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List of Bob the Builder characters
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This is a list of characters from the Bob the Builder television series.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bob the Builder.
Contents
[hide]
1 Humans
1.1 Main
1.1.1 Bob the Builder (2015 series)
1.2 Recurring
1.2.1 Original series
1.2.2 Project: Build It!
1.2.3 Ready, Steady, Build!
1.2.4 Bob the Builder (2015 series)
1.3 Minor
1.3.1 Original series
1.3.2 Project: Build It!
1.3.3 Ready, Steady, Build!
1.3.4 Bob the Builder (2015 series)
2 Animals
2.1 Main
2.1.1 Original series
2.1.2 Project: Build It!
2.1.3 2015 TV series
2.2 Recurring
2.2.1 Original series
2.2.2 Project: Build It!
2.2.3 Ready, Steady Build
2.2.4 2015 TV series
3 Other characters
3.1 Main
3.1.1 Original series
3.1.2 Ready, Steady, Build!
4 Vehicles
4.1 Main
4.1.1 Original series
4.1.1.1 Construction vehicles
4.1.1.2 Other vehicles
4.1.2 Project: Build It!
4.1.2.1 Construction vehicles
4.1.2.2 Trucks
4.1.3 Ready, Steady, Build!
4.1.3.1 Construction vehicles
4.2 Recurring
4.2.1 Original series
4.2.1.1 Snow vehicles
4.2.1.2 Trucks
4.2.1.3 Other vehicles
4.2.2 Project: Build It!
4.2.2.1 Construction vehicles
4.2.2.2 Snow vehicles
4.2.2.3 Trucks
4.2.2.4 Other vehicles
4.2.3 Ready, Steady, Build!
4.2.3.1 Construction vehicles
4.2.4 Bob the Builder (2015 series)
4.2.4.1 Construction vehicles
4.2.4.2 Trucks
4.2.4.3 Other vehicles
Humans[edit]
Main[edit]
Bob (original catchphrase: "Can we fix it?"; current one: "Can we build it?") is a general contractor and head of his own construction yard based in Bobsville and later in Sunflower Valley and now Fixham Harbour. Bob is from a family of builders – his father Robert is also a builder and so was his grandfather Billy. He is assisted by Wendy and a host of anthropomorphic vehicles in various projects in and around the town. He is the owner of Pilchard the Cat and he is not good with computers. Some of the problems in the show arise from Bob's habit of forgetting to turn his mobile phone on. Bob is voiced by Neil Morrissey in the UK and William Dufris, Greg Proops, and Marc Silk in the US. He is now voiced by Lee Ingleby in the UK, and Colin Murdock in the US.
Wendy is Bob's business partner and later his girlfriend who runs the office and keeps the business in order, and often organizes tools and equipment. She is also seen doing construction work in many episodes. Wendy is often worried about Bob's cat, Pilchard, as shown in the episode Pilchard in a Pickle and in the song Find That Cat. Wendy was voiced by Kate Harbour in the UK and by Lorelei King in the US. Now voiced by Joanne Froggatt in the UK and the US. In the 2015 TV series, she conserves her English accent.
Mr. Bernard Bentley – The Bobsville town building inspector and later Mayor of Sunflower Valley and then Fixham Harbour building inspector, and Barbara Bentley's husband. In the reboot series, he is the mayor's right-hand man and gains a more nerdy, clumsy personality and a brand new catchphrase which is "Oh, dear me! Mayor Madison will be here any second!". He is voiced by Rob Rackstraw in the UK and the US beginning with the Project: Build It series and Alan Marriott in the US version of the regular series. Now voiced by Nick Mercer in the UK and Ian James Corlett in the US.
Bob the Builder (2015 series)[edit]
Leo – College student, Bob's apprentice and son of Curtis. Voiced by Jacob Scipio in the UK and Dan Bacon in the US.
Recurring[edit]
Original series[edit]
Dot – Bob's Mother and also Robert (Bob's Dad)'s wife. She is voiced by June Whitfield in the UK and Lorelei King in the US.
Mrs. Broadbent – A Bobsville resident and neighbour of Bob. She is voiced by Kate Harbour in the UK and Lorelei King in the US. She looks like Mrs. Percival.
Mr. Beasley – A Bobsville and later Sunflower Valley resident and a frequent customer. He is voiced by Rob Rackstraw in the UK and William Dufris, Greg Proops and Marc Silk in the US.
Mrs. Barbara Bentley – Bernard Bentley's wife.
Farmer Percy Pickles is a nearby farmer, and a good friend of Bob who often helps out in construction projects with Bob. He is the owner of Travis the tractor, Sumsy the forklift, Packer the truck, Scruffty the dog, and Spud the scarecrow. Farmer Pickles is voiced by Neil Morrissey in the UK, William Dufris in the US version of regular series and Vincent Marzello in the US beginning with the Project: Build It series.
Mr. Dixon – Postman and brother to a famous football goalkeeper
Mr. Jeremy Ellis – Bobsville Museum manager. Voiced by Rob Rackstraw in the UK, William Dufris in the US version of the regular series and Alan Marriot in the US version of the Project: Build It series in the episode, "Scrambler and the Colorful Cave".
JJ – Parts supplier and Hamish's new owner. He is Jamaican. He is voiced by Colin McFarlane.
Molly – JJ's daughter. She is voiced by Llewella Gideon in the UK and Lorelei King in the US.
Mrs. Percival – School headteacher. She is voiced by Kate Harbour in the UK and Lorelei King in the US.
Mrs. Potts – a Bobsville resident and owner of Tommy the Tortoise. She is voiced by Kate Harbour in the UK and Lorelei King in the US.
Mr. Angelo Sabatini – Runs the local pizza shop in Bobsville and the Sunflower Valley bakery.
Robert – Bob's Dad also a Builder Married to Dot. He is voiced by Richard Briers in the UK and Vincent Marzello in the US. in Bob the Builder 2015 Series He Is Voiced By Jimmy Hibbert .
Project: Build It![edit]
Annie Pickles – She is a seaweed farmer and Farmer Pickle's cousin.
Meg McDonald – She is a dairy farmer and is Piper's aunt as well as the owner of Dodger. Voiced by Kate Harbour.
Baz – He is a sheep shearer and Farmer Pickles' cousin.
Pablo – Mr Sabatini's brother.
Sunny – The son of Marjorie and the twin brother of Saffron.
Saffron – The daughter of Marjorie and the twin sister of Sunny.
Cassie – The daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Sabatini and the twin sister of Carlos.
Carlos – The son of Mr. and Mrs. Sabatini and the twin brother of Cassie.
Piper McDonald – He is Meg's nephew and assists her with her dairy products. Voiced by Rupert Degas.
Ready, Steady, Build![edit]
Brad Rad – Surfer dude for whom Bob builds a weather station. Later, Lofty takes his surfboards when he wants to join the Diggers Three.
Mr. David Mockney – Fixham Harbour Museum manager.
Bob the Builder (2015 series)[edit]
Maria Madison – Mayor of Spring City. A running gag is she occasionally tries to get her picture taken for the newspaper or a magazine and it always gets ruined. For example, in "Sky-High Scoop", she tries to get her picture taken at the top of the new skyscraper and Gull lands on her and she tries to shoo her away. She is voiced by Lucy Montgomery in the UK and Nicole Oliver in the US.
Curtis – Leo's Dad and owner of the local service station. Voiced by Danny John-Jules.
Brandon – One of the Spring City Rockets.
Mila – One of the Spring City Rockets.
JJ – One of the Spring City Rockets. Not to be confused with J.J. from the Original Series.
Saffi – One of the Spring City Rockets whose hair is tied in pigtails. She is also a pet owner who has South-Asian blood. She is voiced by Mia Hope in the UK and Kazumi Evans in the US.
Minor[edit]
Original series[edit]
David Dixon – Famous football goalkeeper and brother to Mr. Dixon
Dora – Bob's aunt. She is never seen.
Doris – Mr. Ellis' aunt. In Bob's Aunt, Bob picks up the letter which is wet and he thinks Aunt Dora is coming and then later on, they find out that it's not Aunt Dora, but Mr. Ellis's aunt Doris.
Mr. Fothergill – A Bobsville resident, the computer repair man and Hamish's first owner. He gave Hamish to JJ and Molly after he discovered that he was allergic to him. He is voiced by Neil Morrissey in the UK and Alan Marriott in the US.
Jenny – Wendy's sister
Mavis the Postwoman – postwoman. She is mentioned only in Buffalo Bob and Scruffty the Detective but never seen.
Pam Goody – Runs the Arts Centre
Tom – Bob's fraternal twin brother
Mrs. Sophia Sabatini – Mr Sabatini's wife
Sandy Beach – A cave expert and friend of Mr. Ellis. He speaks in an Anglo-American accent and has long hair in a ponytail. He is voiced by Rupert Degas.
Project: Build It![edit]
Mr. Costello – Drive-in movie manager
Marjorie – The new manager at Farmer Pickles's factory.
Jana von Strudel – She yodelled with Roley. She is Austrian and speaks in a German accent. She's also the owner of Zoomer
Ready, Steady, Build![edit]
Tony Toberoni – Manager of the Dinosaur Fun Park.
Bob the Builder (2015 series)[edit]
Chef Tattie – Celebrity chef. He is voiced by Iain Lauchlan in both the UK and US.
Jenny Dobbs – She is a zookeeper at Fixham Zoo who looks after zoo animals. She is voiced Lucy Montgomery in both the UK and US.
Vet Tilly – She is a vet who helps pet animals feel better. She is voiced by Sarah Hadland in the UK and Erin Mathews in the US.
Conrad - He is the former builder and Ace, Crunch and Thud's former owner, who only appeared in Mega Machines The Movie. He is voice by Brian Cox in both UK and US.
Animals[edit]
Main[edit]
Original series[edit]
Pilchard – Bob's pet cat. She likes to stay at the yard and occasionally rides in Dizzy's mixer.
Bird – Roley's best friend, who goes "Toot, toot."
Scruffty – Farmer Pickles' pet dog.
Project: Build It![edit]
Bird(ie) – Roley's new friend in Sunflower Valley.
2015 TV series[edit]
Gull is a seagull Scoop befriends.
Recurring[edit]
Original series[edit]
Finn – Bob's goldfish who likes to swim around in a fish tank.
Tommy – Mrs Potts' tortoise.
Hamish – Mr. Fothergill's parrot who likes to repeat what he hears people say.
Squawk – Spud's pet crow.
Project: Build It![edit]
Sprat is a cat who is Pilchard's husband in "Roley the Green Cat".
Three Kittens are Pilchard and Sprat's kittens.
Ready, Steady Build[edit]
Fox Cub is a fox Roley befriends.
and Mother Fox
2015 TV series[edit]
Cooper is a dog Tilly looks after. Unike Scruffy, he loves to chase Pilchard.
Stripy is a female tiger shark pup who becomes Scoop's pet in "Scoop's Pet Shark".
Other characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Original series[edit]
Spud (Voiced by Rob Rackstraw in the UK and the US beginning with the Project: Build It Series and Alan Marriott in the US version of the regular series) is a mischievous sentient scarecrow on Farmer Pickles' farm who tries to help Bob and the crew. Often he causes more problems than he solves, but it usually all works out in the end. It is Spud who needs to learn to be patient, not to eat all of the food, not to take things from other characters, etc. Spud has a habit of trying to do work and with his limited intelligence getting it wrong and spoiling materials. (male voice; catchphrase: "OK, Farmer Pickles" and "Spud's on the job Bob!")
Ready, Steady, Build![edit]
Pirate Brickbeard (Voiced by Rupert Degas) is a pirate who founded Fixham Harbour and sails in a ship called The Bonny Beard. He is believed to have hidden a golden hammer in Fixham. (male voice; catchphrase: "No one will ever find my Golden Hammer! Har har!"). He is only seen in The Legend of the Golden Hammer. He also made cameos in several Ready, Steady, Build! episodes.
Vehicles[edit]
Main[edit]
Original series[edit]
Construction vehicles[edit]
Scoop and Pilchard
Scoop – a backhoe loader. Scoop is the leader of Bob's machines.
Color: Yellow
Gender: Male (UK/US), Female (Poland/Sweden)
Catchphrases: "No prob, Bob!" and "Can we fix it?" (original series) and "Aww...I've just had a BRILLIANT IDEA!!!" (reboot series)
Voiced by: Rob Rackstraw (UK; 1998–2012), Alan Marriott (US; 2001–2009), David Menkin (US; 2010–2012) and Blake Harrison (UK/US; 2015–present)
Muck – A tracked dumper. Muck is a continuous tracked dump truck with an added bulldozer blade. He often acts before thinking and subsequently gets into trouble for it.
Color: Red and Orange
Gender: Male (UK), Female (US version prior to 2015/Switzerland)
Catchphrases: "Muck to the rescue!" and "Let's get mucky!" (original series) and "Oh, wow! I'd love to join in!" (reboot series)
Voiced by: Rob Rackstraw (UK; 1998–2012), Lachele Carl (US; 2001–2009), Sophie Aldred (US; 2010–2012), Paul Panting (UK; 2015–present) and Vincent Tong (US; 2015–present)
Lofty – a mobile crane. Lofty lacks the confidence shown by the others; he is hesitant and timid, but with the encouragement of the team comes through in the end.
Color: Blue
Gender: Male
Catchphrases: "Er/Uh, yeah, I think so!", usually said in response to the question "Can we fix it?" (original series) and "It's a good job/job well done." (reboot series)
Voiced by: Neil Morrissey (UK; 1998–2012), Sonya Leite (US; 2001–Early 2005), Emma Tate (US; Late 2005–2012), Steven Kynman (UK; 2015–present) and Richard Ian Cox (US; 2015–present)
Dizzy – a tilting drum cement mixer. Dizzy was portrayed as the youngest member of the fleet until Scratch was introduced. She is eager, curious, and easily excitable.
Color: Orange
Gender: Female (UK/US), Male (Romania)
Catchphrases: "Brilliant!" (original series) and "Pour to perfection." (reboot series)
Voiced by: Kate Harbour (UK; 1998–2012), Maria Darling (US; 2001–2005), Emma Tate (US; 2006–2012), Sarah Hadland (UK; 2015–present) and Claire Corlett (US; 2015–present)
Roley – a road roller that loves to make up songs and frequently spins his eyes when he is excited.
Color: Green
Gender: Male (UK/US), Female (Sweden)
Catchphrases: "Rock and roll!" (Original Series) and "The tarmac is flat!" (reboot series)
Voiced by: Rob Rackstraw (UK; 1998–2012), Maria Darling (US; 2001–2005), Lorelei King (US; 2006–2012), Marcel McCalla (UK; 2015–present) and Ian James Corlett (US; 2015–present)
Other vehicles[edit]
Travis – a tractor. Travis is owned by Farmer Pickles, and is often seen pulling a wood sided trailer. He helps out the crew when they need it and keeps an eye on Spud the scarecrow.
Color: Turquoise
Gender: Male
Catchphrases: "Travis Tractor's my name, moving loads is my game.", "I'd better get going.", "Nice one, Spud!", "Don't be silly, Spud." and "OK, Farmer Pickles."
Voiced by: Rob Rackstraw (UK; 1998–2012), Alan Marriott (US; 2001–2009) and David Menkin (US; 2010–2012)
Project: Build It![edit]
Construction vehicles[edit]
Benny – a small excavator. He is the second youngest of the team. He was first seen in "Snowed Under!", helping Scoop build the Winter Games. He was back on his team when he was helping to build the workshop in Sunflower Valley. He looks up to Scoop and calls him, "Big Banana".
Color: Magenta
Gender: Male
Catchphrase(s): "Unreal, banana peel!" or "It's unreal, banana peel!" in reference to Scoop's yellow color in "Snowed Under: The Bobblesberg Winter Games"
Voiced by: Emma Tate (UK/US)
Trucks[edit]
Scrambler – an all-terrain vehicle (ATV). Scrambler was won by Bob for designing Sunflower Valley's new settlement.
Color: Dark Blue
Gender: Male
Catchphrases: "Let's scram!", "Awesome!" and "Cool as a mule!"
Voiced by: Rupert Degas (UK) and (US)
Ready, Steady, Build![edit]
Construction vehicles[edit]
Scratch – A small digger who is currently the youngest of the team. Scratch also loves having fun.
Color: Light Blue
Gender: Male
Catchphrase: "I'm part of the team!"
Voiced by: Kate Harbour (UK) and Jo Wyatt (US)
Recurring[edit]
Original series[edit]
Snow vehicles[edit]
Scoot – a snowmobile who is a doppelganger of Scoop. Scoot is owned by Tom.
Color: Yellow and Black
Gender: Male (UK), Female (US)
Catchphrase: "Speedster Scoot hits the Track! Whoo-hoo!"
Voiced by: Rob Rackstraw (UK) and Maria Darling (US)
Trucks[edit]
Skip – as his name indicates, he is a skip lorry. Skip belongs to JJ.
Color: Greenish-Yellow
Gender: Male
Voiced by: Colin McFarlane (UK), William Dufris (US; 2003–Early 2005) and Greg Proops (US; Late 2005)
Other vehicles[edit]
Trix – a forklift. Just like Skip, Trix belongs to JJ.
Color: Light-Purple
Gender: Female
Catchphrase: "Easy peasy!"
Voiced by: Llewella Gideon (UK) and Maria Darling (US)
Project: Build It![edit]
Construction vehicles[edit]
Tumbler – a concrete mixer. He is the loudest machine on Bob's team. He is big and can do big things that Dizzy can't.
Color: Green and Orange-Yellow
Gender: Male
Catchphrases: "I'm a Rumblin' and a Tumblin'!", "Rollin' and tumblin', tumblin and a rollin', rollin' and a tumblin'..." (UK) and "I'm a rollin' and a tumblin'..." (US)
Voiced by: Rupert Degas (UK) and Vincent Marzello US)
Gripper – a crane. Gripper speaks with a Scouse accent (Southern drawl in US dub). Gripper refers to the other characters as "mates" ("partners" in the US dub) mainly due to stereotypical behaviours. He first appeared in "Race to the Finish".
Color: Orange and Green
Gender: Male
Catchphrase: "Gripper and Grabber having fun together!"
Voiced by: Rupert Degas (UK/US)
Grabber – an excavator. Grabber speaks with a Scouse accent (Southern drawl in US dub). Grabber refers to the other characters as "mates" ("partners" in the US dub) mainly due to stereotypical behaviours. He first appeared in "Race to the Finish".
Color: Green and Orange
Gender: Male
Catchphrase: "Grabber and Gripper having fun together!"
Voiced by: Rob Rackstraw (UK/US)
Snow vehicles[edit]
Zoomer – a snowmobile.
Color: Purple with a yellow lightning bolt
Gender: Male
Catchphrase: "Zoom, Zoom, Zoom!"
Voiced by: Rupert Degas
Trucks[edit]
Packer – a semi-trailer truck. Packer is owned by Farmer Pickles and has three trailers, a flatbed, a covered trailer and a low loader. He resembles the 1988 Freightliner FL50. He delivers for all of Sunflower Valley.
Color: Red
Gender: Male
Catchphrase: "Fetch/Pick Up and Deliver!" and "Pack me up and watch me go-go-go"
Voiced by: Rupert Degas (UK) and Lorelei King (US)
Dodger – a pickup truck, who looks similar to the 1930s Ford truck due to his shape. Dodger is owned by Meg. He has a crane with a grabber that lifts the milk. His horn makes strange honking sounds that the rest of the team find funny.
Color: Light-Blue and White
Gender: Male
Catchphrase: "Dodger Delivers!"
Voiced by: Rupert Degas (UK) and Alan Marriott (US)
Flex – a cherry picker. Flex tends to have an extensive knowledge of plants and loves Horticulture. He has a Northern Irish accent.
Color: Yellow
Gender: Male
Catchphrases: "Fantastic Flex!" and "Ducking Down, swinging around, reaching for the sky, my clever flexible arm can go anywhere!"
Voiced by: Rupert Degas (UK) and Vincent Marzello (US)
Bristle – a street sweeper. Bristle is very eager to help out the others by doing jobs often ahead of the team. Bristle seems to whistle very often. He also tends to be a neat freak.
Color: Grey and Blue
Gender: Male
Catchphrase(s): "Clean as a whistle!" or "Clean as a whistle Bristle, that's me!"
Voiced by: Rupert Degas (UK) and Marc Silk (US)
Jackaroo – a pickup Truck. He is seen only in Built to Be Wild.
Color: Blue
Gender: Male
Catchphrases: "Hot Diggity Dawg!" and "Jumping Jackrabbits!"
Voiced by: Donny Osmond (UK/US)
Other vehicles[edit]
Sumsy – a forklift who greatly resembles another forklift; Trix (may be the same model). Sumsy is owned by Farmer Pickles and works at his factory.
Color: Maroon and Yellow-striped
Gender: Female
Catchphrase: "I can pack 'em, I can stack 'em!"
Voiced by: Kate Harbour (UK) and Emma Tate (US)
Splasher – an amphibious car, who works at Bobland Bay.
Color: Yellow & Blue
Gender: Male
Catchphrase: "Never fear, Super Splasher is here!"
Voiced by: Rob Rackstraw (UK/US)
R.Vee – a van who used to be Robert and Dot's own mobile workshop and is currently their transportation and tool carrier. He is seen in Scrambler to the Rescue.
Color: Blue and Orange
Gender: Male
Catchphrase: "Amazing R.Vee, that's me!"
Voiced by: Rob Rackstraw (UK) and Marc Silk (US)
Ready, Steady, Build![edit]
Construction vehicles[edit]
Rubble – a dump truck. He helped with the team to build a dinosaur fun park in The Big Dino Dig.
Color: Yellow
Gender: Male
Catchphrase: "Okay, Bob!"
Voiced by: Rupert Degas (UK) and Marc Silk (US)
Bob the Builder (2015 series)[edit]
Construction vehicles[edit]
Tiny – A tower crane
Color: Yellow
Gender: Male
Catchphrases: "Time for some Tower Power! Hrrrrrgh!" (UK) and "Time for some Tower Power!" (US)
Voiced by: Terry Mynott (UK) and Lee Tockar (US)
Stretch – An excavator
Color: Teal
Gender: Male
Catchphrase: "I'm ready to work, Bob. Anytime, anywhere, any place."
Voiced by: Sam Swann (UK) and Peter New (US)
Thud – A giant machine
Color:
Gender:
Catchphrase:
Voiced by: Dustin Demri-Burns
Crunch – A giant machine
Color:
Gender:
Catchphrase:
Voiced by:
Ace – A giant front loader machine
Color: Yellow
Gender: Male
Catchphrase:
Voiced by: Ben Miles
Trucks[edit]
Two-Tonne – A big trailer truck. He has three trailers, a flatbed used for carrying things, a concrete mixer trailer and a dumper trailer used for construction work.
Color: Navy Blue
Gender: Male
Catchphrase: "You can depend on me, Bob."
Voiced by: Terry Mynott (UK) and Richard Newman (US)
Alfred – Curtis' tow truck who gets a bit over-excited sometimes, like when Leo plays video games.
Color: White and Red
Gender: Male
Catchphrases: "It's really fantastic!" (UK) and "It's really fantastic, actually!" (US)
Voiced by: David Holt (UK/US)
Tread – a pickup truck who is cheerful and trusty.
Color: Orange
Gender: Male
Catchphrase: "I love being busy!" (UK only)
Voiced by: Dustin Demri-Burnn (UK) and Matt Hill (US)
Other vehicles[edit]
Betsy – a bus who transports the Spring City Rockets.
Color: Blue, White and Red
Gender: Female
Catchphrase: "Come on. Jump in, Rockets!"
Voiced by: Sarah Hadland (UK/US)
Phillip – a Limousine who is Mayor Madison and Mr. Bentley's chauffeur.
Color: Blue and Black
Gender: Male
Catchphrase: "Very well, Sir!"
Voiced by: Steve Cannon (UK/US)
Shifter – a forklift who is very zippy.
Color: Green
Gender: Male
Catchphrase: "If you want it shifted, call for Shifter!"
Voiced by: Lucy Montgomery (UK/US)
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The Permanent Settlement, also known as the Permanent Settlement of Bengal which was an agreement between the East India Company and Bengali landlords to fix revenues to be raised from land, with far-reaching consequences for both agricultural methods and productivity in the entire British Empire and the political realities of the Indian countryside. It was concluded in 1793 by the Company administration headed by Charles, Earl Cornwallis, also known as Lord Cornwallis.[1] It formed one part of a larger body of legislation enacted, known as the Cornwallis Code. The Cornwallis Code of 1793 divided the East India Company's service personnel into three branches: revenue, judicial, and commercial. Revenues were collected by Zamindars, native Indians who were treated as the landowners. This division created an Indian landed class that supported British authority.[1] Permanent Settlement introduced first in Bengal and Bihar; and then to South district of Madras and district of Varanasi. The system eventually spread all over northern India by a series of regulations dated 1 May 1793. These regulations remained in place until the Charter Act of 1833.[1] The other two systems prevalent in India were The Ryotwari System and The Mahalwari System.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Overview
3 Influence
4 References
5 Further reading
Background[edit]
Earlier zamindars in Bengal, Bihar and Odisha had been functionaries who held the right to collect revenue on behalf of the Mughal emperor and his representative, the diwan, in Bengal. The diwan supervised the zamindars to ensure they were neither lax nor overly stringent. When the East India Company was awarded the diwani or overlordship of Bengal by the empire following the Battle of Buxar in 1764, it found itself short of trained administrators, especially those familiar with local custom and law. As a result, landholders were unsupervised or reported to corrupt and indolent officials. The result was that revenues were extracted without regard for future income or local welfare.
Following the devastating famine of 1770, which was partially caused by this shortsightedness, Company officials in Calcutta better understood the importance of oversight of revenue officials. They failed to consider the question of incentivisation; hence Warren Hastings, then governor-general, introduced a system of five-yearly inspections and temporary tax farmers.
Many appointed as tax farmers absconded with as much revenue as they could during the time period between inspections. The British Parliament took note of the disastrous consequences of the system, and in 1784, British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger directed the Calcutta administration to alter it immediately. In 1786 Charles Cornwallis was sent out to India to reform the company's practices.
In 1786, the East India Company Court of Directors first proposed a permanent settlement for Bengal, changing the policy then being followed by Calcutta, which was attempting to increase taxation of zamindars. Between 1786 and 1790, the new Governor-General Lord Cornwallis and Sir John Shore (later Governor-General) entered a heated debate over whether or not to introduce a permanent settlement with the zamindars. Shore argued that the native zamindars would not trust the permanent settlement to be permanent and that it would take time before they realised it was genuine.
Cornwallis believed that they would immediately accept it and so begin investing in improving their land. In 1790, the Court of Directors issued a ten-year (decennial) settlement to the zamindars, which was made permanent in 1793.
By the Permanent Settlement Act of 1793, their power of keeping the armed forces were taken back. They remained just the tax collectors of the land. There were considerably weakened as they were now banned from holding any court, as it was brought under the supervision of collector appointed by the company. British officials believed that investing in the land would improve the economy.
They did not want to take direct control of local administration in villages for several reasons.They did not want to annoy those people who had traditionally enjoyed power and prestige in the village. To keep powerful people happy and collect better revenue, Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement. As per permanent system, rajas and taluqdars were recognised as zamindars, who were supposed to collect the land revenue from the peasants.
The rate of revenue was never to be increased. The company officials believed that would give some motivation for land to be invested in, as zamindars would be assured of long-term returns of continuous flow of revenue.
Also was created a new social class of land owning nobility in Bengal and Bihar, loyal to the British.
Overview[edit]
The question of incentivisation now being understood to be central, the security of tenure of landlords was guaranteed. In short, the former landholders and revenue intermediaries were granted proprietorial rights (effective ownership) to the land they held. In addition, the land tax was fixed in perpetuity to minimise the tendency by British administrators to amass a small fortune in sluiced-away revenue. Smallholders were no longer permitted to sell their land, but they could not be expropriated by their new landlords.
Incentivization of zamindars was intended to encourage improvements of the land, such as drainage, irrigation and the construction of roads and bridges; such infrastructure had been insufficient through much of Bengal. With a fixed land tax, zamindars could securely invest in increasing their income without any fear of having the increase taxed away by the Company. Cornwallis made the motivation quite clear by declaring that "when the demand of government is fixed, an opportunity is afforded to the landholder of increasing his profits, by the improvement of his lands". The British had in mind "improving landlords" in their own country, such as Coke of Norfolk.
The Court of Directors also hoped to guarantee the company's income, which was constantly plagued by defaulting zamindars who fell into arrears, making it impossible for them to budget their spending accurately.
The immediate consequence of the Permanent Settlement was both very sudden and dramatic, one that nobody had apparently foreseen. By ensuring that zamindars' lands were held in perpetuity and with a fixed tax burden, they became desirable commodities. In addition, the government tax demand was inflexible, and the British East India Company's collectors refused to make allowances for times of drought, flood or other natural disaster. The tax demand was higher than that in England at the time. As a result, many zamindars immediately fell into arrears.
The Company's policy of auction of any zamindari lands deemed to be in arrears created a market for land that previously did not exist. Many of the new purchasers of this land were Indian officials within the East India Company's government. The bureaucrats were ideally placed to purchase lands which they knew to be underassessed and therefore profitable. In addition, their position as officials gave them opportunity to acquire the wealth necessary to purchase land quickly through bribery and corruption. They could also manipulate the system to bring to sale land that they specifically wanted.
Historian Bernard S. Cohn and others have argued that the Permanent Settlement led to a commercialisation of land, which previously did not exist in Bengal and, as a consequence, it led to a change in the social background of the ruling class from "lineages and local chiefs" to "under civil servants and their descendants, and to merchants and bankers".
The new landlords were different in their outlook; "often they were absentee landlords who managed their land through managers and who had little attachment to their land".[2]
Influence[edit]
The Company hoped that the Zamindar class would not only be a revenue-generating instrument but also serve as intermediaries for the more political aspects of their rule, preserving local custom and protecting rural life from the possibly rapacious influences of its own representatives. However, it worked both ways, as zamindars became a naturally conservative interest group. Once British policy in the mid-19th century changed to one of reform and intervention in custom, the zamindars were vocal in their opposition. The zamindars were adamant for it. The Permanent Settlement had the features that state demand was fixed at 89% of the rent and 11% was to be retained by the zamindar. The state demand could not be increased but payment should be made on the due date, before sunset, so it was also known as the 'Sunset Law'. Failure to pay led to the sale of land to the highest bidder.
While the worst of the tax-farming excesses were countered by the introduction of the Settlement, the use of land was not part of the agreement. There was a tendency of Company officials and Indian landlords to force their tenants into plantation-style farming of cash crops like indigo and cotton rather than rice and wheat. That was a cause of many of the worst famines of the nineteenth century. In addition, zamindars eventually became absentee landlords, with all that that implied for neglect of investment on the land.
Once the salient features of the Settlement were reproduced all over India, and indeed elsewhere in the Empire, including Kenya, the political structure was altered forever. The landlord class held much greater power than they had under the Mughals, who subjected them to oversight by a trained bureaucracy with the power to attenuate their tenure. The power of the landlord caste/class over smallholders was not diluted in India until the first efforts towards land reform in the 1950s, still incomplete everywhere except West Bengal.
In Pakistan, where land reform was never carried out, elections in rural areas still suffer from a tendency towards oligarchy reflecting the concentration of influence in the hands of zamindar families. This is because once Pakistan became separated from India, and the two began to fight over Kashmir, the goal of the government was revenue extraction instead of devotion to agriculture and infrastructure. As a result, the central leadership skewed the relationship between the elected and non-elected institutions of the state.[3]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Cornwallis Code". Encyclopedia Britannica. 4 February 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Cohn, Bernard S. (August 1960). "The Initial British Impact on India: A case study of the Benares region". The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. 19 (4): 418–431. doi:10.2307/2943581. JSTOR 2943581.
Jump up ^ Bose, Sugar; Jalal, Ayesha (2004). Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy. Psychology Press. p. 177. ISBN 0415307872.
Further reading[edit]
Agrawal, Pramod Kumar (1993). Land Reforms in India: Constitutional and Legal Approach. New Delhi: M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 8185880093
Guha, Ranajit (1996). A rule of property for Bengal: an essay on the idea of permanent settlement. Durham: Duke U Press. ISBN 0-8223-1771-0.
Keay, John (200). India: A History. Grove/Atlantic. ISBN 0-8021-3797-0.
Spear, T.G.Percival (1990). The History of India. 2. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-013836-6.
Washbrook, D. A. (1981). "Law, State and Agrarian Society in Colonial India". Modern Asian Studies. 15 (3): 649–721. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00008714. JSTOR 312295.
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Kathryn Card
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Kathryn Card
Born
(1892-10-04)October 4, 1892
Butte, Montana, U.S.
Died
March 1, 1964(1964-03-01) (aged 71)
Costa Mesa, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1933–1964
Kathryn Card (October 4, 1892 – March 1, 1964) was an American radio, television and film actress who may be best remembered for her role as Mrs. MacGillicuddy, Lucy's mother on I Love Lucy.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Radio
2 Film
3 Television
4 Family
5 Death
6 Selected filmography
7 Further reading
8 References
9 External links
Radio[edit]
Born in Butte, Montana, Card did radio roles in the late 1930s, notably Uncle Walter's Doghouse, broadcast on NBC from 1939 to 1942. She played Grandma Barton in The Bartons from December 25, 1939, to September 11, 1942, and played three roles (Carrie, Sue, and Bess) on Just Neighbors May 30-September 23, 1938.[2] In 1943, she was a cast member of Helpmate, a daytime serial on NBC.[3] In the late 1930s, she also was in that network's Story of Mary Marlin.[4] She was also a member of the casts of Girl Alone and The Woman in White.[5]
Film[edit]
Her first screen credit was in 1945 for her role as Louise in the Corliss Archer movie Kiss and Tell, starring Shirley Temple as Corliss Archer. The next year she appeared in Undercurrent with Robert Taylor, Katharine Hepburn, and Robert Mitchum. Then, in 1949, Card gave an interesting albeit brief performance (uncredited) as an extremely polite but no-nonsense loan processor for prospective borrower Joan Bennett in The Reckless Moment.
Card also had a small role as a landlady of The Oleander Arms Hotel in the 1954 Warner Bros. remake of A Star Is Born. Her part consisted of one scene early in the film when movie actor Norman Maine (played by James Mason) is desperately trying to find Esther Blodgett, a girl singer he had only met briefly (played by Judy Garland). Shortly after the movie's release, Warner Bros. made extensive cuts of the film and Card's role was deleted entirely until 1983 when film historian Ronald Haver found the original monaural three-hour soundtrack along with most of the missing footage and restored the scenes. Even though Card's scene with James Mason had been preserved aurally, there was no existing footage or stills of their scene together, so Haver "manufactured" stills of the scene using another actress to stand in for Card to accompany the dialogue with Card and Mason on the soundtrack.
Television[edit]
On February 8, 1954, Card made her first television appearance in an episode of I Love Lucy. The installment, entitled "Fan Magazine Interview", featured Card playing a slatternly woman named Minnie Finch. The following year she was cast as a totally different character, Mrs. MacGillicuddy, Lucy's bird-brained mother. She joined the Ricardos and the Mertzes in Hollywood when Lucy's husband, Ricky Ricardo, was given the opportunity to star in a motion picture. Mrs MacGillicuddy would frequently annoy Ricky immeasurably by mistakenly calling him "Mickey" or mistaking him for his fellow bandleader Xavier Cugat. She portrayed that character in five episodes during the 1954-1955 season, and appeared in three more installments during the 1955-1956 season when the Ricardos and the Mertzes traveled to Europe. However, Card's character never appeared again once both couples moved to Connecticut in the following year. She reprised that role for the last time in one episode of The Lucille Ball-Desi Arnaz Show entitled "The Ricardos Go To Japan", which also featured guest star Robert Cummings, in 1959.
In addition to I Love Lucy, Card guest starred on several other television shows. She made two guest appearances in 1959 on Perry Mason, as Hannah Barton in "The Case of the Deadly Toy," and Harriet Snow in "The Case of the Watery Witness." Other television appearances included Make Room for Daddy, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, and Rawhide. Her final film appearance was in the 1964 MGM musical The Unsinkable Molly Brown.
Family[edit]
Card had a daughter, Ada Card.[4]
Death[edit]
On March 1, 1964, Card suffered a fatal heart attack at the age of 71 at her home in Costa Mesa, California. She is interred in Harbor Lawn-Mount Olive Memorial Park in Costa Mesa.
Selected filmography[edit]
Undercurrent (1946)
The Hucksters (1947)
The Dark Past (1948)
It Happens Every Thursday (1953)
Further reading[edit]
A Star Is Born: The Making of the 1954 Movie and its 1983 Restoration. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1988. ISBN 0-394-53714-9.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "'Parents' Enter 'I Love Lucy' Comedy Soon". The Waco News-Tribune. November 20, 1954. p. 12. Retrieved May 4, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ Cox, Jim (2005). Historical Dictionary of American Radio Soap Operas. Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 0-8108-5323-X. Pp. 39, 117.
Jump up ^ "Buy a Bond For Each Berlin Bomb" (PDF). Radio News Tower. 7 (5): 1. February 1, 1943.
^ Jump up to: a b "Radio Family" (PDF). Broadcasting. December 1, 1939. p. 66. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Sies, Luther F. (2014). Encyclopedia of American Radio, 1920-1960, 2nd Edition, Volume 1. McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-5149-4. P. 115.
External links[edit]
Kathryn Card at Find a Grave
Kathryn Card on IMDb
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NCAA Division I FBS independent schools
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
FBS independents
Established
1978; 40 years ago (1978)
Association
NCAA
Division
Division I
Subdivision
FBS
Members
6
Sports fielded
1
men's: 1
Region
Eastern United States
Midwestern United States
Mountain States
Southern United States
Headquarters
Indianapolis, Indiana
Commissioner
Mark Emmert (since November 1, 2010)
Website
Official website
Locations
National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference. This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do.
There are many fewer independent schools than in years past; many independent schools join, or attempt to join, established conferences. The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences, and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season.
All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff (CFP), or for the so-called "access bowls" associated with the CFP, if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee. Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl. Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl (formerly the EagleBank Bowl),[1] and Notre Dame, in addition to its CFP agreement, has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). (Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference, the Big East.) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011.[2]
The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference (MWC) to become a football independent starting with that season.[3] The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football.[4] The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference (SBC)[5] and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference (AAC) as a football only member.[6][7][8] UMass became FBS independent in 2016.[9] Two further teams are slated to join the ranks of FBS independents: New Mexico State, whose membership in the Sun Belt Conference was not extended beyond the 2017 season,[10] and Liberty, which transitioned from the Big South Conference of the Football Championship Subdivision in 2018.[11]
Contents
[hide]
1 FBS independents
2 Reasons for independence
2.1 Army
2.2 BYU
2.3 Liberty
2.4 New Mexico State
2.5 Notre Dame
2.6 UMass
3 Independent school stadiums
4 Former independent schools
5 Notes
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
FBS independents[edit]
Institution
Founded
Nickname
First season
Location
Type
Enrollment
Primary conference
Colors
Army !United States Military Academy
(Army) March 16, 1802; 215 years ago (1802-03-16) Black Knights November 29, 1890; 127 years ago (1890-11-29) West Point, New York Federal (Military) 4,294 Patriot League
BYU !Brigham Young University
(BYU) October 16, 1875; 142 years ago (1875-10-16) Cougars October 7, 1922; 95 years ago (1922-10-07) Provo, Utah Private (LDS) 29,672 West Coast Conference
Liberty !Liberty University
(Liberty) 1971; 47 years ago (1971) Flames 1973; 45 years ago (1973) Lynchburg, Virginia Private (Protestant) 110,000 Big South Conference
New Mexico State !New Mexico State University
(New Mexico State) 1888; 130 years ago (1888) Aggies 1893; 125 years ago (1893) Las Cruces, New Mexico Public (New Mexico State University system) 25,312 Western Athletic Conference
Notre Dame !University of Notre Dame
(Notre Dame) November 26, 1842; 175 years ago (1842-11-26) Fighting Irish November 23, 1887; 130 years ago (1887-11-23) South Bend, Indiana Private (Catholic) 12,179 Atlantic Coast Conference
[N 1][12]
UMass !University of Massachusetts Amherst
(UMass) April 29, 1863; 154 years ago (1863-04-29) Minutemen November 22, 1879; 138 years ago (1879-11-22) Amherst, Massachusetts Public (University of Massachusetts system) 29,269 Atlantic 10
Reasons for independence[edit]
This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (April 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In recent years, most independent FBS schools have joined a conference for two primary reasons: A guaranteed share of television and bowl revenues, and ease of scheduling. Four of the six remaining independent FBS schools have unique circumstances that allow for freedom from conference affiliation.
Army[edit]
One of the remaining independent programs is the service academy Army. Whereas television and bowl appearances are important sources of revenue and advertising for most other universities and their football games, the United States federal government fully funds essential scholastic operations of the service academies (athletics are funded by non-profit associations), effectively rendering such income superfluous.
Army has annual games guaranteed with Navy and with Air Force. It also has a historic rivalry with Notre Dame; the Army game is semi-regular. Television rights for the longstanding Army–Navy Game, which is the last regular season game in the NCAA, serve as a significant revenue source for the program. The academy also uses its football program to do recruiting; without a conference schedule, the service academy is able to more easily schedule games around the country.
Navy was formerly an independent program, but joined the American Athletic Conference for college football in 2015, citing that it wanted to maintain competitiveness,[7] had concerns about scheduling and wanted to take advantage of the opportunity to make more money.[6] Navy's arrival in The American also brought the league's football membership to 12 schools, allowing it to play a conference championship game. Army and Navy are members of the Patriot League for all other sports.
BYU[edit]
Main article: 2010–13 Mountain West Conference realignment: BYU
During the conference realignment that saw the university choose football independence in August 2010, some saw BYU as a potential future "Notre Dame of the West". Both are prominent faith-based schools; Notre Dame is arguably the best-known Catholic university in the U.S., while BYU is the flagship university of the LDS Church. The 1984 team's national championship is the most recent by a university that is not a current member of the College Football Playoff coalition.
BYU was earning less than $2 million a year through its contract with The MTN, the now-defunct TV network of the Mountain West Conference. BYU has its own cable channel,[13] but had a very restrictive contract which did not allow BYU to broadcast its own football games.[14] The new contract with ESPN will pay BYU an estimated $800,000 to $1.2 million per home game,[15] and allow for greater freedom with its own channel.
Liberty[edit]
Liberty founder Jerry Falwell long sought to turn the University into a evangelical equivalent to Notre Dame, dating back to the school's founding in 1971. Included in that was a division 1 athletic program and an FBS football team. After a long tenure in the Big South Conference of the FCS, where the Flames remain for all other sports, the university sought football affiliation with either Conference USA or the Sun Belt Conference. When both conferences decided against further expansion and elected not to invite Liberty, the Lynchburg-based school sought an NCAA waiver to move up to FBS as an independent. That waiver was approved in 2017 with the Flames eventually moving to NCAA Division 1 FCS as an independent in 2018.
New Mexico State[edit]
Main article: 2010–13 Western Athletic Conference realignment
Due to the Western Athletic Conference dropping football, New Mexico State was forced to be an independent for football in 2013. They joined the Sun Belt Conference for football from 2014 to 2017. The Sun Belt decided to evict the geographical outliers New Mexico State and Idaho beginning in 2018, with the Aggies remaining as an independent and the Vandals dropping to the FCS level. In their last year as a Sun Belt member, New Mexico State became bowl eligible for the first time in 57 years since their victory in the 1960 Sun Bowl, winning the 2017 Arizona Bowl in dramatic fashion with an overtime touchdown run by Larry Rose III.
Notre Dame[edit]
Notre Dame unsuccessfully attempted on three occasions to join an athletic conference in the early 20th century, including the Big Ten in 1926, but was turned down, reportedly due to anti-Catholicism.[16] Notre Dame is now one of the most prominent programs in the country. Because of its national popularity built over several decades, Notre Dame was the only independent program to be part of the Bowl Championship Series coalition and its guaranteed payout. These factors help make Notre Dame one of the most financially valuable football programs in the country, thus negating the need for Notre Dame to secure revenue by joining a conference.[17][18]
Previously, Notre Dame had filled its annual schedule without needing conference games to do so. It had longstanding rivalries with many different programs around the country, many under long-term contacts, including annual rivalry games with USC, Navy,[16] Michigan, Stanford, Michigan State, Boston College, Purdue, and Pitt. All Notre Dame home games and most away games are on national television, so other teams have a large financial incentive to schedule the university. Nonetheless, Notre Dame joined the ACC in 2013 for all sports except football and men's ice hockey (the ACC does not sponsor ice hockey for either sex; the only other ACC member with a men's ice hockey varsity team is Boston College, which played alongside Notre Dame in Hockey East until 2017, when Notre Dame switched to the Big Ten). As part of this agreement, Notre Dame plays five of its football games each season against ACC members. This arrangement required Notre Dame to eliminate or reduce the frequency of several rivalries: the Michigan, Michigan State, and Purdue series were canceled, while Boston College and Pitt, ACC members themselves, now play Notre Dame every three or four years. On the other hand, the move has allowed Notre Dame to resume old rivalries with ACC members Georgia Tech and Miami, while still scheduling Big 10 opponents from time to time.
UMass[edit]
The University of Massachusetts football program historically played in the Football Championship Subdivision of NCAA Division I before 2011. The Minutemen began a two-year Football Bowl Subdivision transition period in 2011, with the support of the Mid-American Conference playing in their conference as a football-only member. In March 2014, the MAC and UMass announced an agreement for the Minutemen to leave the conference after the 2015 season due to declining an offer to become a full member of the conference. In the agreement between the MAC and the university, there was a contractual clause that had UMass playing in the MAC as a football-only member for two more seasons if UMass declined a full membership offer. Massachusetts announced that it would look for a "more suitable conference" for the team.[19][20] In September 2014, Massachusetts announced that they will be going independent in the 2016 and 2017 seasons.[21][22]
Independent school stadiums[edit]
Institution
Football stadium
Capacity
Army Michie Stadium 38,000
BYU LaVell Edwards Stadium 63,470
Liberty Williams Stadium 19,200
New Mexico State Aggie Memorial Stadium 30,343
Notre Dame Notre Dame Stadium 77,622
UMass Warren McGuirk Alumni Stadium (on-campus)
Gillette Stadium (off-campus) 17,000
65,878
Former independent schools[edit]
The following is a complete list of teams which have been Division I-A (FBS) Independents since the formation of Division I-A in 1978.
Years
Team
Previous conference
Conference joined
Current conference
1978–1979 Air Force Division I Independent WAC (1980–1998) Mountain West (1999–present)
1987–1991 Akron OVC MAC (1992–present)
1992 Arkansas State Division I-AA independent Big West (1993–1995)
1996–1998 Big West (1993–1995) Big West (1999–2000) Sun Belt (2001–present)
1978–1997 Army Division I independent C-USA (1998–2004)
2005–present C-USA (1998–2004)
1978–1990 Boston College Division I independent Big East (1991–2004) ACC (2005–present)
2011–present BYU Mountain West (1999–2010)
1992 Cal State Fullerton Big West Dropped football
1996–2001 Central Florida Division I-AA independent MAC (2002–2004) American (2013–present)
1978–1995 Cincinnati Division I independent C-USA (1996–2004) Big East/American (2005–present)[N 2]
1978–1981 Colgate Division I independent Division I-AA independent (1982–1985) Patriot League (1986–present)
2000–2003 Connecticut Atlantic 10[N 3][N 4] Big East/American (2004–present)[N 2][N 5]
1978–1996 East Carolina Division I independent C-USA (1997–2013) American (2014–present)
1978–1991 Florida State Division I independent ACC (1992–present)
1978–1982 Georgia Tech Division I independent ACC (1983–present)
1978 Hawaii Division I independent WAC (1979–2011) Mountain West (2012–present)
1978–1981 Holy Cross Division I independent Division I-AA independent (1982–1985) Patriot League (1986–present)
2013 Idaho WAC (2005–2012) Sun Belt (2014–2017) Big Sky (2018–present)
1978–1980 Illinois State Division I independent MVC (1981–1984) MVFC (1985–present)[N 6]
1978–1981 Indiana State Division I independent Division I-AA independent (1982–1985) MVFC (1986–present)[N 6]
1991 Long Beach State Big West Dropped football
1989–1992 Louisiana Tech Division I-AA independent Big West (1993–1995)
1996–2000 Big West (1993–1995) WAC (2001–2012) C-USA (2013–present)
1982–1992 Louisiana–Lafayette Southland Conference Big West (1993–1995)
1996–2000 Big West (1993–1995) Sun Belt (2001–present)
1996–2000 Louisiana–Monroe Southland Sun Belt (2001–present)
1978–1995 Louisville Division I independent C-USA (1996–2004) ACC (2014–present)
1978–1995 Memphis Division I independent C-USA (1996–2012) American (2013–present)
1978–1990 Miami (FL) Division I independent Big East (1991–2003) ACC (2004–present)
1999–2000 Middle Tennessee OVC Sun Belt (2001–2012) C-USA (2013–present)
1978–2014 Navy Division I independent American (2015–present)
2013 New Mexico State WAC (2005–2012) Sun Belt (2014–2017) Division I independent
2018–present Sun Belt (2014–2017) Division I independent
1978–1982 North Texas Division I independent Southland (1983–1994)
1995 Southland (1983–1994) Big West (1996–2000) C-USA (2013–present)
1987–1992 Northern Illinois MAC Big West (1993–1995)
1996 Big West (1993–1995) MAC (1997–present)
1978–present Notre Dame Division I independent
1978–1992 Penn State Division I independent Big Ten (1993–present)
1978–1990 Pittsburgh Division I independent Big East (1991–2012) ACC (2013–present)
1978–1981 Richmond Division I independent Division I-AA Independent (1982–1983) CAA (1984–present)[N 3]
1978–1990 Rutgers Division I independent Big East/American (1991–2013)[N 7] Big Ten (2014–present)
1978–1991 South Carolina Division I independent SEC (1992–present)
2001–2002 South Florida Division I-AA independent C-USA (2003–2004) Big East/American (2005–present)[N 2]
1978–1995 Southern Mississippi Division I independent C-USA (1996–present)
1978–1990 Syracuse Division I independent Big East (1991–2012) ACC (2013–present)
1978–1990 Temple Division I independent Big East (1991–2004)
2005–2006 Big East (1991–2004) MAC (2007–2011) Big East/American (2012–present)[N 2]
1978–1980 Tennessee State Division I independent Division I-AA independent (1981–1987) OVC (1988–present)
2002–2003 Troy Division I-AA independent Sun Belt (2004–present)
1978–1995 Tulane Division I independent C-USA (1996–2013) American (2014–present)
1986–1995 Tulsa MVC WAC (1996–2004) American (2014–present)
1996–1998 UAB Division I-AA independent C-USA (1999–2014, 2017–present)[N 8]
2016–present UMass Mid-American (2012–2015)
1978–1981 UNLV Division II independent Big West (1982–1995) Mountain West (1999–present)
2001–2002 Utah State Big West Sun Belt (2003–2004) Mountain West (2013–present)
1978–1980 Villanova Division I independent Dropped football CAA (1985–present)[N 3]
1978–1990 Virginia Tech Division I independent Big East (1991–2003) ACC (2004–present)
1978–1990 West Virginia Division I independent Big East (1991–2011) Big 12 (2012–present)
2008 Western Kentucky Gateway Football Conference Sun Belt (2009–2013) C-USA (2014–present)
1986 Wichita State MVC Dropped football
1978–1981 William & Mary Division I independent Division I-AA independent (1982–1992) CAA (1993–present)[N 3]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Notre Dame remains officially an independent football team, and is not a member of the ACC in any capacity for football. However, as part of the agreement to join the ACC in other sports, Notre Dame agreed to schedule 5 games per year against ACC opponents.
^ Jump up to: a b c d This school remained in the conference that includes the FBS members of the pre-2013 Big East Conference, which began operating as the American Athletic Conference in July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d The CAA football conference did not exist under that name until 2007, but has a continuous history dating back to 1938. It started with the formation of the New England Conference, which folded in 1947, with its member schools joining the newly formed Yankee Conference under a separate charter. In 1997, the Yankee Conference merged with the Atlantic 10 Conference. After the 2006 season, the A10 football conference disbanded, with all of its members joining a new CAA football conference. The automatic berth of the Yankee Conference in the I-AA/FCS playoffs passed in succession to the A10 and the CAA.
Jump up ^ The A10 sponsored football through the 2006 season, after which its football conference was effectively absorbed by the Colonial Athletic Association. UConn was an A10 member only in football.
Jump up ^ UConn was a founding member of the original Big East Conference in 1979, but did not join for football until 2004.
^ Jump up to: a b In 1985, the Gateway Collegiate Athletic Conference, a women's sports conference parallel to the Missouri Valley Conference, added football as its only men's sport by taking in the MVC's I-AA football teams. In 1992, the women's portion of the Gateway merged with the MVC; the football conference kept the Gateway charter, changing the conference name to Gateway Football Conference. The current name was adopted in 2008.
Jump up ^ Rutgers remained in the American Athletic Conference for the 2013 season before leaving for the Big Ten Conference in 2014.
Jump up ^ UAB dropped football after the 2014 season, but reinstated the sport for 2017 and beyond. The school remained a C-USA member throughout.
See also[edit]
College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS
NCAA Division I FCS independent schools
NCAA Division I independent schools
NCAA Division II independent schools
NCAA Division III independent schools
NAIA independent schools
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Tenorio, Paul. "Bowl Game Brings Football Back to RFK". The Washington Post. September 11, 2008. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Katz, Andy (August 31, 2010). "BYU leaving MWC for 2011–12 season". ESPN.com. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
Jump up ^ Hinnen, Jerry (September 12, 2012). "New Mexico State makes it official, will go independent in 2013". CBSsports.com. CBS Interactive. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Idaho and New Mexico State to Join Sun Belt Conference As Football Members in 2014" (Press release). Sun Belt Conference. March 27, 2013. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Navy sets sail with the Big East
^ Jump up to: a b Big East officially adds Navy
Jump up ^ At the time Navy announced it would leave the independent ranks, its destination conference was known as the Big East Conference. When that conference split into football-sponsoring and non-football conferences in July 2013, the non-football schools took the Big East name with them. The football-sponsoring conference now operate as the American Athletic Conference.
Jump up ^ "Independent football schedule taking shape for UMass">[2]
Jump up ^ "Sun Belt Football to Be 10 Teams in 2018" (Press release). Sun Belt Conference. March 1, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Liberty to become FBS independent in 2018". Fox Sports. February 16, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Notre Dame Goes To ACC: Bowl Security, Football Scheduling Flexibility Key To Move". Sports Business Daily. Street and Smith’s Sports Group. September 13, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ Katz, Andy (August 18, 2010). "Sources: BYU mulling Notre Dame path". ESPN.com. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
Jump up ^ Harmon, Dick (August 24, 2010). "BYU's broadcast issues boiling over". Deseret News. Retrieved November 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ "BYU signs long-term deals with ESPN, Notre Dame". sltrib.com/cougars. September 3, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Helliker, Kevin (2013-01-03). "Notre Dame's Holy Line". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Gage, Jack (2006-12-22). "The most valuable college football teams". Forbes. newsinfo.nd.edu. Archived from the original on August 28, 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
Jump up ^ "Notre Dame Football Program Ranked Most Valuable In College Football". Forbes.com. und.cstv.com. 2006-11-20. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093834/http://www.umassathletics.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/032614aaa.html. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "UMass football, MAC to part ways following 2015 season".
Jump up ^ http://www.masslive.com/umassfootball/index.ssf/2014/09/umass_football_announces_games.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ http://mobile.gazettenet.com/home/13575896-108/matt-vautour-independent-football-schedule-taking-shape-for-umass. Missing or empty |title= (help)
External links[edit]
Official website
[show]
v
t
e
NCAA Division I FBS independents
Current teams
Army Black Knights
BYU Cougars
Massachusetts Minutemen
Notre Dame Fighting Irish
Future teams
Liberty Flames (starting in 2018)
New Mexico State Aggies (starting in 2018)
Former teams
List of former NCAA Division I-A/FBS Independent teams
[show]
v
t
e
NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision conferences
The American
Atlantic Coast
Big 12
Big Ten
C-USA
Mid-American
Mountain West
Pac-12
Southeastern
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Independents
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools&oldid=824968250"
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