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Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts
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Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts
Ukrainian Ironbelly atop of Gringotts Bank which houses Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts
Universal Studios Florida
Park section
The Wizarding World of Harry Potter - Diagon Alley
Coordinates
28°28′48.92″N 81°28′12.04″W / 28.4802556°N 81.4700111°W / 28.4802556; -81.4700111Coordinates: 28°28′48.92″N 81°28′12.04″W / 28.4802556°N 81.4700111°W / 28.4802556; -81.4700111
Status
Operating
Opening date
July 8, 2014 (2014-07-08)[1]
Replaced
Jaws: The Ride
General statistics
Type
Steel – Launched
Manufacturer
Intamin
Designer
Universal Creative
Lift/launch system
Drive tire launch
Length
600 m (2,000 ft)
Site Area
75,000 sq ft (7,000 m2)
Inversions
0
Duration
5:00
Max vertical angle
50°
Height restriction
42 in (107 cm)
Trains
9 trains with 2 cars. Riders are arranged 4 across in 3 rows for a total of 24 riders per train.
Theme
Gringotts Bank (Harry Potter)
Pre-ride host
Bill Weasley
Ride host
Bill Weasley
Universal Express available
Single rider line available
Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts at RCDB
Pictures of Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts at RCDB
Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts an indoor steel roller coaster at Universal Studios Florida, a theme park located within the Universal Orlando Resort. Similar to dark rides, the roller coaster utilizes special effects in a controlled-lighting environment and also employs motion-based 3-D projection of both animation and live-action sequences to enhance the experience. The ride, which is themed to the Gringotts Wizarding Bank, became the flagship attraction for the expanded Wizarding World of Harry Potter when it opened on July 8, 2014.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Ride experience
2.1 Queue
2.2 Ride
3 Cast
4 Awards
5 Gallery
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Universal Parks & Resorts, in partnership with Warner Bros., officially announced the addition of The Wizarding World of Harry Potter to Islands of Adventure on May 31, 2007.[2][3][4][5] The area officially opened in the Islands of Adventure theme park on June 18, 2010.[6][7] The Harry Potter-themed area saw attendance at Islands of Adventure rise by as much as 36% in 2010. According to Jason Garcia of the Orlando Sentinel, this led to resort executives pondering "when to expand Wizarding World and how to keep business balanced between Islands and Universal Studios Florida".[8] In April 2011, Brady MacDonald of the Los Angeles Times speculated that an area expansion would include the addition of Diagon Alley and a Gringotts-themed dark ride in place of the Lost Continent themed area in the park.[9]
On December 6, 2011, Universal park officials confirmed that an expansion would take place and described it as "significant".[10][11] The announcement was made four days after the park confirmed the removal of Jaws, a ride scheduled to close permanently on January 2, 2012.[12] Demolition of the Jaws ride and the surrounding Amity area began soon after its closure.[13][14] After the site was levelled, work began on land reclamation as well as the construction of a series of buildings, including a large show building for the Gringotts ride.[15][16][17]
Further details about the expansion were announced on May 8, 2013, confirming new feature attractions themed after Diagon Alley and London.[18][19][20][21] On January 23, 2014, the name of the area's flagship attraction was revealed to be Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts.[22][23] It was later described as a "virtual reality roller coaster" by Entertainment Weekly as additional details were released in May 2014.[24][25] The new ride opened on July 8, 2014, alongside other attractions in the new Diagon Alley section of the park.[1] The building housing the attraction features a 60-foot (18 m) dragon statue perched over the entrance that utilizes special effects to simulate the breathing of fire.[25]
Ride experience[edit]
Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts is a steel roller coaster with a track length of approximately 2,000 feet (610 m).[26] The ride encompasses motion-based vehicles, detailed sets, physical effects, and 3D projection screens similar to those found on Transformers: The Ride and The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man. The ride's storyline is set during the events portrayed in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2, when its lead characters are attempting to locate a Horcrux as part of their journey in defeating Lord Voldemort.[27]
Queue[edit]
The queue is themed to the lobby of Gringotts Wizarding Bank, where the goblin character Bogrod, one of the bank's tellers, awaits guests who are visiting the bank to open an account. After allowing them access to enter the vaults, guests walk toward a security check to have their ID picture taken. After getting clearance, guests walk through the offices of the goblins that work at Gringotts. In one of those offices, silhouettes of Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, Hermione Granger (disguised by polyjuice potion as Bellatrix Lestrange), and Griphook can be seen and heard as they plot to infiltrate the vaults to retrieve an unmentioned item. Continuing through the queue, guests enter Bill Weasley's office, where they are welcomed by Blordak and eventually joined by Bill. Guests are then shown by Blordak the direction toward the vaults. As guests exit the office, a moving portrait of a goblin explains the safety precautions of the ride. Doors open revealing an elevator lift for guests to board, and it descends to an area near the boarding area. Upon arrival, guests retrieve cart goggles and ascend a flight of stairs to the cart boarding station.[27]
Ride[edit]
After guests board their cart, the vehicle races along the tracks as alarms go off simulating a security breach and bank lockdown. Harry Potter character Bellatrix Lestrange appears, after receiving word of an impostor infiltration, and decides to torture the guests by cutting off the track and tilting it. This sends the cart speeding toward the vaults as stalagmites can be seen to give an impression of being deep underground. Bill Weasley casts a spell to stop the cart and apologizes just before Harry, Ron, Hermione and Griphook, emerge from the Thieve's Downfall, which has washed away the polyjuice potion's effect off Hermione. The cart drops from a high altitude as security trolls climb up, pushing Bill and Blordak off the cart.
The cart speeds past the Thieve's Downfall and stops in front of more security trolls. One of them is hit by a mace but manages to hang onto the cart as it rapidly descends. Bill casts another spell to stop the cart from falling, followed by another one that sends them through the vaults. In the background, Harry, Ron and Hermione are attempting to escape the vaults on the Ukrainian Ironbelly, and Blordak is heard shouting at guests.
After reaching the vault, the walls come crashing down and the magical creature Nagini appears in an attempt to attack guests. Lord Voldemort and Bellatrix Lestrange appear next, with Voldemort questioning guests on their knowledge of Harry Potter's whereabouts. He blames Bellatrix for the vault infiltration, who again decides to torture guests sending them this time to a lava-filled chamber deep in the vaults. Voldemort states he's going to administer "a little dose of pain to help you remember" and conjures up a ball of fire. The Ukrainian Ironbelly crashes in from the opposite side, and Harry issues a counterspell that causes the dragon to spit fire in the direction of Voldemort. Voldemort and Bellatrix furiously retreat, as Hermione casts a spell to hook the cart to the dragon in order to get guests safely out of harm's way. In the final scene, Harry asks Bill to take care of the guests as he acknowledges the retrieval of the unnamed item (mentioned earlier in the queue), and Bill bids the guests farewell.[27]
Cast[edit]
Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts features many of the main characters of the film series, which were reprised by their respective actors, except for Daniel Radcliffe and Emma Watson:
Domhnall Gleeson as Bill Weasley
Helena Bonham Carter as Bellatrix Lestrange
Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter (likeness and archive audio)
Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley
Emma Watson as Hermione Granger (likeness and archive audio)
Ralph Fiennes as Lord Voldemort
Warwick Davis as Griphook (likeness)
Jon Key as Bogrod (voice only for queue animatronic)
Awards[edit]
In Amusement Today's annual Golden Ticket Awards, Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts has made it into the Top Five Dark Rides since it opened in 2014.
Golden Ticket Awards: Best Dark Ride
Year
2014
2015
2016
Ranking
4[28] 3[29] 2[30]
Gallery[edit]
Gringotts Wizarding Bank queue
Animatronic Bogrod at Gringotts Wizarding Bank
Elevator to the cave
Boarding station of the ride
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Niles, Robert (July 8, 2014). "The Wizarding World of Harry Potter - Diagon Alley opens officially at Universal Studios Florida". Theme Park Insider. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Harry Potter theme park planned". BBC News. May 31, 2007.
Jump up ^ Sturcke, James (May 31, 2007). "Harry Potter theme park to open in Florida". The Guardian. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Harry Potter theme park swoops to Fla". USA Today. May 31, 2007. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ Albright, Mark (June 1, 2007). "A whole new magic kingdom". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ Garcia, Jason. "Big day is here: Universal hopes Harry Potter's magic will last". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Wizarding World of Harry Potter theme park opens". Australia Times. June 19, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ Garcia, Jason (December 16, 2010). "Universal Orlando ponders how to take full advantage of Wizarding World's popularity". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ MacDonald, Brady (April 6, 2011). "Universal Studios wonders how and when to expand Wizarding World of Harry Potter". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bevil, Dewayne (December 6, 2011). "Wizarding World of Harry Potter to expand at Universal Orlando". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved December 6, 2011. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Significant Expansion Also Planned for The Wizarding World of Harry Potter at Universal Orlando Resort". Press Release. Universal Orlando Resort. December 6, 2011. Archived from the original on January 9, 2012. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Garcia, Jason; Bevil, Dewayne (December 2, 2011). "Universal Studios to close Jaws to make way for new attraction". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Garcia, Jason (August 12, 2012). "Universal works to fill gaps ahead of debut of 2nd phase of Wizarding World". Orlando Sentinel. Tribune Company. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bevil, Dewayne (November 2, 2012). "Universal Studios Orlando set to open Transformers ride next summer". Orlando Sentinel. Tribune Company. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Gworek, Don (July 1, 2012). "Soundstage 44 now fully demolished at Universal Studios Florida". Orlando Attractions Magazine. Retrieved 2015-02-25.
Jump up ^ Armenia, Anthony (December 8, 2012). "Photo Update: Transformers and rumored Grignotts Bank coaster buildings being enclosed at Universal Studios". Orlando Attractions Magazine. Retrieved 2015-02-25.
Jump up ^ Armenia, Anthony (March 13, 2013). "Aerial view of the Jaws and Wizarding World areas at Universal". Orlando Attractions Magazine. Retrieved 2015-02-25.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Eric (May 8, 2013). "Details on Expansion of Wizarding World of Harry Potter in Orlando Confirmed, Including Diagon Alley as Second Location". IGN. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bevil, Dewayne (May 8, 2013). "Universal Orlando: Harry Potter expansion to open spring and or summer of 2014 at Universal Studios". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bevil, Dewayne (May 9, 2013). "10 burning questions about Universal's Harry Potter expansion". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Universal Orlando announces new Harry Potter expansion with Diagon Alley, London". The Washington Post. Associated Press. May 8, 2013. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Thurston, Susan (23 January 2014). "Harry Potter's Diagon Alley plans Escape from Gringotts ride, new stores". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Bevil, Dewayne (23 January 2014). "New details about Harry Potter Diagon Alley: Lots of shops, Gringotts ride gets name". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Marshall, Jojo (May 13, 2014). "The 'Escape from Gringotts' virtual reality rollercoaster at Harry Potter theme park will blow your mind". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Sciretta, Peter (May 12, 2014). "'Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts' Photos and Details Revealed". /Film. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Weisenberger, Nick (July 22, 2014). "Coasters-101: Escape from Gringotts Secrets Revealed". Coasters-101. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Levine, Arthur (8 August 2017). "Harry Potter and the Escape From Gringotts". TripSavvy. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Park and ride winners". Amusement Today. 16 (6.2): 4, 5. September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Park and ride winners". Amusement Today. 16 (6.2): 4, 5. September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Park and ride winners". Amusement Today. 16 (6.2): 10. September 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website
Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts at the Roller Coaster DataBase
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Brazos River
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Brazos River
Texas
Brazos River downstream of Possum Kingdom Lake (Palo Pinto County, Texas)
Country
United States
State
Texas
Source
Llano Estacado
Source confluence
Stonewall County, Texas
- elevation 453 m (1,486 ft)
- coordinates 33°16′07″N 100°0′37″W / 33.26861°N 100.01028°W / 33.26861; -100.01028 [1]
Mouth
Gulf of Mexico
- location Brazoria County, Texas
- elevation 0 m (0 ft)
- coordinates 28°52′33″N 95°22′42″W / 28.87583°N 95.37833°W / 28.87583; -95.37833Coordinates: 28°52′33″N 95°22′42″W / 28.87583°N 95.37833°W / 28.87583; -95.37833 [1]
Length
1,352 km (840 mi)
Basin
116,000 km2 (44,788 sq mi)
Discharge
for Rosharon, TX
- average 237.5 m3/s (8,387 cu ft/s)
- max 2,390 m3/s (84,402 cu ft/s)
- min 0.76 m3/s (27 cu ft/s)
Brazos River watershed
Website: Handbook of Texas: Brazos River
The Brazos River (/ˈbræzəs/ ( listen) BRAZZ-əs), called the Rio de los Brazos de Dios (translated as "The River of the Arms of God") by early Spanish explorers, is the 11th-longest river in the United States of America at 1,280 miles (2,060 km) from its headwater source at the head of Blackwater Draw, Curry County, New Mexico[2] to its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico with a 45,000-square-mile (116,000 km2) drainage basin.[3] It sometimes is used to mark the boundary between East Texas and West Texas.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
2 History
3 Brazos watershed
4 Water quality concerns
5 Recreation
6 Cultural references
7 See also
8 Footnotes
9 Further reading
10 External links
Geography[edit]
The Brazos proper begins at the confluence of the Salt Fork and Double Mountain Fork, two tributaries of the Upper Brazos that rise on the high plains of the Llano Estacado, flowing 840 miles (1,350 km) through the center of Texas. Another major tributary of the Upper Brazos is the Clear Fork Brazos River, which passes by Abilene and joins the main river near Graham. Important tributaries of the Lower Brazos include the Paluxy River, the Bosque River, the Little River, Yegua Creek, Nolan River, the Leon River, the San Gabriel River, the Lampasas River and the Navasota River.[4]
Initially running east towards Dallas-Fort Worth, the Brazos turns south, passing through Waco and the Baylor University campus, further south to near Calvert, Texas then past Bryan and College Station, then through Richmond, Texas in Fort Bend County, and into the Gulf of Mexico in the marshes just south of Freeport.[3]
The main stem of the Brazos is dammed in three places, all north of Waco, forming Possum Kingdom Lake, Lake Granbury, and Lake Whitney. Of these three, Granbury was the last to be completed, in 1969. When its construction was proposed in the mid-1950s, John Graves wrote the book, Goodbye to a River. A small municipal dam (Lake Brazos Dam) is near the downstream city limit of Waco at the end of the Baylor campus; it raises the level of the river through the city to form a town lake. This impoundment of the Brazos through Waco is locally called Lake Brazos. A total of nineteen major reservoirs are located along the Brazos.[5]
North Fork Double Mountain Fork Brazos River at the edge of the Llano Estacado.
Salt Fork Brazos River in Kent County, Texas.
Double Mountain Fork Brazos River north of Rotan, Texas.
Double Mountain Fork Brazos River at the site of former Rath City, Texas.
The Brazos in north Central Texas.
The Brazos in southeast Central Texas west of Bryan, Texas.
History[edit]
It is unclear when it was first named by European explorers, since it was often confused with the Colorado River not far to the south, but it was certainly seen by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle. Later Spanish accounts call it Los Brazos de Dios (the arms of God), for which name there were several different explanations, all involving it being the first water to be found by desperately thirsty parties. In 1842, native Indian commissioner of Texas, Ethan Stroud established a trading post on this river.
Brazos River was the scene of a battle between the Texas Navy and Mexican Navy during the Texas Revolution. Texas Navy ship Independence was defeated by one Mexican vessel.
The river was important for navigation before and after the American Civil War, and steam boats sailed as far up the river as Washington-on-the-Brazos. While attempts to improve commercial navigation on the river continued, railroads proved more reliable. The Brazos River also flooded, often seriously, on a regular basis before a piecemeal levee system was replaced, notably in 1913 when a massive flood affected the course of the river. The river is primarily important today as a source of water for power, irrigation, and recreation. The water is administered by the Brazos River Authority.[4]
The river also features prominently in a number of prison songs, because at one time nearly every prison in Texas was near the Brazos.
The 2000 book, Sandbars and Sternwheelers: Steam Navigation on the Brazos by Pamela A. Puryear and Nath Winfield, Jr., with introduction by J. Milton Nance, examines the early vessels that attempted to navigate the Brazos.[6]
On June 2, 2016, the rising of the river required evacuations for portions of Brazoria County.[7]
Brazos watershed[edit]
The Brazos River watershed covers a total area of 119,174 square kilometers.[8] Within the watershed lie 42 lakes and rivers which have a combined storage capacity of 2.5 million acre-feet.[9] The Brazos watershed also has an estimated ground water availability of 119,275 acre-feet per year.[10] Approximately 31% of the land use within the watershed is cropland. Approximately 61% is grassland (30%) shrubland (19.8%) and forest (11%) while urban use only makes up 4.6%. The population density within the watershed is 19.5 people per square kilometer.[8]
Water quality concerns[edit]
The main water quality issues within the Brazos Watershed are high nutrient loads, high bacterial and salinity levels and low dissolved oxygen. These water quality issues can be attributed to livestock, fertilizer and chemical run off. Sources of run off are croplands, pastures, and industrial sites among others.[11] Fracking is also cause for concern regarding water quality within the Brazos Watershed. The Barnett Shale lies partially within the watershed which is the second largest source of natural gas in the US.[12] Studies have shown that the watershed receiving the most toxic pollution is the lower Brazos river which received 33.4 million pounds of toxic waste in 2012.[13]
Recreation[edit]
Canoeing is a very popular recreational activity on the Brazos River with many locations favorable for launching and recovery. The best paddling can be found immediately below Possum Kingdom Lake and Lake Granbury.[14]
Sandbar Camping is also permitted since the entire streambed of the river is considered to be state-owned public property. Fishing, camping, and picnicking are legal here, including on the sandbars.[15] Several scout camps are located along the Brazos River and they support a wide range of water and shoreline activities for scouts, youth groups and family groups.[16]
The Brazos River Authority maintains several public campsites along the river and at the lakes. Hunting and fishing are also permitted at select locations along the river.
Outdoor enthusiasts enjoy the opportunity to find beautiful scenery and abundant wildlife on the river. Fly fishing and river fishing for largemouth bass are popular.[17]
Cultural references[edit]
The Alan Le May novel The Searchers mentions the Salt Fork of the Brazos River several times as a likely place for the protagonists to find Chief Scar, who is holding the captive child Debbie. In the 1956 film based on the novel, Mose Harper identifies the location of Chief Scar's camp as Seven Fingers, which a group of Texas Rangers identify as Seven Fingers of the Brazos.
John Graves' travel narrative Goodbye to a River takes place on the Brazos River.
The Brazos is the setting of the American folk song "Ain't No More Cane".
Warren Haynes and Billy Gibbons broke down on the Brazos.
See also[edit]
List of Texas rivers
List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem)
Double Mountain Fork Brazos River
Yellow House Canyon
White River (Texas)
Blanco Canyon
Mount Blanco
Battle of the Brazos
North Fork Double Mountain Fork Brazos River
Double Mountain (Texas)
Canyon Valley, Texas
USS Brazos (AO-4), a fleet oiler built in 1919
Brazos Belle
Footnotes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Brazos River
Jump up ^ Kammerer, J.C. (1987). "Largest Rivers in the United States". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
^ Jump up to: a b Hendrickson Kenneth E., Jr. (1999-02-15). "Brazos River". The Handbook of Texas Online. The General Libraries at the University of Texas at Austin and the Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on July 10, 2011. Retrieved 2006-07-22.
^ Jump up to: a b Hendrickson, Jr., Kenneth E. (1981). The Waters of the Brazos: A History of the Brazos River Authority 1929-1979. Waco, TX: The Texian Press.
Jump up ^ "River Basin Map of Texas" (JPEG). Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas at Austin. 1996. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
Jump up ^ Sandbars and Sternwheelers: Steam Navigation on the Brazos. Texas A&M University Press, 2000, 168 pp., ISBN 1-58544-058-2. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ Foxhall, Emily. "Mandatory evacuations ordered in Brazoria County - Houston Chronicle". Chron.com. Retrieved 2016-06-04.
^ Jump up to: a b "USGS EDNA-Derived Watershed Characteristics". edna.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
Jump up ^ "River Basins - Brazos River Basin | Texas Water Development Board". www.twdb.texas.gov. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
Jump up ^ "Brazos Valley Groundwater Conservation District". Brazos Valley Groundwater Conservation District. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
Jump up ^ "The Brazos River Authority > About Us > Water Quality > Watershed Protection Plans > Leon River WPP". www.brazos.org. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
Jump up ^ "Texas and fracking - SourceWatch". www.sourcewatch.org. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
Jump up ^ "Southern waters imperiled by toxic pollution". Facing South. 2014-06-23. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
Jump up ^ "Brazos River & Paddling Trails - Parks & Recreation - City of Waco, Texas". Waco-texas.com. Retrieved 2016-06-04.
Jump up ^ "The Brazos River Authority > About Us > Education > Water School". Brazos.org. Retrieved 2016-06-04.
Jump up ^ "Texas Scout Camps". Maintour.com. 2013-11-26. Retrieved 2016-06-04.
Jump up ^ "Home". Brazosriverfishing.com. Retrieved 2016-06-04.
Further reading[edit]
Archer, Kenna Lang, “A Defiant River, A Technocratic Ideal: Big Dams and Even Bigger Hopes along the Brazos River, 1929–1958,” East Texas Historical Journal, 53 (Fall 2015), 67–87.
Archer, Kenna Lang. Unruly Waters: A Social and Environmental History of the Brazos River. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 2015.
Hendrickson, Jr., Kenneth E. The Waters of the Brazos: A History of the Brazos River Authority 1929-1979. Waco, TX: The Texian Press, 1981.
Kimmel, Jim. 2011. Exploring the Brazos River: from beginning to end. Texas A&M Press. College Station, TX.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brazos River.
External links[edit]
Brazos River from the Handbook of Texas Online
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Brazos River
Brazos River Authority
Public domain photos of the Upper Brazos
Historic photos of Army Corps of Engineers lock and dam projects on the Brazos River, 1910-20s, from the Portal to Texas History
1858 map titled Preliminary chart of entrance to Brazos River, Texas from a trigonometrical survey under the direction of A. Bache ; triangulation by J.S. Williams ; topography by J.M. Wampler ; hydrography by the parties under the command of E.J. De Haven & J.K. Duer., hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazos_River&oldid=805033639"
Categories:
Brazos River
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Drainage basins of the Gulf of Mexico
Bodies of water of Brazoria County, Texas
Bodies of water of Fort Bend County, Texas
Bodies of water of Hood County, Texas
Bodies of water of McLennan County, Texas
Bodies of water of Stonewall County, Texas
Rivers of Palo Pinto County, Texas
Bodies of water of Waller County, Texas
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Frontal lobe
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Frontal lobe
Principal fissures and lobes of the cerebrum viewed laterally. (Frontal lobe is shown in pale green.)
Details
Part of
Cerebrum
Artery
Anterior cerebral
Middle cerebral
Identifiers
Latin
Lobus Frontalis
Acronym(s)
FL
MeSH
D005625
NeuroNames
56
NeuroLex ID
birnlex_928
TA
A14.1.09.110
FMA
61824
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
[edit on Wikidata]
Not to be confused with Prefrontal cortex.
The frontal lobe, located at the front of the brain, is the largest of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in mammals. The frontal lobe is located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere (in front of the parietal lobe and the temporal lobe). It is separated from the parietal lobe by a groove between tissues called the central sulcus, and from the temporal lobe by a deeper groove called the lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure). The most anterior rounded part of the frontal lobe (though not well-defined) is known as the frontal pole, one of the three poles of the cerebrum.[1]
The precentral gyrus, a portion of the frontal lobe directly anterior to the central sulcus, contains the primary motor cortex, which controls voluntary movements of specific body parts.
The frontal lobe contains most of the dopamine-sensitive neurons in the cerebral cortex. The dopaminergic system is associated with reward, attention, short-term memory tasks, planning, and motivation. Dopamine tends to limit and select sensory information arriving from the thalamus to the forebrain.
Contents
1 Structure
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Damage
3.1.1 Symptoms
3.2 Genetic
4 History
4.1 Psychosurgery
4.2 Theories of function
5 Other animals
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Structure[edit]
Animation. Frontal lobe (red) of left cerebral hemisphere.
On the lateral surface of the human brain, the central sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. The lateral sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe.
The frontal lobe can be divided into a lateral, polar, orbital (above the orbit; also called basal or ventral), and medial part. Each of these parts consists of a particular gyrus:
Lateral part: lateral part of the superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus.
Polar part: Transverse frontopolar gyri, frontomarginal gyrus.
Orbital part: Lateral orbital gyrus, anterior orbital gyrus, posterior orbital gyrus, medial orbital gyrus, gyrus rectus.
Medial part: Medial part of the superior frontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus.
The gyri are separated by sulci. E.g., the precentral gyrus is in front of the central sulcus, and behind the precentral sulcus. The superior and middle frontal gyri are divided by the superior frontal sulcus. The middle and inferior frontal gyri are divided by the inferior frontal sulcus.
In humans, the frontal lobe reaches full maturity around the late 20s,[2] marking the cognitive maturity associated with adulthood. A small amount of atrophy, however, is normal in the aging person’s frontal lobe. Fjell, in 2009, studied atrophy of the brain in people aged 60–91 years. The 142 healthy participants were scanned using MRI. Their results were compared to those of 122 participants with Alzheimer's disease. A follow-up one year later showed there to have been a marked volumetric decline in those with Alzheimer's and a much smaller decline (averaging 0.5%) in the healthy group.[3] These findings corroborate those of Coffey, who in 1992 indicated that the frontal lobe decreases in volume approximately 0.5%–1% per year.[4]
Function[edit]
The frontal lobe plays a large role in voluntary movement. It houses the primary motor cortex which regulates activities like walking.
The function of the frontal lobe involves the ability to project future consequences resulting from current actions. Frontal lobe functions also include override and suppression of socially unacceptable response as well as differentiation tasks.
The frontal lobe also plays an important part in integrating longer non-task based memories stored across the brain. These are often memories associated with emotions derived from input from the brain's limbic system. The frontal lobe modifies those emotions to generally fit socially acceptable norms.
Psychological tests that measure frontal lobe function include finger tapping (as the frontal lobe controls voluntary movement), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and measures of language and numeracy skills.[5]
Clinical significance[edit]
Damage[edit]
Damage to the frontal lobe can occur in a number of ways and result in many different consequences. Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) also known as mini-strokes, and strokes are common causes of frontal lobe damage in older adults (65 and over). These strokes and mini-strokes can occur due to the blockage of blood flow to the brain or as a result of the rupturing of an aneurysm in a cerebral artery. Other ways in which injury can occur include head injuries such as traumatic brain injuries incurred following accidents, diagnoses such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease (which cause dementia symptoms), and frontal lobe epilepsy (which can occur at any age).[6]
Symptoms[edit]
Common effects of damage to the frontal lobe are varied. Patients who have experienced frontal lobe trauma may know the appropriate response to a situation but display inappropriate responses to those same situations in "real life". Similarly, emotions that are felt may not be expressed in the face or voice. For example, someone who is feeling happy would not smile, and the voice would be devoid of emotion. Along the same lines, though, the person may also exhibit excessive, unwarranted displays of emotion. Depression is common in stroke patients. Also common is a loss of or decrease in motivation. Someone might not want to carry out normal daily activities and would not feel "up to it".[6] Those who are close to the person who has experienced the damage may notice changes in behavior.[7] This personality change is characteristic of damage to the frontal lobe and was exemplified in the case of Phineas Gage. The frontal lobe is the same part of the brain that is responsible for executive functions such as planning for the future, judgment, decision-making skills, attention span, and inhibition. These functions can decrease drastically in someone whose frontal lobe is damaged.[6]
Consequences that are seen less frequently are also varied. Confabulation may be the most frequently indicated "less common" effect. In the case of confabulation, someone gives false information while maintaining the belief that it is the truth. In a small number of patients, uncharacteristic cheerfulness can be noted. This effect is seen mostly in patients with lesions to the right frontal portion of the brain.[6][8]
Another infrequent effect is that of reduplicative paramnesia, in which patients believe that the location in which they currently reside is a replica of one located somewhere else. Similarly, those who experience Capgras syndrome after frontal lobe damage believe that an identical "replacement" has taken the identity of a close friend, relative, or other person and is posing as that person. This last effect is seen mostly in schizophrenic patients who also have a neurological disorder in the frontal lobe.[6][9]
Genetic[edit]
A report from the National Institute of Mental Health says a gene variant of (COMT) that reduces dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex is related to poorer performance and inefficient functioning of that brain region during working memory tasks, and to a slightly increased risk for schizophrenia.[10]
History[edit]
Psychosurgery[edit]
In the early 20th century, a medical treatment for mental illness, first developed by Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz, involved damaging the pathways connecting the frontal lobe to the limbic system. A frontal lobotomy (sometimes called frontal leucotomy) successfully reduced distress but at the cost of often blunting the subject's emotions, volition and personality. The indiscriminate use of this psychosurgical procedure, combined with its severe side effects and a mortality rate of 7.4 to 17 per cent,[11] gained it a bad reputation. The frontal lobotomy has largely died out as a psychiatric treatment. More precise psychosurgical procedures are still used, although rarely. They may include anterior capsulotomy (bilateral thermal lesions of the anterior limbs of the internal capsule) or the bilateral cingulotomy (involving lesions of the anterior cingulate gyri) and might be used to treat otherwise untreatable obsessional disorders or clinical depression.
Theories of function[edit]
Theories of frontal lobe function can be separated into four categories:
Single-process theories, which propose that "damage to a single process or system is responsible for a number of different dysexecutive symptoms” [12]
Multi-process theories, which propose "that the frontal lobe executive system consists of a number of components that typically work together in everyday actions (heterogeneity of function)" [13]
Construct-led theories, which propose that "most if not all frontal functions can be explained by one construct (homogeneity of function) such as working memory or inhibition" [14]
Single-symptom theories, which propose that a specific dysexecutive symptom (e.g., confabulation) is related to the processes and construct of the underlying structures.[15]
Other theories include:
Stuss (1999) suggests a differentiation into two categories according to homogeneity and heterogeneity of function.
Grafman's managerial knowledge units (MKU) / structured event complex (SEC) approach (cf. Wood & Grafman, 2003)
Miller & Cohen's integrative theory of prefrontal functioning (e.g. Miller & Cohen, 2001)
Rolls's stimulus-reward approach and Stuss's anterior attentional functions (Burgess & Simons, 2005; Burgess, 2003; Burke, 2007).
It may be highlighted that the theories described above differ in their focus on certain processes/systems or construct-lets. Stuss (1999) remarks that the question of homogeneity (single construct) or heterogeneity (multiple processes/systems) of function "may represent a problem of semantics and/or incomplete functional analysis rather than an unresolvable dichotomy" (p. 348). However, further research will show if a unified theory of frontal lobe function that fully accounts for the diversity of functions will be available.
Other animals[edit]
Many scientists had thought that the frontal lobe was disproportionately enlarged in humans compared to other primates. This was thought to be an important feature of human evolution and seen as the primary reason why human cognition differs from that of other primates. However, this view has since been challenged by neuroimaging studies. Using magnetic resonance imaging to determine the volume of the frontal cortex in humans, all extant ape species and several monkey species, it was found that the human frontal cortex was not relatively larger than the cortex of other great apes but was relatively larger than the frontal cortex of lesser apes and the monkeys.[16] The higher cognition of the humans is instead seen to relate to a greater connectedness given by neural tracts that do not affect the cortical volume.[16] This is also evident in the pathways of the language network connecting the frontal and temporal lobes.[17]
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Broca's area
Limen insulae
Regions in the human brain
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Muzio, Bruno Di. "Frontal pole | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org". radiopaedia.org.
Jump up ^ Giedd JN, Blumenthal J, Jeffries NO, et al. (October 1999). "Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study". Nature Neuroscience. 2 (10): 861–3. doi:10.1038/13158. PMID 10491603.
Jump up ^ Fjell AM, Walhovd KB, Fennema-Notestine C, et al. (December 2009). "One-year brain atrophy evident in healthy aging". The Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (48): 15223–31. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3252-09.2009. PMC 2827793. PMID 19955375.
Jump up ^ Coffey CE, Wilkinson WE, Parashos IA, et al. (March 1992). "Quantitative cerebral anatomy of the aging human brain: a cross-sectional study using magnetic resonance imaging". Neurology. 42 (3 Pt 1): 527–36. doi:10.1212/wnl.42.3.527. PMID 1549213.
Jump up ^ Kimberg DY, Farah MJ (December 1993). "A unified account of cognitive impairments following frontal lobe damage: the role of working memory in complex, organized behavior". Journal of Experimental Psychology. General. 122 (4): 411–28. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.122.4.411. PMID 8263463.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Stuss DT, Gow CA, Hetherington CR (June 1992). "'No longer Gage': frontal lobe dysfunction and emotional changes". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 60 (3): 349–59. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.60.3.349. PMID 1619089.
Jump up ^ Rowe AD, Bullock PR, Polkey CE, Morris RG (March 2001). "'Theory of mind' impairments and their relationship to executive functioning following frontal lobe excisions". Brain. 124 (Pt 3): 600–16. doi:10.1093/brain/124.3.600. PMID 11222459.
Jump up ^ Robinson RG, Kubos KL, Starr LB, Rao K, Price TR (March 1984). "Mood disorders in stroke patients. Importance of location of lesion". Brain. 107 (1): 81–93. doi:10.1093/brain/107.1.81. PMID 6697163.
Jump up ^ Durani, Shiban K.; Ford, Rodney; Sajjad, S. H. (September 1991). "Capgras syndrome associated with a frontal lobe tumour". Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine. 8 (2): 135–6. doi:10.1017/S0790966700015093.
Jump up ^ "Gene Slows Frontal Lobes, Boosts Schizophrenia Risk". National Institute of Mental Health. May 29, 2001. Archived from the original on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2013-06-20.
Jump up ^ Ogren K, Sandlund M (2007). "Lobotomy at a state mental hospital in Sweden. A survey of patients operated on during the period 1947-1958". Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. 61 (5): 355–62. doi:10.1080/08039480701643498. PMID 17990197.
Jump up ^ (Burgess, 2003, p. 309).
Jump up ^ (Burgess, 2003, p. 310).
Jump up ^ (Stuss, 1999, p. 348; cf. Burgess & Simons, 2005).
Jump up ^ (cf. Burgess & Simons, 2005).
^ Jump up to: a b Semendeferi, K; Lu, A; Schenker, N; Damasio, H (March 2002). "Humans and great apes share a large frontal cortex". Nature Neuroscience. 5 (3): 272–6. doi:10.1038/nn814. PMID 11850633.
Jump up ^ Friederici, AD (April 2009). "Pathways to language: fiber tracts in the human brain". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 13 (4): 175–81. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.01.001. PMID 19223226.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frontal lobe.
NIF Search - Frontal Lobe via the Neuroscience Information Framework
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Anatomy of the cerebral cortex of the human brain
Frontal lobe
Superolateral
Prefrontal
Superior frontal gyrus
4
6
8
Middle frontal gyrus
9
10
46
Inferior frontal gyrus: 11
47-Pars orbitalis
Broca's area
44-Pars opercularis
45-Pars triangularis
Superior frontal sulcus
Inferior frontal sulcus
Precentral
Precentral gyrus
Precentral sulcus
Medial/inferior
Prefrontal
Superior frontal gyrus
4
6
Medial frontal gyrus
8
9
Paraterminal gyrus/Paraolfactory area
12
Straight gyrus
11
Orbital gyri/Orbitofrontal cortex
10
11
12
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
10
Subcallosal area
25
Olfactory sulcus
Orbital sulcus
Precentral
Paracentral lobule
4
Paracentral sulcus
Both
Primary motor cortex
4
Premotor cortex
6
Supplementary motor area
6
Supplementary eye field
6
Frontal eye fields
8
Parietal lobe
Superolateral
Superior parietal lobule
5
7
Inferior parietal lobule
40-Supramarginal gyrus
39-Angular gyrus
Parietal operculum
43
Intraparietal sulcus
Medial/inferior
Paracentral lobule
1
2
3
5
Precuneus
7
Marginal sulcus
Both
Postcentral gyrus/Primary somatosensory cortex
1
2
3
Secondary somatosensory cortex
5
Posterior parietal cortex
7
Occipital lobe
Superolateral
Occipital pole of cerebrum
Lateral occipital gyrus
18
19
Lunate sulcus
Transverse occipital sulcus
Medial/inferior
Visual cortex
17
Cuneus
Lingual gyrus
Calcarine sulcus
Temporal lobe
Superolateral
Transverse temporal gyrus/Auditory cortex
41
42
Superior temporal gyrus
38
22/Wernicke's area
Middle temporal gyrus
21
Superior temporal sulcus
Medial/inferior
Fusiform gyrus
37
Medial temporal lobe
27
28
34
35
36
Inferior temporal gyrus
20
Inferior temporal sulcus
Interlobar
sulci/fissures
Superolateral
Central (frontal+parietal)
Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal)
Parieto-occipital
Preoccipital notch
Medial/inferior
Longitudinal fissure
Cingulate (frontal+cingulate)
Collateral (temporal+occipital)
Callosal sulcus
Limbic lobe
Parahippocampal gyrus
anterior
Entorhinal cortex
Perirhinal cortex
Postrhinal cortex
Posterior parahippocampal gyrus
Prepyriform area
Cingulate cortex/gyrus
Subgenual area
25
Anterior cingulate
24
32
33
Posterior cingulate
23
31
Isthmus of cingulate gyrus: Retrosplenial cortex
26
29
30
Hippocampal formation
Hippocampal sulcus
Fimbria of hippocampus
Dentate gyrus
Rhinal sulcus
Other
Indusium griseum
Uncus
Amygdala
Insular cortex
Insular cortex
General
Operculum
Poles of cerebral hemispheres
Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri.
Authority control
GND: 4183361-2
NDL: 01071497

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