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Economic freedom
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"Economic rights" redirects here. For another use, see Economic, social and cultural rights.
Economic freedom or economic liberty is the ability of people of a society to take economic actions. This is a term used in economic and policy debates as well as in the philosophy of economics.[1][2] One approach to economic freedom comes from classical liberal and libertarian traditions emphasizing free markets, free trade, and private property under free enterprise. Another approach to economic freedom extends the welfare economics study of individual choice, with greater economic freedom coming from a "larger" (in some technical sense) set of possible choices.[3] Other conceptions of economic freedom include freedom from want[1][4] and the freedom to engage in collective bargaining.[5]
The free market viewpoint defines economic liberty as the freedom to produce, trade and consume any goods and services acquired without the use of force, fraud or theft. This is embodied in the rule of law, property rights and freedom of contract, and characterized by external and internal openness of the markets, the protection of property rights and freedom of economic initiative.[3][6][7] There are several indices of economic freedom that attempt to measure free market economic freedom. Based on these rankings correlative studies have found higher economic growth to be correlated with higher scores on the country rankings.[8][citation needed] With regards to other measures, such as equality, corruption, political and social violence and their correlation to economic freedom it has been argued that the economic freedom indices conflate unrelated policies and policy outcomes to conceal negative correlations between economic growth and economic freedom in some subcomponents.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Classical liberal viewpoint
1.1 Institutions of economic freedom
1.1.1 Private property rights
1.1.2 Freedom of contract
1.2 Economic and political freedom
1.3 Indices of economic freedom
1.3.1 Critiques
2 Choice sets and economic freedom
2.1 Positive and negative freedom
3 Freedom from want
4 Freedom of association and unions
5 Socialist views
6 Socioeconomic impact of economic freedom
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
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Institutions of economic freedom[edit]
Private property rights[edit]
Main article: Right to property
In the 1960s, Alan Greenspan argued that economic freedom requires the gold standard for protection of savings from confiscation through inflation[10]
According to the free market view, a secure system of private property rights is an essential part of economic freedom. Such systems include two main rights: the right to control and benefit from property and the right to transfer property by voluntary means. These rights offer people the possibility of autonomy and self-determination according to their personal values and goals.[11] Economist Milton Friedman sees property rights as "the most basic of human rights and an essential foundation for other human rights."[12] With property rights protected, people are free to choose the use of their property, earn on it, and transfer it to anyone else, as long as they do it on a voluntary basis and do not resort to force, fraud or theft. In such conditions most people can achieve much greater personal freedom and development than under a regime of government coercion. A secure system of property rights also reduces uncertainty and encourages investments, creating favorable conditions for an economy to be successful.[13] Empirical evidence suggests that countries with strong property rights systems have economic growth rates almost twice as high as those of countries with weak property rights systems, and that a market system with significant private property rights is an essential condition for democracy.[14] According to Hernando de Soto, much of the poverty in the Third World countries is caused by the lack of Western systems of laws and well-defined and universally recognized property rights. De Soto argues that because of the legal barriers poor people in those countries can not utilize their assets to produce more wealth.[15] One thinker to question private property was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, a socialist and anarchist, who argued that property is both theft and freedom.[16]
Freedom of contract[edit]
Freedom of contract is the right to choose one's contracting parties and to trade with them on any terms and conditions one sees fit. Contracts permit individuals to create their own enforceable legal rules, adapted to their unique situations.[17] However, not all contracts need to be enforced by the state. For example, in the United States there is a large number of third-party arbitration tribunals which resolve disputes under private commercial law.[18] Negatively understood, freedom of contract is freedom from government interference and from imposed value judgments of fairness. The notion of "freedom of contract" was given one of its most famous legal expressions in 1875 by Sir George Jessel MR:[19]
[I]f there is one thing more than another public policy requires it is that men of full age and competent understanding shall have the utmost liberty of contracting, and that their contracts when entered into freely and voluntarily shall be held sacred and shall be enforced by courts of justice. Therefore, you have this paramount public policy to consider – that you are not lightly to interfere with this freedom of contract.
The doctrine of freedom of contract received one of its strongest expressions in the US Supreme Court case of Lochner v New York which struck down legal restrictions on the working hours of bakers. [3]
Critics of the classical view of freedom of contract argue that this freedom is illusory when the bargaining power of the parties is highly unequal, most notably in the case of contracts between employers and workers. As in the case of restrictions on working hours, workers as a group may benefit from legal protections that prevent individuals agreeing to contracts that require long working hours. In its West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish decision in 1937, overturning Lochner, the Supreme Court cited an earlier decisions
“ The legislature has also recognized the fact, which the experience of legislators in many States has corroborated, that the proprietors of these establishments and their operatives do not stand upon an equality, and that [p. 394] their interests are, to a certain extent, conflicting. The former naturally desire to obtain as much labor as possible from their employees, while the latter are often induced by the fear of discharge to conform to regulations which their judgment, fairly exercised, would pronounce to be detrimental to their health or strength. In other words, the proprietors lay down the rules and the laborers are practically constrained to obey them. In such cases, self-interest is often an unsafe guide, and the legislature may properly interpose its authority.[20] ”
From this point on, the Lochner view of freedom of contract has been rejected by US courts.[21]
Economic and political freedom[edit]
Some free market advocates argue that political and civil liberties have simultaneously expanded with market-based economies, and present empirical evidence to support the claim that economic and political freedoms are linked.[22][23]
In Capitalism and Freedom (1962), Friedman further developed Friedrich Hayek's argument that economic freedom, while itself an extremely important component of total freedom, is also a necessary condition for political freedom. He commented that centralized control of economic activities was always accompanied with political repression. In his view, voluntary character of all transactions in a free market economy and wide diversity that it permits are fundamental threats to repressive political leaders and greatly diminish power to coerce. Through elimination of centralized control of economic activities, economic power is separated from political power, and the one can serve as counterbalance to the other. Friedman feels that competitive capitalism is especially important to minority groups, since impersonal market forces protect people from discrimination in their economic activities for reasons unrelated to their productivity.[24]
Austrian School economist Ludwig von Mises argued that economic and political freedom were mutually dependent: "The idea that political freedom can be preserved in the absence of economic freedom, and vice versa, is an illusion. Political freedom is the corollary of economic freedom. It is no accident that the age of capitalism became also the age of government by the people."[25]
In The Road to Serfdom, Hayek argued that "Economic control is not merely control of a sector of human life which can be separated from the rest; it is the control of the means for all our ends."[26] Hayek criticized socialist policies as the slippery slope that can lead to totalitarianism.[27]
Gordon Tullock has argued that "the Hayek-Friedman argument" predicted totalitarian governments in much of Western Europe in the late 20th century – which did not occur. He uses the example of Sweden, in which the government at that time controlled 63 percent of GNP, as an example to support his argument that the basic problem with The Road to Serfdom is "that it offered predictions which turned out to be false. The steady advance of government in places such as Sweden has not led to any loss of non-economic freedoms." While criticizing Hayek, Tullock still praises the classical liberal notion of economic freedom, saying, "Arguments for political freedom are strong, as are the arguments for economic freedom. We needn’t make one set of arguments depend on the other."[28]
Indices of economic freedom[edit]
Main article: Indices of economic freedom
The annual surveys Economic Freedom of the World (EFW) and Index of Economic Freedom (IEF) are two indices which attempt to measure the degree of economic freedom in the world's nations. The EFW index, originally developed by Gwartney, Lawson and Block at the Fraser Institute[29] was likely the most used in empirical studies as of 2000.[30] The other major index, which was developed by The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal appears superior for data work, although as it only goes back to 1995, it is less useful for historical comparisons.[30]
According to the creators of the indices, these rankings correlate strongly with higher average income per person, higher income of the poorest 10%, higher life expectancy, higher literacy, lower infant mortality, higher access to water sources and less corruption.[31][32] The people living in the top one-fifth of countries enjoy an average income of $23,450 and a growth rate in the 1990s of 2.56 percent per year; in contrast, the bottom one-fifth in the rankings had an average income of just $2,556 and a -0.85 percent growth rate in the 1990s. The poorest 10 percent of the population have an average income of just $728 in the lowest ranked countries compared with over $7,000 in the highest ranked countries. The life expectancy of people living in the highest ranked nations is 20 years longer than for people in the lowest ranked countries.[33]
Higher economic freedom, as measured by both the Heritage and the Fraser indices, correlates strongly with higher self-reported happiness.[34]
Erik Gartzke of the Fraser Institute estimates that countries with a high EFW are significantly less likely to be involved in wars, while his measure of democracy had little or no impact.[35]
The Economic Freedom of the World score for the entire world has grown considerably in recent decades. The average score has increased from 5.17 in 1985 to 6.4 in 2005. Of the nations in 1985, 95 nations increased their score, seven saw a decline, and six were unchanged.[36] Using the 2008 Index of Economic Freedom methodology world economic freedom has increased 2.6 points since 1995.[37]
Members of the World Bank Group also use Index of Economic Freedom as the indicator of investment climate, because it covers more aspects relevant to the private sector in wide number of countries.[38]
Critiques[edit]
The nature of economic freedom is often in dispute. Robert Lawson, the co-author of EFW, even acknowledges the potential shortcomings of freedom indices: "The purpose of the EFW index is to measure, no doubt imprecisely, the degree of economic freedom that exists."[39] He likens the recent attempts of economists to measure economic freedom to the initial attempts of economists to measure GDP: "They [macroeconomists] were scientists who sat down to design, as best they could with the tools at hand, a measure of the current economic activity of the nation. Economic activity exists and their job was to measure it. Likewise economic freedom exists. It is a thing. We can define and measure it." Thus, it follows that some economists, socialists and anarchists contend that the existing indicators of economic freedom are too narrowly defined and should take into account a broader conception of economic freedoms.
Critics of the indices (e.g. Thom Hartmann) also oppose the inclusion of business-related measures like corporate charters and intellectual property protection.[40] John Miller in Dollars & Sense has stated that the indices are "a poor barometer of either freedom more broadly construed or of prosperity." He argues that the high correlation between living standards and economic freedom as measured by IEF is the result of choices made in the construction of the index that guarantee this result. For example, the treatment of a large informal sector (common in poor countries) as an indicator of restrictive government policy, and the use of the change in the ratio of government spending to national income, rather than the level of this ratio. Hartmann argues that these choices cause the social democratic European countries to rank higher than countries where the government share of the economy is small but growing.[41]
Economists Dani Rodrik and Jeffrey Sachs have separately noted that there appears to be little correlation between measured economic freedom and economic growth when the least free countries are disregarded, as indicated by the strong growth of the Chinese economy in recent years.[42][43] Morris Altman found that there is a relatively large correlation between economic freedom and both per capita income and per capita growth. He argues that this is especially true when it comes to sub-indices relating to property rights and sound money, while he calls into question the importance of sub-indices relating to labor regulation and government size once certain threshold values are passed.[44] John Miller further observes that Hong Kong and Singapore, both only "partially free" according to Freedom House, are leading countries on both economic freedom indices and casts doubt on the claim that measured economic freedom is associated with political freedom.[41] However, according to the Freedom House, "there is a high and statistically significant correlation between the level of political freedom as measured by Freedom House and economic freedom as measured by the Wall Street Journal/Heritage Foundation survey."[45]
Choice sets and economic freedom[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2010)
Amartya Sen and other economists consider economic freedom to be measured in terms of the set of economic choices available to individuals. Economic freedom is greater when individuals have more economic choices available – when, in some technical sense, the choice set of individuals expands.
Positive and negative freedom[edit]
The differences between alternative views of economic freedom have been expressed in terms of Isaiah Berlin's distinction between positive freedom and negative freedom. Classical liberals favour a focus on negative freedom as did Berlin himself. By contrast Amartya Sen argues for an understanding of freedom in terms of capabilities to pursue a range of goals.[46] One measure which attempts to assess freedom in the positive sense is Goodin, Rice, Parpo, and Eriksson's measure of discretionary time, which is an estimate of how much time people have at their disposal during which they are free to choose the activities in which they participate, after taking into account the time they need to spend acquiring the necessities of life.[47] In his book, Capitalism and Freedom,[48] Milton Friedman explains the preservation of freedom is the reason for limited and decentralized governments. It creates positive freedom within the society allowing for freedom of choice for an individual in a free society.
Freedom from want[edit]
Franklin D. Roosevelt included freedom from want in his Four freedoms speech. Roosevelt stated that freedom from want "translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants-everywhere in the world".[citation needed] In terms of US policy, Roosevelt's New Deal included economic freedoms such as freedom of trade union organisation, as well as a wide range of policies of government intervention and redistributive taxation aimed at promoting freedom from want.[citation needed] Internationally, Roosevelt favored the policies associated with the Bretton Woods Agreement which fixed exchange rates and established international economic institutions such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund.[citation needed]
Herbert Hoover saw economic freedom as a fifth freedom, which secures survival of Roosevelt's Four freedoms. He described economic freedom as freedom "for men to choose their own calling, to accumulate property in protection of their children and old age, [and] freedom of enterprise that does not injure others."[49]
Freedom of association and unions[edit]
The Philadelphia Declaration (enshrined in the constitution of the International Labour Organization[50]) states that "all human beings, irrespective of race, creed or sex, have the right to pursue both their material well-being and their spiritual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, of economic security and equal opportunity." The ILO further states that "The right of workers and employers to form and join organizations of their own choosing is an integral part of a free and open society."[51]
Socialist views[edit]
The socialist view of economic freedom conceives of freedom as a concrete situation as opposed to an abstract or moral concept. This view of freedom is closely related to the socialist view of human creativity and the importance ascribed to creative freedom. Socialists view creativity as an essential aspect of human nature, thus defining freedom as a situation or state of being where individuals are able to express their creativity unhindered by constraints of both material scarcity and coercive social institutions.[52] Marxists stress the importance of freeing the individual from what they view as coercive, exploitative and alienating social relationships of production they are compelled to partake in, as well as the importance of economic development as providing the material basis for the existence of a state of society where there are enough resources to allow for each individual to pursue his or her genuine creative interests.[53]
Socioeconomic impact of economic freedom[edit]
One of the ways to measure economic competitiveness is by comparing an extent of economic freedom that countries have, which as surveys show can also largely explain differences in economic well-being across the world. Generally, countries with higher economic freedom have higher gross domestic product per capita and its growth rates, as well as better health care, education quality, environment protection, income equality, and happiness results. These trends of increasing prosperity are confirmed even when we compare these indicators within territories of countries. Nevertheless, despite these benefits societies have to be aware that with increasing economic freedom they will have to face going through a phase of increasing inequality, which basically is a result of decreased redistribution, as well as other negative effects from economic liberalization, i.e., running of local enterprises out of business, takeover of competitive firms, enforcing of interests of foreign companies, dependence on foreign capital, deteriorating work rights, harmful manufacturing for the environment, introducing of commercial practices that are not favorable for consumers, as well as endangerment for survival of national cultures. However, on the bright side, these negative effects from economic freedom tend to be felt in a shorter term, and if countries use the opportunities of economic freedom in our increasingly globalized economy in a right way, as research shows their socioeconomic conditions will be significantly better than in a case of less economic freedom.[54]
See also[edit]
Distributive economy
Anglo-Saxon economy
Economic liberalism
Economic Freedom of the World
Free association
Index of Economic Freedom
Indices of economic freedom
List of indices of freedom
Laissez-faire
List of countries by economic freedom
Four Freedoms (European Union)
Capitalism and Freedom
Free to Choose
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Jacoby, Daniel (1998). Laboring for Freedom: A New Look at the History of Labor in America (eBook). Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe. pp. 8–9, 148, 166–67. ISBN 978-0-585-19030-3.
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Jump up ^ Goodin, Robert E.; Rice, James Mahmud; Parpo, Antti; Eriksson, Lina (2008). Discretionary Time: A New Measure of Freedom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–54. ISBN 978-0-521-70951-4. Chapter 1 and 2 discusses the context and validity of the new measure.
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Jump up ^ Rožāns, Edgars, The Socioeconomic Impact of Economic Freedom. Humanities and Social Sciences, pp. 105–25, 2015. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2683493
Further reading[edit]
Cebula, R., & Clark, J. (2014). Impact of Economic Freedom, Regulatory Quality, and Taxation on the Per Capita Real Income: An Analysis for OECD Nations and Non-G8 OECD Nations, MPRA Paper 56605, University Library of Munich, Germany.
Cebula, R. (2013). Effects of Economic Freedom, Regulatory Quality, and Taxation on Real Income, MPRA Paper 55421, University Library of Munich, Germany.
Friedrich Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty
Friedrich Hayek, The Road to Serfdom
Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom
Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom
Li, Kui-Wai (2012). Economic Freedom: Lessons of Hong Kong. Hackensack, New Jersey: World Scientific. p. 804. ISBN 978-981-4368-85-8.
External links[edit]
John Miller, "Free, Free at Last" in Dollars & Sense magazine
The Protection Of Economic Rights & Freedoms
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Sympathy for the Devil
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the song. For other uses, see Sympathy for the Devil (disambiguation).
"Sympathy for the Devil"
German single picture sleeve (1973)
Song by the Rolling Stones
from the album Beggars Banquet
Released
6 December 1968 (1968-12-06)
Recorded
4–5, 8–10 June 1968
Studio
Olympic, London
Genre
Samba rock
Length
6:18
Label
Decca
Songwriter(s)
Jagger/Richards
Producer(s)
Jimmy Miller
Audio sample
file
help
"Sympathy for the Devil" is a samba rock song by the Rolling Stones, written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards. Sung by Jagger, the song is an homage to the Devil, written in the first-person narrative from his point of view, recounting atrocities committed throughout the history of humanity. It is performed in a rock arrangement with a samba rhythm. It first appeared as the opening track on their 1968 album Beggars Banquet. Rolling Stone magazine placed it at number 32 in its list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time".
Contents
[hide]
1 Inspiration
2 Recording
3 Aftermath
4 Personnel
5 The 1968 film and others
6 Guns N' Roses version
6.1 Personnel
6.2 Charts
6.3 Sales and certifications
7 Other recorded versions
8 References
9 External links
Inspiration[edit]
"Sympathy for the Devil" is credited to Jagger and Richards, though the song was largely a Jagger composition.[1] The working title of the song was "The Devil Is My Name", having earlier been called "Fallen Angels", and it is sung by Jagger as a first-person narrative from the point of view of the Devil, recounting his control over the events of human existence.
In the 2012 documentary Crossfire Hurricane, Jagger stated that his influence for the song came from Baudelaire and from the Russian author Mikhail Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita (which had just appeared in English translation in 1967). The book was given to him by Marianne Faithfull.
In a 1995 interview with Rolling Stone, Jagger said, "I think that was taken from an old idea of Baudelaire's, I think, but I could be wrong. Sometimes when I look at my Baudelaire books, I can't see it in there. But it was an idea I got from French writing. And I just took a couple of lines and expanded on it. I wrote it as sort of like a Bob Dylan song."[1] It was Richards who suggested changing the tempo and using additional percussion, turning the folk song into a samba.[2]
Backed by an intensifying rock arrangement, the narrator, with narcissistic relish, recounts his exploits over the course of human history and warns the listener: "If you meet me, have some courtesy, have some sympathy, and some taste; use all your well-learned politesse, or I'll lay your soul to waste." Further more, Jagger stated in the Rolling Stone interview: "it's a very long historical figure — the figures of evil and figures of good — so it is a tremendously long trail he's made as personified in this piece."[1] By the time Beggars Banquet was released, the Rolling Stones had already raised some hackles for sexually forward lyrics such as "Let's Spend the Night Together"[3] and for allegedly dabbling in Satanism[4] (their previous album, while containing no direct Satanic references in its music or lyrics, was titled Their Satanic Majesties Request), and "Sympathy" brought these concerns to the fore, provoking media rumours and fears among some religious groups that the Stones were devil-worshippers and a corrupting influence on youth.[4]
The lyrics focus on atrocities in the history of mankind from Satan's point of view including the trial and death of Jesus Christ ("Made damn sure that Pilate washed his hands to seal his fate"), European wars of religion ("I watched with glee while your kings and queens fought for ten decades for the gods they made"), the violence of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the 1918 shooting of the Romanov family ("I stuck around St. Petersburg when I saw it was a time for a change/Killed the Tsar and his ministers/Anastasia screamed in vain"), and World War II ("I rode a tank, held a general's rank when the blitzkrieg raged, and the bodies stank"). The song was originally written with the line "I shouted out 'Who killed Kennedy?'" After Robert F. Kennedy's death on 6 June 1968, the line was changed to "I shouted out 'Who killed the Kennedys?'"[5]
Jagger sings the final lines of the coda, before the fade, in a high falsetto.
The song may have been spared further controversy when the first single from the album, "Street Fighting Man", became even more controversial in view of the race riots and student protests occurring in many cities in Europe and in the United States.[6]
Recording[edit]
The recording of "Sympathy for the Devil" began at London's Olympic Sound Studios on 4 June 1968 and continued into the next day; overdubs were done on 8, 9 and 10 June.[7] Personnel included on the recording include Nicky Hopkins on piano, Rocky Dijon on congas and Bill Wyman on maracas.
It is often mentioned that Marianne Faithfull, Anita Pallenberg, Brian Jones, Charlie Watts, producer Jimmy Miller, Wyman and Richards performed backup vocals, singing the "woo woos", repeatedly, as this can be seen in the film Sympathy for the Devil (see below) by Jean-Luc Godard. Richards plays bass on the original recording,[citation needed] and also electric guitar. Jones is seen playing an acoustic guitar in the film, but it is not audible in the finished mix.
In the 2003 book According to the Rolling Stones, Watts said: "'Sympathy' was one of those sort of songs where we tried everything. The first time I ever heard the song was when Mick was playing it at the front door of a house I lived at in Sussex ... He played it entirely on his own ... and it was fantastic. We had a go at loads of different ways of playing it; in the end I just played a jazz Latin feel in the style of Kenny Clarke would have played on 'A Night in Tunisia' – not the actual rhythm he played, but the same styling."[2]
On the overall power of the song, Jagger continued in Rolling Stone: "It has a very hypnotic groove, a samba, which has a tremendous hypnotic power, rather like good dance music. It doesn't speed up or slow down. It keeps this constant groove. Plus, the actual samba rhythm is a great one to sing on, but it is also got some other suggestions in it, an undercurrent of being primitive—because it is a primitive African, South American, Afro-whatever-you-call-that rhythm (candomblé). So to white people, it has a very sinister thing about it. But forgetting the cultural colors, it is a very good vehicle for producing a powerful piece. It becomes less pretentious because it is a very unpretentious groove. If it had been done as a ballad, it wouldn't have been as good."[1]
Aftermath[edit]
In an interview with Creem, Jagger said, "[When people started taking us as devil worshippers], I thought it was a really odd thing, because it was only one song, after all. It wasn't like it was a whole album, with lots of occult signs on the back. People seemed to embrace the image so readily, [and] it has carried all the way over into heavy metal bands today. Some people have made a living out of doing this; for example, Jimmy Page." [4]
Of the change in public perception the band experienced after the song's release, Richards said in a 1971 interview with Rolling Stone, "Before, we were just innocent kids out for a good time, they're saying, 'They're evil, they're evil.' Oh, I'm evil, really? So that makes you start thinking about evil... What is evil? Half of it, I don't know how much people think of Mick as the devil or as just a good rock performer or what? There are black magicians who think we are acting as unknown agents of Lucifer and others who think we are Lucifer. Everybody's Lucifer."[8]
Contrary to a widespread misconception, it was "Under My Thumb" and not "Sympathy for the Devil" that the Rolling Stones were performing when Meredith Hunter was killed at the Altamont Free Concert.[4] Rolling Stone magazine's early articles on the incident misreported that the killing took place during "Sympathy for the Devil",[9] but the Stones in fact played "Sympathy for the Devil" earlier in the concert; it was interrupted by a fight and restarted, Jagger commenting, "We're always having—something very funny happens when we start that number." Several other songs were performed before Hunter was killed.[7]
Personnel[edit]
Mick Jagger – lead vocals
Keith Richards – guitar solo, bass guitar, backing vocals
Brian Jones – backing vocals
Bill Wyman – maracas, backing vocals
Charlie Watts – drums, backing vocals, cowbell
Nicky Hopkins – piano, backing vocals
Rocky Dijon – congas
Anita Pallenberg, Marianne Faithfull – backing vocals
The 1968 film and others[edit]
Cover art for DVD release
Sympathy for the Devil is also the title of a producer's edit of a 1968 film by Jean-Luc Godard whose own original version is called One Plus One. The film, a depiction of the late 1960s American counterculture, also featured the Rolling Stones in the process of recording the song in the studio. On the filming, Jagger said in Rolling Stone: "[it was] very fortuitous, because Godard wanted to do a film of us in the studio. I mean, it would never happen now, to get someone as interesting as Godard. And stuffy. We just happened to be recording that song. We could have been recording 'My Obsession.' But it was 'Sympathy for the Devil', and it became the track that we used."[1]
Guns N' Roses version[edit]
"Sympathy for the Devil"
Single by Guns N' Roses
from the album Interview with the Vampire soundtrack
B-side
"Escape to Paris" (by Elliot Goldenthal)
Released
13 December 1994 (1994-12-13)
Recorded
October 1994
Genre
Hard rock
heavy metal
Length
7:36
Label
Geffen
Producer(s)
Guns N' Roses
Mike Clink
Matthias Gohl
Guns N' Roses singles chronology
"Since I Don't Have You"
(1994) "Sympathy for the Devil"
(1994) "Chinese Democracy"
(2008)
"Since I Don't Have You"
(1994) "Sympathy for the Devil"
(1994) "Chinese Democracy"
(2008)
Guns N' Roses recorded a cover in 1994 which reached number 55 on the Billboard Hot 100; it was featured in the closing credits of Neil Jordan's film adaptation of Anne Rice's Interview with the Vampire (except the 4K cut of the film) and was included on their Greatest Hits album. This cover is noteworthy for causing an incident involving incoming guitarist, Paul "Huge" Tobias, that was partially responsible for guitarist Slash departing from the band in 1996.[10] Slash has described the Guns N' Roses version of the song as "the sound of the band breaking up".[11]
Rhythm guitarist Gilby Clarke, who does not appear on the recording, noted that the recording foreshadowed his departure from the band, stating: "They did that while I was on the road touring for my solo record. […] I knew that that was the ending because nobody told me about it. Officially I was in the band at that time, and they did that song without me. That was one of the last straws for me, because nobody had said anything to me, and they recorded a song by one of my favorite bands. It was pretty clear I'm a big Rolling Stones fan, and they recorded the song without me. So I knew that was it."[12]
Personnel[edit]
Axl Rose – lead vocals, piano
Slash – lead and rhythm guitars
Duff McKagan – bass guitar, backing vocals
Matt Sorum – drums, percussion
Dizzy Reed – keyboards
Paul Tobias – rhythm and lead guitars, backing vocals
Charts[edit]
Chart (1994–1995)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[13]
12
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[14]
17
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[15]
18
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[16]
40
Finland (The Official Finnish Charts)[17]
2
France (SNEP)[18]
15
Germany (Official German Charts)[19]
20
Ireland (IRMA)[20]
16
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[21]
9
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[22]
13
Norway (VG-lista)[23]
5
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[24]
7
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[25]
15
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[26]
10
US Billboard Hot 100[27]
55
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[28]
10
Sales and certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Japan (RIAJ)[29]
Gold 50,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Other recorded versions[edit]
In 2005, Cuban drummer and percussionist Horacio Hernandez ("El Negro") recorded a Latin Jazz version of the song, sung by Latin great Rubén Blades.[30]
British gothic rock band Inkubus Sukkubus released a cover of the song on their 2007 album Science and Nature.[31]
Indie rock bands Band of Skulls and John & Jehn covered the song for the French TV show Taratata broadcast in March 2010.[32]
Motörhead covered the song for their 2015 album Bad Magic.[33]
Sandie Shaw covered the song for her 1969 album Reviewing the Situation.[34]
Blood, Sweat & Tears released a version in 1970 on the band's third album.
Tiamat covered the song for their 1999 album Skeleton Skeletron.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Wenner, Jann (December 14, 1995). "Mick Jagger Remembers". Rolling Stone.
^ Jump up to: a b Jagger, Mick; Richards, Keith; Watts, Charlie; Wood, Ronnie (2003). According to the Rolling Stones. Chronicle Books. p. 119. ISBN 0-8118-4060-3.
Jump up ^ Unterberger, Richie. "Let's Spend the Night Together". allmusic. 2007 . Retrieved 26 June 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cruickshank, Douglas. "Sympathy for the Devil". Salon.com. Retrieved 25 June 2006.
Jump up ^ Jagger/Richards (20 June 2004). "Sympathy for the Devil". RollingStones.com. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
Jump up ^ Wyman, Bill (2002). Rolling With the Stones. DK Publishing. p. 309. ISBN 0-7894-9998-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Zentgraf, Nico. "The Complete Works of the Rolling Stones 1962–2008". Retrieved 23 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Greenfield, Robert (19 August 1971). "The Rolling Stone Interview: Keith Richards". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ Burks, John (7 February 1970). "Rock & Roll's Worst Day". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 13 September 2008.
Jump up ^ Gary Graft (January 1997). "Total Guitar-Slash, Rock and Roses 1997". oocities.org; Total Guitar. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bozza, Anthony; Slash (2007). Slash (Paperback). New York: Harper Collins. p. 480. ISBN 0-00-725777-5. (German paperback is ISBN 0-00-725776-7)
Jump up ^ "Gilby Clarke Opens Up About His Final Guns N' Roses Gig". Ultimate Classic Rock.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pennanen, Timo. Sisältää hitin: levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972. Otava Publishing Company Ltd, 2003. ISBN 951-1-21053-X
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Guns N' Roses". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil". VG-lista. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil". Singles Top 100. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Sympathy for the Devil". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Guns N' Roses: Artist Chart History" Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Guns N' Roses – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Guns N' Roses. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Guns N' Roses – Chart history" Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs for Guns N' Roses. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ ""RIAJ > The Record > June 1995 > Page 5 > Certified Awards (April 1995)"" (PDF). Recording Industry Association of Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved 2014-02-14.
Jump up ^ "La timba no es como ayer". AllAboutJazz.com. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Science & Nature". Allmusic.com. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "video BAND OF SKULLS / JOHN JEHN : Sympathy for the devil – bande of skulls, band of skull, band skulls – videos MYTARATATA.COM". Video.mytaratata.com. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Motörhead To Release 'Bad Magic' In August". Blabbermouth.net. June 4, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sandie Shaw – Reviewing The Situation". discogs.com. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
External links[edit]
"Reason to Rock" review
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
Beggars Banquet
Side one
"Sympathy for the Devil"
"No Expectations"
"Dear Doctor"
"Parachute Woman"
"Jigsaw Puzzle"
Side two
"Street Fighting Man"
"Prodigal Son"
"Stray Cat Blues
"Factory Girl"
"Salt of the Earth"
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The Rolling Stones singles discography
Decca (UK) and
London (US)
singles
"Come On"
"I Wanna Be Your Man" / "Stoned"
"Not Fade Away" / "Little by Little"
"It's All Over Now"
"Tell Me" / "I Just Want to Make Love to You"
"Time Is on My Side"
"Little Red Rooster"
"Heart of Stone"
"The Last Time" / "Play with Fire"
"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" / "The Spider and the Fly"
"Get Off of My Cloud" / "I'm Free"
"As Tears Go By"
"19th Nervous Breakdown" / "As Tears Go By"
"Paint It Black" / "Stupid Girl"
"Mother's Little Helper" / "Lady Jane"
"Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing in the Shadow?"
"Let's Spend the Night Together" / "Ruby Tuesday"
"We Love You" / "Dandelion"
"In Another Land"
"She's a Rainbow" / "2000 Light Years from Home"
"Jumpin' Jack Flash"
"Street Fighting Man" / "No Expectations"
"Honky Tonk Women" / "You Can't Always Get What You Want"
Rolling Stones/
Atlantic singles
"Brown Sugar" / "Bitch" / "Let It Rock"
"Wild Horses" / "Sway"
"Tumbling Dice" / "Sweet Black Angel"
"Happy" / "All Down the Line"
"Angie" / "Silver Train"
"Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo (Heartbreaker)" / "Dancing with Mr. D"
"It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)"
"Ain't Too Proud to Beg" / "Dance Little Sister"
"Fool to Cry"
"Hot Stuff"
Rolling Stones
"Miss You" / "Far Away Eyes"
"Beast of Burden" / "When the Whip Comes Down"
"Respectable" / "When the Whip Comes Down"
"Shattered"
"Emotional Rescue"
"She's So Cold" / "Send It to Me"
"Start Me Up"
"Waiting on a Friend" / "Little T&A"
"Hang Fire" / "Neighbours"
"Going to a Go-Go" (live) / "Beast of Burden" (live)
"Time Is on My Side" (live) / "Twenty Flight Rock" (live)
"Undercover of the Night"
"She Was Hot"
"Too Much Blood"
"Harlem Shuffle"
"One Hit (To the Body)"
"Mixed Emotions"
"Rock and a Hard Place"
"Almost Hear You Sigh"
"Highwire" / "2000 Light Years from Home" (live)
"Ruby Tuesday" (live) / "Play with Fire" (live)
"Jumpin' Jack Flash" (live) / "Tumbling Dice" (live)
Virgin singles
"Love Is Strong"
"You Got Me Rocking"
"Out of Tears"
"I Go Wild"
"Like a Rolling Stone" (live) / "Black Limousine" / "All Down the Line"
"Wild Horses" (live) / "Live with Me" (live) / "Tumbling Dice" (live)
"Anybody Seen My Baby?"
"Saint of Me" / "Gimme Shelter" (live)
"Out of Control"
"Don't Stop" / "Miss You" (remix)
"Streets of Love" / "Rough Justice"
"Rain Fall Down"
"Biggest Mistake" / "Before They Make Me Run" (live)
Universal singles
"Plundered My Soul" / "All Down the Line"
"No Spare Parts" / "Before They Make Me Run"
"Doom and Gloom"
"One More Shot"
Other countries
"Let It Bleed" / "You Got the Silver" (London Japan)
"Rocks Off" / "Sweet Virginia" (Japan)
"Star Star" / "Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo (Heartbreaker)" (France, Germany)
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"Sympathy for the Devil"
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"Mr. Brownstone"
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"Dead Horse"
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Faust
Characters
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Johann Georg Faust
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Seminal works
Historia von D. Johann Fausten (1587 chapbook)
Cenodoxus (1602, play)
Doctor Faustus (1604 play)
Goethe's Faust (1808 play)
Faust, Part One
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Related
Deal with the Devil
in popular culture
Works based on Faust
G vs E
Vi veri universum vivus vici
Stingy Jack
Films
Faust and Marguerite (1900)
The Damnation of Faust (1903)
Faust and Marguerite (1904)
The Student of Prague (1913)
The Student of Prague (1926)
Faust (1926)
The Devil and Daniel Webster (1941)
Alias Nick Beal (1949)
Beauty and the Devil (1950)
Marguerite de la nuit (1955)
Damn Yankees (1958)
Faust (1960)
Bedazzled (1967)
Doctor Faustus (1967)
El extraño caso del doctor Fausto (1969)
Mephisto (1981)
Doctor Faustus (1982)
Faust (1994)
The Master and Margarita (1994)
Bedazzled (2000)
Faust: Love of the Damned (2001)
Fausto 5.0 (2001)
I Was a Teenage Faust (2002)
Shortcut to Happiness (2003)
Faust (2011)
Plays
Gretchen (1879)
Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? (1955)
The Black Bonspiel of Wullie MacCrimmon (1965)
Temptation (1986)
Operas
Faust (1816, Spohr)
La damnation de Faust (1846, Berlioz)
Faust (1859, Gounod)
Mefistofele (1868, Boito)
Faust and Marguerite (1855, Lutz)
Faust up to Date (1888, Lutz)
Doktor Faust (1916–25, Busoni)
Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights (1938)
The Rake's Progress (1951, Stravinsky)
Reuben, Reuben (1955)
Historia von D. Johann Fausten (1994)
Faustus, the Last Night (2006)
Classical music
Gretchen am Spinnrade (1814, Schubert)
Faust Overture (1840, Wagner)
Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges' 2nd movement "Quasi-Faust" (1847, Alkan)
Scenes from Goethe's Faust (1853, Schumann)
Part II of Symphony No. 8 (1906–07, Mahler)
Faust Symphony (1854–57, Liszt)
Mephisto Waltzes (Liszt)
Gothic Symphony (Brian)
Bagatelle sans tonalité (Liszt)
Other music
Albums
Epica Saga
Epica
The Black Halo
Beethoven's Last Night
The Black Rider
Songs
"Mephisto Polka" (1859–85)
"Cross Road Blues" (1936)
"Sympathy for the Devil" (1968)
"Friend of the Devil" (1970)
"Bohemian Rhapsody" (1975)
"The Devil Went Down to Georgia" (1979)
"Faustian Echoes" (2012)
Television
Episodes
"The Devil's Hands Are Idle Playthings" (2003)
Other
The Devil and Daniel Mouse (1978)
Musicals
Damn Yankees (1955)
Randy Newman's Faust (1993)
Success! (1993)
Faust (2003)
Prose
"Bearskin"
"Daniel and the Devil"
Melmoth the Wanderer (1820)
"The Devil and Tom Walker" (1824)
St. John's Eve (1830)
Auriol (1844)
Chasse-galerie (1892)
The Sorrows of Satan (1896)
Exploits and Opinions of Dr. Faustroll, Pataphysician (1898)
The Master and Margarita (1929–40)
Mephisto (1936)
The Devil and Daniel Webster (1937)
None but Lucifer (1939)
Doktor Faustus (1947)
The Devil in Velvet (1951)
The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant (1954)
Gimmicks Three (1956)
The Devil to Pay in the Backlands (1956)
That Hell-Bound Train (1958)
For a Breath I Tarry (1966)
The Damnation Game (1986)
Eric (1990)
The Devil's Own Work (1991)
Jack Faust (1997)
Johannes Cabal the Necromancer (2009)
Ballet
Faust
Art
Faust
Gods' Man
Poems
Manfred
Video games
Knights Contract
Comics
Ghost Rider
Faust
Soul Cartel
Anime & manga
Faust
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sympathy_for_the_Devil&oldid=800958078"
Categories:
1968 songs
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Music based on the Faust legend
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