text:
Glycerophospholipid
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Glycerol
Phosphoglyceride
Glycerophospholipids or phosphoglycerides are glycerol-based phospholipids. They are the main component of biological membranes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structures
2 Nomenclature and stereochemistry
3 Examples of glycerophospholipids
4 Uses
4.1 Functions and use in membranes
4.2 Use in emulsification
4.3 In the brain
4.3.1 Metabolism
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Structures[edit]
The term glycerophospholipid signifies any derivative of glycerophosphoric acid that contains at least one O-acyl, or O-alkyl, or O-alk-1'- enyl residue attached to the glycerol moiety.[1]
The alcohol here is glycerol, to which two fatty acids and a phosphoric acid are attached as esters.The two fatty acid chains attached to the molecule of glycerol are nonpolar hence hydrophobic while the polar heads which mainly consists of the phosphate group attached to the third carbon of the glycerol molecule is hydrophillic.[2] This dual characteristic leads to the amphipathic nature of glycerophospholipids. They are usually organized into a bilayer in memberanes with the polar hydrophillic heads sticking outwards to the aqueous environment and the non polar hydrophobic tails pointing inwards.[3] Glycerophospholipids consists of various diverse species which usually differ slightly in structure. The most basic structure is a phosphatidate. This species is an important intermediate in the synthesis of many phosphoglycerides. The presence of an additional group attached to the phosphate allows for many different phosphoglycerides.
By convention, structures of these compounds show the 3 glycerol carbon atoms vertically with the phosphate attached to carbon atom number three (at the bottom). Plasmalogens and phosphatidates are examples.[4]
Nomenclature and stereochemistry[edit]
In general, glycerophospholipids use a "sn" notation, which stands for stereospecific numbering. When the letters "sn" appear in the nomenclature, by convention the hydroxyl group of the second carbon of glycerol (sn-2) is on the left on a Fischer projection. The numbering follows the one of Fischer's projections, being sn-1 the carbon at the top and sn-3 the one at the bottom.
The advantage of this particular notation is that the spatial conformation (R or L) of the glycero-molecule is determined intuitively by the residues on the positions sn-1 and sn-3.
For example sn-glycero-3-phosphoric acid and sn-glycero-1-phosphoric acid are enantiomers.
Examples of glycerophospholipids[edit]
Plasmalogens
Plasmalogens are a type of phosphoglyceride. The first carbon of glycerol has a hydrocarbon chain attached via an ether, not ester, linkage. The linkages are more resistant to chemical attack than ester linkages are. The second (central) carbon atom has a fatty acid linked by an ester. The third carbon links to an ethanolamine or choline by means of a phosphate ester. These compounds are key components of the membranes of muscles and nerves.
Phosphatidates
Phosphatidates are lipids in which the first two carbon atoms of the glycerol are fatty acid esters, and the 3 is a phosphate ester. The phosphate serves as a link to another alcohol-usually ethanolamine, choline, serine, or a carbohydrate. The identity of the alcohol determines the subcategory of the phosphatidate. There is a negative charge on the phosphate and, in the case of choline or serine, a positive quaternary ammonium ion. (Serine also has a negative carboxylate group.) The presence of charges give a "head" with an overall charge. The phosphate ester portion ("head") is hydrophilic, whereas the remainder of the molecule, the fatty acid "tail", is hydrophobic. These are important components for the formation of lipid bilayers.
Phosphatidylethanoamines, phosphatidylcholines, and other phospholipids are examples of phosphatidates.
Phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines are lecithins. Choline is the alcohol, with a positively charged quaternary ammonium, bound to the phosphate, with a negative charge. Lecithins are present in all living organisms. An egg yolk has a high concentration of lecthins- which are commercially important as an emulsifying agent in products such as mayonnaise. Lecithins are also present in brain and nerve tissue.
Other phospholipids
There are many other phospholipids, some of which are glycolipids. The glycolipids include phosphatidyl sugars where the alcohol functional group is part of a carbohydrate. Phosphatidyl sugars are present in plants and certain microorganisms. A carbohydrate is very hydrophilic due to the large number of hydroxyl groups present.
Uses[edit]
Functions and use in membranes[edit]
One of the main functions of glycerophospholipid is to serve as a structural component of biological membranes. Their amphipathic nature drives the formation of the lipid bilayer structure of membranes. The cell membrane seen under the electron microscope consists of two identifiable layers, or "leaflets", each of which is made up of an ordered row of glycerophospholipid molecules. The composition of each layer can vary widely depending on the type of cell.
For example, in human erythrocytes the cytosolic side (the side facing the cytosol) of the plasma membrane consists mainly of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol.
By contrast, the exoplasmic side (the side on the exterior of the cell) consists mainly of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, a type of sphingolipid.
Each glycerophospholipid molecule consists of a small polar head group and two long hydrophobic chains. In the cell membrane, the two layers of phospholipids are arranged as follows:
the hydrophobic tails point to each other and form a fatty, hydrophobic center
the ionic head groups are placed at the inner and outer surfaces of the cell membrane
This is a stable structure because the ionic hydrophilic head groups interact with the aqueous media inside and outside the cell, whereas the hydrophobic tails maximize hydrophobic interactions with each other and are kept away from the aqueous environments. The overall result of this structure is to construct a fatty barrier between the cell's interior and its surroundings.
Apart from their function in cell memberanes, they function in other cellular processes such as signal induction and transport. In regards to signaling, they provide the precursors for prostanglandins and other leukotrienes.[5] It is their specific distribution and catabolism that enables them carry out the biological response processes listed above.[6] Their roles as storage centers for secondary messengers in the membrane is also a contributing factor to their ability to act as transporters.[7] They also influence protein function. For example, they are important constituents of lipoproteins (soluble proteins that transport fat in the blood) hence affect their metabolism and function.[8]
Use in emulsification[edit]
Glycerophospholipids can also act as an emulsifying agent to promote dispersal of one substance into another. This is sometimes used in candy making and ice-cream making.
In the brain[edit]
Neural membranes contain several classes of glycerophospholipids which turnover at different rates with respect to their structure and localization in different cells and membranes. There are three major classes namely; 1-alkyl-2-acyl glycerophospholipid, 1,2-diacyl glycerophospholipid and plasmalogen. The main function of these classes of glycerophospholipids in the neural membranes is to provide stability, permeability and fluidity through specific alterations in their compositions.[9] The glycerophospholipid composition of neural membranes greatly alters their functional efficacy. The length of glycerophospholipid acyl chain and the degree of saturation are important determinants of many membrane characteristics including the formation of lateral domains that are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Receptor-mediated degradation of glycerophospholipids by phospholipases A(l), A(2), C, and D results in generation of second messengers, such as prostaglandins, eicosanoids, platelet activating factor and diacylglycerol. Thus, neural membrane phospholipids are a reservoir for second messengers. They are also involved in apoptosis, modulation of activities of transporters, and membrane-bound enzymes. Marked alterations in neural membrane glycerophospholipid composition have been reported to occur in neurological disorders. These alterations result in changes in membrane fluidity and permeability. These processes along with the accumulation of lipid peroxides and compromised energy metabolism may be responsible for the neurodegeneration observed in neurological disorders.[10]
Metabolism[edit]
The metabolism of glycerophospholipids is different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Synthesis in prokaryotes involves the synthesis of glycerophospholipids phosphatidic acid and polar head groups. Phosphatidic acid synthesis in eukaryotes is different, there are two routes, one to the other toward phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Glycerophospholipids are generally metabolized in several steps with different intermediates. The very first step in this metabolism involves the addition or transfer of the fatty acid chains to the glycerol backbone to form the first intermediate, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA then becomes acylated to form the next intermediate phosphatidic acid (PA). PA can be dephosphorylated leading to the formation of diacylglycerol which is essential in the synthesis of phosphatidylchline (PC).[11] PC is one of the many species of glycerophospholipids. In a pathway called the Kennedy pathway, the polar heads are added to complete the formation of the entire structure consisting of the polar head regions, the two fatty acid chains and the phosphate group attached to the glycerol backbone. In this Kennedy pathway, Choline is converted to CDP-Choline which drives the transfer of the polar head groups to complete the formation of PC. PC can then be further converted to other species of glcerophospholipids such as phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE).[12]
See also[edit]
Biological membrane
Phospholipid
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerophosphoethanolamine
References[edit]
Jump up ^ IUPAC Gold Book. http://goldbook.iupac.org/G02648.html
Jump up ^ Montealegre, Cristina; Verardo, Vito; Luisa Marina, María; Caboni, Maria Fiorenza (March 2014). "Analysis of glycerophospho- and sphingolipids by CE". ELECTROPHORESIS. 35 (6): 779–792. doi:10.1002/elps.201300534.
Jump up ^ Ecker, Josef; Liebisch, Gerhard (April 2014). "Application of stable isotopes to investigate the metabolism of fatty acids, glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid species". Progress in Lipid Research. 54: 14–31. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2014.01.002.
Jump up ^ Yong-Mei Zhang and Charles O. Rock (2008). "Thematic Review Series: Glycerolipids. Acyltransferases in bacterial glycerophospholipid synthesis". J Lipid Res. 49 (9): 1867–1874. doi:10.1194/jlr.R800005-JLR200. PMC 2515527  . PMID 18369234.
Jump up ^ Hermansson, Martin; Hokynar, Kati; Somerharju, Pentti (July 2011). "Mechanisms of glycerophospholipid homeostasis in mammalian cells". Progress in Lipid Research. 50 (3): 240–257. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2011.02.004.
Jump up ^ Farooqui, AA; Horrocks, LA; Farooqui, T (June 2000). "Glycerophospholipids in brain: their metabolism, incorporation into membranes, functions, and involvement in neurological disorders". Chemistry and physics of lipids. 106 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1016/s0009-3084(00)00128-6. PMID 10878232.
Jump up ^ Farooqui, AA; Horrocks, LA; Farooqui, T (June 2000). "Glycerophospholipids in brain: their metabolism, incorporation into membranes, functions, and involvement in neurological disorders". Chemistry and physics of lipids. 106 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1016/s0009-3084(00)00128-6. PMID 10878232.
Jump up ^ Ecker, Josef; Liebisch, Gerhard (April 2014). "Application of stable isotopes to investigate the metabolism of fatty acids, glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid species". Progress in Lipid Research. 54: 14–31. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2014.01.002.
Jump up ^ Farooqui, Akhlaq A; Horrocks, Lloyd A; Farooqui, Tahira (June 2000). "Glycerophospholipids in brain: their metabolism, incorporation into membranes, functions, and involvement in neurological disorders". Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. 106 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1016/S0009-3084(00)00128-6.
Jump up ^ garcia, christina. "Metabolism of glycerophospholipids".
Jump up ^ Ecker, Josef; Liebisch, Gerhard (April 2014). "Application of stable isotopes to investigate the metabolism of fatty acids, glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid species". Progress in Lipid Research. 54: 14–31. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2014.01.002.
Jump up ^ Ecker, Josef; Liebisch, Gerhard (April 2014). "Application of stable isotopes to investigate the metabolism of fatty acids, glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid species". Progress in Lipid Research. 54: 14–31. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2014.01.002.
External links[edit]
Glycerophospholipids at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Diagram at uca.edu
[hide]
v
t
e
Lipids: phospholipids
Glycerol backbone
(Glycerophospholipids/
Phosphoglycerides)
Phosphatidyl-:
-ethanolamine/cephalin (PE)
-choline/lecithin (PC)
-serine (PS)
-glycerol (PG)
-inositol (PI)
glyco- (GPI)
Phosphoinositides:
PIP
PI(3)P
PI(4)P
PI(5)P
PIP2
PI(3,4)P2
PI(3,5)P2
PI(4,5)P2
PIP3
Ether lipids:
Plasmalogen
Platelet-activating factor
Cardiolipin
Sphingosine backbone
Sphingomyelin
Metabolites
Inositol phosphate
Inositol
Lysophosphatidic acid
Choline
Phosphocholine
Citicoline
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Clash of the Titans (2010 film)
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Clash of the Titans
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Louis Leterrier
Produced by
Basil Iwanyk
Kevin De La Noy
Richard D. Zanuck
Screenplay by
Travis Beacham
Phil Hay
Matt Manfredi
Based on
Clash of the Titans
by Beverley Cross
Starring
Sam Worthington
Gemma Arterton
Mads Mikkelsen
Alexa Davalos
Ralph Fiennes
Liam Neeson
Music by
Ramin Djawadi
Cinematography
Peter Menzies Jr.
Edited by
Vincent Tabaillon
Martin Walsh
Production
company
Legendary Pictures
The Zanuck Company
Thunder Road Pictures
Distributed by
Warner Bros. Pictures
Release date
April 2, 2010 (2010-04-02) (United States)
Running time
108 minutes
Country
United States
Australia
Language
English
Budget
$125 million[1]
Box office
$493.2 million[1]
Clash of the Titans is a 2010 American-Australian action adventure fantasy film and remake of the 1981 film of the same name produced by MGM (the rights to which had been acquired by Warner Bros. in 1996). The story is very loosely based on the Greek myth of Perseus.[2][3][4] Directed by Louis Leterrier and starring Sam Worthington, Liam Neeson, and Ralph Fiennes, the film was originally set for standard release on March 26, 2010.[3][4] However, it was later announced that the film would be converted to 3D and was released on April 2, 2010.[5][6]
Clash of the Titans grossed $493 million worldwide, though it received generally negative reviews from critics and received two Golden Raspberry Awards nominations. The film's success led to a sequel, Wrath of the Titans, released in March 2012. A third film titled Revenge of the Titans was in development but later cancelled due to Wrath of the Titans' disappointing box office performance.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming locations
3.2 Homage
4 Soundtrack
5 Release
5.1 Critical reception
5.2 Box office
5.3 Home video
6 Video game
7 Sequels
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
In ancient times, after defeating their predecessors, the Titans, the gods, divided the world among themselves. Zeus took the skies, Poseidon took the seas, and Hades was left with the Underworld upon being tricked by Zeus. The gods created the mortals, whose faith and prayers has fueled the gods' immortality. As time passed, however, mortals began to question and soon resist their creators, angering the Olympians.
A fisherman named Spyros finds a coffin adrift in the sea, discovering a baby, Perseus, and his mother, Danae. Spyros and his wife, Marmara, raise Perseus as their own son, alongside their daughter, Tekla. One day, an adult Perseus and his family watch soldiers from the city of Argos destroying the statue of Zeus. Infuriated at this, the Gods unleash the Furies who attack the soldiers. Hades then appeared and destroyed the family's fishing vessel, resulting in Perseus' family drowning. Only Perseus survives and is found by a group of the soldiers.
Perseus is brought before King Cepheus and Queen Cassiopeia, who are celebrating their campaign against the gods. Queen Cassiopeia compares her daughter Andromeda to the gods and boasts that she is more beautiful than Aphrodite. The revelry is cut short by the arrival of Hades, who has been given leave by Zeus to punish the mortals for their defiance. Hades threatens to unleash his monster, the Kraken, against Argos, unless Andromeda is offered as a sacrifice. Before leaving, he also reveals that Perseus is a demigod and the son of Zeus. Perseus meets Io, who confirms his origin. According to Io, a king of Argos named Acrisius defied the Gods and laid siege on Olympus. Zeus wanted to teach him a lesson, but did not want to kill the humans, instead, he decided to make an example out of Acrisius and disguised himself as the king, and then had sex with Queen Danae. When Acrisius realized this, he executed his wife and her son, while cursing Zeus. Zeus punished him further by changing him into the deformed creature Calibos, who became obsessed with killing Perseus, the son of Queen Danae and Zeus.
Perseus leads the King's Guard to the Stygian Witches, looking for a way to kill the Kraken. Seeking to help his newly discovered son, Zeus gives Perseus a sword forged on Mount Olympus and a winged horse named Pegasus. Perseus refuses the sword, but the captain of the King's guard, Draco, keeps the sword for when Perseus needs it. However, Perseus likes Pegasus. Soon after, they are attacked by Calibos, who kills several of the Kings Guard. Draco severs Calibos's hand and forces him to flee. The band gives chase but they are attacked by giant scorpions called Scorpiochs that spring from spilled drops of Calibos's blood. They are saved by a band of Djinn, non-human desert sorcerers led by Sheik Suleiman, who tame the remaining Scorpions. Also wishing for the gods' defeat, the Djinn lend their aid to Perseus and his band. As they continue to travel, Io aids and teaches Perseus and they begin to fall in love.
The group arrives at the lair of the Stygian Witches and learn that to kill the Kraken, they must obtain and use the head of Medusa, a gorgon who resides in a temple in the Underworld. Any living creature that looks on Medusa's eyes will turn into stone. Perseus, Io, Solon, Draco, and their remaining men travel to the entrance into the Underworld. The men enter Medusa's temple lair while Io, being a woman and forbidden from entering, remains outside. Medusa kills most of the band, but Perseus finally manages to behead her by using his reflective shield to see her with his back turned. As he leaves the temple, Calibos appears behind Io and fatally stabs her. As Perseus and Calibos fight, Perseus accepts that he is a son of Zeus, picks up the Olympian sword, and stabs Calibos through the chest, which has restored him to his human form. With his last breath, Calibos urges Perseus not to become a god. As Io lies dying, she urges Perseus to leave her and save Andromeda and Argos. Perseus lovingly stays with her until her last breath instead of leaving immediately. Pegasus soon takes Perseus back to the city of Argos as the Kraken is released. The people of Argos seize and bind Andromeda to sacrifice her to the Kraken. Meanwhile, Hades reveals he does not require the faith or worship of mortals as Zeus does, as he has learned to survive on their fear. Hades then subdues the weakened Zeus.
Perseus arrives at Argos and exposes Medusa's head to the Kraken, which makes eye contact just before it is able to reach Andromeda. The Kraken gradually petrifies and crumbles. Prokopion, the insane leader of the Cult of Hades, attempts to kill Perseus, but Cepheus stops him and is stabbed, before both are killed when the Kraken's petrified hand falls on them. Hades appears, intending to kill Perseus, but Perseus, invoking Zeus, throws his sword at Hades, forcing him back to the Underworld. Perseus rescues Andromeda, who will soon be crowned as Queen of Argos. She asks Perseus to stay by her side as the King, but he declines. Perseus also refuses another offer of godhood from Zeus, who then proclaims that if Perseus is to live as a human, he should not be alone, and subsequently revives Io, reuniting Perseus with his one and only true love.
Cast[edit]
Sam Worthington as Perseus
Liam Neeson as Zeus
Ralph Fiennes as Hades
Gemma Arterton as Io
Jason Flemyng as King Acrisius/Calibos
Alexa Davalos as Princess Andromeda
Mads Mikkelsen as Draco
Nicholas Hoult as Eusebios
Liam Cunningham as Solon
Hans Matheson as Ixas
Rory McCann as Belo
Luke Evans as Apollo
Danny Huston as Poseidon
Jane March as Hestia
Alexander Siddig as Hermes
Agyness Deyn as Aphrodite
Pete Postlethwaite as Spyros
Elizabeth McGovern as Marmara
Luke Treadaway as Prokopion
Polly Walker as Queen Cassiopeia
Vincent Regan as King Cepheus
Tine Stapelfeldt as Queen Danae
Kaya Scodelario as Peshet
William Houston as Ammon
Ian Whyte as Sheikh Sulieman
Natalia Vodianova as Medusa
Production[edit]
Teide National Park (Tenerife) is the most visited national park in Europe[7] and one of the most visited in the world, and place of filming of some scenes from the movie.
The Clash of the Titans remake project started in 2002 under producer Adam Schroeder and writers John Glenn and Travis Wright. They wanted to drop the "cheesy chessboard manipulation of characters" by the gods.[citation needed] In the Wright/Glenn version of Clash, various pantheons were mixed together. The main villain was the Sumerian Sea Goddess of Death and Destruction, Tiamat.[citation needed] Perseus was originally kidnapped by an avatar of an unidentified Chthonian Earth Goddess, who planned to have him married to Andromeda so as to develop better relations with humanity. The Earth Goddess and Perseus proceed to fall in love. Zeus prepared to engage in war with Tiamat; taking the aids of other gods (such as Thoth, Marduk, Yahweh and Osiris). A High Priest named Fantasos starts a Cult of Tiamat that quickly conquers the city. Andromeda was originally a promiscuous spoiled Princess who possessed various male sex slaves. Though the mixing of Mythologies and the Perseus-Earth Goddess romance was abandoned, the concept of a Goddess enraged at arrogant humans and demanding a sacrifice and the Cult of the Evil God (Changed from Tiamat to Hades) was retained into the final production.[8] Producer Basil Iwanyk revived the project in 2006 with a rewrite by Travis Beacham, a fan of the original, who intended the script to be "darker and more realistic".[9] Lawrence Kasdan and director Stephen Norrington signed on in 2007. Kasdan gave the script another rewrite from the Beacham version.[10] But Norrington was unsure about his direction for the project because he did not grow up with the original. Leterrier, who did, contacted Norrington through their shared agent about replacing him.[11] By June 2008 Leterrier joined the project and Warner Bros. greenlit the film.[12] Leterrier noted the original Clash of the Titans inspired the climax of his previous film The Incredible Hulk – a battle in a burnt-down courtroom with temple-like columns – and has compared modern superheroes to Greek mythology.[13][14]
Writers Phil Hay and Matt Manfredi took over the script during July 2008 and used Beacham's draft as a starting point. They focused on the mythology and telling the story through Leterrier's eyes. Hay and Manfredi had to rewrite the script in less than a year using a very active process.[15] Leterrier sought Ray Harryhausen's involvement,[11] and reunited with Hulk concept artist Aaron Sims, who had already been working on Clash of the Titans with Norrington.[16]
Louis Leterrier, during an interview, revealed that he is a big fan of Masami Kurumada's Saint Seiya manga (also known as Knights of the Zodiac) and its anime adaptation. He specifically cited the armor that the Gods wear in his film remake as a sign of homage and respect to Saint Seiya. Masami Kurumada, the author of Saint Seiya, was even asked to collaborate with the production team on poster designs.[17]
Sam Worthington took the role of Perseus because he wanted to make a Clash of the Titans for his nine-year-old nephew's generation. During filming the cast had a few laughs about the costumes, but he took it very seriously "so the audience doesn't have to."[18] Worthington also did not wear sandals while filming; he instead painted toes on his sports shoes so he could perform the stunts better.[19]
For the 2D to 3D conversion, Leterrier approached the studio early on about a 3D conversion, but it was expensive and very new technology.[20] After Avatar, the studio put pressure on Leterrier to convert the film. He was worried because of his previous concerns but was convinced after seeing the View-D conversion process.[21] Leterrier considered the 3D conversion to improve the viewing experience, and states that it should not be seen as a gimmick.[20]
In 2013 Leterrier said of the 3D conversion;
It was famously rushed and famously horrible. It was absolutely horrible, the 3D. Nothing was working, it was just a gimmick to steal money from the audience. I’m a good boy and I rolled with the punches and everything, but it’s not my movie.[22]
Filming locations[edit]
Filming began April 27, 2009, near London, at Shepperton Studios, and also at Pinewood Studios and at Longcross Studios, near Chertsey, in Surrey.[23] Filming also took place in Wales, the Canary Islands (Spain) (primarily at the World Heritage Site, Teide National Park in Tenerife), Maspalomas Dunes, Gran Canaria, and Timanfaya National Park in Lanzarote. Aerial photography was conducted in Iceland and Ethiopia.[2]
Filming of volcano scenes at the Harriet hole in Dinorwic Slate Quarry in Wales wrapped at the end of July.[24] This slate quarry has also been used for locations for Willow and Street Fighter.[25]
Homage[edit]
Bubo, Athena's mechanical owl in the original 1981 film, makes a cameo appearance in this remake and its sequel.
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: Clash of the Titans (soundtrack)
Release[edit]
Clash of the Titans was originally set for standard release on March 26, 2010.[3][4] The Heat Vision Blog reported on January 27, 2010, that after a 3D conversion test of the film which Warner Bros. found to be a "roaring success", the film would be converted to 3D and would premiere on April 2, 2010. The national premiere in Spain took place on March 30 in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, the capital city of the Canary Islands.[5][6][26]
Critical reception[edit]
Clash of the Titans has received generally negative reviews from critics, who criticized the film for its use of 3D, flat characters, and divergences from the original film and the myth. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 28% of critics have given the film a positive review, based on 242 reviews with an average rating of 4.3/10. The website's critical consensus states, "An obviously affectionate remake of the 1981 original, Louis Leterrier's Clash of the Titans doesn't offer enough visual thrills to offset the deficiencies of its script."[27] On Metacritic, the film was assigned a weighted average score of 39 out of 100, based on 37 reviews from mainstream critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[28] Even before release the film attracted some negative attention for its original tagline, "Titans Will Clash", although the trailers, edited to match "The Bird and the Worm" by The Used, were praised.[29]
In his review for the Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert gave the film 3 stars out of 4, stating "I don't say it's good cinema, although I recognize the craftsmanship that went into it. I don't say it's good acting, when the men have so much facial hair they all look like Liam Neeson. I like the energy, the imagination, the silliness".[30] Richard Corliss of Time could understand why the film received negative reviews, but found it "a full-throttle action-adventure, played unapologetically straight." He dismissed other critics' complaints, writing that the film is "very watchable in 2-D", that other critics were biased by nostalgia for the original, and that 15 seconds of Bubo is enough for his tastes.[31] Colin Covert gave the film a mildly positive review, stating the film was "all flash, trash, and crash; a tasty hunk of baloney; mindless yet shamelessly thrilling." He considered Worthington to have a "Shatneresque heaviness about him", and found that all the laughs came from the fact that the heavyweight actors were "slumming through their roles".[32] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B-, writing "The new Clash isn't a cynical rehash. It has the flavor of a certain pre-CGI innocence."[33] James Berardinelli gave it a mixed review, concluding that Clash of the Titans is a flawed but mildly entertaining regurgitation of Greek mythological elements, but it's also an example of how poorly executed 3D can hamstring a would-be spectacle.[34]
Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film 1 star out of four, stating "The film is a sham, with good actors going for the paycheck and using beards and heavy makeup to hide their shame."[35] In a review for the Chicago Tribune, Turan complained that the film is worse in 3D; he went on further to explain that the action scenes are "more of a distraction than an enhancement", with the battle scenes being cluttered and "harder to follow rather than exciting".[36] Claudia Puig for USA Today wrote that the film's "most outstanding achievement is the ability to be both chaotic and dull". Justification for her opinion came from the frantic action sequences and muddled special effects.[37] Dan Kois blamed the director for making a "muddled disappointment" instead of a "camp classic that could have endured for generations". Kois also accused Leterrier of not knowing how to direct an action scene, and that the film is lacking in "wit and flair".[38] David Stratton also criticized the film's action scenes, suggesting to Leterrier: "check out your local video store for something by Kurosawa, or almost any movie with sword fight scenes, to see how it's done."[39]
The film was nominated for "Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel" and "Worst Eye-Gouging Misuse of 3D" at the 31st Golden Raspberry Awards, but lost to Sex and the City 2 and The Last Airbender, respectively.[citation needed]
Box office[edit]
Clash of the Titans earned $61,235,105 in its opening weekend in 3,777 theaters in the United States and Canada (not including Thursday previews).[1] The movie was #1 for two weeks in a row, edging out Date Night and the previous winner How to Train Your Dragon.[40] Clash of the Titans made $163,214,888 domestically, as of July 22, 2010, and $330,000,000 overseas, as of September 19, 2010, for a worldwide total of $493,214,888. On the all-time worldwide chart it ranks 80th and in North America it is below #100.[41]
Home video[edit]
Clash of the Titans was released on DVD and Blu-ray combo pack on July 16 (Mexico), July 26 (UK), July 27 (USA) and (Canada), October 6 (Japan) 2010. A Blu-ray 3D version of the film was also released and also comes packed with the 2D version, the DVD version and a Digital Copy.[42]
Video game[edit]
Main article: Clash of the Titans (video game)
Namco Bandai Games.inc & Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment released a video game adaptation of the movie on July 27, 2010, on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 with the film's home video release. It was originally planned to come out in March 2010, though the game was delayed due to difficulties. The game follows Perseus on his quest to fight Hades and his minions.
Sequels[edit]
Main article: Wrath of the Titans
Production of a sequel titled, Wrath of the Titans, directed by Jonathan Liebesman began on March 23, 2011, with Sam Worthington, Ralph Fiennes and Liam Neeson returning to star and released on March 30, 2012.[43]
In November 2011, Warner Bros. hired Dan Mazeau and David Leslie Johnson' who wrote Wrath of the Titans, to write and develop a sequel with Johnson announced a title called Revenge of the Titans but it was later cancelled.[44]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Clash of the Titans (2010)". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved September 25, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Clash of the Titans Commences Production for Warner Bros. Pictures and Legendary Pictures". Business Wire. April 25, 2009. Retrieved December 31, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Medusa's Head Hiding Within Perseus' Sack? Three Blind Witches!". Bloody-disgusting.com. October 2, 2009. Retrieved December 31, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "New Clash of the Titans Remake Stills". Dreadcentral.com. October 2, 2009. Retrieved December 31, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "3-Deathly : Titans and Potter go to third dimension". Heat Vision Blog. January 27, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Clash of the Titans Official site: Film poster". Clash-of-the-Titans.WarnerBros.com. February 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ El Teide, el parque más visitado de Europa y el segundo del mundo Archived September 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Felming, Michael (2002-06-03). "Col sends J. Lo to Shrink". Variety. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (2006-04-30). "Scribe goes to head of Clash at Warners". Variety. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Michael (2007-12-13). "Norrington to direct Titans". Variety. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Leterrier parle de son Choc des Titans". EcranLarge.com. 2008-07-12. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
Jump up ^ Michael Fleming (2008-06-26). "Gods goes to war with Titans". Variety. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
Jump up ^ Louis Leterrier and Tim Roth's audio commentary for The Incredible Hulk, 2008 DVD by Universal Studios Home Entertainment
Jump up ^ "News Etc". Empire. April 2008. pp. 15–16.
Jump up ^ "EXCLUSIVE: Phil Hay and Matt Manfredi Prepare Us for Clash of the Titans". movie Web. April 1, 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
Jump up ^ "Interview: 'Clash of the Titans' Character Designer Aaron Sims". Bloody Disgusting. 2010-03-31. Retrieved 2010-03-31.
Jump up ^ Saint Seiya's Kurumada Draws Clash of the Titans Poster - Anime News Network|AU
Jump up ^ Miller, Prairie (March 31, 2010). "The Sam Worthington 'Clash Of The Titans' Interview". Retrieved 2010-04-13.
Jump up ^ Wayland, Sara (March 27, 2010). "Sam Worthington Interview CLASH OF THE TITANS". Collider. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
^ Jump up to: a b Wayland, Sara (March 28, 2010). "Director Louis Leterrier Interview CLASH OF THE TITANS". Collider. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
Jump up ^ Snyder, Steven James (March 31, 2010). "Titans Director: 'Clash' Trilogy Already Written, Dying To Tackle Avengers". Techland. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
Jump up ^ ‘Clash of the Titans’ Director Louis Leterrier Slags the Film’s Post-Converted 3D
Jump up ^ IMDb: Most Popular Titles With Location Matching "Longcross Studios, Chobham Lane, Longcross, Surrey, England"
Jump up ^ Filming Clash of the Titans at Dinorwic – July 2009
Jump up ^ Clash of the Titans Sticking with 2D Format
Jump up ^ Estatuto de Autonomía de Canarias en la Página Web Oficial del Gobierno de Canarias Archived January 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Clash of the Titans (2010)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Clash of the Titans Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Heritage, Stuart (January 7, 2010). "Does Clash of the Titans have the worst ever film tagline?". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (March 31, 2010). "Clash of the Titans". RogerEbert.com. Ebert Digital LLC. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Corliss, Richard (April 2, 2010). "Clash of the Titans: A Hit from a Myth". Time. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Covert, Colin (April 2, 2010). "Review: "Clash of the Titans" is action-packed fun". Star Tribune. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Movie Review: Clash of the Titans". Entertainment Weekly. April 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ Berardinelli, James. "Clash of the Titans". Reelviews.net. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ Travers, Peter. "Clash of the Titans review". Rolling Stone. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ Turan, Kenneth (April 2, 2010). "Movie Review: "Clash of the Titans": 3D Makes the Film More Difficult to Follow in Places, and So It Crashes to Earth". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Puig, Claudia (April 2, 2010). "'Clash of the Titans'? The gods must be crazy". USA Today. Retrieved April 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ Koi, Dan (April 2, 2010). "A hero's quest? No, a fool's errand". The 'Washington Post. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Stratton, David (April 1, 2010). "'Clash of the Titans'". At the Movies. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Weekend Report: "Titans" Fall But Still Tall, Box Office Mojo, April 12, 2010
Jump up ^ "Clash of the Titans (2010)". boxofficemojo.com. Amazon.com. Retrieved 2010-09-09.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Production Underway for Clash of the Titans 2". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline. 2011-03-23. Retrieved 2011-03-23.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (2011-11-02). "Warner Bros. Readying 'Clash of the Titans 3' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2011-11-03.

External links[edit]
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Clash of the Titans filming locations in Wales
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