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Tesco International operations
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Tesco PLC
Type
Public limited company
Traded as
LSE: TSCO ISEQ: TCO
Industry
Retailing
Founded
1919 (1919) - Hackney, London, England
Founder
Jack Cohen
Headquarters
Tesco House
Delamere Road
Cheshunt
Hertfordshire
EN8 9SL
England
Number of locations
6,784 stores (As of March 2014) (see table below)
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Dave Lewis (Group CEO)
Sir Richard Broadbent (Chairman)
Products
Cash & Carry/warehouse club, convenience/forecourt store, department store, discount department store, discount store, hypermarket/supercenter/superstore, other speciality, supermarket
Number of employees
597,784 (2013)[1]
Website
www.tesco.com
Tesco has expanded its operations outside the UK to 11 other countries in the world. Tesco pulled out of the USA in 2013, but continues to see growth elsewhere. Tesco's international expansion strategy has responded to the need to be sensitive to local expectations in other countries by entering into joint ventures with local partners, such as Samsung Group in South Korea (Samsung-Tesco Home plus), and Charoen Pokphand in Thailand (Tesco Lotus), appointing a very high proportion of local personnel to management positions. It also makes small acquisitions as part of its strategy: for example, in its 2005/2006 financial year it made acquisitions in South Korea, one in Poland and one in Japan.[2]
In late 2004 the amount of floorspace Tesco operated outside the United Kingdom surpassed the amount it had in its home market for the first time, although the United Kingdom still accounted for more than 75% of group revenue due to lower sales per unit area outside the UK.
In September 2005 Tesco announced that it was selling its operations in Taiwan to Carrefour and purchasing Carrefour's stores in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Both companies stated that they were concentrating their efforts in countries where they had strong market positions.
The following table shows the number of stores, total store size in area and sales for Tesco's international operations. The store numbers and floor area figures are as at 18 April 2012.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview of operations
1.1 Former operations
2 Europe
2.1 Czech Republic
2.2 France
2.3 Hungary
2.4 Poland
2.5 Slovakia
2.6 Ireland
3 Asia
3.1 China
3.2 India
3.3 Japan
3.4 Malaysia
3.5 Pakistan
3.6 South Korea
3.7 Thailand
3.8 Turkey
4 United States
5 References
6 External links
Overview of operations[edit]
Country
Entered
Stores
Area (m² (sq ft))
Mean store area (m² (sq ft))
+/- Stores
2011/12
China 2004 124 893,913 (9,622,000) 7,209 (77,476) 19
Czech Republic 1996 322 538,559 (5,797,000) 1,673 (18,003) 61
Hungary 1994 213 678,285 (7,301,000) 3,202 (34,439) 7
Ireland 1997 137 319,586 (3,440,000) 2,333 (25,109) 7
Japan 2003 121 36,790 (396,000) 304 (3,273) 19
Malaysia 2002 57 350,988 (3,778,000) 7,800 (83,956) 9
Poland 1995 460 827,394 (8,906,000) 2,008 (21,617) 41
Slovakia 1996 160 336,959 (3,627,000) 2,808 (30,225) 23
Thailand 1998 1,092 1,192,039 (12,831,000) 1,092 (11,750) 310
United Kingdom 1919 2,975 3,585,314 (38,592,000) 1,205 (12,972) 260
Total (not including UK) 3,376 6,851,321 (73,747,000) Mean: 2,029 (21,844) 565
Total (including UK) 6,351 10,436,635 (112,339,000) Mean: 1,643 (17,688) 823
Former operations[edit]
Country
Entered
Exited
Stores
Area (m² (sq ft))
Mean store area (m² (sq ft))
France 1993 2010 92 at peak, 1 from 1997-2010 173,279 (1,870,000) 937 (10,108)
South Korea 1999 2015 458 1,166,026 (12,551,000) 2,546 (27,404)
Turkey 2003 2016 191 337,052 (3,628,000) 2,277 (24,514)
United States 2007 2013 185 173,279 (1,870,000) 937 (10,108)
Europe[edit]
Czech Republic[edit]
Tesco Express, Belehradska Street, Prague, Czech Republic
Tesco opened its first store in the Czech Republic in 1996 and now has over 84 stores, with further planned.[4] Tesco opened its first stores in the Czech Republic by buying US corporation Kmart's operations in the country and converting them into Tesco stores. Tesco is also keen to expand non-food items and has already opened petrol stations and offers personal finance services in the Czech Republic.[5] There are currently three Tesco Extra stores in the Czech Republic – one in Prague and Brno, two in Plzeň.
By 2012 the company had 322 stores in the Czech Republic. It is a market leader in the country.[6]
France[edit]
Tesco owned a French food retailer called Catteau between 1993 and 1997, which operated a chain of 92 stores[7] in NE France under the Cedico, Hyper Cedico and Cedimarche banners. Tesco also operated a "Vin Plus" outlet in Calais, selling wine, beer and spirits, which closed on 30 August 2010.[8]
Hungary[edit]
Tesco store at Kőszeg, Hungary with Statue of Fire Salamander
Tesco launched in Hungary in 1994 after purchasing a small local supermarket group trading as S-Market based in the North West of Hungary. It opened its first hypermarket in Hungary at the Polus Centre in Budapest in 1996. Tesco operates through more than 200 stores in Hungary with further openings planned.[4] Tesco Hungary also offers a clothing line and personal finance services.[9] In August 2010 opened the first Tesco Extra in Budapest; its name is Tesco Extra Fogarasi and it is located in Zugló, Budapest. The second Tesco Extra opened in Debrecen in 2012.
Poland[edit]
A Tesco Hypermarket in Prokocim, Poland
Tesco entered the Polish market in 1995. It currently operates from 450 stores.[10] Tesco Poland sells various brands including its own branded line of products as well as regional produce, petrol, personal finance services and on-line photo processing. In August 2008 Tesco opened the first Extra store in Poland located in Częstochowa. Currently there are five Tesco Extra stores in Poland.
Slovakia[edit]
Tesco, Kamenné námestie, Bratislava, Slovakia
Tesco Slovakia opened in 1996 as part of Tesco's international expansion aims. It now operates from 123 stores. Tesco Slovakia has recently put great emphasis on organic products. However, Tesco Slovakia caused controversy amongst the Slovak government when it was found to have come foul of food safety laws in 2006.[11] In April 2010 the first Tesco Extra in Central Europe opened in Bratislava – Petrzalka, Slovakia as part of a pilot project for Tesco in the region, including the first self-service cash flow in Central Europe. There are currently seven Tesco Extra stores in Slovakia – three in Bratislava and one in Zvolen, Trnava, Banska Bystrica and Spišská Nová Ves.[12] [13] In 2010 first Tesco Express stores were opened in Bratislava with current number of 16 shops. Tesco also operates store called 'My' in Bratislava which accept Clubcard and share some branding, however, most promotions do not apply for My. Tesco in Slovakia operates mobile network "Tesco Mobile" and also petrol stations.
Ireland[edit]
Main article: Tesco Ireland
Tesco first operated in the Irish grocery market in the early eighties, selling its operations there in March 1986.[14] Tesco re-entered the Irish market in 1997 after the purchase of Power Supermarkets Ltd. It now operates from 101 stores across Ireland. Like Tesco stores in the UK, these offer a home delivery shopping service available to 80% of the Irish population as well as petrol, mobile telephone, personal finance, flower delivery service and a weight-loss programme.[15] Tesco's loyalty programme, Clubcard, is offered in the country.
Tesco is now the grocery market leader in Ireland, with a reported November 2005 share of 26.3%.[16] Tesco Ireland also claims to be the largest purchaser of Irish food with an estimated €1.5 billion annually. Tesco Ireland operates a small number of Tesco Extra hypermarkets in Ireland, with Clarehall Extra on the Malahide Road being the first to open in 2006. Tesco's largest hypermarket store in Europe, with a floorspace of 18,500 m², opened in Naas in Co Kildare in November 2010.[17]
The country's newspaper of record the Irish Times in April 2011 said that "Increasingly, Ireland is being viewed as a provincial backwater by the parent company – albeit a very profitable little backwater – and all the strategic decisions are being taken in the UK.[18]
In 2008 Tesco opened its first eco store in Tramore, Co. Waterford. It is expected to use 45% less energy than other Tesco supermarkets of similar size.[19]
Asia[edit]
China[edit]
Tesco acquired a 50% stake in the Hymall chain, from Ting Hsin in September 2004. In December 2006 it raised its stake to 90% in a £180 million deal.[20] Most of Tesco China's stores are based around Shanghai, but according to Tesco it plans to equip the business to expand more quickly and in different areas. Tesco has a large store in Weifang, Shandong province, and a further two floor store in Taizhou, Jiangsu province. The Tesco in Taizhou offers imported beers and spirits, some imported wines, and Australian, French, Italian and Dutch cheese products. A Tesco Express in the Shanghai Old Street area is no different from a typical Chinese convenience store in both style and products on display. Tesco has been increasing its own brand products into the Chinese market as well as introducing the Tesco Express format.[21]
In May 2014 Tesco made a deal with the state-run China Resources Enterprise (CRE) to create a joint venture, combining Tesco's 131 stores in the country with CRE's nearly 3000 outlets. With Tesco owning 20% of the business and CRE 80% this was now the largest food retailer in China.[22]
India[edit]
Tesco has had a limited presence in India with a service centre in Bangalore, and outsourcing.[23] In 2008 Tesco announced their intention to invest an initial £60m ($115m) to open a wholesale cash-and-carry business based in Mumbai with the assistance of the Tata Group.[24] In 2014, the joint venture between Tesco and Tata was confirmed, where investment by the earlier was reportedly 140 milling dollars, thus becoming the first foreign supermarket to enter the country. The stores are now operated under the banner Star Bazaar hypermarkets (bazaar translating to market) and Star Daily supermarkets.[25]
Japan[edit]
Tesco Japan first began operations in 2003.[26] It was brought about by a buy-out of C Two stores for £139 million in July 2003 and later Fre'c in April 2004.[27] Tesco has adopted an approach that focuses on small corner shops that operate similarly to its Express format, rather than opening hypermarkets. It has also launched its range of software in Japan.[4] In August 2011, Tesco announced that they would be selling off their Japanese stores to ÆON after revealing that only half of the stores in the Greater Tokyo Area were making a profit.[28] Market share in the country was never above 1 percent.[26]
Malaysia[edit]
Tesco opened its first store in Malaysia in May 2002 with the opening of its first hypermarket in Puchong, Selangor. Tesco Malaysia currently operates 49 Tesco and Tesco Extra stores. Tesco has partnered with local conglomerate Sime Darby Berhad, which holds 30% of the shares.[29]
In 2007, Tesco acquired the Malaysian operation of the wholesaler Makro, which was then rebranded as Tesco Extra and provides products for local retailers. There has been plans to relaunch all its stores in Malaysia to Tesco Extra. Besides giving the store a contemporary design and a brighter look, the new Tesco Extra brand features a shop-in-shop concept with an optic shop, pharmacy, bistro and phone shop. Till date, 7 out of the 52 outlets have been rebranded to the new format namely: Tesco Extra Mutiara Damansara, Tesco Extra Bandar Bukit Puchong, Tesco Extra Ara Damansara, Tesco Extra Seberang Jaya, Tesco Extra Desa Tebrau, Tesco Extra Bandar Bukit Tinggi in Klang, Tesco Extra Mutiara Rini and Tesco Extra Ipoh Garden.
Tesco Malaysia offers a value range, its own branded range, electronic goods, the loyalty clubcard and clothing. Tesco Malaysia's Clubcard introduced Green Clubcard Points in 2007 making Tesco Malaysia the first Tesco international business to introduce the Green Clubcard Points scheme.[30]
In April 2013, Tesco Malaysia launched the Grocery Home Shopping Service, where it delivers groceries ordered via the Internet to consumers, with no minimum purchase imposed. There will be a RM10 service charge for each delivery and online customers may choose a delivery time slot from 10 am to 10 pm daily. Payment is made via credit or debit card. The service is currently offered to customers living within the 20 km radius of Tesco Extra outlets.[31]
The Malaysian operation of Tesco also includes a convenience store, Tesco Pernama Ekspres, which began its operation in February 2015.[32]
Pakistan[edit]
On 16 February 2017 Tesco announced a wholesale partnership with Limestone Private Limited, owner of the Alpha Superstores chain. This involved an exclusive partnership which would see Tesco products stocked across Alpha Supermarket stores within Pakistan.[33]
It has been planned to open 50 smaller express stores and three larger flagship stores under the Alpha brand name, within the next 3 years, all which will stock Tesco products.[34]
South Korea[edit]
Main article: Homeplus
Tesco launched its South Korean operations as "Homeplus" in 1999 and partnered with Samsung, currently Tesco holds 94% of the shares in the venture.[35] It operates both hypermarkets and its express format as well as a home delivery shopping service. It is the second largest retailer in South Korea, just behind Shinsegae Group.[35]
On 14 May 2008, Tesco agreed to purchase 36 hypermarkets with a combination of food and non-food products from E-Land for $1.9 billion (£976 million) in its biggest single acquisition, making Tesco the second largest in the country. The majority of the E-Land stores formerly belonged to French retailer Carrefour before 2006 and most of the stores will be converted to Home plus outlets. Tesco's South Korean discount store chain, Home Plus, currently has 66 outlets.[36][37]
In September 2015 the company was sold to MBK Partners, a South Korean buyout firm, which partnered with a Canadian pension fund and Singapore's Temasek Holdings in a transaction worth 4.2 billion pounds. The sale should be completed by the end of the year.[38]
Thailand[edit]
Tesco-Lotus superstore in Sakon Nakon, Thailand. Shoppers have to pass through a checkpoint before entering the premises.
Tesco entered Thailand in 1998 and operates through 380 stores as part of a joint venture with Charoen Pokphand and named the operation "Tesco Lotus". This partnership was dissolved in 2003 when Charoen Pokphand sold its shares to Tesco. Tesco Lotus sells a diverse range of products from value food products to electronics to personal finance services. The company is keen to promote its green values and has partnered with the UNEP. Tesco Lotus claims to serve 20 million customers every month and that 97% of its goods are sourced from Thailand.[39]
By March 2013, Thailand operations were generating £3 billion in revenues and were one of the company's largest businesses outside of the UK.[40]
Turkey[edit]
Tesco entered Turkey in 2003 and uses the trading name "Tesco Kipa". Tesco remains focused on building infrastructure in Turkey to complete its expansion plans and introduced the Tesco Express format into Turkey in 2006.[41] There are plans to increase the rate of expansion as basic infrastructure is built.[4] The first Tesco Extra in Turkey opened in Izmir, Turkey, Tesco Kipa Extra Balçova in September 2010. In June 2016, Tesco announced the sale of Tesco Kipa to a local rival, Migros Türk.[42]
United States[edit]
A Fresh & Easy store in Summerlin, Nevada, United States
Main article: Fresh & Easy
Tesco entered the United States grocery market in 2007 through the opening of a new chain of convenience stores, named Fresh & Easy, on the West Coast (Arizona, California and Nevada).[43] The company established its U.S. headquarters in El Segundo, California, and the first store opened in Hemet, California in November 2007, with 100 more planned in the first year; a store opening every two-and-a-half days. Although the planned rate of expansion was not maintained, largely because of the recession, as of August 2011 Fresh & Easy operated 182 stores across Arizona, California and Nevada. In April 2013, Tesco put the Fresh & Easy chain on sale, booking losses of £1.2bn. It announced the sale of 150 of the stores in the 200 strong chain to private equity firm Yucaipa Companies in September 2013.[44] The BBC reported that the remaining stores were expected to close.[44] The deal included Tesco loaning the venture £80m and retaining an option to buy back a stake in the business if Yucaipa succeeded in turning around the group's performance.[44]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Tesco PLC (2012). "Tesco PLC Annual Review and Summary Financial Statement 2012" (PDF). Tesco PLC Annual Review and Summary Financial Statement 2012. Tesco PLC. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tesco Preliminary Results 2006" (PDF). Tescocorporate.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2006. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "2011/12 Preliminary Results analyst pack" (PDF). (92 KB)
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Tesco Annual Review 2007" (PDF). Tesco PLC. 21 April 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Tesco Services". Tesco Czech Republic. 21 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Czech Republic". Retrieved 18 October 2014.
Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/oct/23/tesco-timeline-the-highs-and-lows
Jump up ^ "UK firms shut French stores as 'booze cruise' declines". BBC News. 19 June 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Tesco Services". Tesco Hungary. 21 April 2008. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tesco Poland – History". Retrieved 18 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Tesco falls foul of Slovak government". cee food industry. 2 May 2006. Archived from the original on 25 June 2006.
Jump up ^ "The new format Tesco Extra comes to Slovakia". tesco slovakia.
Jump up ^ "First Tesco Extra in East of Slovakia". tesco slovakia. 22 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tesco withdraws from Ireland". The Guardian. Guardian Newspapers. 27 March 1986.
Jump up ^ "Food and Grocery Shopping, Tesco Ireland". Tesco Ireland. 21 April 2008. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Tesco still commanding highest market share". RTÉ Business. 6 December 2006.
Jump up ^ "About Tesco Ireland". Tesco Ireland.
Jump up ^ The Irish Times (4 April 2011). "Every little helps Tesco improve its bottom line". The Irish Times. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tesco Ireland Media Centre". Tesco.ie. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "TESCO Extends Partnership in China". London Stock Exchange's Regulatory News Service. 12 December 2006.
Jump up ^ "Tescco Express rolls into China". The Times. UK. 21 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Tesco and China Resources Enterprise reach retail deal". BBC News. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Tesco raises sourcing from India to £230 m". The Financial Express. 17 November 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Tesco planning venture in India". BBC News. 12 August 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
Jump up ^ James Davey; Kate Holton. "Tesco confirms joint venture with Tata in India". Reuters India.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tesco pays £40m to exit Japan". Telegraph.co.uk. 18 June 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
Jump up ^ McCurry, Justin (1 June 2004). "Tesco pedals cautious path in Japan". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Tesco bids sayonara to 'unscalable' Japan business". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 31 August 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Sime Darby (2011). "Other Businesses". Sime Darby. Sime Darby. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tesco: Interactive map". Tesco PLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Tesco sees good returns from online service". News Straits Times. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mini Me Insights: Slowdown in Tesco Stores (Malaysia) revenue, focusing on two growth drivers". Mini Me Insights. 17 April 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tesco tests waters in Pakistan with Alpha Supermarkets tie-up". Reuters. 16 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Is Tesco coming to Pakistan?". The Express Tribune. 14 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "E-Land in talk to sell stores to Tesco South Korea unit". Reuters. 14 May 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Tesco to buy 36 S.Korean stores". Reuters. 14 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "Tesco set to grow in South Korea". BBC News. 14 May 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Tesco sells South Korea stores for £4bn". BBC News. 7 September 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Key facts about Tesco Lotus". Tesco Lotus. 21 April 2008. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Tesco goes head-to-head with Thailand's wet markets". Telegraph.co.uk. 31 March 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
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^ Jump up to: a b c "Tesco offloads loss making Fresh & Easy chain". BBC News. BBC. 10 September 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tesco.
Tesco UK
Tesco UK plc
Tesco companies grouped at OpenCorporates
Tescopoly.org—coalition of campaign groups criticising Tesco
Tesco: An Oral History—a National Life Stories collection of interviews held in the British Library.
Foundation degree in Retailing— Case study of the Foundation degree in Retailing co-developed by Tesco.
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House Un-American Activities Committee
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Chairman Dies of HUAC proofs his letter replying to President Roosevelt's attack on the committee, October 26, 1938.
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The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC; a.k.a., House Committee on Un-American Activities, HUAC or HCUA) was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives. The HUAC was created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having communist ties. In 1969, the House changed the committee's name to "House Committee on Internal Security". When the House abolished the committee in 1975,[1] its functions were transferred to the House Judiciary Committee.
The committee's anti-communist investigations are often associated with those of Joseph McCarthy[2] who, as a U.S. Senator, had no direct involvement with this House committee.[3] McCarthy was the chairman of the Government Operations Committee and its Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the U.S. Senate, not the House.
Contents
[hide]
1 Precursors to the committee
1.1 Overman Committee (1919)
1.2 Fish Committee (1930)
1.3 McCormack-Dickstein Committee (1934–1937)
1.4 Dies Committee (1938–1944)
2 Standing Committee (1945–1975)
2.1 Hollywood blacklist
2.2 Whittaker Chambers and Alger Hiss
2.3 Decline
2.4 Termination
3 Chairmen
4 Notable members
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Works cited
7 Further reading
7.1 Archives
7.2 Books
7.3 Articles
8 External links
Precursors to the committee[edit]
Overman Committee (1919)[edit]
Lee Slater Overman headed the first congressional investigation of American communism in 1919.
The Overman Committee was a subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary chaired by North Carolina Democratic Senator Lee Slater Overman that operated from September 1918 to June 1919. The subcommittee investigated German as well as Bolshevik elements in the United States.[4]
This committee was originally concerned with investigating pro-German sentiments in the American liquor industry. After World War I ended in November 1918 and the German threat lessened, the committee began investigating Bolshevism, which had appeared as a threat during the First Red Scare after the Russian Revolution in 1917. The committee's hearing into Bolshevik propaganda, conducted February 11 to March 10, 1919, had a decisive role in constructing an image of a radical threat to the United States during the first Red Scare.[5]
Fish Committee (1930)[edit]
Congressman Hamilton Fish III (R-NY), who was a fervent anti-communist, introduced on May 5, 1930, House Resolution 180, which proposed to establish a committee to investigate communist activities in the United States. The resulting committee, commonly known as the Fish Committee, undertook extensive investigations of people and organizations suspected of being involved with or supporting communist activities in the United States.[6] Among the committee's targets were the American Civil Liberties Union and communist presidential candidate William Z. Foster.[7] The committee recommended granting the United States Department of Justice more authority to investigate communists, and strengthening of immigration and deportation laws to keep communists out of the United States.[8]
McCormack-Dickstein Committee (1934–1937)[edit]
From 1934 to 1937, the Special Committee on Un-American Activities Authorized to Investigate Nazi Propaganda and Certain Other Propaganda Activities, chaired by John William McCormack (D-MA) and Samuel Dickstein (D-NY), held public and private hearings and collected testimony filling 4,300 pages. The committee was widely known as the McCormack-Dickstein committee. Its mandate was to get "information on how foreign subversive propaganda entered the U.S. and the organizations that were spreading it", and it was replaced with a similar committee that focused on pursuing communists. Its records are held by the National Archives and Records Administration as records related to HUAC.
The committee investigated allegations of a fascist plot to seize the White House, known as the "business plot". Although the plot was widely reported as a hoax, the committee confirmed some details of the accusations.[citation needed]
It has been reported that while Dickstein served on this committee and the subsequent Special investigation Committee, he was paid $1,250 a month by the Soviet NKVD, which hoped to get secret congressional information on anti-communists and pro-fascists. It is unclear whether he actually passed on any information.[9]
Dies Committee (1938–1944)[edit]
Conservative Texas Democrat Martin Dies served as chair of the Special Committee on Un-American Activities, predecessor to the permanent committee, for its entire 7-year duration.
On May 26, 1938, the House Committee on Un-American Activities was established as a special investigating committee, reorganized from its previous incarnations as the Fish Committee and the McCormack-Dickstein Committee, to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having communist or fascist ties.[10][11] It was chaired by Martin Dies Jr. (D-Tex.), and therefore known as the Dies Committee.
In 1938, Hallie Flanagan, the head of the Federal Theatre Project, was subpoenaed to appear before the committee to answer the charge the project was overrun with communists. Flanagan was called to testify for only a part of one day, while a clerk from the project was called in for two entire days. It was during this investigation that one of the committee members, Joe Starnes (D-Ala.), famously asked Flanagan whether the Elizabethan era playwright Christopher Marlowe was a member of the Communist Party, and mused "Mr. Euripides" preached class warfare.[12]
In 1939, the committee investigated leaders of the American Youth Congress, a Communist International affiliate organization[citation needed].
The committee also put together an argument for the internment of Japanese Americans known as the "Yellow Report".[13] Organized in response to rumors of Japanese Americans being coddled by the War Relocation Authority (WRA) and news that some former inmates would be allowed to leave camp and Nisei soldiers to return to the West Coast, the committee investigated charges of fifth column activity in the camps. A number of anti-WRA arguments were presented in subsequent hearings, but Director Dillon Myer debunked the more inflammatory claims.[14] The investigation was presented to the 77th Congress and alleged that certain cultural traits—Japanese loyalty to the Emperor, the number of Japanese fishermen in the US, and the Buddhist faith—were evidence for Japanese espionage. With the exception of Rep. Herman Eberharter (D-Pa.), the members of the committee seemed to support internment, and its recommendations to expedite the impending segregation of "troublemakers," establish a system to investigate applicants for leave clearance, and step up Americanization and assimilation efforts largely coincided with WRA goals.[13][14]
In 1946, the committee considered opening investigations into the Ku Klux Klan but decided against doing so, prompting white supremacist committee member John E. Rankin (D-Miss.) to remark, "After all, the KKK is an old American institution."[15] Instead of the Klan, HUAC concentrated on investigating the possibility that the American Communist Party had infiltrated the Works Progress Administration, including the Federal Theatre Project and the Federal Writers' Project. Twenty years later, in 1965–1966, however, the committee did conduct an investigation into Klan activities under chairman Edwin Willis (D-La.).[16]
Standing Committee (1945–1975)[edit]
Democrat Francis E. Walter of Pennsylvania was chair of HUAC from 1955 until his death in 1963.
The House Committee on Un-American Activities became a standing (permanent) committee in 1945. Democratic Representative Edward J. Hart of New Jersey became the committee's first chairman.[17] Under the mandate of Public Law 601, passed by the 79th Congress, the committee of nine representatives investigated suspected threats of subversion or propaganda that attacked "the form of government guaranteed by our Constitution."[citation needed]
Under this mandate, the committee focused its investigations on real and suspected communists in positions of actual or supposed influence in the United States society. A significant step for HUAC was its investigation of the charges of espionage brought against Alger Hiss in 1948. This investigation ultimately resulted in Hiss's trial and conviction for perjury, and convinced many of the usefulness of congressional committees for uncovering communist subversion.[18]
Hollywood blacklist[edit]
Main article: Hollywood blacklist
In 1947, the committee held nine days of hearings into alleged communist propaganda and influence in the Hollywood motion picture industry. After conviction on contempt of Congress charges for refusal to answer some questions posed by committee members, "The Hollywood Ten" were blacklisted by the industry. Eventually, more than 300 artists—including directors, radio commentators, actors and particularly screenwriters—were boycotted by the studios. Some, like Charlie Chaplin, Orson Welles, Paul Robeson and Yip Harburg, left the U.S or went underground to find work. Others wrote under pseudonyms or the names of colleagues. Only about ten percent succeeded in rebuilding careers within the entertainment industry.[citation needed]
In 1947, studio executives told the committee that wartime films—such as Mission to Moscow, The North Star, and Song of Russia—could be considered pro-Soviet propaganda, but claimed that the films were valuable in the context of the Allied war effort, and that they were made (in the case of Mission to Moscow) at the request of White House officials. In response to the House investigations, most studios produced a number of anti-communist and anti-Soviet propaganda films such as The Red Menace (August 1949), The Red Danube (October 1949), The Woman on Pier 13 (October 1949), Guilty of Treason (May 1950, about the ordeal and trial of Cardinal József Mindszenty), I Was a Communist for the FBI (May 1951, Academy Award nominated for best documentary 1951, also serialized for radio), Red Planet Mars (May 1952), and John Wayne's Big Jim McLain (August 1952).[19] Universal-International Pictures was the only major studio that did not produce such a film.
Whittaker Chambers and Alger Hiss[edit]
On July 31, 1948, the committee heard testimony from Elizabeth Bentley, an American who had been working as a Soviet agent in New York. Among those whom she named as communists was Harry Dexter White. The committee subpoenaed Whittaker Chambers for August 3, 1948. Chambers, too, was a former Soviet spy, by then a senior editor of Time magazine. Chambers named more than a half dozen government officials including White as well as Alger Hiss (and Hiss' brother Donald). Most of these former officials refused to answer committee questions, citing the Fifth Amendment. White denied the allegations and died of a heart attack a few days later. Hiss also denied all charges; however, doubts about his testimony, especially those expressed by freshman Congressman Richard Nixon, led to further investigation that strongly suggested Hiss had made a number of false statements. Hiss challenged Chambers to repeat his charges outside of a Congressional committee, which Chambers did. Hiss sued for libel, leading Chambers to produce copies of State Department documents which he claimed Hiss had given him in 1938. Hiss denied this before a grand jury, was indicted for perjury, and was convicted and imprisoned.[20][21] The present-day House of Representatives website on HUAC states that "In the 1990s, relying on Soviet archives and records from the Venona project – a secret U.S. program that decrypted Soviet intelligence messages – some scholars argued that Hiss had indeed been a spy on the Kremlin's payroll."[22]
Decline[edit]
Democrat Richard Howard Ichord Jr. of Missouri was chair of the renamed House Internal Security Committee from 1969 until its termination in January 1975.
In the wake of the downfall of McCarthy (who never served in the House, nor HUAC), the prestige of HUAC began a gradual decline beginning in the late 1950s. By 1959, the committee was being denounced by former President Harry S. Truman as the "most un-American thing in the country today."[23]
In May 1960, the committee held hearings in San Francisco City Hall that led to the infamous "riot" on May 13, when city police officers fire-hosed protesting students from UC Berkeley, Stanford, and other local colleges and dragged them down the marble steps beneath the rotunda, leaving some seriously injured.[24][25] Soviet affairs expert William Mandel, who had been subpoenaed to testify, angrily denounced the committee and the police in a blistering statement which was aired repeatedly for years thereafter on Pacifica Radio station KPFA in Berkeley. An anti-communist propaganda film, Operation Abolition,[26][27][28][29] was produced by the committee from subpoenaed local news reports, and shown around the country during 1960 and 1961. In response, the Northern California ACLU produced a film called Operation Correction, which discussed falsehoods in the first film. Scenes from the hearings and protest were later featured in the Academy Award nominated 1990 documentary Berkeley in the Sixties.
The committee lost considerable prestige as the 1960s progressed, increasingly becoming the target of political satirists and the defiance of a new generation of political activists. HUAC subpoenaed Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman of the Yippies in 1967, and again in the aftermath of the 1968 Democratic National Convention. The Yippies used the media attention to make a mockery of the proceedings. Rubin came to one session dressed as a United States Revolutionary War soldier and passed out copies of the United States Declaration of Independence to people in attendance. Rubin then "blew giant gum bubbles while his co-witnesses taunted the committee with Nazi salutes."[30] Hoffman attended a session dressed as Santa Claus. On another occasion, police stopped Hoffman at the building entrance and arrested him for wearing the United States flag. Hoffman quipped to the press, "I regret that I have but one shirt to give for my country," paraphrasing the last words of revolutionary patriot Nathan Hale; Rubin, who was wearing a matching Viet Cong flag, shouted that the police were communists for not arresting him also.[31]
Hearings in August 1966 called to investigate anti-Vietnam war activities were disrupted by hundreds of protesters, many from the Progressive Labor Party. The committee faced witnesses who were openly defiant.[32][33]
According to The Harvard Crimson:
In the fifties, the most effective sanction was terror. Almost any publicity from HUAC meant the 'blacklist.' Without a chance to clear his name, a witness would suddenly find himself without friends and without a job. But it is not easy to see how in 1969 a HUAC blacklist could terrorize an SDS activist. Witnesses like Jerry Rubin have openly boasted of their contempt for American institutions. A subpoena from HUAC would be unlikely to scandalize Abbie Hoffman or his friends.[34]
In an attempt to reinvent itself, the committee was renamed as the Internal Security Committee in 1969.[35]
Termination[edit]
The House Committee on Internal Security was formally terminated on January 14, 1975, the day of the opening of the 94th Congress.[36] The Committee's files and staff were transferred on that day to the House Judiciary Committee.[36]
Chairmen[edit]
Martin Dies Jr., (D-Tex.), 1938–1944
Edward J. Hart (D-N.J.), 1945–1946
J. Parnell Thomas (R-N.J.), 1947–1948
John Stephens Wood (D-Ga.), 1949–1953
Harold H. Velde (R-Ill.), 1953–1955
Francis E. Walter (D-Pa.), 1955–1963
Edwin E. Willis (D-La.), 1963–1969
Richard Howard Ichord Jr. (D-Mo.), 1969–1975
Notable members[edit]
For a complete list of members, see List of members of the House Un-American Activities Committee.
Richard Nixon
Gordon H. Scherer
Karl E. Mundt
Felix Edward Hébert
John E. Rankin
Richard B. Vail
Donald L. Jackson
Jerry Voorhis
Noah M. Mason
See also[edit]
Joseph McCarthy
California Senate Factfinding Subcommittee on Un-American Activities
Defending Dissent Foundation
J. Edgar Hoover
Loyalty oath
McCarran Internal Security Act
Red-baiting
United States Senate Homeland Security Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations
Subversive Activities Control Board
Wilkinson v. United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York: Basic Books. p. 265. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
Jump up ^ For example, see Brown, Sarah (2002-02-05). "Pleading the Fifth". BBC News. McCarthy's House Un-American Activities Committee
Jump up ^ Patrick Doherty, Thomas. Cold War, Cool Medium: Television, McCarthyism, and American Culture. 2003, pages 15–16.
Jump up ^ Schmidt, p. 136
Jump up ^ Schmidt, p. 144
Jump up ^ "Complete Digitized Testimonies: The U.S. Congress Special Committee on Communist Activities in Washington State Hearings (1930)". Communism in Washington State History and Memory Project. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Memoirs, pp. 41–42
Jump up ^ To Added Law for Curb on Reds The New York Times, November 18, 1930 p. 21
Jump up ^ Weinstein, Allen; Vassiliev, Alexander (2000-03-14). The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America—The Stalin Era. New York: Modern Library. pp. 140–150. ISBN 0-375-75536-5.
Jump up ^ Finkelman, Paul (2006-10-10). Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties. CRC Press. p. 780. ISBN 978-0-415-94342-0. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "House Un-American Activities Committee". Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2010-05-29. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Nightingale, Benedict (September 18, 1988). "Mr. Euripides Goes To Washington". The New York Times. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Myer, Dillon S. Uprooted Americans. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 1971. p. 19.
^ Jump up to: a b Niiya, Brian. "Dies Committee". Densho Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Newton, Michael. The Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi A History. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co, 2010, p. 102.
Jump up ^ Newton, p. 162.
Jump up ^ Walter Goodman, The Committee, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1968
Jump up ^ Doug Linder, The Alger Hiss Trials – 1949–50 Archived 2006-08-30 at the Wayback Machine., 2003.
Jump up ^ Dan Georgakas, "Hollywood Blacklist", in: Encyclopedia Of The American Left, 1992.
Jump up ^ Chambers, Whittaker (1952). Witness. Random House. ISBN 0-89526-571-0.
Jump up ^ Weinstein, Allen (2013). Perjury. Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 0-81791-225-8.
Jump up ^ "Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives". Archived from the original on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Stephen J. Whitfield. The Culture of the Cold War. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996
Jump up ^ "The Sixties: House Un-American Activities Committee" at PBS.org
Jump up ^ Carl Nolte (May 13, 2010). "'Black Friday,' birth of U.S. protest movement". San Francisco Chronicle.
Jump up ^ "Operation Abolition," 1960 on YouTube
Jump up ^ "Operation Abolition", Time magazine, 1961.
Jump up ^ Operation Abolition (1960) on YouTube
Jump up ^ "Operation Abolition", video.google.com and Time magazine, Friday, Mar. 17, 1961.
Jump up ^ Youth International Party, 1992.
Jump up ^ Jerry Rubin, A Yippie Manifesto.
Jump up ^ John Herbers (August 17, 1966). "War Foes Clash With House Panel in Stormy Session After Judges Lift Hearing Ban". The New York Times. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jim Dann and Hari Dillon. "The Five Retreats: A History of the Failure of the Progressive Labor Party CHAPTER 1: PLP AT ITS PRIME 1963-1966". Marxists.org. Marxists.org. Retrieved December 11, 2016. PLP brought 800 people for 3 days of the sharpest struggle that Capital Hill had seen in 30 years. PL members shocked the inquisitors when they openly proclaimed their communist beliefs and then went on into long sharp detailed explanations, which didn’t spare the HUAC Congressmen being called every name in the book.
Jump up ^ The Harvard Crimson: Thomas Geogheghan, "By Any Other Name. Brass Tacks", February 24, 1969, accessed March 6, 2011
Jump up ^ Staples 2006, p. 284.
^ Jump up to: a b Charles E. Schamel, Records of the US House of Representatives, Record Group 233: Records of the House Un-American Activities Committee, 1945-1969 (Renamed the) House Internal Security Committee, 1969-1976. Washington, DC: Center for Legislative Archives, National Archives and Records, July 1995; pg. 4.
Works cited[edit]
Staples, William G. (2006). Encyclopedia of Privacy. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-08670-0.
Further reading[edit]
Works by or about House Un-American Activities Committee in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Archives[edit]
Investigation of un-American propaganda activities in the United States. Hearings before a Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives (1938-1944), Volumes 1-17 with Appendices. University of Pennsylvania online gateway to Internet Archive and Hathi Trust.
United States House Committee on Internal Security University of Pennsylvania online gateway to Internet Archive and Hathi Trust.
Schamel, Gharles E. Inventory of records of the Special Committee on Un-American activities, 1938-1944 (the Dies committee). Center for Legislative Archives, National Archives and Records Administration. Washington, D.C., July 1995.
Schamel, Gharles E. Records of the House Un-American Activities committee, 1945-1969, renamed the House Internal Security committee, 1969-1976. Center for Legislative Archives, National Archives and Records Administration. Washington, D.C., July 1995.
Ship, Reuben (2000). "From the Archives: The Investigator (1954): A Radio Play by Reuben Ship". The Journal for MultiMedia History. 3.
Books[edit]
Bentley, Eric, ed. (2002) [1971, Viking Press]. Thirty Years of Treason: Excerpts from Hearings Before the House Committee on Un-American Activities, 1938–1968. Nation Books. ISBN 1-56025-368-1.
Buckley, William F. (1962). The Committee and Its Critics; a Calm Review of the House Committee on Un-American Activities. Putnam Books.
Chambers, Whittaker (1952). Witness. Random House. ISBN 0-89526-571-0.
Donner, Frank J. (1967). The Un-Americans. Ballantine Books.
Gladchuk, John Joseph (2006). Hollywood and Anticommunism: HUAC and the Evolution of the Red Menace, 1935-1950. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-95568-8.
Goodman, Walter (1968). The Committee: The Extraordinary Career of the House Committee on Un-American Activities. Farrar Straus & Giroux. ISBN 0-374-12688-7.
Newton, Michael (2010). The Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi: a history. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-4653-7.
O'Reilly, Kenneth (1983). Hoover and the Unamericans: The FBI, HUAC, and the Red Menace. Temple University Press. ISBN 0-87722-301-7.
Schmidt, Regin (2000). Red Scare: FBI and the Origins of Anticommunism in the United States, 1919–1943. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 9788772895819.
U.S. 86th Congress - House Committee on Un-American Activities (December 1959), "Facts on Communism - Volume I, The Communist Ideology", 75 Stat. 965, House Document No. 336, Internet Archive - Archive.org, p. 166, OCLC 630998985, retrieved 6 October 2013 External link in |work= (help)
U.S. 87th Congress - House Committee on Un-American Activities (December 1960), "Facts on Communism - Volume II, The Soviet Union, from Lenin to Khrushchev", 75 Stat. 961, House Document No. 139, Internet Archive - Archive.org, p. 408, OCLC 80262328, retrieved 6 October 2013 External link in |work= (help)
Articles[edit]
Bogart, Humphrey (March 1948). "I am no communist". Photoplay. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
"Operation Abolition", Time Magazine, March 17, 1961
Seidel, Robert W. (2001). "The National Laboratories and the Atomic Energy Commission in the Early Cold War". Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences. 32 (1): 145–162. doi:10.1525/hsps.2001.32.1.145. JSTOR 3739864.
External links[edit]
History.House.gov HUAC - permanent standing House Committee on Un-American Activities
History.House.gov HUAC - 1948 Alger Hiss–Whittaker Chambers hearing before HUAC
Un-American Activities Committee The Spartacus Educational website, UK
House Unamerican Activities Committee (HUAC) Collection: Pamphlets collected by HUAC, many of which the committee deemed "un-American." (4,000 pamphlets). From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress

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