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Separation of powers under the United States Constitution
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This article is about the separation of powers specifically in the United States. For the theory of separation of powers, see separation of powers.
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The United States Capitol dome as seen from the Supreme Court Building
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U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee about separation of powers and checks and balances of the U.S. Government
Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws, in which he argued for a constitutional government with three separate branches, each of which would have defined abilities to check the powers of the others. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances.
During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as Montesquieu advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution.
Strict separation of powers did not operate in the United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, Parliament (consisting of the Sovereign (King-in-Parliament), House of Lords and House of Commons) was the supreme lawmaking authority. The executive branch acted in the name of the King ("His Majesty's Government"), as did the judiciary. The King's Ministers were in most cases members of one of the two Houses of Parliament, and the Government needed to sustain the support of a majority in the House of Commons. One minister, the Lord Chancellor, was at the same time the sole judge in the Court of Chancery and the presiding officer in the House of Lords. Therefore, it may be seen that the three branches of British government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers, even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other.
Some U.S. states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century. In New Jersey, the Governor also functioned as a member of the state's highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the New Jersey Legislature. The President of Delaware was a member of the Court of Appeals; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as Vice Presidents. In both Delaware and Pennsylvania, members of the executive council served at the same time as judges. On the other hand, many southern states explicitly required separation of powers. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government "separate and distinct."
Contents
[hide]
1 Legislative power
2 Executive power
3 Judicial power
4 Checks and balances
4.1 Executive
4.2 Judicial
5 Equality of the branches
6 Views on separation of powers
7 Judicial independence
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Legislative power[edit]
Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. The city of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution.
Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between "important" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that "a general provision may be made, and power is given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details."
Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. The United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), Congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of "fair competition." It was held that Congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers. The Court, however, has deemed that phrases such as "just and reasonable," "public interest" and "public convenience" suffice.
Executive power[edit]
Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications,[1] in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission (created by the War Claims Act of 1948), the Interstate Commerce Commission ,and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight.
Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives—and § 7—requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate, before becoming law, to be presented to the president, and, if he disapproves, to be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House—represents the Framers' decision that the legislative power of the Federal Government be exercised in accord with a single, finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure. This procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers. Further rulings clarified the case; even both Houses acting together cannot override Executive vetos without a 2⁄3 majority. Legislation may always prescribe regulations governing executive officers.
Judicial power[edit]
See also: Article I and Article III tribunals and Jurisdiction stripping
Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts."
Congress may establish "legislative courts," which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. (1856), the Supreme Court held that a legislative court may not decide "a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty," as such a suit is inherently judicial. Legislative courts may only adjudicate "public rights" questions (cases between the government and an individual and political determinations).
Checks and balances[edit]
Legislative
Writes and enacts laws
Enacts taxes, authorizes borrowing, and sets the budget
Has sole power to declare war
May start investigations, especially against the executive branch
The Senate considers presidential appointments of judges and executive department heads
The Senate ratifies treaties
The House of Representatives may impeach, and the Senate may remove, executive and judicial officers
Creates federal courts except for the Supreme Court, and sets the number of justices on the Supreme Court
May override presidential vetoes
Executive
May veto laws
Vice president presides over the Senate
Wages war at the direction of Congress (Congress makes the rules for the military)
Makes decrees or declarations (for example, declaring a state of emergency) and promulgates lawful regulations and executive orders
Influences other branches of its agenda with the State of the Union address.
Appoints judges and executive department heads
Has power to grant pardons to convicted persons, except in cases of impeachment
Executes and enforces orders of the court through federal law enforcement.
Judicial
Determines which laws Congress intended to apply to any given case
Determines whether a law is unconstitutional. (The power of judicial review is not expressly granted in the Constitution, but was held by the judiciary to be implicit in the constitutional structure in Marbury v. Madison (1803).)
Determines how Congress meant the law to apply to disputes
Determines how a law acts to determine the disposition of prisoners
Determines how a law acts to compel testimony and the production of evidence
Determines how laws should be interpreted to assure uniform policies in a top-down fashion via the appeals process, but gives discretion in individual cases to low-level judges. (The amount of discretion depends upon the standard of review, determined by the type of case in question.)
Polices its own members
Executive[edit]
The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie.
The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient. The President is not mandated to carry out the orders of the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court does not have any enforcement power; the enforcement power lies solely with the executive branch. Thus, the executive branch can place a check on the Supreme Court through refusal to execute the orders of the court. For example, in Worcester v. Georgia, President Jackson refused to execute the orders of the Supreme Court.
The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis.[2] However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces. Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate, such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office.
Judicial[edit]
Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury v. Madison. There were protests by some at this decision, born chiefly of political expediency, but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves. For this reason, precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional.
A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction.
The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors, ministers or consuls.
The Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a president's impeachment trial. The rules of the Senate, however, generally do not grant much authority to the presiding officer. Thus, the Chief Justice's role in this regard is a limited one.
Equality of the branches[edit]
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The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that "it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates."
One may claim that the judiciary has historically been the weakest of the three branches. In fact, its power to exercise judicial review—its sole meaningful check on the other two branches—is not explicitly granted by the U.S Constitution. The U.S. Supreme Court exercised its power to strike down congressional acts as unconstitutional only twice prior to the Civil War: in Marbury v. Madison (1803) and Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857). The Supreme Court has since then made more extensive use of judicial review.
Throughout America's history dominance of one of the three branches has essentially been a see-saw struggle between Congress and the president. Both have had periods of great power and weakness such as immediately after the Civil War when republicans had a majority in Congress and were able to pass major legislation and shoot down most of the president's vetoes. They also passed acts to essentially make the president subordinate to Congress, such as the Tenure of Office Act. Johnson's later impeachment also cost the presidency much political power. However the president has also exercised greater power largely during the 20th century. Both Roosevelts greatly expanded the powers of the president and wielded great power during their terms.
The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed 12 bills—more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes ("Indian Removal"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!"
Some of Jackson's successors made no use of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the "Radical Republicans." Congress, however, managed to override fifteen of Johnson's twenty-nine vetoes. Furthermore, it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the Tenure of Office Act. The Act required Senate approval for the dismissal of senior Cabinet officials. When Johnson deliberately violated the Act, which he felt was unconstitutional (Supreme Court decisions later vindicated such a position), the House of Representatives impeached him; he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.
Grover Cleveland worked to restore power to the Presidency after Andrew Johnson's impeachment.
Johnson's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a de facto prime minister. Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President following Johnson, attempted to restore the power of his office. During his first term, he vetoed over 400 bills—twice as many bills as his 21 predecessors combined. He also began to suspend bureaucrats who were appointed as a result of the patronage system, replacing them with more "deserving" individuals. The Senate, however, refused to confirm many new nominations, instead demanding that Cleveland turn over the confidential records relating to the suspensions. Cleveland steadfastly refused, asserting, "These suspensions are my executive acts ... I am not responsible to the Senate, and I am unwilling to submit my actions to them for judgment." Cleveland's popular support forced the Senate to back down and confirm the nominees. Furthermore, Congress finally repealed the controversial Tenure of Office Act that had been passed during the Johnson Administration. Overall, this meant that Cleveland's Administration marked the end of presidential subordination.
Several 20th-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a "Court Packing" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power.
Richard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of power. He asserted, for example, that "the inherent power of the President to safeguard the security of the nation" authorized him to order a wiretap without a judge's warrant. Nixon also asserted that "executive privilege" shielded him from all legislative oversight; furthermore, he impounded federal funds (that is to say, he refused to spend money that Congress had appropriated for government programs). In the specific cases aforementioned, however, the Supreme Court ruled against Nixon. This was also because of an ongoing criminal investigation into the Watergate tapes, even though they acknowledged the general need for executive privilege. Since then, Nixon's successors have sometimes asserted that they may act in the interests of national security or that executive privilege shields them from Congressional oversight. Though such claims have in general been more limited than Nixon's, one may still conclude that the presidency's power has been greatly augmented since the 18th and 19th centuries.
Views on separation of powers[edit]
Many political scientists believe that separation of powers is a decisive factor in what they see as a limited degree of American exceptionalism. In particular, John W. Kingdon made this argument, claiming that separation of powers contributed to the development of a unique political structure in the United States. He attributes the unusually large number of interest groups active in the United States, in part, to the separation of powers; it gives groups more places to try to influence, and creates more potential group activity. He also cites its complexity as one of the reasons for lower citizen participation.[citation needed]
Judicial independence[edit]
Separation of powers has again become a current issue of some controversy concerning debates about judicial independence and political efforts to increase the accountability of judges for the quality of their work, avoiding conflicts of interest, and charges that some judges allegedly disregard procedural rules, statutes, and higher court precedents.
Many legislators hold the view that separation of powers means that powers are shared among different branches; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues (other than perhaps minor questions), but must obtain some form of agreement across branches. That is, it is argued that "checks and balances" apply to the Judicial branch as well as to the other branches—for example, in the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment by Congress of rules for the conduct of federal courts, and by state legislatures for state courts. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time.
On the other side of this debate, many judges hold the view that separation of powers means that the Judiciary is independent and untouchable within the judicial sphere. In this view, separation of powers means that the Judiciary alone holds all powers relative to the judicial function and that the Legislative and Executive branches may not interfere in any aspect of the Judicial branch. An example of the second view at the state level is found in the Florida Supreme Court holding that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Constitution of the Roman Republic
Commander-in-Chief
Fourth branch of government
Signing statement
The Imperial Presidency
Unitary executive theory
References[edit]
Davis, Zoe (2001). "Presidential Vetoes, 1989–2000" (PDF). United States Senate.
Dean, John W. (2004). "The U.S. Supreme Court and The Imperial Presidency". Find Law.
Kilman, Johnny H. & Costello, George, eds. (2000). The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Archived from the original on 2008-12-11.
Kunhardt, Philip B., Jr.; Kunhardt, Philip B., III & Kunhardt, Peter W. (1999). The American President. New York: Penguin.
Madison, James (1788). "The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts". Archived from the original on 2004-06-17.
Calabresi, Steven G. (2008). "The Great Divorce: The Current Understanding of Separation of Powers and the Original Meaning of the Incompatibility Clause". University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 157: 134–137. SSRN 1294671  .
Prakash, Saikrishna Bangalore (2009). "Why the Incompatibility Clause Applies to the Office of President". Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy. 4: 143–151.
Mount, Stephen J. J. (2003). "Rewriting the Constitution".
Jump up ^ Two, Section 1.
Jump up ^ Campbell v. Clinton, 203 F.3d 19 (D.C. Cir. 2000)
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One Day at a Time
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the 1975–1984 sitcom. For the 2017 remake, see One Day at a Time (2017 TV series). For other uses, see One Day at a Time (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
One Day at a Time
Genre
Sitcom
Created by
Whitney Blake
Allan Manings
Developed by
Norman Lear
Directed by
Norman Campbell
Herbert Kenwith
Sandy Kenyon
Howard Morris
Noam Pitlik
Alan Rafkin
Don Richardson
Tony Singletary
Starring
Bonnie Franklin
Mackenzie Phillips
Richard Masur
Valerie Bertinelli
Pat Harrington
Mary Louise Wilson
Michael Lembeck
Ron Rifkin
Glenn Scarpelli
Boyd Gaines
Shelley Fabares
Nanette Fabray
Howard Hesseman
Theme music composer
Jeff Barry
Nancy Barry
Opening theme
"This is It" performed by Polly Cutter
Ending theme
"This is It" (instrumental)
Composer(s)
Jeff Barry
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
9
No. of episodes
209 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Dick Bensfield
Jack Elinson
Perry Grant
Mort Lachman
Norman Lear
Alan Rafkin
Producer(s)
Dick Bensfield
Patricia Fass Palmer
Perry Grant
Katherine Green
Allan Manings
Bud Wiser
Camera setup
Multi-camera setup, videotape
Running time
24 minutes
Production company(s)
T.A.T. Communications Company (1975–82)
Embassy Television (1982–84)
Distributor
T.A.T. Communications Co. (1980–82)
Embassy Telecommunications (1982–86)
Embassy Communications (1986–88)
Columbia Pictures Television (1988–95)
Columbia TriStar Television (1995-2002)
Sony Pictures Television (2002-present)
Release
Original network
CBS
Audio format
Monaural
Original release
December 16, 1975 (1975-12-16) – May 28, 1984 (1984-05-28)
Bonnie Franklin, Mackenzie Phillips, and Valerie Bertinelli
Pat Harrington Jr. (1976)
One Day at a Time is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from December 16, 1975, until May 28, 1984. It starred Bonnie Franklin as a divorced mother raising two teenaged daughters in Indianapolis. The daughters were played by Mackenzie Phillips and Valerie Bertinelli.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Plot
3 Production
3.1 Theme song and opening credits
3.2 Casting
3.2.1 Main cast
4 Episodes
5 Reception
5.1 Ratings
5.2 Awards and honors
6 Syndication
7 Cast reunions
8 DVD releases
9 Remake
10 References
11 External links
Background[edit]
The series was created by Whitney Blake and Allan Manings, a husband-and-wife writing duo who were both actors in the 1950s and 1960s. The series was based on Whitney Blake's own life as a single mother, raising her three children (including future actress Meredith Baxter) after her divorce from her first husband.[1]
Plot[edit]
Ann Romano, a divorced mother, moves from their home in Logansport, Indiana, to Indianapolis with her daughters, the rebellious Julie and the wisecracking Barbara. Ann frequently struggles with maintaining her role as mother while affording her daughters the freedom she never had as a young woman. Ann begins dating her divorce lawyer, David Kane (Richard Masur). They become engaged and call it off on their wedding day, when David says he wants kids, but Ann does not. Dwayne Schneider, the building's quirky superintendent (most often referred to only by his last name), provides usually unwanted advice to the tenants.
After David takes a job in Los Angeles, the focus squarely rests on Ann's dilemmas as a single mother and career woman, as well as the girls' growing pains, with Schneider becoming a more welcomed part of the family. Ann's strained relationship with her ex-husband Ed slowly mends, as does the girls' relationship with his new wife, Vickie. Julie and Barbara advance through high school and into the working world, and Julie eventually marries flight attendant Max Horvath. Alex, the orphaned son of Ann's deceased boyfriend, moves in, changing the dynamics in the female-dominated apartment. Later in the series run, Julie gives birth to a daughter, "Little Annie" Horvath, Barbara marries dental student Mark Royer, and Ann's mother Katherine moves nearby.
In the penultimate episode, Ann decides to take a job in London, leaving her daughters in Indianapolis to raise families of their own. In the series finale, Schneider also leaves town, moving to Florida to take care of his niece and nephew.
Production[edit]
For its entire run, the series was taped in Hollywood before a studio audience. Originally, it was taped at CBS Television City. Shortly after its premiere, the series began taping at Metromedia Square, where it remained until 1982. From 1982 to 1984, the series was taped at Universal Studios.
Like many sitcoms developed by Norman Lear, One Day at a Time often tackled serious issues in life and relationships, particularly those related to second-wave feminism. Stories depicting such events as weddings, births, and other important milestones frequently stretched over two-, three-, and four-part episodes.
Theme song and opening credits[edit]
The theme song for One Day at a Time, "This is It", was composed by Brill Building songwriter Jeff Barry and his wife Nancy Barry, and performed by recording artist Polly Cutter. The opening credits were originally seen over a filmed sequence showing Ann, Julie, and Barbara excitedly moving into their new home. Later, the opening credits sequence mostly consisted of clips of each cast member taken from previous episodes.
Casting[edit]
Actors Bonnie Franklin, Pat Harrington, Jr., and Valerie Bertinelli were the only cast members to remain with the series throughout its entire run. Lead actress Mackenzie Phillips was fired after the fifth season due to growing problems with substance abuse. She later returned in a frequent recurring role. Original cast member Richard Masur was written out early in the second season, but returned as a guest star in the sixth-season finale.
After Masur's departure, the producers tried going in a different direction. Instead of Ann Romano being romantically involved with a man, it was decided to give Ann a comedic foil. For that role, producer Lear chose actress and comedienne Mary Louise Wilson, who had just completed a successful run on Broadway as Tessie Tura in a revival of Gypsy starring Angela Lansbury. Wilson was signed to play Ginny Wroblicki, a cocktail waitress who moves into Schneider's apartment building, and immediately becomes Ann's best friend and confidante. The shows' ratings began to decline soon after Wilson's arrival, as the character of Ginny Wroblicki proved to be unpopular with viewers. According to her memoir, My First Hundred Years in Show Business, prior to being cast as Ginny, Wilson had never seen One Day at a Time and immediately sat down and watched an episode one night in her apartment. She did not find the sitcom funny at all and was not given a script until the first read-through of her first episode. Wilson also did not get along with Franklin, "who took her role as arbiter over moral issues very seriously" and who considered herself "our foremost authority on Broadway". She also thought that Harrington's character of Schneider was not funny at all, although she liked Harrington himself, and found him hilarious offscreen. Wilson wrote that "aside from Lear, nobody thought I was funny...To make matters worse, each character, according to the show's formula, had to have a 'serious' moral dilemma at some point, and I was given some problem about an illegitimate child to work out in these increasingly sentimental scenes that made my bowels shrink." At the end of the second season of One Day at a Time, Wilson begged her agent to ask Lear to release her from her contract. Wilson later admitted, "I felt terribly wrong to be so miserable. I knew this was the kind of break actors longed for." Wilson was also unaccustomed to working on a sitcom with four cameras in front of a live audience where "you said your line when the red light on the camera went on...and there follows a pause longer than the river Styx before the light on camera four goes on" at which the character you're speaking to says the next line. After the meeting with her agent, Wilson impulsively changed her mind and agreed to stay with the series, but it was too late. Her agent had already informed Norman Lear of Wilson's unhappiness and she was released from the show after appearing in 14 episodes. The character of Ginny Wroblicki was never seen, referred to, or heard from again[2] except in a fifth-season episode ("Retrospective") made up mainly of clips from earlier in the series.
For the next two seasons, the central cast of Ann, Julie, Barbara, and Schneider was supplemented by recurring characters, including William Kirby Cullen as Julie's boyfriend Chuck Butterfield, Howard Morton and K Callan as Chuck's parents, John Putch as Barbara's awkward friend Bob Morton, Scott Colomby as Barbara's boyfriend Cliff Randall, and John Hillerman and Charles Siebert as Ann's bosses, Mr. Connors and Mr. Davenport, respectively. Dick O'Neill and Nedra Volz made three appearances together as Orville and Emily, residents of the retirement home where the main characters put on a semiregular variety show. Joseph Campanella also made several appearances as Ann's ex-husband and the girls' father, Ed Cooper.
Michael Lembeck joined the series as Julie's husband, Max, in the fifth season, but he was written out as a consequence of Phillips' firing (but later returned in season seven along with Philips). A steady stream of regulars was added in the ensuing seasons, including Ron Rifkin as Ann's boyfriend, Nick; Glenn Scarpelli as Nick's son, Alex; and Boyd Gaines as Barbara's boyfriend, later husband, Mark. Shelley Fabares, who had previously guest-starred as Ann's rival co-worker Francine Webster, appeared more frequently, eventually becoming a regular. Nanette Fabray, who played Ann's mother, also made more frequent appearances before becoming a regular cast member in the final season. Howard Hesseman joined the series for a short time as Mark's father, Sam, who would become Ann's second husband.
Notable guest stars throughout the series run include Norman Alden, Robby Benson, Carla Borelli, Charlie Brill, Dennis Burkley, Jack Dodson, Elinor Donahue, David Dukes, Greg Evigan, Conchata Ferrell, Corey Feldman, Alice Ghostley, Lee Grant, Mark Hamill, Jim Hutton, Terry Kiser, Richard Kline, Christopher Knight, Jay Leno, Robert Mandan, Robert Morse, Denise Nicholas, J. Pat O'Malley, Jo Ann Pflug, Eve Plumb, Susan Richardson, William Schallert, Gretchen Corbett, Suzanne Somers, Ellen Travolta, Dick Van Patten, and Keenan Wynn.
Main cast[edit]
Actor
Character
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Bonnie Franklin Ann Romano Main
Mackenzie Phillips Julie Cooper Horvath Main Recurring
Richard Masur David Kane Main Guest
Valerie Bertinelli Barbara Cooper Royer Main
Pat Harrington, Jr. Dwayne Schneider Main
Mary Louise Wilson Ginny Wroblicki Main
Michael Lembeck Max Horvath Main Recurring Main
Ron Rifkin Nick Handris Main
Glenn Scarpelli Alex Handris Main
Boyd Gaines Mark Royer Recurring Main
Shelley Fabares Francine Webster Guest Guest Recurring Main Recurring
Nanette Fabray Katherine Romano Guest Recurring Main
Howard Hesseman Sam Royer Recurring Main
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of One Day at a Time episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings[3]
First aired
Last aired
Rank
Rating
Tied with
1 15 December 16, 1975 (1975-12-16) March 30, 1976 (1976-03-30) 12 23.1 N/A
2 24 September 28, 1976 (1976-09-28) March 22, 1977 (1977-03-22) 8 23.4 The ABC Sunday Night Movie
Baretta
3 24 September 27, 1977 (1977-09-27) April 3, 1978 (1978-04-03) 10 23.0 N/A
4 26 September 18, 1978 (1978-09-18) April 14, 1979 (1979-04-14) 18 21.6 N/A
5 26 September 30, 1979 (1979-09-30) April 13, 1980 (1980-04-13) 10 23.0 N/A
6 21 November 9, 1980 (1980-11-09) May 10, 1981 (1981-05-10) 11 22.0 N/A
7 25 October 11, 1981 (1981-10-11) May 16, 1982 (1982-05-16) 10 22.0 N/A
8 26 September 26, 1982 (1982-09-26) May 23, 1983 (1983-05-23) 16 19.1 N/A
9 22 October 2, 1983 (1983-10-02) May 28, 1984 (1984-05-28) 44 15.9[4] N/A
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
One Day at a Time was best known in the 1980s as a staple of the CBS Sunday-night lineup, one of the most successful in TV history, along with Archie Bunker's Place, Alice, and The Jeffersons.
The series consistently ranked among the top twenty (if not the top ten) programs in the ratings. However, the network moved the show around on the prime time schedule eleven times. By the end of the 1982–83 season, viewership was beginning to slip and the series ended season eight ranking at No. 16. At this time, Bonnie Franklin and Valerie Bertinelli were anxious to move on, but agreed to do a ninth (and final) season. (Although both were offered contracts for two more seasons: a ninth and a tenth according to Bertinelli in her autobiography Losing It: And Gaining My Life Back One Pound at a Time.)
Awards and honors[edit]
1981, 1982: Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film to Valerie Bertinelli
1982: Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series to Alan Rafkin[5]
1984: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor – Comedy Series to Pat Harrington[6]
Syndication[edit]
CBS aired daytime reruns of the show for three years. From September 17, 1979, to February 1, 1980, it aired on the daytime schedule at 3:30 pm Eastern time; with the cancellation of Love of Life to accommodate the expansion of The Young and the Restless to one hour, it was moved on February 4, 1980, to 4 pm Eastern due to Guiding Light moving to 3 pm. On September 28, 1981, it moved to 10 am Eastern time, and on September 20, 1982, it was replaced by The $25,000 Pyramid.
Soon after, the show entered off-network syndication, airing on local stations around the country, and nationally on WGN, TBS, and the E! Network.
Logo TV started airing episodes in April 2017.
As of July 23, 2017, the series airs Sunday nights on the digital broadcast network Antenna TV.[7] It also can be seen on the satellite service FeTV.
Cast reunions[edit]
The One Day at a Time Reunion was a 60-minute CBS retrospective special which aired on Tuesday February 22, 2005, at 9:00 pm ET, reuniting Bonnie Franklin, Mackenzie Phillips, Valerie Bertinelli, and Pat Harrington to reminisce about the series and their characters. Regular cast members Richard Masur, Shelley Fabares, Nanette Fabray, Michael Lembeck, and Glenn Scarpelli shared their feelings about their time on the show in separate interviews. The special was included as a bonus on One Day at a Time: The Complete First Season DVD set.
On February 26, 2008, Franklin, Phillips, Bertinelli, and Harrington reunited once again to talk about life on the set, Phillips' drug problems, and the show's theme song on NBC's Today Show as part of a week-long segment titled "Together Again: TV's Greatest Casts Reunited".
Bertinelli, Harrington, and (on tape) Franklin appeared on the September 10, 2008, episode of Rachael Ray to celebrate Ray's 40th birthday.
In 2011, Franklin reunited again with Bertinelli on an episode of Hot in Cleveland which marked one of Franklin's last acting roles before her death in 2013. Mackenzie Phillips and Pat Harrington Jr. also made individual cameos on the series.
One Day at a Time was awarded the Innovation Award on the 2012 TV Land Award show on April 29. Accepting the award were Valerie Bertinelli, Bonnie Franklin, Pat Harrington Jr., Richard Masur, Mackenzie Phillips, and Glenn Scarpelli.
DVD releases[edit]
On April 24, 2007, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the first season of One Day at a Time on DVD in Region 1.
On September 7, 2017, it was announced that Shout! Factory had acquired the rights to the series and released One Day at a Time - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 on December 5, 2017.[8] Season 2 was released on March 27, 2018.[9] Season 3 will be released on June 12, 2018.[10]
DVD Name
Ep #
Release Date
The Complete First Season 15 April 24, 2007
The Complete Second Season 24 March 27, 2018
The Complete Third Season 24 June 12, 2018
The Complete Series 209 December 5, 2017
Remake[edit]
Main article: One Day at a Time (2017 TV series)
Gloria Calderon Kellett and Mike Royce developed a new version of the series, with a Latino cast, for Netflix, beginning in 2017. The ensemble is led by Justina Machado, with Rita Moreno, Stephen Tobolowsky, Isabella Gomez, Marcel Ruiz, and Todd Grinnell in supporting roles. Pam Fryman directed the pilot episode.[11][12][13][14][15]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mike Celizic (February 26, 2008). "Cast of 'One Day at a Time' reunites on TODAY". msnbc.msn.com. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Mary Louise. My First Hundred Years, pp. 133-139. Overlook Press. c. 2015, 2016
Jump up ^ Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle (2007). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946-Present (Ninth Edition). Ballantine Books. p. 1687-1690. ISBN 978-0-345-49773-4.
Jump up ^ |1983-84 Ratings History|http://www.tvratingsguide.com/2017/09/1983-84-ratings-history-networks-are.html
Jump up ^ "Barbara's Crisis". TV.com. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Awards for "One Day at a Time"". IMDb. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Schedule - Antenna TV
Jump up ^ Lambert, David. One Day at a Time - CONFIRMED! 'The Complete Series' DVDs in 2017 from Shout! 27-disc package with all nine seasons will be at stores in early December Archived 2017-09-08 at the Wayback Machine. TV Shows on DVD, December 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David. One Day at a Time - Shout!'s Street Date for a Separate 'Season 2' Set. 3-DVD release will be available near the end of March Archived 2017-12-09 at the Wayback Machine. TV Shows on DVD, December 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David. One Day at a Time - 'Season 3' DVDs to be Sold Separately for the First Time this June. Available since December in The Complete Series, Shout! will now separate this season TV Shows on DVD, March 5, 2018
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (January 1, 2016). "Netflix Orders 'One Day At A Time' Latino Remake Series Co-Starring Rita Moreno". Deadline Hollywood.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 22, 2016). "'One Day At A Time': Justina Machado To Play The Lead In Netflix Series Remake". Deadline Hollywood.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 2, 2016). "'One Day At a Time': Stephen Tobolowsky Cast In Netflix Latino Family Remake". Deadline Hollywood.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (April 19, 2016). "'One Day At a Time': Todd Grinnell Cast As Schneider In Netflix Series Remake". Deadline Hollywood.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 5, 2016). "Pam Fryman Sets 3 Pilot Directing Gigs". Deadline Hollywood.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to One Day at a Time.
One Day at a Time on IMDb
One Day at a Time at TV.com
One Day at a Time at epguides.com
Museum of Broadcast Communications page on One Day at a Time
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t
e
Norman Lear
Created
The Deputy (1959–61)
All in the Family (1971–79)
Maude (1972–78)
The Nancy Walker Show (1976)
All That Glitters (1977)
Fernwood 2 Night (1977)
America 2-Night (1978)
In the Beginning (1978)
Apple Pie (1978)
Hanging In (1979)
Palmerstown, U.S.A. (1980–81)
a.k.a. Pablo (1984)
Sunday Dinner (1991)
704 Hauser (1994)
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Good Times (1974–79)
Sanford and Son (1972–78)
Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman (1976–78)
The Jeffersons (1975–85)
One Day at a Time (1975–84)
The Dumplings (1976)
All's Fair (1976–77)
Sanford Arms (1977)
The Baxters (1979–81)
Produced only
The Martha Raye Show (1954–56)
Hot l Baltimore (1975)
A Year at the Top (1977)
E/R (1984–85)
The Powers That Be (1992–93)
Channel Umptee-3 (1997–98)
America Divided (2016–present)
One Day at a Time (2017–present)
Written only
The Colgate Comedy Hour (1950–53)
The Ford Show (1957–58)
Film
Come Blow Your Horn (screenwriter; 1963)
Divorce American Style (screenwriter; 1967)
The Night They Raided Minsky's (screenwriter; 1968)
Cold Turkey (director; 1971)
The Princess Bride (producer; 1987)
Pete Seeger: The Power of Song (producer; 2007)
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1975 American television series debuts
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