October 1945
UNSC seat
Non-permanent
Permanent Representative
Syed Akbaruddin
India was among the original members of the United Nations that signed the Declaration by United Nations at Washington, D.C. on 1 January 1942 and also participated in the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco from 25 April to 26 June 1945. As a founding member of the United Nations, India strongly supports the purposes and principles of the UN and has made significant contributions in implementing the goals of the Charter, and the evolution of the UN's specialised programmes and agencies.[1]
India has been a member of the UN Security Council for seven terms (a total of 14 years), with the most recent being the 2011–12 term. India is a member of G4, group of nations who back each other in seeking a permanent seat on the Security Council and advocate in favour of the reformation of the UNSC. India is also part of the G-77.
India is a charter member of the United Nations and participates in all of its specialised agencies and organizations. India has contributed troops to United Nations peacekeeping efforts in Korea,[2][3] Egypt and the Congo in its earlier years and in Somalia, Angola, Haiti, Liberia, Lebanon and Rwanda in recent years, and more recently in the South Sudan conflict.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Activities
2.1 UN General Assembly
2.2 UN Security Council
2.2.1 Activitiese during 1947-1962
2.2.2 The Low Profile Phase from 1962-1976
2.2.3 Seeking of Permanent Seat in UNSC
3 Others
3.1 International Court of Justice
3.2 UN Audit
3.3 Joint Inspection Unit
3.4 Model United Nations
4 Peacekeeping
5 Initiatives
5.1 International Yoga Day
5.2 Plea for International Equality Day
6 Financial contribution
7 Representation
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
1st Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru with President of the United Nations General Assembly Carlos P. Romulo in October 1949. Also seen Jawaharlal Nehru and V. K. Krishna Menon in United Nations in December 1956.
Indian Mission to the UN Headquarters in New York
1st Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru at the UN General Assembly in 1948.
India was one of the original members of the League of Nations. In principle, only sovereign states can become UN members. However, although today all UN members are fully sovereign states, four of the original members (Belarus, India, the Philippines, and Ukraine) were not independent at the time of their admission.[5] India signed the Declaration by United Nations on 1 January 1942 and was represented by Girija Shankar Bajpai who was the Indian Agent-General at the time. Afterwards the Indian delegation led by Sir Arcot Ramaswamy Mudaliar signed the United Nations Charter on behalf of India during the historic United Nations Conference on International Organization held in San Francisco, United States on 26 June 1945.[6] Sir A. Ramaswamy Mudaliar later went on to serve as the first president of the United Nations Economic and Social Council. Technically, India was a founding member in October 1945, despite it being a British colony. India, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia were all British colonies but were given independent seats in the United Nations General Assembly. India gained full independence in 1947.
Independent India viewed its membership at the United Nations as an important guarantee for maintaining international peace and security. India stood at the forefront during the UN's tumultuous years of struggle against colonialism and apartheid. India's status as a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of 77 cemented its position within the UN system as a leading advocate of the concerns and aspirations of developing countries and the creation of a more equitable international economic and political order. India was among the most outspoken critics of apartheid and racial discrimination in South Africa, being the first country to have raised the issue in the UN (in 1946).[7]
Activities[edit]
UN General Assembly[edit]
Prime Minister Modi addressing the UN General Assembly, 2014
India was a founding member of the United Nations, joining in October 1945, two years before acquiring independence from the British Raj.[8] By 1946, India had started raising concerns regarding colonialism, apartheid and racial discrimination. From early 1947–48, India took an active part in Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Dr (Mrs). Hansa Mehta, a Gandhian political activist and social worker who led the Indian delegation, had made important contributions in drafting of the Declaration, especially highlighting the need for reflecting gender equality by changing the language of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights from 'all men are created equal' (Eleanor Roosevelt's preferred phrase) to 'all human beings'.[9][10]
In 1953, the chief delegate of India at the time, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit was elected the first woman President of the UN General Assembly. India supported the struggle towards global disarmament and the ending of the arms race, and towards the creation of a more equitable international economic order. India had a mediatory role in resolving the stalemate over prisoners of war in Korea contributing to the signing of the armistice ending the Korean War in 1953.[11] India chaired the five-member Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission while the Indian Custodian Force supervised the process of interviews and repatriation that followed. India then went on to chair the three international commissions for supervision and control for Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos established by the 1954 Geneva Accords on Indochina. India also had an active role to play in the Suez Crisis in 1956 with the role of Nehru, both as Indian Prime minister and a leader of the Non-Aligned Movement being significant. Indian historian Inder Malhotra wrote that "Now Nehru—who had tried to be even-handed between the two sides—denounced Eden and co-sponsors of the aggression vigorous. He had a powerful, if relatively silent, ally in the US president Dwight D. Eisenhower who went to the extent of using America's clout in the IMF to make Eden and Mollet behave".[12]
Charter provisions on Non-Self-Governing Territories were given a new thrust when the UN adopted the landmark 1960 Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples which was co-sponsored by India. The following year, the Special Committee on the Implementation of the Declaration on Decolonization was established to study, investigate and recommend action to bring an end to colonialism, it was chaired by India for the first time. India played a leading role in the formation of a Sub-Committee against Apartheid set up by the General Assembly. When the Convention on Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination was adopted in 1965, India was among the earliest signatories, however it does not recognise competence under article 14 and it does not consider itself bound by article 22.
India also played a prominent role in articulating the economic concerns of developing countries in such UN-sponsored conferences as the triennial UN Conference on Trade and Development and the 1992 Conference on the Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro.[13] It has been an active member of the Group of 77, and later the core group of the G-15 nations. Other issues, such as environmentally sustainable development and the promotion and protection of human rights, have also been an important focus of India's foreign policy in international forums.
UN Security Council[edit]
Countries which host an Indian diplomatic mission.
Activitiese during 1947-1962[edit]
Despite its anti-status quo stand on many global issues, India's attitude toward the basic structure of the UN was fundamentally conservative.[14] It accepted the organization and distribution of power in the UN, as both a guarantee of Indian sovereignty and as a check on the numerical superiority of the U.S. and its western coalition. India supported the charter provisions for a Security Council veto for the great powers, opposed the U.S. initiative to circumvent the veto through the Uniting for Peace Resolution, dismissed Hammarskjöld's notion of a "UN presence" as interventionist and opposed all efforts to conduct UN directed plebiscites as tests of opinion.[15]
India's procedural conservatism was based both on its commitment to national sovereignty and its desire to protect Indian interests. Its experience with the UN had not always been positive. In the early years after independence, a whole range of issues, which had their origins in the partition of the Indian subcontinent between India and Pakistan, came before the UN. These issues included the disputed princely states of Junagadh, Hyderabad and Kashmir, which were ultimately incorporated into the Indian Union through the use of military force.[16][17]
The most persistent of these disputes was the Kashmir conflict. Nehru's faith in the UN and adherence to its principles proved costly on some occasions due to the power play inherent in the organization. This was seen by his decision to refer Pakistan's intervention ('invasion') in disputed Kashmir to the UN Security Council in January 1948.[18] The United Kingdom, which was hoping to avoid being seen as unfriendly to a Muslim state after the creation of Israel, used pressure tactics on its allies France, Canada and the US to support the Pakistani viewpoint that Kashmir's accession to India was disputable and had to be put to the test of a plebiscite.[19] Nehru's hope that the UN would unconditionally instruct Pakistan to vacate the one-third portion of Kashmir that the Pakistani tribesmen and army had occupied fell flat in the face of geopolitical manoeuvrings and cross-issue linkage. To this day, Indian strategic commentators and critics of Nehru bemoan his cardinal mistake of taking the Kashmir dispute to a UN that was packed with pro-Pakistani partisan powers.[20] According to columnist Brahma Chellaney, 'Nehru did not appreciate that the UN was an institution of power politics, not an impartial police force'.[21] As if a double reminder were needed that India was small fry in a UN dominated by crafty Great Powers divided into two ideological camps, New Delhi was disappointed to find that Security Council members the US, United Kingdom and France tried to prevent it from forcibly absorbing the Portuguese colony of Goa in 1961.[22] But for the Soviet veto in favour of India, Goa could have become enmeshed in another Kashmir-like stalemate for decades, buffeted by the changing winds of Great Power alignments and preferences that were paralysing and hijacking the UN.[18][23]
[24] The required council seat was then held by the Republic of China (present-day Taiwan). Prime Minister Nehru categorically denied receiving any such offer, formal or informal in parliament itself on 27 September 1955 while replying an answer to Dr. J.N. Parekh.[25] Even if India were to accept such offers assuming they were made, it would have required the United Nations charter to be amended to include India in place of the Republic of China in the Security Council or to expand the Council. It is not known whether the Taiwanese government representing China's seat at the time in the Security Council would have vetoed the amendment or accepted the amendment under US pressure as Taiwan was solely dependent on the US for its protection from mainland China.
Overall the period from 1947-1962 was marked by India's active interest in all UN activities under the leadership of V. K. Krishna Menon who was the Indian Ambassador to the United Nations from 1952-1962. Indian leadership and peacekeeping roles in the UN brought it considerable recognition and global standing.[26][27]
The Low Profile Phase from 1962-1976[edit]
India's defeat in the Sino-Indian War came as a grave shock in comparison to its global aspirations and recognition. Large scale hostilities and military reverses dealt a shattering blow to its self-confidence and pride. India was obliged to turn towards the west for military and political support. Following the conflict with China, India became involved in two wars with Pakistan and entered a period of political instability, economic stagnation, food shortages and near-famine conditions. India's role diminished in the UN which came both as a result of its image and a deliberate decision by the post-Nehru political leadership to adopt a low profile at the UN and speak only on vital Indian interests.[28] This change in policy was implemented during the 1965 debate on Kashmir in the Security Council when Indian Foreign Minister Swaran Singh dramatically stormed out of the session in response to the intemperate language of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Pakistan's Foreign Minister.[29] In his book "India's Changing Role in the United Nations" Stanley Kochanek shows how 'bilateralism became the guiding principle of Indian foreign policy', relegating the UN to just an 'arena for maintaining such contacts'.[30] Further the Soviet Union's backing became far more important than a slow and indecisive UN Security Council when India obtained its greatest strategic victory by breaking up Pakistan into two and carving out independent Bangladesh in 1971.
In 1974, India tested its first nuclear device, the aftermath of which resulted in a nuclear embargo by US and Canada. Soon after the UN's non-proliferation agenda became another irritant that forced New Delhi to view some units of the organization with distaste as fronts for imposing discriminatory regimes instead of promoting universal disarmament.[18] From the very beginning it has refused to lend its support to the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty with India's then External Affairs Minister and later President, Pranab Mukherjee in a visit to Tokyo in 2007 commenting that: "If India did not sign the NPT, it is not because of its lack of commitment for non-proliferation, but because we consider NPT as a flawed treaty and it did not recognise the need for universal, non-discriminatory verification and treatment."[31] In short, the 1960s as a whole saw major changes in the global system but a general decline in UN activities.
Seeking of Permanent Seat in UNSC[edit]
Main article: Reform of the United Nations Security Council
Countries that explicitly and openly support India for UNSC permanent seat.
India
Support by UN Members
India has been elected seven times to the UN Security Council, tied with Colombia and Pakistan. Only three countries have served longer: Japan, Brazil, and Argentina.
India has been seeking a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council as a member of the G4, an organization composed of Brazil, Germany, Japan, and India, all who are currently seeking permanent representation. The United Kingdom and France support India and the other G4 countries gaining permanent seats.[32]
According to the G4 proposal, the UN Security Council should be expanded beyond the current fifteen members to include twenty-five members. If this actually happens, it would be the first time permanent Security Council status is extended to a South Asian nation and supporters of the G4 plan suggest that this will lead to greater representation of developing nations rather than the current major powers.
India makes a number of claims to justify its demand. India has the world's second largest population and is the world's largest liberal democracy. It is also the world's seventh largest economy and third largest in terms of purchasing power parity as of 2014. India is the third largest contributor of troops to United Nations peacekeeping missions with 7,860 personnel deployed with ten UN Peacekeeping Missions as of 2014 after Bangladesh and Pakistan,[33][34] all three nations being in South Asia. India has contributed nearly 160,000 troops, the largest number from any country, participated in more than 43 missions and 156 Indian peacekeepers have made the supreme sacrifice while serving in UN missions. India has also provided and continues to provide eminent Force Commanders for UN Missions.[33]
Although the U.S. and other permanent Council members were not very supportive of expanding the Security Council, in his visit to India, US President Barack Obama has offered his support for India to become a permanent member of the Council. However, the reaction from other Council members are not very clear, particularly from China. Thus it is uncertain whether the demands by G4 nations will be implemented anytime soon.
In September 2017, U.S. Representatives Ami Bera and Frank Pallone introduced a resolution (H.Res.535) in the US House of Representatives (115th United States Congress), seeking support for India for a permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council.[35]
Others[edit]
International Court of Justice[edit]
Main articles: International Court of Justice and Judges of the International Court of Justice
From 1945 to present, a total of 3 members from India have been appointed as Judges of the International Court of Justice, the primary judicial branch of the United Nations. Moreover, Nagendra Singh was appointed as the President from 1985 to 1988. In addition, 3 member have also served as Judges sitting ad hoc.
UN Audit[edit]
In November 2016, Vinod Rai was appointed as Chairman of UN Panel of External Auditors and Shashi Kant Sharma as Member of the United Nations Board of Auditor General.[36]
Joint Inspection Unit[edit]
Main article: Joint Inspection Unit
Joint Inspection Unit is the only independent external oversight body of the United Nations system mandated to conduct evaluations, inspections and investigations system-wide. A Gopinathan currently serves as Chairman, since January 2013. He was re-appointed to this post.[37][38]
Model United Nations[edit]
Main article: Model United Nations
The logo of the BESC Assembly of Nations, organised by the Bhawanipur Education Society College, in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
In 1996, the Cathedral Model United Nations was hosted by The Cathedral and John Connon School in Mumbai. Since then, schools in India started taking up Model United Nations as an activity in their school.
Peacekeeping[edit]
Indian soldiers patrol under UN mission in Congo, Africa
Indian Army doctors attend to a child in Congo
Main article: Indian Army United Nations peacekeeping missions
So far India has taken part in 43 Peacekeeping missions with a total contribution exceeding 160,000 troops and a significant number of police personnel having been deployed. In 2014 India is the third largest troop contributor (TCC) with 7,860 personnel deployed with ten UN Peacekeeping Missions of which 995 are police personnel, including the first female formed Police Unit under the UN.[33] The Indian Army has undertaken numerous UN peacekeeping missions.[39] As of 30 June 2014, 157 Indians have been killed during such operations.[40] The Indian army has also provided paramedical units to facilitate the withdrawal of the sick and wounded.
In service to the United Nations, Satish Nambiar was appointed as 1st Force Commander and Head of Mission of UNPROFOR and Jai Shanker Menon as Head of Mission and Force Commander of United Nations Disengagement Observer Force.
According to UN estimates, India is currently the fourth-largest police-contributing country with 1,009 officers, and the third-largest contributor of female police officers.[41]
As of February 2017, 163 Indians have been killed while serving in UN peacekeeping operations.[42]
Initiatives[edit]
International Yoga Day[edit]
On 11 December 2014, the United Nations General Assembly adopted without a vote a resolution commemorating 21 June as the International Yoga Day,[43] recognising the holistic benefits of this timeless practice and its inherent compatibility with the principles and values of the United Nations.[44]
Plea for International Equality Day[edit]
In 2016, with focus on combating inequalities to achieve Sustainable Development Goals, B. R. Ambedkar's birth anniversary was observed at the United Nations for the first time.[45] India has made a plea to declare April 14 as International Equality Day.[46][47]
Financial contribution[edit]
For FY 2015-16, India's contribution to the United Nations was ₹2,440,000,000 (US$38 million),[48] which was 55 per cent more compared with the previous fiscal.[48] India is one of the main contributors to the UN regular budget.[49] Indian contribution to United Nations Democracy Fund was USD 250 million for 2009.[50]
Representation[edit]
Main article: Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations
India has a permanent mission to the UN, which is led by the Permanent Representative (UN Ambassador), currently Syed Akbaruddin, who was appointed in January 2016.[51]
See also[edit]
India portal
United Nations portal
International relations portal
United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan
UNHCR Representation in India
Foreign relations of India
G4 nations
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Official website of the Permanent Mission of India to the UN
Official website of the Ministry of External Affairs of India
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WWE Raw
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the WWE brand, see Raw (WWE brand).
WWE Raw
Genre
Professional wrestling
Sports entertainment
Created by
Vince McMahon
Starring
Raw roster
Opening theme
"Enemies" by Shinedown[1]
"Dreams That I Have" by CFO$ featuring Will Roush (Bumper)[2]
"Stories of Greatness" by CFO$ featuring KIT (Bumper)[3]
Country of origin
United States
No. of seasons
24
No. of episodes
1,282 (as of December 11, 2017 (2017-12-11))
Production
Camera setup
Multicamera setup
Running time
185 minutes (scheduled)
Production company(s)
WWE
Release
Original network
USA Network (1993 (1993)–2000 (2000); 2005 (2005)–)
TNN/Spike TV (2000 (2000)–2005 (2005))
Picture format
480i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)
720p (HDTV)
Original release
January 11, 1993 (1993-01-11) – present
Chronology
Preceded by
Prime Time Wrestling (1985–93)
Related shows
WWE SmackDown
WWE NXT
WWE 205 Live
WWE Main Event
External links
Website
www.wwe.com/shows/raw
WWE Raw, also known as Monday Night Raw or simply Raw, is a professional wrestling television program that currently airs live on Monday evenings at 8 pm EST on the USA Network in the United States. The show's name is also used to refer to the Raw brand, in which WWE employees are assigned to work and perform on that program; the other programs and brands currently being SmackDown and NXT. The show debuted on January 11, 1993 and has since been considered as the flagship program of WWE.[4]
Raw moved from the USA Network to TNN in September 2000,[5] which was rebranded to Spike TV in August 2003. On October 3, 2005, Raw returned to the USA Network, where it remains today. As of December 9, 2016, all episodes of the show, older than 30 days, are now available on demand on the WWE Network.
Since its first episode, Raw has broadcast live from 208 different arenas in 171 cities and towns in eleven different nations (the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Afghanistan in 2005, Iraq in 2006 and 2007, South Africa,[6] Germany,[7] Japan,[8] Italy,[9] and Mexico).[10]
Following the 1000th episode on July 23, 2012, Raw became a three-hour broadcast from two hours, a format that had previously been reserved for special episodes.[11]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Production
2.1 Theme music
3 Naming controversy
4 Special episodes
5 On-air personalities
6 Broadcast
6.1 Online streaming
6.2 Canada
6.3 The Middle East
6.4 Europe
6.5 Asia and Pacific
6.6 Latin America
6.7 South Africa
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of WWE Raw
Monday Night Raw logo used upon Raw's premiere
Beginning as WWF's Monday Night Raw, the program first aired on January 11, 1993 on the USA Network as a replacement for Prime Time Wrestling, which aired on the network for eight years. The original Raw was sixty minutes in length and broke new ground in televised professional wrestling. Traditionally, wrestling shows were taped on sound stages with small audiences or at large arena shows. The Raw formula was considerably different from the taped weekend shows that aired at the time such as Superstars and Wrestling Challenge. Instead of matches taped weeks in advance with studio voice overs and taped discussion, Raw was a show shot and aired to a live audience, with angles playing out as they happened.
Raw originated from the Grand Ballroom at the Manhattan Center, a small New York City theater, and aired live each week. The combination of an intimate venue and live action proved to be a successful improvement. However, the weekly live schedule proved to be a financial drain on the WWF. From Spring 1993 up until Spring 1997, Raw would tape several week's worth of episodes after a live episode had aired. The WWF taped several weeks worth of Raw from the Mid-Hudson Civic Center in Poughkeepsie, New York in April 1993, and again in June and October (from 1984–1986, the Civic Center was the home of another WWF TV show, Championship Wrestling). The first episode produced outside of New York was taped in Bushkill, Pennsylvania in November 1993 and Raw left the Manhattan Center permanently as the show would be taken on the road throughout the United States and had in smaller venues.
On September 4, 1995, the WWF's chief competitor World Championship Wrestling (WCW) began airing its new wrestling show, Monday Nitro, live each week on TNT, which marked the start of the Monday Night Wars.[12] Raw and Nitro went head-to-head for the first time on September 11, 1995. At the start of the ratings war in 1995 through to mid-1996, Raw and Nitro exchanged victories over each other in a closely contested rivalry. Beginning in mid-1996, however, due to the nWo angle, Nitro started a ratings win-streak that lasted for 84 consecutive weeks, ending on April 13, 1998.[12] On February 3, 1997, Raw went to a two-hour format,[12] to compete with the extra hour on Nitro, and by March 10, it was renamed to Raw Is War. After WrestleMania XIV in March 1998, the WWF regained the lead in the Monday Night Wars with its new "WWF Attitude" brand. The April 13, 1998 episode of Raw Is War, which was headlined by a match between Stone Cold Steve Austin and Vince McMahon, marked the first time that WCW had lost the head-to-head Monday night ratings battle in the 84 weeks since 1996.[13]
Raw was known as Raw is War during the Monday Night Wars
On January 4, 1999, Mick Foley, who had wrestled for WCW during the early 1990s as Cactus Jack, won the WWF Championship as Mankind on Raw Is War. On orders from Bischoff, Nitro announcer Tony Schiavone gave away this previously taped result on a live Nitro and then sarcastically added, "That's gonna put some butts in the seats", consequently resulting in over 600,000 viewers switching channels to Raw Is War to see the underdog capture the WWF Championship. This was also the night that Nitro aired a WCW World Heavyweight Championship match in which Kevin Nash lay down for Hollywood Hogan after Hogan poked him in the chest.
On September 25, 2000, Raw Is War moved from the USA Network to TNN (which later became Spike TV).[14] The new television contract with Viacom, TNN/Spike TV's parent company, and the subsequent purchase of competitor WCW led to many changes in WWF's programming content.
WCW's sharp decline in revenue and ratings led to Time Warner selling selected assets such as the WCW name, tapes, and contracts to the WWF in March 2001 for $3 million.[15] The final episode of Nitro, which aired on March 26, 2001, began with Vince McMahon making a short statement about his recent purchase of WCW and ended with a simulcast with Raw on TNN and Nitro on TNT including an appearance by Vince's son Shane.[16] The younger McMahon interrupted his father's gloating over the WCW purchase to explain that Shane was the one who actually owned WCW, setting up what became the WWF's "Invasion" storyline. Following the purchase of WCW and the September 11 attacks, the program was retitled as Raw on October 1, 2001, permanently retiring the Raw Is War moniker.
In March 2002, as a result of the overabundance of talent left over from the Invasion storyline, WWF initiated brand extension, which promoted its core business of professional wrestling through such brands, named after their two major television shows, Raw and SmackDown!.[17] Shortly thereafter, the WWF was legally required to change the name of the company to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE).
On March 10, 2005, Viacom and WWE decided not to go on with the agreement with Spike TV, effectively ending Raw and other WWE programs's tenure on the network when their deal expired in September 2005. On April 4, 2005, WWE announced a three-year deal with NBCUniversal to bring Raw back to its former home, the USA Network, with two yearly specials on NBC and a Spanish Raw on Telemundo.[18] On the same week as Raw's return to the USA Network, Spike TV scheduled Ultimate Fighting Championship's live Ultimate Fight Night in Raw's old timeslot in an attempt to go head-to-head with Raw.[19]
On the August 29, 2011 episode of Raw, it was announced that performers from Raw and SmackDown were no longer exclusive to their respective brand, thus effectively dissolving the brand extension.[20]
On July 23, 2012, Raw aired its 1000th episode, which also began its permanent three-hour format.[21][22] On January 14, 2013, Raw celebrated its 20th year on the air.
On May 25, 2016, WWE reintroduced the brand split, and a new set with red ring ropes, a brand new stage, used at SummerSlam. Furthermore, the broadcast table was moved to the entrance ramp similar to how it was in 2002–2005.
Production[edit]
The USA Network version of the Raw modern titantron set that was used from October 3, 2005 – January 14, 2008
Raw's original set featured red, white, and blue ring-ropes, a blue ring-apron, blue steps, and a small stage made of neon tubes. Since March 10, 1997, broadcasts of Raw were split into two hours and given hourly names for television ratings purposes, with the first hour being referred to as Raw Is War and the second as War Zone by the show's on-screen graphics. In 1995, the entrance way was changed to feature "Raw" in giant letters. In 1997, WWF changed to red ring-ropes for Raw as well as Raw Is War being written along the ring due to their rivalry with WCW. They also updated the stage to feature a large screen known as the TitanTron.
Beginning October 1, 2001, in direct response to the September 11 attacks, the first hour was referred to as Raw instead of Raw Is War and the second hour changed from the War Zone to the Raw Zone by the show's on-screen graphics; however, announcers would generally refer to the entire two-hour block as Raw on-air. Raw updated to a new TitanTron in 2002. When the War ended, they began advertising their website on the ring aprons instead. They occasionally used black ropes. From November 16, 2009 – July 23, 2012, the theme song for the Raw brand was "Burn It to the Ground" by Nickelback.[23] Prior to this, the theme song for Raw was "...To Be Loved" by Papa Roach, which had been used since October 9, 2006 and "Across The Nation" by The Union Underground which was used from April 1, 2002 – October 2, 2006. The rap outro of "Thorn In Your Eye" featuring Scott Ian of Anthrax was the theme song from March 10, 1997 – March 25, 2002.
On May 17, 2012, WWE and USA Network announced that Raw would switch to a permanent three-hour format beginning with the 1,000th episode on July 23, 2012.[11] Since then, all three hours of the broadcast have been known solely as Raw, though they are still considered three separate programs for Nielsen ratings purposes (as indicated by the on-screen copyright notice shown near the end of each hour). In 2008, Raw went HD debuting a new stage. In 2010, WWE retired the red ropes for Raw after thirteen years for an all white scheme, and in 2012 became standard for all WWE programming. In 2012, Raw updated their HD set.[24]
Starting in mid 2014, this set would also be featured in pay-per-views. From late September through the end of October 2012, the middle rope at all WWE programming was changed to pink due to WWE's alliance with the Susan G. Komen organization for Breast Cancer Awareness Month.[25] This was repeated in 2013, from late September to early November, and it was repeated in 2014 from 29 September. WWE is one of many organizations who provide financial contributions as well as getting customers and employees to support the cause.[26]
On August 18, 2014, Raw switched to a full 16:9 letterbox widescreen presentation, with a down-scaled version of the native HD feed on a 4:3 SD feed. In conjunction with this, Raw updated its graphics package, with the new WWE logo (first used with the WWE Network's launch in February) now on the lower-right corner of the screen, right next to the word, "Live". Also, the new WWE logo is seen on the ring's turnbuckle covers. The USA Network logo has also been moved to the lower-left hand corner of the screen. Also, Raw's theme song ("The Night") was modified. On re-runs on the WWE Network and on delayed broadcasts for most international markets, Raw is edited without the word "LIVE" and the hashtag.
On March 23, 2015, WWE added a small LED board to the left side of the ring on Raw. This LED board was also used at WrestleMania 31. The LED board since is now on an on/off basis, featuring in some weeks and not others. On the 1,000th episode of Raw, "The Night" by Kromestatik debuted as the theme for Raw while "Energy" by Shinedown served as the secondary theme-song until August 18, 2014, when it was replaced with "Denial" by We Are Harlot.[27]
On the September 14, 2015 season premiere of Raw, the middle rope was colored gold. Throughout the month of October 2015, the WWE announcer table, entrance ramp and ring skirts were co-branded with Susan G. Komen for the Cure of Breast cancer.[28] Also the middle ring rope was pink to promote the fight against breast cancer.[28] On the November 16, 2015, episode of Raw, WWE had a moment of silence for the victims of the terrorist attack in Paris, France on November 13, 2015.[29] Another moment of silence was held months later in June for the victims of the Orlando nightclub shooting.
On July 25, 2016, the ropes returned to red, the announce table moved back to the top of the stage for the first time since 2005, and a new HD set and graphics were debuted. The new set was almost identical to the set used for SummerSlam 2012 and 2013. It received some negativity after the newly dubbed "New Era" was using an older set. The set was revamped just four weeks later with a more elaborate and distinctive design. The new set features the absence of a traditional TitanTron which had been custom since 1997. In its place is a curved LED banner with several rows of rectangle LED lights behind it. The new set also introduced LED floor panels on the entrance ramp along with LED ring posts.
Theme music[edit]
Song title
Written and/or performed by
Dates used
Ref
"Monday Night Raw" Jim Johnston January 11, 1993 – March 3, 1997 [30][31]
"Raw" Jim Johnston 1993–1995 [30][32]
"I Like it Raw" Jim Johnston 1995 [30][33]
"The Beautiful People" Marilyn Manson March 10, 1997 – March 24, 1997 [30][34]
"Thorn In Your Eye" WWE Superstars & Slam Jam March 31, 1997 – March 25, 2002 [30][35][36]
"We're All Together Now" WWE Superstars & Slam Jam March 31, 1997 – March 25, 2002 [30][37]
"Across the Nation" The Union Underground April 1, 2002 – October 2, 2006 [30][38]
"...To Be Loved" Papa Roach October 9, 2006 – November 9, 2009 [30][39][40]
"Burn It to the Ground" Nickelback November 16, 2009 – July 16, 2012 [30][41][42]
"Tonight Is the Night" Outasight July 23, 2012 (only used for Raw 1000) [30][43][44]
"The Night" Kromestatik July 23, 2012 – August 11, 2014 [30][45]
"The Night" (2014 Remix) CFO$ August 18, 2014 – July 18, 2016 [30][46]
"Enemies"1 Shinedown July 25, 2016 – present [1]
Notes
^ Bold song titles denotes that the song is currently being used as the show's theme.
Naming controversy[edit]
The name for Raw was disputed in June 2009 when Muscle Flex Inc., a Los Angeles-based fitness company, had taken legal action against the WWE after a court ruled that some of WWE's trademarks related to Raw were similar enough to the In the Raw trademark that they caused confusion among Canadians.[47] On June 18, 2008, the Canadian Intellectual Property Office then issued a final decision that found certain wares listed in the trademark application from WWE (No. 1,153,018) were confusingly similar and thus lacked distinctiveness from the Muscle Flex trademark, which Muscle Flex is in the process of acquiring. The WWE appealed the CIPO's ruling to the Federal Court of Canada, but failed to file the required documents by the deadline.[48]
In August 2009, the court ruled in favor of Muscle Flex, Inc. that it was successful in defending its In the Raw trademark against the WWE. In a press release date issued on July 20, 2009, Muscle Flex Inc. disclosed that it was in possession of WWE Raw-labeled items that it believes directly infringe on its In the Raw trademark such as various CDs, VHS tapes, and a number of apparel items. According to the WWE's most recent reported financial quarter in 2009, combined sales of WWE's consumer products and digital media business segments produced $40 million in global revenues. In previous quarters, these numbers were even higher.[49]
Special episodes[edit]
Main article: List of WWE Raw special episodes
Throughout its broadcast history, the show has aired episodes that have different themes. Some of them are yearly events such as the Slammy Awards. Others include tributes to various professional wrestlers who have recently died or retired from actively performing, as well as episodes commemorating various show milestones or anniversaries.
On-air personalities[edit]
Main article: List of WWE Raw on-air personalities
The show features various on-air personalities including the wrestlers themselves (both males and females), ring announcers, commentators, and on-screen authority figures. Raw also has had various recurring on-air segments hosted by members of the roster.
Broadcast[edit]
The show airs live on the USA Network. Raw also airs Wednesdays on NBC Universo in Spanish, as well as on Friday nights and Sunday afternoons also in Spanish, it also airs Saturdays on Universal HD. Occasionally, Raw is aired on same-day tape delay when WWE is on an overseas tour. Raw is also shown live on Sky Sports (normally Sky Sports 5) in the United Kingdom and Ireland and on Sky Sport 2 in Italy. Raw aires live in India at 5.30 am in Tuesdays on Sony TEN.[50][51][52] Since October 6, 2014, Raw has been airing live throughout Latin America on Fox Sports Latinoamérica.[53] The show also airs live on Supersport in South Africa on Tuesdays at 02:00 am CAT. RAW had aired in Australia on Fox8 since 2003, usually on a 27-hour tape delay, but has started airing live as of February 4, 2014.,[54] SyFy in the United States started airing a 2-hour replay of Raw on May 20, 2016. For the U.S. audience, Raw has been under a multi-year contract extension for the USA Network which currently is under a 10-year stint; the agreement does not get renewed until January 2023.
Online streaming[edit]
On September 24, 2012, Hulu Plus signed a multi-year deal with WWE to stream all of the company’s TV shows and some of its web series which includes Raw. Episodes of Raw are available for viewing the following day and only a condensed 90 minute version is available, not the full version as shown the previous night on the USA Network.[55]
As of December 9, 2016, all episodes of Raw are available on demand on the WWE Network. Recent episodes are available for on-demand viewing 30 days after the original air date.[56][57]
Canada[edit]
From 1996 to 2006, Raw was shown on TSN until it moved to rival sports broadcaster The Score (now renamed Sportsnet 360) after it was announced that TSN would be carrying Monday Night Football for the 2006 season. This also meant that Canadian viewers would be watching via tape-delay, as The Score does not broadcast Raw live. Around that time, The Score aired Countdown to Raw until May 2013 when Raw is shown live to match the United States airtime.
During its run on TSN, which aired live, occasionally had been censored live for extremely violent scenes, or when female wrestlers or characters were assaulted by male wrestlers. These actions are supposed to be in order to meet Canadian broadcast standards, with repeat broadcasts often more heavily edited. This move had disappointed many wrestling fans over the years, and is unusual since the violence of wrestling scenes are not significantly different from other television programs aired on regular Canadian networks.[58][59]
The show currently airs live on Sportsnet 360.[60][61]
The Middle East[edit]
Raw airs in the Arab world on OSN Sports and MBC Action,[62][63][64] on FM1(Previously Iran FM-TV) in Iran and[65][66] on Sport 1 and Sport 1 HD in Israel.[67][68] Raw further began airing on D-Smart in Turkey.[69]
Europe[edit]
Raw airs on AB3 in Belgium and is translated into Dutch, French, and German.[70][71] The show airs on Nova Sport in the Czech Republic and[72] on AB1 in France.[73][74]
Raw airs on ProSieben MAXX and ProSieben Fun in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, and Liechtenstein on Wednesdays at 10 PM.>[75] The show airs on Nova Sports 3 in Greece.[76]
Raw airs live on Sky Sport 2, Sky Sport 2 HD, with international version shows airing on Cielo TV in Italy in Italian.[77][78]
Raw airs on RTL 7 in the Netherlands.[79] The show airs on Extreme Sports Channel in Poland.[80][81] It airs on SIC Radical[82] and on SIC K on Friday nights in Portugal.
Raw airs on Sport.ro in Romania.[83] The show airs on Prva Srpska Televizija in Serbia.[84] It airs on Neox in Spain in Spanish.[85][86]
Raw airs live on Sky Sports Main Event and Sky Sports Action, with replay shows airing on Sky Sports Action in the United Kingdom and Ireland.[87]
Raw airs on Diema Sport in Bulgaria.[88] The show airs on Televizija OBN in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[89] It airs on BTV in Lithuania.[90]
Asia and Pacific[edit]
Raw airs on Sony TEN in Nepal, Bangladesh and Bhutan.[66][66][91][92] It airs on MNC Sports 2 in Indonesia.[93]
Raw airs live on Sony TEN 1 HD and Sony TEN 1 in India. And airs exclusive in Pakistan and Sri Lanka.[66][94][95]
Raw airs live on SuperSports 2 HD in Singapore.[96] The show airs on TrueVisions in Thailand. The show airs on 2×2 in Russia.[97]
Raw airs live on Fox8 and Thursday nights on 9Go! as a 1-hour version in Australia.[98][99] The show airs live on J Sports 4 in Japan.[100] It airs live on the BOX in New Zealand.[101][102]
Raw airs in China on various local networks within the People's Republic of China[103] and Videoland Television Network in the Republic of China in both English and Thai.[104]
Raw airs in Philippines on TV5.
Raw airs in Hong Kong on ViuTVsix.
Latin America[edit]
Raw airs live on Fox Sports Latinoamérica in Mexico[53][105][106] and across Central and South America.[53][107][108] It also airs live on La Red in Chile,[109][110] Unitel in Bolivia,[111] Canal Uno in Colombia,[109][112] Teleamazonas in Ecuador,[113] Andina de Televisión in Peru,[114][115] Repretel: Canal 11 in Costa Rica and Canal VTV in El Salvador.[53][116] It airs on Canal 5 in Honduras.[53][117] Raw airs on RPC Canal 4 in Panama in Spanish.[53][118][119]
South Africa[edit]
It airs live on SuperSport in South Africa.[120][121]
Professional wrestling portal
Television portal
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Morrow, Brendan (July 25, 2016). "WATCH: WWE Debuts New 'Monday Night Raw' Theme Song". Heavy.com. New York City. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "WWE: Dreams That I Have (Monday Night RAW) [feat. Will Roush] - Single". iTunes. August 6, 2016.
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