text:
List of Indian Premier League awards
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The article lists all the awards of the Indian Premier League, a Twenty20 cricket competition based in India. The tournament honours players with several awards at the end of the every season. They are Orange Cap, Purple Cap, Maximum Sixes Award, Most Valuable Player and Emerging Player of the Year.
Contents
[hide]
1 Orange Cap
1.1 Winners
2 Purple Cap
2.1 Winners
3 Maximum Sixes Award
3.1 Winners
4 Most Valuable Player(Previously: The Golden Player)
5 Player of the match (Final)
6 Emerging player of the year
7 See also
8 References
Orange Cap[edit]
The Orange Cap is an annual cricket award presented to the leading run scorer in the Indian Premier League.[1][2] It was introduced on 25 April 2008, a week after the start of the inaugural season of the IPL. The batsman with most runs in the tournament during the course of the season would wear the Orange Cap while fielding, with the overall leading run-scorer at the conclusion of the tournament winning the actual Orange Cap award on the day of the season's final. Brendon McCullum became the first player to wear the Orange Cap,[2] and Shaun Marsh became the first winner of the award.
The then IPL chairman and commissioner Lalit Modi said of the initiative, "Cricket is often remembered and recorded as statistics and not by material distinctions. The Indian Premier League will create a distinction for the best performing batsman, which will be cherished and valued by each player through this initiative. The purpose of this initiative is to be innovative, create another unique piece of history that sets the Indian Premier League apart from the crowd, and to reward outstanding achievements by the players."[2]
Winners[edit]
Season
Player[1]
Mat
Runs
Ref
2008 Shaun Marsh (KXIP) 11 616 [3]
2009 Matthew Hayden (CSK) 12 572 [4]
2010 Sachin Tendulkar (MI) 15 618 [5]
2011 Chris Gayle (RCB) 12 608 [6]
2012 Chris Gayle (RCB) 15 733 [7]
2013 Michael Hussey (CSK) 16 733 [8]
2014 Robin Uthappa (KKR) 16 660 [9]
2015 David Warner (SRH) 14 562 [10]
2016 Virat Kohli (RCB) 16 973 [11]
2017 David Warner (SRH) 14 641 [12]
indicates the player captained his team for the season.
Purple Cap[edit]
The Purple Cap is an annual cricket award presented to the leading wicket-taker in the Indian Premier League.[13][14] After the introduction of Orange Cap on 25 April 2008, the Indian Premier League announced the introduction of the Purple Cap on 13 May 2008. The bowler with most wickets in the tournament during the course of the season would wear the Purple Cap while fielding, with the overall leading wicket-taker at the conclusion of the tournament winning the actual Purple Cap award on the day of the season's final. In case of a tie, the bowler with superior economy rate would hold the Purple Cap.[15]
The then IPL chairman and commissioner Lalit Modi said of the initiative, "We have seen over the course of the inaugural season of the League so far that bowlers have just as important a role to play in winning T20 matches as batsmen do.”[15]
Winners[edit]
Season
Player[13]
Mat
Wkts
Ref
2008 Sohail Tanvir (RR) 11 22 [16]
2009 R. P. Singh (DC) 16 23 [17]
2010 Pragyan Ojha (DC) 16 21 [18]
2011 Lasith Malinga (MI) 16 28 [19]
2012 Morne Morkel (DD) 16 25 [20]
2013 Dwayne Bravo (CSK) 18 32 [21]
2014 Mohit Sharma (CSK) 16 23 [22]
2015 Dwayne Bravo (CSK) 16 26 [23]
2016 Bhuvneshwar Kumar (SRH) 17 23 [24]
2017 Bhuvneshwar Kumar (SRH) 14 26 [25]
Maximum Sixes Award[edit]
The Maximum Sixes Award is an annual cricket award presented to the batsman who hits the most sixes in the Indian Premier League.[26]
Winners[edit]
Season
Player
Mat
Sixes
Ref
2008 Sanath Jayasuriya (MI) 14 31 [27]
2009 Adam Gilchrist (DC) 16 29 [28]
2010 Robin Uthappa (RCB) 16 27 [29]
2011 Chris Gayle (RCB) 12 44 [30]
2012 Chris Gayle (RCB) 15 59 [31]
2013 Chris Gayle (RCB) 16 51 [32]
2014 Glenn Maxwell (KXIP) 16 36 [33]
2015 Chris Gayle (RCB) 14 38 [34]
2016 Virat Kohli (RCB) 16 38 [35]
2017 Glenn Maxwell (KXIP) 14 26 [36]
Most Valuable Player(Previously: The Golden Player)[edit]
The award was called the "man of the tournament" till the 2012 season. The IPL introduced the Most Valuable Player rating system in 2013, the leader of which would be named the "Most Valuable Player" at the end of the season.
Season
Player
Ref
2008 Shane Watson (RR) [37]
2009 Adam Gilchrist (DC) [38]
2010 Sachin Tendulkar (MI) [39]
2011 Chris Gayle (RCB) [40]
2012 Sunil Narine (KKR) [41]
2013 Shane Watson (RR) [42]
2014 Glenn Maxwell (KXIP) [43]
2015 Andre Russell (KKR) [44]
2016 Virat Kohli (RCB) [45]
2017 Ben Stokes (RPS) [46]
Player of the match (Final)[edit]
Season
Player of the match
Ref
2008 Yusuf Pathan (RR) [37]
2009 Anil Kumble (RCB) [38]
2010 Suresh Raina (CSK) [39]
2011 Murali Vijay (CSK) [40]
2012 Manvinder Bisla (KKR) [41]
2013 Kieron Pollard (MI) [42]
2014 Manish Pandey (KKR) [43]
2015 Rohit Sharma (MI) [44]
2016 Ben Cutting (SRH) [45]
2017 Krunal Pandya (MI) [46]
Emerging player of the year[edit]
The award was presented for the "best under-19 player" in 2008 and "best under-23 player" in 2009 and 2010, being called "Under-23 Success of the Tournament". In 2011 and 2012, the award was known as "Rising Star of the Year", while, in 2013, it was called "Best Young Player of the Season". Since 2014, the award has been called the "Emerging Player of the Year."
Season
Player
Ref
2008 Shreevats Goswami (RCB) [37]
2009 Rohit Sharma (DC) [38]
2010 Saurabh Tiwary (MI) [39]
2011 Iqbal Abdulla (KKR) [40]
2012 Mandeep Singh (KXIP) [41]
2013 Sanju Samson (RR) [42]
2014 Axar Patel (KXIP) [43]
2015 Shreyas Iyer (DD) [44]
2016 Mustafizur Rahman (SRH) [45]
2017 Basil Thampi (GL) [46]
See also[edit]
List of Indian Premier League centuries
List of Indian Premier League records and statistics
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "IPL Stats".
^ Jump up to: a b c "IPL introduces 'Orange Cap' award". thatscricket.com. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Most runs-2008". iplt20. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most runs-2009". iplt20. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most runs-2010". iplt20. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most runs-2011". iplt20. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most runs-2012". iplt20. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most runs-2013". iplt20. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most runs-2014". iplt20. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most runs-2015". iplt20. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most runs-2016". iplt20. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Cricket Records | Indian Premier League, 2017 | Records | Most runs | ESPN Cricinfo". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2017-05-22.
^ Jump up to: a b "IPL Stats".
Jump up ^ "Warner takes Orange cap, Bravo wins race for Purple cap".
^ Jump up to: a b "Purple Cap for bowlers". The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Most wickets-2008". iplt20. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Most wickets-2009". iplt20. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Most wickets-2010". iplt20. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Most wickets-2011". iplt20. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Most wickets-2012". iplt20. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Most wickets-2013". iplt20. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Most wickets-2014". iplt20. Retrieved 1 Jun 2014.
Jump up ^ "Most wickets-2015". iplt20. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most wickets-2016". iplt20. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Most wickets-2017". iplt20. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "IPL Stats".
Jump up ^ "most 6's – 2008". IPLT20.com. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "most 6's – 2009". IPLT20.com. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "most 6's – 2010". IPLT20.com. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "most 6's – 2011". IPLT20.com. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "most 6's – 2012". IPLT20.com. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "most 6's – 2013". IPLT20.com. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "most 6's – 2014". IPLT20.com. Retrieved 1 Jun 2014.
Jump up ^ "most 6's – 2015". IPLT20.com. Retrieved 19 Apr 2015.
Jump up ^ "most 6's – 2016". IPLT20.com. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "most 6's – 2014". IPLT20.com. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Player of the series – 2008". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Player of the series – 2009". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Player of the series – 2010". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Player of the series – 2011". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Player of the series – 2012". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Player of the series – 2013". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Player of the series – 2014". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 1 Jun 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Player of the series – 2015". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Final: Royal Challengers Bangalore v Sunrisers Hyderabad at Bengaluru, May 29, 2016 | Cricket Scorecard | ESPN Cricinfo". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "RPS vs MI, Final – IPL Live Score, Commentary | Cricket Scorecard | Cricbuzz". Cricbuzz. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
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text:
May the Good Lord Bless and Keep You
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"May the Good Lord Bless and Keep You" is a popular song by Meredith Willson, originally published in 1950.
The song is now considered a standard, recorded by many artists.
It was used as Tallulah Bankhead's theme song for her NBC radio program, "The Big Show." Bankhead would recite the words in her husky voice, with guest stars joining in reciting the words, one line per star, which made a memorable ending for the show.
However, it was most popular when it was regularly sung by Kate Smith on her early 1950s TV show as the closing song.
Notable recordings[edit]
Many singers have recorded the song, including:
Eddy Arnold, The Tennessee Plough Boys and his Guitar recorded in New York City on December 13, 1950. It was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-0425 (in USA) and by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalog number MH 148.[1]
Jose Mari Chan - included in his album Christmas in Our Hearts (1990).
Perry Como - for his album When You Come to the End of the Day (1958)
Bing Crosby - a single release recorded December 13, 1950 for Decca Records.[2]
Joni James - for her album Give Us This Day (1957).[3]
Katherine Jenkins - included in her album Sacred Arias (2008).
Teddy Johnson - A 1951 single release for Columbia Records in the UK. Included in the compilation album These Were Our Songs - The Early 50s.[4]
Frankie Laine - A single release on Mercury-5580 and included in his album Music, Maestro, Please (1952).[5]
Liberace - included in his album My Inspiration (1961).[6]
Johnny Mathis - for his album Good Night, Dear Lord (1959)
Jim Reeves - for his album Songs to Warm the Heart (1959).[7]
Cliff Richard - included in his album Good News (1967).[8]
Ernest Tubb - a single release for Decca in 1951.[9]
Tammy Wynette - included in her album Inspiration (1969)
Faron Young - for his album My Garden of Prayer (1959)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "45worlds.com". 45worlds.com. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A Bing Crosby Discography". BING magazine. International Club Crosby. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "45cat.com". 45cat.com. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
See also[edit]
Priestly Blessing, an ancient Jewish prayer with similar themes
[show]
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Eddy Arnold
Studio albums
I Want to Go with You
The Everlovin' World of Eddy Arnold
So Many Ways/If the Whole World Stopped Lovin'
Songs
"Anytime"
"Bouquet of Roses"
"The Cattle Call"
"Don't Rob Another Man's Castle"
"Easy on the Eyes"
"Eddy's Song"
"A Heart Full of Love (For a Handful of Kisses)"
"I Really Don't Want to Know"
"I Walk Alone"
"I Wanna Play House With You"
"I Want to Go with You"
"I'll Hold You in My Heart"
"I'll Hold You in My Heart (Till I Can Hold You in My Arms)"
"I'm Throwing Rice (At the Girl That I Love)"
"If I Had You"
"It's a Sin"
"Just a Little Lovin' (Will Go a Long Way)"
"Just Call Me Lonesome"
"Kentucky Waltz"
"Lonely Again"
"Make the World Go Away"
"May the Good Lord Bless and Keep You"
"Misty Blue"
"San Francisco is a Lonely Town"
"Somebody Like Me"
"Texarkana Baby"
"Then You Can Tell Me Goodbye"
"There's Been a Change in Me"
"The Tip of My Fingers"
"Trouble in Mind"
"Turn the World Around"
"What Is Life Without Love"
"What's He Doing in My World"
"The Wheel of Hurt"
"When My Blue Moon Turns to Gold Again"
"You Don't Know Me"
Related articles
Discography
The Eddy Arnold Show
Eddy Arnold Time
Roy Wiggins
[show]
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Meredith Willson
Musicals
The Music Man (1957)
The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1960)
Here's Love (1963)
1491 (1969)
Film scores
The Great Dictator (1940)
The Little Foxes (1941)
Compositions
Music Man
"Iowa Stubborn"
"(Ya Got) Trouble"
"Seventy-six Trombones"
"Goodnight, Ladies"
"Shipoopi"
"Till There Was You"
Other
"May the Good Lord Bless and Keep You"
"It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas"
"I See the Moon"
"Iowa Fight Song"
Related
The Big Show
[show]
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Tammy Wynette
Studio albums
Your Good Girl's Gonna Go Bad (1967)
Take Me to Your World / I Don't Wanna Play House (1968)
D-I-V-O-R-C-E (1968)
Stand by Your Man (1969)
Inspiration (1969)
Higher Ground (1987)
Next to You (1989)
Heart Over Mind (1990)
Collaboration albums
We Go Together
Me and the First Lady
We Love to Sing About Jesus
Let's Build a World Together
We're Gonna Hold On
George & Tammy & Tina
Golden Ring
Together Again
Honky Tonk Angels
George and Tammy Super Hits
One
Singles
"I Don't Wanna Play House"
"Take Me to Your World"
"D-I-V-O-R-C-E"
"Stand by Your Man"
"Singing My Song"
"The Ways to Love a Man"
"He Loves Me All the Way"
"Run, Woman, Run"
"We Sure Can Love Each Other"
"Good Lovin' (Makes It Right)"
"Bedtime Story"
"Reach Out Your Hand (And Touch Somebody)"
"My Man (Understands)"
"'Til I Get It Right"
"Kids Say the Darndest Things"
"Another Lonely Song"
"Woman to Woman"
"'Til I Can Make It on My Own"
"You and Me"
"Womanhood"
"Crying in the Rain"
"Sometimes When We Touch"
Collaboration singles
"My Elusive Dreams"
"We're Gonna Hold On"
"Golden Ring"
"Near You"
"Two Story House"
"Silver Threads and Golden Needles"
"It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels"
Related articles
Discography
Discography with George Jones
"Justified & Ancient"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=May_the_Good_Lord_Bless_and_Keep_You&oldid=800562877"
Categories:
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Jim Reeves songs
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Red Fort
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Red Fort
A view of the Red Fort
Location
Old Delhi, India
Coordinates
28°39′22″N 77°14′28″E / 28.656°N 77.241°E / 28.656; 77.241Coordinates: 28°39′22″N 77°14′28″E / 28.656°N 77.241°E / 28.656; 77.241
Built
12 May 1639 – 6 April 1648
(8 years 10 months & 25 days)
Architect
Ustad Ahmad Lahauri
Architectural style(s)
Indo-Islamic, Mughal
Location in Delhi, India, Asia
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name
Red Fort Complex
Criteria
Cultural: (ii), (iii), (vi) [1]
Reference
231
Inscription
2007 (31st Session)
[edit on Wikidata]
The Red Fort is a historical fort in the city of Delhi in India. It was the main residence of the emperors of the Mughal dynasty for nearly 200 years, until 1857. It is located in the center of Delhi and houses a number of museums. In addition to accommodating the emperors and their households, it was the ceremonial and political centre of the Mughal state and the setting for events critically impacting the region.[2]
Constructed in 1639 by the fifth Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan as the palace of his fortified capital Shahjahanabad,[3] the Red Fort is named for its massive enclosing walls of red sandstone and is adjacent to the older Salimgarh Fort, built by Islam Shah Suri in 1546. The imperial apartments consist of a row of pavilions, connected by a water channel known as the Stream of Paradise (Nahr-i-Bihisht). The fort complex is considered to represent the zenith of Mughal creativity under Shah Jahan,[citation needed] and although the palace was planned according to Islamic prototypes, each pavilion contains architectural elements typical of Mughal buildings that reflect a fusion of Timurid and Persian traditions. The Red Fort’s innovative architectural style, including its garden design, influenced later buildings and gardens in Delhi, Rajasthan, Punjab, Kashmir, Braj, Rohilkhand and elsewhere.[2]
The fort was plundered of its artwork and jewels during Nadir Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire in 1747. Most of the fort's precious marble structures were subsequently destroyed by the British following the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857.[4] The forts's defensive walls were largely spared, and the fortress was subsequently used as a garrison.[4] The Red Fort was also the site where the British put the last Mughal Emperor on trial before exiling him to Rangoon in 1858.[5]
Every year on the Independence day of India (15 August), the Prime Minister hoists the Indian "tricolour flag" at the main gate of the fort and delivers a nationally-broadcast speech from its ramparts.[6]
It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007 as part of the Red Fort Complex.[2][7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Name
2 History
3 Today
4 Security
5 Architecture
6 Major structures
6.1 Lahori Gate
6.2 Delhi Gate
6.3 Chhatta Chowk
6.4 Naubat Khana
6.5 Diwan-i-Aam
6.6 Nahr-i-Bihisht
6.7 Mumtaz Mahal
6.8 Rang Mahal
6.9 Khas Mahal
6.10 Diwan-i-Khas
6.11 Hammam
6.12 Baoli
6.13 Moti Masjid
6.14 Hira Mahal
6.15 Hayat Bakhsh Bagh
6.16 Princes' quarter
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Name[edit]
Its English name, "Red Fort", is a translation of the Hindustani Lāl Qila deriving from its red-sandstone walls. As the residence of the imperial family, the fort was originally known as the "Blessed Fort" (Qila-i-Mubārak).[8][9] Agra Fort is also called Lāl Qila'.
History[edit]
1785 view of the Red Fort from the east. In the foreground the Rang Mahal is on the left, the Khwabgah Jharoka in the centre and the Moti Masjid on the far right.
View of the Red Fort from the river (by Ghulam Ali Khan, between c. 1852–1854
Bahadur Shah II in the 'Khas Mahal, underneath the Scales of Justice
Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned construction of the Red Fort on 12 May 1639, when he decided to shift his capital from Agra to Delhi. Originally red and white, the Shah's favourite colours,[10] its design is credited to architect Ustad Ahmad Lahauri, who also constructed the Taj Mahal.[11][12] The fort lies along the Yamuna River, which fed the moats surrounding most of the walls.[13] Construction began in the sacred month of Muharram, on 13 May 1638.[14]:01 Supervised by Shah Jahan, it was completed on 6 April 1648.[15][16] Unlike other Mughal forts, the Red Fort's boundary walls are asymmetrical to contain the older Salimgarh Fort.[14]:04 The fortress-palace was a focal point of the medieval city of Shahjahanabad, which is present-day Old Delhi. Its planning and aesthetics represent the zenith of Mughal creativity prevailing during Shah Jahan's reign.[citation needed] His successor Aurangzeb added the Pearl Mosque to the emperor's private quarters, constructing barbicans in front of the two main gates to make the entrance to the palace more circuitous.[14]:08
The administrative and fiscal structure of the Mughal dynasty declined after Aurangzeb, and the 18th century saw a degeneration of the palace. When Jahandar Shah took over the Red Fort in 1712, it had been without an emperor for 30 years. Within a year of beginning his rule, Shah was murdered and replaced by Farrukhsiyar. To raise money, the silver ceiling of the Rang Mahal was replaced by copper during this period. Muhammad Shah, known as 'Rangila' (the Colourful) for his interest in art, took over the Red Fort in 1719. In 1739, Persian emperor Nadir Shah easily defeated the Mughal army, plundering the Red Fort including the Peacock Throne. Nadir Shah returned to Persia after three months, leaving a destroyed city and a weakened Mughal empire to Muhammad Shah.[14]:09 The internal weakness of the Mughal empire made the Mughals titular heads of Delhi, and a 1752 treaty made the Marathas protectors of the throne at Delhi.[17][18] The 1758 Maratha conquest of Lahore and Peshawar[19] placed them in conflict with Ahmad Shah Durrani.[20][21] In 1760, the Marathas removed and melted the silver ceiling of the Diwan-i-Khas to raise funds for the defence of Delhi from the armies of Ahmed Shah Durrani.[22][23] In 1761, after the Marathas lost the third battle of Panipat, Delhi was raided by Ahmed Shah Durrani. Ten years later, Shah Alam ascended the throne in Delhi with Maratha support.[14]:10 In 1783 the Sikh Misl Karorisinghia, led by Baghel Singh Dhaliwal, conquered Delhi and the Red Fort briefly.[24] In 1788, a Maratha garrison permanently occupied Red fort and Delhi and ruled on north India for next two decades until they were usurped by the British East India Company following the Second Anglo-Maratha War in 1803.[25]
During the Second Anglo-Maratha War in 1803, forces of British East India Company defeated Maratha forces in the Battle of Delhi; this ended Maratha rule of the city and their control of the Red Fort.[26] After the battle, the British took over the administration of Mughal territories and installed a Resident at the Red Fort.[14]:11 The last Mughal emperor to occupy the fort, Bahadur Shah II, became a symbol of the 1857 rebellion against the British in which the residents of Shahjahanbad participated.[14]:15
Despite its position as the seat of Mughal power and its defensive capabilities, the Red Fort was not defended during the 1857 uprising against the British. After the rebellion failed, Bahadur Shah II left the fort on 17 September and was apprehended by British forces. He returned to Red Fort as a prisoner of the British, was tried in 1858 and exiled to Rangoon on 7 October of that year.[27] With the end of Mughal reign, the British sanctioned the systematic plunder of valuables from the fort's palaces. All furniture was removed or destroyed; the harem apartments, servants' quarters and gardens were destroyed, and a line of stone barracks built.[4] Only the marble buildings on the east side at the imperial enclosure escaped complete destruction, but were looted and damaged. While the defensive walls and towers were relatively unharmed, more than two-thirds of the inner structures were destroyed by the British. Lord Curzon, Viceroy of India from 1899–1905, ordered repairs to the fort including reconstruction of the walls and the restoration of the gardens complete with a watering system.[28]
Most of the jewels and artworks of the Red Fort were looted and stolen during Nadir Shah's invasion of 1747 and again after the failed Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British. They were eventually sold to private collectors or the British Museum, British Library and the Victoria and Albert Museum. For example, the Koh-i-Noor diamond, the jade wine cup of Shah Jahan and the crown of Bahadur Shah II are all currently located in London. Various requests for restitution have so far been rejected by the British government.[29]
1911 saw the visit of the British king and queen for the Delhi Durbar. In preparation of the visit, some buildings were restored. The Red Fort Archaeological Museum was also moved from the drum house to the Mumtaz Mahal.
The INA trials, also known as the Red Fort Trials, refer to the courts-martial of a number of officers of the Indian National Army. The first was held between November and December 1945 at the Red Fort.
On 15 August 1947, the first Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru raised the Indian national flag above the Lahore Gate. On each subsequent Independence Day, the prime minister has raised the flag and given a speech that is broadcast nationally.[30]
After Indian Independence, the site experienced few changes, and the Red Fort continued to be used as a military cantonment. A significant part of the fort remained under Indian Army control until 22 December 2003, when it was given to the Archaeological Survey of India for restoration.[31][32] In 2009 the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan (CCMP), prepared by the Archaeological Survey of India under Supreme Court directions to revitalise the fort, was announced.[33][34][35]
Today[edit]
Every year on India's Independence Day (15 August), the Prime Minister of India hoists the national flag at the Red Fort and delivers a nationally-broadcast speech from its ramparts.[6] The Red Fort, the largest monument in Delhi,[36] is one of its most popular tourist destinations[37] and attracts thousands of visitors every year.[38] A sound and light show describing Mughal history is a tourist attraction in the evenings. The major architectural features are in mixed condition; the extensive water features are dry. Some buildings are in fairly-good condition, with their decorative elements undisturbed; in others, the marble inlaid flowers have been removed by looters. The tea house, although not in its historical state, is a working restaurant. The mosque and hamam or public baths are closed to the public, although visitors can peer through their glass windows or marble latticework. Walkways are crumbling, and public toilets are available at the entrance and inside the park.
The Lahore Gate entrance leads to a mall with jewellery and craft stores. There is also a museum of "blood paintings", depicting young 20th-century Indian martyrs and their stories, an archaeological museum and an Indian war-memorial museum.
The Red fort appears on the back of the ₹500 note of the Mahatma Gandhi New Series of the Indian rupee.[39]
Security[edit]
To prevent terrorist attacks, security is especially strict around the Red Fort on the eve of Indian Independence Day. Delhi Police and paramilitary personnel keep watch on neighbourhoods around the fort, and National Security Guard sharpshooters are deployed on high-rises near the fort.[40][41] The airspace around the fort is a designated no-fly zone during the celebration to prevent air attacks,[42] and safe houses exist in nearby areas to which the Prime Minister and other Indian leaders may retreat in the event of an attack.[40]
The fort was the site of a terrorist attack on 22 December 2000, carried out by six Lashkar-e-Toiba members. Two soldiers and a civilian were killed in what the news media described as an attempt to derail India-Pakistan peace talks.[43][44]
Architecture[edit]
The Red Fort has an area of 254.67 acres (103.06 ha) enclosed by 2.41 kilometres (1.50 mi) of defensive walls,[3] punctuated by turrets and bastions and varying in height from 18 metres (59 ft) on the river side to 33 metres (108 ft) on the city side. The fort is octagonal, with the north-south axis longer than the east-west axis. The marble, floral decorations and double domes in the fort's buildings exemplify later Mughal architecture.[45]
It showcases a high level of ornamentation, and the Kohinoor diamond was reportedly part of the furnishings. The fort's artwork synthesises Persian, European and Indian art, resulting in a unique Shahjahani style rich in form, expression and colour. Red Fort is one of the building complexes of India encapsulating a long period of history and its arts. Even before its 1913 commemoration as a monument of national importance, efforts were made to preserve it for posterity.
The Lahori and Delhi Gates were used by the public, and the Khizrabad Gate was for the emperor.[14]:04 The Lahore Gate is the main entrance, leading to a domed shopping area known as the Chatta Chowk (covered bazaar).
Major structures[edit]
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The most important surviving structures are the walls and ramparts, the main gates, the audience halls and the imperial apartments on the eastern riverbank.[46]
Lahori Gate[edit]
The Delhi Gate, which is almost identical in appearance to the Lahori Gate
The Lahori Gate is the main gate to the Red Fort, named for its orientation towards the city of Lahore. During Aurangzeb's reign, the beauty of the gate was spoiled by the addition of bastions, which Shahjahan described as "a veil drawn across the face of a beautiful woman".[47][48][49] Every Indian Independence Day since 1947, the national flag is unfurled and the Prime Minister makes a speech from its ramparts.
Delhi Gate[edit]
The Delhi Gate is the southern public entrance and in layout and appearance similar to the Lahori Gate. Two life-size stone elephants on either side of the gate face each other. These were renewed by Lord Curzon in 1903 after their earlier demolition by Aurangzeb.[50]
Chhatta Chowk[edit]
Adjacent to the Lahori Gate is the Chhatta Chowk, where silk, jewellery and other items for the imperial household were sold during the Mughal period. The bazaar leads to an open outer court, where it crosses the large north-south street which originally divided the fort's military functions (to the west) from the palaces (to the east). The southern end of the street is the Delhi Gate.
Naubat Khana[edit]
Naubat Khana and the courtyard before its destruction by the British, in an 1858 photograph
The vaulted arcade of the Chhatta Chowk ends in the centre of the outer court, which measured 540 by 360 feet (160 m × 110 m).[51] The side arcades and central tank were destroyed after the 1857 rebellion.
In the east wall of the court stands the now-isolated Naubat Khana (also known as Nakkar Khana), the drum house. Music was played daily, at scheduled times and everyone, except royalty, was required to dismount.
Diwan-i-Aam[edit]
The Diwan-i-Aam audience hall
The inner main court to which the Nakkar Khana led was 540 feet (160 m) wide and 420 feet (130 m) deep, surrounded by guarded galleries.[51] On the far side is the Diwan-i-Aam, the Public Audience Hall.
The hall's columns and engrailed arches exhibit fine craftsmanship, and the hall was originally decorated with white chunam stucco.[51] In the back in the raised recess the emperor gave his audience in the marble balcony (jharokha).
The Diwan-i-Aam was also used for state functions.[45] The courtyard (mardana) behind it leads to the imperial apartments.
Nahr-i-Bihisht[edit]
The imperial apartments consist of a row of pavilions on a raised platform along the eastern edge of the fort, overlooking the Yamuna. The pavilions are connected by a canal, known as the Nahr-i-Bihisht ("Stream of Paradise"), running through the centre of each pavilion. Water is drawn from the Yamuna via a tower, the Shahi Burj, at the northeast corner of the fort. The palace is designed to emulate paradise as described in the Quran. In the riverbed below the imperial apartments and connected buildings was a space known as zer-jharokha ("beneath the latticework").[51]
Mumtaz Mahal[edit]
Mumtaz Mahal
The two southernmost pavilions of the palace are zenanas (women's quarters), consisting of the Mumtaz Mahal and the larger Rang Mahal. The Mumtaz Mahal houses the Red Fort Archaeological Museum.
Rang Mahal[edit]
The Rang Mahal housed the emperor's wives and mistresses. Its name means "Palace of Colours", since it was brightly painted and decorated with a mosaic of mirrors. The central marble pool is fed by the Nahr-i-Bihisht.
Khas Mahal[edit]
The Khas Mahal was the emperor's apartment. Connected to it is the Muthamman Burj, an octagonal tower where he appeared before the people waiting on the riverbank.This was done mostly by all the kings present at that time.
Diwan-i-Khas[edit]
A gate on the north side of the Diwan-i-Aam leads to the innermost court of the palace (Jalau Khana) and the Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audience). It is constructed of white marble, inlaid with precious stones. The once-silver ceiling has been restored in wood. François Bernier described seeing the jewelled Peacock Throne here during the 17th century. At either end of the hall, over the two outer arches, is an inscription by Persian poet Amir Khusrow:
If heaven can be on the face of the earth,
It is this, it is this, it is this.
—  "World Heritage Site – Red Fort, Delhi; Diwan-i-Khas". Archaeological Survey of India. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
Panoramic view of the imperial enclosure. From left: Moti Masjid, the hammam, Divan-i-Khas, Khas Mahal and the 'Rang Mahal
Hammam[edit]
The hammam were the imperial baths, consisting of three domed rooms floored with white marble.
Baoli[edit]
The baoli (step-well) at the Red Fort, Delhi
The baoli or step-well, believed to pre-date Red Fort, is one of the few monuments that were not demolished by the British after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The chambers within the baoli were converted into a prison. During the Indian National Army Trials (Red Fort Trials) in 1945–46, it housed Indian National Army officers Colonel Shah Nawaz Khan, Colonel Prem Kumar Sahgal, and Colonel Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon. The Red Fort Baoli is uniquely designed with two sets of staircases leading down to the well.[52]
Moti Masjid[edit]
West of the hammam is the Moti Masjid, the Pearl Mosque. A later addition, it was built in 1659 as a private mosque for Aurangzeb. It is a small, three-domed mosque carved in white marble, with a three-arched screen leading down to the courtyard.[53]
Hira Mahal[edit]
The Hira Mahal is a pavilion on the southern edge of the fort, built under Bahadur Shah II and at the end of the Hayat Baksh garden. The Moti Mahal on the northern edge, a twin building, was destroyed during (or after) the 1857 rebellion.
Shahi Burj and its pavilion
The Shahi Burj was the emperor's main study of the; its name means "Emperor's Tower", and it originally had a chhatri on top. Heavily damaged, the tower is undergoing reconstruction. In front of it is a marble pavilion added by Aurangzeb.
Hayat Bakhsh Bagh[edit]
Red Zafar Mahal and white Sawan/Bhadon pavilion behind it in the Hayat Bakhsh Bagh
The Hayat Bakhsh Bagh is the "Life-Bestowing Garden" in the northeast part of the complex. It features a reservoir, which is now dry, and channels through which the Nahr-i-Bihisht flows. At each end is a white marble pavilion, called the Sawan and Bhadon Pavilions, named after the Hindu months, Sawan and Bhadon. In the centre of the reservoir is the red-sandstone Zafar Mahal, added in around 1842 by Bahadur Shah Zafar, and named after him.[54]
Smaller gardens (such as the Mehtab Bagh or Moonlight Garden) existed west of it, but were destroyed when the British barracks were built.[14] There are plans to restore the gardens. Beyond these, the road to the north leads to an arched bridge and the Salimgarh Fort.
Princes' quarter[edit]
North of the Hayat Bakhsh Bagh and the Shahi Burj is the quarter of the imperial princes. This was used by member of the Mughal royal family and was largely destroyed by the British forces after the rebellion. One of the palaces was converted into a tea house for the soldiers.
See also[edit]
Agra Fort
Lahore Fort
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red Fort.
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text:
Zippo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Zippo (disambiguation).
Zippo Manufacturing Company
Type
Private
Genre
Lighter manufacturer
Founded
1932; 86 years ago (1932)
Founder
George Grant Blaisdell
Headquarters
Bradford, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Divisions
W.R. Case & Sons Cutlery Co.
Website
zippo.com
A Zippo lighter is a reusable metal lighter manufactured by American Zippo Manufacturing Company of Bradford, Pennsylvania, United States of America.[1] Thousands of different styles and designs have been made in the eight decades since their introduction including military versions for specific regiments. Since its invention Zippos have been sold around the world and have been described "a legendary and distinct symbol of Americana".[2][3] In 2012 the company produced the 500-millionth unit.[4][5] Since its inception Zippo Lighters have been almost exclusively manufactured in the United States, with the exception of those manufactured in Niagara, Canada (an operation that has since been shut down).[6][7][8]
Contents
1 Company history
2 Usage
2.1 Vietnam War
3 Price
4 Date codes
5 Construction
6 Zippo BLU and Zippo BLU 2
7 Zippo subsidiaries
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Company history[edit]
Zippo plant, c. 1930–1945
American George G. Blaisdell founded Zippo Manufacturing Company in 1932, and produced the first Zippo lighter in early 1933, being inspired by an Austrian cigarette lighter of similar design made by IMCO.[9] It got its name because Blaisdell liked the sound of the word "zipper" and "zippo" sounded more modern.[10] On March 3, 1936, a patent was granted for the Zippo lighter.[11]
Zippo lighters became popular in the United States military, especially during World War II—when, as the company's web site says, Zippo "ceased production of lighters for consumer markets and dedicated all manufacturing to the US military".[12] Period Zippos were made of brass, but Zippo used a black crackle finished steel during the war years because of metal shortages. While the Zippo Manufacturing Company never had an official contract with the military, soldiers and armed forces personnel insisted that base exchange (BX) and post exchange (PX) stores carry this sought-after lighter.[13][14] While it had previously been common to have Zippos with authorized badges, unit crests, and division insignias, it became popular among the American soldiers of the Vietnam War to get their Zippos engraved with personal mottos. These lighters are now sought after collector's items and popular souvenirs for visitors to Vietnam.[15]
After World War II, the Zippo lighter became increasingly used in advertising by companies large and small through the 1960s.[16] Much of the early Zippo lighter advertising are works of art painted by hand, and as technology has evolved, so has the design and finish of the Zippo lighter. The basic mechanism of the Zippo lighter has remained unchanged, but they developed into a popular fashion accessory, with a huge variety of artistic designs produced.[17]
In 2002, Zippo expanded its product line to include a variety of utility-style multi-purpose lighters, known as Zippo MPLs. This was followed in 2005 with the Outdoor Utility Lighter, known as the OUL. These lighters are fueled with butane. In August 2007, Zippo released a new butane lighter called the Zippo BLU.[18]
A museum called "Zippo/Case visitors center" is located in Bradford, Pennsylvania, at 1932 Zippo Drive. This 15,000-square-foot (1,400 m2) building contains rare and custom made Zippo lighters, and also sells the entire Zippo line. The museum was featured on the NPR program Weekend Edition on Sunday, January 25, 2009. The museum also contains an enormous collection of Case knives. Since the Zippo company's 60th anniversary in 1992, annual editions have been produced for Zippo collectors.
From 1949 to 2002, Zippos were also produced in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada.[19] Since 1933, over 500,000,000 Zippo lighters have been produced.
In 2009, Zippo announced plans to purchase Ronson Consumer Products Corporation, a long-time competitor in the lighter market.[20] On February 3, 2010, the deal was finalized.[21]
In March 2011, due to significant decrease of sales from 18 million lighters a year in the mid-1990s to about 12 million lighters a year recently, combined with increasing pressure on people not to smoke, Zippo Manufacturing Co. tried offering a wider variety of products using the Zippo name, such as watches, leisure clothing and eau de cologne. This strategy is similar to the success Victorinox Swiss Army Brands Inc. has had selling watches, luggage, clothing, and fragrance.[22]
On June 5, 2012, the company manufactured its 500,000,000th lighter and celebrated its 80th anniversary.
Zippo's flint-wheel Ignition
A lit 1968 slim model Zippo
An open full-size Navy Zippo
Brass-based case design with matched insert coloring
Zippo point of sale display
Usage[edit]
Zippo lighters, which have gained popularity as “windproof” lighters, are able to stay lit in harsh weather, due to the design of the windscreen and adequate rate of fuel delivery.
A consequence of the windproofing is that it is hard to extinguish a Zippo by blowing out the flame. However, if the flame is blown from the top down, it will be easily extinguished. The proper way to extinguish the lighter is to close the top half, which starves the flame of oxygen, but unlike other lighters, this does not cut off the fuel supply. One of the recognizable features of Zippo is the fact that it burns with a wick. Opening the top lid produces an easily recognizable "clink" sound for which Zippo lighters are known, and a different but similarly recognizable "clunk" when the lighter is closed. This noise is produced by the spring-loaded toggling cam, a little lever that keeps the lid closed or opened securely.
Modern black matte finish Zippo lighter
Unlike disposable lighters, Zippo lighters purchased new do not contain fuel. Instructions for safely fueling the Zippo are included in its packaging. Zippo also offers for sale a name brand lighter fluid.
Vietnam War[edit]
Morley Safer, in his August 5, 1965 CBS News report of the Cam Ne affair[23] and Private First Class Reginald "Malik" Edwards, the rifleman 9th Regiment, US Marine Corps Danang (June 1965 – March 1966) whose profile comprises chapter one of Wallace Terry's book, Bloods: An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans (1984), describe the use of Zippo lighters in search and destroy missions during the Vietnam War. Edwards stated: "when you say level a village, you don't use torches. It's not like in the 1800s. You used a Zippo. Now you would use a Bic. That's just the way we did it. You went in there with your Zippos. Everybody. That's why people bought Zippos. Everybody had a Zippo. It was for burnin' shit down."[24][25]
"Zippo squad" became a phrase of American military jargon for being assigned to burn a village.[26] The M132 Armored Flamethrower was referred to as a "Zippo".[27]
Price[edit]
Current Zippos carry a suggested retail price between US$14.95 and US$11,893.95 (for the 18k solid gold model).[28] In 2001, according to the fall 2003 issue of IUP Magazine, a 1933 model was purchased for $18,000 at a swap meet in Tokyo, and in 2002 the company bought one valued at $12,000 for its own collection.[29] During the 2007 75th anniversary celebrations, Zippo sold a near mint 1933 model for $37,000.[30]
All Zippo windproof lighters carry an unlimited lifetime guarantee, promoted using the trademarked phrase "It works or we fix it for free." The corporate web site boasts: "in almost 75 years, no one has ever spent a cent on the mechanical repair of a Zippo lighter regardless of the lighter’s age or condition."[31]
Date codes[edit]
Zippo lighter produced in September 1994
In mid-1955, Zippo started year coding their lighters by the use of dots. From 1966 until 1973 the year code was denoted by combinations of vertical lines. From 1974 until 1981 the coding comprised combinations of forward slashes. In 1979 an error was inadvertently introduced into fabrication, with some lighters reading / on the left and // on the right instead of // on the left and / on the right, but was fixed within the year. From 1982 until June 1986 the coding was by backslash.
After July 1986, Zippo began including a date code on all lighters showing the month and year of production. On the left of the underside was stamped a letter A–L, denoting the month (A = January, B = February, C = March, etc.). On the right was a Roman numeral which denoted the year, beginning with II in 1986.[32] However, in 2001, Zippo altered this system, changing the Roman numerals to more conventional Arabic numerals. Thus a Zippo made in August 2004 was stamped H 04.
Construction[edit]
Zippo lighter fluid can
The cases of Zippo lighters are typically made of brass and are rectangular with a hinged top. On most models, the top of the case is slightly curved.
Inside the case are the works of the lighter. The insert contains the spring-toggle lever that keeps the top closed, the wick, windscreen chimney, flintwheel, and flint, all of which are mounted on an open-bottom metal box that is slightly smaller than the bottom of the outer case, and into which it slips snugly.
The hollow part of the interior box encloses five rayon balls (similar to cotton balls) which are in contact with the wick. The bottom of this is covered by a piece of felt approximately 1/4 of an inch thick. Printed on the bottom of the felt (in modern Zippos, not on older models[year needed]) are the words, "LIFT TO FILL," to indicate one must lift the felt away from the "cotton" in order to refuel it. The fuel, light petroleum distillate or synthetic isoparaffinic hydrocarbon (commonly referred to as lighter fluid or naphtha), is poured into the rayon balls (sometimes called the "cotton," or the "batting"), which absorbs it. It also contains a tube that holds a short, cylindrical flint. The tube has an interior spring and exterior cap-screw that keeps the flint in constant contact with the exterior flint-wheel. Spinning this rough-surfaced wheel against flint results in a spark that ignites the fluid in the wick.
All parts of the lighter are replaceable. The Zippo lighter requires 108 manufacturing operations.
Zippo BLU and Zippo BLU 2[edit]
Zippo released the Zippo BLU in 2007 (although there are many 2005 pre-release models). These are butane torch lighters, which Zippo has gone to great lengths to make sure are still "identifiable as a Zippo". Specifically, the lid and cam were "tuned" so that the lighter still makes the distinctive "Zippo click", and also it is one of the only butane torch lighters that uses a flint and striker wheel.[citation needed] There is also the BLU2, which features a more square frame and eliminates the fuel gauge on the side of the original Zippo BLU.[citation needed]
As of January 1, 2016, the BLU line of lighters are discontinued. Zippo has stated that they will continue to service all previously sold BLU lighters.[33] [34]
Zippo subsidiaries[edit]
In addition to its 2010 purchase of the Ronson brand in the US and Canada,[20][21] Zippo also owns W. R. Case & Sons Cutlery Co. of Bradford, Pennsylvania, Zippo UK, Ltd. of London, England, and Zippo Fashion Italia of Vicenza, Italy.
See also[edit]
Zippo Manufacturing Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ David Lander (February–March 2006). "The Buyable Past - Zippo Lighters". www.americanheritage.com. American Heritage. Archived from the original on 2006-05-21. Retrieved 2017-12-10.
Jump up ^ https://www.buzzfeed.com/nyttigbras/the-short-story-about-the-american-icon-the-lege-10gsu
Jump up ^ Lukas Hermsmeier (3 January 2016). "Zippo, die Geschichte des legendären Sturmfeuerzeugs" [Zippo, the story of the legendary windproof ligthers]. www.welt.de (in German). Welt. Retrieved 2017-12-10.
Jump up ^ Joe Mandak (5 June 2012). "Zippo produces 500 millionth lighter". usatoday30.usatoday.com. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2017-11-01. Retrieved 2017-12-10.
Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Business/photos/zippo-500-million-lighters-counting-16492987
Jump up ^ http://www.zippo.com/about/article.aspx?id=1574
Jump up ^ http://www.tv.com/shows/john-ratzenbergers-made-in-america/zippo-377042/
Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0944465/
Jump up ^ "IMCO". 'Imco' products website. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "MervServe.com/". Retrieved 27 May 2017.
Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 2,032,695
Jump up ^ The story of the Zippo Manufacturing Company at the company's website
Jump up ^ Zippo Companion by Avi Baer and Alexander Neumark (Hardcover - Dec 15, 2000) 192 pages Publisher: Compendium Publishing. ISBN 1-906347-13-1. ISBN 978-1-906347-13-0
Jump up ^ An American Legend Zippo: a Collector's Companion by Avi R; Neumark, Alexander Baer (Hardcover - 1999)
Jump up ^ Sherry Buchanan and Bradford Edwards, Vietnam Zippos:American Soldiers’ Engravings and Stories, 1965—1973. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
Jump up ^ Paulette Dininny, "Keepers of the Flame: After Big Sales in World War II and Parts in Old Movies, Zippos Are Still Around, Often as hot Collector's Items," Smithsonian, vol. 29, no. 9 (December 1998), pg. 44.
Jump up ^ Sharrowmills - A Brief History of the Lighter [1] - The History of the Lighter
Jump up ^ [2] - Zippo Blu press release
Jump up ^ Zippo.ca — Welcome to Zippo Canada
^ Jump up to: a b "Ronson Corporation, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Oct 15, 2009". secdatabase.com. Retrieved Apr 25, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ronson Corporation, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 8, 2010" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved Apr 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ http://hosted2.ap.org/NYKIN/APOdd/Article_2011-03-20-Zippo-More%20Than%20Lighters/id-5085b8c4ab684f1099cd38e2449b584c
Jump up ^ Library, University of California, Berkeley, 2005, Pacifica Radio/UC Berkeley Social Activism Sound Recording Project: Anti-Vietnam War Protests in the San Francisco Bay Area & Beyond
Jump up ^ Terry, Wallace (1984). Bloods: An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans. Random House. p. 5. ISBN 0394530284. (ISBN 978-0-394-53028-4)
Jump up ^ Engelhardt, Tom (2007). The End of Victory Culture: Cold War America and the Disillusioning of a . p. Page 190, footnote. ISBN 9781558495869.
Jump up ^ p. 530 Rubin, Allen; Weiss, Eugenia L. & Coll, Jose E. Handbook of Military Social Work John Wiley & Sons 27/11/2012
Jump up ^ p. 28 Rottman, Gordon L. & Anderson, Duncan The US Army in the Vietnam War 1965–73 Osprey Publishing, 2008
Jump up ^ http://www.zippocasemuseum.com/index.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=1&directoryid=-1&ctrl=productdetails&productid=60
Jump up ^ Zippo’s Czar Archived September 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. (brief profile of the company's top executive, with two photographs)
Jump up ^ http://www.zippo.com/75years/auction/anniversaryAuctionItems.aspx#item34
Jump up ^ Zippo History
Jump up ^ http://www.zippo.com/about/article.aspx?id=1582
Jump up ^ http://thecigarauthority.com/zippo-announces-discontinuation-of-branded-butane-lighters/
Jump up ^ https://morrisonlee.com/lorillard-zippo-battle-blu-trademarks/
Further reading[edit]
Sherry Buchanan (2007). Vietnam Zippos: American Soldiers' Engravings and Stories (1965-1973). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226078281.
Rose Chun, "Snap That Top: The Zippo Lighter Dwells in American Legend as an Icon of Machismo and Quality," Cigar Aficionado, vol. 2, no. 2 (Winter 1993/94), pp. 72–79.
Haglund, David (April 7, 2013). "The Mad Men Premiere's Dark Vietnam Subtext". Slate. Retrieved May 2, 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zippo.
Official website
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