text:
List of Grand National first four placings
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This article lists the first, second, third and fourth-placed runners in the Grand National, a National Hunt horse race held annually over a distance of 4 miles 3½ furlongs at Aintree Racecourse in England.
Shaded areas indicate the unofficial precursors of the Grand National (1836–38), the wartime substitutes at Gatwick Racecourse (1916–18), the cancelled period during World War II (1941–45) and the void race in 1993.
The list features two horses called Peter Simple and two called Royal Mail. It also includes two with slightly different spellings, Mathew (1847) and Matthew (1902). For the purposes of this article, the horses with identical names are distinguished by (1) and (2).
Contents
[hide]
1 Grand National 1–2–3–4
2 Horses placed more than once
3 References
4 Bibliography
5 External links
Grand National 1–2–3–4[edit]
Year
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Ran
1836[1] The Duke Polyanthus Cockahoop Percy 10
1837[2] The Duke The Disowned Dan O'Connell (only three finished) 4
1838[3] Sir William Scamp The Duke (others not recorded) 3+
1839[4] Lottery Seventy Four Paulina True Blue 17
1840[5] Jerry Arthur Valentine The Sea 13
1841[6] Charity Cigar Peter Simple (1) Revealer 11
1842[7] Gaylad Seventy Four Peter Simple (1) The Returned 15
1843[8] Vanguard Nimrod Dragsman Claude Duval 16
1844[9] Discount The Returned Tom Tug Caesar 15
1845[10] Cure-All Peter Simple (1) The Exquisite Tom Tug 15
1846[11] Pioneer Culverthorpe Switcher Firefly 22
1847[12] Mathew St Leger Jerry Pioneer 26
1848[13] Chandler The Curate British Yeoman Standard Guard 29
1849[14] Peter Simple (2) The Knight of Gwynne Prince George Alfred 24
1850[15] Abd-el-Kader The Knight of Gwynne Sir John Tipperary Boy 32
1851[16] Abd-el-Kader Maria Day Sir John Half-and-Half 21
1852[17] Miss Mowbray Maurice Daley Sir Peter Laurie Chieftain 24
1853[18] Peter Simple (2) Miss Mowbray Oscar Sir Peter Laurie 21
1854[19] Bourton Spring Crabbs Maley 20
1855[20] Wanderer Freetrader Maurice Daley Janus 20
1856[21] Freetrader Minerva Minos Hopeless Star 21
1857[22] Emigrant Weathercock Treachery Westminster 28
1858[23] Little Charley Weathercock Xanthus Morgan Rattler 16
1859[24] Half Caste Jean du Quesne Huntsman Midge 20
1860[25] Anatis Huntsman Xanthus Maria Agnes 19
1861[26] Jealousy The Dane Old Ben Roe Bridegroom 24
1862[27] Huntsman Bridegroom Romeo Xanthus 13
1863[28] Emblem Arbury Yaller Gal Fosco 16
1864[29] Emblematic Arbury Chester Thomastown 25
1865[30] Alcibiade Hall Court Emblematic Mistake 23
1866[31] Salamander Cortolvin Creole Lightheart 30
1867[32] Cortolvin Fan Shangarry Globule 23
1868[33] The Lamb Pearl Diver Alcibiade Captain Crosstree 21
1869[34] The Colonel Hall Court Gardener Alcibiade 22
1870[35] The Colonel The Doctor Primrose Surney 23
1871[36] The Lamb Despatch Scarrington Pearl Diver 25
1872[37] Casse Tete Scarrington Despatch The Lamb 25
1873[38] Disturbance Ryshworth Columbine Master Mowbray 28
1874[39] Reugny Chimney Sweep Merlin Defence 22
1875[40] Pathfinder Dainty La Veine Jackal 19
1876[41] Regal Congress Shifnal Chimney Sweep 19
1877[42] Austerlitz Congress The Liberator Chimney Sweep 16
1878[43] Shifnal Martha Pride of Kildare Jackal 12
1879[44] The Liberator Jackal Martha Wild Monarch 18
1880[45] Empress The Liberator Downpatrick Jupiter Tonans 14
1881[46] Woodbrook Regal Thornfield New Glasgow 13
1882[47] Seaman Cyrus Zoedone (only three finished) 12
1883[48] Zoedone Black Prince Mohican Downpatrick 10
1884[49] Voluptuary Frigate Roquefort Cyrus 15
1885[50] Roquefort Frigate Black Prince Redpath 19
1886[51] Old Joe Too Good Gamecock Magpie 23
1887[52] Gamecock Savoyard Johnny Longtail Chancellor 16
1888[53] Playfair Frigate Ballot Box Ringlet 20
1889[54] Frigate Why Not M.P. Bellona 20
1890[55] Ilex Pan M.P. Brunswick 16
1891[56] Come Away Cloister Ilex Roquefort 21
1892[57] Father O'Flynn Cloister Ilex Ardcarn 25
1893[58] Cloister Aesop Why Not Tit for Tat 15
1894[59] Why Not Lady Ellen II Wild Man from Borneo Trouville 14
1895[60] Wild Man from Borneo Cathal Van der Berg Manifesto 19
1896[61] The Soarer Father O'Flynn Biscuit Barcalwhey 28
1897[62] Manifesto Filbert Ford of Fyne Prince Albert 28
1898[63] Drogheda Cathal Gauntlet Filbert 25
1899[64] Manifesto Ford of Fyne Elliman Dead Level 19
1900[65] Ambush II Barsac Manifesto Breemount's Pride 16
1901[66] Grudon Drumcree Buffalo Bill Levanter 24
1902[67] Shannon Lass Matthew Manifesto Detail 21
1903[68] Drumcree Detail Manifesto Kirkland 23
1904[69] Moifaa Kirkland The Gunner Shaun Aboo 26
1905[70] Kirkland Napper Tandy Buckaway II Ranunculus 27
1906[71] Ascetic's Silver Red Lad Aunt May Crautacaun 23
1907[72] Eremon Tom West Patlander Ravenscliffe 23
1908[73] Rubio Mattie Macgregor The Lawyer III Flaxman 24
1909[74] Lutteur III Judas Caubeen Tom West 32
1910[75] Jenkinstown Jerry M Odor Carsey 25
1911[76] Glenside Rathnally Shady Girl Foolhardy 26
1912[77] Jerry M Bloodstone Axle Pin Carsey 24
1913[78] Covertcoat Irish Mail Carsey (only three finished) 22
1914[79] Sunloch Trianon III Lutteur III Rory O'Moore 20
1915[80] Ally Sloper Jacobus Father Confessor Alfred Noble 20
1916[81] Vermouth Irish Mail Schoolmoney Jacobus 21
1917[82] Ballymacad Chang Ally Sloper Vermouth 19
1918[83] Poethlyn Captain Dreyfus Ballymacad Berneray 17
1919[84] Poethlyn Ballyboggan Pollen Loch Allen 22
1920[85] Troytown The Turk II The Bore Sergeant Murphy 24
1921[86] Shaun Spadah The Bore All White Turkey Buzzard 35
1922[87] Music Hall Drifter Taffytus Sergeant Murphy 32
1923[88] Sergeant Murphy Shaun Spadah Conjuror II Punt Gun 28
1924[89] Master Robert Fly Mask Silvo Drifter 30
1925[90] Double Chance Old Tay Bridge Fly Mask Sprig 33
1926[91] Jack Horner Old Tay Bridge Bright's Boy Sprig 30
1927[92] Sprig Bovril III Bright's Boy Drinmond 37
1928[93] Tipperary Tim Billy Barton (only two finished) 42
1929[94] Gregalach Easter Hero Richmond II Melleray's Belle 66
1930[95] Shaun Goilin Melleray's Belle Sir Lindsay Glangesia 41
1931[96] Grakle Gregalach Annandale Rhyticere 43
1932[97] Forbra Egremont Shaun Goilin Near East 36
1933[98] Kellsboro' Jack Really True Slater Delaneige 34
1934[99] Golden Miller Delaneige Thomond II Forbra 30
1935[100] Reynoldstown Blue Prince Thomond II Lazy Boots 27
1936[101] Reynoldstown Ego Bachelor Prince Crown Prince 35
1937[102] Royal Mail (1) Cooleen Pucka Belle Ego 33
1938[103] Battleship Royal Danieli Workman Cooleen 36
1939[104] Workman MacMoffat Kilstar Cooleen 37
1940[105] Bogskar MacMoffat Gold Arrow Symaethis 30
(no race 1941–45)[106][107]
1946[108] Lovely Cottage Jack Finlay Prince Regent Housewarmer 34
1947[109] Caughoo Lough Conn Kami Prince Regent 57
1948[110] Sheila's Cottage First of the Dandies Cromwell Happy Home 43
1949[111] Russian Hero Roimond Royal Mount Cromwell 43
1950[112] Freebooter Wot No Sun Acthon Major Rowland Roy 49
1951[113] Nickel Coin Royal Tan Derrinstown (only three finished) 36
1952[114] Teal Legal Joy Wot No Sun Uncle Barney 47
1953[115] Early Mist Mont Tremblant Irish Lizard Overshadow 31
1954[116] Royal Tan Tudor Line Irish Lizard Churchtown 29
1955[117] Quare Times Tudor Line Carey's Cottage Gigolo 30
1956[118] E.S.B. Gentle Moya Royal Tan Eagle Lodge 29
1957[119] Sundew Wyndburgh Tiberetta Glorious Twelfth 35
1958[120] Mr What Tiberetta Green Drill Wyndburgh 31
1959[121] Oxo Wyndburgh Mr What Tiberetta 34
1960[122] Merryman II Badanloch Clear Profit Tea Fiend 26
1961[123] Nicolaus Silver Merryman II O'Malley Point Scottish Flight II 35
1962[124] Kilmore Wyndburgh Mr What Gay Navarree 32
1963[125] Ayala Carrickbeg Hawa's Song Team Spirit 47
1964[126] Team Spirit Purple Silk Peacetown Eternal 33
1965[127] Jay Trump Freddie Mr Jones Rainbow Battle 47
1966[128] Anglo Freddie Forest Prince The Fossa 47
1967[129] Foinavon Honey End Red Alligator Greek Scholar 44
1968[130] Red Alligator Moidore's Token Different Class Rutherfords 45
1969[131] Highland Wedding Steel Bridge Rondetto The Beeches 30
1970[132] Gay Trip Vulture Miss Hunter Dozo 28
1971[133] Specify Black Secret Astbury Bowgeeno 38
1972[134] Well to Do Gay Trip Black Secret
General Symons (dead-heat for third) 42
1973[135] Red Rum Crisp L'Escargot Spanish Steps 38
1974[136] Red Rum L'Escargot Charles Dickens Spanish Steps 42
1975[137] L'Escargot Red Rum Spanish Steps Money Market 31
1976[138] Rag Trade Red Rum Eyecatcher Barona 32
1977[139] Red Rum Churchtown Boy Eyecatcher The Pilgarlic 42
1978[140] Lucius Sebastian V Drumroan Coolishall 37
1979[141] Rubstic Zongalero Rough and Tumble The Pilgarlic 34
1980[142] Ben Nevis Rough and Tumble The Pilgarlic Royal Stuart 30
1981[143] Aldaniti Spartan Missile Royal Mail (2) Three to One 39
1982[144] Grittar Hard Outlook Loving Words Delmoss 39
1983[145] Corbiere Greasepaint Yer Man Hallo Dandy 41
1984[146] Hallo Dandy Greasepaint Corbiere Lucky Vane 40
1985[147] Last Suspect Mr Snugfit Corbiere Greasepaint 40
1986[148] West Tip Young Driver Classified Mr Snugfit 40
1987[149] Maori Venture The Tsarevich Lean Ar Aghaidh West Tip 40
1988[150] Rhyme 'n' Reason Durham Edition Monanore West Tip 40
1989[151] Little Polveir West Tip The Thinker Lastofthebrownies 40
1990[152] Mr Frisk Durham Edition Rinus Brown Windsor 38
1991[153] Seagram Garrison Savannah Auntie Dot Over the Road 40
1992[154] Party Politics Romany King Laura's Beau Docklands Express 40
1993[155] Race void
1994[156] Miinnehoma Just So Moorcroft Boy Ebony Jane 36
1995[157] Royal Athlete Party Politics Over the Deel Dubacilla 35
1996[158] Rough Quest Encore un Peu Superior Finish Sir Peter Lely 27
1997[159] Lord Gyllene Suny Bay Camelot Knight Buckboard Bounce 36
1998[160] Earth Summit Suny Bay Samlee St Mellion Fairway 37
1999[161] Bobbyjo Blue Charm Call It a Day Addington Boy 32
2000[162] Papillon Mely Moss Niki Dee Brave Highlander 40
2001[163] Red Marauder Smarty Blowing Wind Papillon 40
2002[164] Bindaree What's Up Boys Blowing Wind Kingsmark 40
2003[165] Monty's Pass Supreme Glory Amberleigh House Gunner Welburn 40
2004[166] Amberleigh House Clan Royal Lord Atterbury Monty's Pass 39
2005[167] Hedgehunter Royal Auclair Simply Gifted It Takes Time 40
2006[168] Numbersixvalverde Hedgehunter Clan Royal Nil Desperandum 40
2007[169] Silver Birch McKelvey Slim Pickings Philson Run 40
2008[170] Comply or Die King Johns Castle Snowy Morning Slim Pickings 40
2009[171] Mon Mome Comply or Die My Will State of Play 40
2010[172] Don't Push It Black Apalachi State of Play Big Fella Thanks 40
2011[173] Ballabriggs Oscar Time Don't Push It State of Play 40
2012[174] Neptune Collonges Sunnyhillboy Seabass Cappa Bleu 40
2013[175] Auroras Encore Cappa Bleu Teaforthree Oscar Time 40
2014 Pineau de Re Balthazar King Double Seven Alvarado 40
2015 Many Clouds Saint Are Monbeg Dude Alvarado 39
2016 Rule The World The Last Samuri Vics Canvas Gilgamboa 39
2017 One For Arthur Cause of Causes Saint Are Blaklion 40
2018 Tiger Roll Pleasant Company Bless The Wings Anibale Fly 38
Horses placed more than once[edit]
A list of horses which have achieved a first-four placing in the Grand National on more than one occasion.
Shading indicates a horse placed in an unofficial 1830s precursor or a wartime substitute race.
Horse 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Period
Placed six times
Manifesto 2 0 3 1 1895–1903
Placed five times
Red Rum 3 2 0 0 1973–77
Placed four times
Frigate 1 3 0 0 1884–89
West Tip 1 1 0 2 1986–89
Wyndburgh 0 3 0 1 1957–62
Placed three times
The Duke 2 0 1 0 1836–38
The Lamb 2 0 0 1 1868–72
Cloister 1 2 0 0 1891–93
Huntsman 1 1 1 0 1859–62
L'Escargot 1 1 1 0 1973–75
Royal Tan 1 1 1 0 1952–56
The Liberator 1 1 1 0 1877–80
Why Not 1 1 1 0 1889–94
Kirkland 1 1 0 1 1903–05
Corbiere 1 0 2 0 1983–85
Ilex 1 0 2 0 1890–92
Mr What 1 0 2 0 1958–62
Alcibiade 1 0 1 1 1865–69
Roquefort 1 0 1 1 1884–91
Sergeant Murphy 1 0 0 2 1920–23
Sprig 1 0 0 2 1925–27
Greasepaint 0 2 0 1 1983–85
Peter Simple (1) 0 1 2 0 1841–45
Tiberetta 0 1 1 1 1957–59
Chimney Sweep 0 1 0 2 1874–77
Cooleen 0 1 0 2 1937–39
Jackal 0 1 0 2 1875–79
Xanthus 0 0 2 1 1858–62
Carsey 0 0 1 2 1910–13
Spanish Steps 0 0 1 2 1973–75
State of Play 0 0 1 2 2009–11
The Pilgarlic 0 0 1 2 1977–80
Placed twice
Abd-el-Kader 2 0 0 0 1850–51
Peter Simple (2) 2 0 0 0 1849–53
Poethlyn 2 0 0 0 1918–19
Reynoldstown 2 0 0 0 1935–36
The Colonel 2 0 0 0 1869–70
Comply or Die 1 1 0 0 2008–09
Cortolvin 1 1 0 0 1866–67
Drumcree 1 1 0 0 1901–03
Father O'Flynn 1 1 0 0 1892–96
Freetrader 1 1 0 0 1855–56
Gay Trip 1 1 0 0 1970–72
Gregalach 1 1 0 0 1929–31
Hedgehunter 1 1 0 0 2005–06
Jerry M 1 1 0 0 1910–12
Merryman II 1 1 0 0 1960–61
Miss Mowbray 1 1 0 0 1852–53
Party Politics 1 1 0 0 1992–95
Regal 1 1 0 0 1876–81
Shaun Spadah 1 1 0 0 1921–23
Ally Sloper 1 0 1 0 1915–17
Amberleigh House 1 0 1 0 2003–04
Ballymacad 1 0 1 0 1917–18
Don't Push It 1 0 1 0 2010–11
Emblematic 1 0 1 0 1864–65
Gamecock 1 0 1 0 1886–87
Jerry 1 0 1 0 1840–47
Lutteur III 1 0 1 0 1909–14
Red Alligator 1 0 1 0 1967–68
Shaun Goilin 1 0 1 0 1930–32
Shifnal 1 0 1 0 1876–78
Wild Man from Borneo 1 0 1 0 1894–95
Workman 1 0 1 0 1938–39
Zoedone 1 0 1 0 1882–83
Forbra 1 0 0 1 1932–34
Hallo Dandy 1 0 0 1 1983–84
Monty's Pass 1 0 0 1 2003–04
Papillon 1 0 0 1 2000–01
Pioneer 1 0 0 1 1846–47
Team Spirit 1 0 0 1 1963–64
Vermouth 1 0 0 1 1916–17
Arbury 0 2 0 0 1863–64
Cathal 0 2 0 0 1895–98
Congress 0 2 0 0 1876–77
Durham Edition 0 2 0 0 1988–90
Freddie 0 2 0 0 1965–66
Hall Court 0 2 0 0 1865–69
Irish Mail 0 2 0 0 1913–16
MacMoffat 0 2 0 0 1939–40
Old Tay Bridge 0 2 0 0 1925–26
Seventy Four 0 2 0 0 1839–42
Suny Bay 0 2 0 0 1997–98
The Knight of Gwynne 0 2 0 0 1849–50
Tudor Line 0 2 0 0 1954–55
Weathercock 0 2 0 0 1857–58
Black Prince 0 1 1 0 1883–85
Black Secret 0 1 1 0 1971–72
Clan Royal 0 1 1 0 2004–06
Despatch 0 1 1 0 1871–72
Fly Mask 0 1 1 0 1924–25
Ford of Fyne 0 1 1 0 1897–99
Martha 0 1 1 0 1878–79
Maurice Daley 0 1 1 0 1852–55
Rough and Tumble 0 1 1 0 1979–80
Saint Are 0 1 1 0 2015–17
Scarrington 0 1 1 0 1871–72
The Bore 0 1 1 0 1920–21
Wot No Sun 0 1 1 0 1950–52
Bridegroom 0 1 0 1 1861–62
Cappa Bleu 0 1 0 1 2012–13
Cyrus 0 1 0 1 1882–84
Delaneige 0 1 0 1 1933–34
Detail 0 1 0 1 1902–03
Drifter 0 1 0 1 1922–24
Ego 0 1 0 1 1936–37
Filbert 0 1 0 1 1897–98
Jacobus 0 1 0 1 1915–16
Melleray's Belle 0 1 0 1 1929–30
Mr Snugfit 0 1 0 1 1985–86
Oscar Time 0 1 0 1 2011–13
Pearl Diver 0 1 0 1 1868–71
The Returned 0 1 0 1 1842–44
Tom West 0 1 0 1 1907–09
Blowing Wind 0 0 2 0 2001–02
Bright's Boy 0 0 2 0 1926–27
Eyecatcher 0 0 2 0 1976–77
Irish Lizard 0 0 2 0 1953–54
M.P. 0 0 2 0 1889–90
Sir John 0 0 2 0 1850–51
Thomond II 0 0 2 0 1934–35
Cromwell 0 0 1 1 1948–49
Downpatrick 0 0 1 1 1880–83
Sir Peter Laurie 0 0 1 1 1852–53
Slim Pickings 0 0 1 1 2007–08
Tom Tug 0 0 1 1 1844–45
Alvarado 0 0 0 2 2014–15
The following performances are included above, but are not strictly defined as "placed" due to a low number of runners:
Cyrus (fourth of fifteen in 1884)
Downpatrick (fourth of ten in 1883)
Jackal (fourth of twelve in 1878)
The Returned (fourth of fifteen in 1842)
Tom Tug (fourth of fifteen in 1845)
Xanthus (fourth of thirteen in 1862)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "1836: The Duke". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1837: The Duke". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1838: Sir William". archive.org.
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Jump up ^ "1841: Charity". archive.org.
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Jump up ^ "1843: Vanguard". archive.org.
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Jump up ^ "1845: Cure-All". archive.org.
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Jump up ^ "1848: Chandler". archive.org.
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Jump up ^ "1854: Bourton". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1855: Wanderer". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1856: Freetrader". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1857: Emigrant". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1858: Little Charley". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1859: Half Caste". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1860: Anatis". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1861: Jealousy". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1862: Huntsman". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1863: Emblem". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1864: Emblematic". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1865: Alcibiade". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1866: Salamander". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1867: Cortolvin". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1868: The Lamb". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1869: The Colonel". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1870: The Colonel". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1871: The Lamb". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1872: Casse Tete". archive.org.
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Jump up ^ "1874: Reugny". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1875: Pathfinder". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1876: Regal". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1877: Austerlitz". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1878: Shifnal". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1879: The Liberator". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1880: Empress". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1881: Woodbrook". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1882: Seaman". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1883: Zoedone". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1884: Voluptuary". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1885: Roquefort". archive.org.
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Jump up ^ "1887: Gamecock". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1888: Playfair". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1889: Frigate". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1890: Ilex". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1891: Come Away". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1892: Father O'Flynn". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1893: Cloister". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1894: Why Not". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1895: Wild Man from Borneo". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1896: The Soarer". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1897: Manifesto". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1898: Drogheda". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1899: Manifesto". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1900: Ambush II". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1901: Grudon". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1902: Shannon Lass". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1903: Drumcree". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1904: Moifaa". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1905: Kirkland". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1906: Ascetic's Silver". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1907: Eremon". archive.org.
Jump up ^ "1908: Rubio". Kentuckiana Digital Library.
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Jump up ^ "1910: Jenkinstown". Kentuckiana Digital Library.
Jump up ^ "1911: Glenside". greyhoundderby.com.
Jump up ^ "1912: Jerry M". Kentuckiana Digital Library.
Jump up ^ "1913: Covertcoat". Kentuckiana Digital Library.
Jump up ^ "1914: Sunloch". Kentuckiana Digital Library.
Jump up ^ "1915: Ally Sloper". Kentuckiana Digital Library.
Jump up ^ "1916: Vermouth". greyhoundderby.com.
Jump up ^ "1917: Ballymacad". greyhoundderby.com.
Jump up ^ "1918: Poethlyn". greyhoundderby.com.
Jump up ^ "1919: Poethlyn". Kentuckiana Digital Library.
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Jump up ^ "1921: Shaun Spadah". Kentuckiana Digital Library.
Jump up ^ "1922: Music Hall". nytimes.com. 18 April 1922.
Jump up ^ "1923: Sergeant Murphy". Kentuckiana Digital Library.
Jump up ^ "1924: Master Robert". Kentuckiana Digital Library.
Jump up ^ "1925: Double Chance". greyhoundderby.com.
Jump up ^ "1926: Jack Horner". greyhoundderby.com.
Jump up ^ "1927: Sprig". greyhoundderby.com.
Jump up ^ "1928: Tipperary Tim". greyhoundderby.com.
Jump up ^ "1929: Gregalach". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz.
Jump up ^ "1930: Shaun Goilin". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1931: Grakle". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1932: Forbra". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1933: Kellsboro' Jack". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1934: Golden Miller". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1935: Reynoldstown". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1936: Reynoldstown". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1937: Royal Mail". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1938: Battleship". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1939: Workman". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1940: Bogskar". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz.
Jump up ^ "1941: race cancelled". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1945: race to return". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1946: Lovely Cottage". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1947: Caughoo". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1948: Sheila's Cottage". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1949: Russian Hero". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1950: Freebooter". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1951: Nickel Coin". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1952: Teal". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1953: Early Mist". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1954: Royal Tan". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1955: Quare Times". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1956: e.s.b." google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1957: Sundew". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1958: Mr What". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1959: Oxo". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1960: Merryman II". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1961: Nicolaus Silver". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1962: Kilmore". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1963: Ayala". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1964: Team Spirit". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1965: Jay Trump". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1966: Anglo". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1967: Foinavon". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1968: Red Alligator". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1969: Highland Wedding". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1970: Gay Trip". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1971: Specify". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1972: Well to Do". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1973: Red Rum". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1974: Red Rum". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1975: L'Escargot". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1976: Rag Trade". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1977: Red Rum". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1978: Lucius". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1979: Rubstic". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1980: Ben Nevis". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1981: Aldaniti". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1982: Grittar". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1983: Corbiere". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1984: Hallo Dandy". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1985: Last Suspect". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1986: West Tip". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1987: Maori Venture". google.com/newspapers.
Jump up ^ "1988: Rhyme 'n' Reason". racingpost.com.
Jump up ^ "1989: Little Polveir". racingpost.com.
Jump up ^ "1990: Mr Frisk". racingpost.com.
Jump up ^ "1991: Seagram". racingpost.com.
Jump up ^ "1992: Party Politics". racingpost.com.
Jump up ^ "1993: race void". racingpost.com.
Jump up ^ "1994: Miinnehoma". racingpost.com.
Jump up ^ "1995: Royal Athlete". racingpost.com.
Jump up ^ "1996: Rough Quest". racingpost.com.
Jump up ^ "1997: Lord Gyllene". racingpost.com.
Jump up ^ "1998: Earth Summit". racingpost.com.
Jump up ^ "1999: Bobbyjo". racingpost.com.
Jump up ^ "2000: Papillon". racingpost.com.
Jump up ^ "2001: Red Marauder". racingpost.com.
Jump up ^ "2002: Bindaree". racingpost.com.
Jump up ^ "2003: Monty's Pass". racingpost.com.
Jump up ^ "2004: Amberleigh House". racingpost.com.
Jump up ^ "2005: Hedgehunter". racingpost.com.
Jump up ^ "2006: Numbersixvalverde". racingpost.com.
Jump up ^ "2007: Silver Birch". racingpost.com.
Jump up ^ "2008: Comply or Die". racingpost.com.
Jump up ^ "2009: Mon Mome". racingpost.com.
Jump up ^ "2010: Don't Push It". racingpost.com.
Jump up ^ "2011: Ballabriggs". racingpost.com.
Jump up ^ "2012: Neptune Collonges". racingpost.com.
Jump up ^ "2013: Auroras Encore". racingpost.com.
A year-by-year list of references for the Grand National, taken from the following sources:
1836–1838 "A History of Steeple-Chasing".
(for details, see Bibliography)
1839–1907 "Heroes and Heroines of the Grand National".
(for details, see Bibliography)
1908–1987 Online newspaper archives and articles.
1988–present Online results from the Racing Post.
Bibliography[edit]
Abelson, Edward; John Tyrrel (1993). The Breedon Book of Horse Racing Records. Breedon Books. pp. 239–244. ISBN 1-873626-15-0.
Blew, William C. A. (1901). A History of Steeple-Chasing. J. C. Nimmo. pp. 73–194.
Green, Reg (1988). A Race Apart: The History of the Grand National. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-41578-9.
Mason, Finch (1907). Heroes and Heroines of the Grand National. The Biographical Press.
Randall, John; Tony Morris (1985). Horse Racing: The Records. Guinness Superlatives Ltd. pp. 89–97. ISBN 0-85112-446-1.
External links[edit]
aintree.co.uk – Grand National Media Guide.
archive.org – Read Online: "A History of Steeple-Chasing" (1901).
archive.org – Read Online: "Heroes and Heroines of the Grand National" (1907).
bbc.co.uk – National finishes year-by-year.
galopp-sieger.de – The Grand National Steeplechase at Aintree.
pedigreequery.com – Grand National – Aintree.
sports123.com – Grand National.
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The Magician's Nephew
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The Magician's Nephew
First edition dustjacket
Author
C. S. Lewis
Illustrator
Pauline Baynes
Cover artist
Pauline Baynes
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Series
The Chronicles of Narnia
Subject
The creation of Narnia
Genre
Children's fantasy novel, Christian literature
Publisher
The Bodley Head
Publication date
2 May 1955
Media type
Print (hardcover)
Pages
183 (first edition)[1]
41,062 words (US)[2]
ISBN
978-0-00-671683-9 (Collins, 1998; full-colour)[1]
OCLC
2497740
LC Class
PZ8.L48 Mag[3]
Preceded by
The Horse and His Boy
Followed by
The Last Battle
The Magician's Nephew is a high fantasy novel for children by C. S. Lewis, published by Bodley Head in 1955. It is the sixth published of seven novels in The Chronicles of Narnia (1950–1956); it is volume one of the series in recent editions, which sequence the books according to Narnia history. Like the others, it was illustrated by Pauline Baynes whose work has been retained in many later editions. The Bodley Head was a new publisher for The Chronicles, a change from Geoffrey Bles.[1][3]
The Magician's Nephew is a prequel to the series. The middle third of the novel features creation of the Narnia world by Aslan the lion, centred on a section of a lamp-post brought by accidental observers from London in 1900. The visitors then participate in the beginning of Narnia history, 1000 years before The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe[a] (which inaugurated the series in 1950).
The frame story is set in England and features two children ensnared in experimental travel via "the wood between the worlds". Thus, the novel shows Narnia and our middle-age world to be only two of many in a multiverse, which changes as some worlds begin and others end. It also explains the origin of foreign elements in Narnia, not only the lamp-post but also the White Witch and a human king and queen.
Lewis began The Magician's Nephew soon after completing The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, spurred by a friend's question about the lamp-post in the middle of nowhere, but he needed more than five years to complete it. The story includes several autobiographical elements and explores a number of themes with general moral and Christian implications, including atonement, original sin, temptation and the order of nature.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Principal characters
3 Writing
3.1 The Lefay Fragment
3.1.1 Authenticity
3.2 Autobiographical elements
4 Style
5 Reading order
6 Themes and interpretations
6.1 Parallels with Biblical Genesis
6.2 The Holy Spirit and the Breath of life
6.3 Nature and a natural order
7 Influences
7.1 Milton's Paradise Lost
7.2 The Garden of the Hesperides
7.3 Edith Nesbit
7.4 Creation of Narnia
7.5 Morgan Le Fay and Pandora's Box
7.6 The Atlantis legend
8 Adaptations
8.1 Theatrical
8.2 Film
8.3 TV
9 Critical reception
10 Notes
11 References
12 Sources
13 External links
Plot summary[edit]
The story begins in London during the summer of 1900. Two children, Digory Kirke and Polly Plummer, meet while playing in the adjacent gardens of a row of terraced houses. They decide to explore the attic connecting the houses, but take the wrong door and surprise Digory's Uncle Andrew in his study. Uncle Andrew tricks Polly into touching a yellow magic ring, causing her to vanish. Then he explains to Digory that he has been dabbling in magic, and that the rings allow travel between one world and another. He blackmails Digory into taking another yellow ring to follow wherever Polly has gone, and two green rings so that they both can return.
Digory finds himself transported to a sleepy woodland with an almost narcotic effect; he finds Polly nearby. The woodland is filled with pools. Digory and Polly surmise that the wood is not really a proper world at all but a "Wood between the Worlds", similar to the attic that links their rowhouses back in England, and that each pool leads to a separate universe. They decide to explore a different world before returning to England, and jump into one of the nearby pools. They then find themselves in a desolate abandoned city of the ancient world of Charn. Inside the ruined palace, they discover statues of Charn's former kings and queens, which degenerate from the fair and wise to the unhappy and cruel. They find a bell with a hammer, an inscription inviting the finder to strike the bell.
Despite protests from Polly, Digory rings the bell. This awakens the last of the statues, a witch queen named Jadis, who, to avoid defeat in battle, had deliberately killed every living thing in Charn by speaking the "Deplorable Word". As the only survivor left in her world, she placed herself in an enchanted sleep that would only be broken by someone ringing the bell.
The children realise Jadis's evil nature and attempt to flee, but she follows them back to England by clinging to them as they clutch their rings. In England, she discovers that her magical powers do not work, although she retains her superhuman strength. Dismissing Uncle Andrew as a poor magician, she enslaves him and orders him to fetch her a "chariot"—a hansom cab—so she can set about conquering Earth. They leave, and she attracts attention by robbing a jewellery store. The police chase after her cab, until she crashes at the foot of the Kirke house. Jadis breaks off and brandishes an iron rod from a nearby lamp-post to fight off police and onlookers.
Polly and Digory grab her and put on their rings to take her out of their world, dragging with them Uncle Andrew, Frank the cab-driver, and Frank's horse, since all were touching one another when the children grabbed their rings. In the Wood between the Worlds they jump into a pool, hoping it leads back to Charn. Instead they stumble into a dark void that Jadis recognises as a world not yet created. They then all witness the creation of a new world by the lion Aslan, who brings stars, plants, and animals into existence as he sings. Jadis, as terrified by his singing as the others are attracted to it, tries to kill Aslan with the iron rod; but it rebounds harmlessly off him, and in the creative soil of the new world it sprouts into a growing lamp-post. Jadis flees.
Aslan gives some animals the power of speech, commanding them to use it for justice and merriment. Aslan confronts Digory with his responsibility for bringing Jadis into his young world, and tells Digory he must atone by helping to protect the new land of Narnia from her evil. Aslan transforms the cabbie's horse into a winged horse named Fledge, and Digory and Polly fly on him to a distant garden high in the mountains. Digory's task is to take an apple from a tree in this garden and plant it in Narnia. At the garden Digory finds a sign warning not to steal from the garden.
Digory picks one of the apples for his mission, but their overpowering smell tempts him. Jadis appears, having herself eaten an apple to become immortal; she tempts Digory either to eat an apple himself and join her in immortality, or steal one to take back to Earth to heal his dying mother. Digory resists, knowing his mother would never condone theft, but hesitates. He sees through the Witch's ploy when she suggests he leave Polly behind—not knowing Polly can get away by her own ring. Foiled, the Witch departs for the North. Digory returns to Narnia and plants the apple, which grows into a mature tree behind them whilst the coronation proceeds. Aslan tells Digory how the tree works: anyone who steals the apples gets their heart's desire, but in a form that makes it unlikeable. In the Witch's case, she has achieved immortality, but it only means eternal misery because of her evil heart. Moreover, the magic apples are now a horror to her, such that the apple tree will repel her for centuries to come. With Aslan's permission, Digory then takes an apple from the new tree to heal his mother. Aslan returns Digory, Polly, and Uncle Andrew to England; Frank and his wife, Helen (transported from England by Aslan) stay to rule Narnia as its first King and Queen.
Digory's apple restores his mother's health, and he and Polly remain lifelong friends. Uncle Andrew reforms and gives up magic, but still enjoys bragging about his adventures with the Witch. Digory plants the apple's core with Uncle Andrew's rings in the back yard of his aunt's home in London, and it grows into a large tree. Years later, Digory's family inherit a mansion in the country, and the apple tree blows down in a storm. Digory has its wood made into a wardrobe, setting up the events in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.
Principal characters[edit]
Digory Kirke: The boy who becomes the Professor Kirke who appears in other books of the series.
Polly Plummer: Digory's friend, who lives next door.
Mable Kirke: Digory's mother.
Andrew Ketterley: Digory's uncle, a minor magician.
Letitia Ketterley: Uncle Andrew's sister.
Jadis: Empress of Charn, who becomes the White Witch appearing in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.
Aslan: The Lion who was the king of Narnia, who kills Jadis in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.
King Frank: A cabby who is the husband of Helen, and the first king of Narnia, and forefather of the kings of Archenland.
Queen Helen: The wife of Frank, the first queen of Narnia, and the ancestress of the Archenlanders.
Fledge: The winged horse, formerly the cab-horse Strawberry, who carries Polly and Digory to the mountain garden.
Writing[edit]
Lewis had originally intended only to write the one Narnia novel, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. However, when Roger Lancelyn Green asked him how a lamp post came to be standing in the midst of Narnian woodland, Lewis was intrigued enough by the question to attempt to find an answer by writing The Magician's Nephew, which features a younger version of Professor Kirke from the first novel.[4]
The Magician's Nephew seems to have been the most challenging Narnia novel for Lewis to write. The other six Chronicles of Narnia were written between 1948 and 1953, The Magician's Nephew was written over a six-year period between 1949 and 1954. He started in the summer of 1949 after finishing The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, but came to a halt after producing 26 pages of manuscript and did not resume work until two years later. This may be as a result of the autobiographical aspects of the novel, as it reflects a number of incidents and parallels very close to his own experiences.[5]
He returned to The Magician's Nephew late in 1950, after completing The Silver Chair. He managed to finish close to three-quarters of the novel, and then halted work once again after Roger Green, to whom Lewis showed all his writing at the time, suggested there was a structural problem in the story. Finally he returned to the novel in 1953, after finishing The Last Battle in the spring of that year and completed early in 1954.[6]
Lewis originally titled the novel "Polly and Digory"; his publisher changed it to The Magician's Nephew.[7] This book is dedicated to "the Kilmer family".
The Lefay Fragment[edit]
The original opening of the novel differs greatly from the published version, and was abandoned by Lewis. It is now known as 'The Lefay Fragment', and is named after Mrs Lefay, Digory's fairy godmother, who is mentioned in the final version as Uncle Andrew's godmother, a less benevolent user of magic, who bequeathed him the box of dust used to create the magic rings.[8]
In the Lefay Fragment, Digory is born with the ability to speak to trees and animals, and lives with an Aunt Gertrude, a former school mistress with an officious, bullying nature, who has ended up as a Government minister after a lifetime of belligerent brow-beating of others. Whenever his aunt is absent, Digory finds solace with the animals and trees, including a talking squirrel named Pattertwig. Polly enters the story as a girl next door who is unable to understand the speech of non-human creatures. She wants to build a raft to explore a stream which leads to an underground world. Digory helps construct the raft, but ends up sawing a branch from a talking tree necessary to complete it, in order not to lose face with Polly. This causes him to lose his supernatural powers of speech. The following day he is visited by his godmother Mrs Lefay who knows that Digory has lost his abilities and gives him a card with the address of a furniture shop which she instructs him to visit. At this point the fragment ends.[9]
Pattertwig and Aunt Gertrude do not appear in the final version of the novel. Pattertwig does, however, appear as a Narnian creature in Prince Caspian, and Aunt Gertrude is the principal of the experimental school in The Silver Chair.[10]
Authenticity[edit]
Some doubt has been cast on the authenticity of the Lefay Fragment, as the handwriting in the manuscript differs in some ways from Lewis' usual style, and the writing is not of a similar calibre to his other work. Also in August 1963 Lewis had given instructions to Douglas Gresham to destroy all his unfinished or incomplete fragments of manuscript when his rooms at Magdalene College, Cambridge were being cleaned out, following his resignation from the college early in the month.[11]
Autobiographical elements[edit]
A number of aspects of The Magician's Nephew parallel Lewis' own life. Both Digory and Lewis were children in the early 1900s, both wanted a pony, and both were faced with the death of their mothers in childhood. Digory is separated from his father, who is in India, and misses him. Lewis was schooled in England after his mother's death, while his father remained in Ireland. He also had a brother in India. Lewis was a voracious reader when a child, Digory is also, and both are better with books than with numbers. Digory (and Polly) struggle with sums when trying to work out how far they must travel along the attic space to explore an abandoned house, Lewis failed the maths entrance exam for Oxford University. Lewis remembered rainy summer days from his youth and Digory is faced with the same woe in the novel. Additionally Digory becomes a professor when he grows up, who takes in evacuated children during World War II.[12]
The character of Andrew Ketterley also closely resembles Robert Capron, a schoolmaster at Wynyard School, which Lewis attended with his brother, whom Lewis suggested during his teens would make a good model for a villain in a future story. Ketterley resembles Capron in his age, appearance, and behaviour.[13]
Style[edit]
The Magician's Nephew is written in a lighter tone than other Chronicles of Narnia books, in particular The Last Battle, which was published after. It frequently makes use of humour; this perhaps reflects the sense of looking back at an earlier part of the century with affection, and Lewis as a middle-aged man recalling his childhood during those years. There are a number of humorous references to life in the old days, in particular school life. Humorous exchanges also take place between Narnian animals. Jadis' attempt to conquer London is portrayed as more comical than threatening, and further humour derives from the contrast between the evil empress and Edwardian London and its social mores, and her mistaking bumbling Andrew Ketterley for a powerful sorcerer. This recalls the style of Edith Nesbit's children's books.[14] Lewis was fond of these books, which he read in childhood, a number were set in the same period and The Magician's Nephew has some apparent references or homages to them.[7]
Reading order[edit]
The Magician's Nephew was originally published as the sixth book in the Narnia Chronicles. Most reprintings of the novels until the 1980s also reflected the order of original publication. In 1980 HarperCollins published the series ordered by the chronology of the events in the novels. This meant The Magician's Nephew was numbered as the first in the series. HarperCollins, which had previously published editions of the novels outside the United States, also acquired the rights to publish the novels in that country in 1994 and used this sequence in the uniform worldwide edition published in that year.[15]
Laurence Krieg, a young fan, wrote to Lewis, asking him to adjudicate between his views of the correct sequence of reading the novels – according to the sequence of events, with The Magician's Nephew being placed first – and that of his mother, who thought the order of publication was more appropriate. Lewis wrote back, appearing to support the younger Krieg's views, although he did point out that the views of the author may not be the best guidance, and that perhaps it would not matter what order they were read in.[16]
However publication order reflects Lewis's strategy for drawing readers into the world of Narnia. In the book he wrote first, Lucy Pevensie's discovery of the wardrobe that opens onto a forest and a mysterious lamp post creates a sense of suspense about an unknown land she is discovering for the first time. This would be anticlimactic if the reader has already been introduced to Narnia in The Magician's Nephew and already knows the origins of Narnia, the wardrobe, and the lamp post. Indeed, the narrative of The Magician's Nephew appears to assume that the reader has already read The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and is now being shown its beginnings.[17]
Paul Ford cites several scholars who have weighed in against the decision of HarperCollins to present the books in the order of their internal chronology,[18] and continues, "most scholars disagree with this decision and find it the least faithful to Lewis's deepest intentions".[19]
Themes and interpretations[edit]
Parallels with Biblical Genesis[edit]
Lewis suggested that he did not directly intend to write his Narnia stories as Christian tales, but that these aspects appeared subconsciously as he wrote, although the books did become Christian as they progressed. He thought that the tales were not direct representations or allegory, but that they might evoke or remind readers of Biblical stories.[20] In The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, Aslan is a Christ-like figure who suffers a death of atonement and returns to life in a similar way to Christ's crucifixion and resurrection.[21] The Magician's Nephew has similar biblical allusions, reflecting aspects of The Book of Genesis such as the creation, original sin and temptation.[22]
Parallels with events in Genesis include the forbidden fruit represented by an Apple of Life. Jadis tempts Digory to eat one of the forbidden apples in the garden, as the serpent tempts Eve into eating a forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden. Unlike Eve however, Digory rejects Jadis's offer. (It is noteworthy that also Lewis's Perelandra features a re-enactment of the same Biblical story, which also in that book ends with the tempter foiled and the fall avoided.)
While the creation of Narnia closely echoes the creation of the Earth in the Book of Genesis, there are a number of important differences. Human beings are not created in Narnia by Aslan, they are brought into Narnia from our own world. Unlike Genesis, where souls are given only to human beings, animals and half-human half-animal creatures such as Fauns and Satyrs and even trees and watercourses are given souls and the power of rational thought and speech. This appears to suggest Lewis combined his Christian worldview with his fondness for nature, myth and fairy tales.[23]
Parallels may also be found in Lewis's other writings. Jadis's references to "reasons of State", and her claim to own the people of Charn and to be beyond morality, represent the eclipse of the medieval Christian belief in natural law by the political concept of sovereignty, as embodied first in royal absolutism and then in modern dictatorships.[24] Uncle Andrew represents the Faustian element in the origins of modern science.[25]
The Holy Spirit and the Breath of life[edit]
On a number of occasions in the Chronicles of Narnia, Aslan uses his breath to give strength to characters, demonstrating his benevolent power of bringing life. He specifically does so in The Magician's Nephew when a 'long warm breath' gives life to Narnia. Lewis used the symbol of the breath to represent the Holy Spirit, also known as the Holy Ghost. Both 'spirit' and 'ghost' are translations of the word for breath in Hebrew and Greek. The flash from the stars when the Narnian animals are given the ability to talk also most probably represents the Holy Spirit[26] or "breath of life" of Genesis chapter 2, as well as (possibly) the scholastic concept of the divine active intellect that inspires human beings with rationality.[b]
Nature and a natural order[edit]
The Magician's Nephew suggests two opposing approaches to nature, a good approach associated with Aslan as creator and an evil approach associated with human deviation from divine intentions and the harmony of a natural order. On the one hand there is the beauty of Aslan's creation of Narnia, which is suggested as having a natural order by the use of musical harmony to bring landscapes and living things into being. There is also a distinct order to the process of creation, from earth to plants to animal, which evokes the concept of The Great Chain of Being. Lewis himself was a strong believer in the intrinsic value of nature for itself, rather than as a resource to be exploited. This is perhaps reflected in how Aslan also gives speech to spiritual aspects of nature, such naiads in the water and dryads in the trees. Andrew Ketterley and Jadis represent an opposite, evil approach of bending the forces of nature to human will for the purpose of self gain. They see nature solely as a resource to use for their plans and thus disturb and destroy the natural order.[27]
Influences[edit]
Milton's Paradise Lost[edit]
The sacred Garden in the west of the Narnian world is surrounded by a "high wall of green turf" with branches of trees overhanging it, and "high gates of gold, fast shut, facing due east", which must be the only entrance because the travellers "walked nearly all the way round it" before they found them. In all these points Lewis echoes Milton's description of Eden in Paradise Lost:
The verdurous wall of Paradise up sprung...

And higher than that Wall a circling row
Of goodliest trees loaden with fairest fruit,
Blossoms and fruits at once of golden hue,
Appeerd, with gay enameld colours mixt...[28]

One gate there only was, and that look'd east
On th' other side...[29]
The Garden of the Hesperides[edit]
Four years before the publication of the first Narnia book, Lewis had written as follows on the experience of reading really good poetry for the first time:
...I did not in the least feel that I was getting in more quantity or better quality a pleasure I had already known. It was more as if a cupboard which one had hitherto valued as a place for hanging coats proved one day, when you opened the door, to lead to the garden of the Hesperides...[30]
The element of the cupboard leading to a new world Lewis proceeded to use in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, but the snowy Narnia of that book is quite unlike the balmy Garden of the Hesperides, most of whose major mythological features appear as attributes of the sacred Garden in The Magician's Nephew where it differs from the Biblical or Miltonian Eden. It is set in the far West of the world; it has a watchful guardian; a hero (Digory) is sent, like Hercules, to fetch an apple from it; a female villain (Jadis) steals another of the apples, like Eris. Since the eponymous Hesperides were daughters of Hesperus, the god of the planet Venus in the evening, advocates of the planetary theory adduce this as evidence for a special association between The Magician's Nephew and Venus.[31]
Edith Nesbit[edit]
Lewis read Edith Nesbit's children's books as a child and was greatly fond of them.[7] The Magician's Nephew refers to these books in the opening of the novel as though their events were true, mentioning the setting of the piece as being when "Mr. Sherlock Holmes was still living in Baker Street and the Bastables were looking for treasure in the Lewisham Road". The Bastables were children who appeared in a number of Edith Nesbit's stories.[32] In addition to being set in the same period and location as several of Nesbit's stories, The Magician's Nephew also has some similarities with Nesbit's The Story of the Amulet (1906). This novel focuses on four children living in London who discover a magic amulet. Their father is away and their mother is ill, as is the case with Digory. They also manage to transport the queen of ancient Babylon to London and she is the cause of a riot; a very similar event takes place in The Magician's Nephew when Polly and Digory transport Queen Jadis to London and she also causes a similar disturbance.[7]
Creation of Narnia[edit]
The creation of Narnia strongly reflects the Book of Genesis, but may also have been influenced by J.R.R. Tolkien's The Silmarillion, which also contains a creation scene driven by the effect of music.[33] Some of the details of the creation of Narnia, such as the emergence of animals from the ground, and the way they shake earth from their bodies are also similar to John Milton's Paradise Lost, and may also have been inspired by descriptions of the processes of nature in The seventh book of Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene.[34]
Morgan Le Fay and Pandora's Box[edit]
Lewis greatly enjoyed stories of Arthurian legend and wrote poetry about this world. Mrs Lefay visits Digory in The Lefay Fragment, and becomes Andrew Ketterley's nefarious godmother in the finished novel. She gives Ketterley a box from Atlantis containing the dust from which he constructs the rings Digory and Polly use to travel between worlds. Both Lefays are allusions to Morgan Le Fay, a powerful sorceress in a number of versions of King Arthur's tales, who is often portrayed as evil. The box itself is also evocative of Pandora's box from Greek myth, which also contained dangerous secrets.[35]
The Atlantis legend[edit]
The box of dust enabling travel between worlds originated in Atlantis.[35] Both Lewis and his close friend J.R.R. Tolkien were fascinated by the Atlantis legend. The degeneration of Charn's rulers, Jadis' ancestors, from the early kind and wise to the later cruel and arrogant is reminiscent of the similar degeneration in Tolkien's Númenor, the fabled island kingdom that finally sank under the waves due to the sinfulness of its latter inhabitants. The world of Charn was destroyed when Jadis spoke The Deplorable Word, a form of knowledge ancient Charnian scholars feared for its destructive potential. A number of commentators believed Lewis was referring to the use of the atomic bomb, used less than a decade earlier. It is perhaps more likely that Lewis was echoing the mythical destruction of Atlantis by the forces of evil and arrogance.[36] As noted by Alice Ward, the comparison with nuclear arms is made explicit in Aslan's last warning: "You [Earth] are growing more like it [Charn]. It is not certain that some wicked one of your race will not find out a secret as evil as The Deplorable Word and use it to destroy all living things".[37]
Adaptations[edit]
Theatrical[edit]
Aurand Harris was a well-known American playwright for children, whose works are among the most performed in that medium. He wrote 36 plays for children including an adaption of The Magician's Nephew.[38] The play was first performed on 26 May 1984 by the Department of Drama, University of Texas, Austin and staged at the B. Iden Payne Theatre. A musical score by William Penn was written for use with productions of the play.[39]
Erina Caradus wrote a playscript for The Magician's Nephew that was performed in Dunedin, New Zealand in 2005.[40][c]
Film[edit]
20th Century Fox, Walden, and the C. S. Lewis Estate finally decided that The Magician's Nephew would be the basis for the next movie following the release of the 2010 film The Voyage of the Dawn Treader.[41][42][43] However, in October 2011, Douglas Gresham confirmed that Walden Media's contract with the C. S. Lewis estate had expired, and any production of a future film was on hold indefinitely.[44][45]
On 1 October 2013, The C.S. Lewis Company announced that they had entered into an agreement with The Mark Gordon Company to jointly develop and produce The Chronicles of Narnia: The Silver Chair, ultimately deciding to continue releasing the films to mirror the novel series' publication order. The decision thus places the work on The Magician's Nephew film on an indefinite hiatus.[46]
TV[edit]
In 2008, the BBC produced a 10-part TV adaptation airing on BBC 2.[47]
Critical reception[edit]
T.M. Wagner of SF Reviews said "The Magician's Nephew may not be the best of the Narnia novels, but it's a brisk and funny tale certain to delight its intended young audience", saying that it may not satisfy readers in their teenage years and older.[48]
Jandy's Reading Room reviewed the book, saying that although they feel it is the weakest of the series, they would still recommend it. They say it "gives a wonderful picture of the beginning of a new world, in the manner of the Creation."[49]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Forty years pass in our world, from 1900 to 1940, during that first millennium in Narnia. A manuscript by Lewis, the "Outline of Narnian History", dates major events in the Narnia world and simultaneous events in England. Since his death, it has been published in books about Narnia and is generally considered valid.
Jump up ^ In the view of Avicenna and Maimonides, intellectual inspiration descends through ten angelic emanations, of which the first nine are the intelligences of the heavenly spheres and the tenth is the Active Intellect.
Jump up ^ The homepage now promotes the last of four Narnia theatrical productions, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2008). Information about the four numbers varies.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Bibliography: The Magician's Nephew". ISFDB. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Scholastic Catalog – Book Information". Retrieved 23 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "The magician's nephew" (first edition). Library of Congress Catalog Record.
"The magician's nephew" (first US edition). LCC record. Retrieved 2012-12-08.
Jump up ^ Downing, p. 36.
Jump up ^ Downing, p. 56.
Jump up ^ Duriez, Colin (2004). The Life of C.S. Lewis. InterVarsity Press. p. 47. ISBN 0-8308-3207-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lindskoog, Kathryn Ann (1997). Journey into Narnia: C. S. Lewis's Tales Explored. Hope Publishing House. p. 87. ISBN 0-932727-89-1.
Jump up ^ Downing, pp. 36–39.
Jump up ^ Downing, pp. 36–37.
Jump up ^ Downing, p. 39.
Jump up ^ Lindskoog, Kathryn Ann (2001). Sleuthing C.S. Lewis: more Light in the shadowlands. Mercer University Press. pp. 111–12. ISBN 0-86554-730-0.
Jump up ^ Hinten, pp. 68–69.
Jump up ^ Downing, pp. 57–59.
Jump up ^ Myers, p. 174.
Jump up ^ Schakel, pp. 13–16.
Jump up ^ Schakel, pp. 17–18.
Jump up ^ Schakel, pp. 19–21.
Jump up ^ Ford, pp. xxiii–xxiv.
Jump up ^ Ford, p. 24.
Jump up ^ Sammons, Martha C. (2004). A Guide Through Narnia. Regent College Publishing. pp. 128–9. ISBN 1-57383-308-8.
Jump up ^ Ryken, Leland; Lamp Mead, Marjorie (2005). A reader's guide through the wardrobe: exploring C.S. Lewis's classic story. Inter Varsity Press. p. 165. ISBN 0-8308-3289-0.
Jump up ^ Vaus, Will; Gresham, Douglas (2004). Mere theology: a guide to the thought of C.S. Lewis. Inter Varsity Press. pp. 76–7. ISBN 0-8308-2782-X.
Jump up ^ Downing, pp 73–74.
Jump up ^ Lewis (1944). English Literature in the Sixteenth Century Excluding Drama. Chapter 1.
Jump up ^ Lewis (1943). The Abolition of Man.
Jump up ^ Colbert, pp. 81–83.
Jump up ^ Myers, pp. 169–70.
Jump up ^ Milton, Paradise Lost, book IV, lines 143, 146–149
Jump up ^ Milton, Paradise Lost, book IV, lines 178–179
Jump up ^ Lewis, C. S. (1966). "Different Tastes in Literature". In Walter Hooper. On Stories: and other essays on literature. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 121.
Jump up ^ Ward, Michael (2008). Planet Narnia: the seven heavens in the imagination of C. S. Lewis. Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ Hinten, p. 68.
Jump up ^ Downing, p. 59.
Jump up ^ Myers, pp. 170–71.
^ Jump up to: a b Colbert, pp. 77–78.
Jump up ^ Colbert, pp. 91–92.
Jump up ^ Dr. Alice Ward, "Dark Undertones in the Fantasy Writing of the later Twentieth Century" in Alexander O'Donnel (ed.) "Interdisciplinary Round Table on the Cultural Effects of the Nuclear Arms Race".
Jump up ^ Jennings, Coleman A.; Sendak, Maurice (2005). Theatre for Young Audiences. Macmillan. pp. 46–7. ISBN 0-312-33714-0.
Jump up ^ Harris, Aurand; Lewis, C.S.; Penn, William A. (1984). The magician's nephew: a dramatization. Dramatic Publishing. pp. 4–5. ISBN 0-87129-541-5.
Jump up ^ Narnia Productions. narniaproductions.co.nz (Dunedin, New Zealand). Retrieved 10 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Narnia 4 Will Be Magician's Nephew, Not Silver Chair". Katherine T. Phan. CP Entertainment. The Christian Post. 22 March 2011. Confirmed 10 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Most Inspiring Faith, Family and Values Movie of 2011". CharismaNews.com. Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Narnia: Walden, Fox in discussions on The Magician's Nephew". Bryan Lufkin. Inside Movies. Entertainment Weekly (EW.com). 23 March 2011. Confirmed 10 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gresham Confirms: Walden's Contract Expired". Aslan's Country. Archived 4 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Walden Media's Option for a Fourth Narnia film Expires". ChristianCinema.com. 18 October 2011. Confirmed 10 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Fourth 'Chronicles of Narnia' Movie in Works From Mark Gordon Co". Deadline. 1 October 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "BBC Two – The Chronicles of Narnia, The Magician's Nephew, Part 1". BBC.
Jump up ^ Wagner, T.M. "Narnia01". Science Fiction & Fantasy Book Reviews. SFReviews.net. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Book Review: The Magician's Nephew by C.S. Lewis". Jandy's Reading Room. Jandy's Books (JandysBooks.com). Retrieved 13 June 2012.
Sources[edit]
Colbert, David (2005). The Magical Worlds of Narnia. McArthur & Company. ISBN 1-55278-541-6.
Downing, David C. (2005). Into the Wardrobe: C.S. Lewis and the Narnia Chronicles. Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-0-7879-7890-7.
Ford, Paul (2005). Companion to Narnia: Revised Edition. San Francisco: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-079127-8.
Hinten, Marvin D. (2005). The Keys to the Chronicles: Unlocking the Symbols of C.S. Lewis's Narnia. B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8054-4028-3.
Myers, Doris T. (1998). C. S. Lewis in Context. Kent State University Press. ISBN 0-87338-617-5.
Schakel, Peter J. (2005). The way into Narnia: a reader's guide. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0-8028-2984-8.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Magician's Nephew
The Magician's Nephew at Faded Page (Canada)
The Magician's Nephew in libraries (WorldCat catalog) ——immediately, the full-colour C. S. Lewis centenary edition
The Magician's Nephew title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
[show]
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The Chronicles of Narnia by C. S. Lewis
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Screwtape Proposes a Toast (1959)
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The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950)
Prince Caspian (1951)
The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (1952)
The Silver Chair (1953)
The Horse and His Boy (1954)
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The Last Battle (1956)
Non-fiction
The Allegory of Love (1936)
The Personal Heresy (1939)
The Problem of Pain (1940)
A Preface to Paradise Lost (1942)
The Abolition of Man (1943)
Miracles (1947)
Mere Christianity (1952)
Surprised by Joy (1955)
The Four Loves (1960)
Studies in Words (1960)
The World's Last Night and Other Essays (1960)
An Experiment in Criticism (1961)
A Grief Observed (1961)
They Asked for a Paper: Papers and Addresses (1962)
Selections from Layamon's Brut (1963)
The Discarded Image (1964)
The Weight of Glory and Other Addresses (1965)
Of Other Worlds (1966)
God in the Dock (1970-1971)
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Heterotrophic nutrition
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Heterotrophic nutrition is the mode of nutrition in which organisms depend upon other organisms to survive. All animals and non green plants are heterotrophic.
Heterotrophic organisms have to acquire and take in all the organic substances they need to survive.[1]
All heterotrophs (except blood and gut parasites) have to convert solid food into soluble compounds capable of being absorbed (digestion).Then the soluble products of digestion for the organism are being broken down for the release of energy (respiration). All heterotrophs depend on autotrophs for their nutrition. Heterotrophic plants have only four types.
The four main types of heterotrophic nutrition are:
Holozoic nutrition: the word holozoic is made from two words- holo= whole and zoikos= animals and literally means animals which eat their food whole. Complex food is taken into a specialist digestive system and broken down into small pieces to be absorbed. This consists of 5 stages, ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion. E.g.: human
Saprobiontic/saprophytic nutrition: Organisms feed on dead organic remains of other organisms. E.g.: decomposers
Parasitic nutrition: Organisms obtain food from other living organisms (the host), with the host receiving no benefit from the parasite.When a parasite is present inside the body of the host, it is known as an endoparasite. These parasites suck and feed on the blood of the host. E.g.: tapeworms
Symbiotic nutrition:Two organisms live in close association to benefit each other or one of the two benefits the other whilst it itself suffers neither loss but nor does it gain. E.g.: fungi and algae, rizobium and leguminous plants roots.
References[edit]
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