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Nagy
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Nagy (pronounced [ˈnɒɟ]) is the most popular Hungarian surname, meaning "great". Notable people with the surname include:
Ádám Nagy (born 1995), Hungarian football player
Andrea Nagy (born 1971), Hungarian basketball player
Andrej Prean Nagy (born 1923), Hungarian footballer
Anikó Nagy (born 1970), Hungarian handball player
Antal Nagy (disambiguation)
Balazs Nagy, birth name of Michel Varga
Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy (1913–1998), Hungarian mathematician
Bill Nagy (born 1987), former American football center and guard
Charles Nagy (born 1967), American Major League Baseball pitcher for Cleveland Indians
Christine Nagy, actress and American radio personality
Dániel Nagy (disambiguation)
Dávid Nagy (born 1981), Hungarian guitarist
Dennis M. Nagy, former director of the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency
Ferenc Nagy (1903–1979), Hungarian politician
Ferenc Nagy (boxer) (1916–1977), Hungarian boxer
Feró Nagy (born 1946), Hungarian rock singer
Fritz Nagy (1924–1989), American basketball player
Gábor Nagy (footballer born 1981), Hungarian football player
Gábor Nagy (footballer born 1985), Hungarian football player
Gáspár Nagy (1949–2007), Hungarian poet and writer
George Nagy (born 1957), Canadian swimmer
Géza Nagy (1892–1953), Hungarian chess master
Gregory Nagy, classicist
Gyula Nagy (born 1924), Hungarian football player
Ilona Nagy (born 1951), Hungarian handball player
Imre Nagy (pentathlete) (born 1933), Hungarian pentathlete
Imre Nagy (1896–1958), politician, twice Prime Minister of Hungary
István Nagy (disambiguation)
Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy (1920–2007), therapist and writer on family relations
János Nagy, Hungarian diplomat
Jenene Nagy, American installation artist
John A. Nagy, American author of espionage during the American Revolution
József Nagy (disambiguation)
Judit Földing-Nagy, Hungarian marathon runner
Károly Nagy, Hungarian astronomer, mathematician, chemist and politician
Kira Nagy (born 1977), Hungarian tennis player
Ladislav Nagy (born 1979), Slovak ice hockey player
Lajos Nagy (1326–1382), a.k.a. Louis I of Hungary
Lajos Nagy (footballer) (born 1975), Hungarian football player
László Moholy-Nagy (1895–1946), architect and photographer, instructor at the Bauhaus
László Nagy (born 1921), Chief Executive of the World Organization of the Scout Movement from 1968–1985
László Nagy (disambiguation)
Marcell Deák-Nagy (born 1992), Hungarian sprinter
Marianna Nagy (figure skater) (born 1929), Hungarian pair skater
Marianna Nagy (handballer) (born 1957), Hungarian Olympic handball player
Matt Nagy (born 1978), American football player
Mike Nagy (born 1948), baseball pitcher
Nicholas Nagy-Talavera (1929–2000), Hungarian-American dissident and professor
Olivér Nagy (born 1989), Hungarian footballer
Orsolya Nagy, Hungarian fencer
Péter Nagy (disambiguation)
Phyllis Nagy (born 1962), American theater and film director
Róbert Nagy (speedway rider) (born 1967), Hungarian motorcyclist
Róbert Nagy (footballer) (born 1987), Hungarian football player
Robert Nagy (tenor) (1929–2008), American operatic tenor
Sándor Nagy (footballer) (born 1988), Hungarian football player
Scott Nagy (born 1966), American college basketball coach
Sibyl Moholy-Nagy, art historian
Stanislaw Nagy (born 1921), Polish cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
Stefan Nagy (born 1961), Swedish darts player
Steve Nagy (born 1919), American baseball pitcher
Tibor Nagy (sprint canoer), Hungarian sprint canoer
Tibor Nagy (footballer born 1991), Hungarian association football player
Tibor P. Nagy, Hungarian-American diplomat
Tímea Nagy (born 1970), épée fencer
Timea Nagy (born 1978), Hungarian Canadian former sex slave
Timo Nagy (born 1983), German footballer
Vilmos Nagy, Hungarian sprint canoer
Vilmos Nagy de Nagybaczon (1884–1976), Hungarian general
Vince Nagy (1886–1965), Hungarian politician
Zoltán Nagy (disambiguation)
Zsolt Nagy (born 1971), Romanian politician
Zsolt Nagy (footballer) (born 1979), Hungarian football player
Zsuzsanna Nagy (born 1986), Hungarian ice dancer
It is also common among ethnic Hungarians in the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina, where it is spelled Nađ (Serbian: Нађ):
Albert Nađ (born 1974), footballer
Antonija Nađ (born 1986), sprint canoer
Kosta Nađ (1911–1986), Yugoslav Army general
This page lists people with the surname Nagy. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagy&oldid=779300690"
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text:
Physics of roller coasters
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A roller coaster is a machine that uses gravity and inertia to send a train of cars along a winding track.[1] This combination of gravity and inertia, along with g-forces and centripetal acceleration give the body certain sensations as the coaster moves up, down, and around the track. The forces experienced by the rider are constantly changing, leading to feelings of joy in some riders and nausea in others. The basic principles of roller coaster mechanics have been known since 1865,[citation needed] and since then roller coasters have become a popular diversion.
Contents
[hide]
1 Centripetal acceleration
2 Energy
3 Inertia and gravity
4 G-forces
5 Difference between wood and steel coasters
6 Technology
7 References
Centripetal acceleration[edit]
showing the centripetal acceleration and tangential acceleration with radius of loop r = 3.33m, height of release H = 2.5r = 8.325m. bigger r loop will feel less acceleration ac
showing the centripetal acceleration and tangential acceleration with radius of loop r = 2.50m, height of release H = 3.33r = 8.325m. smaller r loop will feel greater acceleration ac
Centrifugal (center fleeing) force is not a true force, but rather the result of an object’s inertia, or resistance to change in direction, as the object moves in a circular path. The track's curve prevents the object from following the straight line it otherwise would, by applying a force on it (via its outside edges) towards the center of the circle, forcing it to travel in a curved path instead. This centripetal (center seeking) force actually points toward the center of the circle, but a roller coaster rider experiences(feels) the sensation of a centrifugal force, a pseudo force pushing them toward the outer edge of the car. This sensation is actually the result of the rider's inertia. The following equation expresses centripetal acceleration (to make it centripetal force simply multiply by the mass): a c = v 2 r {\displaystyle a_{c}={\frac {v^{2}}{r}}}
where ac is centripetal acceleration, v is velocity and r is the radius of the circular path. This shows that two roller coaster cars entering two loops of different size at the same speed will experience different acceleration forces: the car in the tighter loop will feel greater acceleration while the car in the wider loop will feel less acceleration.
Energy[edit]
Instead, the car is pulled to the top of the first hill and released, at which point it rolls freely along the track without any external mechanical assistance for the remainder of the ride. The purpose of the ascent of the first hill is to build up potential energy that will then be converted to kinetic energy as the ride progresses. The initial hill, or the lift hill, is the tallest in the entire ride. As the train is pulled to the top, it gains potential energy, as explained by the equation for potential energy below:

U g = m g h {\displaystyle U_{g}=mgh}

where Ug is potential energy, m is mass, g is acceleration due to gravity and h is height above the ground. Two trains of identical mass at different heights will therefore have different potential energies: the train at a greater height will have more potential energy than a train at a lower height. This means that the potential energy for the roller coaster system is greatest at the highest point on the track, or the top of the lift hill. As the roller coaster train begins its descent from the lift hill, the stored potential energy converts to kinetic energy, or energy of motion. The faster the train moves, the more kinetic energy the train gains, as shown by the equation for kinetic energy:

K = 1 2 m v 2 {\displaystyle K={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}}
where K is kinetic energy, m is mass, and v is velocity. Because the mass of a roller coaster car remains constant, if the speed is increased, the kinetic energy must also increase. This means that the kinetic energy for the roller coaster system is greatest at the bottom of the largest downhill slope on the track, typically at the bottom of the lift hill. When the train begins to climb the next hill on the track, the train's kinetic energy is converted back into potential energy, decreasing the train's velocity. This process of converting kinetic energy to potential energy and back to kinetic energy continues with each hill. The energy is never destroyed, but is lost to friction between the car and track. Brakes bring the ride to a complete stop.
Inertia and gravity[edit]
When going around a roller coaster's vertical loop, the inertia that produces a thrilling acceleration force also keeps passengers in their seats. As the car approaches a loop, the direction of a passenger's inertial velocity points straight ahead at the same angle as the track leading up to the loop. As the car enters the loop, the track guides the car up, moving the passenger up as well. This change in direction creates a feeling of extra gravity as the passenger is pushed down into the seat.
At the top of the loop, the force of the car's acceleration pushes the passenger off the seat toward the center of the loop, while inertia pushes the passenger back into the seat. Gravity and acceleration forces push the passenger in opposite directions with nearly equal force, creating a sensation of weightlessness.
At the bottom of the loop, gravity and the change in direction of the passenger's inertia from a downward vertical direction to one that is horizontal push the passenger into the seat, causing the passenger to once again feel very heavy. Most roller coasters require passengers to wear a safety harness, but the forces exerted by most loop-the-loop coasters would keep passengers from falling out.
G-forces[edit]
showing gravity force and contact force commonly referred to as the g-force
G-forces (gravitational forces) create the so-called "butterfly" sensation felt as a car goes down a gradient. An acceleration of 1 standard gravity (9.8 m/s2) is the usual force of Earth’s gravitational pull exerted on a person while standing still. The measurement of a person's normal weight incorporates this gravitational acceleration. When a person feels weightless at the top of a loop or while going down a hill, they are in free fall. However, if the top of a hill is curved more narrowly than a parabola, riders will experience negative Gs and be lifted out of their seats, experiencing the so-called "butterfly" sensation.
Difference between wood and steel coasters[edit]
A wooden coaster has a track consisting of thin laminates of wood stacked together, with a flat steel rail fixed to the top laminate. Steel coasters use tubular steel, I beam or box section running rails. The supporting structure of both types may be steel or wood. Traditionally, steel coasters employed inversions to thrill riders, whereas wooden coasters relied on steep drops and sharp changes in direction to deliver their thrills. However, recent advances in coaster technology has seen the rise of hybrid steel coasters with wooden structures, an example being The New Texas Giant at Six Flags Over Texas and, wooden coasters that feature inversions, an example being Outlaw Run at Silver Dollar City.
Technology[edit]
As better technology became available, engineers began to use computerized design tools to calculate the forces and stresses that the ride would subject passengers to. Computers are now used to design safe coasters with specially designed restraints and lightweight and durable materials. Today, tubular steel tracks and polyurethane wheels allow coasters to travel over 100 miles per hour (160 km/h), while even taller, faster, and more complex roller coasters continue to be built.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Harris, Tom. "How Roller Coasters Work". Retrieved 1 July 2010. At its most basic level, this is all a roller coaster is -- a machine that uses gravity and inertia to send a train along a winding track.
[hide]
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On-ride camera
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