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Genesis 1:2
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Depiction of Genesis 1:2 by Wenceslaus Hollar.
Genesis 1:2 is the second verse of the Genesis creation narrative. It is a part of the Torah portion Bereshit (Genesis 1:1-6:8).
Contents
1 Analysis
1.1 Formless and void
1.2 Deep
1.3 Spirit
2 Appendix
3 See also
4 References
4.1 Citations
4.2 Bibliography
4.3 Further reading
5 External links
Analysis[edit]
Formless and void[edit]
Genesis 1:2 presents an initial condition of creation - namely, that it is tohu wa-bohu, formless and void. This serves to introduce the rest of the chapter, which describes a process of forming and filling.[1] That is, on the first three days the heavens, the sky and the land is formed, and they are filled on days four to six by luminaries, birds and fish, and animals and man respectively.
This correspondence is emphasised in the framework interpretation of the length of days in Genesis 1. Craig Rusbult notes
In a framework view, the six days describe actual historical events, arranged topically instead of chronologically. The framework is based on two problems in Genesis 1:2, with the earth being "formless and empty." The two solutions are to produce form (by separations in Days 1-3) and fill these forms (in Days 4-6) to connect related aspects of creation history in Days 1-and-4, 2-and-5, 3-and-6.[2]
Before God begins to create, the world is tohu wa-bohu (Hebrew: תֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ): the word tohu by itself means "emptiness, futility"; it is used to describe the desert wilderness. Bohu has no known meaning and was apparently coined to rhyme with and reinforce tohu.[3] It appears again in Jeremiah 4:23,[Jer. 4:23] where Jeremiah warns Israel that rebellion against God will lead to the return of darkness and chaos, "as if the earth had been ‘uncreated’."[4] Tohu wa-bohu, chaos, is the condition that bara, ordering, remedies.[5]
Deep[edit]
Darkness and "Deep" (Hebrew: תְהוֹם tehôm) are two of the three elements of the chaos represented in tohu wa-bohu (the third is the formless earth). In the Enuma Elish, the Deep is personified as the goddess Tiamat, the enemy of Marduk;[5] here it is the formless body of primeval water surrounding the habitable world, later to be released during the Deluge, when "all the fountains of the great deep burst forth" from the waters beneath the earth and from the "windows" of the sky.[6] William Dumbrell notes that the reference to the "deep" in this verse "alludes to the detail of the ancient Near Eastern cosmologies" in which "a general threat to order comes from the unruly and chaotic sea, which is finally tamed by a warrior god." Dumbrell goes on to suggest that Genesis 1:2 "reflects something of the chaos/order struggle characteristic of ancient cosmologies".[7][8]
Spirit[edit]
The "Spirit of God" hovering over the waters in some translations of Genesis 1:2 comes from the Hebrew phrase ruach elohim, which has alternately been interpreted as a "great wind".[9] Victor Hamilton decides, somewhat tentatively, for "spirit of God", but dismisses any suggestion that this can be identified with the Holy Spirit of Christian theology.[10]
Rûach (רוּחַ) has the meanings "wind, spirit, breath," and elohim can mean "great" as well as "god". The ruach elohim which moves over the Deep may therefore mean the "wind/breath of God" (the storm-wind is God's breath in Psalms 18:15 and elsewhere, and the wind of God returns in the Flood story as the means by which God restores the earth), or God's "spirit", a concept which is somewhat vague in Hebrew bible, or simply a great storm-wind.[11]
Appendix[edit]
Veha'arets hayetah tohu vavohu vechoshech al-peney tehom veruach Elohim merachefet al-peney hamayim.
Translation
Text
American Standard Version "And the earth was waste and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep: and the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters."
Bible in Basic English "And the earth was waste and without form; and it was dark on the face of the deep: and the Spirit of God was moving on the face of the waters."
Darby Bible "And the earth was waste and empty, and darkness was on the face of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters."
God's Word "The earth was formless and empty, and darkness covered the deep water. The Spirit of God was hovering over the water."
Holman Christian Standard Bible "Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness covered the surface of the watery depths, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the surface of the waters."
Jewish Publication Society (3rd ed.) "The Earth being unformed and void, with darkness over the surface of the deep and a wind from God sweeping over the water—
King James Version "And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters."
The Message "Earth was a soup of nothingness, a bottomless emptiness, an inky blackness. God's Spirit brooded like a bird above the watery abyss."
New King James Version "The earth was without form, and void; and darkness was on the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters."
Webster's Bible Translation "And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep: and the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters."
World English Bible "Now the earth was formless and empty. Darkness was on the surface of the deep. God's Spirit was hovering over the surface of the waters."
Young's Literal Translation "The earth hath existed waste and void, and darkness 'is' on the face of the deep, and the Spirit of God fluttering on the face of the waters,"
See also[edit]
Christianity portal
Religion portal
Book of Genesis
Genesis 1:1
Tohu wa-bohu
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Carlson, Richard F.; Longman, Tremper (2010). Science, Creation and the Bible: Reconciling Rival Theories of Origins. InterVarsity Press. p. 109.
Jump up ^ Rusbult, Craig. "Is an old-earth interpretation of Genesis 1 satisfactory?". American Scientific Affiliation. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Alter 2004, p. 17.
Jump up ^ Thompson 1980, p. 230.
^ Jump up to: a b Walton 2001.
Jump up ^ Wenham 2003, p. 29.
Jump up ^ Dumbrell 2002, p. 14.
Jump up ^ Dumbrell, William J. (2002). The Faith of Isarel: A Theological Survey of the Old Testament. Baker Academic. p. 14.
Jump up ^ Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2011). Creation, Un-Creation, Re-Creation: A Discursive Commentary on Genesis 1-11. T&T Clarke International. pp. 33–34.
Jump up ^ Hamilton, Victor P. (1990). The Book of Genesis: Chapters 1-17. New International Commentary on the Old Testament (NICOT). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 111–114. ISBN 0-8028-2521-4.
Jump up ^ Blenkinsopp 2011, pp. 33-34.
Bibliography[edit]
Alter, Robert (2004). The Five Books of Moses: A Translation With Commentary. W. W. Norton. p. 17.
Carlson, Richard F.; Longman, Tremper (2010). Science, Creation and the Bible: Reconciling Rival Theories of Origins. InterVarsity Press. p. 109.
Walton, John H. (2001). Genesis. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-86620-6.
Further reading[edit]
Jewish Publication Society. The Torah: The Five Books of Moses (3rd ed). Philadelphia: 1999.
External links[edit]
"Genesis 1:2." Online Parallel Bible.
Preceded by
Genesis 1:1 Book of Genesis Succeeded by
Genesis 1:3
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The Fox and the Hound
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the film. For the novel the film is based on, see The Fox and the Hound (novel).
The Fox and the Hound
Original theatrical release poster
Directed by
Ted Berman
Richard Rich
Art Stevens
Produced by
Ron Miller
Wolfgang Reitherman
Art Stevens
Story by
Larry Clemmons
Ted Berman
David Michener
Peter Young
Burny Mattinson
Steve Hulett
Earl Kress
Vance Gerry
Based on
The Fox and the Hound
by Daniel P. Mannix
Starring
Mickey Rooney
Kurt Russell
Pearl Bailey
Jack Albertson
Sandy Duncan
Jeanette Nolan
Pat Buttram
John Fiedler
John McIntire
Dick Bakalyan
Paul Winchell
Keith Mitchell
Corey Feldman
Music by
Buddy Baker
Edited by
James Melton
Jim Koford
Production
company
Walt Disney Productions
Distributed by
Buena Vista Distribution
Release date
July 10, 1981 (1981-07-10)
Running time
83 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$12 million[1]
Box office
$63.5 million[2]
The Fox and the Hound is a 1981 American animated drama film produced by Walt Disney Productions and loosely based on the novel of the same name by Daniel P. Mannix. The film tells the story of two unlikely friends, a red fox named Tod and a hound dog named Copper, who struggle to preserve their friendship despite their emerging instincts and the surrounding social pressures demanding them to be adversaries. Directed by Ted Berman, Richard Rich and Art Stevens, the film included the voices of Mickey Rooney, Kurt Russell, Keith Mitchell and Corey Feldman.
The Fox and the Hound was released to theaters on July 10, 1981 to financial success.[3] At the time of release it was the most expensive animated film produced to date, costing $12 million.[1] It was re-released to theaters on March 25, 1988.[3] A direct-to-video followup, The Fox and the Hound 2, was released to DVD on December 12, 2006.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Animation
3.3 Writing
3.4 Casting
4 Soundtrack
4.1 Track listing
5 Release
5.1 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Critical reception
6.2 Box office
7 Accolades
8 Legacy
8.1 Followup
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
Plot
After a young red fox is orphaned, Big Mama the owl, with the help of her friends Dinky the finch and Boomer the woodpecker, arranges for him to be adopted by a kindly farmer named Widow Tweed. Tweed names him Tod, because he reminds her of a toddler. Meanwhile, her neighbor, a hunter named Amos Slade, brings home a young hound puppy named Copper and introduces him to his hunting dog Chief. One day, Tod and Copper meet and become playmates, vowing to remain "friends forever". Amos grows frustrated at Copper for constantly wandering off to play, and places him on a leash. While playing with Copper outside his doghouse, Tod awakens Chief. Amos and Chief chase Tod until they are stopped by Tweed. After an argument, Amos threatens to kill Tod if he trespasses on his farm again. Hunting season comes and Amos takes his dogs into the wilderness for the interim. Meanwhile, Big Mama, Dinky, and Boomer attempt to explain to Tod that his friendship with Copper will not continue, as they are natural enemies, but Tod naively refuses to believe them, hoping that he and Copper will remain friends forever.
As months pass, Tod and Copper both reach adulthood. Copper has become an experienced hunting dog, while Tod has grown up into a handsome fox. On the night of Copper's return, Tod sneaks over to visit him. Copper explains that while he still values Tod as a friend, he is now a hunting dog and things are different. Their conversation awakens Chief, who alerts Amos. In the ensuing chase Copper catches Tod. Against better judgement, Copper lets Tod go and diverts Chief and Amos. Tod tries escaping onto a railroad track, but is caught and pursued by Chief as a train suddenly passes by them. Tod ducks under the train, but Chief is struck by the train and falls into the river below, breaking his leg. Angered by this, Copper and Amos blame Tod for the accident and vow vengeance. Tweed, realizing that Tod is no longer safe with her, takes him on a drive and leaves him at a game preserve.
Tod's first night alone in the woods proves disastrous, as he inadvertently trespasses into an irritable old badger's den. Thankfully, a friendly porcupine offers Tod shelter. That same night, Amos and Copper plan to poach Tod. The next morning, Big Mama finds Tod and introduces him to a female fox named Vixey. Wanting to impress her, Tod tries to catch a fish, but fails due to his lack of survival skills. Vixey and the other animals laugh at him, but Big Mama straightens the matter by directing Tod to be himself. The two foxes reconcile and Vixey helps Tod adapt to life in the forest.
Meanwhile, Amos and Copper trespass into the preserve to hunt Tod. As Tod manages to escape Amos' leghold traps, Copper and Amos pursue both foxes. They hide in their burrow while Amos tries trapping them by setting fire to the other end of the burrow. The foxes narrowly escape without getting burned as Amos and Copper chase them up the top of a hill until they reach a waterfall. There, Amos and Copper close in for the kill, but a large bear suddenly emerges from the bushes and attacks Amos. Amos trips and falls into one of his own traps, dropping his gun slightly out of reach. Copper tries fighting the bear but is no match for it. Not willing to let his former friend die, Tod intervenes and fights the bear until they both fall down the waterfall.
With the bear gone, a bewildered Copper approaches Tod as he lies exhausted near the bank of a waterfall-created lake. When Amos appears, Copper positions himself in front of Tod to prevent his owner from shooting him, refusing to move away. Amos lowers his gun and leaves with Copper. Tod and Copper share one last smile before parting. At home, Tweed nurses Amos back to health while the dogs rest. Copper, before resting, smiles as he remembers the day when he first met Tod. On a hill, Vixey joins Tod as they look down on the homes of Amos and Tweed.
Cast
Mickey Rooney as Tod
Keith Mitchell as Young Tod
Kurt Russell as Copper
Corey Feldman as Young Copper
Pearl Bailey as Big Mama
Jack Albertson as Amos Slade
Sandy Duncan as Vixey
Jeanette Nolan as Widow Tweed
Pat Buttram as Chief
John Fiedler as The Porcupine
John McIntire as The Badger
Dick Bakalyan as Dinky
Paul Winchell as Boomer
Production
Development
Wolfgang Reitherman read the original novel and found it particularly touching because one of his sons had once owned a pet fox years before. He decided that it would make for a good animated feature. Thus the film began production in spring 1977.[4][3] Reitherman, Art Stevens, and Ron Miller quarreled over key sections of the film with Miller supporting the younger Stevens. Miller instructed Reitherman to surrender reins over the junior personnel,[5] but Reitherman resisted due to a lack of trust in the young animators.[6] Thinking the film had a weak second act, Reitherman decided to add a musical sequence of two swooping cranes voiced by Phil Harris and Charo who would sing a silly song titled "Scoobie-Doobie Doobie Doo, Let Your Body Turn Goo". Live-action reference footage was shot of Charo in a sweaty pink leotard, but the scene was strongly disliked by studio personnel who felt the song was a distraction from the main plot with Stevens stating "We can't let that sequence in the movie! It's totally out of place!"[7] Stevens notified studio management and after many story conferences, the scene was removed. Reitherman later walked into Stevens's office, slumped in a chair, and said, "I dunno, Art, maybe this is a young man's medium." He later moved on to undeveloped projects such as Catfish Bend and died in a car accident in 1985.[8]
Animation
By late 1978, Frank Thomas, Ollie Johnston, and Cliff Nordberg had completed their animation. Thomas had animated scenes of Tod and Cooper using dialogue Larry Clemmons had written and recorded with the child actors.[9] This project would mark the last film to have the involvement of the Disney's Nine Old Men who had retired early during production,[10] and animation was turned over the next generation of directors and animators, which included John Lasseter, John Musker, Ron Clements, Glen Keane, Tim Burton, Brad Bird, Henry Selick, Chris Buck, and Mark Dindal, all of whom would finalize the animation and complete the film's production. These animators had moved through the in-house animation training program, and would play an important role in the Disney Renaissance of the 1980s and 1990s.[11]
However, the transition between the old guard and the new resulted in arguments over how to handle the film. Reitherman had his own ideas on the designs and layouts that should be used, but the newer team backed Stevens. Animator Don Bluth animated several scenes including of Widow Tweed milking her cow, Abigail, while his team worked on the rest of the sequence, and when Tweed fires at Amos Slade's automobile. Nevertheless, he declared Disney's work "stale" and on his 42nd birthday, September 13, 1979, Bluth, along with Gary Goldman and John Pomeroy, entered Ron Miller's office and turned in their resignation. Following their resignations, 13 animators followed suit in their resignations. Though Bluth and his team had animated substantial scenes, they asked not to receive screen credit.[10] With 17% of the animators now gone,[3] Miller ordered all of the resigning animators off the studio lot by noon of that same day and would later push the release of The Fox and the Hound from Christmas 1980 to summer 1981. New animators were hired and promoted to fill the ranks. To compensate for the lack of experience of the new animators, much of the quality control would rely upon a corp of veteran assistant animators.[12][13] Four years after production started, the film was finished with approximately 360,000 drawings, 110,000 painted cels and 1,100 painted backgrounds making up the finished product. A total of 180 people, including 24 animators, worked on the film.[3]
Writing
In an earlier version of the film, Chief was slated to die as he did in the novel. However, the scene was modified to have Chief survive with a cast on his back paw. Animator Ron Clements, who had briefly transitioned into the story department, protested that "Chief has to die. The picture doesn't work if he just breaks his leg. Copper doesn't have motivation to hate the fox." Likewise, younger members of the story team pleaded with Stevens to have Chief killed. Stevens countered that "Geez, we never killed a main character in a Disney film and we're not starting now!" The younger crew members took the problem to upper management who would also back Stevens.[14] Ollie Johnston's test animation of Chief stomping around the house with his leg in a cast was eventually kept, and Randy Cartwright re-animated the scene where Copper finds Chief's body and had him animate Chief's eyes opening and closing so the audience knew that he was not dead.[13]
Casting
Early into production, the principal characters such as young Tod and Copper, Big Mama, and Amos Slade had already been cast. The supporting characters were cast by Disney voice regulars including Pat Buttram for Chief, Paul Winchell for Boomer, and Mickey Rooney for adult Tod who had just finished filming Pete's Dragon. Jeanette Nolan was the second choice for Widow Tweed after Helen Hayes turned down the part.[15] The last role to be cast was for adult Cooper. Jackie Cooper had auditioned for the role, but left the project when he demanded more money than the studio was willing to pay. While filming the Elvis television film, former Disney child actor Kurt Russell was cast following a reading that had impressed the filmmakers, and completed his dialogue in two recording sessions.[16]
Soundtrack
The Fox and the Hound
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
1981
Recorded
1980-1981
Genre
Children's, Classical
Label
Walt Disney
The soundtrack album for the film was released in 1981 by Walt Disney Records.[17] It contains songs written by Stan Fidel, Jim Stafford, and Jeffrey Patch.[18]
Track listing
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length
1. "Best of Friends" Stan Fidel Pearl Bailey
2. "Lack of Education" Jim Stafford Pearl Bailey
3. "A Huntin' Man" Jim Stafford Jack Albertson
4. "Appreciate the Lady" Jim Stafford Pearl Bailey
5. "Goodbye May Seem Forever" Jeffrey Patch Jeanette Nolan and Chorus
Release
Home media
The Fox and the Hound was first released on North American VHS on March 4, 1994 as the last video of the "Walt Disney Classics" collection (it was not included in the "Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection") and in the UK in 1995. On May 2, 2000, it was released to Region 1 DVD for the first time under the "Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection".[19] A 25th anniversary special edition DVD was released on October 10, 2006.[20]
The Fox and the Hound was released on Blu-ray Disc on August 9, 2011 to commemorate the film's 30th anniversary. The film was released in a 3-disc Blu-ray/DVD Combo pack alongside its direct-to video followup The Fox and the Hound 2 in a 2-movie Collection Edition. Featuring a new digital restoration, the Blu-ray transfer presents the film for the first time in 1.66:1 widescreen and also features 5.1 DTS-HD Master Audio. The Fox and the Hound 2 is presented in 1.78:1 widescreen and features the same sound as the first film.[21] A DVD-only edition was also released on the same day.[21]
Reception
Critical reception
In The Animated Movie Guide, Jerry Beck considered the film "average", though he praises the voice work of Pearl Bailey as Big Mama, and the extreme dedication to detail shown by animator Glen Keane in crafting the fight scene between Copper, Tod, and the bear.[22] In his book The Disney Films, Leonard Maltin also notes that the fight scene between Copper, Tod, and the bear received great praise in the animation world. However, Maltin felt the film relied too much on "formula cuteness, formula comedy relief, and even formula characterizations".[23] Overall, he considered the film "charming" stating that it is "warm, and brimming with personable characters" and that it "approaches the old Disney magic at times."[24]
Craig Butler from All Movie Guide stated that the film was a "warm and amusing, if slightly dull, entry in the Disney animated canon." He also called it "conventional and generally predictable" with problems in pacing. However, he praised the film's climax and animation, as well as the ending. His final remark is that "Two of the directors, Richard Rich and Ted Berman, would next direct The Black Cauldron, a less successful but more ambitious project."[25] Richard Corliss of Time, praised the film for an intelligent story about prejudice. He argued that the film shows that biased attitudes can poison even the deepest relationships, and the film's bittersweet ending delivers a powerful and important moral message to audiences.[26]
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Times also praised the film, saying that "for all of its familiar qualities, this movie marks something of a departure for the Disney studio, and its movement is in an interesting direction. The Fox and the Hound is one of those relatively rare Disney animated features that contains a useful lesson for its younger audiences. It's not just cute animals and frightening adventures and a happy ending; it's also a rather thoughtful meditation on how society determines our behavior."[27] TV Guide gave the film four out of five stars, saying that "The animation here is better than average (veteran Disney animators Wolfgang Reitherman and Art Stevens supervised the talents of a new crop of artists that developed during a 10-year program at the studio), though not quite up to the quality of Disney Studios in its heyday. Still, this film has a lot of "heart" and is wonderful entertainment for both kids and their parents. Listen for a number of favorites among the voices."[28]
Michael Scheinfeld of Common Sense Media gave the film's quality a rating of 4 out of 5 stars, stating that the film "develops into a thoughtful examination of friendship and includes some mature themes, especially loss."[29]
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film received a 69% approval rating with an average rating of 6.6/10 based on 26 reviews. The website's consensus states that "The Fox and the Hound is a likeable, charming, unassuming effort that manages to transcend its thin, predictable plot".[30]
Box office
In its original release, The Fox and the Hound grossed $39.9 million in domestic grosses. Its distributor rentals were reported to be $14.2 million while its international rentals grossed $43 million.[31] The film was re-released theatrically on March 25, 1988,[3] where it grossed $23.5 million.[32] The Fox and the Hound has had a lifetime gross of $63.5 million across its original release and reissue.[33]
Accolades
The film was awarded a Golden Screen Award (German: Goldene Leinwand) in 1982. In the same year, it was also nominated for a Young Artist Award and the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film.[34]
Year
Ceremony
Award
Result
1982 10th Saturn Awards[35] Best Fantasy Film Nominated
1982 Golden Screen Awards[34] Won
5th Youth in Film Awards[34][36] Best Motion Picture - Fantasy or Comedy - Family Enjoyment Nominated
Legacy
As well as adaptations of the film itself, comic strips featuring the characters also appeared in stories unconnected to the film. Examples include The Lost Fawn, in which Copper uses his sense of smell to help Tod find a fawn who has gone astray;[37] The Chase, in which Copper must safeguard a sleepwalking Chief;[38] and Feathered Friends, in which the birds Dinky and Boomer have to go to desperate lengths to save one of Widow Tweed's chickens from a wolf.[39]
A comic adaptation of the film, drawn by Richard Moore, was published in newspapers as part of Disney's Treasury of Classic Tales.[40] A comic-book titled The Fox and the Hound followed, with new adventures of the characters. Since 1981 and up to 2007, a few Fox and the Hound Disney comics stories were produced in Italy, Netherlands, Brazil, France, and the United States.[41]
Followup
Main article: The Fox and the Hound 2
A direct-to-video followup, The Fox and the Hound 2, was released to DVD on December 12, 2006. The film takes place during the youth of Tod and Copper, before the events of the later half of the first film. The story-line involves Copper being tempted to join a band of singing stray dogs, thus threatening his friendship with Tod. The film was critically panned, with critics calling it a pale imitation of its predecessor.
References
^ Jump up to: a b Ansen, David (July 13, 1981). "Forest Friendship". Newsweek. The Washington Post Company: 81.
Jump up ^ "The Fox and the Hound (1981)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Fox and the Hound, The (film) - D23". D23. Disney.com. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Grant, John (April 30, 1998). The Encyclopedia of Walt Disney's Animated Characters: From Mickey Mouse to Hercules. Disney Editions. p. 306. ISBN 978-0-7868-6336-5.
Jump up ^ Hulett 2014, p. 33.
Jump up ^ Beck 2005, p. 86.
Jump up ^ Hulett 2014, p. 34.
Jump up ^ Sito 2006, p. 289.
Jump up ^ Sito 2006, p. 298.
^ Jump up to: a b Cowley, John. "The Animated Films of Don Bluth". Cataroo. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Finch, Christopher (1973). "The End of an Era". The Art of Walt Disney: From Mickey Mouse to the Magic Kingdom (2004 ed.). Harry N. Abrams. p. 260–66. ISBN 978-0810998148.
Jump up ^ Sito 2006, p. 290.
^ Jump up to: a b Sito, Tom (November 1998). "Disney's The Fox and the Hound: The Coming of the Next Generation". Animation World Magazine. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hulett 2014, p. 39.
Jump up ^ Hulett 2014, p. 35.
Jump up ^ Hulett 2014, p. 37.
Jump up ^ "The Fox and the Hound - Soundtrack Details". SoundtrackCollector.com. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Various - The Fox and the Hound (Vinyl, LP)". Discogs. Zink Media. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Fox and the Hound: Gold Collection DVD Review". DVDDizzy. Retrieved March 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Fox and the Hound 25th Anniversary Edition DVD Review". DVDDizzy. Retrieved March 2, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Fox and the Hound and The Fox and the Hound 2: 2 Movie Collection Blu-ray + DVD Review". DVDDizzy. Retrieved March 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Beck 2005, p. 87.
Jump up ^ Maltin, Leonard (2000). "Chapter 3: Without Walt". The Disney Films. Disney Editions. p. 275. ISBN 978-0786885275.
Jump up ^ Maltin, Leonard (2010). Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide. p. 490. ISBN 0-451-22764-6.
Jump up ^ "The Fox and the Hound (1981)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Corliss, Richard (July 20, 1981). "Cinema: The New Generation Comes of Age". Time. Time Inc.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (January 1, 1981). "The Fox and the Hound Movie Review (1981)". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Fox And The Hound: Review". TV Guide. CBS Interactive. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Michael Scheinfeld. "The Fox and the Hound Movie Review". Common Sense Media. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Fox and the Hound". Flixster. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved March 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Bob (September 19, 1984). "Walt Disney Productions returns to animation". Lewison Daily Sun. Sun Media Group. Retrieved May 11, 2016 – via Google News.
Jump up ^ "The Fox and the Hound (reissue) (1988)". Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Fox and the Hound Release Summary". Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Fox and the Hound - Awards". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Past Saturn Awards". Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films. Archived from the original on December 19, 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "5th Annual Awards". Young Artist Association. Archived from the original on April 3, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Lost Fawn". Inducks. October 10, 1981. Retrieved July 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Chase". Inducks. October 10, 1981. Retrieved July 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Feathered Friends". Inducks. October 10, 1981. Retrieved July 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ A. Becattini, L. Boschi, La produzione sindacata, 1984, p. 55.
Jump up ^ "List of 'The Fox and the Hound' Comics on Inducks". Inducks. October 10, 1981. Retrieved July 30, 2012.
Bibliography
Beck, Jerry (2005). The Animated Movie Guide. Chicago Reader Press. ISBN 1-55652-591-5.
Hulett, Steve (December 4, 2014). Mouse In Transition: An Insider's Look at Disney Feature Animation. Theme Park Press. ISBN 978-1941500248.
Sito, Tom (October 6, 2006). Drawing the Line: The Untold Story of the Animation Unions from Bosko to Bart Simpson. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0813124070.
External links
Disney portal
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Cartoon portal
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Official website
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[show]
v
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Disney theatrical animated features
Walt Disney
Animation Studios
films
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)
Pinocchio (1940)
Fantasia (1940)
Dumbo (1941)
Bambi (1942)
Saludos Amigos (1942)
The Three Caballeros (1944)
Make Mine Music (1946)
Fun and Fancy Free (1947)
Melody Time (1948)
The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949)
Cinderella (1950)
Alice in Wonderland (1951)
Peter Pan (1953)
Lady and the Tramp (1955)
Sleeping Beauty (1959)
One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961)
The Sword in the Stone (1963)
The Jungle Book (1967)
The Aristocats (1970)
Robin Hood (1973)
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977)
The Rescuers (1977)
The Fox and the Hound (1981)
The Black Cauldron (1985)
The Great Mouse Detective (1986)
Oliver & Company (1988)
The Little Mermaid (1989)
The Rescuers Down Under (1990)
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
Aladdin (1992)
The Lion King (1994)
Pocahontas (1995)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
Hercules (1997)
Mulan (1998)
Tarzan (1999)
Fantasia 2000 (1999)
Dinosaur (2000)
The Emperor's New Groove (2000)
Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001)
Lilo & Stitch (2002)
Treasure Planet (2002)
Brother Bear (2003)
Home on the Range (2004)
Chicken Little (2005)
Meet the Robinsons (2007)
Bolt (2008)
The Princess and the Frog (2009)
Tangled (2010)
Winnie the Pooh (2011)
Wreck-It Ralph (2012)
Frozen (2013)
Big Hero 6 (2014)
Zootopia (2016)
Moana (2016)
Ralph Breaks the Internet: Wreck-It Ralph 2 (2018)
Frozen 2 (2019)
Live-action films
with animation
The Reluctant Dragon (1941)
Victory Through Air Power (1943)
Song of the South (1946)
So Dear to My Heart (1948)
Mary Poppins (1964)
Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971)
Pete's Dragon (1977)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
Enchanted (2007)
DisneyToon Studios
films
DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp (1990)
A Goofy Movie (1995)
The Tigger Movie (2000)
Return to Never Land (2002)
The Jungle Book 2 (2003)
Piglet's Big Movie (2003)
Pooh's Heffalump Movie (2005)
Bambi II (2006)
Planes (2013)
Planes: Fire & Rescue (2014)
Other Disney units films
The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993)
James and the Giant Peach (1996)
Doug's 1st Movie (1999)
Recess: School's Out (2001)
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A Christmas Carol (2009)
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Frankenweenie (2012)
Strange Magic (2015)
Related lists
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Book
[show]
v
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Films directed by Richard Rich
The Fox and the Hound (1981)
The Black Cauldron (1985)
The Swan Princess (1994)
The Swan Princess: Escape from Castle Mountain (1997)
The Swan Princess: The Mystery of the Enchanted Kingdom (1998)
The King and I (1999)
The Scarecrow (2000)
The Trumpet of the Swan (2001)
Muhammad: The Last Prophet (2002)
The Swan Princess Christmas (2012)
Alpha and Omega 2: A Howl-iday Adventure (2013)
Alpha and Omega 3: The Great Wolf Games (2014)
Alpha and Omega: The Legend of the Saw Tooth Cave (2014)
The Swan Princess: A Royal Family Tale (2014)
The Swan Princess: Princess Tomorrow, Pirate Today (2016)
The Swan Princess: Royally Undercover (2017)
The Swan Princess: A Royal Myztery (2018)
[show]
v
t
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Walt Disney Animation Studios
[show]
List of feature films
Released
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)
Pinocchio (1940)
Fantasia (1940)
Dumbo (1941)
Bambi (1942)
Saludos Amigos (1942)
The Three Caballeros (1944)
Make Mine Music (1946)
Fun and Fancy Free (1947)
Melody Time (1948)
The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949)
Cinderella (1950)
Alice in Wonderland (1951)
Peter Pan (1953)
Lady and the Tramp (1955)
Sleeping Beauty (1959)
One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961)
The Sword in the Stone (1963)
The Jungle Book (1967)
The Aristocats (1970)
Robin Hood (1973)
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977)
The Rescuers (1977)
The Fox and the Hound (1981)
The Black Cauldron (1985)
The Great Mouse Detective (1986)
Oliver & Company (1988)
The Little Mermaid (1989)
The Rescuers Down Under (1990)
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
Aladdin (1992)
The Lion King (1994)
Pocahontas (1995)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
Hercules (1997)
Mulan (1998)
Tarzan (1999)
Fantasia 2000 (1999)
Dinosaur (2000)
The Emperor's New Groove (2000)
Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001)
Lilo & Stitch (2002)
Treasure Planet (2002)
Brother Bear (2003)
Home on the Range (2004)
Chicken Little (2005)
Meet the Robinsons (2007)
Bolt (2008)
The Princess and the Frog (2009)
Tangled (2010)
Winnie the Pooh (2011)
Wreck-It Ralph (2012)
Frozen (2013)
Big Hero 6 (2014)
Zootopia (2016)
Moana (2016)
Upcoming films
Ralph Breaks the Internet: Wreck-It Ralph 2 (2018)
Frozen 2 (2019)
Associated
productions
The Reluctant Dragon (1941)
Victory Through Air Power (1943)
Song of the South (1946)
So Dear to My Heart (1949)
Mary Poppins (1964)
Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971)
Pete's Dragon (1977)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
Enchanted (2007)
[show]
People
Executives
Edwin Catmull
Roy Conli
Roy E. Disney
Walt Disney
Don Hahn
Jeffrey Katzenberg
John Lasseter
Peter Schneider
Thomas Schumacher
David Stainton
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Les Clark
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technologies
12 basic principles of animation
Computer Animation Production System
Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life
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Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
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A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum
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This article is about the musical. For the film, see A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (film).
A Funny Thing Happened
on the Way to the Forum
Playbill from the original Broadway production
Music
Stephen Sondheim
Lyrics
Stephen Sondheim
Book
Burt Shevelove
Larry Gelbart
Productions
1962 Broadway
1963 West End
1966 film
1972 Broadway
1986 West End
1996 Broadway
2004 Royal National Theatre
2009 Hong Kong
2009 Stratford Shakespeare Festival
2012 Melbourne
Awards
Tony Award for Best Musical
Tony Award for Best Author (Musical)
A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and book by Burt Shevelove and Larry Gelbart.
Inspired by the farces of the ancient Roman playwright Plautus (251–183 BC), specifically Pseudolus, Miles Gloriosus, and Mostellaria, the musical tells the bawdy story of a slave named Pseudolus and his attempts to win his freedom by helping his young master woo the girl next door. The plot displays many classic elements of farce, including puns, the slamming of doors, cases of mistaken identity (frequently involving characters disguising themselves as one another), and satirical comments on social class. The title derives from a line often used by vaudeville comedians to begin a story: "A funny thing happened on the way to the theater".
The musical's original 1962 Broadway run won several Tony Awards, including Best Musical and Best Author (Musical). A Funny Thing has enjoyed several Broadway and West End revivals and was made into a successful film starring the original lead of the musical, Zero Mostel.
Contents
[hide]
1 Productions
1.1 Original Broadway
1.2 London
1.3 Motion picture adaptation
1.4 Broadway revivals
1.5 Other productions
2 Plot
3 Characters
4 Cast
5 Songs
6 Awards and honors
6.1 Original Broadway production
6.2 1972 Broadway revival
6.3 1995 Broadway revival
7 In popular culture
8 References
9 External links
Productions[edit]
Original Broadway[edit]
A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum opened on Broadway on May 8, 1962, at the Alvin Theatre, and then transferred to the Mark Hellinger Theatre and the Majestic Theatre, where the show closed on August 29, 1964, after 964 performances and 8 previews.
The show's creators originally wanted Phil Silvers in the lead role of Pseudolus, but he turned them down, allegedly because he would have to perform onstage without his glasses, and his vision was so poor that he feared tripping into the orchestra pit. He is also quoted as turning down the role for being "Sgt. Bilko in a toga". (Silvers eventually played the role — wearing his glasses — in a 1972 revival. In the film, he played Marcus Lycus.) Milton Berle also passed on the role. Eventually, Zero Mostel was cast.[1]
During the out of town pre-Broadway tryouts the show was attracting little business and not playing well. Jerome Robbins was called in to give advice and make changes. The biggest change Robbins made was a new opening number to replace "Love Is in the Air" and introduce the show as a bawdy, wild comedy. Stephen Sondheim wrote the song "Comedy Tonight" for this new opening.[1] From that point on, the show was a success.
It was directed by George Abbott and produced by Hal Prince, with choreography by Jack Cole and uncredited staging and choreography by Robbins. The scenic and costume design was by Tony Walton. This wardrobe is on display at the Costume World Broadway Collection in Pompano Beach, Florida. The lighting design was by Jean Rosenthal. Along with Mostel, the musical featured a cast of seasoned performers, including Jack Gilford (Mostel's friend and fellow blacklist member), David Burns, John Carradine, Ruth Kobart, and Raymond Walburn. The young lovers were played by Brian Davies and Preshy Marker. Karen Black, originally cast as the ingenue, was replaced out of town.
The show won several Tony Awards: Best Musical, Best Actor, Best Supporting Actor (Burns), Best Book, and Best Director. The score, however, was coolly received; it was Sondheim's first musical on Broadway in which he wrote both the music and lyrics, and did not earn a nomination for Best Original Score.
London[edit]
The show was presented two times in London's West End. The 1963 production and its 1986 revival were staged at the Strand Theatre and the Piccadilly Theatre respectively,[2][3] and featured Frankie Howerd starring as Pseudolus, Kenneth Connor as Hysterium, 'Monsewer' Eddie Gray as Senex, Jon Pertwee as Marcus Lycus, and Leon Greene as Miles Gloriosus.
In 2004 there was a limited-run revival at the Royal National Theatre, starring Desmond Barrit as Pseudolus, Philip Quast as Miles Gloriosus, Hamish McColl as Hysterium and Isla Blair as Domina (who had previously played Philia in the 1963 production).[4] This production was nominated for the 2005 Olivier Award, Outstanding Musical Production.[5]
Motion picture adaptation[edit]
Main article: A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (film)
A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum was made into a musical film in 1966, directed by Richard Lester, with Mostel and Gilford re-creating their Broadway stage roles, Leon Greene reprising his West End stage role, and Phil Silvers in an expanded role as "Marcus Lycus". David Burns did not return for the film role of Senex, which was played in the film by Michael Hordern. Buster Keaton made his final film appearance in the role of Erronius.
Broadway revivals[edit]
A revival opened on Broadway at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre on April 4, 1972 and closed on August 12, 1972 after 156 performances. Directed by co-author Burt Shevelove the cast starred Phil Silvers as Pseudolus (later replaced by Tom Poston), Lew Parker as Senex, Carl Ballantine as Lycus and Reginald Owen as Erronius. Larry Blyden, who played Hysterium, the role created by Jack Gilford, also co-produced.[6] "Pretty Little Picture" and "That'll Show Him" were dropped from the show, and were replaced with "Echo Song" (sung by Hero and Philia), and "Farewell" (added for Nancy Walker as Domina, as she and Senex depart for the country). "Echo Song" and "Farewell" had been added to a production staged in Los Angeles the previous year and were composed by Sondheim. They had to close soon after Phil Silvers suffered a stroke. The show won two Tony Awards, Best Leading Actor in a Musical for Silvers, and Best Featured Actor in a Musical for Blyden.[6]
The musical was revived again with great success in 1996, opening at the St. James Theatre on April 18, 1996 and closing on January 4, 1998 after 715 performances. The cast starred Nathan Lane as Pseudolus (replaced by Whoopi Goldberg and later by David Alan Grier), Mark Linn-Baker as Hysterium, Ernie Sabella as Lycus, Jim Stanek as Hero, Lewis J. Stadlen as Senex, and Cris Groenendaal as Miles Gloriosus. The production was directed by Jerry Zaks, with choreography by Rob Marshall. Lane won the 1996 Tony Award for Best Leading Actor and the Dramas Desk Award, Outstanding Actor in a Musical; the production was nominated for the 1996 Tony Award and Drama Desk Award, Revival of a Musical.[7]
Every actor who has opened in the role of Pseudolus on Broadway (Zero Mostel, Phil Silvers, and Nathan Lane) has won a Best Leading Actor Tony Award for his performance. In addition, Jason Alexander, who performed as Pseudolus in one scene in Jerome Robbins' Broadway, also won a Tony for Best Actor in a Musical.
Other productions[edit]
The original Australian production with American actor Jack Collins as Pseudolus opened at the Theatre Royal in Sydney in July 1964, and toured other Australian cities through 1965.[8]
The Stephen Sondheim Center for the Performing Arts produced a limited-run revival of the musical from January 11 to 27, 2008. The production was directed by Randal K. West, with Justin Hill as musical director and Adam Cates as choreographer. The cast featured Richard Kind as Pseudolus, Joel Blum as Senex, Stephen DeRosa as Marcus Lycus, Sean McCall as Hysterium, and Steve Wilson as Miles Gloriosus. It also featured Diana Upton-Hill, Ryan Gaffney, Stephen Mark Crisp, Jack Kloppenborg, and Margret Clair.[9][10][11]
The Chung Ying Theatre Company in Hong Kong staged a Cantonese version of the musical at Kwai Tsing Theatre, to celebrate the company's 30th anniversary. It was directed by Chung King Fai and Ko Tin Lung and ran from 14 to 21 March 2009.[12]
The Stratford Shakespeare Festival in Stratford, Ontario, Canada production ran from June 11 to November 7, 2009, with Des McAnuff directing and Wayne Cilento as choreographer.[13] Bruce Dow originally performed the role of Pseudolus, but was forced to withdraw from the entire 2009 season due to an injury, and the role was then performed by Seán Cullen as of September 5, 2009.[14] Stephen Ouimette played Hysterium. Mirvish Productions presented the earlier Stratford production at the Canon Theatre, Toronto, in December 2010 through January 2011. Bruce Dow and Sean Cullen were alternates in the lead role.[15]
In October 2012 the play opened at Her Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne, Australia, with Geoffrey Rush as Pseudolus, Magda Szubanski as Domina and Shane Bourne as Senex.[16] Stephen Sondheim came to Melbourne specifically to watch the show.
A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum was produced at Two River Theater in Red Bank, New Jersey from November 14, 2015 to December 13, 2015. The production was performed by an all male cast (Paul Castree, Eddie Cooper, Kevin Isola, David Josefsberg, Max Kumangai, Graham Rowat, Manny Stark, Bobby Conte Thornton, David Turner, Michael Urie, Tom Deckman, and Christopher Fitzgerald).[17]
Plot[edit]
Graphic from the original Broadway cast album
In ancient Rome, some neighbors live in three adjacent houses. In the center is the house of Senex, who lives there with wife Domina, son Hero, and several slaves, including head slave Hysterium and the musical's main character Pseudolus. A slave belonging to Hero, Pseudolus wishes to buy, win, or steal his freedom. One of the neighboring houses is owned by Marcus Lycus, who is a buyer and seller of beautiful women; the other belongs to the ancient Erronius, who is abroad searching for his long-lost children (stolen in infancy by pirates).
One day, Senex and Domina go on a trip and leave Pseudolus in charge of Hero. Hero confides in Pseudolus that he is in love with the lovely Philia, one of the courtesans in the House of Lycus (albeit still a virgin). Pseudolus promises to help him win Philia's love in exchange for his own freedom. Unfortunately (as the two find out when they pay a visit on Lycus), Philia has been sold to the renowned warrior Miles Gloriosus, who is expected to claim her very soon. Pseudolus, an excellent liar, uses Philia's cheery disposition to convince Lycus that she has picked up a plague from Crete, which causes its victims to smile endlessly in its terminal stages. By offering to isolate her in Senex's house, he is able to give Philia and Hero some time alone together, and the two fall in love. But Philia insists that, even though she is in love with Hero, she must honor her contract with the Captain, for "that is the way of a courtesan." To appease her, he tells her to wait ("that's what virgins do best, isn't it?") inside, and that he will have the captain knock three times when he arrives. Pseudolus comes up with a plan to slip Philia a sleeping potion that will render her unconscious. He will then tell Lycus that she has died of the Cretan plague, and will offer to remove the body. Hero will come along, and they will stow away on a ship headed for Greece. Satisfied with his plan, Pseudolus steals Hysterium's book of potions and has Hero read him the recipe for the sleeping potion; the only ingredient he lacks is "mare's sweat", and Pseudolus goes off in search of some.
Unexpectedly, Senex returns home early from his trip, and knocks three times on his own door. Philia comes out of the house, and, thinking that Senex is the Captain, offers herself up to him. Surprised but game, Senex instructs Philia to wait in the house for him, and she does. Hysterium arrives to this confusion, and tells Senex that Philia is the new maid that he has hired. Pseudolus returns, having procured the necessary mare's sweat; seeing that Senex has returned unexpectedly and grasping the need to keep him out of the way, Pseudolus discreetly sprinkles some of the horse-sweat onto him, then suggests that the road trip has left Senex in dire need of a bath. Taking the bait, Senex instructs Hysterium to draw him a bath in the long-abandoned house of Erronius. But while this is happening, Erronius returns home, finally having given up the search for his long-lost children. Hysterium, desperate to keep him out of the house where his master is bathing, tells the old man that his house has become haunted – a story seemingly confirmed by the sound of Senex singing in his bath. Erronius immediately determines to have a soothsayer come and banish the spirit from his house, and Pseudolus obligingly poses as one, telling Erronius that, in order to banish the spirit, he must travel seven times around the seven hills of Rome (thus keeping the old man occupied and out of the way for quite a while).
When Miles Gloriosus arrives to claim his courtesan-bride, Pseudolus hides Philia on the roof of Senex's house; told that she has "escaped," Lycus is terrified to face the Captain's wrath. Pseudolus offers to impersonate Lycus and talk his way out of the mess but, his ingenuity flagging, he ends up merely telling the Captain that Philia has disappeared, and that he, "Lycus", will search for her. Displeased and suspicious, Miles insists that his soldiers accompany Pseudolus, but the wily slave loses them in Rome's winding streets.
Complicating matters further, Domina returns from her trip early, suspicious that her husband Senex is "up to something low." She disguises herself in virginal white robes and a veil (much like Philia's) to try to catch Senex being unfaithful. Pseudolus convinces Hysterium to help him by dressing in drag and pretending to be Philia, "dead" from the plague. Unfortunately, it turns out that Miles Gloriosus has just returned from Crete, where there is of course no actual plague. With the ruse thus revealed, the main characters run for their lives, resulting in a madcap chase across the stage with both Miles and Senex pursuing all three "Philia"s (Domina, Hysterium, and the actual Philia – all wearing identical white robes and veils). Meanwhile, the courtesans from the house of Marcus Lycus – who had been recruited as mourners at "Philia"'s ersatz funeral – have escaped, and Lycus sends his eunuchs out to bring them all back, adding to the general pandemonium.
Finally, the Captain's troops are able to round everyone up. His plot thoroughly unraveled, Pseudolus appears to be in deep trouble – but Erronius, completing his third circuit of the Roman hills, shows up fortuitously to discover that Miles Gloriosus and Philia are wearing matching rings which mark them as his long-lost children. Philia's betrothal to the Captain is nullified by the unexpected revelation that he's her brother, and, as the daughter or a free-born citizen, she's freed from Marcus Lycus. Philia weds Hero; Pseudolus gets his freedom and the lovely courtesan Gymnasia; Gloriosus receives twin courtesans to replace Philia; and Erronius is reunited with his children. A happy ending prevails for all – except for poor Senex, stuck with his shrewish wife Domina.
Characters[edit]
Pseudolus: A Roman slave, owned by Hero, who seeks to win freedom by helping Hero win the heart of Philia. The name Pseudolus means "Faker". While originally written as a male role, it has been performed by female actors as well.
Hero: Young son of Senex who falls in love with the virgin, Philia.
Philia: (Greek for "love") A virgin in the house of Marcus Lycus, and Hero's love interest. Her name is also a homophone of the Latin word "Filia," which means daughter. This foreshadows her status as the daughter of Erronius.
Hysterium: (Latin for "Hysterical", or "Anxious", the suffix "-um" makes the name neuter, and the character's gender is often mistaken throughout the piece) The chief slave in the house of Senex.
Senex: (Latin for "old man") A henpecked, sardonic Roman senator living in a less fashionable suburb of Rome.
Domina: (Latin for "mistress") The wife of Senex. A manipulative, shrewish woman who is loathed by even her husband.
Marcus Lycus: A purveyor of courtesans, who operates from the house to the left of Senex. (Name based on Lycus, the pimp in Plautus's Poenulus.)
Miles Gloriosus: (Latin for "boastful soldier," the archetype of the braggart soldier in Roman comedies) A captain in the Roman army to whom Marcus Lycus has promised Philia.
Erronius: (Latin for "wandering") Senex's elderly neighbor in the house to the right. He has spent the past twenty years searching for his two children, kidnapped in infancy by pirates.
Gymnasia: (Greek for "Athletic", with the connotation of nakedness) A courtesan from the house of Lycus with whom Pseudolus falls in love.
Tintinabula: (Latin for "Bells") A jingling, bell-wearing courtesan in the house of Lycus.
Vibrata: (Latin for "Vibrant") A wild, vibrant courtesan in the house of Lycus.
Geminae: (Latin for "Twins") Twin courtesans in the house of Lycus.
Panacea: (Greek for "Cure All") A courtesan in the house of Lycus. A face that can hold a thousand promises, and a body that stands behind each promise.
Proteans: Choristers who play multiple roles (slaves, citizens, soldiers, and eunuchs). They accompany Pseudolus in "Comedy Tonight". On Broadway, three people played all of these roles.
Cast[edit]
Role
Original Broadway
Original London
1966 film
1972 Broadway Revival
1996 Broadway Revival
2004 London Revival
Prologus/Pseudolus
Zero Mostel Frankie Howerd Zero Mostel Phil Silvers Nathan Lane Desmond Barrit
Hero
Brian Davies John Rye Michael Crawford John Hansen[18] Jim Stanek Vince Leigh
Philia
Preshy Marker Isla Blair Annette Andre Pamela Hall Jessica Boevers Caroline Sheen
Hysterium
Jack Gilford Kenneth Connor Jack Gilford Larry Blyden Mark Linn-Baker Hamish McColl
Senex
David Burns Eddie Gray Michael Hordern Lew Parker Lewis J. Stadlen Sam Kelly
Domina
Ruth Kobart Linda Gray Patricia Jessel Lizabeth Pritchett Mary Testa Isla Blair
Marcus Lycus
John Carradine Jon Pertwee Phil Silvers Carl Ballatine Ernie Sabella David Schneider
Songs[edit]
Act I
"Comedy Tonight" – Pseudolus and Company
"Love, I Hear" – Hero
"Free" – Pseudolus and Hero
"The House of Marcus Lycus" – Lycus and Pseudolus
"Lovely" – Philia and Hero
"Pretty Little Picture" – Pseudolus, Hero, and Philia
"Everybody Ought to Have a Maid" – Senex, Pseudolus, Hysterium and Lycus
"I'm Calm" – Hysterium
"Impossible" – Senex and Hero
"Bring Me My Bride" – Miles Gloriosus and Company
Act II
"That Dirty Old Man" – Domina
"That'll Show Him" – Philia
"Lovely" (reprise) – Pseudolus and Hysterium
"Funeral Sequence" – Pseudolus, Miles Gloriosus and Company
"Finale" – Company
Notes:
The song "Love Is in the Air" was originally intended as the opening number. The song was cut from the show and replaced with "Comedy Tonight".[19] The song was later featured in the film The Birdcage (1996) and performed by Robin Williams and Christine Baranski. Another draft of the opening number, "Invocation and Instructions to the Audience," has been used in subsequent revues of Sondheim songs and was sung by Nathan Lane in the musical The Frogs. "Pretty Little Picture" is frequently dropped from productions of the show, and one verse of "I'm Calm" is also frequently trimmed. Other cut songs include "Love Story (Your Eyes Are Blue)" and "The Echo Song".[20] The song "Farewell" was added to the 1972 Broadway revival.
Awards and honors[edit]
Original Broadway production[edit]
Year
Award ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result
1962 Outer Critics Circle Award Special Award George Abbott Won
1963 Tony Award Best Musical Won
Best Producer of a Musical Harold Prince Won
Best Author Burt Shevelove and Larry Gelbart Won
Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Zero Mostel Won
Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical David Burns Won
Jack Gilford Nominated
Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Ruth Kobart Nominated
Best Direction of a Musical George Abbott Won
1972 Broadway revival[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
1972 Tony Award Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Phil Silvers Won
Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Larry Blyden Won
Best Direction of a Musical Burt Shevelove Nominated
1995 Broadway revival[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
1996 Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Nominated
Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Nathan Lane Won
Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Lewis J. Stadlen Nominated
Best Direction of a Musical Jerry Zaks Nominated
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Nominated
Outstanding Actor in a Musical Nathan Lane Won
Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Actor in a Musical Nathan Lane Won
Outstanding Director of a Musical Jerry Zaks Won
Drama League Award Distinguished Production of a Revival Nominated
In popular culture[edit]
The title has been referenced many times over the years in the episode titles of various television programs.
In the second season of the AMC series Mad Men, which takes place in 1962, several characters refer to the musical. For example, Don Draper runs into his former mistress, Rachel Menken, at Sardi's. Rachel and her new husband are on their way to see the show on Broadway.
The title is referenced in Marvel One-Shots A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Thor's Hammer and is included on the Captain America: The First Avenger Blu-ray Disc and DVD releases.
The musical was referenced in an episode of Glee; Shannon Beiste claims she has musical experience and states that she played The Forum in a production.
In the South Park episode "Cherokee Hair Tampons", Cartman sings the word "No" to the tune of "Comedy Tonight".
References[edit]
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b Green, Stanley and Green, Kay."A Funny Thing Happened on the Way To the Forum" Broadway Musicals, Show By Show (1996), Hal Leonard Corporation, ISBN 0-7935-7750-0, p. 198
Jump up ^ "Listing, 1963 production" Guidetomusicaltheatre.com, retrieved December 9, 2009
Jump up ^ "Listing, 1986 production" Thisistheatre.com, retrieved December 9, 2009
Jump up ^ Inverne, James. "Thoroughly Modern Millie Closes in London as New Musicals Prepare to Open". Playbill, June 7, 2004, accessed December 25, 2016
Jump up ^ "Olivier Winners, 2005". olivierawards.com, accessed December 27, 2016
^ Jump up to: a b " 'A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum' 1972" sondheimguide.com, accessed December 25, 2016
Jump up ^ " 'A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum' Broadway 1996",. Playbill (vault), accessed December 26, 2016
Jump up ^ "AusStage - A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum". www.ausstage.edu.au. Retrieved 2017-09-21.
Jump up ^ "News" gazettonline, January 14, 2008] Archived January 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Lipton, Brian Scott."Richard Kind to Star in Fairfield Center's 'Forum'" Theatermania.com, January 4, 2008
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew."Tragedy Tomorrow, Comedy Tonight: 'Forum' Begins Run at Sondheim Center" Archived December 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Playbill.com, January 11, 2008
Jump up ^ "Funny Thing" chungying.com Archived June 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ (no author)."Stratford Production History" Stratfordfestival.ca, accessed August 16, 2011
Jump up ^ Bacalzo, Dan."Sean Cullen to Replace Injured Bruce Dow in Stratford 'Forum' " Theatermania.com, August 17, 2009
Jump up ^ Nestruck, J. Kelly."Theatre Review. 'A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum' still brings the funny, but not as much" The Globe and Mail, December 20, 2010
Jump up ^ "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum Archived October 28, 2012, at the Wayback Machine., Australian website
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Marina. "BWW Review: 'A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum' at TRT-Musical Comedy at its Very Best" broadwayworld.com, November 24, 2015
Jump up ^ "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum – Broadway Musical – 1972 Revival | IBDB".
Jump up ^ (no author)."Cut songs, 'A Funny Thing Happened'" Sondheim.com, accessed August 16, 2011
Jump up ^ " 'A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum' ". sondheim.com. Retrieved on December 25, 2016.
Bibliography
"'A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum' plot summary & character descriptions" from StageAgent.com
"Plot and production information", guidetomusicaltheatre.com
External links[edit]
A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum at the Internet Broadway Database
''A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum Sondheim Guide
Libretto for the Broadway play at the Wayback Machine (archived October 23, 2007)
A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum at the Music Theatre International website
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