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OpenTravel Alliance
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OpenTravel Alliance
Formation
1999
The OpenTravel Alliance is a not-for-profit trade association, founded in 1999 by travel companies, with a primary focus on the creation of electronic message structures to facilitate communication between the disparate systems in the global travel industry, including the use of XML.[1]
Contents
1 Mission
2 Overview
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Mission[edit]
OpenTravel's mission is to engineer specifications to ensure traveler and supplier information flow smoothly throughout travel, tourism and hospitality. OpenTravel creates, expands and drives adoption of open specifications, including but not limited to the use of XML, for the electronic exchange of business information among all sectors of the travel industry.
Overview[edit]
Members of the OpenTravel Alliance include airlines, hotel companies, car rental companies, cruise lines, railways, global distribution systems, distribution companies, solutions providers, software developers and consultants.[2]
OpenTravel's schema design supports W3C, IATA and ISO standards.
The OpenTravel Alliance holds an annual meeting of members - The OpenTravel Advisory Forum. The 2017 Advisory Forum was held in Las Vegas, NV, May 8–10. The 2018 Advisory forum will take place in Amsterdam, Netherlands, April 11-13.
See also[edit]
Travel technology
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "OpenTravel". www.opentravel.org. Retrieved 2017-02-28.
Jump up ^ "Member List". Opentravel.org. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
External links[edit]
OpenTravel Alliance Official site
OpenTravel Implementers Forum
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OpenTravel_Alliance&oldid=829124501"
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Automotive industry in China
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BYD S6 is China's "SUV of the Year" according to the Annual Ranking of Chinese Automobiles – the highest honor in the China Automotive Industry.
The automotive industry in China has been the largest in the world measured by automobile unit production since 2008.[1][2][3] Since 2009, annual production of automobiles in China exceeds that of the European Union or that of the United States and Japan combined.
The traditional "Big Four" domestic car manufacturers are SAIC Motor, Dongfeng, FAW and Chang’an. Other Chinese car manufacturers are Beijing Automotive Group, Brilliance Automotive, BYD, Chery, Geely, Jianghuai (JAC), Great Wall, and Guangzhou Automobile Group. In addition, several multinational manufacturers have partnerships with domestic manufacturers.
While most of the cars manufactured in China are sold within China, exports reached 814,300 units in 2011.[4] China's home market provides its automakers a solid base and Chinese economic planners hope to build globally competitive auto companies[5][6] that will become more and more attractive and reliable over the years.[7]
China's automobile industry had mainly Soviet origins (plants and licensed auto design were founded in the 1950s, with the help of the USSR) and had small volumes for the first 30 years of the republic, not exceeding 100–200 thousands per year. Since the early 1990s, it has developed rapidly. China's annual automobile production capacity first exceeded one million in 1992. By 2000, China was producing over two million vehicles. After China's entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, the development of the automobile market accelerated further. Between 2002 and 2007, China's national automobile market grew by an average 21 percent, or one million vehicles year-on-year.[8] In 2009, China produced 13.79 million automobiles, of which 8 million were passenger cars and 3.41 million were commercial vehicles and surpassed the United States as the world's largest automobile producer by volume. In 2010, both sales and production topped 18 million units, with 13.76 million passenger cars delivered, in each case the largest by any nation in history.[9] In 2014, total vehicle production in China reached 23.720 million, accounting for 26% of global automotive production.[10]
The number of registered cars, buses, vans, and trucks on the road in China reached 62 million in 2009, and is expected to exceed 200 million by 2020.[11] The consultancy McKinsey & Company estimates that China's car market will grow tenfold between 2005 and 2030.[12]
The main industry group for the Chinese automotive industry is the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (中国汽车工业协会).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 1928 to 1949
1.2 1949 to 1980
1.3 1980 to 1990
1.4 1990 to present
2 Domestic manufacturers, brands and cars
2.1 Best-selling cars by brand
2.1.1 2014
2.1.2 2016
2.2 Best-selling passenger cars
3 Controversies
3.1 Copying claims controversy
3.1.1 BYD
3.1.2 Chery
3.1.3 Great Wall Motor
3.1.4 Landwind
3.1.5 Shuanghuan
3.1.6 Zotye
3.2 Threats to disclose industry secrets
4 Sectors
4.1 Automobile production
4.1.1 Alternate fuel vehicles
4.1.2 Electric vehicles
4.2 Local manufacture encouraged
4.3 Used motor vehicles and used/refurbished auto parts
4.4 Automotive after-sales products and services
4.5 Car dealerships
4.6 Exports
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
1928 to 1949[edit]
The first Chinese built motor vehicle was a truck called the Ming Sheng. It was designed by Daniel F Myers and a prototype was made at the Liao Ning Trench Mortar Arsenal, Shenyang. The prototype was completed on May 31, 1931 for Zhang Xueliang. Prior to production commencing, the factory was bombed by the invading Japanese and production never commenced.[13] A fellow general, Yang Hucheng, patronized the inventor Tang Zhongming to make a new type of automobile engine powered by charcoal. In 1932 Tang founded the Chung Ming Machinery Co. Ltd. in Shanghai to produce the engines. Charcoal powered vehicles were mainly used during the Second Sino-Japanese War in China because of fuel shortages.[14] Tung oil was also used during the war as a petroleum substitute.[15] One source states that Du Yuming designed a car in 1937, but did not make it until 1943 after having been forced to move because of the war. No further information has been found about it.[16]
1949 to 1980[edit]
Dongfeng CA71 (1958)
Hongqi CA72 (1959)
Shanghai SH760
Several vehicle assembly factories were set up in the 1950s and 1960s. They were Nanjing (today is Nanjing Automobile (Group) Corporation), Shanghai (today is Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation), Jinan (evolving into China National Heavy Duty Truck Group), and Beijing (today is Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Corporation). The Second Automobile Works (later Dongfeng Motor Corporation) was founded in 1968.
The first Chinese production vehicles were made by the First Automobile Works in 1956, a truck called the Jiefang CA-30.[17] This was followed on March 10, 1958 by the 2½ ton light duty truck (NJ130), which was based on the Russian GAZ-51, was produced in Nanjing. The truck was named Yuejin (meaning "leap forward") by China's First Ministry of Industrial Machinery.
In June 1958 the Nanjing Automobile Works, previously a vehicle servicing unit of the Army, was established. Production continued until the last truck (NJ134) rolled off the assembly line on July 9, 1987. Cumulative production was 161,988 units (including models NJ130, NJ230, NJ135 and NJ134). The first production automobiles were the Dongfeng CA71, Hongqi CA72, Feng Huang (later known as the Shanghai SH760) all from 1958.
1980 to 1990[edit]
Chinese Volkswagen Santana
Volkswagen Jetta König
The passenger car industry was a minor part of vehicle production during the first three decades of China’s socialist economy. As late as 1985, the country produced a total of only 5,200 cars. To announce that the desire for consumer goods was no longer politically suspect and stimulate personal spending, while also advertising the opening of the Chinese market to foreign producers, a fabricated news story about China's first peasant to own a car was distributed across the world.[18] Sun Guiying, a chicken farmer from near Beijing was touted as having purchased a silver Toyota Publica with her earnings.[19] While the article was largely fraudulent (Mrs. Guiying did not know how to drive, and her husband was a senior official rather than a peasant),[20] the message came across loud and clear. Car sales increased dramatically, although they were almost entirely purchased by danweis (work units – private car ownership was virtually unknown at the time, in spite of the Sun Guiying story).[21]
As domestic production was very limited, import totals rose dramatically, despite a 260 per cent import duty on foreign vehicles. Before 1984, the dominant exporter of cars to China had been the Soviet Union. In 1984, Japan's vehicle exports to China increased sevenfold (from 10,800 to 85,000) and by mid-1985 China had become Japan's second biggest export market after the US.[22] The country spent some $3 billion to import more than 350,000 vehicles (including 106,000 cars and 111,000 trucks) in 1985 alone. Three taxi companies in particular thirsted for Japanese cars, such as Toyota Crowns and Nissan Bluebirds.[23]
As this spending binge began to lead to a severe trade deficit, the Chinese leadership put on the brakes, both through propaganda efforts and by making foreign exchange much less accessible.[24] Customs duties on imported goods were raised in March 1985 and a new "regulatory tax" was added a little later. In September 1985, a two-year moratorium on nearly all vehicle imports was imposed.[24]
While limiting imports, China also tried to increase local production by boosting the various existing joint-venture passenger car production agreements, as well as adding new ones. In 1983, American Motors Corporation (AMC, later acquired by Chrysler Corporation) signed a 20-year contract to produce their Jeep-model vehicles in Beijing. The following year, Germany’s Volkswagen signed a 25-year contract to make passenger cars in Shanghai, and France’s Peugeot agreed to another passenger car project to make vehicles in the prosperous southern city of Guangzhou.[23] These early joint ventures did not allow the Chinese to borrow much foreign technology, as knock-down kit assembly made up the majority of manufacturing activities;[25] tooling may not have been allowed to slip past borders.
Three big joint-ventures and three small joint-ventures:
Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation – Volkswagen: Volkswagen Santana mid-size/compact car.
First Automobile Works – Volkswagen: Volkswagen Jetta compact car.
Dongfeng Motor Corporation – Citroën: Citroën Fukang compact car.
See also: Volkswagen Group China
Beijing Automotive Industry – Hyundai Motor – DaimlerChrysler: Jeep Cherokee (XJ).
Guangzhou Automobile Industry Group – Peugeot: Peugeot 504 (subsequently defunct). However, in the nineties, Honda replaced Peugeot as the partner of Guangzhou Auto, and began producing the Accord and later the Fit with huge success. In 2006, it started to manufacture Toyota Camry, also with considerable success. Guangdong province is now the center of the manufacturing of Japanese makes in China.
Tianjin Automotive Industry – Daihatsu: Daihatsu Charade (since merged with FAW/Toyota joint-venture).
1990 to present[edit]
Several enterprises entered the automobile industry since 1994. Some of them are originated from defense industry, such as Chang'an Motors, Changhe, and Hafei Motor; some were developed from old state-owned companies, such as BYD Auto, Brilliance China Auto, Chery Automobile, and Changfeng Automobile. Others are private-owned companies, such as Geely Automobile and Great Wall Motors.
Domestic manufacturers, brands and cars[edit]
Further information: List of automobile manufacturers of China
The main industry group for the Chinese automotive industry is the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM).
China has its traditional “Big four” domestic car manufacturers: Shanghai General Motors, Dongfeng, FAW, and Chang’an.[26] The fourth place of Chang’an has recently been overtaken by manufacturer Beijing Auto (also known as BAIC Motor).[27]
Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (上海汽车集团股份有限公司), also known as SAIC (上汽) and SAIC-GM (上汽通用), is a Chinese state-owned automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Shanghai operating in joint venture with US owned General Motors. The company had the largest production volume of any Chinese automaker in 2014, making more than 4.5 million vehicles.[27]
SAIC sells vehicles under a variety of brands. Brand names that are exclusive to SAIC include Maxus, MG, Roewe, and Yuejin. Products produced by SAIC joint venture companies are sold under marques including Baojun, Buick, Chevrolet, Iveco, Škoda, Volkswagen, and Wuling.
Dongfeng Motor Corporation (东风汽车公司, abbreviated to 东风) is a Chinese state-owned automobile manufacturer headquartered in Wuhan. The company was the second-largest Chinese vehicle maker in 2014, by production volume, manufacturing over 3.5 million vehicles that year.[27] Its own brands are Dongfeng, Venucia and Dongfen Fengshen. Joint ventures include Cummins, Dana, Honda, Nissan, Infiniti, PSA Peugeot Citroën, Renault, Kia and Yulon.
FAW Group Corporation (第一汽车集团, abbreviated to 一汽) is a Chinese state-owned automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Changchun. In 2014, the company ranked third in terms of output making 2.7 million vehicles.[27] FAW sells products under at least ten different brands including its own and Besturn/Bēnténg, Dario, Haima, Hongqi, Jiaxing, Jie Fang, Jilin, Oley, Jie Fang and Yuan Zheng, and Tianjin Xiali. FAW joint ventures sell Audi, General Motors, Mazda, Toyota and Volkswagen.
BAIC Group, also known as Beiqi (Chinese: 北汽集团, abbreviated to 北汽), is a state-owned enterprise and holding company of several Chinese automobile and machine manufacturers located in Beijing. In 2014, the company ranked third in terms of output making 2.6 million vehicles.[27] Its principal subsidiaries include the passenger car maker BAIC Motor, the military vehicle and SUV maker BAW and the truck, bus and agricultural equipment maker Foton Motor. BAIC's parent is the Beijing Municipal Government's State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC).
Chang'an Automobile Group (重庆长安汽车股份有限公司, abbreviated to 长安) is an automobile manufacturer headquartered in Chongqing, and is a state-owned enterprise. In 2014, the company ranked fifth in terms of output making 2.1 million vehicles in 2014. Changan designs, develops, manufactures and sells passenger cars sold under the Changan brand and commercial vehicles sold under the Chana brand. Foreign joint venture companies include Suzuki, Ford, Mazda and PSA Peugeot Citroën.
Other notable Chinese automotive manufacturers include:
JAC (江淮), the sixth biggest manufacturer in 2014, Chinese state-owned
Great Wall, the seventh biggest manufacturer in 2014, the largest manufacturer of SUVs and a major exporter,
Chery, which exports passenger cars worldwide, Chinese state-owned
BYD Auto, the ninth biggest manufacturer in 2014, and
Geely, which gets its name from the Chinese word “auspicious” 吉利 and was the tenth largest manufacturer in 2014.
A notable Taiwanese automotive manufacturer is Yulon.
Best-selling cars by brand[edit]
2014[edit]
According to China Passenger Car Association (CPCA), automakers in China delivered 19,706,827 passenger vehicles in 2014, including 12,507,614 sedans, 4,105,802 SUVs, and 1,855,812 MPVs. Below is a breakdown of the deliveries by brand. Imports and commercial vehicles (pickups, buses, trucks, tractors) are not included, while microvans are.http://chinaautoweb.com/2015/01/2014-passenger-car-sales-by-brand/</ref>
2014 passenger car sales by brand
Rank
Brand
Manufacturer(s
Sales in 2014
1
Volkswagen FAW, Shanghai 2,710,504
2
Wuling SAIC-GM-Wuling 1,404,797
3
Hyundai Beijing 1,120,048
4
Changan Changan 975,431
5
Toyota FAW, GAC 956,282
6
Buick Shanghai GM 917,017
7
Nissan Dongfeng, Zhengzhou 859,490
8
Ford Changan 801,603
9
Honda GAC, Dongfeng 795,408
10
Chevrolet Shanghai 767,001
11
Kia Dongfeng Yueda 646,036
12
Dongfeng Dongfeng 555,390
13
Audi FAW 513,000
14
Chery Chery 476,162
15
BYD BYD 437,857
17
Geely Geely 425,773
18
Peugeot Dongfeng PSA 384,005
19
Citroen Dongfeng PSA 320,011
20
BAIC BAIC 299,184
21
Skoda Shanghai Volkswagen 282,390
22
BMW BMW Brilliance 278,195
23
Suzuki Changan 263,232
24
Mazda Changan, FAW 204,652
25
JAC JAC 195,799
26
Great Wall Great Wall 183,158
27
Baojun SAIC-GM-Wuling 181,586
28
Haima FAW Haima, Haima Car 180,843
29
Besturn FAW Car 178,047
30
Lifan Lifan 174,013
31
Zotye Zotye 166,252
32
Mercedes -Benz Beijing Benz, Fujian Benz 139,508
33
Zhonghua (Brilliance) Brilliance 137,939
34
Roewe SAIC 127,801
35
Trumpchi GAC 116,758
36
Venucia Dongfeng Nissan 114,035
37
Huansu BAIC Yinxiang 84,696
38
Mitsubishi GAC Mitsubishi, Soueast Mitsubishi 73,257
39
Fiat GAC Fiat 68,090
40
Youngman Lotus Youngman Lotus 64,311
41
JMC JMC 60,857
42
Gonow GAC Gonow 57,002
43
Soueast Soueast 55,551
44
FAW FAW Tianjin, FAW Jilin 53,894
45
Xiali FAW Tianjin 53,857
46
Hawtai Hawtai 53,017
47
MG SAIC 52,217
48
Luxgen Dongfeng Yulon 52,203
49
Cadillac Shanghai GM 39,922
50
Volvo Volvo Asia Pacific, Changan Ford 37,285
51
Citroen DS Changan PSA 26,008
52
Changhe Changhe 22,182
53
Changfeng Changfeng 21,160
54
Jinbei Brilliance 15,729
55
Yema Sichuan Auto 12,326
56
Ciimo Dongfeng Honda 11,014
57
Zhongxing Zhongxing (ZXAUTO) 10,670
58
Beijing BAW 9,884
59
Huanghai Huanghai 7,616
60
Foton Foton 7,197
61
Jonway Jonway 7,106
62
Qoros Qoros 6,967
63
BAIC Electric Vehicle BAIC Electric Vehicle 5,234
64
Everus GAC Honda 4,547
65
Oley FAW Car 4,260
66
Maxus SAIC Maxus 3,380
67
Infiniti Dongfeng Infiniti 2,440
68
Hongqi (Red Flag) FAW Car 2,341
69
Hafei Hafei 1,971
70
Meiya Tianjin Meiya 101
2016[edit]
Source:[28]
2016 passenger car sales by brand
Rank
Brand
Manufacturers
Sales in 2016
1
Volkswagen FAW, Shanghai 3.006.215
2
Buick Shanghai GM 1.229.804
3
Honda GAC, Dongfeng 1.196.664
4
Changan Changan 1.149.820
5
Hyundai Beijing 1.142.016
6
Toyota FAW, GAC 1.064.704
7
Nissan Dongfeng, Zhengzhou 1.015.605
8
Ford Changan 951.396
9
Haval Great Wall 938.019
10
Geely Geely 778.896
11
Baojun SAIC-GM-Wuling 760.292
12
BAIC BAIC 711.246
13
Dongfeng Dongfeng 680.617
14
Wuling SAIC-GM-Wuling 667.629
15
Kia Dongfeng Yueda 650.001
16
Chevrolet Shanghai 538.671
17
Audi FAW 536.289
18
Chery Chery 505.452
19
BYD BYD 494.116
20
GAC GAC 371.006
Best-selling passenger cars[edit]
In 2014, the best-selling passenger cars by brand in China where:[29]
1. Volkswagen (including FAW Volkswagen and Shanghai Volkswagen)
2. Shanghai Wuling
3. Beijing Hyundai
4. Changan
5. Toyota (FAW Toyota and GAC Toyota)
6. Shanghai Buick
7. Nissan (Dongfeng Nissan and Zhengzhou Nissan)
8. Changan Ford
9. Honda (GAC Honda, Dongfeng Honda and Honda China)
10. Shanghai Chevrolet
11. Dongfeng Yueda Kia
12. Dongfeng
13. Audi (FAW Volkswagen)
14. Chery
15. BYD
16. Haval (Great Wall)
17. Geely
18. Peugeot
19. Citroen
In 2013, the best-selling locally produced cars on the Chinese mainland where:[30]
1. Chang'an Ford Focus
2. Shanghai GM Volkswagen Lavida
3. Shanghai GM Buick Excelle
4. Shanghai GM Chevrolet Sail
5. FAW Volkswagen Sagitar
6. FAW Volkswagen Jetta
7. Dongfeng Nissan Sylphy
8. Shanghai GM Chevrolet Cruze
9. Shanghai Volkswagen Santana
10. FAW Volkswagen Bora
Controversies[edit]
Copying claims controversy[edit]
See also: Car design
Several Chinese car makers have been accused of copying designs of other companies.[31]
BYD[edit]
A BYD coupé (left) and a Mercedes-Benz CLK (right)
Some BYD cars look similar to those of other brands including Lexus,[32] Toyota,[33][34] Honda,[35] Mercedes Benz,[36][37][38] and Porsche.[39] For example, the BYD S8 bears similarity to the Mercedes CLK from the front, and the Renault Megane CC or third generation Chrysler Sebring convertible from the rear.[40]
An anonymous staff member at Honda claimed that the BYD F3 was "a known copy" of the Toyota Corolla (with Honda Fit design cues).[41] Another model too, the BYD F1, has been described by an industry observer as "a clear copy" – this one of the Toyota Aygo.[42]
Domestic dealerships have been known to take advantage of this and replace the badging of BYD vehicles with those of other car manufacturers, including Toyota.[41] Micheal Austin, vice president of BYD America, has acknowledged the issue saying that the practices done by dealers (which are franchised) has made BYD "uncomfortable".[41] Even the US government has criticized BYD's practices, with a WikiLeaked document from the US Consul-General to Guangzhou (Brian Goldbeck) referring to BYD's practice of copying in a document entitled "BYD seeks to 'Build Your Dreams' -- based on Someone Else's Designs".[41]
Some companies in China sell conversion kits (which include emblems) for certain vehicle models e.g. conversion of a BYD S6 to a Lexus RX350.[43]
BYD established its North American headquarters in Los Angeles, California in 2012.[44]
Chery[edit]
The Chery QQ (left) and Daewoo Matiz (right)
In June, 2003, General Motors, a U.S. company, sued Chery, accusing the Chinese manufacturer of copying the first generation Daewoo Matiz (developed by GM Korea) with the design for the Chery QQ.[45] General Motors then went on to accuse Chery of using a Matiz in a crash test for the Chery QQ.[45]
GM executives claimed design duplication,[46] which may extend to interchangeable parts,[47] and GM China Group stated the two vehicles, "shared remarkably identical body structure, exterior design, interior design and key components."[46]
After mediation attempts failed, GM Daewoo brought a case against Chery in a Shanghai court, but by 2005, jurisdiction had been moved[47] to the Beijing No.1 Intermediate People's Court.[48]
Around that time Chinese state officials, including a vice-minister of commerce and a vice-director of the State Intellectual Property Office, publicly supported Chery.[48] It was suggested that GM may have not patented its technology.[48] In late 2005, the lawsuit was settled.[45]
Great Wall Motor[edit]
The Great Wall Peri (left) and Fiat Panda (right)
Fiat has claimed that a Great Wall A-segment car, the Peri (Jing Ling in China), is a copy of its 2nd-generation Fiat Panda.[49]
A 2008 Italian Turin court ruling substantiated the claim stating that the Great Wall Peri, “doesn’t look like a different car but is a Fiat Panda with a different front end.”[50]
A copyright infringement case in China did not see a similar outcome.[clarification needed][citation needed]
Other Great Wall models may resemble those of other automakers: The Great Wall Florid, may look similar to a Toyota ist; and some older Great Wall Hover models may look like Isuzu Axioms, etc.[citation needed]
Landwind[edit]
The Landwind X7 (left) and Range Rover Evoque (right)
Landwind, a new joint venture between Changan Auto and Jiangling Motors, launched the Landwind X7 SUV in 2014. Jaguar Land Rover regarded it as a copy of the Range Rover Evoque, which is produced locally by Chery Jaguar Land Rover, and tried unsuccessfully to stop its production. Although the designs of the cars are similar, the X7 was almost three times as cheap as the Evoque when the former hit the market. Prices of the X7 started at 135,000 renminbi (US$21,700 as of August 2015), while the starting price of the Evoque amounted to ¥398,000 (US$64,000 as of August 2015).[51] Kits for the X7 are sold in China in order to make the car look more like the Evoque. Such kits include the grille, logos, and badges of the Evoque.[52]
Jaguar Land Rover's first response came during the Guangzhou Auto Show in November 2014, when car designer Ian Callum, who works for Jaguar, tweeted pictures of the car and pointed out the resemblance between the X7 and the Evoque.[53] Furthermore, the company stated that it was investigating whether the Evoque's design elements were copied by Jiangling Motors, Landwind's parent company, and that it would "take whatever steps are appropriate to protect its intellectual property."[51][54] Jaguar Land Rover later went to court in China, but its complaints were dismissed in early 2015.[55] At the 2015 edition of Auto Shanghai, Jaguar Land Rover's CEO Ralf Speth said he regretted "that all of a sudden, copy-paste is coming up again." He added that his company could not do anything, since there were no laws against copying cars.[56]
Both Jaguar Land Rover and Jiangling Motors had filed design patents for the Evoque and the X7, respectively, but both patents were annulled in 2016. The patent for the exterior design of the Evoque in China was declared invalid in April by the Chinese intellectual property regulator, because the car was unveiled before the patent was filed in China in November 2011. The nullification happened at the request of Jiangling Motors. The X7's patent was annulled on May 16 at Jaguar Land Rover's request, because the design was too related to the Evoque's design.[57]
In June 2016, Jaguar Land Rover took legal action against Jiangling Motors again in a Beijing court. The car manufacturer blamed Jiangling for copyright infringement and unfair competition. It was a rare move; most non-Chinese car manufacturers choose not to go to court over design copying by Chinese companies because of the small likelihood of winning such lawsuit.[52] A Beijing lawyer said the following to the Chinese newspaper Global Times about the lawsuit: "Without detailed information, it's hard to judge whether Jiangling copied the design of the Evoque."[58] In the same month, an unnamed source said to Reuters that Jiangling had agreed with Jaguar Land Rover it would not export the X7 to Brazil. According to that same source, both companies had also discussed what would be acceptable in a design update for the X7.[52]
Shuanghuan[edit]
The Shuanghuan Noble (left) and Smart ForTwo (right)
The Shuanghuan Noble has caused numerous controversies, with Mercedes-Benz even filing a lawsuit against Shuanghuan because of its similarities with the Smart Fortwo.[59] Mercedes-Benz also persuaded the Italian court to prohibit the car from being exhibited at the Bologna Motor Show, but the Shuanghuan Noble car was put on display anyway.[60]
In May 2009, a Greek judge ruled against Daimler and cleared the car allowing sales to begin in Greece. The judge answering to Daimler's demand to ban the Chinese vehicle from entering the Greek market said that "The impression the Noble makes on a third and informed party by its visual appearance is different to the one that is made to the same person by the Smart... It is commonly accepted that the decision over buying a new car cannot be based only on the exterior characteristics but many other technical specifications such as the power of the engine, fuel consumption, trim specification, retail price and dealers’ network."[61]
The ruling states that the latter party's doings "cannot possibly misguide the public" as the German company claimed in its legal request. The judge noted the salient fact that "the plaintiff is no longer selling the specific generation of the Smart which claims to have been copied, but a different vehicle, with much different characteristics."
Another model, the Shuanghuan SCEO, has been criticised for resembling a first generation BMW X5, while the badge on the vehicle also resembles that used on older SsangYong SUVs.
Zotye[edit]
A Zotye SR9 (left) and a Porsche Macan (right)
German automaker Porsche threatened Zotye with legal action after it revealed the Zotye SR9 in 2016, which is said to resemble the Porsche Macan.[62]. The car has been described as a "complete knockoff", with many aspects of the exterior and interior resembling the Macan.[63]
The Zotye SR9 gained notoriety on Chinese social media after a woman dumped her boyfriend for claiming that his SR9 was in fact a Porsche.[64] The two vehicles are priced at 170,000 RMB and 588,000 RMB, respectively.[63]
Other Zotye models have been said to resemble Volkswagen, Audi and Daihatsu models.[62]
Threats to disclose industry secrets[edit]
The Wall Street Journal reported that the government of China will be forcing foreign carmakers to disclose their electric vehicle technology secrets before the vehicles are allowed to be sold in China. The current Chinese automotive policy states that a foreign carmaker must form a joint-venture with a Chinese carmaker if the former plans to sell its electric vehicles there, with the Chinese carmaker owning 51% of the joint venture.
Due to this supposed threat by the Chinese government, Toyota postponed the launch of the current-generation Prius until they learn more about the plan.[65]
According to the New York Times, GM was asked to disclose key technological information on the Volt. Failure to do so would result in not qualifying for substantial (up to $19000) subsidies.[66]
In 2011, China was believed to be behind the theft of information from Renault.[67] In 2013 a US couple was sentenced to jail time for revealing GM trade secrets to Chery.[68]
In 2014 it was noted there are "stringent" and "extreme" requirements for intellectual property transfer in order to sell to the Chinese market.[69] Imported electric vehicles are subject to high taxes and no subsidies. [70]
In 2017, the US government signaled willingness to investigate such forced technology transfers.[71]
Sectors[edit]
China had a total of 6,322 automotive enterprises as of the end of November 2006.[citation needed] The total output value of the automotive sector for the first three quarters of 2006 was US$143 billion.[citation needed] As incomes increase the high annual growth rate of private ownership is expected to accelerate.
Automobile production[edit]
China surpassed Japan to become the world's second-largest vehicle market in 2006, and passed the United States to become the largest in 2009.[citation needed] This growth is spurring demand for automotive parts, services, and after-care products. China is presently capable of manufacturing a complete line of automobile products and large automotive enterprises. Major domestic firms include the China First Automobile Group Corp. (FAW), Dongfeng Motor Corp. (DMC) and Shanghai Automotive Industry (Group) Corp. (SAIC).
Alternate fuel vehicles[edit]
China encourages the development of clean and fuel efficient vehicles in an effort to sustain continued growth of the country’s automobile industry (see Fuel economy in automobiles). By the end of 2007, China plans to reduce the average fuel consumption per 100 km for all types of vehicles by 10%. The proportion of vehicles burning alternate fuel will be increased to help optimize the country's energy consumption. Priority will be given to facilitating the research and development of electric and hybrid vehicles as well as alternate fuel vehicles, especially CNG/LNG. Major cities like Beijing and Shanghai already require Euro-3 emission standards. On March 10, 2008, Beijing became the first city to require light-duty vehicles to meet China-4 emission standard, which was equivalent to Euro-4. Beijing shifted its emission standards to the fifth-stage standards for light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles in January 2013 and August 2015, respectively. On 12 April 2016, the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) released the proposal for light-duty China-6 standard.
Electric vehicles[edit]
Main article: New energy vehicles in China
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2016)
The BYD Qin plug-in hybrid is the all-time top selling passenger new energy vehicle in China since 2014, with cumulative sales of over 49,500 units up to March 2016.[72][73][74][75][76]
The Chinese Automotive Industry Plan, announced on the main Web site of China's central government, said China aims to create capacity to produce 500,000 new energy vehicles, such as battery electric cars and plug-in hybrid vehicles. The plan aims to increase sales of such new-energy cars to account for about 5% of China's passenger vehicle sales.[77] At the 2010 Beijing Motor Show, more than 20 electric vehicles were on display, most of which came from native automakers. As of May 2010, at least 10 all-electric models have been reported to be on track for volume-production.[78] The first mass-produced plug-in hybrid car (BYD F3DM), all-electric minivan (BYD e6) and all-electric long-range bus (BYD K9) are Chinese.
China subsidies oil[79][80][81] and some Chinese automakers see opportunities in less mature electric vehicles because Western companies have yet to develop much of a lead in the technology.[82][83]
New energy vehicle sales between January 2011 and March 2016, totaled 502,572 units, of which, over 92% were sold between January 2014 and March 2016. These figures include heavy-duty commercial vehicles such buses and sanitation trucks. These figures only include vehicles manufactured in the country as imports are not subject to government subsidies. As of March 2016[update], the Chinese stock of plug-in electric vehicles consist of 366,219 all-electric vehicles (72.9%) and 136,353 plug-in hybrids (27.1%).[84][85][86][87][88][89]
As of December 2015[update], China is the world's largest electric bus market, and by 2020, the country is expected to account for more than 50% of the global electric bus market.[90] China also is the world's leader in the plug-in heavy-duty segment, including electric buses, plug-in trucks, particularly sanitation/garbage trucks.[91][92]
Local manufacture encouraged[edit]
Currently[when?] auto parts and accessories enjoy lower levels of tariffs than cars (the average tariff is 10–13% for parts/accessories and 25% for cars).[citation needed]
China has agreed to lower tariffs on imported auto parts and accessories to 10%. Although this difference in duty rate was initially[when?] responsible for an increase in motorcycle and car kit imports, the loophole has been tightened. Now, only replacement parts and accessories enter China under the lower duty level.[93]
Used motor vehicles and used/refurbished auto parts[edit]
Used cars can be imported to China although some restrictions apply. Refurbished heavy construction equipment can be imported with a special permit. Used and refurbished auto parts are not allowed to be imported into China.
Automotive after-sales products and services[edit]
China's after-sales market now faces the following challenges:
Establishing an information feedback system with end-users in order to improve service;
Modernizing outdated sales systems;
Increasing the competitiveness of domestic auto parts, accessories and aftermarket kits;
Clamping down on counterfeit products.
Car dealerships[edit]
In China, authorized car dealership are called 4S car shops. The 4S represents Sale, Sparepart, Service and Survey. 整車销售(Sale)、零配件(Sparepart)、售後服务(Service)、信息反馈(Survey).
In most cases, brand-name new cars can be purchased only from 4S shops. For new cars in high demand, a high premium is added for instant delivery or just placing an order.
The profit of car dealers in China is quite high compared to the rest of the world, in most cases 10%. This is supposedly due to the 'non-transparent invoice price' as announced by manufactures and to the premiums they charge for quick delivery. Due to the lack of knowledge for most customers, dealers can sell add-ons at much higher prices than the aftermarket.
There is no regulation by either the government or associations.
Exports[edit]
As of 2012[update], exports of Chinese automobiles were about 1 million vehicles per year and rapidly increasing. Most sales were made to emerging economies such as Afghanistan, Algeria, Brazil, Chile, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Libya, North Korea, the Philippines, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, or Syria[4] where a Chinese-made automobile such as a Geely, Great Wall, or Chery sells for about half of what a comparable model manufactured by a multinational brand such as Toyota does. The Chinese cars are based on multinational designs but cheaply made; they are particularly lacking in safety features. Cars made in China by multinational joint ventures are generally not exported. The quality of Chinese cars is rapidly increasing but, according to J. D. Power and Associates, is not expected to reach parity with multinational manufacturers until about 2018.[94]
See also[edit]
Motorcycle industry in China
Electric vehicle industry in China
Military vehicles of China
Pollution in China
Renewable electricity
Renewable energy in China
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External links[edit]
Anderson, Greg, Designated Drivers: How China Plans to Dominate the Global Auto Industry, book talk at the USC U.S.-China Institute, 2012.
China Association of Automobile Manufacturers
Statistical Information Network of China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (in Chinese)
China Society of Automotive Engineering
China Automotive Technology and Research Center
China Council for the Promotion of International Trade Branch of the automotive industry
China National Automotive Industry International
China Corp. 2015 - Auto Industry – DCA Chine-Analyse – Published May, 2015
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vehicles of China.
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