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Fresh water
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naturally occurring water with low concentrations of dissolved salts
"Freshwater" redirects here. For other uses, see Freshwater (disambiguation).
Rivers, lakes, and marshlands, such as (from top) South America's Amazon River, Russia's Lake Baikal, and the Everglades in Florida of the United States, are types of freshwater systems.
Fresh water (or freshwater) is any naturally occurring water except seawater and brackish water. Fresh water includes water in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, icebergs, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, and even underground water called groundwater. Fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Though the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include mineral-rich waters such as chalybeate springs.
Fresh water is not the same as potable water (or drinking water). Much of the earth's fresh water (on the surface and groundwater) is unsuitable for drinking without some treatment. Fresh water can easily become polluted by human activities or due to naturally occurring processes, such as erosion.
Water is critical to the survival of all living organisms. Some organisms can thrive on salt water, but the great majority of higher plants and most mammals need fresh water to live.
Contents
1 Definitions
1.1 Numerical definition
1.2 Systems
2 Sources
3 Water distribution
4 Aquatic organisms
5 Problems
5.1 Limited resource
5.2 Minimum streamflow
5.3 Water pollution
6 Human uses
6.1 Agriculture
6.2 Examples
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Definitions[edit]
Numerical definition[edit]
Fresh water can be defined as water with less than 500 parts per million (ppm) of dissolved salts.[1]
Part of a series on
Water salinity
Salinity levels
Fresh water (< 0.05%)
Brackish water (0.05–3%)
Saline water (3–5%)
Brine (> 5%)
Bodies of water
Seawater
Salt lake
Hypersaline lake
Salt pan
Brine pool
Bodies by salinity
v
t
e
Other sources give higher upper salinity limits for fresh water, e.g. 1000 ppm[2] or 3000 ppm.[3]
Systems[edit]
Earth seen from Apollo 17. The Antarctic ice sheet at the bottom of the photograph contains 61% of the fresh water, or 1.7% of the total water, on Earth.
Visualisation of the distribution (by volume) of water on Earth. Each tiny cube (such as the one representing biological water) corresponds to approximately 1000 cubic km of water, with a mass of approximately 1 trillion tonnes (200000 times that of the Great Pyramid of Giza or 5 times that of Lake Kariba, arguably the heaviest man-made object). The entire block comprises 1 million tiny cubes.[4]
Water fountain found in a small Swiss village. They are used as a drinking water source for people and cattle. Almost every Alpine village has such a water source.
Fresh water habitats are classified as either lentic systems, which are the still-waters including ponds, lakes, swamps and mires ; lotic which are running-water systems; or groundwaters which flow in rocks and aquifers. There is, in addition, a zone which bridges between groundwater and lotic systems, which is the hyporheic zone, which underlies many larger rivers and can contain substantially more water than is seen in the open channel. It may also be in direct contact with the underlying underground water.
The majority of fresh water on Earth is in ice caps.
Sources[edit]
The source of almost all fresh water is precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain and snow. Fresh water falling as mist, rain or snow contains materials dissolved from the atmosphere and material from the sea and land over which the rain bearing clouds have traveled. In industrialized areas rain is typically acidic because of dissolved oxides of sulfur and nitrogen formed from burning of fossil fuels in cars, factories, trains and aircraft and from the atmospheric emissions of industry. In some cases this acid rain results in pollution of lakes and rivers.
In coastal areas fresh water may contain significant concentrations of salts derived from the sea if windy conditions have lifted drops of seawater into the rain-bearing clouds. This can give rise to elevated concentrations of sodium, chloride, magnesium and sulfate as well as many other compounds in smaller concentrations.
In desert areas, or areas with impoverished or dusty soils, rain-bearing winds can pick up sand and dust and this can be deposited elsewhere in precipitation and causing the freshwater flow to be measurably contaminated both by insoluble solids but also by the soluble components of those soils. Significant quantities of iron may be transported in this way including the well-documented transfer of iron-rich rainfall falling in Brazil derived from sand-storms in the Sahara in north Africa.
Water distribution[edit]
Main article: Water distribution on Earth
Out of all the water on Earth, saline water in oceans, seas and saline groundwater make up about 97% of it. Only 2.5–2.75% is fresh water, including 1.75–2% frozen in glaciers, ice and snow, 0.5–0.75% as fresh groundwater and soil moisture, and less than 0.01% of it as surface water in lakes, swamps and rivers.[5][6] Freshwater lakes contain about 87% of this fresh surface water, including 29% in the African Great Lakes, 22% in Lake Baikal in Russia, 21% in the North American Great Lakes, and 14% in other lakes. Swamps have most of the balance with only a small amount in rivers, most notably the Amazon River. The atmosphere contains 0.04% water.[7] In areas with no fresh water on the ground surface, fresh water derived from precipitation may, because of its lower density, overlie saline ground water in lenses or layers. Most of the world's fresh water is frozen in ice sheets. Many areas suffer from lack of distribution of fresh water, such as deserts.
Aquatic organisms[edit]
Further information: Aquatic animal
Water is a critical issue for the survival of all living organisms. Some can use salt water but many organisms including the great majority of higher plants and most mammals must have access to fresh water to live. Some terrestrial mammals, especially desert rodents appear to survive without drinking but they do generate water through the metabolism of cereal seeds and they also have mechanisms to conserve water to the maximum degree.
Fresh water creates a hypotonic environment for aquatic organisms. This is problematic for some organisms with pervious skins or with gill membranes, whose cell membranes may burst if excess water is not excreted. Some protists accomplish this using contractile vacuoles, while freshwater fish excrete excess water via the kidney.[8] Although most aquatic organisms have a limited ability to regulate their osmotic balance and therefore can only live within a narrow range of salinity, diadromous fish have the ability to migrate between fresh water and saline water bodies. During these migrations they undergo changes to adapt to the surroundings of the changed salinities; these processes are hormonally controlled. The eel (Anguilla anguilla) uses the hormone prolactin,[9] while in salmon (Salmo salar) the hormone cortisol plays a key role during this process.[10]
Many sea birds have special glands at the base of the bill through which excess salt is excreted. Similarly the marine iguanas on the Galápagos Islands excrete excess salt through a nasal gland and they sneeze out a very salty excretion.
Freshwater molluscs include freshwater snails and freshwater bivalves. Freshwater crustaceans include freshwater crabs and crayfish.
Problems[edit]
Limited resource[edit]
Main article: Water scarcity
Fresh water is a renewable and variable, but finite natural resource. Fresh water can only be replenished through the process of the water cycle, in which water from seas, lakes, forests, land, rivers, and reservoirs evaporates, forms clouds, and returns as precipitation. Locally however, if more fresh water is consumed through human activities than is naturally restored, this may result in reduced fresh water availability from surface and underground sources and can cause serious damage to surrounding and associated environments.
Fresh and unpolluted water accounts for 0.003% of total water available globally.[11]
The increase in the world population and the increase in per capita water use puts increasing strains on the finite resources availability of clean fresh water. The World Bank adds that the response by freshwater ecosystems to a changing climate can be described in terms of three interrelated components: water quality, water quantity or volume, and water timing. A change in one often leads to shifts in the others as well.[12] Water pollution and subsequent eutrophication also reduces the availability of fresh water.[13]
Many areas of the world are already experiencing stress on water availability (or water scarcity). Due to the accelerated pace of population growth and an increase in the amount of water a single person uses, it is expected that this situation will continue to get worse. A shortage of water in the future would be detrimental to the human population as it would affect everything from sanitation, to overall health and the production of grain.[14]
Minimum streamflow[edit]
An important concern for hydrological ecosystems is securing minimum streamflow, especially preserving and restoring instream water allocations.[15] Fresh water is an important natural resource necessary for the survival of all ecosystems. The use of water by humans for activities such as irrigation and industrial applications can have adverse impacts on down-stream ecosystems.
Fresh water withdrawal is the quantity of water removed from available sources for use in any purpose, excluding evaporation losses. Water drawn off is not necessarily entirely consumed and some portion may be returned for further use downstream.
Water pollution[edit]
Main article: Water pollution
Pollution from human activity, including oil spills and also presents a problem for freshwater resources. The largest petroleum spill that has ever occurred in fresh water was caused by a Royal Dutch Shell tank ship in Magdalena, Argentina, on 15 January 1999, polluting the environment, drinkable water, plants and animals.[16] Chemical contamination of fresh water can also seriously damage eco-systems.
Human uses[edit]
Agriculture[edit]
Changing landscape for the use of agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water. Changes in landscape by the removal of trees and soils changes the flow of fresh water in the local environment and also affects the cycle of fresh water. As a result, more fresh water is stored in the soil which benefits agriculture. However, since agriculture is the human activity that consumes the most fresh water,[17] this can put a severe strain on local freshwater resources resulting in the destruction of local ecosystems.
In Australia, over-abstraction of fresh water for intensive irrigation activities has caused 33% of the land area to be at risk of salination.[17] With regards to agriculture, the World Bank targets food production and water management as an increasingly global issue that will foster debate.[18]
Examples[edit]
One in eight people in the world do not having access to safe water[19] Innapropriate use of water may contribute to this problem. The following tables provide some indicators of water use.
Table 1 Recommended basic water requirements for human needs (per person) [20]
Activity
Minimum, litres / day
Range / day
Drinking Water 5 2–5
Sanitation Services 20 20–75
Bathing 15 5–70
Cooking and Kitchen 10 10–50
Table 2. Water Requirements of different classes of livestock [21]
Animal
Average / day
Range / day
Dairy cow 76 L (20 US gal) 57 to 95 L (15 to 25 US gal)
Cow-calf pair 57 L (15 US gal) 8 to 76 L (2 to 20 US gal)
Yearling cattle 38 L (10 US gal) 23 to 53 L (6 to 14 US gal)
Horse 38 L (10 US gal) 30 to 53 L (8 to 14 US gal)
Sheep 8 L (2 US gal) 8 to 11 L (2 to 3 US gal)
Table 3 Approximate values of seasonal crop water needs [22]
Crop
Crop water needs mm / total growing period
Sugar Cane 1500–2500
Banana 1200–2200
Citrus 900–1200
Potato 500–700
Tomato 400–800
Barley/Oats/Wheat 450–650
Cabbage 350–500
Onions 350–550
Pea 350–500
See also[edit]
African Great Lakes
Aral Sea
Desalination
Drought
Freshwater ecology
Limnology
List of countries by freshwater withdrawal
List of countries by total renewable water resources
Properties of water
Water cycle
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Groundwater Glossary". 27 March 2006. Archived from the original on 28 April 2006. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
Jump up ^ "Freshwater". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. June 2000. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Freshwater". Fishkeeping glossary. Practical Fishkeeping. Archived from the original on 11 May 2006. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
Jump up ^ USGS – Earth's water distribution Archived 29 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine.. Ga.water.usgs.gov (11 December 2012). Retrieved on 29 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Where is Earth's water? Archived 14 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine., United States Geological Survey.
Jump up ^ Physicalgeography.net Archived 26 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine.. Physicalgeography.net. Retrieved on 29 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Gleick, Peter; et al. (1996). Stephen H. Schneider, ed. Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather. Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ "Vertebrate Kidneys". 3 November 2002. Archived from the original on 29 April 2006. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
Jump up ^ Kalujnaia, S.; et. al. (2007). "Salinity adaptation and gene profiling analysis in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) using microarray technology". Gen Comp Endocrinol. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 152 (2007): 274–80. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.12.025. PMID 17324422.
Jump up ^ Bisal, G.A.; Specker, J.L. (24 January 2006). "Cortisol stimulates hypo-osmoregulatory ability in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L". Journal of Fish Biology. Wiley. 39 (3): 421–432. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb04373.x.
Jump up ^ Nitti, Gianfranco (May 2011). "Water is not an infinite resource and the world is thirsty". The Italian Insider. Rome. p. 8.
Jump up ^ The World Bank, 2009 "Water and Climate Change: Understanding the Risks and Making Climate-Smart Investment Decisions". pp. 19–22. Archived from the original on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nutrients in fresh water"
Jump up ^ "Fresh Water in the Future" Archived 30 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine.. Un.org (17 December 2010). Retrieved on 29 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Peter Gleick; Heather Cooley; David Katz (2006). The world's water, 2006–2007: the biennial report on freshwater resources. Island Press. pp. 29–31. ISBN 1-59726-106-8. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Petroleomagdalena.com Archived 14 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine.. Petroleomagdalena.com (15 January 1999). Retrieved on 29 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Gordon L., D. M. (2003). "Land cover change and water vapour flows: learning from Australia". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 358 (1440): 1973–1984. doi:10.1098/rstb.2003.1381. JSTOR 3558315. PMC 1693281. PMID 14728792.
Jump up ^ Reengaging in Agricultural Water Management: Challenges and Options, The World Bank, pp. 4–5, archived from the original on 5 January 2012, retrieved 30 October 2011
Jump up ^ Water Aid. "Water". Retrieved 17 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Gleick, Peter. "Basic Water Requirements for Human Activities" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Filley, S. "How much does a cow need ?" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Natural Resource Management and Environmental Dept. "Crops Need Water". Archived from the original on 16 January 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
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50 home run club
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Mark McGwire (left) and Sammy Sosa (right) are the only players to join the 50 home run club in four consecutive seasons.
In Major League Baseball (MLB), the 50 home run club is the group of batters who have hit 50 or more home runs in a single season.[1][2][3] Babe Ruth was the first to achieve this, doing so in 1920. By reaching the milestone, he also became the first player to hit 30 and then 40 home runs in a single-season, breaking his own record of 29 from the 1919 season.[4] Ruth subsequently became the first player to reach the 50 home run club on four occasions, repeating the achievement in 1921, 1927 and 1928.[5][6] He remained the only player to accomplish this until Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa matched his feat in 1999 and 2001, respectively, thus becoming the only players to achieve four consecutive 50 home run seasons.[6] Barry Bonds hit the most home runs to join the club, collecting 73 in 2001.[6] The most recent player to reach the milestone is Giancarlo Stanton.
In total, 28 players have reached the 50 home run club in MLB history. Of these, sixteen were right-handed batters, eleven were left-handed, and one was a switch hitter, meaning he could bat from either side of the plate. Three of these players (including two active members of the 50 home run club)[7] have played for only one major league team. The New York Yankees are the only franchise to have four players reach the milestone while on their roster: Ruth, Mickey Mantle, Roger Maris and Alex Rodriguez. Ten players are also members of the 500 home run club[8] and two of them (Willie Mays and Rodriguez) are also members of the 3,000 hit club.[9] Ten players won the Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award in the same year as their 50 home run season.[10] Mantle is the only player to have earned the Major League Triple Crown alongside achieving 50 home runs, leading both leagues in batting average, home runs and runs batted in (RBI).[11][12][13] Mantle and Maris—collectively known as the M&M Boys—are the only teammates to reach the 50 home run club in the same season, hitting a combined 115 home runs in 1961 and breaking the single-season record for home runs by a pair of teammates.[14][15] Albert Belle is the only player to amass 50 or more doubles in addition to attaining 50 home runs.[16][17] Prince Fielder, at 23 years and 139 days, was the youngest player to reach the milestone while Bonds, at age 37, was the oldest.[18][19]
Due to the infrequent addition of members into the 50 home run club, Baseball Digest called it "a restrictive fraternity comprising slugging elite"[20] in 1954, when there were only six members. Of the seventeen members eligible for the Baseball Hall of Fame, eight have been elected and three were elected on the first ballot. Eligibility requires that a player has "been retired five seasons" or deceased for at least six months,[21] disqualifying three active players and five players who have been retired for less than five seasons. Some believe the milestone has become less important with the large number of new members;[22][23] fifteen players joined the club on a total of 24 occasions from 1995 to 2010.[6] Additionally, several of these recent members have had ties to performance-enhancing drugs.[24][25][26][27]
Contents
[hide]
1 Members
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
Members[edit]
Babe Ruth was the first member of the 50 home run club and joined it in four seasons, a record he shares with Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa.
Jimmie Foxx achieved the 50 home run club and won the MVP Award in 1932 and 1938.
Mickey Mantle (right) earned the Triple Crown in addition to achieving the 50 home run club in 1956. Five years later, he and Roger Maris (left) became the only teammates to reach the 50 home run club in the same season.
Key
Year
The year the player's 50 home run season occurred
Player (X)
Name of the player and number of 50 home run seasons they had accomplished at that point
Team
The player's team for his 50 home run season
HR
Number of home runs in that season
Career HR
The number of home runs the player hit in his MLB career
^
Denotes single-season home run record progression
Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame
Player is active
Members of the 50 home run club
Year
Player
Team
HR
Career HR
Ref
1920
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth
New York Yankees 54^ 714 [5]
1921
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth (2)
New York Yankees 59^ 714 [5]
1927
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth (3)
New York Yankees 60^ 714 [5]
1928
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth (4)
New York Yankees 54 714 [5]
1930
Wilson, HackHack Wilson
Chicago Cubs 56 244 [28]
1932
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx
Philadelphia Athletics 58 534 [29]
1938
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx (2)
Boston Red Sox 50 534 [29]
1938
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg
Detroit Tigers 58 331 [30]
1947
Mize, JohnnyJohnny Mize
New York Giants 51 359 [31]
1947
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner
Pittsburgh Pirates 51 369 [32]
1949
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner (2)
Pittsburgh Pirates 54 369 [32]
1955
Mays, WillieWillie Mays
New York Giants 51 660 [33]
1956
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle
New York Yankees 52 536 [34]
1961
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle (2)
New York Yankees 54 536 [34]
1961
Maris, RogerRoger Maris
New York Yankees 61^ 275 [35]
1965
Mays, WillieWillie Mays (2)
San Francisco Giants 52 660 [33]
1977
Foster, GeorgeGeorge Foster
Cincinnati Reds 52 348 [36]
1990
Fielder, CecilCecil Fielder
Detroit Tigers 51 319 [37]
1995
Belle, AlbertAlbert Belle
Cleveland Indians 50 381 [38]
1996
Anderson, BradyBrady Anderson
Baltimore Orioles 50 210 [39]
1996
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
Oakland Athletics 52 583 [40]
1997
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.
Seattle Mariners 56 630 [41]
1997
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire (2)
Oakland Athletics
St. Louis Cardinals 58 583 [40]
1998
Vaughn, GregGreg Vaughn
San Diego Padres 50 355 [42]
1998
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr. (2)
Seattle Mariners 56 630 [41]
1998
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
Chicago Cubs 66 609 [43]
1998
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire (3)
St. Louis Cardinals 70^ 583 [40]
1999
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa (2)
Chicago Cubs 63 609 [43]
1999
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire (4)
St. Louis Cardinals 65 583 [40]
2000
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa (3)
Chicago Cubs 50 609 [43]
2001
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
Texas Rangers 52 696 [44]
2001
Gonzalez, LuisLuis Gonzalez
Arizona Diamondbacks 57 354 [45]
2001
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa (4)
Chicago Cubs 64 609 [43]
2001
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
San Francisco Giants 73^ 762 [46]
2002
Thome, JimJim Thome
Cleveland Indians 52 612 [47]
2002
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez (2)
Texas Rangers 57 696 [44]
2005
Jones, AndruwAndruw Jones
Atlanta Braves 51 434 [48]
2006
Howard, RyanRyan Howard
Philadelphia Phillies 58 382 [7]
2006
Ortiz, DavidDavid Ortiz
Boston Red Sox 54 541 [49]
2007
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez (3)
New York Yankees 54 696 [44]
2007
Fielder, PrincePrince Fielder[A]
Milwaukee Brewers 50 319 [51]
2010
Bautista, JoséJosé Bautista
Toronto Blue Jays 54 328 [52]
2013
Davis, ChrisChris Davis
Baltimore Orioles 53 261 [53]
2017
Stanton, GiancarloGiancarlo Stanton
Miami Marlins 55 263 [54]
See also[edit]
Baseball portal
List of Major League Baseball home run champions
Major League Baseball single-season home run record
List of Major League Baseball home run records
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Although Fielder is not officially retired, he will spend the remaining four years of his contract on the 60-day disabled list.[50]
References[edit]
General
"Single-Season Leaders & Records for Home Runs". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
Specific
Jump up ^ Johnston, Joey (July 1987). "Will 50-Homer Seasons Become Extinct in the Majors?". Baseball Digest. Evanston, IL, USA: Century Publishing. 46 (7): 60–61. ISSN 0005-609X.
Jump up ^ Smith, Claire (September 29, 1997). "On Baseball; Numbers Tell It All: 1997 Was Impressive". The New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2012. Larry Walker...missed joining McGwire and Griffey in the 50 home run club (49).
Jump up ^ Bastian, Jordan (September 19, 2010). "Bautista belts 49th as Jays edge Red Sox". MLB.com. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved July 4, 2012. Bautista['s]...next blast will put him in the 50 home run club.
Jump up ^ "Progressive Leaders & Records for Home Runs". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Babe Ruth Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Single-Season Leaders & Records for Home Runs". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ryan Howard Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Career Leaders & Records for Home Runs". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Career Leaders & Records for Hits". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Most Valuable Player MVP Awards & Cy Young Awards Winners". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mantle Eligible for 'Hall' Today". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. January 16, 1974. p. 24. Retrieved July 4, 2012. Mantle took the triple crown in 1956 when he batted .353 with 52 home runs and 130 runs batted in.
Jump up ^ "Mickey Mantle Named Most Valuable Player". The Milwaukee Journal. November 15, 1956. p. 20. Retrieved July 4, 2012. Mantle, who won the triple batting crown..., became the eighth man in history to win the batting, home run and runs batted in titles in one season. [He] led the league, both leagues in fact, with a .353 batting average, 52 homers and 130 runs batted in.
Jump up ^ "1956 Major League Baseball Batting Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Singer, Tom (August 24, 2011). "Plenty of duos have look of M&M Boys". MLB.com. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved July 27, 2012. [T]heir combined total of 115 still stands as the benchmark for teammates.
Jump up ^ "A Short History of the Single-Season Home Run Record". National Baseball Hall of Fame. Retrieved July 4, 2012. [Maris] and Mantle...broke the record for most single-season home runs by a pair of teammates.
Jump up ^ Carter, Bob (September 5, 2006). "Belle battled fans, teammates, self". ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved July 5, 2012. In 1995,...he became the first player to amass 50 doubles and 50 homers in the same year.
Jump up ^ "Belle is forgotten man". The Spokesman-Review. September 27, 1998. p. C5. Retrieved July 5, 2012. [H]e became the first player to hit 50 homers and 50 doubles in 1995.
Jump up ^ "Prince hits 50, but it's 52 he wants to 'shut up' his dad". ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures. September 26, 2007. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Baseball; Giants' Bonds Is Fastest to 50 Homers". The New York Times. August 12, 2001. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ Leonard, George K. (October 1954). "37 Stars Hit 50 Homers in Year!". Baseball Digest. Evanston, IL, USA: Century Publishing. 13 (9): 43. ISSN 0005-609X. Retrieved July 11, 2012. Not as exclusive as the "Four Homers in One Game Club" but, nevertheless, a restrictive sort of fraternity is that comprising batters who have blasted 50—or more—home runs in one season. This group of slugging elite...
Jump up ^ "Rules for Election". National Baseball Hall of Fame. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Chass, Murray (September 30, 2001). "Baseball: Notebook; Measure of Inflation For Home Run Race". The New York Times. Retrieved July 15, 2012. I think it takes some of the luster off the numbers that some of the best players established...
Jump up ^ Schwarz, Alan (June 9, 2002). "Ideas & Trends; Scoring Hits, Runs and Asterisks". The New York Times. Retrieved July 15, 2012. Where 50 home runs in a season once meant something (just 18 players did it before 1995), 16 have since...
Jump up ^ Krawczynski, Jon (October 2, 2010). "Bautista's homer binge brings questions". USA Today. Retrieved July 15, 2012. McGwire has admitted to using steroids during his career and Sosa and Bonds have been dogged by allegations.
Jump up ^ Bloom, Barry M. (December 13, 2007). "Mitchell Report proposes solutions". MLB.com. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kepner, Tyler (February 9, 2009). "Rodriguez Admits to Use of Performance Enhancers". The New York Times. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Schmidt, Michael S. (July 30, 2009). "Ortiz and Ramirez Said to Be on 2003 Doping List". The New York Times. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Hack Wilson Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jimmie Foxx Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Hank Greenberg Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Johnny Mize Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ralph Kiner Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Willie Mays Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mickey Mantle Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Roger Maris Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "George Foster Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Cecil Fielder Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Albert Belle Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Brady Anderson Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Mark McGwire Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ken Griffey Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Greg Vaughn Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Sammy Sosa Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Alex Rodriguez Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Luis Gonzalez Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Barry Bonds Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Jim Thome Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Andruw Jones Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "David Ortiz Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, T.R. (August 10, 2016). "Fielder announces playing career over". MLB.com. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Prince Fielder Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Jose Bautista Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Chris Davis Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Giancarlo Stanton Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
[hide]
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List of African countries by area
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Below is a list of all countries in Africa, in order of geographical area. Sudan was, with an area of 2,505,813km², formerly the largest country in Africa, until South Sudan formally split from it in 2011.
Rank
Flag
Name[1][2][3]
Area[a][b][4]
1
Algeria 02381740 !2,381,741 km2 (919,595 sq mi)
2
Democratic Republic of the Congo 02344858 !2,344,858 km2 (905,355 sq mi)
3
Sudan 01861484 !1,861,484 km2 (718,723 sq mi)
4
Libya 01759540 !1,759,540 km2 (679,362 sq mi)
5
Chad 01284000 !1,284,000 km2 (495,755 sq mi)
6
Niger 01267000 !1,267,000 km2 (489,191 sq mi)
7
Angola 01246700 !1,246,700 km2 (481,354 sq mi)
8
Mali 01240192 !1,240,192 km2 (478,841 sq mi)
9
South Africa 01221037 !1,221,037 km2 (471,445 sq mi)
10
Ethiopia 01104300 !1,104,300 km2 (426,373 sq mi)
11
Mauritania 01030700 !1,030,700 km2 (397,955 sq mi)
12
Egypt (Excluding Asian section) 01001449 !1,001,449 km2 (386,662 sq mi)
13
Tanzania 00945203 !945,203 km2 (364,945 sq mi)
14
Nigeria 00923768 !923,768 km2 (356,669 sq mi)
15
Namibia 00825418 !825,418 km2 (318,696 sq mi)
16
Mozambique 00801590 !801,590 km2 (309,496 sq mi)
17
Zambia 00752614 !752,614 km2 (290,586 sq mi)
18
South Sudan 00644329 !644,329 km2 (248,777 sq mi)
19
Somalia 00637657 !637,657 km2 (246,201 sq mi)
20
Central African Republic 00622984 !622,984 km2 (240,535 sq mi)
21
Madagascar 00587041 !587,041 km2 (226,658 sq mi)
22
Botswana 00581726 !581,726 km2 (224,606 sq mi)
23
Kenya 00580367 !580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi)
24
Cameroon 00475442 !475,442 km2 (183,569 sq mi)
25
Morocco 00446550 !446,550 km2 (172,414 sq mi)**
26
Zimbabwe 00390757 !390,757 km2 (150,872 sq mi)
27
Republic of the Congo 00342000 !342,000 km2 (132,047 sq mi)
28
Côte d'Ivoire 00322460 !322,460 km2 (124,503 sq mi)
29
Burkina Faso 00274000 !274,000 km2 (105,792 sq mi)
30
Gabon 00267668 !267,668 km2 (103,347 sq mi)
31
Guinea 00245857 !245,857 km2 (94,926 sq mi)
32
Ghana 00238534 !238,534 km2 (92,098 sq mi)
33
Uganda 00236040 !236,040 km2 (91,136 sq mi)
34
Senegal 00196723 !196,723 km2 (75,955 sq mi)
35
Tunisia 00163610 !163,610 km2 (63,170 sq mi)
36
Malawi 00118484 !118,484 km2 (45,747 sq mi)
37
Eritrea 00117600 !117,600 km2 (45,406 sq mi)
38
Benin 00112622 !112,622 km2 (43,484 sq mi)
39
Liberia 00111369 !111,369 km2 (43,000 sq mi)
40
Sierra Leone 00071740 !71,740 km2 (27,699 sq mi)
41
Togo 00056785 !56,785 km2 (21,925 sq mi)
42
Guinea-Bissau 00036125 !36,125 km2 (13,948 sq mi)
43
Lesotho 00030355 !30,355 km2 (11,720 sq mi)
44
Equatorial Guinea 00028051 !28,051 km2 (10,831 sq mi)
45
Burundi 00027830 !27,830 km2 (10,745 sq mi)
46
Rwanda 00026798 !26,798 km2 (10,347 sq mi)
47
Djibouti 00023200 !23,200 km2 (8,958 sq mi)
48
Swaziland 00017364 !17,364 km2 (6,704 sq mi)
49
Gambia 00010380 !10,380 km2 (4,008 sq mi)
50
Cape Verde 00004033 !4,033 km2 (1,557 sq mi)
51
Comoros 00002235 !2,235 km2 (863 sq mi)
52
Mauritius 00002040 !2,040 km2 (788 sq mi)
53
São Tomé and Príncipe 00000964 !964 km2 (372 sq mi)
54
Seychelles 00000451 !451 km2 (174 sq mi)
** — Excluding all disputed lands (Western Sahara and Spanish territories)
See also[edit]
List of Asian countries by area
List of European countries by area
List of Oceanian countries by area
List of South American countries by area
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Field Listing :: Names". CIA. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "UNGEGN List of Country Names" (PDF). United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names. 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "List of countries, territories and currencies". Europa. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Field Listing :: Area". CIA. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
[show]
v
t
e
Countries and dependencies of Asia
Sovereign states
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
Egypt
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Palestine
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
States with limited recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Northern Cyprus
South Ossetia
Taiwan
Dependencies and special
administrative regions
Australia
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
China
Hong Kong
Macau
United Kingdom
Akrotiri and Dhekelia
British Indian Ocean Territory
[show]
v
t
e
Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe
Sovereign states
Albania
Andorra
Armenia2
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus2
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland1
Ireland
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States with limited
recognition
Abkhazia2
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Kosovo
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South Ossetia2
Transnistria
Dependencies
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Faroe Islands1
autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark
United Kingdom
Akrotiri and Dhekelia2
Sovereign Base Areas
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Crown dependencies
Special areas of
internal sovereignty
Finland
Åland Islands
autonomous region subject to the Åland Convention of 1921
Norway
Svalbard
unincorporated area subject to the Svalbard Treaty
United Kingdom
Northern Ireland
country of the United Kingdom subject to the British-Irish Agreement
1 Oceanic islands within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.
2 Some countries completely outside the conventional geographical boundaries of Europe are commonly associated with the continent due to ethnological links.
[show]
v
t
e
Countries and territories of Africa
Sovereign states
entirely/mostly
in Africa
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
partly
in Africa
France
Mayotte
Réunion
Italy
Pantelleria
Pelagie Islands
Portugal
Madeira
Spain
Canary Islands
Ceuta
Melilla
Plazas de soberanía
Yemen
Socotra
Territories and
dependencies
Îles Éparses
France
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
UK
Southern Provinces (Western Sahara)1
States with limited
recognition
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Somaliland
1 Unclear sovereignty.
[show]
v
t
e
Countries and territories of Oceania
Sovereign states
Entire
Australia
Federated States of Micronesia
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Nauru
New Zealand
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
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Vanuatu
In part
Chile
Easter Island
Juan Fernández Islands
Indonesia
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Papua
Japan
Bonin Islands
Minami-Tori-Shima
United States
Hawaii
Palmyra Atoll
Associated states
of New Zealand
Niue
Cook Islands
Dependencies and
other territories
Australia
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
Coral Sea Islands
Norfolk Island
United States
American Samoa
Baker Island
Guam
Howland Island
Jarvis Island
Johnston Atoll
Kingman Reef
Midway Atoll
Northern Mariana Islands
Wake Island
New Zealand
Tokelau
France
French Polynesia
New Caledonia
Wallis and Futuna
United Kingdom
Pitcairn Islands
[show]
v
t
e
Lists of countries by geographical rankings
Area
Total
Exclusive Economic Zone
Forest
Irrigated
Extreme points
Elevation
highest
average
lowest
Latitude
Northernmost
Southernmost
Longitude
Easternmost
Westernmost
Perimeter
Coastline length
Land border length
Number of bordering countries
land-only
land and maritime
maritime-only
List of countries and territories by border/area ratio
Other
Freshwater
resources
withdrawal
Time zones
List of international rankings
List of top international rankings by country
Lists by country
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_African_countries_by_area&oldid=809230180"
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