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List of Presidents of India
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The Main Gate of Rashtrapati Bhavan, the official residence of the President of India
The President of India is the head of state and first citizen of India. The President is also the Commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces.[1] Although the president is vested such powers by the Constitution of India, the position is largely a ceremonial role and the executive powers are de facto exercised by the Prime Minister.[2] The post of President is known in Hindi as Rashtrapati, a Sanskrit neologism meaning "lord of the realm". The President is elected by the Electoral College composed of elected members of the parliament houses, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, and also members of the Vidhan Sabha, the state legislative assemblies.[1]
There have been 14 presidents of India since the introduction of the post in 1950 (the current tenure is 5 years of an Indian President's term). The post was established when India was declared as a republic with the adoption of the Indian constitution.[3] Apart from these thirteen, three acting presidents have also been in office for short periods of time. Varahagiri Venkata Giri became Indian Acting President in 1969 following the death of Zakir Husain, who died in office. Giri was elected President a few months later. He remains the only person to have held office both as a president and acting president. Giri was the only person to be elected as an independent candidate.[4] The President may remain in office for a tenure of five years, as stated by article 56, part V, of the constitution of India. In the case where a president's term of office is terminated early or during the absence of the president, the vice president assumes office. By article 70 of part V, the parliament may decide how to discharge the functions of the president where this is not possible, or in any other unexpected contingency.[1] Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India, is the only person to have held office for two terms.[5]
Presidents by state of birth
Seven presidents have been members of a political party before being elected. Six of these were active party members of the Indian National Congress. The Janata Party has had one member, Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, who later became president, he was born in Anantapur District (now Andhra Pradesh). Two presidents, Zakir Husain and Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, have died in office. Their vice-presidents functioned as acting president until a new president was elected. Following Zakir Husain's death, two acting presidents held office until the new president, V. V. Giri, was elected. Varahagiri Venkata Giri himself, Zakir Husain's vice president, was the first acting president. When Giri resigned to take part in the presidential elections, he was succeeded by Mohammad Hidayatullah as acting president.[6] The 12th president, Pratibha Patil, is the first woman to serve as President of India, elected in 2007.[7]
The current President is Ram Nath Kovind, elected on 25 July 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Presidents
2 See also
3 References
3.1 General
3.2 Specific
4 External links
Presidents[edit]
This list is numbered based on Presidents elected after winning an Indian Presidential election. The terms of Varahagiri Venkata Giri, Mohammad Hidayatullah, and Basappa Danappa Jatti, who have functioned as acting presidents, are therefore not numbered. The President of India does not represent any political party. The colours used in the table indicate the following:
Colour key
President of India
Acting President of India (*)
№
Name
(Birth–Death)
Portrait
Elected
Took office
Left office
Vice President
1
Rajendra Prasad
(1884–1963) 1952
1957 26 January 1950 12 May 1962 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Prasad, from Bihar, was the first President of independent India, and also the longest-serving President, for 12 years.[8][9] He was also a freedom fighter during the Indian independence movement.[10] Prasad was the only president to serve two terms in office.[5]
2
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
(1888–1975) 1962 13 May 1962 13 May 1967 Zakir Husain
Radhakrishnan was a prominent philosopher and writer and also held the position of vice chancellor of the Andhra University and Banaras Hindu University.[11] He was also made a Knight of the Golden Army of Angels by Pope Paul VI. He received Bharat Ratna award in 1954 before becoming the President.[12] He was the first President from South India.
3
Zakir Husain
(1897–1969) 1967 13 May 1967 3 May 1969 Varahagiri Venkata Giri
Husain was vice chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University and a recipient of Padma Vibhushan and Bharat Ratna.[13] He died in office, the first to do so. He was also the shortest-serving President. He was also the first Muslim President.
– Varahagiri Venkata Giri *
(1894–1980) – 3 May 1969 20 July 1969 –
He was elected Vice President of India in 1967. Following the death of President Zakir Husain, Giri was appointed as Acting President.[14] He resigned in a few months to take part in the presidential elections.[6]
– Mohammad Hidayatullah *
(1905–1992) – 20 July 1969 24 August 1969 –
Hidayatullah served as the Chief Justice of India, and was also a recipient of the Order of the British Empire.[15] He served as Acting President until the election of Giri as the President of India.
4
Varahagiri Venkata Giri
(1894–1980) 1969 24 August 1969 24 August 1974 Gopal Swarup Pathak
Giri is the only person to have served as both an acting president and president of India. He was a recipient of the Bharat Ratna, and has functioned as Indian Minister of Labour and High Commissioner to Ceylon (Sri Lanka).[16]
5
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
(1905–1977) 1974 24 August 1974 11 February 1977 Gopal Swarup Pathak (1974)
Basappa Danappa Jatti (1974–1977)
Ahmed served as a Minister before being elected as president. He died in 1977 before historical term of office ended, and was the second Indian president to die in office.[17] He was also president during Emergency.[18]
– Basappa Danappa Jatti *
(1912–2002) – 11 February 1977 25 July 1977 –
Jatti was the vice president of India during Ahmed's term of office, and was sworn in as Acting President upon Ahmed's death. He earlier functioned as the Chief Minister for the State of Mysore.[17][19]
6
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
(1913–1996) 1977 25 July 1977 25 July 1982 Basappa Danappa Jatti (1977–1979)
Muhammad Hidayatullah (1979–1982)
Reddy was the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh State. Reddy was the only Member of Parliament from the Janata Party to get elected from Andhra Pradesh.[20] He was unanimously elected Speaker of the Lok Sabha on 26 March 1977 and relinquished this office on 13 July 1977 to become the 6th President of India.
7
Giani Zail Singh
(1916–1994) 1982 25 July 1982 25 July 1987 Muhammad Hidayatullah (1982–1984)
Ramaswamy Venkataraman (1984–1987)
In March 1972, Singh assumed the position of Chief Minister of Punjab, and in 1980, he became Union Home Minister. He was also secretary general to Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) from 1983 to 1986[21]
8
Ramaswamy Venkataraman
(1910–2009) 1987 25 July 1987 25 July 1992 Shankar Dayal Sharma
In 1942, Venkataraman was jailed by the British for his involvement in the Indian independence movement.[22] After his release, he was elected to independent India’s Provisional Parliament as a member of the Congress Party in 1950 and eventually joined the central government, where he first served as Minister of Finance and Industry and later as Minister of Defence.[23]
9
Shankar Dayal Sharma
(1918–1999) 1992 25 July 1992 25 July 1997 Kocheril Raman Narayanan
Sharma was Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, and the Indian Minister for Communications. He has also served as the governor of Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Maharashtra.[24]
10
Kocheril Raman Narayanan
(1920–2005) 1997 25 July 1997 25 July 2002 Krishan Kant
Narayanan served as India's ambassador to Thailand, Turkey, China and United States of America. He received doctorates in Science and Law and was also a chancellor in several universities.[25] He was also the vice-chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University.[26] He was the first President from Kerala, and also the first Dalit President.
11
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
(1931–2015) 2002 25 July 2002 25 July 2007 Krishan Kant (2002)
Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (2002–2007)
Kalam was a scientist who played a leading role in the development of India's ballistic missile and nuclear weapons programs.[27] He also received the Bharat Ratna. Kalam was affectionately known as the People's President, due to his extra-Presidential activities. He was the first bachelor president of India, and the first Muslim President who completed his term. Kalam died following a heart attack while delivering a speech in Shillong. [28][29][30]
12
Pratibha Patil
(1934–) 2007 25 July 2007 25 July 2012 Mohammad Hamid Ansari
Patil was the first woman to become the President of India. She was also the first female Governor of Rajasthan.[31][32]
13
Pranab Mukherjee
(1935–) 2012 25 July 2012 25 July 2017 Mohammad Hamid Ansari
Mukherjee held various posts in the cabinet ministry for the Government of India such as Finance Minister, Foreign Minister, Defence Minister and Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission.[33]
14
Ram Nath Kovind
(1945–) 2017 25 July 2017 Incumbent Mohammad Hamid Ansari (2017)
Venkaiah Naidu
Kovind was Governor of Bihar from 2015 until 2017 and a Member of Parliament from 1994 until 2006. He is the second Dalit president after K. R. Narayanan. He originally belongs to BJP and is an active member of RSS since his youth.
See also[edit]
President of India
Vice President of India
List of Vice-Presidents of India
List of Prime Ministers of India
References[edit]
General[edit]
"Former Presidents". President’s Secretariat. Retrieved 29 November 2008.
"List of Presidents/Vice Presidents". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 29 November 2008.
Specific[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Constitution of India" (.doc). Ministry of Law and Justice of India. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "India gets first woman president since independence". BBC News. 25 July 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "1950: India becomes a republic". BBC News. 26 January 1950. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
Jump up ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-vs-opposition-india-set-to-witness-tightest-presidential-poll-since-1969/story-sZ5LlpWvMBaxPULLoQHZbN.html
^ Jump up to: a b Harish Khare (6 December 2006). "Selecting the next Rashtrapati". The Hindu. India. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Shekhar Iyer (25 June 2007). "Shekhawat will not resign to contest poll". Hindustan Times. India. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "First female president for India". BBC News. 21 July 2007. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Rajendra Prasad". The Hindu. India. 7 May 1952. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Republic Day". Time. 6 February 1950. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Rajendra Prasad's birth anniversary celebrated". The Hindu. India. 10 December 2006. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Ramachandra Guha (15 April 2006). "Why Amartya Sen should become the next president of India". The Telegraph. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Dr S. Radhakrishnan". The Sunday Tribune. 30 January 2000. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Zakir Husain,". Vice President's Secretariat. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Shekhawat need not compare himself to Giri: Shashi Bhushan". The Hindu. India. 12 July 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Hidayatullah, Shri M". Vice President's Secretariat. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Giri, Shri Varahagiri Venkata". Vice President's Secretariat. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gallery of Indian Presidents". Press Information Bureau of the Government of India. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Emergency: The Dark Age of Indian democracy". The Hindu. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jatti, Shri Basappa Danappa". Vice President's Secretariat. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Bhargava, G.S. "Making of the Prez – Congress chief selects PM as well as President". The Tribune. India. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Wolpert, Stanley A. (1999). India. University of California Press. p. 217. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Hazarika, Sanjoy (17 July 1987). "Man in the News; India's Mild New President: Ramaswamy Venkataraman". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "Venkataraman, Shri R.". Vice President's Secretariat. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Navtej Sarna (27 December 1999). "Former President Shankar Dayal Sharma passes away". Embassy of India, Washington D.C. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Narayanan, Shri K, R". Vice President's Secretariat. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "The BJP's aim was to get rid of me". Confederation of Human Rights Organizations. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Ramana, M. V.; Reddy, C. Rammanohar (2002). Prisoners of the Nuclear Dream. New Delhi: Orient Longman. p. 169.
Jump up ^ Tyagi, Kavita; Misra, Padma. Basic Technical Communication. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 124. ISBN 978-81-203-4238-5. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "'Kalam was real people's President'". Hindustan Times. Indo-Asian News Service. 24 July 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Perappadan, Bindu Shajan (14 April 2007). "The people's President does it again". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Emily Wax (22 July 2007). "Female President Elected in India". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Pratibha Patil is Rajasthan’s first woman governor". Express India. 8 November 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
Jump up ^ http://zeenews.india.com/news/exclusive/pranab-mukherjee-–-the-13th-president-of-india_789045.html
External links[edit]
Official website of the President of India
Rediff.com – Presidents of India
The Hindu – A presidential poll in the coalition age
Zee News: Former Presidents
[show]
v
t
e
Presidents of India (List)
Rajendra Prasad
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Zakir Hussain
V. V. Giri (acting)
Mohammad Hidayatullah (acting)
V. V. Giri
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
B. D. Jatti (acting)
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Zail Singh
R. Venkataraman
Shankar Dayal Sharma
K. R. Narayanan
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Pratibha Patil
Pranab Mukherjee
Ram Nath Kovind
[show]
v
t
e
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Adam Conover
Born
March 2[1]
Smithtown, New York, United States
Nationality
American
Education
Shoreham-Wading River High School
Alma mater
Bard College
Occupation
Comedian, Writer, and Show Host
Known for
Adam Ruins Everything, BoJack Horseman
Home town
Wading River, New York, United States
Website
adamconover.net
Adam Conover (born March 2) is an American comedian, writer, and television host. He is the creator and host of the half-hour truTV show Adam Ruins Everything, which is based on the CollegeHumor series of the same name.[2]
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 References
5 External links
Early life[edit]
Adam Conover was born in Smithtown, New York,[3] and grew up in Wading River.[4] His parents are David O. Conover, a marine biologist,[5] and Margaret Conover (née Howard), a botanist.[3][4][5] He also has a younger sister, Emily, who holds a PhD in particle physics and is a science reporter, which has led him to describe himself as "the only member of the family without a Ph.D."[6] In 2000, he graduated from Shoreham-Wading River High School, where he first became interested in the performing arts.[7] He then attended Bard College, where, in 2002, he became an active member of the sketch comedy group Olde English.[8] In 2004,[9] he earned a Bachelor's degree in philosophy from Bard College.[4]
Career[edit]
In 2012, Conover began working as a sketch comedy writer for the comedy website CollegeHumor and on CollegeHumor's YouTube channel,[10] where he eventually created the web series that would go on to become Adam Ruins Everything on TruTV.[4] His show aims to reveal untold and hidden facts about everyday goods and services, and to dispel common misconceptions.[11] The first episode of the truTV version premiered on September 29, 2015. Conover has said his character in the show is a comedic interpretation of the person he worries he once was and/or is. As he told the New York Observer, "It’s the reaction I’ve gotten my whole life: that I learn something and try to tell people in conversation, but when I tell them, they are annoyed."[12] In March 2016, he gave a talk at a marketing conference arguing, among other things, that millennials don't really exist.[13] He currently works in Los Angeles.[14]
He also voice acts several characters in the animated BoJack Horseman Netflix-series, including A Ryan Seacrest-Type and Bradley Hitler-Smith.[4][15]
Personal life[edit]
As of 2015, Conover was in a relationship with the Ignatz Award-winning comic artist and BoJack Horseman production designer Lisa Hanawalt.[4] He is a teetotaler, having quit drinking in early 2018.[16]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Twitter". mobile.twitter.com.
Jump up ^ Lloyd, Robert (26 September 2015). "TV Picks: 'Late Show,' 'My Brother's Bomber,' 'Adam Ruins Everything'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Barkley, Giselle (24 September 2015). "North Shore native ready to 'ruin' truTV". The Times Beacon Record. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Lovece, Frank (28 September 2015). "'Adam Ruins Everything': LI's Adam Conover creates witty truTV humor series". Newsday. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Champagne, Christine (29 September 2015). "Spoiler Alert: Adam Conover Hilariously Dispels All Your Beliefs To Teach You a Lesson". Fast Company. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Weissmueller, Zach (21 February 2016). "What You Think You Know Is Wrong". Reason. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Smith, Nicole (8 October 2015). "Watch as this Shoreham-Wading River grad 'Ruins Everything'". Riverhead News-Review. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Genzlinger, Neil (24 October 2016). "Adam Conover Turns a Skeptical Eye to the Presidential Campaign". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "The Exquisite Corpse Project". Bard College. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "CollegeHumor". YouTube.
Jump up ^ Hendrickson, Paula (2017-06-07). "TruTV's 'Adam Ruins Everything' Promotes Facts in the Age of Fakery". Variety. Retrieved 2017-10-09.
Jump up ^ Grant, Drew (29 September 2015). "'Adam Ruins Everything' Creator Adam Conover on Making Difficult Truths Into Comedy". The Observer. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Singer, Sarah (21 March 2016). "This Comedian Just Obliterated All Stereotypes About Millennials in One Presentation". Mic. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Adam Conover". www.adamconover.net. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
Jump up ^ Conover, Adam (2017-05-02). "Yep! I also play Bradley Hitler-Smith, aka Ethan from Horsin' Around!". @adamconover. Retrieved 2017-10-02.
Jump up ^ "Adam Conover Of 'Adam Ruins Everything' Is Loving RSS Feeds Again". 23 April 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adam Conover.
Official website
Adam Conover on IMDb
Adam Conover on Twitter
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WorldCat Identities
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VIAF: 2641152932543109830002
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exec (system call)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the computer operating system function. For other uses, see Exec (disambiguation). For the programming language function that executes a statement, see eval.
In computing, exec is a functionality of an operating system that runs an executable file in the context of an already existing process, replacing the previous executable. This act is also referred to as an overlay. It is especially important in Unix-like systems, although other operating systems implement it as well. Since a new process is not created, the original process identifier (PID) does not change, but the machine code, data, heap, and stack of the process are replaced by those of the new program.
The exec call is supported in many programming languages, including compilable languages and some scripting languages. In OS command interpreters, the exec built-in command replaces the shell process with the specified program.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Nomenclature
2 Unix, POSIX, and other multitasking systems
2.1 C language prototypes
2.1.1 Arguments
2.2 Effects
2.3 Return value
3 DOS operating systems
4 Command interpreters
5 Alternatives
6 Other Systems
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Nomenclature[edit]
Interfaces to exec and its implementations vary. Depending on the programming language it may be accessible via one or more functions, and depending on the operating system it may be represented with one or more actual system calls. For this reason exec is sometimes described as a collection of functions.
Standard names of such functions in C are execl, execle, execlp, execv, execve, and execvp (see below), but not "exec" itself. The Linux kernel has one corresponding system call named "execve", whereas all aforementioned functions are user-space wrappers around it.
Higher-level languages usually provide one call named exec.
Unix, POSIX, and other multitasking systems[edit]
C language prototypes[edit]
The POSIX standard declares exec functions in the unistd.h header file, in the C language. The same functions are declared in process.h for DOS (see below), OS/2, and Microsoft Windows.
int execl(char const *path, char const *arg0, ...);
int execle(char const *path, char const *arg0, ..., char const *envp[]);
int execlp(char const *file, char const *arg0, ...);
int execv(char const *path, char const *argv[]);
int execve(char const *path, char const *argv[], char const *envp[]);
int execvp(char const *file, char const *argv[]);
Some implementations provide these functions named with a leading underscore (e.g. _execl).
The base of each is exec (execute), followed by one or more letters:
e – An array of pointers to environment variables is explicitly passed to the new process image.
l – Command-line arguments are passed individually (a list) to the function.
p – Uses the PATH environment variable to find the file named in the file argument to be executed.
v – Command-line arguments are passed to the function as an array (vector) of pointers.
In the execl, execlp, execv, and execvp calls, the new process image inherits the current environment variables.
Arguments[edit]
path
The argument specifies the path name of the file to execute as the new process image. Arguments beginning at arg0 are pointers to arguments to be passed to the new process image. The argv value is an array of pointers to arguments.
arg0
The first argument arg0 should be the name of the executable file. Usually it is the same value as the path argument. Some programs may incorrectly rely on this argument providing the location of the executable, but there is no guarantee of this nor is it standardized across platforms.
envp
Argument envp is an array of pointers to environment settings.
The exec calls named ending with an e alter the environment for the new process image by passing a list of environment settings through the envp argument. This argument is an array of character pointers; each element (except for the final element) points to a null-terminated string defining an environment variable.
Each null-terminated string has the form: name=value
where name is the environment variable name, and value is the value of that variable. The final element of the envp array must be null.
Effects[edit]
A file descriptor opened when an exec call is made will remain open in the new process image, unless it was fcntled with FD_CLOEXEC or opened with O_CLOEXEC (the latter was introduced in POSIX.1-2001). This aspect is used to specify the standard streams (stdin, stdout and stderr) of the new program.
A successful overlay destroys the previous memory address space of the process, and all its memory areas, that were not shared, are reclaimed by the operating system. Consequently, all its data that were not passed to the new program, or otherwise saved, become lost.
Return value[edit]
A successful exec replaces the current process image, so it cannot return anything to the program that made the call. Processes do have an exit status, but "execing" is not a termination of the process - it continues to exist.
If an exec function does return to the calling program, an error occurs, the return value is −1, and errno is set to one of the following values:
Name
Notes
E2BIG The argument list exceeds the system limit.
EACCES The specified file has a locking or sharing violation.
ENOENT The file or path name not found.
ENOMEM Not enough memory is available to execute the new process image.
In Linux, the kernel may destroy the memory map of the old process and start constructing (loading) the new executable, and only then discover that the new executable can't be loaded (for example, because some fields in executable's internal tables contain invalid values). In this case, the process is killed by a fatal signal (such as SIGSEGV). Ideally, the kernel would fail evecve and return an error indication to the old executable, but that would be significantly more complex and slower.
DOS operating systems[edit]
DOS is not a multitasking operating system, but replacing the previous executable image has a great merit there due to harsh primary memory limitations and lack of virtual memory. The same API is used for overlaying programs in DOS and it has effects similar to ones on POSIX systems.
MS-DOS exec functions always load the new program into memory as if the "maximum allocation" in the program's executable file header is set to default value 0xFFFF. The EXEHDR utility can be used to change the maximum allocation field of a program. However, if this is done and the program is invoked with one of the exec functions, the program might behave differently from a program invoked directly from the operating-system command line or with one of the spawn functions (see below).
Command interpreters[edit]
Many Unix shells also offer a builtin exec command that replaces the shell process with the specified program.[1] Wrapper scripts often use this command to run a program (either directly or through an interpreter or virtual machine) after setting environment variables or other configuration. By using exec, the resources used by the shell program do not need to stay in use after the program is started.[2]
The exec command can also perform a redirection. In some shells it is even possible to use the exec command for redirection only, without making an actual overlay.
Alternatives[edit]
The traditional Unix system does not have the functionality to create a new process running a new executable program in one step, which explains the importance of exec for Unix programming. Other systems may use spawn as the main tool for running executables. Its result is equivalent to the fork-exec sequence of Unix-like systems. POSIX supports the posix_spawn routines as an optional extension that usually is implemented using vfork.
Other Systems[edit]
OS/360 and successors include a system call XCTL (transfer control) that performs a similar function to exec. Except for type 4 SVC, this usage is rare. More common is the use of LINK or ATTACH to invoke a load module without terminating the current load module. In particular, TSO invokes commands with ATTACH, sharing memory.
See also[edit]
Chain loading, overlaying in system programming
exit (system call), terminate a process
fork (system call), make a new process (but with the same executable)
clone(), the way to create new threads
PATH (variable), related to semantics of the *path argument
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "exec(3) - Linux manual page". man7.org. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
Jump up ^ 36.2. Shell Wrappers. Tldp.org. Retrieved on 2013-01-01.
External links[edit]
exec: execute a file – System Interfaces Reference, The Single UNIX Specification, Issue 7 from The Open Group
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exec_(system_call)&oldid=838121706"
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Indigo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the color. For the Indian airline, see IndiGo. For other uses, see Indigo (disambiguation).
Indigo as a tertiary color on the RYB color wheel
blue
indigo
purple
Indigo
A piece of indigo plant dye from India,
about 6 cm (2.5 in) square
Wavelength
450–420[1](disputed) nm
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#4B0082
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(75, 0, 130)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(42, 100, 0, 49)
HSV (h, s, v)
(275°, 100%, 51%)
Source
HTML/CSS[2]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
Indigo is a deep and rich color close to the color wheel blue (a primary color in the RGB color space), as well as to some variants of ultramarine. It is traditionally regarded as a color in the visible spectrum, as well as one of the seven colors of the rainbow: the color between purple and blue; however, sources differ as to its actual position in the electromagnetic spectrum.
The color indigo is named after the indigo dye derived from the plant Indigofera tinctoria and related species.
The first known recorded use of indigo as a color name in English was in 1289.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Classification as a spectral color
3 Distinction among the four major tones of indigo
3.1 Electric indigo
3.2 Deep indigo (web color blue-violet)
3.3 Light indigo (web color indigo)
3.4 Tropical indigo
4 Other Indigo colors
4.1 Indigo Dye
5 In nature
6 In culture
6.1 Business
6.2 Computer graphics
6.3 Dyes
6.4 Food
6.5 Military
6.6 Spirituality
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Extract of natural indigo applied to paper
Species of Indigofera were cultivated in East Asia, Egypt, India, and Peru in antiquity. The earliest direct evidence for the use of indigo dates to around 4000 BCE and comes from Huaca Prieta, in contemporary Peru.[4] Pliny the Elder mentions the Indus Valley Civilization as the source of the dye after which it was named. It was imported from there in small quantities via the Silk Road.[5] The Ancient Greek term for the dye was Ἰνδικὸν φάρμακον ("Sindhi dye"), which, adopted to Latin as indicum and via Portuguese gave rise to the modern word indigo.[6]
Indigo was actually a plant that got its name because it came from the Indus Valley Civilisation, discovered some 5,000 years ago, where it was called nila, meaning dark blue. And by the 7th Century BC, people started using the plant as a dye; the Mesopotamians were even carving out recipes for making indigo dye onto clay tablets for record-keeping. By 1289, knowledge of the dye made its way to Europe, when the Venetian merchant traveler Marco Polo reported on it.[7]
However, it wasn’t until 1640 when demand started to pick up for indigo. Spanish explorers discovered an American species of indigo and began to cultivate the product in Guatemala. The English and French subsequently began to encourage indigo cultivation in their colonies in the West Indies.[8]
Blue dye can be made from two different types of plants: the indigo plant, which produces the best results, and from the woad plant, also known as pastel[9]. The British were producing indigo with woad, a plant that yielded a lesser quality dye, but a plant they could grow. They even tried to hold their monopoly on indigo dye by managing to ban the indigo plant for years, claiming that it was poisonous. But eventually the British began to focus on tea and other crops, and meanwhile, the French started to get their fair share of the market.
But this was problematic. The French had gone to war with Britain, so the British could hardly rely on the French for this precious blue dye. Consequently, the British had to turn to their colonies in America. It was Eliza Lucas from South Carolina who figured out how to grow the indigo plant and use it to make indigo cakes that would support British demand.[7]
A similar dye is contained in the woad or pastel[9] plant, Isatis tinctoria, which for a long time was the main source of blue dye in Europe. Woad was replaced by true indigo as trade routes opened up, and both plant sources have now been largely replaced by synthetic dyes.
Classification as a spectral color[edit]
Indigo is one of the colors on Newton's color wheel
The Early Modern English word indigo referred to the dye, not to the color (hue) itself, and indigo is not traditionally part of the basic color-naming system.[10] Modern sources place indigo in the electromagnetic spectrum between 420 and 450 nanometers,[1][11][12] which lies on the short-wave side of color wheel (RGB) blue, towards (spectral) violet.
However, the correspondence of this definition with colors of actual indigo dyes is disputed. Optical scientists Hardy and Perrin list indigo as between 445[13] and 464 nm wavelength,[14] which occupies a spectrum segment from roughly the color wheel (RGB) blue extending to the long-wave side, towards azure.
Isaac Newton introduced indigo as one of the seven base colors of his work. In the mid-1660s, when Newton bought a pair of prisms at a fair near Cambridge, the East India Company had begun importing indigo dye into England,[15] supplanting the homegrown woad as source of blue dye. In a pivotal experiment in the history of optics, the young Newton shone a narrow beam of sunlight through a prism to produce a rainbow-like band of colors on the wall. In describing this optical spectrum, Newton acknowledged that the spectrum had a continuum of colors, but named seven: "The originall or primary colours are Red, yellow, Green, Blew, & a violet purple; together with Orang, Indico, & an indefinite varietie of intermediate gradations."[16] He linked the seven prismatic colors to the seven notes of a western major scale,[17] as shown in his color wheel, with orange and indigo as the semitones. Having decided upon seven colors, he asked a friend to repeatedly divide up the spectrum that was projected from the prism onto the wall:
Newton's observation of prismatic colors. Comparing this to a color image of the visible light spectrum will show that indigo corresponds to blue, while blue corresponds to cyan.
I desired a friend to draw with a pencil lines cross the image, or pillar of colours, where every one of the seven aforenamed colours was most full and brisk, and also where he judged the truest confines of them to be, whilst I held the paper so, that the said image might fall within a certain compass marked on it. And this I did, partly because my own eyes are not very critical in distinguishing colours, partly because another, to whom I had not communicated my thoughts about this matter, could have nothing but his eyes to determine his fancy in making those marks.[18]
Traditional seven colors of the rainbow
Indigo is therefore counted as one of the traditional colors of the rainbow, the order of which is given by the mnemonic Roy G. Biv. James Clerk Maxwell and Hermann von Helmholtz accepted indigo as an appropriate name for the color flanking violet in the spectrum.[19]
Later scientists conclude that Newton named the colors differently from current usage.[20][21] According to Gary Waldman, "A careful reading of Newton's work indicates that the color he called indigo, we would normally call blue; his blue is then what we would name blue-green, cyan or light blue."[22] If this is true, Newton's seven spectral colors would have been:
Red: Orange: Yellow: Green: Blue: Indigo: Violet:
The human eye does not readily differentiate hues in the wavelengths between what we today call blue and violet. If this is where Newton meant indigo to lie, most individuals would have difficulty distinguishing indigo from its neighbors. According to Isaac Asimov, "It is customary to list indigo as a color lying between blue and violet, but it has never seemed to me that indigo is worth the dignity of being considered a separate color. To my eyes it seems merely deep blue."[23]
Modern color scientists typically divide the spectrum between violet and blue at about 450 nm, with no indigo.[24][25]
Distinction among the four major tones of indigo[edit]
Like many other colors (orange, rose, and violet are the best-known), indigo gets its name from an object in the natural world—the plant named indigo once used for dyeing cloth (see also Indigo dye).
The color electric indigo is a bright and saturated color between the traditional indigo and violet. This is the brightest color indigo that can be approximated on a computer screen; it is a color located between the (primary) blue and the color violet of the RGB color wheel.
The web color blue violet or deep indigo is a tone of indigo brighter than pigment indigo, but not as bright as electric indigo.
The color pigment indigo is equivalent to the web color indigo and approximates the color indigo that is usually reproduced in pigments and colored pencils.
The color of indigo dye is a different color from either spectrum indigo or pigment indigo. This is the actual color of the dye. A vat full of this dye is a darker color, approximating the web color midnight blue.
Below are displayed these four major tones of indigo.
Electric indigo[edit]
Electric Indigo
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#6F00FF
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(111, 0, 255)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(57, 100, 0, 0)
HSV (h, s, v)
(266°, 100%, 100[26]%)
Source
[1]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
"Electric indigo" is brighter than the pigment indigo reproduced below. When plotted on the CIE chromaticity diagram, this color is at 435 nanometers, in the middle of the portion of the spectrum traditionally considered indigo, i.e., between 450 and 420 nanometers. This color is only an approximation of spectral indigo, since actual spectral colors are outside the gamut of the sRGB color system.
Deep indigo (web color blue-violet)[edit]
Blue-Violet
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#8A2BE2
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(138, 43, 226)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(63, 81, 0, 0)
HSV (h, s, v)
(271°, 81%, 89%)
Source
X11
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
At right is displayed the web color "blue-violet", a color intermediate in brightness between electric indigo and pigment indigo. It is also known as "deep indigo".
Light indigo (web color indigo)[edit]
Indigo
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#4B0082
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(75, 0, 130)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(42, 100, 0, 49)
HSV (h, s, v)
(275°, 100%, 50%)
Source
X11
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
The color box at right displays the web color indigo which is equivalent to "light indigo", the color indigo as it would be reproduced by artists' paints as opposed to the brighter indigo above (electric indigo) that is possible to reproduce on a computer screen. Its hue is closer to violet than to indigo dye for which the color is named. Pigment indigo can be obtained by mixing 55% pigment cyan with about 45% pigment magenta.
Compare the subtractive colors to the additive colors in the two primary color charts in the article on primary colors to see the distinction between electric colors as reproducible from light on a computer screen (additive colors) and the pigment colors reproducible with pigments (subtractive colors); the additive colors are significantly brighter because they are produced from light instead of pigment.
Light indigo (web color indigo) represents the way the color indigo was always reproduced in pigments, paints, or colored pencils in the 1950s. By the 1970s, because of the advent of psychedelic art, artists became used to brighter pigments, and pigments called "bright indigo" or "bright blue-violet" that are the pigment equivalent of the electric indigo reproduced in the section above became available in artists' pigments and colored pencils.
Tropical indigo[edit]
Tropical Indigo
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#9683EC
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(150, 131, 236)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(48, 51, 0, 0)
HSV (h, s, v)
(251°, 44%, 93%)
Source
Gallego and Sanz[27]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
'Tropical Indigo' is the color that is called añil in the Guía de coloraciones (Guide to colorations) by Rosa Gallego and Juan Carlos Sanz, a color dictionary published in 2005 that is widely popular in the Hispanophone realm.
Other Indigo colors[edit]
Indigo Dye[edit]
Indigo Dye
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#00416a
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(0, 65, 106)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(100, 39, 0, 58)
HSV (h, s, v)
(203°, 100%, 42%)
Source
[2]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
The Indigo Dye is greenish dark blue color which is close to real indigo dye.
In nature[edit]
Birds
Male indigobirds are a very dark, metallic blue.
The indigo bunting, native to North America, is mostly bright cerulean blue with an indigo head.
The related blue grosbeak is, ironically, more indigo than the indigo bunting.
Fungi
Lactarius indigo is one of the very few species of mushrooms colored in tones of blue.
Snakes
The eastern indigo snake, Drymarchon couperi, of the southeastern United States, is a dark blue/black.
In culture[edit]
Literature
Marina Warner's novel Indigo (1992) is a retelling of Shakespeare's The Tempest and features the production of indigo dye by Sycorax.
Business[edit]
IndiGo Airlines is an Indian budget airline that uses an indigo logo and operates only Airbus A320s.
Indigo Books and Music uses an indigo logo and has sometimes referred to the color as "blue" in advertising.[28][29]
Indigo Dreams is an award-winning publishing company based in Devon, England.
Indigo Line, a proposed MBTA commuter rail line, is set to open in 2024.
The Indigo Tribe is a Los Angeles based home accessories company that uses natural indigo as its main dyeing agent.[30]
Computer graphics[edit]
Electric indigo is sometimes used as a glow color for computer graphics lighting, possibly because it seems to change color from indigo to lavender when blended with white.
Dyes[edit]
Indigo is created in potholes carved in pumice "tufgrond" in Karoland, Sumatra
Guatemala, as of 1778, was considered one of the world's foremost providers of indigo.[31]
In Mexico, indigo is known as 'añil'.[32] After silver, and cochineal to produce red, añil was the most important product exported by historical Mexico.[33]
Food[edit]
Scientists discovered in 2008 that when a banana becomes ripe and ready to eat, it glows bright indigo under a black light. Some insects, as well as bats and birds, may see into the ultraviolet, because they are tetrachromats and can use this information to tell when a banana is ripe and ready to eat. The glow is the result of a chemical created as the green chlorophyll in the peel breaks down.[34]
Military[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The French Army adopted dark blue indigo at the time of the French Revolution, as a replacement for the white uniforms previously worn by the Royal infantry regiments. In 1806, Napoleon decided to restore the white coats because of shortages of indigo dye imposed by the British continental blockade. However, the greater practicability of the blue color led to its retention, and indigo remained the dominant color of French military coats until 1914.
Spirituality[edit]
The Spiritualist applications use electric indigo, because the color is positioned between blue and violet on the spectrum.[35]
The color electric indigo is used in New Age philosophy to symbolically represent the sixth chakra (called Ajna), which is said to include the third eye. This chakra is believed to be related to intuition and gnosis (spiritual knowledge).[36][37]
Alice A. Bailey used indigo as the "second ray", representing "Love-Wisdom", in her Seven Rays system classifying people into seven metaphysical psychological types.[38]
Psychics often associate indigo paranormal auras with an interest in religion or with intense spirituality and intuition. Indigo children are said to have predominantly indigo auras. People with indigo auras are said to favor occupations such as computer analyst, animal caretaker, and counselor.[39]
See also[edit]
Baptisia (false indigo), a genus of flowering plants
Champaran Satyagraha, the first pacific rebellion of Mahatma Gandhi against the British Raj
Indigofera, a genus of flowering plants
Indiglo, a brand name for a method of electroluminescence technology
List of colors
Persicaria tinctoria, Japanese Indigo
Rainbow, indigo is usually the sixth listed color of the rainbow
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Rosen, Joe (26 June 2017). "Encyclopedia of Physics". Infobase Publishing – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ W3C TR CSS3 Color Module, SVG color keywords. W3C. (May 2003). Retrieved on 14 December 2007.
Jump up ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 197; Color Sample of Indigo: Page 117 Plate 47 Color Sample E10
Jump up ^ Splitstoser, Jeffrey C.; Dillehay, Tom D.; Wouters, Jan; Claro, Ana (September 2016). "Early pre-Hispanic use of indigo blue in Peru". Science Advances. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501623.
Jump up ^ Robin J. H. Clark, Christopher J. Cooksey, Marcus A. M. Daniels, Robert Withnall: "Indigo, woad, and Tyrian Purple: important vat dyes from antiquity to the present", Endeavour 17/4 (1993), 191–199.
Jump up ^ Ἰνδικός in Henry George Liddell. Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by. Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie. Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1940; English indigo since the 17th century, changed from 16th-century indico.
^ Jump up to: a b "So why the name Indigo Artbox?". Retrieved 2016-09-23.
Jump up ^ Pritchard, James (2004). In Search of Empire: The French in the Americas, 1670–1730. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 127.
^ Jump up to: a b "Getting the blues: the pastel trade in southwest France". Life on La Lune. 2011-05-22. Retrieved 2018-02-23.
Jump up ^ Ottenheimer, Harriet Joseph (2009). The anthropology of language: an introduction to linguistic anthropology (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-495-50884-7.
Jump up ^ Group, The HURIS. "Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation ( EMR )". www.huris.com.
Jump up ^ "VIBGYOR Color Segmentation – File Exchange – MATLAB Central". www.mathworks.com.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Arthur C. Hardy and Fred H. Perrin. The Principles of Optics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York. 1932.
Jump up ^ Allen, O.N. Allen & Ethel K. (1981). The Leguminosae: a source book of characteristics, uses, and nodulation (null ed.). Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-299-08400-4.
Jump up ^ Newton's draft of A Theory Concerning Light and Colors on newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 September 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Brewster, David (1855). Memoirs of the life, writings and discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton, Volume 1. p. 408.
Jump up ^ Ronchi, Lucia R.; Jodi Sandford (2009). The Excentric Blue. An Abridged Historical Review. Fondazione Giorgio Ronchi. ISBN 978-88-88649-19-1.
Jump up ^ Evans, Ralph M. (1974). The perception of color (null ed.). New York: Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-24785-2.
Jump up ^ McLaren, K. (March 2007). "Newton's indigo". Color Research & Application. 10 (4): 225–∠229. doi:10.1002/col.5080100411.
Jump up ^ Waldman, Gary (2002). Introduction to light : the physics of light, vision, and color (Dover ed.). Mineola: Dover Publications. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-486-42118-6.
Jump up ^ Asimov, Isaac (1975). Eyes on the universe : a history of the telescope. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-395-20716-1.
Jump up ^ J. W. G. Hunt (1980). Measuring Color. Ellis Horwood Ltd. ISBN 0-7458-0125-0.
Jump up ^ Craig F. Bohren and Eugene E. Clothiaux (2006). Fundamentals of Atmospheric Radiation. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3-527-40503-8.
Jump up ^ Forret, Peter. "RGB Color converter – toolstudio". web.forret.com.
Jump up ^ Gallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2005). Guía de coloraciones (Gallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2005). Guide to Colorations) Madrid: H. Blume. ISBN 84-89840-31-8
Jump up ^ "It's New and It's Blue" (Indigo advertisement), Globe and Mail, Toronto, October 1, 1999, p. A3
Jump up ^ "Indigo Bookstore had a 'Think Blue' campaign back in 1999" according to: "Think Blue 2008: a Before and After Tale of Silly Turf Battles and Redemptive Communication". Retrieved 2013-02-04. [better source needed]
Jump up ^ "ABOUT". THE INDIGO TRIBE. Retrieved 2017-10-20.
Jump up ^ Kitchin, Thomas (1778). The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe. London: R. Baldwin. p. 30.
Jump up ^ Gallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2001). Diccionario Akal del color. Akal. ISBN 978-84-460-1083-8.
Jump up ^ Article „añil“ in: Enciclopedia de México, vol 1, Mexiko-City: Secretaría de Educacion Pública, 1987
Jump up ^ Wired Volume 19 No. 10 October 2011 Page 50
Jump up ^ Tansley, David W. Subtle Body: Essence and Shadow 1984 (Art and Cosmos Series--Jill Purce, editor)
Jump up ^ Stevens, Samantha. The Seven Rays: a Universal Guide to the Archangels. City: Insomniac Press, 2004. ISBN 1-894663-49-7 pg. 24
Jump up ^ Graham, Lanier F. (editor) The Rainbow Book Berkeley, California:1976 Shambala Publishing and The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco (Handbook for the Summer 1976 exhibition The Rainbow Art Show which took place primarily at the De Young Museum, but also at other museums) Indigo Pages 152–153 The color indigo is stated to represent intuition.
Jump up ^ Bailey, Alice A. (1995). The Seven Rays of Life. New York: Lucis Publishing Company. ISBN 0-85330-142-5.
Jump up ^ Oslie, Pamalie Life Colors: What the Colors in Your Aura Reveal Novato, California:2000--New World Library Indigo Auras: Pages 161–174
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
An 1869 debate over whether "indigo" is an appropriate term for the spectral color.
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Globe and Mail

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values: noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact

values: wikisource:Littell's Living Age/Volume 145/Issue 1869/Definition of the Color Indigo

values:
/wiki/Political_color
mw-redirect
Political color

values:
/wiki/National_colors
mw-redirect
National colors

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Basic_color_term
mw-redirect
Basic color term

values: Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate

values: The Color Association of the United States

values: International Commission on Illumination

values:
/wiki/Image_processing
mw-redirect
Image processing

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: ;background:blue; color:white; -moz-box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000000, inset -1px -1px 0 #000000; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000000, inset -1px -1px 0 #000000; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000000, inset -1px -1px 0 #000000;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;

values:
/wiki/Air_superiority_blue
mw-redirect
Air superiority blue

values:
/wiki/Brandeis_blue
mw-redirect
Brandeis blue

values:
/wiki/Celeste_(color)
mw-redirect
Celeste (color)

values:
/wiki/Dark_blue_(color)
mw-redirect
Dark blue (color)

values:
/wiki/Deep_sky_blue
mw-redirect
Deep sky blue

values:
/wiki/Electric_indigo
mw-redirect
Electric indigo

values:
/wiki/Medium_blue
mw-redirect
Medium blue

values: font-size:smaller; background:transparent; -moz-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 blue; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 blue; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 blue;

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: ;background:#4B0082; color:white; -moz-box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000000, inset -1px -1px 0 #000000; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000000, inset -1px -1px 0 #000000; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000000, inset -1px -1px 0 #000000;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;

values:
/wiki/Amethyst_(color)
mw-redirect
Amethyst (color)

values:
/wiki/Fandango_(color)
mw-redirect
Fandango (color)

values:
/wiki/Lavender_blush
mw-redirect
Lavender blush

values:
/wiki/Lavender_(floral)
mw-redirect
Lavender (floral)

values:
/wiki/Thistle_(color)
mw-redirect
Thistle (color)

values:
/wiki/Wisteria_(color)
mw-redirect
Wisteria (color)

values: font-size:smaller; background:transparent; -moz-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #4B0082; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #4B0082; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #4B0082;

values: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

values: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from February 2013

values: Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Indigo
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
/w/index.php?title=Indigo&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
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Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
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values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

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Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
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values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo
Indigo – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: نيلي (لون) – Arabic

values:
https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morau
Morau – Aragonese
an
an
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values:
https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27ulli
K'ulli – Aymara
ay
ay
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ay
display: none;

values:
https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nila
Nila – Basa Banyumasan
map-bms
map-bms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bh
display: none;

values: རམས་ཚོས། – Tibetan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo
Indigo – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1il
Añil – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiga
Indiga – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil
Anil – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: نیلی سیر – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo
Indigo – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil
Anil – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: इंडिगो – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo
Indigo – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo
Indigo – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nila
Nila – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: אינדיגו (צבע) – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nila
Nila – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nili
Nili – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigas
Indigas – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endegu
Endegu – Ligurian
lij
lij
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lij
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nila
Nila – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nah
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo
Indigo – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo
Indigo – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil
Anil – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo
Indigo – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Индиго (цвет) – Russian

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo
Indigo – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo
Indigo – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo
Indigo – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo
Indigo – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: கருநீலம் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Миләүшә төсе – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Індиго (колір) – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saekdienh
Saekdienh – Zhuang
za
za
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-za
display: none;

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A0m
Chàm – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bughawon
Bughawon – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values: אינדעך – Yiddish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Indigo rootpage-Indigo skin-vector action-view