text:
Flowers in the Attic (2014 film)
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Flowers in the Attic
Genre
Drama
Romance
Thriller
Based on
Flowers in the Attic
by V. C. Andrews
Screenplay by
Kayla Alpert
Directed by
Deborah Chow
Starring
Heather Graham
Ellen Burstyn
Kiernan Shipka
Mason Dye
Ava Telek
Theme music composer
Mario Grigorov
Country of origin
United States
Canada
Original language(s)
English
Production
Executive producer(s)
Charles W. Fries
Lisa Hamilton-Daly
Merideth Finn
Tanya Lopez
Michele Weiss
Rob Sharenow
Producer(s)
Harvey Kahn
Damian Ganczewski
Cinematography
Miroslaw Baszak
Editor(s)
Jamie Alain
Running time
86 minutes
Production company(s)
Front Street Pictures, Inc.
Cue the Dog Productions
Fries Film Company, Inc.
Distributor
Lifetime Pictures
Release
Original network
Lifetime
Original release
January 14, 2014 (2014-01-14)
Chronology
Followed by
Petals on the Wind
External links
Website
Flowers in the Attic is a 2014 Lifetime movie, starring Kiernan Shipka, Ellen Burstyn, Mason Dye, and Heather Graham. It is the second adaptation of the 1979 novel of the same name by V. C. Andrews. A sequel, Petals on the Wind, based on the novel of the same name, premiered on May 26, 2014, on Lifetime. The network announced the developing of the following books in the series, If There Be Thorns and Seeds of Yesterday, which both aired in 2015.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Writing
3.2 Casting
4 Release
4.1 Broadcast
4.2 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Critical response
5.2 Accolades
6 Sequels
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In the late 1950s, the Dollanganger children — 14-year-old Chris, 12-year-old Cathy, 5-year-old twins Carrie and Cory — live happily with their parents, Christopher and Corrine, in Pennsylvania. This changes when Christopher dies in a car crash, leaving the family devastated and heavily in debt. Four months later, Corrine announces they are going to go live with her wealthy parents in Virginia. She explains that she was estranged from her parents and changed her last name because of this.
On arrival at Foxworth Hall, Corrine's grim and cold-hearted mother, Olivia, takes the children to a small room in the attic. The next day, the children are given a list of rules and Olivia tells them to stay in the attic at all times. Corrine explains that her father, Malcolm, disowned her for eloping with Christopher, who was actually her biological uncle (her father's younger half-brother) and they were disinherited. She promises the children she will make her father forgive her; once he has forgiven her, she will introduce him to the children, and they will live happily together at Foxworth.
Corrine's visits to the attic become less frequent as she begins to enjoy her new-found wealth and starts a relationship with her father's lawyer, Bart Winslow. She informs the children that while her father has forgiven her, she can't let them meet him because she claimed that she didn't have any children; thus, they will have to remain in the attic until Malcolm dies. Corrine's visits all but cease during the next year. Due to lack of fresh air and sunshine, the twins have stopped growing; meanwhile, Cathy and Chris are entering puberty. Chris accidentally walks in on Cathy while she is trying on her first bra. Olivia catches them and calls them sinners and tries to cut off Cathy's hair as punishment. Chris stops her, but she threatens to starve them for a week if he doesn't cut Cathy's hair himself. Cathy and Chris refuse to comply and give their remaining food to the twins while they rely mostly on water. Olivia appears to relent and leaves them a basket of food; however, Cathy awakens to find tar in her hair the next morning. As Chris reluctantly cuts her hair, he tells her that he finds her beautiful, but knows it is wrong to think of her like that.
Another year passes and Corrine hasn't visited in months. Cathy and Chris conclude that their mother has abandoned them and begin planning their escape. When Corrine does return, she happily announces she has married Bart and the reason for her absence was her honeymoon in Europe. She is upset that the children are not more excited and seems oblivious to the deterioration in the twins. Olivia soon brings the children sugar-powdered doughnuts, which she says are a gift from their mother. Olivia beats Chris with a belt after he demands to be called by his name rather than "boy." Cathy tends to his wounds and admits her fear of losing him. Chris asssures her nothing will happen to him and they kiss. When Olivia comes to deliver their food, Chris tells her that she was right about them being the "devil's spawn" and pleads for forgiveness. After she leaves, Chris reveals the whole scene was a scheme to get an impression of the attic key in soap, and he carves a wooden copy.
Now able to leave the attic, Cathy and Chris begin to steal money from their mother's room to finance an escape by train. On a night raid, Cathy finds Bart asleep and kisses him. Chris later overhears his mother and Bart talking about a dream of a young, blond-haired girl coming into the room and kissing Bart. Chris angrily confronts Cathy, who assures him that the kiss meant nothing and she only did it out of curiosity. She kisses him and they end up having sex. Cathy suggests they move to Florida and Chris tells her that he loves her and can never love anyone else. Cathy tells Olivia and Corrine that Cory is sick and demands her mother take Cory to a hospital, threatening revenge if she doesn't. The next day, Corrine tells them Cory had pneumonia and died, and has already been buried.
Devastated by Cory's death and in fear for their lives, Cathy and Chris decide to take all the money they have collected and grab as much jewelry as they can to finally escape. During their search for valuables, they discover that Corrine and Bart have left Foxworth Hall. Chris overhears a conversation between the butler and a maid, and learns that Olivia has been leaving poison to kill "the mice" in the attic and that their grandfather died seven months ago. Cathy shows Chris how Cory's pet mouse has died after eating a piece of powdered doughnut, revealing that the poison was in their food. Olivia then comes to take their key, and Chris restrains her long enough for Cathy and Carrie to escape. Olivia chases after them, but panics due to her claustrophobia when Chris shuts the door and turns the lights off. Olivia tells them that their mother was the one who poisoned them, not her, but they ignore her and climb out the window, fleeing on foot.
During their escape, they run into the butler, who realizes they are Corrine's children. Horrified, he tells them to run while he cuts off the electric fence for them. They board a train to Florida and Chris assures her that their ordeal is finally over. Cathy vows revenge on their mother.
Cast[edit]
Heather Graham as Corrine Dollanganger/Foxworth
Ellen Burstyn as Olivia Foxworth
Kiernan Shipka as Cathy Dollanganger
Mason Dye as Christopher "Chris" Dollanganger, Jr.
Ava Telek as Carrie Dollanganger
Maxwell Kovach as Cory Dollanganger
Dylan Bruce as Bart Winslow
Chad Willett as Christopher Dollanganger, Sr.
Beau Daniels as Malcolm Foxworth
Andrew Kavadas as John Amos
Don Thompson as the Train Conductor
Tiara Moodley as passing by train passenger
Production[edit]
Writing[edit]
Casting[edit]
Flowers in the Attic was first announced on July 23, 2013 as a television film for the Lifetime network. It was also announced that the film would star Heather Graham as Corrine Dollanganger and Ellen Burstyn as Olivia Foxworth.[2][3] It was also announced that the film would be directed by Deborah Chow and written by Kayla Alpert.[4]
On August 14 it was announced that Kiernan Shipka and Mason Dye had been cast as Cathy and Chris respectively.[5][6] During the same month, it was announced that Dylan Bruce had joined the cast as Bart Winslow, Corrine's love interest.[7]
Release[edit]
Broadcast[edit]
In its original televised airing, the film was watched by 6.06 million total viewers, and had a rating (percentage) of 1.9 in the 18-49 age demographic.[8] At the time, it was cable's number-one original movie performance since the October 2012 premiere of Steel Magnolias.[9]
Home media[edit]
On April 15, 2014, Flowers in the Attic was released in DVD format for Region 1. The single disc featured the entire film, as well as a behind-the-scenes featurette with the cast and crew. It was later re-released on June 23, 2015, with Petals on the Wind as a "Double Feature." On November 10, 2015, it was included in a "4-Film Collection" with Petals on the Wind, If There Be Thorns, and Seeds of Yesterday. [10]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Flowers in the Attic received mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 52% of 23 critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 5.5 out of ten.[11] The film averaged 49 out of 100, based on 22 critics, on Metacritic, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[12]
Accolades[edit]
For her performance, Burstyn was nominated for a Critics' Choice Television Award,[13] Primetime Emmy Award,[14] and Screen Actors Guild Award.[15] Similarly, Shipka was nominated an Online Film & Television Association Award for her performance.[16]
Sequels[edit]
Based on the next book of the Dollanganger series, Petals on the Wind premiered on Lifetime on May 26, 2014,[17] earning 3.4 million viewers, down from the 6.1 million earned by Flowers. Unlike the book, the film jumped ten years ahead from the events of Flowers.[18] It starred Rose McIver as Cathy, Wyatt Nash as Christopher, replacing Kiernan Shipka and Mason Dye from the previous movie, respectively, and Will Kemp as Julian Marquet, with Heather Graham as Corrine and Ellen Burstyn as Olivia Foxworth. Production for the film began on February 25, 2014, in Los Angeles.[19]
On the premiere of the sequel, Lifetime announced the production of the two following books in the Dollanganger series, If There Be Thorns and Seeds of Yesterday, both which premiered in 2015. Both sequels were shot by cinematographer James Liston. In order to achieve the timeless cinematic look, vintage anamorphic lenses were used to create more depth and atmosphere in the images.[1]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b West, Kelly (May 27, 2014). "Petals on the Wind Sequels If There Be Thorns and Seeds of Yesterday Are Coming to Lifetime" (Press release). Television Blend. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (July 23, 2013). "Lifetime Greenlights 'Flowers In The Attic' Movie With Heather Graham & Ellen Burstyn". Deadline. Archived from the original on January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Eakin, Marah (July 23, 2013). "Lifetime seeking to gross everyone out with a new adaptation of Flowers In The Attic". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Nededog, Jethro (July 23, 2013). "Heather Graham, Ellen Burstyn to Star in Lifetime's 'Flowers in the Attic'". TheWrap. Archived from the original on January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 14, 2013). "Kiernan Shipka & Mason Dye Join 'Flowers In The Attic', Mena Suvari To 'Chicago Fire'". Deadline. Archived from the original on January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Mad Men actress cast in Flowers in the Attic film". BBC. August 15, 2013. Archived from the original on January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Nededog, Jethro (August 20, 2013). "'Orphan Black's' Dylan Bruce Joins Lifetime's 'Flowers in the Attic'". Archived from the original on January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (January 22, 2014). "Saturday Cable Ratings: 'Flowers In the Attic' Wins Night, 'Sam & Cat', 'SAG Awards', College Basketball & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (January 21, 2014). "Lifetime's 'Flowers In The Attic' Locks In 6.1 Million Total Viewers" (Press release). TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Complete VCA: The Flowers in the Attic Movie (2014)".
Jump up ^ "Flowers in the Attic (2014)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on November 28, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Flowers in the Attic". Metacritic. Archived from the original on July 2, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Bacle, Ariana (May 28, 2014). "Critics' Choice TV Awards 2014: And the nominees are..." Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "66th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on November 11, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "SAG Awards: Complete List of Winners". The Hollywood Reporter. January 24, 2015. Archived from the original on February 18, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "2013-14: The Season of The Normal Heart". Online Film & Television Association. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Flowers in the Attic on IMDb
Jump up ^ "'Flowers in the Attic' sequel scoop: Who's in, who's out - EW.com".
Jump up ^ "'Flowers in the Attic' sequel casts Cathy's abusive lover - EW.com".
External links[edit]
Flowers in the Attic on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
Works by V. C. Andrews
From 1987 ghost-written by Andrew Neiderman
Dollanganger series
Flowers in the Attic (1979)
Petals on the Wind (1980)
If There Be Thorns (1981)
Seeds of Yesterday (1984)
Garden of Shadows (1986)
Christopher's Diary: Secrets of Foxworth (2014)
Christopher's Diary: Echoes of Dollanganger (2015)
Christopher's Diary: Secret Brother (2015)
Casteel series
Heaven (1985)
Dark Angel (1986)
Fallen Hearts (1988)
Gates of Paradise (1989)
Web of Dreams (1990)
Cutler series
Dawn (1990)
Secrets of the Morning (1991)
Twilight's Child (1992)
Midnight Whispers (1992)
Darkest Hour (1993)
Landry series
Ruby (1994)
Pearl in the Mist (1994)
All That Glitters (1995)
Hidden Jewel (1995)
Tarnished Gold (1996)
Other novels
My Sweet Audrina (1982)
The Wildflowers series
Film adaptations
Flowers in the Attic (1987)
Rain (2006)
Flowers in the Attic (2014)
Petals on the Wind (2014)
If There Be Thorns (2015)
Seeds of Yesterday (2015)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flowers_in_the_Attic_(2014_film)&oldid=826755995"
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text:
Cardiac glycoside
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Cardiac glycoside
Drug class
Class identifiers
Use
Congestive heart failure
ATC code
C01A
Biological target
Na+
/K+
-ATPase
External links
MeSH
D002301
In Wikidata
Cardiac glycosides are a class of organic compounds that increase the output force of the heart and decrease its rate of contractions by acting on the cellular sodium-potassium ATPase pump.[1] Their beneficial medical uses are as treatments for congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias; however, their relative toxicity prevents them from being widely used.[2] Most commonly found as secondary metabolites in several plants such as foxglove plants, these compounds nevertheless have a diverse range of biochemical effects regarding cardiac cell function and have also been suggested for use in cancer treatment.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Classification
1.1 General Structure
1.2 Classification
1.2.1 Plants from which cardenolides can be derived
1.2.2 Organisms from which bufadienolides can be derived
2 Mechanism of action
2.1 Cellular function
3 Clinical significance
4 Toxicity
5 References
Classification[edit]
General Structure[edit]
This image presents the general structure of a cardiac glycoside molecule.
The general structure of a cardiac glycoside consists of a steroid glycoside molecule attached to a sugar and an R group.[4] The steroid nucleus consists of five fused rings to which other functional groups such as methyl, hydroxyl, and aldehyde groups can be attached to influence the overall molecule’s biological activity.[4] Cardiac glycosides also vary in the groups attached at either end of the steroid. Specifically, different sugar groups attached at the sugar end of the steroid can alter the molecule’s solubility and kinetics; however, the lactone moiety at the R group end only serves a structural function.[5]
In particular, the structure of the ring attached at the R end of the molecule allows it to be classified as either a cardenolide or bufadienolide. Cardenolides differ from bufadienolides due to the presence of an “enolide,” a five-membered ring with a single double bond, at the lactone end. Bufadienolides, on the other hand, contain a “dienolide,” a six-membered ring with two double bonds, at the lactone end.[5] While compounds of both groups can be used to influence the cardiac output of the heart, cardenolides are more commonly used medicinally, primarily due to the widespread availability of the plants from which they are derived.
Classification[edit]
Cardiac glycosides can be more specifically categorized based on the plant they are derived from, as in the following list. For example, cardenolides have been primarily derived from the foxglove plants Digitalis purpurea and Digitalis lanata, while bufadienolides have been derived from the venom of the cane toad Bufo marinus, from which they receive the “bufo” portion of their name.[6] Below is a full list of plants from which cardiac glycosides can be derived.
Example of the chemical structure of oleandrin, a potent toxic cardiac glycoside extracted from the Oleander bush.
Plants from which cardenolides can be derived[edit]
Convallaria majalis (Lily of the Valley): convallotoxin[7]
Antiaris toxicaria (upas tree): antiarin
Strophanthus kombe (Strophanthus vine): ouabain (g-strophanthin) and other strophanthins
Digitalis lanata and Digitalis purpurea (Woolly and purple foxglove): digoxin, digitoxin
Nerium oleander (oleander tree): oleandrin
Asclepias sp. (milkweed): oleandrin
Adonis vernalis (Spring pheasant's eye): adonitoxin
Kalanchoe daigremontiana and other Kalanchoe species: daigremontianin and others
Organisms from which bufadienolides can be derived[edit]
Leonurus cardiaca (motherwort): scillarenin[7]
Drimia maritima (squill): proscillaridine A
Bufo marinus (cane toad): various bufadienolides
Mechanism of action[edit]
Cellular function[edit]
Cardiac glycosides affect the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in cardiac muscle cells to alter their function.[1] Normally, these sodium-potassium pumps move potassium ions in and sodium ions out. Cardiac glycosides, however, inhibit this pump by stabilizing it in the E2-P transition state, so that sodium cannot be extruded: intracellular sodium concentration therefore increases. With regards to potassium ion movement, because both cardiac glycosides and potassium compete for binding to the ATPase pump, changes in extracellular potassium concentration can potentially lead to altered drug efficacy.[8] Nevertheless, by carefully controlling the dosage, such adverse effects can be avoided. Continuing on with the mechanism, raised intracellular sodium levels inhibit the function of a second membrane ion exchanger, NCX, which is responsible for pumping calcium ions out of the cell and sodium ions in at a ratio of 3Na/Ca. Thus, calcium ions are also not extruded and will begin to build up inside the cell as well.[9][10]
The disrupted calcium homeostasis and increased cytoplasmic calcium concentrations cause increased calcium uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) via the SERCA2 transporter. Raised calcium stores in the SR allow for greater calcium release on stimulation, so the myocyte can achieve faster and more powerful contraction by cross-bridge cycling.[1] The refractory period of the AV node is increased, so cardiac glycosides also function to decrease heart rate. For example, the ingestion of digoxin leads to increased cardiac output and decreased heart rate without significant changes in heart rate or blood pressure; this quality allows it to be widely used medicinally in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.[1]
Clinical significance[edit]
Cardiac glycosides have long served as the main medical treatment to congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia, due to their effects of increasing the force of muscle contraction while reducing heart rate. Heart failure is characterized by an inability to pump enough blood to support the body, possibly due to a decrease in the volume of the blood or its contractile force.[11] Treatments for the condition thus focus on lowering blood pressure, so that the heart does not have to exert as much force to pump the blood, or directly increasing the heart's contractile force, so that the heart can overcome the higher blood pressure. Cardiac glycosides, such as the commonly used digoxin and digitoxin, deal with the latter, due to their positive inotropic activity. On the other hand, cardiac arrhythmia are changes in heart rate, whether faster (tachycardia) or slower (bradycardia). Medicinal treatments for this condition work primarily to counteract tachycardia or atrial fibrillation by slowing down heart rate, as done by cardiac glycosides.[8]
Nevertheless, due to questions of toxicity and dosage, cardiac glycosides have been replaced with synthetic drugs such as ACE inhibitors and beta blockers and are no longer used as the primary medical treatment for such conditions. Depending on the severity of the condition, though, they may still be used in conjunction with other treatments.[8]
Toxicity[edit]
From ancient times, humans have used cardiac-glycoside-containing plants and their crude extracts as arrow coatings, homicidal or suicidal aids, rat poisons, heart tonics, diuretics and emetics, primarily due to the toxic nature of these compounds.[6] US poison centers reported 2632 cases regarding digoxin toxicity, and 17 cases regarding digoxin-related deaths in 2008.[12]
Because they interfere with fundamental processes that regulate membrane potential they are toxic to the heart, the brain, and the gut, at doses that are not difficult to reach. In the heart, the most common negative effect is Premature ventricular contraction.[6][13]
[show]
v
t
e
Glycosides
Bond
O-glycosidic bond
N-glycosidic bond
S-glycosidic bond
C-glycosidic bond
Geometry
α-Glycoside
β-Glycoside
1,4-Glycoside
1,6-Glycoside
Glycone
Fructoside
Galactoside
Glucoside
Glucuronide
Rhamnoside
Riboside
Aglycone
Alcoholic glycoside
Cardiac glycoside
Bufadienolide
Cardenolide
Cyanogenic glycoside
Glycosylamine
Phenolic glycoside
Anthraquinone glycoside
Coumarin glycoside
Flavonoid glycoside
Saponin
Steviol glycoside
Thioglycoside
[show]
v
t
e
Cardiac glycosides (C01A)
Bufadienolides
Bufo
Arenobufagin
Bufotalin
Cinobufagin
Marinobufagin
Scilla
Proscillaridin
Scilliroside
Cardenolides
Digitalis
Acetyldigitoxin
Acetyldigoxin
Digitoxin#
Digoxin#
Lanatoside C
Deslanoside
Metildigoxin
Gitoformate
Kalanchoe
Daigremontianin
Strophanthus
Ouabain (g-Strophanthin)
k-Strophanthin
Cymarin
Thevetia
Peruvoside
#WHO-EM
‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
†Phase III
§Never to phase III
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Patel, Seema (2016-12-01). "Plant-derived cardiac glycosides: Role in heart ailments and cancer management". Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 84: 1036–1041. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.030. ISSN 1950-6007. PMID 27780131.
Jump up ^ Ambrosy, Andrew P.; Butler, Javed; Ahmed, Ali; Vaduganathan, Muthiah; van Veldhuisen, Dirk J.; Colucci, Wilson S.; Gheorghiade, Mihai (2014-05-13). "The use of digoxin in patients with worsening chronic heart failure: reconsidering an old drug to reduce hospital admissions". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 63 (18): 1823–1832. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.01.051. ISSN 1558-3597. PMID 24613328.
Jump up ^ Riganti, C.; Campia, I.; Kopecka, J.; Gazzano, E.; Doublier, S.; Aldieri, E.; Bosia, A.; Ghigo, D. (2011-01-01). "Pleiotropic effects of cardioactive glycosides". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 18 (6): 872–885. ISSN 1875-533X. PMID 21182478.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cardiac Glycosides". www.people.vcu.edu. Retrieved 2017-05-25.
^ Jump up to: a b Cheeke, Peter R. (1989-07-31). Toxicants of Plant Origin: Glycosides. CRC Press. ISBN 9780849369919.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Cardiac Glycoside Plant Poisoning: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology". 2017-05-05.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pharmacognosy 2|Digital Textbook Library". www.tankonyvtar.hu. Retrieved 2017-06-08.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bullock, Shane; Manias, Elizabeth (2013-10-15). Fundamentals of Pharmacology. Pearson Higher Education AU. ISBN 9781442564411.
Jump up ^ Babula, Petr; Masarik, Michal; Adam, Vojtech; Provaznik, Ivo; Kizek, Rene (2013-09-01). "From Na+/K+-ATPase and cardiac glycosides to cytotoxicity and cancer treatment". Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 13 (7): 1069–1087. PMID 23537048.
Jump up ^ "CV Pharmacology | Cardiac Glycosides (Digitalis Compounds)". cvpharmacology.com. Retrieved 2017-06-08.
Jump up ^ "How Is Heart Failure Treated? - NHLBI, NIH". www.nhlbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2017-06-08.
Jump up ^ Bronstein, Alvin C.; Spyker, Daniel OiA.; Cantilena, Louis R.; Green, Jody L.; Rumack, Barry H.; Giffin, Sandra L. (2009-12-01). "2008 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 26th Annual Report". Clinical Toxicology. 47 (10): 911–1084. doi:10.3109/15563650903438566. ISSN 1556-9519. PMID 20028214.
Jump up ^ Kanji, Salmaan; MacLean, Robert D. (2012-10-01). "Cardiac glycoside toxicity: more than 200 years and counting". Critical Care Clinics. 28 (4): 527–535. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.005. PMID 22998989.
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text:
List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of countries by alcohol consumption measured in equivalent litres of pure alcohol (ethanol) consumed per capita per year.
Contents
[hide]
1 WHO (World Health Organization) Data
1.1 2010 WHO data
1.2 2015 WHO data for OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries
2 OECD Data
2.1 2013 OECD statistics
3 References
WHO (World Health Organization) Data[edit]
The WHO publish periodically The Global Status Report on Alcohol:
1999 was first published by WHO in 1999.[1]
2004 is the second global status report on alcohol published by WHO
2011 third global report on alcohol published by WHO
2014 fourth global report on alcohol published by WHO with data from 2010
Nations based on their alcohol consumption each capita. The highest-ranked countries are darkest shades of teal; the lowest are lighter shades of teal.
2010 WHO data[edit]
The table below for about 190 countries uses 2010 data from the WHO report published in 2014. The methodology used by the WHO calculated use by persons 15 years of age or older. All data in columns refer to year 2010. The column "recorded" refers to the average recorded consumption for the period 2010. Unrecorded consumption (homebrew, moonshine, smuggled alcohol, surrogate alcohol etc.) was calculated using empirical investigations and expert judgments. Total is the sum of the recorded and unrecorded consumption. The next four columns are a breakdown of the recorded alcohol consumption by type. Beer refers to malt beer, wine refers to grape wine, spirits refers to all distilled beverages such as vodka and similar products, and the column "other" refers to all other alcoholic beverages, such as rice wine, sake, kumi kumi, kwete, mead and cider.
Pure alcohol consumption among persons (age 15+) in liters per capita per year, 2010[2]
Rank
Country
Total
Recorded
consumption
Unrecorded
consumption
Beer
(%)
Wine
(%)
Spirits
(%)
Other
(%)
2015
projection
1 Belarus 17.6 14.4 3.2 17.3 5.2 46.6 30.9 17.1
2 Moldova 16.8 6.3 10.5 30.4 5.1 64.5 0 17.4
3 Lithuania 15.4 12.9 2.5 46.5 7.8 34.1 11.6 16.2
4 Russia 15.1 11.5 3.6 37.6 11.4 51 0 14.5
5 Romania 14.4 10.4 4 50 28.9 21.1 0 12.9
6 Ukraine 13.9 8.9 5 40.5 9 48 2.6 11.8
7 Andorra 13.8 12.4 1.4 34.6 45.3 20.1 0 9.1
8 Hungary 13.3 11.3 2 36.3 29.4 34.3 0 12.4
9 Czech Republic 13 11.8 1.2 53.5 20.5 26 0 14.1
10 Slovakia 13 11.4 1.7 30.1 18.3 46.2 5.5 12.5
11 Portugal 12.9 11 1.9 30.8 55.5 10.9 2.8 12.5
12 Serbia 12.6 9.6 2.9 51.5 23.9 24.6 0 12.9
13 Grenada 12.5 11.9 0.7 29.3 4.3 66.2 0.2 10.4
14 Poland 12.5 10.9 1.6 55.1 9.3 35.5 0 11.5
15 Latvia 12.3 10.5 1.8 46.9 10.7 37 5.4 10.6
16 Finland 12.3 10 2.3 46 17.5 24 12.6 11.9
17 South Korea 12.3 9.8 2.5 25 1.6 2.9 70.5 10.9
18 France 12.2 11.8 0.4 18.8 56.4 23.1 1.7 11.6
19 Australia 12.2 10.4 1.8 44 36.7 12.5 6.8 12.6
20 Croatia 12.2 10.2 2 39.5 44.8 15.4 0.2 11.7
21 Ireland 11.9 11.4 0.5 48.1 26.1 18.7 7.7 10.9
22 Luxembourg 11.9 11.4 0.5 36.2 42.8 21 0 11.2
23 Germany 11.8 11.3 0.5 53.6 27.8 18.6 0 10.6
24 Slovenia 11.6 10.6 1 44.5 46.9 8.6 0 10.9
25 United Kingdom 11.6 10.4 1.2 36.9 33.8 21.8 7.5 12
26 Denmark 11.4 10.4 1 37.7 48.2 14.1 0 10.2
27 Bulgaria 11.4 10.3 1.1 39.3 16.5 44.1 0.1 11.3
28 Spain 11.2 10 1.2 49.7 20.1 28.2 1.8 10.6
29 Belgium 11 10.5 0.5 49.2 36.3 14.4 0.1 10.8
30 South Africa 11 8.2 2.9 48.1 17.8 16.7 17.4 11.5
31 New Zealand 10.9 9.3 1.6 38.2 33.9 15.2 12.5 11.2
32 Gabon 10.9 8.9 2 68.3 11.9 19.8 0.1 11.8
33 Namibia 10.8 6.8 4 96.7 0.3 0.9 2.1 11.8
34 Switzerland 10.7 10.2 0.5 31.8 49.4 17.6 1.2 10.4
35 Saint Lucia 10.4 10.1 0.2 29.7 12.6 56.1 1.5 10.4
36 Austria 10.3 9.7 0.6 50.4 35.5 14 0 8.5
37 Estonia 10.3 9.5 0.8 41.2 11.1 36.8 10.9 9.4
38 Greece 10.3 8.3 2 28.1 47.3 24.2 0.4 9.3
39 Kazakhstan 10.3 6.8 3.5 31.8 3.1 65.1 0 8.2
40 Canada 10.2 8.2 2 51.2 22 26.8 0 10.3
41 Nigeria 10.1 9.1 1 8 0.4 0.9 90.7 11.3
42 Netherlands 9.9 9.4 0.5 46.8 36.4 16.9 0 9.6
43 Uganda 9.8 8.3 1.5 9.4 0.1 1.9 88.6 10.5
44 Rwanda 9.8 6.8 3 11.1 0 0.4 88.4 10
45 Chile 9.6 7.6 2 29.9 40.7 29.4 0 9.3
46 Argentina 9.3 8.3 1 40.7 48 5.5 5.8 7.6
47 Burundi 9.3 6.3 3 24.5 0 0.1 75.4 9.8
48 United States 9.2 8.7 0.5 50 17.3 32.7 0 9
49 Cyprus 9.2 8.2 1 40.9 24.7 33.7 0.7 9.1
50 Sweden 9.2 7.2 2 37 46.6 15.1 1.4 8.7
51 Venezuela 8.9 7.7 1.3 75.6 0.8 23.4 0.2 8.3
52 Paraguay 8.8 7.3 1.5 51.1 18.2 28.8 2 9.6
53 Brazil 8.7 7.2 1.5 59.6 4 36.3 0.1 9.1
54 Sierra Leone 8.7 6.7 2 6.4 0.5 0.7 92.3 8.2
55 Montenegro 8.7 4.9 3.9 10.9 47 41.7 0.4 13.3
56 Belize 8.5 6.8 1.7 67.6 2 30.3 0.1 8.3
57 Cameroon 8.4 5.8 2.6 63.9 22.1 13.8 0.2 7.7
58 Botswana 8.4 5.4 3 56 11.8 11.5 20.7 7.7
59 Saint Kitts and Nevis 8.2 7.7 0.5 44 7.4 48 0.6 7
60 Guyana 8.1 7.1 1 23 0.3 76.6 0.1 8.6
61 Peru 8.1 6.1 2 46.8 6.1 47.1 0 5.2
62 Panama 8 7.2 0.8 69.2 4.6 26 0.2 7.7
63 Niue 8 7 1 47 1.7 51.3 0 7.7
64 Palau 7.9 6.9 1 77.7 5.9 16.4 0
65 Norway 7.7 6.7 1 44.2 34.7 19 2.1 7
66 Tanzania 7.7 5.7 2 11 0.2 1.8 87 8.1
67 Georgia 7.7 5.4 2.3 17 49.8 33.2 0.1 6.7
68 Uruguay 7.6 6.6 1 30.6 59.9 9.5 0 7
69 Angola 7.5 5.9 1.6 64.3 13.7 17.4 4.7 7.6
70 Laos 7.3 6.2 1.1 35.6 0 64.4 0 7.5
71 Japan 7.2 7 0.2 19.2 4.1 52 24.7 7.5
72 Mexico 7.2 5.5 1.8 75.7 1.5 22.2 0.5 6.8
73 Ecuador 7.2 4.2 3 67.3 1.2 31.5 0 6.1
74 Dominica 7.1 6.6 0.5 13.7 7.1 77.9 1.2 6.6
75 Iceland 7.1 6.6 0.5 61.8 21.2 16.5 0.5 6.9
76 Thailand 7.1 6.4 0.7 27 0.4 72.6 0 8.3
77 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7.1 4.6 2.5 73.3 9.7 17 0 7.5
78 São Tomé and Príncipe 7.1 4.2 2.9 23.5 60.2 16.3 0 6.8
79 Malta 7 6.6 0.4 39.4 32.7 27.2 0.7 7.2
80 Albania 7 4.9 2.1 31.8 19.8 48.4 0 6.6
81 Bahamas 6.9 6.3 0.5 34 14.6 50.4 1 4.2
82 Dominican Republic 6.9 6.2 0.7 54.5 2.7 42.7 0.1 7.6
83 Mongolia 6.9 4.9 2 27.6 2.8 69.6 0 7.8
84 Cape Verde 6.9 4 2.9 44.4 1.2 0.2 54.2 7.2
85 Barbados 6.8 6.3 0.5 39.7 10.2 49.3 0.8 6.5
86 Burkina Faso 6.8 4.3 2.5 10 3 3.1 83.8 7.4
87 Italy 6.7 6.5 0.2 23 65.6 11.5 0 6.1
88 Trinidad and Tobago 6.7 6.4 0.3 54 2 43.8 0.3 6.6
89 China 6.7 5 1.7 27.8 3 69.2 0 7.6
90 Macedonia 6.7 3.9 2.8 47.4 39.9 12.6 0 5.7
91 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6.6 6.3 0.3 33.4 3 63.1 0.5 7.2
92 Equatorial Guinea 6.6 5.8 0.8 27.8 72.2 0 0 8.1
93 Suriname 6.6 5.6 1 40 2.3 57.2 0.5 6.5
94 Vietnam 6.6 2 4.6 97.3 0.6 2.1 0 8.7
95 Lesotho 6.5 2.8 3.7 51.3 0.2 18.9 29.6 6.4
96 Haiti 6.4 5.9 0.6 0.2 0.2 99.6 0 5.9
97 Cook Islands 6.4 5.9 0.5 0 22.6 77.4 0 4.8
98 Colombia 6.2 4.2 2 66.1 1.1 32.5 0.3 6.6
99 Ivory Coast 6 4 2 16.1 3 0.4 80.5 6.5
100 Bolivia 5.9 3.8 2.1 76.8 3.8 19.3 0.1 5.8
101 Swaziland 5.7 4.7 1 33.6 0.8 0.7 65 6.4
102 Zimbabwe 5.7 4.7 1 23.7 1.7 6.8 67.7 4.8
103 Seychelles 5.6 4.1 1.5 67 22.2 10.8 0 6.7
104 Cambodia 5.5 2.2 3.3 45.7 0.8 53.5 0 6.1
105 Puerto Rico 5.4 4.9 0.5 66.6 6.7 26.4 0.3 -
106 Netherlands Antilles 5.4 4.9 0.4 36.4 16.4 47 0.3 3.2
107 Philippines 5.4 4.6 0.9 26.9 0.3 72.7 0 5.6
108 Costa Rica 5.4 4.4 1 59.3 4.7 35.5 0.5 5.1
109 Armenia 5.3 3.8 1.5 9.7 5.3 84.9 0 5.5
110 Cuba 5.2 4.2 1 38.8 2.2 58.9 0 5.5
111 Nicaragua 5 3.5 1.5 38.8 0.5 60.6 0 4.6
112 Jamaica 4.9 3.4 1.5 42 4.9 51.4 1.6 5.1
113 Ghana 4.8 1.8 3 30 9.7 2.9 57.3 5.4
114 Liberia 4.7 3.1 1.6 10.8 1 88.1 0 5.2
115 Uzbekistan 4.6 2.4 2.1 18.3 6.3 75.4 0 4.8
116 Chad 4.4 0.4 4 66.3 3.4 3.8 26.5 4.4
117 United Arab Emirates 4.3 2.8 1.5 10.3 2.9 86.7 0 4.3
118 Kyrgyzstan 4.3 2.4 1.9 22.6 4.2 72.9 0.3 3.9
119 India 4.3 2.2 2.2 6.8 0.1 93.1 0 4.6
120 Turkmenistan 4.3 2.2 2.2 15.4 26.1 58.4 0 5
121 Kenya 4.3 1.8 2.5 56.1 1.8 21.6 20.4 4
122 Ethiopia 4.2 0.7 3.5 49.7 0.6 8.2 41.4 4.3
123 Honduras 4 3 1 40.1 1.1 58.7 0 4
124 Guinea-Bissau 4 2.5 1.5 19.6 14.9 22.4 43 4.3
125 Zambia 4 2.5 1.5 22.7 2.9 13.6 60.7 4
126 Republic of the Congo 3.9 1.7 2.2 78.4 9.8 10.9 0.8 3.9
127 Guatemala 3.8 2.2 1.6 41.9 1.6 56.3 0.2 3.9
128 Central African Republic 3.8 1.8 2 16.2 0.6 2.1 81.1 3.8
129 North Korea 3.7 3.2 0.5 5.1 0 94.9 0 4.4
130 Sri Lanka 3.7 2.2 1.5 13 0.1 85.2 1.7 4.5
131 Mauritius 3.6 2.6 1 66.2 12.3 21.3 0.2 4
132 Samoa 3.6 2.6 1 70.9 16.6 12.5 0
133 Democratic Republic of the Congo 3.6 2.3 1.3 24 0.7 2 73.3 3.4
134 Nauru 3.5 1 2.5 85.4 14.6 0 0 3
135 Gambia 3.4 2.4 1 5.6 0.7 0.3 93.5 3.2
136 Federated States of Micronesia 3.3 2.3 1 47 14.1 38.9 0 3.5
137 El Salvador 3.2 2.2 1 41.7 1.7 56.6 0 3.5
138 Fiji 3 2 1 67.7 0.9 31.1 0.2 3.2
139 Papua New Guinea 3 1.5 1.5 51.3 0.9 47.7 0 3.1
140 Kiribati 3 1 2 36.9 2.2 60.9 0 2.9
141 Tajikistan 2.8 0.3 2.5 10.2 1.1 88.7 0 2.4
142 Israel 2.8 0.3 2.5 44 6.2 49.5 0.3 3.1
143 Sudan 2.7 1.7 1 8 0 13.5 78.5 2.7
144 Malawi 2.5 1.5 1 9.1 1.2 13.4 76.2 2.5
145 Lebanon 2.4 1.9 0.5 18.2 29.1 52.4 0.3 2.2
146 Azerbaijan 2.3 1.3 1 28.7 7.6 63.3 0 2.1
147 Mozambique 2.3 1.3 1 63 7.3 25.4 4.3 2
148 Togo 2.3 1.3 1 48.9 26.9 2.4 21.8 1.9
149 Nepal 2.2 0.2 2 47.7 0.9 51.4 0 2.1
150 Bahrain 2.1 2 0.1 36.6 6.3 57 0.1 2.4
151 Benin 2.1 1.1 1 54.6 21.7 7.2 16.5 2.2
152 Singapore 2 1.5 0.5 70.1 13.5 14.7 1.7 2.9
153 Turkey 2 1.4 0.6 63.6 8.6 27.9 0 2.4
154 Madagascar 1.8 0.8 1 56 9.5 34.5 0 1.9
155 Solomon Islands 1.7 1.2 0.5 81.1 2.1 16.7 0 1.6
156 Tonga 1.6 1.1 0.5 57.9 7.6 34.3 0.1 2.1
157 Tunisia 1.5 1.3 0.2 68.6 27.7 3.7 0 1.2
158 Tuvalu 1.5 1 0.5 10 15.5 74.5 0 1.3
159 Qatar 1.5 0.9 0.6 1.2 13.9 84.6 0.3 1.3
160 Vanuatu 1.4 0.9 0.5 40.5 22.8 36.7 0 1.2
161 Djibouti 1.3 1.1 0.2 23.2 5.3 71.5 0 0.9
162 Malaysia 1.3 0.3 1 76.2 2 21.8 0.1 1.7
163 Syria 1.2 1 0.3 8.5 27.9 63.5 0 1.4
164 Maldives 1.2 0.7 0.5 29.1 29.4 41.2 0 1
165 Mali 1.1 0.6 0.5 13.3 1.5 2.1 83.1 1
166 Eritrea 1.1 0.5 0.6 63.6 0 0.1 36.3 1.4
167 Algeria 1 0.7 0.3 62.6 35.5 0 2 0.6
168 Iran 1 0 1 24.8 52.1 1 1
169 Oman 0.9 0.7 0.2 54.6 3.3 42.2 0 0.9
170 Brunei 0.9 0.6 0.3 89.8 2.3 7.2 0.7 0.8
171 Morocco 0.9 0.5 0.5 43.5 36.5 19.9 0 0.7
172 Jordan 0.7 0.5 0.2 22.4 2.1 75.4 0.1 0.7
173 Bhutan 0.7 0.4 0.3 100 0 0 0 1.1
174 Guinea 0.7 0.2 0.5 78.9 16.3 3.7 1.1 0.7
175 Myanmar 0.7 0.1 0.6 82.6 5.7 11.8 0 0.7
176 Afghanistan 0.7 0 0.7 18.9 38.3 1 1.2
177 Senegal 0.6 0.3 0.3 55.1 41.3 3.6 0 0.5
178 Indonesia 0.6 0.1 0.5 84.5 0.1 15.3 0 0.6
179 Timor-Leste 0.6 0.1 0.5 9.3 75.9 14.8 0 1.2
180 Iraq 0.5 0.2 0.3 76.1 1 22.9 0 0.5
181 Somalia 0.5 0 0.5 9.2 19.2 0.5 0.5
182 Egypt 0.4 0.2 0.2 53.8 5.4 40.3 0.5 0.3
183 Niger 0.3 0.1 0.2 46 13.2 40.7 0 0.3
184 Yemen 0.3 0.1 0.2 100 0 0 0 0.2
185 Comoros 0.2 0.1 0.1 23.3 22.2 54.6 0 0.2
186 Saudi Arabia 0.2 0.1 0.1 0 1.9 97.9 0.2 0.2
187 Bangladesh 0.2 0 0.2 9 17.6 0.2 0.2
188 Kuwait 0.1 0 0.1 58.1 10.8 30.7 0.4 0.1
189 Libya 0.1 0 0.1 2.5 5 0 0
190 Mauritania 0.1 0 0.1 0.1
191 Pakistan 0.1 0 0 1.2 3 0.1 0.1
Worldwide consumption in 2010 was equal to 6.2 litres of pure alcohol consumed per person aged 15 years or older.
2015 WHO data for OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries[edit]
The following is a list of OECD countries by the total alcohol consumption per capita in litres of pure alcohol as published by the World Health Organization in 2015.[3]
Rank
Country
Alcohol consumption
in litres
Relative alcohol consumption
1 Czech Republic 14.1 14.1
2 Australia 12.6 12.6
3 Portugal 12.5 12.5
4 Slovakia 12.5 12.5
5 Hungary 12.4 12.4
6 United Kingdom 12.0 12
7 Finland 11.9 11.9
8 France 11.6 11.6
9 Poland 11.5 11.5
10 Luxembourg 11.2 11.2
11 New Zealand 11.2 11.2
12 Ireland 10.9 10.9
13 Slovenia 10.9 10.9
14 South Korea 10.9 10.9
15 Belgium 10.8 10.8
16 Germany 10.6 10.6
17 Spain 10.6 10.6
18 Switzerland 10.4 10.4
19 Canada 10.3 10.3
20 Denmark 10.2 10.2
21 Netherlands 9.6 9.6
22 Chile 9.3 9.3
23 Greece 9.3 9.3
24 United States 9.0 9
25 Sweden 8.7 8.7
26 Austria 8.5 8.5
27 Japan 7.5 7.5
28 Norway 7.0 7
29 Iceland 6.9 6.9
30 Mexico 6.8 6.8
31 Italy 6.1 6.1
32 Israel 3.1 3.1
33 Turkey 2.4 2.4
OECD Data[edit]
2013 OECD statistics[edit]
The table below lists OECD countries by the annual consumption of pure alcohol in liters, per person, aged 15 years old and over, as published in the 2013 OECD Health Data. Note that the methodology to convert alcoholic drinks to pure alcohol may differ across countries. Typically beer is weighted as 4–5%, wine as 11–16% and spirits as 40% of pure alcohol equivalent.
This table is an accurate reflection of the annual consumption of pure alcohol in litres by OECD countries.
Rank
Country
Liters per capita [4]
Relative size
Year
1 Austria 12.2 12.2
2011
2 Estonia 12 12
2011
3 France 11.8 11.8
2011
4 Ireland 11.7 11.7
2011
5 Czech Republic 11.5 11.5
2011
6 Hungary 11.4 11.4
2011
7 Luxembourg 11.4 11.4
2011
8 Germany 11.2 11.2
2011
9 Slovenia 10.6 10.6
2011
10 Denmark 10.5 10.5
2011
11 Poland 10.3 10.3
2011
12 Portugal 10.3 10.3
2011
13 United Kingdom 10.3 10.3
2011
14 Slovakia 10.2 10.2
2011
15 Australia 10 10
2011
16 Switzerland 10 10
2011
17 Belgium 9.8 9.8
2011
18 Finland 9.8 9.8
2011
19 Spain 9.8 9.8
2010
20 New Zealand 9.5 9.5
2011
21 Netherlands 9.2 9.2
2011
22 South Korea 8.9 8.9
2011
23 United States 8.6 8.6
2011
24 Canada 8 8
2011
25 Chile 7.9 7.9
2010
26 Greece 7.4 7.4
2011
27 Japan 7.3 7.3
2011
28 Sweden 7.3 7.3
2011
29 Norway 6.4 6.4
2011
30 Iceland 6.3 6.3
2010
31 Italy 6.1 6.1
2010
32 Mexico 5.1 5.1
2011
33 Israel 2.6 2.6
2011
34 Turkey 1.5 1.5
2011
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/alcohol/en/
Jump up ^ WHO Global status report on alcohol and health 2014
Jump up ^ World Health Statistics 2016 data visualizations dashboard: Harmful use of alcohol.
Jump up ^ OECD.Stat: Health Status
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