text:
Biological organisation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Hierarchy of life" and "Levels of organization" redirect here. For the hierarchical ordering and organisation of all organisms, see Biological classification. For the evolutionary hierarchy of organisms and interspecial relationships, see Phylogenetic tree.
Play media
A population of bees shimmers in response to a predator.
Biological organization is the hierarchy of complex biological structures and systems that define life using a reductionistic approach.[1] The traditional hierarchy, as detailed below, extends from atoms to biospheres. The higher levels of this scheme are often referred to as an ecological organisation concept, or as the field, hierarchical ecology.
Each level in the hierarchy represents an increase in organisational complexity, with each "object" being primarily composed of the previous level's basic unit.[2] The basic principle behind the organisation is the concept of emergence—the properties and functions found at a hierarchical level are not present and irrelevant at the lower levels.
The biological organisation of life is a fundamental premise for numerous areas of scientific research, particularly in the medical sciences. Without this necessary degree of organisation, it would be much more difficult—and likely impossible—to apply the study of the effects of various physical and chemical phenomena to diseases and physiology (body function). For example, fields such as cognitive and behavioral neuroscience could not exist if the brain was not composed of specific types of cells, and the basic concepts of pharmacology could not exist if it was not known that a change at the cellular level can affect an entire organism. These applications extend into the ecological levels as well. For example, DDT's direct inseciticidal effect occurs at the subcellular level, but affects higher levels up to and including multiple ecosystems. Theoretically, a change in one atom could change the entire biosphere.
Contents
[hide]
1 Levels
2 Fundamentals
3 See also
4 Notes
4.1 References
5 External links
Levels[edit]
The simplest unit of life is the atom, like oxygen. Two or more atoms is a molecule, like a dioxide. Many small molecules may combine in a chemical reaction to make up a macromolecule, such as a phospholipid. Multiple macromolecules form a cell, like a club cell. A group of cells functioning together as a tissue, for example, Epithelial tissue. Different tissues make up an organ, like a lung. Organs work together to form an organ system, such as the Respiratory System. All of the organ systems make a living organism, like a lion. A group of the same organism living together in an area is a population, such as a pride of lions. Two or more populations interacting with each other form a community, for example, lion and zebra populations interacting with each other. Communities interacting not only with each other but also with the physical environment encompass an ecosystem, such as the Savanna ecosystem. All of the ecosystems make up the biosphere, the area of life on Earth.
The simple standard biological organisation scheme, from the lowest level to the highest level, is as follows:[1]
For levels smaller than atoms see Subatomic particle
A-cellular level
and
Pre-cellular level Atoms
Molecule Groups of atoms
Biomolecular complex Groups of (bio)molecules
Sub-cellular level Organelle Functional groups of biomolecules, biochemical reactions and interactions
Cellular level Cell Basic unit of all life and the grouping of organelles
Super-cellular level
(Multicellular level) Tissue Functional groups of cells
Organ Functional groups of tissues
Organ system Functional groups of organs
Ecological levels Organism The basic living system, a functional grouping of the lower-level components, including at least one cell
Population Groups of organisms of the same species
Community
(or biocoenosis) Interspecific groups of interacting populations
Ecosystem Groups of organisms from all biological domains in conjunction with the physical (abiotic) environment
Biome Continental scale (climatically and geographically contiguous areas with similar climatic conditions) grouping of ecosystems.
Biosphere or
Ecosphere All life on Earth or all life plus the physical (abiotic) environment[3]
For levels larger than Biosphere or Ecosphere, see Earth's location in the Universe
More complex schemes incorporate many more levels. For example, a molecule can be viewed as a grouping of elements, and an atom can be further divided into subatomic particles (these levels are outside the scope of biological organisation). Each level can also be broken down into its own hierarchy, and specific types of these biological objects can have their own hierarchical scheme. For example, genomes can be further subdivided into a hierarchy of genes.[4]
Each level in the hierarchy can be described by its lower levels. For example, the organism may be described at any of its component levels, including the atomic, molecular, cellular, histological (tissue), organ and organ system levels. Furthermore, at every level of the hierarchy, new functions necessary for the control of life appear. These new roles are not functions that the lower level components are capable of and are thus referred to as emergent properties.
Every organism is organised, though not necessarily to the same degree.[5] An organism can not be organised at the histological (tissue) level if it is not composed of tissues in the first place.[6]
Fundamentals[edit]
Empirically, a large proportion of the (complex) biological systems we observe in nature exhibit hierarchic structure. On theoretical grounds we could expect complex systems to be hierarchies in a world in which complexity had to evolve from simplicity. System hierarchies analysis performed in the 1950s,[7][8] laid the empirical foundations for a field that would be, from 1980's, hierarchical ecology.[9][10][11][12][13]
The theoretical foundations are summarized by Thermodynamics. When biological systems are modeled as physical systems, in its most general abstraction, they are thermodynamic open systems that exhibit self-organised behavior, and the set/subset relations between dissipative structures can be characterized in an hierarchy.
A simpler and more direct way to explain the fundamentals of the "hierarchical organisation of life", was introduced in Ecology by Odum and others as the "Simon's hierarchical principle";[14] Simon[15] emphasized that hierarchy "emerges almost inevitably through a wide variety of evolutionary processes, for the simple reason that hierarchical structures are stable".
To motivate this deep idea, he offered his "parable" about imaginary watchmakers.
Parable of the Watchmakers
There once were two watchmakers, named Hora and Tempus, who made very fine watches. The phones in their workshops rang frequently; new customers were constantly calling them. However, Hora prospered while Tempus became poorer and poorer. In the end, Tempus lost his shop. What was the reason behind this?
The watches consisted of about 1000 parts each. The watches that Tempus made were designed such that, when he had to put down a partly assembled watch (for instance, to answer the phone), it immediately fell into pieces and had to be reassembled from the basic elements.
Hora had designed his watches so that he could put together subassemblies of about ten components each. Ten of these subassemblies could be put together to make a larger sub-assembly. Finally, ten of the larger subassemblies constituted the whole watch. Each subassembly could be put down without falling apart.
See also[edit]
Abiogenesis
Cell theory
Cellular differentiation
Composition of the human body
Evolutionary biology
Gaia hypothesis
Holon hierarchy
Human ecology
Life timeline
Living systems
Noogenesis
Self-organisation
Spontaneous order
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Solomon, Berg & Martin 2002, pp. 9–10
Jump up ^ Pavé 2006, p. 40
Jump up ^ Huggett 1999
Jump up ^ Pavé 2006, p. 39
Jump up ^ Postlethwait & Hopson 2006, p. 7
Jump up ^ Witzany, G (2014). "Biological Self-organisation". International Journal of Signs and Semiotic Systems. 3 (2): 1–11.
Jump up ^ Evans 1951
Jump up ^ Evans 1956
Jump up ^ Margalef 1975
Jump up ^ O'Neill 1986
Jump up ^ Wicken & Ulanowicz 1988
Jump up ^ Pumain 2006
Jump up ^ Jordan & Jørgensen 2012
Jump up ^ Simon 1969, pp. 192–229
Jump up ^ Simon's texts at doi:10.1207/S15327809JLS1203_4, polaris.gseis.ucla.edu/pagre/simon Archived July 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. or johncarlosbaez/2011/08/29 transcriptions
References[edit]
Evans, F. C. (1951), "Ecology and urban areal research", Scientific Monthly (73)
Evans, F. C. (1956), "Ecosystem as basic unit in ecology", Science, 123: 1127–8, PMID 17793430, doi:10.1126/science.123.3208.1127
Griswold, Joseph G.; McDaniel, Nichole (Spring 2006), "Module 1:Overview and Hierarchy of Life", Progressions, New York, New York, 7 (3), ISSN 1539-1752
Huggett, R. J. (1999). "Ecosphere, biosphere, or Gaia? What to call the global ecosystem. ECOLOGICAL SOUNDING". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 8 (6): 425–431. ISSN 1466-822X. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00158.x.
Jordan, F.; Jørgensen, S. E. (2012), Models of the Ecological Hierarchy: From Molecules to the Ecosphere, ISBN 9780444593962
Margalef, R. (1975), "External factors and ecosystem stability", Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Hydrologie, 37: 102–117, doi:10.1007/BF02505181
O'Neill, R. V. (1986), A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystems, ISBN 0691084378
Pavé, Alain (2006), "Biological and Ecological Systems Hierarchical organisation", in Pumain, D., Hierarchy in Natural and Social Sciences, New York, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-1-4020-4126-6
Postlethwait, John H.; Hopson, Janet L. (2006), Modern Biology, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, ISBN 0-03-065178-6
Pumain, D. (2006), Hierarchy in Natural and Social Sciences, ISBN 978-1-4020-4127-3
Simon, H. A. (1969), "The architecture of complexity", The Sciences of the Artificial, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Solomon, Eldra P.; Berg, Linda R.; Martin, Diana W. (2002), Biology (6th ed.), Brooks/Cole, ISBN 0-534-39175-3, LCCN 2001095366
Wicken, J. S.; Ulanowicz, R. E. (1988), "On quantifying hierarchical connections in ecology", Journal of Social and Biological Systems, 11: 369–377, doi:10.1016/0140-1750(88)90066-8
External links[edit]
Cell physiology (in Human Physiology) at Wikibooks
Characteristics of life and the nature of molecules (in General Biology) at Wikibooks
organisation within the biosphere (in Ecology) at Wikibooks
2011's theoretical/mathematical discussion.
[show]
v
t
e
Hierarchy of life
Biosphere > Ecosystem > Biocoenosis > Population > Organism > Organ system > Organ > Tissue > Cell > Organelle > Biomolecular complex > Macromolecule > Biomolecule
[show]
v
t
e
Elements of nature
Universe
Space
Time
Energy
Matter
Change
Earth
Earth science
History (geological)
Structure
Geology
Plate tectonics
Oceans
Gaia hypothesis
Future
Weather
Meteorology
Atmosphere (Earth)
Climate
Clouds
Sunlight
Tides
Wind
Natural environment
Ecology
Ecosystem
Field
Radiation
Wilderness
Wildfires
Life
Origin (abiogenesis)
Evolutionary history
Biosphere
Hierarchy
Biology (astrobiology)
Organism
Eukaryota
flora
plants
fauna
animals
fungi
protista
Prokaryotes
archaea
bacteria
Viruses
Category:Nature
Portal:Science
Biology portal
Earth sciences portal
Environment portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biological_organisation&oldid=802972592"
Categories:
Life
Biology
Hierarchy
Emergence
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Use British English from January 2014
Articles containing video clips
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Català
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
עברית
Қазақша
Magyar
日本語
Polski
Русский
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Татарча/tatarça
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 September 2017, at 17:18.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Biological_classification
mw-redirect
Biological classification

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt style src

values: File:Shimmering bees drive hornet away.ogv

value: span

attrs: href title target

attrs: id class style videopayload

values: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Shimmering_bees_drive_hornet_away.ogv/584px--Shimmering_bees_drive_hornet_away.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:584px;height:350px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="6.4409286898839" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Shimmering_bees_drive_hornet_away.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Shimmering_bees_drive_hornet_away.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 584 × 350 (4.79 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="584" data-height="350" data-bandwidth="4790750" data-framerate="15.05994005994"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Shimmering_bees_drive_hornet_away.ogv/Shimmering_bees_drive_hornet_away.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="266" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="133304" data-framerate="15.05994005994"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Shimmering_bees_drive_hornet_away.ogv/Shimmering_bees_drive_hornet_away.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="271336" data-framerate="15.05994005994"/></video>

attrs: class style

value: b

values:
/wiki/Complex_systems
mw-redirect
Complex systems

values:
/wiki/Scientific_research
mw-redirect
Scientific research

values:
/wiki/Physical_phenomenon
mw-redirect
Physical phenomenon

values:
/wiki/Chemical_phenomenon
mw-redirect
Chemical phenomenon

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Organ_(biology)
mw-redirect
Organ (biology)

values:
/wiki/Earth%27s_spheres
mw-redirect
Earth's spheres

values:
/wiki/Biological_systems
mw-redirect
Biological systems

values:
/wiki/Dissipative_structures
mw-redirect
Dissipative structures

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17793430

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1539-1752

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1466-822X

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02505181

values:
/wiki/New_York,_New_York
mw-redirect
New York, New York

values:
/wiki/Holt,_Rinehart_and_Winston
mw-redirect
Holt, Rinehart and Winston

values:
/wiki/Cambridge,_MA
mw-redirect
Cambridge, MA

values:
nofollow
external text
//lccn.loc.gov/2001095366

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: The Earth seen from Apollo 17 with transparent background.png

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Use British English from January 2014

values: Category:Articles containing video clips

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Biological_organisation
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: تراتب حيوي – Arabic

values: سازماندهی زیستی – Persian

values: Organizacijska ljestvica živog svijeta – Croatian

values: ארגון ביולוגי – Hebrew

values: Тіршіліктің анықтамасы – Kazakh

values: Poziomy organizacji żywej materii – Polish

values: Уровни организации жизни – Russian

values: Нивои организације живог света – Serbian

values: Тере табигатьнең оешу катлары – Tatar

values: Рівні організації живої матерії – Ukrainian

values: حیاتیاتی ہندسیات – Urdu

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Biological_organisation rootpage-Biological_organisation vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Glitter (How I Met Your Mother)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.
Find sources: "Glitter" How I Met Your Mother – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (December 2015)
9th episode of the sixth season of How I Met Your Mother
"Glitter"
How I Met Your Mother episode
Episode no.
Season 6
Episode 9
Directed by
Pamela Fryman
Written by
Kourtney Kang
Production code
6ALH08
Original air date
November 15, 2010 (2010-11-15)
Guest appearance(s)
Nicole Scherzinger (Jessica Glitter)
Chris Romano (Punchy)
Stefanie Black (Kelly)
Alan Thicke (himself)
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Natural History" Next →
"Blitzgiving"
"Glitter" is the ninth episode of the sixth season of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother, and the 121st episode overall. It aired on November 15, 2010.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Critical response
3 References
4 External links
Plot[edit]
When Lily becomes obsessed with babies, Robin becomes distant from her. Meanwhile, Barney has found a disc he calls "Robin Sparkles 3," which contains Space Teens, a variety series involving two Canadian teenagers, Robin Sparkles and Jessica Glitter (Nicole Scherzinger), using math to solve crimes presented by Alan Thicke. The group realizes that a lot of what they say end up coming off as sexual, which Robin denies. When conversation turns to why the group has never met Jessica if she and Robin were such good friends, Robin abruptly reveals that she hasn't spoken to Jessica in five years and attempts to drop the subject. When Robin leaves the apartment, Ted discovers a Christmas card Jessica sent to Robin with a picture of Jessica's baby. Ted speculates that Robin dumped Jessica as a friend when Jessica got pregnant, which upsets Lily, who fears that Robin will do the same to her.
When Lily continues to talk about having a baby, Robin becomes fed up with her and the two of them break up, which upsets Marshall. Marshall takes Lily to see Jessica, who works as the organist for the New York Rangers at Madison Square Garden. Jessica reveals that she and Robin became distant after Jessica had a baby and no longer had the time to do all the things best friends do. Jessica also revealed that it was she who stopped being friends with Robin, not the other way around. Jessica has considered getting back in touch with Robin, but never had the courage to try.
Lily finds Robin at The Hoser Hut and they reconcile; Robin reveals that she has been afraid that Lily will abandon her once she becomes pregnant like Jessica did, while Lily promises not to talk about babies so much. Jessica, who has come to the Hoser Hut as well, sings the Beaver Song from Space Teens and Robin joins her, rekindling their friendship.
Meanwhile, Robin and Jessica's estrangement prompts Ted to contact his old high school friend Punchy, who appears in New York. Punchy's male bonding with Ted irks Barney, who tells Ted that Punchy has to go. When Ted tells Punchy that he has to go back to Cleveland, Punchy said he thought Ted sounded depressed when he called and his girlfriend encouraged him to visit. Punchy tells Ted he's getting married and asks him to be his best man, an offer Ted gladly accepts.
Critical response[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2015)
Zach Oat of Television Without Pity gave the episode a B+ score, saying it added more material into Robin's origins but also upped viewer frustration to her being secretive on certain issues. He noted that Punchy's offer to Ted as best man fuels speculation that the wedding in "Big Days" is Punchy and Kelly's, and is set in Cleveland.[1]
The A.V. Club's Donna Bowman, on the other hand, graded the episode at A-, citing "season six-style" fan service to previous episodes and further detail on the characters' friendship, but noted excessiveness on Barney's reality-show catchphrases.[2]
Robert Canning of IGN gave the episode a rating of 8.5 out of 10.[3]
Chris O'Hara of TVFanatic.com gave the episode a rating of 4 out of 5.[4]
Brian Ford Sullivan of The Futon Critic rated this episode as 27th on their list of the 50 Best Television Episodes of 2010.[5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Zach Oat (2010-11-17). "How I Met Your Mother: Two Beavers Are Better Than One". Television Without Pity. NBC Universal.
Jump up ^ Donna Bowman (2010-11-15). "How I Met Your Mother "Glitter"". The A.V. Club. The Onion.
Jump up ^ Robert Canning (2010-11-16). "How I Met Your Mother: "Glitter" Review". IGN. News Corporation. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
Jump up ^ Chris O'Hara (2010-11-16). "How I Met Your Mother Review: Two Great Beavers..." TV Fanatic. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
Jump up ^ "Rants & Reviews - The 50 Best Episodes of 2010: #30-21". Retrieved 7 January 2012.
External links[edit]
"Glitter" on IMDb
hide
v
t
e
How I Met Your Mother episodes
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Season 6
"Big Days"
"Cleaning House"
"Unfinished"
"Subway Wars"
"Architect of Destruction"
"Baby Talk"
"Canning Randy"
"Natural History"
"Glitter"
"Blitzgiving"
"The Mermaid Theory"
"False Positive"
"Bad News"
"Last Words"
"Oh Honey"
"Desperation Day"
"Garbage Island"
"A Change of Heart"
"Legendaddy"
"The Exploding Meatball Sub"
"Hopeless"
"The Perfect Cocktail"
"Landmarks"
"Challenge Accepted"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glitter_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=820774508"
Categories:
How I Met Your Mother (season 6) episodes
2010 American television episodes
Hidden categories:
Articles with topics of unclear notability from May 2017
All articles with topics of unclear notability
Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2015
All pages needing cleanup
Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2015
All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify
Articles with short description
Television episode articles with short description for single episodes
Articles to be expanded from December 2015
All articles to be expanded
Articles using small message boxes
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 16 January 2018, at 15:03 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: td

attrs: href title

values: Wikipedia:Identifying and using independent sources

attrs: rel class href

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Notability

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short

values: shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal; background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: normal;

values: text-align:center;font-weight: bold; font-size: 110%

values: text-align:center;background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values: text-align: left; padding: 5px; margin: 0; padding-left: 1em

values: width: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0.1em 0.2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0 0.2em 0.1em; text-align: center;

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content

values:
/wiki/NBC_Universal
mw-redirect
NBC Universal

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1763611/
external text

values: Template talk:How I Met Your Mother episodes

values: A Change of Heart (How I Met Your Mother)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:How I Met Your Mother (season 6) episodes

values: Category:2010 American television episodes

values: Category:Articles with topics of unclear notability from May 2017

values: Category:All articles with topics of unclear notability

values: Category:Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2015

values: Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2015

values: Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify

values: Category:Articles with short description

values: Category:Television episode articles with short description for single episodes

values: Category:Articles to be expanded from December 2015

values: Category:Articles using small message boxes

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Glitter_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Glitter_How_I_Met_Your_Mother rootpage-Glitter_How_I_Met_Your_Mother skin-vector action-view


text:
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued January 6, 1964
Decided March 9, 1964
Full case name
The New York Times Company v. L. B. Sullivan
Citations
376 U.S. 254 (more)
84 S. Ct. 710; 11 L. Ed. 2d 686; 1964 U.S. LEXIS 1655; 95 A.L.R.2d 1412; 1 Media L. Rep. 1527
Prior history
Judgment for plaintiff, Circuit Court, Montgomery County, Alabama; motion for new trial denied, Circuit Court, Montgomery County; affirmed, 144 So. 2d 25 (Ala. 1962); certiorari granted, 371 U.S. 946 (1963)
Holding
A newspaper can be held liable for libel for making false defamatory statements about the official conduct of a public official only if the statements were made with knowing or reckless disregard for the truth. Supreme Court of Alabama reversed.
Court membership
Chief Justice
Earl Warren
Associate Justices
Hugo Black · William O. Douglas
Tom C. Clark · John M. Harlan II
William J. Brennan Jr. · Potter Stewart
Byron White · Arthur Goldberg
Case opinions
Majority
Brennan, joined by Warren, Clark, Harlan, Stewart, White
Concurrence
Black, joined by Douglas
Concurrence
Goldberg, joined by Douglas
Laws applied
U.S. Const. amends. I, XIV
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964),[1] was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that established the actual malice standard, which has to be met before press reports about public officials can be considered to be libel;[2] and hence allowed free reporting of the civil rights campaigns in the southern United States. It is one of the key decisions supporting the freedom of the press. The actual malice standard requires that the plaintiff in a defamation case, if that person is a public official or public figure, prove that the publisher of the statement in question knew that the statement was false or acted in reckless disregard of its truth or falsity. Because of the extremely high burden of proof on the plaintiff, and the difficulty of proving the defendant's knowledge and intentions, such claims by public figures rarely prevail.
Before this decision, there were nearly US $300,000,000 in libel actions from the Southern states outstanding against news organizations, as part of a focused effort by Southern officials to use defamation lawsuits as a means of preventing critical coverage of civil rights issues in out-of-state publications. The Supreme Court's decision, and its adoption of the actual malice standard, reduced the financial hazard from potential defamation claims, and thus countered the efforts by public officials to use these claims to suppress political criticism.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Decision
2.1 Common law malice
3 International comparisons
4 50th anniversary
5 Later developments
6 See also
7 Notes
8 Further reading
9 External links
Background[edit]
On March 29, 1960, The New York Times carried a full-page advertisement titled "Heed Their Rising Voices", paid for by the "Committee to Defend Martin Luther King and the Struggle for Freedom in the South."[5][6] In the advertisement, the Committee solicited funds to defend Martin Luther King, Jr., against an Alabama perjury indictment. The advertisement described actions against civil rights protesters, some of them inaccurately, some of which involved the police force of Montgomery, Alabama. Referring to the Alabama State Police, the advertisement stated: "They have arrested [King] seven times...."[1] However, at that point, he had been arrested four times.[1] Although African-American students staged a demonstration on the State Capitol steps, they sang The Star-Spangled Banner, not My Country, 'Tis of Thee.[1] Although the Montgomery Public Safety commissioner, L. B. Sullivan, was not named in the advertisement, Sullivan argued that the inaccurate criticism of actions by the police was defamatory to him as well because it was his duty to supervise the police department.[1]
Published in New York Times on March 29, 1960
Because Alabama law denied public officers recovery of punitive damages in a libel action on their official conduct unless they first made a written demand for a public retraction and the defendant failed or refused to comply, Sullivan sent such a request.[1] The Times did not publish a retraction in response to the demand. Instead, its lawyers wrote a letter[7] stating, among other things, that "we... are somewhat puzzled as to how you think the statements in any way reflect on you," and "you might, if you desire, let us know in what respect you claim that the statements in the advertisement reflect on you."[1]
Sullivan did not respond but instead filed a libel suit a few days later. He also sued four African l-American ministers mentioned in the ad: Ralph Abernathy, S.S. Seay, Sr., Fred Shuttlesworth, and Joseph Lowery.
Sullivan won $500,000 in an Alabama court judgment.[8]
The Times subsequently published a retraction of the advertisement upon the demand of Governor John Patterson of Alabama, who alleged the publication charged him with "grave misconduct and... improper actions and omissions as Governor of Alabama and ex officio chairman of the State Board of Education of Alabama."[1] When asked to explain why there had been a retraction for the Governor but not for Sullivan, the Secretary of the Times testified:
We did that because we didn't want anything that was published by the Times to be a reflection on the State of Alabama and the Governor was, as far as we could see, the embodiment of the State of Alabama and the proper representative of the state and, furthermore, we had by that time learned more of the actual facts which the ad purported to recite and, finally, the ad did refer to the action of the state authorities and the Board of Education presumably of which the Governor is the ex officio chairman ...
However, the Secretary also testified he did not think that "any of the language in there referred to Mr. Sullivan."[1]
Constitutional law scholar Herbert Wechsler successfully argued the case before the United States Supreme Court. Louis M. Loeb, a partner at the firm of Lord Day & Lord who served as chief counsel to the Times from 1948 to 1967,[9] was among the authors of the brief of the Times.
Loeb later called the libel cases he argued for The New York Times "the heaviest responsibility I've ever had since I began practicing law."[10]
Decision[edit]
The Supreme Court held that news publications could not be sued for libel by public officials unless the plaintiffs were able to establish actual malice in the false reporting of a news story. The Court ruled for The Times, 9–0.[8] The rule of law applied by the Alabama courts was found constitutionally deficient for its failure to provide safeguards for freedom of speech and of the press, as required by the First and Fourteenth Amendment. The decision further held that even with the proper safeguards, the evidence presented in the case was insufficient to support a judgment for Sullivan. In sum the court ruled that "the First Amendment protects the publication of all statements, even false ones, about the conduct of public officials except when statements are made with actual malice (with knowledge that they are false or in reckless disregard of their truth or falsity)."[11]
The decision allowed newspapers more freedom to report on the widespread chaos and police abuse during the Civil Rights Movement.
Common law malice[edit]
The Court held that a public official suing for defamation must prove that the statement in question was made with actual malice. That phrase refers to knowledge or reckless lack of investigation, rather than its ordinary meaning of malicious intent. In his concurring opinion, Justice Black explained, "'Malice,' even as defined by the Court, is an elusive, abstract concept, hard to prove and hard to disprove. The requirement that malice be proved provides at best an evanescent protection for the right critically to discuss public affairs and certainly does not measure up to the sturdy safeguard embodied in the First Amendment."
The term "malice" came from existing libel law, rather than being invented in the case. In many jurisdictions, including Alabama, where the case arose, proof of "actual malice" (actual knowledge of falsity, or reckless disregard for the truth) was require for punitive damages other increased penalties. Since a writer's malicious intent is hard to prove, proof that the writer knowingly published a falsehood was generally accepted as proof of malice, under the assumption that only a person with ill intent would knowingly publish something false. In Hoeppner v. Dunkirk Printing Co., 254 N.Y. 95 (1930), similarly, the court said:
The plaintiff alleges that this criticism of him and of his work was not fair and was not honest; it was published with actual malice, ill will and spite. If he establishes this allegation, he has made out a cause of action. No comment or criticism, otherwise libelous, is fair or just comment on a matter of public interest if it be made through actual ill will and malice. (p. 106)
In New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, the Supreme Court adopted the term "actual malice" and gave it constitutional significance.
International comparisons[edit]
The rule that somebody alleging defamation should have to prove untruth, rather than that the defendant should have to prove the truth of a statement, stood as a departure from the previous common law. In England, the development was specifically rejected in Derbyshire County Council v. Times Newspapers Ltd[12] and it was also rejected in Canada in Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto[13] and more recently in Grant v. Torstar Corp.[14] In Australia, the outcome of the case was followed in Theophanous v. The Herald & Weekly Times Ltd,[15] but Theophanous was itself overruled by the High Court of Australia in Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1997) 189 CLR 520.
50th anniversary[edit]
In 2014, on the 50th anniversary of the ruling, The New York Times released an editorial in which it stated the background of the case, laid out the rationale for the Supreme Court decision, critically reflected on the state of freedom of the press 50 years after the ruling and compared the state of freedom of the press in the United States with other nations. The editorial board of The New York Times heralded the Sullivan decision as "the clearest and most forceful defense of press freedom in American history"[16] and added:
The ruling was revolutionary, because the court for the first time rejected virtually any attempt to squelch criticism of public officials—even if false—as antithetical to “the central meaning of the First Amendment.” Today, our understanding of freedom of the press comes in large part from the Sullivan case. Its core observations and principles remain unchallenged, even as the Internet has turned everyone into a worldwide publisher—capable of calling public officials instantly to account for their actions, and also of ruining reputations with the click of a mouse.[16]
Later developments[edit]
Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts, 388 U.S. 130 (1967) held that public figures who are not public officials may still sue news organizations if they disseminate information about them which is recklessly gathered and unchecked.
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323 (1974): Actual malice not necessary for defamation of private person if negligence is present.
Time, Inc. v. Hill, 385 U.S. 374 (1967). Extension of actual malice standard to false light invasion of privacy tort.
Hustler Magazine v. Falwell, 485 U.S. 46 (1988): Extending standard to intentional infliction of emotional distress.
Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co., 497 U.S. 1 (1990): Existing law is sufficient to protect free speech without recognizing opinion privilege against libel claims.
See also[edit]
New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)
New York Times Co. v. Tasini (2001)
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 376
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964).
Jump up ^ Buescher, John. "The 4th Estate as the 4th Branch." Teachinghistory.org, accessed 2 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Elena Kagan, "A Libel Story: Sullivan Then and Now" (reviewing Anthony Lewis, Make No Law: The Sullivan Case and the First Amendment (1991)), 18 Law and Social Inquiry 197 (1993).
Jump up ^ Rick Schmitt, "Window to the Past: New York Times Co. v. Sullivan", Washington Lawyer, October 2014.
Jump up ^ Heed Their Rising Voices Advertisement, courtesy of the National Archives
Jump up ^ "Advertisement "Heed Their Rising Voices," New York Times, March 29, 1960 (National Archives Identifier 2641477)". National Archives-Atlanta, Records of District Courts of the United States. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Anthony Lewis (20 April 2011). Make No Law: The Sullivan Case and the First Amendment. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-307-78782-8.
^ Jump up to: a b "New York Times Co. v. Sullivan". Oyez.
Jump up ^ "Who's Who in America" 1978-1979
Jump up ^ "Louis M. Loeb, 80; Was Times Counsel". The New York Times. The New York Times. 17 March 1979. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "New York Times v. Sullivan". The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Derbyshire County Council v. Times Newspapers Ltd [1993] AC 534
Jump up ^ Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto [1995] 2 SCR 1130
Jump up ^ Grant v. Torstar Corp. [2009] 2009 SCC 61
Jump up ^ Theophanous v. The Herald & Weekly Times Ltd (1994) 182 CLR 104
^ Jump up to: a b The New York Times Editorial Board (9 March 2014). "The Uninhibited Press, 50 Years Later". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 March 2014. A version of this editorial appeared in print on March 9, 2014, on page SR10 of the New York edition with the headline: The Uninhibited Press, 50 Years Later.
Further reading[edit]
Burnett, Nicholas F. (2003). "New York Times v. Sullivan". In Parker, Richard A. (ed.). Free Speech on Trial: Communication Perspectives on Landmark Supreme Court Decisions. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press. pp. 116–129. ISBN 0-8173-1301-X. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)
Edmondson, Aimee1. "Rearticulating New York Times v. Sullivan as a Social Duty to Journalists" Journalism Studies (Jan 2017) 18#1 p 86-101. response to Donald Trump's campaign promise to " “open up” libel laws to make it easier for office holders to sue the media.
Fireside, Harvey (1999). New York Times V. Sullivan: Affirming Freedom of the Press. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7660-1085-7.
Lewis, Anthony (1991). Make No Law: The Sullivan Case and the First Amendment. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-58774-X.
Lithwick, Dahlia (2007-07-17). "Target Practice: Justice Scalia sets his sights on New York Times Co. v. Sullivan". Slate. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
Schmidt, Christopher (2014). "New York Times v. Sullivan and the Legal Attack on the Civil Rights Movement" (PDF). Alabama Law Review. 66: 293–335.
Watson, John C. (2002). "Times v. Sullivan: Landmark or Land Mine on the Road to Ethical Journalism?". Journal of Mass Media Ethics. 17 (1): 3–19. doi:10.1207/S15327728JMME1701_02.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
New York Times v. Sullivan (376 U.S. 254)
Text of New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964) is available from: CourtListener Findlaw Justia Oyez OpenJurist Google Scholar University of Wisconsin Boston College
Booknotes interview with Anthony Lewis on Make No Law: The Sullivan Case and the First Amendment, October 20, 1991.
[hide]
v
t
e
United States First Amendment case law
[show]
Establishment Clause
Public funding
Everson v. Board of Education (1947)
McCollum v. Board of Education (1948)
Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York (1970)
Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)
Marsh v. Chambers (1983)
Mueller v. Allen (1983)
Aguilar v. Felton (1985)
Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet (1994)
Agostini v. Felton (1997)
Mitchell v. Helms (2000)
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002)
Locke v. Davey (2004)
Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn (2011)
Public displays
Stone v. Graham (1980)
Lynch v. Donnelly (1984)
Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary (1985)
County of Allegheny v. ACLU (1989)
McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky (2005)
Van Orden v. Perry (2005)
Pleasant Grove City v. Summum (2009)
School prayer
Zorach v. Clauson (1952)
Engel v. Vitale (1962)
Abington School District v. Schempp (1963)
Stone v. Graham (1980)
Wallace v. Jaffree (1985)
Lee v. Weisman (1992)
Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe (2000)
Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow (2004)
Creationism
Epperson v. Arkansas (1968)
Edwards v. Aguillard (1987)
Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District (M.D. Pa. 2005)
Legislature prayer
Marsh v. Chambers (1983)
Town of Greece v. Galloway (2014)
Other
McGowan v. Maryland (1961)
McDaniel v. Paty (1978)
Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc. (1985)
Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock (1989)
Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2012)
[show]
Free Exercise Clause
Reynolds v. United States (1879)
Davis v. Beason (1890)
Schneider v. New Jersey (1939)
Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
Murdock v. Pennsylvania (1943)
United States v. Ballard (1944)
Braunfeld v. Brown (1961)
Torcaso v. Watkins (1961)
Sherbert v. Verner (1963)
Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church (1969)
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)
Harris v. McRae (1980)
Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division (1981)
United States v. Lee (1982)
Bob Jones University v. United States (1983)
Bowen v. Roy (1986)
Goldman v. Weinberger (1986)
Employment Division v. Smith (1990)
Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah (1993)
City of Boerne v. Flores (1997)
Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton (2002)
Cutter v. Wilkinson (2005)
Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer (2017)
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (under consideration)
National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra (under consideration)
[show]
Freedom of speech (portal)
Sedition and
imminent danger
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten (S.D.N.Y. 1917)
Schenck v. United States (1919)
Abrams v. United States (1919)
Gitlow v. New York (1925)
Whitney v. California (1927)
Dennis v. United States (1951)
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board (1955, 1961)
Yates v. United States (1957)
Bond v. Floyd (1966)
Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)
Hess v. Indiana (1973)
False speech
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. (1974)
United States v. Alvarez (2012)
Fighting words and
the heckler's veto
Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942)
Terminiello v. Chicago (1949)
Feiner v. New York (1951)
Gregory v. Chicago (1969)
National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie (1977)
R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul (1992)
Snyder v. Phelps (2011)
Elonis v. United States (2015)
Freedom of assembly
and public forums
Hague v. CIO (1939)
Schneider v. New Jersey (1939)
Thornhill v. Alabama (1940)
Martin v. City of Struthers (1943)
Marsh v. Alabama (1946)
Niemotko v. Maryland (1951)
Edwards v. South Carolina (1963)
Cox v. Louisiana (1965)
Brown v. Louisiana (1966)
Adderley v. Florida (1966)
Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne (1968)
Coates v. Cincinnati (1971)
Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe (1971)
Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner (1972)
Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins (1980)
Widmar v. Vincent (1981)
Hill v. Colorado (2000)
McCullen v. Coakley (2014)
Packingham v. North Carolina (2017)
Symbolic speech
Stromberg v. California (1931)
United States v. O'Brien (1968)
Cohen v. California (1971)
Smith v. Goguen (1974)
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
United States v. Eichman (1990)
Virginia v. Black (2003)
Compelled speech
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
Wooley v. Maynard (1977)
Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth (2000)
Davenport v. Washington Education Association (2007)
Knox v. Service Employees International Union, Local 1000 (2012)
Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International, Inc. (2013)
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (under consideration)
National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra (under consideration)
Loyalty oaths
American Communications Association v. Douds (1950)
Garner v. Board of Public Works (1951)
Speiser v. Randall (1958)
Keyishian v. Board of Regents (1967)
Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb (1974)
School speech
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)
Island Trees School District v. Pico (1982)
Bethel School District v. Fraser (1986)
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)
Rosenberger v. University of Virginia (1995)
Morse v. Frederick (2007)
Obscenity
Rosen v. United States (1896)
United States v. One Book Called Ulysses (S.D.N.Y. 1933)
Roth v. United States (1957)
One, Inc. v. Olesen (1958)
Smith v. California (1959)
Marcus v. Search Warrant (1961)
MANual Enterprises v. Day (1962)
Jacobellis v. Ohio (1964)
Quantity of Books v. Kansas (1964)
Freedman v. Maryland (1965)
Ginzburg v. United States (1966)
Memoirs v. Massachusetts (1966)
Redrup v. New York (1967)
Ginsberg v. New York (1968)
Stanley v. Georgia (1969)
Cohen v. California (1971)
United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs (1971)
Kois v. Wisconsin (1972)
Miller v. California (1973)
Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton (1973)
United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film (1973)
Jenkins v. Georgia (1974)
Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville (1975)
Young v. American Mini Theatres (1976)
New York v. Ferber (1982)
American Booksellers v. Hudnut (7th Cir., 1985)
Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc. (1986)
People v. Freeman (Cal. 1988)
Osborne v. Ohio (1990)
United States v. X-Citement Video (1994)
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997)
United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group (2000)
Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002)
Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union (2002)
Nitke v. Gonzales (S.D.N.Y., 2005)
United States v. Williams (2008)
FCC v. Fox Televisions Stations - 2 cases (2009 and 2012)
American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland (6th Cir., 2009)
United States v. Kilbride (9th Cir., 2009)
United States v. Stevens (2010)
Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association (2011)
Public employees
Pickering v. Board of Education (1968)
Perry v. Sindermann (1972)
Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth (1972)
Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle (1977)
Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District (1979)
Connick v. Myers (1983)
Rankin v. McPherson (1987)
Waters v. Churchill (1994)
Garcetti v. Ceballos (2006)
Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri (2011)
Heffernan v. City of Paterson (2016)
Hatch Act
and similar laws
Ex parte Curtis (1882)
United Public Workers v. Mitchell (1947)
United States Civil Service Commission v. National Association of Letter Carriers (1973)
Broadrick v. Oklahoma (1973)
Licensing and
restriction of speech
Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio (1915)
Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson (1952)
Freedman v. Maryland (1965)
Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council (1976)
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc. (1982)
Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans (2015)
Matal v. Tam (2017)
Commercial speech
Valentine v. Chrestensen (1942)
Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept. (1970)
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations (1973)
Bigelow v. Commonwealth of Virginia (1974)
Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council (1976)
Bates v. State Bar of Arizona (1977)
Linmark Associates, Inc. v. Willingboro (1977)
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission (1980)
Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n (1980)
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission of California (1986)
Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico (1986)
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee (1987)
44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island (1996)
Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc. (2011)
Campaign finance and
political speech
Buckley v. Valeo (1976)
First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti (1978)
Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley (1981)
Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee (1982)
Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington (1983)
FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life (1986)
Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce (1990)
McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission (1995)
Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC (1996)
Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC (2000)
Republican Party of Minnesota v. White (2002)
McConnell v. FEC (2003)
Randall v. Sorrell (2006)
FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. (2007)
Davis v. FEC (2008)
Citizens United v. FEC (2010)
McComish v. Bennett (2011)
American Tradition Partnership v. Bullock (2012)
McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission (2014)
Williams-Yulee v. The Florida Bar (2015)
[hide]
Freedom of the press
Prior restraints
and censorship
Near v. Minnesota (1931)
Lovell v. City of Griffin (1938)
Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc. (1946)
New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)
Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo (1974)
Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart (1976)
Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia (1978)
Tory v. Cochran (2005)
Privacy
Time, Inc. v. Hill (1967)
Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn (1975)
Florida Star v. B. J. F. (1989)
Taxation and
privileges
Grosjean v. American Press Co. (1936)
Branzburg v. Hayes (1972)
Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner (1983)
Defamation
Beauharnais v. Illinois (1952)
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)
Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts (1967)
Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler (1970)
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. (1974)
Time, Inc. v. Firestone (1976)
Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc. (1984)
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc. (1985)
McDonald v. Smith (1985)
Hustler Magazine v. Falwell (1988)
Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton (1989)
Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. (1990)
Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox (9th Cir., 2014)
Broadcast media
Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC (1969)
FCC v. Pacifica Foundation (1978)
Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC (1994)
Bartnicki v. Vopper (2001)
Copyrighted materials
Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co. (1977)
Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises (1985)
[show]
Freedom of association
Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath (1951)
Watkins v. United States (1957)
NAACP v. Alabama (1958)
Baggett v. Bullitt (1964)
In re Primus (1978)
Roberts v. United States Jaycees (1984)
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, & Bisexual Group of Boston (1995)
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Times_Co._v._Sullivan&oldid=833460510"
Categories:
1964 in United States case law
United States defamation case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Free Speech Clause case law
American media history
United States tort case law
The New York Times
American Civil Liberties Union litigation
Civil Rights Movement
African-American history of Alabama
United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
Español
Türkçe
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 31 March 2018, at 18:10.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height:1.3em; font-style: italic

value: tr

values: Seal of the United States Supreme Court.svg

attrs: href class

attrs: colspan style

values: margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;

values: First Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values:
infobox scotus
width:22em;line-height: 1.3em

values:
/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Martin Luther King, Jr.

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values: Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto

values: Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation

values: Intentional infliction of emotional distress

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times_v._Sullivan
mw-redirect
New York Times v. Sullivan

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.teachinghistory.org

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.oyez.org/cases/1963/39

values:
/wiki/Grant_v._Torstar_Corp.
mw-redirect
Grant v. Torstar Corp.

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list

values: wikisource:New York Times v. Sullivan (376 U.S. 254)

values:
nofollow
external text
https://openjurist.org/376/us/254

values: Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York

values: Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary

values: County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union

values: McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union

values: Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe

values: Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow

values: Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values: Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah

values: Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton

values: Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer

values:
/wiki/Terminiello_v._Chicago
mw-redirect
Terminiello v. Chicago

values:
/wiki/Gregory_v._Chicago
mw-redirect
Gregory v. Chicago

values: Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization

values:
/wiki/Coates_v._Cincinnati
mw-redirect
Coates v. Cincinnati

values: Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe

values: West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette

values: Davenport v. Washington Education Association

values: American Communications Association v. Douds

values: United States v. One Book Called Ulysses

values:
/wiki/MANual_Enterprises_v._Day
mw-redirect
MANual Enterprises v. Day

values: United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs

values: United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film

values:
/wiki/Young_v._American_Mini_Theatres
mw-redirect
Young v. American Mini Theatres

values:
/wiki/American_Booksellers_v._Hudnut
mw-redirect
American Booksellers v. Hudnut

values:
/wiki/United_States_v._X-Citement_Video
mw-redirect
United States v. X-Citement Video

values: United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group

values: Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union

values: Federal Communications Commission v. Fox Television Stations (2009)

values: Federal Communications Commission v. Fox Television Stations (2012)

values: Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association

values: Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth

values: Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District

values:
/wiki/Rowan_v._U.S._Post_Office_Dept.
mw-redirect
Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept.

values: Consolidated Edison Co. v. Public Service Commission

values: Pacific Gas & Electric v. Public Utilities Commission

values: First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti

values: Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley

values: Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee

values: Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington

values: Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC

values: McConnell v. Federal Election Commission

values: Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.

values: Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission

values:
/wiki/McComish_v._Bennett
mw-redirect
McComish v. Bennett

values: Western Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Montana

values: McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission

values:
/wiki/Williams-Yulee_v._The_Florida_Bar
mw-redirect
Williams-Yulee v. The Florida Bar

values: Freedom of the press in the United States

values: Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia

values: Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner

values: Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.

values: Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.

values: Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton

values: Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.

values: nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup

values: Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath

values: nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner

values: Category:United States defamation case law

values: Category:United States Supreme Court cases

values: Category:United States Free Speech Clause case law

values: Category:American Civil Liberties Union litigation

values: Category:African-American history of Alabama

values: Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._Sullivan
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: New York Times contra Sullivan – Spanish

values: New York Times - Sullivan Davası – Turkish

values: 纽约时报诉沙利文案 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-New_York_Times_Co_v_Sullivan rootpage-New_York_Times_Co_v_Sullivan skin-vector action-view