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Venetian Arsenal
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The Porta Magna at the Venetian Arsenal.
Stone Lion above the Portale at the Arsenale
Entrance to the Arsenale. Ca. 1860/70. Photo by Carlo Ponti.
Radicchio at a street market near the Arsenale, 2017
The Venetian Arsenal (Italian: Arsenale di Venezia) is a complex of former shipyards and armories clustered together in the city of Venice in northern Italy. Owned by the state, the Arsenal was responsible for the bulk of the Venetian republic's naval power during the middle part of the second millennium AD. It was "one of the earliest large-scale industrial enterprises in history".[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 History
3 Mass production
4 Galileo and the Arsenal
5 Venice's naval power
6 Greece
7 References
8 External links
Overview[edit]
Construction of the Arsenal began around 1104, during Venice's republican era.[2][3] It became the largest industrial complex in Europe before the Industrial Revolution,[4] spanning an area of about 45 hectares (110 acres), or about fifteen percent of Venice.[2] Surrounded by a 2-mile (3.2 km) rampart, laborers and shipbuilders regularly worked within the Arsenal, building ships that sailed from the city's port.[5] With high walls shielding the Arsenal from public view and guards protecting its perimeter, different areas of the Arsenal each produced a particular prefabricated ship part or other maritime implement, such as munitions, rope, and rigging.[6] These parts could then be assembled into a ship in as little as one day.[7] An exclusive forest owned by the Arsenal navy, in the Montello hills area of Veneto, provided the Arsenal's wood supply.
The Arsenal produced the majority of Venice's maritime trading vessels, which generated much of the city's economic wealth and power, lasting until the fall of the republic to Napoleon's conquest of the area in 1797.[8] It is located in the Castello district of Venice, and it is now owned by the state.[2]
History[edit]
The Byzantine-style establishment may have existed as early as the 8th century, though the present structure is usually said to have been begun in 1104 during the reign of Ordelafo Faliero, although there is no evidence for such a precise date. It definitely existed by the early 13th century.
Initially the state dockyard worked merely to maintain privately built naval ships, but in 1320 the Arsenale Nuovo (Italian: New Arsenal) was built, much larger than the original. It enabled all the state's navy and the larger merchant ships to be both constructed and maintained in one place. The Arsenal incidentally became an important center for rope manufacture, and housing for the arsenal workers grew up outside its walls.
Venice developed methods of mass-producing warships in the Arsenal, including the frame-first system to replace the Roman hull-first practice. This new system was much faster and required less wood. At the peak of its efficiency in the early 16th century, the Arsenal employed some 16,000 people who apparently were able to produce nearly one ship each day, and could fit out, arm, and provision a newly built galley with standardized parts on a production-line basis not seen again until the Industrial Revolution.
View of the Entrance to the Arsenal by Canaletto, 1732.
The staff of the Arsenal, who were united by their distinct professional identity,[9] also developed new firearms at an early date, beginning with bombards in the 1370s and numerous small arms for use against the Genoese a few years later. The muzzle velocity of handguns was improved beyond that of the crossbow, creating armor-piercing rounds. Arsenal-produced arms were also noteworthy for their multi-purpose utility; the Venetian condottieri leader, Bartolomeo Colleoni, is usually given credit as being the first to mount the Arsenal's new lighter-weight artillery on mobile carriages for field use.
The Arsenal's main gate, the Porta Magna, was built around 1460 and was the first Classical revival structure built in Venice. It was perhaps built by Antonio Gambello from a design by Jacopo Bellini. Two lions taken from Greece situated beside it were added in 1687. One of the lions, known as the Piraeus Lion, has runic defacements carved in it by invading Scandinavian mercenaries during the 11th century.
In the late 16th century, the Arsenal's designers experimented with larger ships as platforms for heavy naval guns. The largest was the galleass, already used at the Battle of Lepanto against the Ottoman Turks, and developed from the old merchanting "great galley". It was huge, propelled by both sails and oars, with guns mounted on wheeled carriages along the sides in the modern fashion. It was slow and unwieldy in battle, however, and few were ever built. The galleon, also developed at the Arsenal, was an armed sailing ship, a slimmer version of the merchant "round ship". It was useful in major naval battles, but not in the small bays and off the extensive lee shores of the Dalmatian coast.
Significant parts of the Arsenal were destroyed under Napoleonic rule, and later rebuilt to enable the Arsenal's present use as a naval base. It is also used as a research center and an exhibition venue during the Venice Biennale, and is home to a historic boat preservation center.
Mass production[edit]
The Venetian Arsenal's ability to mass-produce galleys on an almost assembly-line process was unique for its time and resulted in possibly the single largest industrial complex in Europe prior to the Industrial Revolution. So much so, that it was mentioned in Dante's Inferno:
As in the Arsenal of the Venetians
Boils in winter the tenacious pitch
To smear their unsound vessels over again
For sail they cannot; and instead thereof
One makes his vessel new, and one recaulks
The ribs of that which many a voyage has made
One hammers at the prow, one at the stern
This one makes oars and that one cordage twists
Another mends the mainsail and the mizzen…[10]
The Arsenal's capacity for production was rare in a time when "most of Europe had no manufacturing abilities more efficient than the guild system, the slow and tradition-bound way craftsmen had of passing on skills to their sons or apprentices while monopolizing production and sale of craft pieces in a given region... The Arsenal was something different, a harbinger of future times."[11]
The Venetian Arsenal was not the mass production facility that it was to be until about 1320 with the creation of the Arsenale Nuovo. The Arsenale Nuovo was simply a larger and more efficient version of the original. Prior to this time the Arsenal had served mainly as a place to maintain privately built ships. With the creation of the Arsenale Nuovo, and the development and introduction of the Great Galley, the Venetian Arsenal would start to take on its industrial form. The invention of the Great Galley itself is significant because they were able to be built frame-first. This process used less timber than the earlier hull-first building system, resulting in much faster build times. This was crucial to the process that would lead to the Arsenal becoming a mass-production center. By the 16th century, the Arsenal had become the most powerful and efficient shipbuilding enterprise in the world. Not only did it supply ships, rigging, and other nautical supplies, it was also a major munitions depot for the Venetian navy and was capable of outfitting and producing fully equipped merchant or naval vessels at the rate of one per day.[11]
In the rest of Europe the production of a similar sized vessel could often take months. This large production capacity was a result of the massive number of people that the Arsenal employed, almost 16,000, and the streamlining of production within the Arsenal itself. Production was divided into 3 main stages: framing, planking and cabins, and final assembly. Each stage employed its own workers who specialized in that particular stage of production as well as using standardized parts to produce an almost assembly-line process. The Arsenal often kept up to 100 galleys in different stages of production and maintenance. That way, once a galley was launched, another could be immediately put into the finishing stages of production. The layout of the Arsenal itself was modified to enable minimal handling of materials during the stages of production. The Arsenal also saw the use of standardized, interchangeable parts.
One revolutionary aspect of the Arsenal was its employment of the moving assembly line. The galleys, through the use of a canal, were moved along during their stages of construction, allowing them to be brought to the materials and workers, instead of the materials and workers going to the galley itself. This assembly approach was repeated in the rest of the world only starting from the early 20th century when Henry Ford began using the modern assembly line.
Galileo and the Arsenal[edit]
Statue of Galileo Galilei.
In 1593, Galileo became a consultant to the Arsenal, advising military engineers and instrument makers and helping to solve shipbuilders' problems, many of them relating to matters of ballistics. He was also responsible for creating some major innovations in the production and logistics of the Arsenal. As a result of his interactions with the Arsenal, Galileo published a book later in his life addressing a new field of modern science, that concerned with the strength and resistance of materials. This science largely saw its roots in the knowledge of the shipwrights of the Venetian Arsenal. It is also supposed that Galileo's initial visits to the Arsenal were as a result of his initiative to further investigate Aristotle's questions concerning shipbuilding and navigation, found in the Mechanical Questions of Aristotle. As a result of these investigations, which were pursued by observing the work of the shipwrights, Galileo was asked to help in resolving a specific problem with the rowing units of the galleys. As a result of his study of Aristotle, and in particular Question 4 regarding the propulsion of ships by oar, Galileo was able to produce a response to this question and ended up becoming a major source of information for the shipbuilders of the Arsenal concerning matters of rowing, instruments, and ballistics.[12]
Venice's naval power[edit]
Venice's wealth and power rested in its ability to control trade in the Mediterranean. This would not have been possible without an extremely large navy and merchant force. By 1450, over 3,000 Venetian merchant ships were in operation, both as supply ships for Venetian merchants and as warships for the Venetian navy. The fleet required constant maintenance and outfitting. The Venetian Arsenal was not only able to function as a major shipyard, but was also responsible for these routine maintenance stops that most Venetian galleys required. This required financing, for which the Venetian government spent almost 10% of its revenues. This naval power resulted in the domination of Mediterranean commerce. Venice's leading families, largely merchants and noblemen, were responsible for creating some of the grandest palaces and employing some of the most famous artists ever known. This opulence and wealth would not have been possible without the naval force constructed by the Arsenal. With the creation of the Great Galley and the mass production capacity of the Arsenal, "the fleets of Venice were the basis for the greatest commercial power the European world had yet seen".[13]
Greece[edit]
Main article: Venetian arsenal, Gouvia
The Venetian arsenal at Govino Bay, Corfu
Venice built an arsenal in Corfu as part of a network of Venetian arsenals, serving primarily the purpose of repair, and naval stations in Greece, including shipyards in the Aegean Sea, Epirus, the Peloponnese and the Kingdom of Candia (modern Crete). Aside from Corfu, such locations in Greece included Methoni, Koroni, Chalkis, Preveza, Chania and Heraklion.[14]
The arsenal at Gouvia in Corfu was supposed to be used for ship repairs during the winter after the two fleets stationed on the island had returned from their yearly campaign during peacetime.[15][16] The arsenal was also used as storage for the Venetian ships.[17] However, the Venetian Senate, in order to protect the operations of its own arsenal in Venice, chose to limit the kind of repair activities undertaken at the Corfu arsenal.[16] Consequently, the shipyard operations at Gouvia were restricted to basic maintenance such as cleaning and caulking,[15][16] and many captains instead of repairing their damaged ships at the arsenal chose to sink them.[15] As time went on, the number of ships being serviced at the location declined.[15]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rondo Cameron, Larry Neal (2003). A Concise Economic History of the World: From Paleolithic Times to the Present. Oxford University Press. p. 161. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c Giove, S., Rosato, P. & Breil, M. "A multicriteria approach for the evaluation of the sustainability of re-use of historic buildings in Venice." Sustainability indicators and environmental valuation paper - Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei. October 2008. Accessed 30 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Norris, R.M. "Carpaccio's Hunting on the lagoon and two Venetian ladies: A vignette of fifteenth-century Venetian life." College of Fine and Professional Arts of Kent State University Master of Arts Thesis. August 2007. Accessed 30 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Tassava, C.J. "Launching a Thousand Ships: Entrepreneurs, War Workers, and the State in American Shipbuilding, 1940-1945." Northwestern University Ph.D. Thesis. June 2003. Accessed 30 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Davis, R.C. (2007). Shipbuilders of the Venetian Arsenal: Workers and Workplace in the Pre-Industrial City. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 201, back cover. ISBN 0-8018-8625-2. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Konstam, A.; Bryan, T. (2002). Renaissance War Galley 1470-1590. Oxford, U.K.: Osprey Publishing. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-84176-443-6. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Atauz, A.D. "Trade, piracy, and naval warfare in the central Mediterranean: The maritime history and archaeology of Malta." Texas A&M University Ph.D. Thesis. May 2004. Accessed 30 January 2010.
Jump up ^ O’Connell, G.C. "Venice, the lagoon and the Adriatic Sea: a historic struggle for survival[permanent dead link]." Central Connecticut State University Master of Science in International Studies Thesis. August 2005. Accessed 30 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Iordanou, Ioanna (2015). "Pestilence, Poverty, and Provision: Re-evaluating the Role of the Popolani in Early Modern Venice". The Economic History Review. doi:10.1111/ehr.12131.
Jump up ^ H.W. Longfellow trans. from Canto xxi of Inferno, quoted in Lane, Venice, a Maritime Republic, 163
^ Jump up to: a b Dolinsky, Anton. "Inventory Management History Part Three: Venetian Arsenal - Ahead of Their Time". Almyta Systems. http://www.almyta.com/Inventory_Management_History_3.asp
Jump up ^ Valleriani, Matteo. Galileo Engineer. Springer: New York, 2010
Jump up ^ Frederic Chapin Lane, Venice: A Maritime Republic (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973): 1-2.
Jump up ^ Kōstas Damianidēs (1997). Nautikḗ parádosē sto Aigaío: tarsanádes kai skariá. Hypourgeio Aigaiou. p. 26. ή τεχνίτες εργάζονται όμως και στα βενετσιάνικα ναυπηγεία και τους ναυσταθμους στο Αιγαίο (Χανιά, Ηράκλειο, Μεθώνη, Κορώνη, Χαλκίδα, Πρέβεζα και Κέρκυρα) όπως επίσης και στο ναύσταθμο της ίδιας της Βενετίας
^ Jump up to: a b c d Frank Giles; Spiro Flamburiari; Fritz Von der Schulenburg (1 September 1994). Corfu: the garden isle. J. Murray in association with the Hellenic Group of Companies Ltd. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-55859-845-4. They were supposed to undertake one campaign a year in peacetime, being repaired in winter at the Gouvia Arsenal. But activity there was confined to careening and basic maintenance; and the number of ships steadily diminished, with many captains scuttling their unseaworthy vessels, while others went off on commercial cruises.
^ Jump up to: a b c Michael Pratt, Lord (1978). Britain's Greek Empire: Reflections on the History of the Ionian Islands from the Fall of Byzantium. Rex Collings. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-0-86036-025-4. They were supposed to undertake one campaign a year in peacetime, being repaired in winter at the Gouvia Arsenal. [...] ...was ideally placed, with forests on the mainland affording excellent timber for shipbuilding, but the Senate, anxious about its own Arsenal, confined activity at Gouvia to careening and basic maintenance.
Jump up ^ Larousse Harrap Publishers (January 1989). Greece. Harrap. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-245-54272-5. 5mls (8km): Gouvia where the Venetians stored or repaired their galleys in vaulted boathouses
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arsenale (Venice).
Arsenale di Venezia - Official webpage by the Municipality of Venice
thetis - What is the Arsenale
High-resolution 360° Panoramas of Arsenale | Art Atlas
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Coordinates: 45°26′07″N 12°21′11″E / 45.43528°N 12.35306°E / 45.43528; 12.35306
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Chapters and verses of the Bible
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Jump to: navigation, search
The Gospel according to John - a text showing chapter and verse divisions (King James Version)
The Bible is a compilation of many shorter books written at different times by a variety of authors, and later assembled into the biblical canon. Since the early 13th century, most copies and editions of the Bible present all but the shortest of these books with divisions into chapters, generally a page or so in length. Since the mid-16th century editors have further subdivided each chapter into verses - each consisting of a few short lines or sentences. Sometimes a sentence spans more than one verse, as in the case of Ephesians 2:8–9, and sometimes there is more than one sentence in a single verse, as in the case of Genesis 1:2.
As the chapter and verse divisions did not appear in the original texts, they form part of the paratext of the Bible.
The Jewish divisions of the Hebrew text differ at various points from those used by Christians. For instance, in Jewish tradition, the ascriptions to many Psalms are regarded as independent verses or parts of the subsequent verses, making 116 more verses, whereas established Christian practice treats each Psalm ascription as independent and unnumbered. Some chapter divisions also occur in different places, e.g. Hebrew Bibles have 1 Chronicles 5:27–41 where Christian translations have 1 Chronicles 6:1–15.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Chapters
1.2 Verses
2 Jewish tradition
2.1 Verse endings
2.2 Parashiyot
2.3 Sedarim
3 Christian versions
4 Protestant Bible statistics
4.1 Chapters
4.2 Verses
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
"...they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks: Nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more." ~ Isaiah 2:4 KJV (Bible verse across the street from the United Nations Building in New York City)
Chapters[edit]
Early manuscripts of the biblical texts did not contain the chapter and verse divisions in the numbered form familiar to modern readers. In antiquity Hebrew texts were divided into paragraphs (parashot) that were identified by two letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Peh פ indicated an "open" paragraph that began on a new line, while Samekh ס indicated a "closed" paragraph that began on the same line after a small space.[1] These two letters begin the Hebrew words open (patuach) and closed (sagoor), and are, themselves, open פ and closed ס. The earliest known copies of the Book of Isaiah from the Dead Sea Scrolls used parashot divisions, although they differ slightly from the Masoretic divisions.[2] (This is different from the use of consecutive letters of the Hebrew alphabet to structure certain poetic compositions, known as acrostics, such as several of the Psalms and most of the Book of Lamentations.)
The Hebrew Bible was also divided into some larger sections. In Israel the Torah (its first five books) were divided into 154 sections so that they could be read through aloud in weekly worship over the course of three years. In Babylonia it was divided into 53 or 54 sections (Parashat ha-Shavua) so it could be read through in one year.[2] The New Testament was divided into topical sections known as kephalaia by the fourth century. Eusebius of Caesarea divided the gospels into parts that he listed in tables or canons. Neither of these systems corresponds with modern chapter divisions.[3] (See fuller discussions below.)
Chapter divisions, with titles, are also found in the 9th century Tours manuscript, Paris Bibliothèque Nationale MS Lat. 3, the so-called Bible of Rorigo.[4]
Archbishop Stephen Langton and Cardinal Hugo de Sancto Caro developed different schemas for systematic division of the Bible in the early 13th century. It is the system of Archbishop Langton on which the modern chapter divisions are based.[5][6][7]
While chapter divisions have become nearly universal, editions of the Bible have sometimes been published without them. Such editions, which typically use thematic or literary criteria to divide the biblical books instead, include John Locke's Paraphrase and Notes on the Epistles of St. Paul (1707),[8] Alexander Campbell's The Sacred Writings (1826),[9] Daniel Berkeley Updike’s fourteen-volume The Holy Bible Containing the Old and New Testaments and the Apocrypha, Richard Moulton's The Modern Reader's Bible (1907),[10] Ernest Sutherland Bates's The Bible Designed to Be Read as Living Literature (1936),[11] The Books of the Bible (2007) from the International Bible Society (Biblica), Adam Lewis Greene’s five-volume Bibliotheca (2014),[12][13] and the six-volume ESV Reader's Bible[14] (2016) from Crossway Books.
Verses[edit]
Since at least 916 the Tanakh has contained an extensive system of multiple levels of section, paragraph, and phrasal divisions that were indicated in Masoretic vocalization and cantillation markings. One of the most frequent of these was a special type of punctuation, the sof passuq, symbol for a full stop or sentence break, resembling the colon (:) of English and Latin orthography. With the advent of the printing press and the translation of the Bible into English, Old Testament versifications were made that correspond predominantly with the existing Hebrew full stops, with a few isolated exceptions. Most attribute these to Rabbi Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymus's work for the first Hebrew Bible concordance around 1440.[6]
The first person to divide New Testament chapters into verses was Italian Dominican biblical scholar Santi Pagnini (1470–1541), but his system was never widely adopted.[15] His verse divisions in the New Testament were far longer than those known today.[16] Robert Estienne created an alternate numbering in his 1551 edition of the Greek New Testament[17] which was also used in his 1553 publication of the Bible in French. Estienne's system of division was widely adopted, and it is this system which is found in almost all modern Bibles. Estienne produced a 1555 Vulgate that is the first Bible to include the verse numbers integrated into the text. Before this work, they were printed in the margins.[16]
The first English New Testament to use the verse divisions was a 1557 translation by William Whittingham (c. 1524–1579). The first Bible in English to use both chapters and verses was the Geneva Bible published shortly afterwards in 1560. These verse divisions soon gained acceptance as a standard way to notate verses, and have since been used in nearly all English Bibles and the vast majority of those in other languages. (Nevertheless, some Bibles have removed the verse numbering, including the ones noted above that also removed chapter numbers; a recent example of an edition that removed only verses, not chapters, is The Message: The Bible in Contemporary Language by Eugene H. Peterson.)[18]
Jewish tradition[edit]
Main article: Tanakh § Chapters and verse numbers, book divisions
The Hebrew Masoretic text of the Bible notes several different kinds of subdivisions within the biblical books:
Verse endings[edit]
Main article: Sof passuk
Most important are the verse endings. According to the Talmudic tradition, the division of the text into verses is of ancient origin.[19] In Masoretic versions of the Bible, the end of a verse is indicated by a small mark in its final word called a silluq (which means "stop"). Less formally, verse endings are usually also indicated by two horizontal dots following the word with a silluq.
Parashiyot[edit]
Main article: Parashah
The Masoretic textual tradition also contains section endings called parashot, which are usually indicated by a space within a line (a "closed" section) or a new line beginning (an "open" section). The division of the text reflected in the parashot is usually thematic. Unlike chapters, the parashot are not numbered, but some of them have special titles.
In early manuscripts (most importantly in Tiberian Masoretic manuscripts, such as the Aleppo codex), an "open" section may also be represented by a blank line, and a "closed" section by a new line that is slightly indented (the preceding line may also not be full). These latter conventions are no longer used in Torah scrolls and printed Hebrew Bibles. In this system, the one rule differentiating "open" and "closed" sections is that "open" sections must always start at the beginning of a new line, while "closed" sections never start at the beginning of a new line.
Sedarim[edit]
Another division of the biblical books found in the Masoretic text is the division of the sedarim. This division is not thematic, but is almost entirely based upon the quantity of text. For the Torah, this division reflects the triennial cycle of reading that was practiced by the Jews of the Land of Israel.
Christian versions[edit]
The Byzantines also introduced a concept roughly similar to chapter divisions, called kephalaia (singular kephalaion, literally meaning heading). This system, which was in place no later than the 5th century, is not identical to the present chapters. Unlike the modern chapters, which tend to be of roughly similar length, the distance from one kephalaion mark to the next varied greatly in length both within a book and from one book to the next. For example, the Sermon on the Mount, comprising three chapters in the modern system, has but one kephalaion mark, while the single modern chapter 8 of the Gospel of Matthew has several, one per miracle. Moreover, there were far fewer kephalaia in the Gospel of John than in the Gospel of Mark, even though the latter is the shorter text. In the manuscripts, the kephalaia with their numbers, their standard titles (titloi) and their page numbers would be listed at the beginning of each biblical book; in the book's main body, they would be marked only with arrow-shaped or asterisk-like symbols in the margin, not in the text itself.
The titles usually referred to the first event or the first theological point of the section only, and some kephalaia are manifestly incomplete if one stops reading at the point where the next kephalaion begins (for example, the combined accounts of the miracles of the Daughter of Jairus and of the healing of the woman with a haemorrhage gets two marked kephalaia, one titled of the daughter of the synagogue ruler at the beginning when the ruler approaches Jesus and one titled of the woman with the flow of blood where the woman enters the picture – well before the ruler's daughter is healed and the storyline of the previous kephalaion is thus properly concluded). Thus the kephalaia marks are rather more like a system of bookmarks or links into a continuous text, helping a reader to quickly find one of several well-known episodes, than like a true system of chapter divisions.
Cardinal Hugo de Sancto Caro is often given credit for first dividing the Latin Vulgate into chapters in the real sense, but it is the arrangement of his contemporary and fellow cardinal Stephen Langton who in 1205 created the chapter divisions which are used today. They were then inserted into Greek manuscripts of the New Testament in the 16th century. Robert Estienne (Robert Stephanus) was the first to number the verses within each chapter, his verse numbers entering printed editions in 1551 (New Testament) and 1571 (Hebrew Bible).[20]
The division of the Bible into chapters and verses has received criticism from some traditionalists and modern scholars. Critics state that the text is often divided in an incoherent way, or at inappropriate rhetorical points, and that it encourages citing passages out of context. Nevertheless, the chapter and verse numbers have become indispensable as technical references for Bible study.
Several modern publications of the Bible have eliminated numbering of chapters and verses. Biblica published such a version of the NIV in 2007 and 2011. In 2014, Crossway published the ESV Reader's Bible and Bibliotheca published a modified ASV.[21] Projects such as Icthus[22] also exist which strip chapter and verse numbers from existing translations.
Protestant Bible statistics[edit]
The number of words can vary depending upon aspects such as whether the Hebrew alphabet in Psalm 119, the superscriptions listed in some of the Psalms, and the subscripts traditionally found at the end of the Pauline epistles, are included. Except where stated, the following apply to the King James Version of the Bible in its modern 66-book Protestant form including the New Testament and the protocanonical Old Testament, not the deuterocanonical books.
Chapters[edit]
There are 929 chapters in the Old Testament.
187 chapters in the Pentateuch
249 chapters in the Historical books
243 chapters in the Poetic books ("Wisdom")
183 chapters in the Major prophets
67 chapters in the Minor prophets
There are 260 chapters in the New Testament.
89 chapters in the Gospels
28 chapters in Acts
87 chapters in the Pauline Epistles (excluding Hebrews)
34 chapters in the General Epistles (including Hebrews)
22 chapters in Revelation
This gives a total of 1,189 chapters (on average, 18 per book).
Psalm 117, the shortest chapter, is also the middle chapter of the Bible, being the 595th Chapter.[23]
Psalm 117 is the shortest chapter of the Bible.
Psalm 119 is the longest chapter of the Bible.
Five books are a single chapter: Obadiah, Philemon, 2 & 3 John, Jude. In many printed editions, the chapter number is omitted for these books, and references just use the verse numbers.
Old Testament - 929 chapters[24]
Book / Division
Chapters
Pentateuch (or the Law) 187
Genesis 50
Exodus 40
Leviticus 27
Numbers 36
Deuteronomy 34
Historical Books 249
Joshua 24
Judges 21
Ruth 4
1 Samuel 31
2 Samuel 24
1 Kings 22
2 Kings 25
1 Chronicles 29
2 Chronicles 36
Ezra 10
Nehemiah 13
Esther 10
Books of Wisdom (or "Poetry") 243
Job 42
Psalms 150
Proverbs 31
Ecclesiastes 12
Song of Solomon 8
Major Prophets 183
Isaiah 66
Jeremiah 52
Lamentations 5
Ezekiel 48
Daniel 12
Minor Prophets 67
Hosea 14
Joel 3
Amos 9
Obadiah 1
Jonah 4
Micah 7
Nahum 3
Habakkuk 3
Zephaniah 3
Haggai 2
Zechariah 14
Malachi 4
New Testament - 260 chapters[24]
Book / Division
Chapters
Gospels 89
Matthew 28
Mark 16
Luke 24
John 21
History 28
Acts 28
Pauline Epistles 87
Romans 16
1 Corinthians 16
2 Corinthians 13
Galatians 6
Ephesians 6
Philippians 4
Colossians 4
1 Thessalonians 5
2 Thessalonians 3
1 Timothy 6
2 Timothy 4
Titus 3
Philemon 1
General Epistles 34
Hebrews 13
James 5
1 Peter 5
2 Peter 3
1 John 5
2 John 1
3 John 1
Jude 1
Apocalyptic Writings
(Prophecy)
22
Revelation 22
Verses[edit]
There are 23,145 verses in the Old Testament and 7,957 verses in the New Testament. This gives a total of 31,102 verses,[24] which is an average of a little more than 26 verses per chapter.
Contrary to popular belief, Psalm 118 does not contain the middle verse of the Bible. The King James Version has an even number of verses (31,102), with the two middle verses being Psalm 103:1–2.[25]
John 11:35 ("Jesus wept") is the shortest verse in most English translations. Some translations — including the New International Version, New Living Translation, New Life Version, Holman Christian Standard Bible and New International Reader's Version — render Job 3:2 as "He said". However, that is a translators' condensation of the Hebrew which literally translated is: "And Job answered and said."
The shortest verse in the Greek New Testament is Luke 20:30 ("και ο δευτερος", "And the second") with twelve letters, according to the Westcott and Hort text. In the Textus Receptus, the shortest verse is 1 Thessalonians 5:16 ("παντοτε χαιρετε", "Rejoice always") with fourteen letters,[26] since Stephanus' rendering of Luke 20:30 includes some additional words.[27]
Isaiah 10:8 ("Dicet enim") is the shortest verse in the Latin Vulgate.[28]
Esther 8:9 is the longest verse in the Masoretic Text. The discovery of several manuscripts at Qumran (in the Dead Sea Scrolls) has reopened what is considered the most original text of 1 Samuel 11; if one believes that those manuscripts better preserve the text, several verses in 1 Samuel 11 surpass Esther 8:9 in length.
See also[edit]
Bible portal
Bible citation
List of omitted Bible verses
Parashah
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ernst Würthwein, The Text of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), p. 20.
^ Jump up to: a b Würthwein, The Text of the Old Testament, n. 28.
Jump up ^ Kurt and Barbara Aland, The Text of the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans and Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1989), pp. 252 ff.
Jump up ^ Consortium, Europeana Regia. "Europeana Regia - Paris Bibliothèque nationale de France MSS Latin 3".
Jump up ^ Hebrew Bible article in the Catholic Encyclopedia.
^ Jump up to: a b Moore, G.F. The Vulgate Chapters and Numbered Verses in the Hebrew Bible, pages 73–78 at JSTOR. page 75
Jump up ^ Bruce M. Metzger, The early versions of the New Testament: Their origin, transmission and limitations, Oxford University Press (1977), p.347. Cited in Stephen Langton and the modern chapter divisions of the bible by British translator Roger Pearse, 21 June 2013.
Jump up ^ London: Awnsham and John Churchill, 1707
Jump up ^ 1826; repr. Nashville: Gospel Advocate Restoration Reprints, 2001
Jump up ^ New York: Macmillan, 1907
Jump up ^ New York: Simon and Schuster, 1936)
Jump up ^ "Bibliotheca Multivolume Readers' Bible Homepage". BIBLIOTHECA. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
Jump up ^ "The Bible's a mess, but a designer is fixing it". The Verge. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
Jump up ^ https://www.crossway.org/bibles/esv-readers-bible-none-tru/
Jump up ^ Miller, Stephen M.; Huber, Robert V. (2004). The Bible: A History. Good Books. p. 173. ISBN 1-56148-414-8.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pitts Theology Library Exhibit on the Verses of the New Testament".
Jump up ^ "Chapters and Verses: Who Needs Them?," Christopher R. Smith, Bible Study Magazine (July–Aug 2009): 46–47.
Jump up ^ Colorado Springs: NavPress, 2002
Jump up ^ Babylonian Talmud Nedarim 37b
Jump up ^ The Examiner.
Jump up ^ Zylstra, Sarah Eekhof (25 July 2014). "Introducing the Bible! Now with Less!". Christianity Today. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Icthus".
Jump up ^ The Center of the Bible Archived August 28, 2005, at the Wayback Machine. at BreakTheChain.org
^ Jump up to: a b c Study Resources: The Books of the Bible at BlueLetterBible.org
Jump up ^ King James Bible Statistics at BibleBelievers.com
Jump up ^ First Thessalonians 5:12–28, John Walvoord at Bible.org
Jump up ^ Luke 20:30 και ο δευτερος – and the second with interlinear Greek-English and KJV
Luke 20:30, in the 1550 Stephanus New Testament and the 1881 Westcott-Hort New Testament.
Jump up ^ Isaias 10 at LatinVulgate.com
External links[edit]
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2018 Cheltenham Gold Cup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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2018 Cheltenham Gold Cup
Cheltenham Gold Cup
Location
Cheltenham Racecourse
Date
16 March 2018
Winning horse
Native River
Starting price
5/1
Jockey
Richard Johnson
Trainer
Colin Tizzard
Owner
Brocade Racing
Conditions
Soft
The 2018 Cheltenham Gold Cup (known as the Timico Gold Cup for sponsorship reasons) was the 90th annual running of the Cheltenham Gold Cup horse race and was held at Cheltenham Racecourse on Friday 16 March 2018.[1] The race was won by Native River.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Details
2 Full Result
3 References
4 External Links
Details[edit]
Sponsor: Timico
Winner's prize money:
Going: Good
Number of runners: 15
Winner's time: 7m 2.60s

Full Result[edit]
* Horse Age Jockey Trainer † SP
1 Native River 8 Richard Johnson Colin Tizzard 5/1
2 4 1/2 Might Bite 9 Nico de Boinville Nicky Henderson 4/1F
3 4 Anibale Fly 8 Barry Geraghty Tony Martin (IRE) 33/1
4 4 Road to Respect 7 Sean Flanagan Noel Meade (IRE) 9/1
5 8 Djakadam 9 Mr Patrick Mullins Willie Mullins (IRE) 25/1
6 18 Definitly Red 9 Danny Cook Brian Ellison 8/1
7 1 1/2 Tea For Two 9 Lizzie Kelly Nick Williams 50/1
8 7 Edwulf 9 Mr Derek O'Connor Joseph O'Brien (IRE) 20/1
9 18 American 8 Noel Fehily Harry Fry 25/1
PU Outlander 10 Jack Kennedy Gordon Elliott (IRE) 10/1
PU Our Duke 8 Robbie Power Jessica Harrington (IRE) 9/2
PU Killultagh Vic 9 Paul Townend Willie Mullins (IRE) 8/1
PU Saphir Du Rheu 9 Sam Twiston-Davies Paul Nicholls 66/1
F Total Recall 9 David Mullins Willie Mullins (IRE) 14/1
F Bachasson 7 Danny Mullins Willie Mullins (IRE) 33/1
* The distances between the horses are shown in lengths or shorter. s.h. = short-head. nk = neck.
† Trainers are based in Great Britain unless indicated. PU = pulled-up. F = fell. UR = unseated rider
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Cheltenham Gold Cup day tips: Might Bite can strike it big". Guardian. 16 March 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Native River leads all the way to win Gold Cup at Cheltenham Festival". Guardian. 16 March 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
External Links[edit]
2018 Cheltenham Gold Cup at Racing Post
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Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya
Directed by
Sohail Khan
Produced by
Bunty Walia
Sohail Khan
Vashu Bhagnani
Written by
Sohail Khan,
Sanjeev Duggal (dialogues)
Starring
Salman Khan
Kajol
Arbaaz Khan
Dharmendra
Anjala Zaveri
Kiran Kumar
Music by
Jatin Lalit
Himesh Reshammiya
Sajid-Wajid
Cinematography
Rasool Ellore
Edited by
Yusuf Khan
Production
company
Gumeet & Sohail Productions
Release date
27 March 1998 (1998-03-27)
Running time
158 minutes
Country
India
Language
Hindi
Box office
₹282.5 million[1]
Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (English Translation: If you loved someone, don't be afraid) is a 1998 Indian Hindi romantic comedy film. Written and directed by Sohail Khan, the film stars his real-life brothers Salman Khan and Arbaaz Khan alongside Kajol and Dharmendra in pivotal roles. The film is shot in the famous school The Daly College, Indore.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Filmfare Awards
4 Music
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Muskaan (Kajol) is an orphan girl living on a farm run by her overly-protective older brother, Vishal (Arbaaz Khan) and their 'Chachu' (Dharmendra). Muskaan's childhood friend, Ujaala (Anjala Zaveri), has been carrying a torch for the brooding Vishal since childhood, but he won't give her the time of day. Later on Muskaan decides she wants to go to university in Mumbai and has to persuade her brother to let her go. Once in the big city, Suraj (Salman Khan), an underachieving student, who does not get along with his stepmother and is estranged from his father, falls in love with Muskaan. After a few attempts at messing with Muskaan and trying to get her attention, Suraj finally succeeds and Muskaan falls in love with him. One day, when Vishal comes to visit Muskaan, he is mistakenly considered her boyfriend by Suraj and his group of friends. They consequently try to fight Vishal but instead get beat up. Suraj later learns from Muskaan that Vishal is her brother and he apologizes to Muskaan and Vishal for beating him up. But Vishal does not like Suraj because his terms and conditions of his future brother-in-law are very strenuous physically and he thinks Suraj is neither competent nor a man to be taken seriously. And he decides to bring Muskaan back to the farm sensing Suraj's bad influence on her studies. Suraj pursues her and starts working on the farm as a stable boy after a chance meeting with 'Chachu' in which he saves Chachu's life. Vishal decides to give Suraj another chance and puts him to the test; however, he is rejected. Vishal wants Muskaan to marry the brother of Thakur Vijay Singh (Nirmal Pandey), not knowing that Thakur Vijay Singh is doing this to merely extract vengeance against the Thakur family for a previous humiliation his own family received. So Suraj must now prevent this from happening and he must also be able to win Vishal's heart if he is really interested in marrying Muskaan. Chachu's half-shocked to know the reason why Suraj came to this village. Eventually, Suraj's friends told Suraj's family about this village. Suraj's family comes. Suraj's stepmother insults Muskaan, who runs away but she accidentally runs into the Singh family & their henchmen. Suraj, Suraj's father, Vishal & his Chachu arrive rescue Muskaan. Despite injuries, Suraj's stepmother calls Police because she cares now about Suraj. Vishal accepts Suraj as his future brother-in-law.
Cast[edit]
Actor
Role
Dharmendra Thakur Ajay Singh
Salman Khan Suraj Khanna
Kajol Muskaan Thakur
Arbaaz Khan Vishal Thakur
Kiran Kumar Akash Khanna
Anjala Zaveri Ujala
Kunika Mrs. Khanna
Aashif Sheikh Brother of Thakur Vijay Singh
Ashok Saraf Tadkalal
Nirmal Pandey Thakur Vijay Singh
Tiku Talsania Principal
Razak Khan Bholu
Dinesh Hingoo Billu Father
Ghanashyam Rohera Principal Chirkoot
Anik Khanna Panzy Boy
Filmfare Awards[edit]
Filmfare Award for Most Popular Song – "O Oh Jaane Jaana" (Kamaal Khan)
Nominations:
Filmfare Award for Best Film – Sohail Khan
Filmfare Award for Best Director – Sohail Khan
Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Salman Khan
Filmfare Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Arbaaz Khan
Filmfare Award for Best Music – Jatin-Lalit
Filmfare Award for Male Playback Singer – Kamaal Khan ("O Oh Jaane Jaana")
Music[edit]
Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya
Soundtrack album by Jatin Lalit, Himesh Reshammiya & Sajid-Wajid
Released
1998
Genre
Feature film soundtrack
Length
43:39
Label
T-Series
Jatin Lalit chronology
Kuch Kuch Hota Hai
(1998)Kuch Kuch Hota Hai1998 Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya
(1998) Pyar To Hona Hi Tha
(1998)Pyar To Hona Hi Tha1998
Himesh Reshammiya chronology
Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya
(1998) Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya1998 Bandhan
(1998) Bandhan1998
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Planet Bollywood [2]
Title
Singer(s)
Music
Notes
Lyrics
Length
"Chhad Zid Karna" Udit Narayan & Anuradha Paudwal Jatin-Lalit Pictured on Salman Khan, Kajol and filmed at location – Daly college, Indore Sameer 05:48
"Odh Li Chunariya" Kumar Sanu & Alka Yagnik Himesh Reshammiya Pictured on Salman Khan and Kajol Sudhakar Sharma 06:20
"Tum Par Hum Hai" Kumar Sanu & Kavita Krishnamurthy Himesh Reshammiya Pictured on Salman Khan and Kajol Sameer 05:20
"Deewana Main Chala" Udit Narayan Jatin-Lalit Pictured on Salman Khan Sameer 05:31
"Teri Jawani" Iqbal Sabre, Afzal Sabre & Anupama Deshpandey Sajid-Wajid Pictured on Anjala Zaveri and Arbaaz Khan Iqbal Sabre 05:32
"O O Jaane Jaana" Kamaal Khan Jatin-Lalit Pictured on Salman Khan Sameer 05:46
"Oh Baby... Ho Gaya So Ho Gaya" Udit Narayan & Kavita Krishnamurthy Jatin-Lalit This song was not included in the movie but it appears in the soundtrack Sameer 04:14
"O Sathiya O Beliya" Anuradha Paudwal Jatin-Lalit This song was not included in the movie but it appears in the soundtrack Sameer 05:08
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Top Lifetime Grossers 1995–1999 (Figures in Ind Rs)". BoxOfficeIndia.com. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Music Review.
External links[edit]
Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyaar_Kiya_To_Darna_Kya_(1998_film)&oldid=812444730"
Categories:
1998 films
Hindi-language films
Indian films
Films scored by Himesh Reshammiya
Films scored by Sajid-Wajid
Films scored by Jatin–Lalit
1990s Hindi-language films
Indian romantic drama films
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This page was last edited on 27 November 2017, at 21:44.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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values: प्यार किया तो डरना क्या (1998 फ़िल्म) – Hindi

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