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Kaaba
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Kaaba (Kaʿbah)
ٱلْكَعْبَة
The Kaaba surrounded by pilgrims
Basic information
Location
Great Mosque of Mecca,
Mecca, Hejaz, Saudi Arabia
Geographic coordinates
21°25′21.0″N 39°49′34.2″E / 21.422500°N 39.826167°E / 21.422500; 39.826167Coordinates: 21°25′21.0″N 39°49′34.2″E / 21.422500°N 39.826167°E / 21.422500; 39.826167
Affiliation
Islam
Height (max)
13.1 m (43 ft)
The Kaaba (Arabic: ٱلْـكَـعْـبَـة al-kaʿbah IPA: [alˈkaʕba], "The Cube"), also referred as al-Kaʿbah al-Musharrafah (Arabic: ٱلْـكَـعْـبَـة الْـمُـشَـرًّفَـة, the Holy Ka'bah), is a building at the center of Islam's most important mosque, that is Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (Arabic: ٱلْـمَـسْـجِـد الْـحَـرَام, The Sacred Mosque), in the Hejazi city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia.[1] It is the most sacred site in Islam.[2] It is considered by Muslims to be the Bayṫ Allāh (Arabic: بَـيْـت ٱلله, "House of God"), and has a similar role to the Tabernacle and Holy of Holies in Judaism. Wherever they are in the world, Muslims are expected to face the Kaaba when performing Ṣalâṫ (Arabic: صَـلَاة, Islamic prayer). Being the qiblah (Arabic: قِـبْـلَـة, direction of prayer), Muslims would face it when praying.
One of the Five Pillars of Islam requires every Muslim who is able to do so to perform the Hajj (Arabic: حَـجّ, Greater Pilgrimage) at least once in their lifetime. Multiple parts of the hajj require pilgrims to make Tawaf (Arabic: طَـوَاف, Circumambulation) seven times around the Kaaba in a counter-clockwise direction. Tawaf is also performed by pilgrims during the ‘Umrah (Arabic: عُـمْـرَة, Lesser Pilgrimage).[2] However, the most significant times are during the hajj, when millions of pilgrims gather to circle the building within a 5-day period.[3][4] In 2017, the number of pilgrims coming from outside the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to perform hajj was officially reported as 1,752,014 and 600,108 Saudi Arabian residents bringing the total number of pilgrims to 2,352,122.[5]
Contents
1 Lexicology
2 Architecture and interior
3 Religious significance
3.1 Qibla
3.2 Pilgrimage
4 History
4.1 Islamic views on origin
4.2 Independent views on origin
4.2.1 Ptolemy
4.2.2 Diodorus Siculus
4.2.3 Others
4.3 Pre-Islamic Era
4.4 Muhammad's era
4.5 After Muhammad
5 Cleaning
6 See also
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 External links
Lexicology[edit]
This section needs expansion with: please specify where and by what names Kaaba is mentioned in Quran and Hadith. You can help by adding to it. (April 2016)
The literal meaning of the Arabic word kaʿbah (كَعْبَة) is "cube."[6] In the Quran, the Kaaba has been also mentioned as "al-Bayt" (Arabic: البیت, the house), "al-Bayt al-Haram" (Arabic: البیت الحرام, the sacred house), "al-Bayt al-'Atiq" (Arabic: البیت العتیق, the old house), and "al-Bayt al-Muharram" (Arabic: البیت المحرم, respected house). The mosque surrounding the Kaaba is called al-Masjid al-Haram. According to some reports, in ancient times, the Kaaba was also called Qadis (Arabic: القادس, holy), Nadhir (Arabic: الناذر).
Architecture and interior[edit]
The Kaaba is a cubiod stone structure made of granite. It is approximately 13.1 m (43 ft) high (some claim 12.03 m (39.5 ft)), with sides measuring 11.03 m (36.2 ft) by 12.86 m (42.2 ft).[7][8] Inside the Kaaba, the floor is made of marble and limestone. The interior walls, measuring 13 m (43 ft) by 9 m (30 ft), are clad with tiled, white marble halfway to the roof, with darker trimmings along the floor. The floor of the interior stands about 2.2 m (7.2 ft) above the ground area where tawaf is performed.
The wall directly adjacent to the entrance of the Kaaba has six tablets inlaid with inscriptions, and there are several more tablets along the other walls. Along the top corners of the walls runs a green cloth embroidered with gold Qur'anic verses. Caretakers anoint the marble cladding with the same scented oil used to anoint the Black Stone outside. Three pillars (some erroneously report two) stand inside the Kaaba, with a small altar or table set between one and the other two. (It has been claimed that this table is used for the placement of perfumes or other items.) Lamp-like objects (possible lanterns or crucible censers) hang from the ceiling. The ceiling itself is of a darker colour, similar in hue to the lower trimming. A golden door—the bāb al-tawbah (also romanized as Baabut Taubah, and meaning "Door of Repentance")—on the right wall (right of the entrance) opens to an enclosed staircase that leads to a hatch, which itself opens to the roof. Both the roof and ceiling (collectively dual-layered) are made of stainless steel-capped teak wood.
A drawing of the Kaaba. See key in text.
A technical drawing of the Kaaba showing dimensions and elements
Rukn al-Yamani
Each numbered item in the following list corresponds to features noted in the diagram image.
Al-Ḥajaru al-Aswad, "the Black Stone", is located on the Kaaba's eastern corner. Its northern corner is known as the Ruknu l-ˤĪrāqī, "the Iraqi corner", its western as the Ruknu sh-Shāmī, "the Levantine corner", and its southern as Ruknu l-Yamanī, "the Yemeni corner" taught by Imam Ali.[2][8] The four corners of the Kaaba roughly point toward the four cardinal directions of the compass.[2] Its major (long) axis is aligned with the rising of the star Canopus toward which its southern wall is directed, while its minor axis (its east-west facades) roughly align with the sunrise of summer solstice and the sunset of winter solstice.[9][10]
The entrance is a door set 2.13 m (7 ft) above the ground on the north-eastern wall of the Kaaba, which acts as the façade.[2] In 1979 the 300 kg gold doors made by chief artist Ahmad bin Ibrahim Badr, replaced the old silver doors made by his father, Ibrahim Badr in 1942.[11] There is a wooden staircase on wheels, usually stored in the mosque between the arch-shaped gate of Banū Shaybah and the Zamzam Well.
Mīzāb al-Raḥmah, rainwater spout made of gold. Added in the rebuilding of 1627 after the previous year's rain caused three of the four walls to collapse.
Gutter, added in 1627 to protect the foundation from groundwater.
Hatīm (also romanized as hateem), a low wall originally part of the Kaaba. It is a semi-circular wall opposite, but not connected to, the north-west wall of the Kaaba. This is 90 cm (35 in) in height and 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in width, and is composed of white marble. At one time the space lying between the hatīm and the Kaaba belonged to the Kaaba itself, and for this reason it is not entered during the tawaf.
Al-Multazam, the roughly 2 meter space along the wall between the Black Stone and the entry door. It is sometimes considered pious or desirable for a hajji to touch this area of the Kaaba, or perform dua here.
The Station of Ibrahim (Maqam Ibrahim), a glass and metal enclosure with what is said to be an imprint of Abraham's feet. Ibrahim is said to have stood on this stone during the construction of the upper parts of the Kaaba, raising Ismail on his shoulders for the uppermost parts.[12]
Corner of the Black Stone (East).
Corner of Yemen (South-West), Rukan e Yamani. Pilgrims traditionally acknowledge a large vertical stone that forms this corner.
Corner of Syria (North-West), Arabic Rukn e Shaami.
Corner of Iraq (North-East). This inside corner, behind a curtain, contains the Babut Taubah, Door of Repentance, which leads to a staircase to the roof.
Kiswah, the embroidered covering. Kiswa is a black silk and gold curtain which is replaced annually during the Hajj pilgrimage.[13][14] Two-thirds of the way up is a band of gold-embroidered Quranic text, including the Shahada, the Islamic declaration of faith.
Marble stripe marking the beginning and end of each circumambulation.[15]
A panoramic photo of the interior can be seen on Google Streetview.
A virtual reality model of the interior and exterior can be seen on Sketchfab Virtual Reality.
Entrance, golden door—the bāb al-tawbah
Pilgrims performing Tawaf
The Station of Ibrahim (Maqam Ibrahim)
Mizab al-Rahmah
Religious significance[edit]
The Kaaba and the Sacred Mosque during Hajj, 2008
The Kaaba is the holiest site in Islam, and is often called by names such as the House of God.[16][17]
Qibla[edit]
Main article: Qibla
The Qibla is the direction faced during prayer.[Quran 2:143–144] It is the focal point for prayer. The direction faced during prayer is the direction of where the Kaaba is.
Pilgrimage[edit]
Main articles: Hajj and Umrah
The Sacred Mosque is the focal point of the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages[18] that occur in the month of Dhu al-Hijjah in the Islamic calendar and at any time of the year, respectively. The Hajj pilgrimage is one of the Pillars of Islam, required of all able-bodied Muslims who can afford the trip. In recent times, about 1.8 million Muslims perform the Hajj every year.[19]
Some of the rituals performed by pilgrims are symbolic of historical incidents. For example, the incident of Hagar's search for water is emulated by Muslims as they run between the two hills of Safa and Marwah.
The Hajj is associated with the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from the 7th century, but the ritual of pilgrimage to Mecca is considered by Muslims to stretch back thousands of years to the time of Prophet Ibrahim.
History[edit]
See also: Pre-Islamic Arabia and Jahiliyyah
Islamic views on origin[edit]
The Quran contains several verses regarding the origin of the Kaaba, it states that the Kaaba was the first House of Worship, and that it was built by Ibrahim and Ishmael on God's instructions.[20][21][22]
Verily, the first House (of worship) appointed for mankind was that at Bakkah (Makkah), full of blessing, and a guidance for mankind.
—  Quran, Chapter 3 (Aale-Imran) verse 96[23][24][25]
Behold! We gave the site, to Ibrahim, of the (Sacred) House, (saying): "Associate not anything (in worship) with Me; and sanctify My House for those who compass it round, or stand up, or bow, or prostrate themselves (therein in prayer).
—  Quran, Chapter 22 (Al Hajj) verse 26[26][27][28]
And remember Ibrahim and Ishmael raised the foundations of the House (With this prayer): "Our Lord! Accept (this service) from us: For Thou art the All-Hearing, the All-knowing.
—  Quran, Chapter 2 (Al Bakarah) verse 127[29][30][31]
Ibn Kathir, the famous commentator on the Quran, mentions two interpretations among the Muslims on the origin of the Kaaba. One is that the shrine was a place of worship for Angels before the creation of man. Later, a house of worship was built on the location by Adam and Eve which was lost during the flood in Noah's time and was finally rebuilt by Abraham and Ishmael as mentioned later in the Quran. Ibn Kathir regarded this tradition as weak and preferred instead the narration by Ali ibn Abi Talib that although several other temples might have preceded the Kaaba, it was the first "House of God", dedicated solely to Him, built by His instruction and sanctified and blessed by Him as stated in Quran 22:26–29.[32] A Hadith in Sahih al-Bukhari states that the Kaaba was the First Mosque on Earth, and the Second Mosque was the Temple in Jerusalem.[33]
While Abraham was building the Kaaba, an angel brought to him the Black Stone which he placed in the eastern corner of the structure. Another stone was the Maqam-e-Ibrahim (literally the Station of Abraham) where Abraham stood for elevation while building the structure. The Black Stone and the Maqam-e-Ibrahim are believed by Muslims to be the only remnant of the original structure made by Abraham as naturally the remaining structure had to be demolished and rebuilt several times over history for maintenance purposes. After the construction was complete, God enjoined the descendants of Ishmael to perform an annual pilgrimage: the Hajj and the Korban, sacrifice of cattle. The vicinity of the shrine was also made a sanctuary where bloodshed and war were forbidden.[Quran 22:26–33]
According to Islamic tradition, over the millennia after Ishmael's death, his progeny and the local tribes who settled around the oasis of Zam-Zam gradually turned to polytheism and idolatry. Several idols were placed within the Kaaba representing deities of different aspects of nature and different tribes. Several heretical rituals were adopted in the Pilgrimage (Hajj) including doing naked circumambulation.[34]
In her book, Islam: A Short History, Karen Armstrong asserts that the Kaaba was officially dedicated to Hubal, a Nabatean deity, and contained 360 idols that probably represented the days of the year.[35] But by Muhammad's day, it seems that the Kaaba was venerated as the shrine of Allah, the High God. Once a year, tribes from all around the Arabian peninsula, whether Christian or pagan, would converge on Mecca to perform the Hajj, marking the widespread conviction that Allah was the same deity worshiped by monotheists.[35] Guillaume in his translation of Ibn Ishaq, an early biographer of Muhammad, says the Kaaba itself was addressed using a feminine grammatical form.[36] Circumambulation was often performed naked by men and almost naked by women,[34] and linked to ancient fertility rites.[37] It is disputed whether Allah and Hubal were the same deity or different. Per a hypothesis by Uri Rubin and Christian Robin, Hubal was only venerated by Quraysh and the Kaaba was first dedicated to Allah, a supreme god of individuals belonging to different tribes, while the pantheon of the gods of Quraysh was installed in Kaaba after they conquered Mecca a century before Muhammad's time.[38]
Independent views on origin[edit]
Ptolemy[edit]
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Writing in the Encyclopedia of Islam, Wensinck identifies Mecca with a place called Macoraba mentioned by Ptolemy and found in a 3rd-century BC map which suggests that Macoraba was Mecca.[39][40] G. E. von Grunebaum states: "Mecca is mentioned by Ptolemy. The name he gives it allows us to identify it as a South Arabian foundation created around a sanctuary.[41] In Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam, Patricia Crone argues that the identification of Macoraba with Mecca is false and that Macoraba was a town in southern Arabia in what was then known as Arabia Felix.[42] Her point of view was supported by some Islamic scholars[43] and challenged by others.[44][45]
Ottoman tiles representing the Kaaba
Diodorus Siculus[edit]
The Greek historian Diodorus Siculus is believed to have mentioned the Kaaba in 60–30 BC while describing the coast of Jeddah and its surrounding areas mentioned:
The inhabitants of the land about the gulf, who are known as Banizomenes, find their food by hunting the land animals and eating their meat. And a temple has been set up there, which is very holy and exceedingly revered by all Arabians.
—  Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, Book 3 Chapter 44[46]
Edward Gibbon suggested that the Kaaba was mentioned by ancient Greek writer, Diodorus Siculus, before the Christian era:
The genuine antiquity of Caaba ascends beyond the Christian era: in describing the coast of the Red sea the Greek historian Diodorus has remarked, between the Thamudites and the Sabeans, a famous temple, whose superior sanctity was revered by all the Arabians; the linen or silken veil, which is annually renewed by the Turkish emperor, was first offered by the Homerites, who reigned seven hundred years before the time of Mohammad.
—  Edward Gibbon, Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire, Volume V, pp. 223–24
Others[edit]
Imoti[47] contends that there were numerous such Kaaba sanctuaries in Arabia at one time, but this was the only one built of stone. The others also allegedly had counterparts of the Black Stone. There was a "red stone", the deity of the south Arabian city of Ghaiman, and the "white stone" in the Kaaba of al-Abalat (near the city of Tabala, south of Mecca). Grunebaum in Classical Islam points out that the experience of divinity of that period was often associated with stone fetishes, mountains, special rock formations, or "trees of strange growth."[48]
The Kaaba was thought to be at the center of the world, with the Gate of Heaven directly above it. The Kaaba marked the location where the sacred world intersected with the profane; the embedded Black Stone was a further symbol of this as a meteorite that had fallen from the sky and linked heaven and earth.[49]
According to Sarwar,[50] about 400 years before the birth of Muhammad, a man named "Amr bin Lahyo bin Harath bin Amr ul-Qais bin Thalaba bin Azd bin Khalan bin Babalyun bin Saba", who was descended from Qahtan and was the king of Hijaz had placed a Hubal idol onto the roof of the Kaaba. This idol was one of the chief deities of the ruling tribe Quraysh. The idol was made of red agate and shaped like a human, but with the right hand broken off and replaced with a golden hand. When the idol was moved inside the Kaaba, it had seven arrows in front of it, which were used for divination.[51]
To maintain peace among the perpetually warring tribes, Mecca was declared a sanctuary where no violence was allowed within 20 miles (32 km) of the Kaaba. This combat-free zone allowed Mecca to thrive not only as a place of pilgrimage, but also as a trading center.[52]
Many Muslim and academic historians stress the power and importance of the pre-Islamic Mecca. They depict it as a city grown rich on the proceeds of the spice trade. Crone believes that this is an exaggeration and that Mecca may only have been an outpost trading with nomads for leather, cloth, and camel butter. Crone argues that if Mecca had been a well-known center of trade, it would have been mentioned by later authors such as Procopius, Nonnosus, or the Syrian church chroniclers writing in Syriac. The town is absent, however, from any geographies or histories written in the three centuries before the rise of Islam.[53]
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, "before the rise of Islam it was revered as a sacred sanctuary and was a site of pilgrimage."[54] According to German historian Eduard Glaser, the name "Kaaba" may have been related to the southern Arabian or Ethiopian word "mikrab", signifying a temple.[40] Again, Crone disputes this etymology.
In Samaritan literature, the Samaritan Book of the Secrets of Moses (Asatir) claims that Ishmael and his eldest son Nebaioth built the Kaaba as well as the city of Mecca.[55] "The Secrets of Moses" or Asatir book was suggested by some opinion to have been compiled in the 10th century,[56] while another opinion in 1927 suggested that it was written no later than the second half of the 3rd century BCE.[57]
Pre-Islamic Era[edit]
Prior to the spread of Islam throughout the Arabian Peninsula, the Kaaba was a holy site for the various Bedouin tribes of the area. Once every lunar year, the Bedouin tribes would make a pilgrimage to Mecca. Setting aside any tribal feuds, they would worship their pagan gods in the Kaaba and trade with each other in the city.[58] Various sculptures and paintings were held inside the Kaaba. A statue of Hubal, the principal idol of Mecca, and other pagan deities were in or around the Kaaba.[59] Prior to the spread of Islam throughout the Arabian Peninsula, there were paintings of idols decorating the walls. A picture of the Prophet 'Isa and his mother, Maryam was situated inside the Kaaba and later found by the Prophet Muhammad after his conquest of Mecca. The iconography portrayed a seated Maryam with her child on her lap.[59] This description, which would later become a universal iconography in later times, is similar to Christian art and its portrayal of the seated Virgin Mary holding a young Jesus in her lap. The iconography in the Kaaba also included paintings of other prophets and angels. It is possible the paintings of the prophets and angels were figures associated with the Prophet 'Isa and Maryam. Inside the Kaaba, undefined decorations, money and a pair of ram’s horns were recorded to be there. The pair of ram's horns were said to have belonged to the ram sacrificed by the Prophet Ibrahim in place of his son, the Prophet Ismail.
Al-Azraqi provides the following narrative on the authority of his grandfather, whose own source was Da'ud b.'Abd al-Rahman, who said that Ibn Jurayj had said that Sulayman b.Musa al-Shami asked 'Ata' b. Abi Rabah the following:[59]
I have heard that there was set up in al-Bayt (the Ka'ba) a picture (timthal) of Maryam and 'Isa. ['Ata'] said: "Yes, there was set in it a picture of Maryam adorned (muzawwaqan); in her lap, her son 'Isa sat adorned."[1]
-al-Azraqi, Akhbar Mecca: History of Mecca
Muhammad's era[edit]
An illustration from the early 14th-century Persian Jami al-Tawarikh, inspired by the story of Muhammad and the Meccan clan elders lifting the Black Stone into place when the Kaaba was rebuilt in the early 600s[60]
Throughout Muhammad's time (570–632 CE), the Kaaba was considered a holy and sacred site by the local Arabs. Muhammad took part in the reconstruction of the Kaaba after its structure was damaged due to floods around 600 CE. Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasūl Allāh, one of the biographies of Muhammad (as reconstructed and translated by Guillaume), describes Muhammad settling a quarrel between Meccan clans as to which clan should set the Black Stone cornerstone in place.
According to Ishaq's biography, Muhammad's solution was to have all the clan elders raise the cornerstone on a cloak, after which Muhammad set the stone into its final place with his own hands.[61][62] Ibn Ishaq says that the timber for the reconstruction of the Kaaba came from a Greek ship that had been wrecked on the Red Sea coast at Shu'ayba and that the work was undertaken by a Coptic carpenter called Baqum.[63] Muhammad's night journey is said to have taken him from the Kaaba to the Temple Mount and heavenwards from there.
Muslims initially considered Jerusalem as their qibla and faced that direction while offering prayers; however, pilgrimage to the Kaaba was considered a religious duty though its rites were not yet finalized. During the first half of Muhammad's time as a prophet while he was at Mecca, he and his followers were severely persecuted which eventually led to their migration to Medina in 622 CE. In 624 CE the direction of the Qiblah (Prayer Direction) was changed from Jerusalem to the Kaaba in Mecca.[64] In 628CE Muhammad led a group of Muslims towards Mecca with the intention of performing the minor pilgrimage (Umrah) at the Kaaba, though he wasn't allowed by the people of Mecca to do so, he secured a peace treaty with them called the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, which allowed the Muslims to freely perform pilgrimage at the Kaaba from the following year.[65]
At the culmination of his mission, in 629 CE, Muhammad conquered Mecca without violence from the Muslim army.[66] His first action was to remove statues and images from the Kaaba.[67] According to reports collected by Ibn Ishaq and al-Azraqi, Muhammad spared a painting of Mary and Jesus, and a fresco of Abraham; but according to Ibn Hisham all pictures were erased.[68][67][69]
Narrated Abdullah: When the Prophet entered Mecca on the day of the Conquest, there were 360 idols around the Ka'bah. The Prophet started striking them with a stick he had in his hand and was saying, "Truth has come and Falsehood has Vanished.. (Qur'an 17:81)"
—  Sahih Al-Bukhari, Book 59, Hadith 583
al-Azraqi further conveys how Muhammad,after he entered the Kaaba on the day on the conquest, ordered all the pictures erased except that of Maryam.
...Shihab (said) that the Prophet (peace be upon him) entered the Ka'ba the day of the conquest, and in it was a picture of the angels (mala'ika) and others, and he saw a picture of Ibrahim and he said: "May Allah kill those representing him as a venerable old man casting arrows in divination (shaykhan yastaqsim bi 'l-azlam)." Then he saw the picture of Maryam, so he put his hands on it and he said: "Erase what is in it [the Ka'ba] in the way of pictures except the picture of Maryam."[59]
-al-Azraqi, Akhbar Mecca: History of Mecca
After the conquest Muhammad restated the sanctity and holiness of Mecca, including its Great Mosque, in Islam.[70] He performed a lesser Pilgrimage (Umrah) in 629 CE, followed by the Greater Pilgrimage(Hajj) in 632 CE called the Farewell Pilgrimage since Muhammad prophesied his impending death on this event.[71]
After Muhammad[edit]
The site of Kaaba in 1880
The Kaaba in 1907
The Kaaba has been repaired and reconstructed many times since Muhammad's day. The structure was severely damaged by fire on 3 Rabi I (Sunday, 31 October 683 CE), during the first siege of Mecca in the war between the Umayyads and Abd-Allah ibn al-Zubayr, an early Muslim who ruled Mecca for many years between the death of ʿAli and the consolidation of Umayyad power. Ibn al-Zubayr rebuilt it to include the hatīm.[72] He did so on the basis of a tradition (found in several hadith collections[73]) that the hatīm was a remnant of the foundations of the Abrahamic Kaaba, and that Muhammad himself had wished to rebuild so as to include it.
The Kaaba was bombarded with stones in the second siege of Mecca in 692, in which the Umayyad army was led by al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf. The fall of the city and the death of Ibn al-Zubayr allowed the Umayyads under ʿAbdu l-Malik ibn Marwan to finally reunite all the Islamic possessions and end the long civil war. In 693 CE, ʿAbdu l-Malik had the remnants of al-Zubayr's Kaaba razed, and rebuilt on the foundations set by the Quraysh.[74] The Kaaba returned to the cube shape it had taken during Muhammad's time.
During the Hajj of 930 CE, the Qarmatians attacked Mecca, defiled the Zamzam Well with the bodies of pilgrims and stole the Black Stone, taking it to the oasis region of Eastern Arabia known as al-Aḥsāʾ, where it remained until the Abbasids ransomed it in 952 CE.[citation needed] The basic shape and structure of the Kaaba have not changed since then.[75][not in citation given]
After heavy rains and flooding in 1629, the walls of the Kaaba collapsed and the Mosque was damaged. The same year, during the reign of Ottoman Emperor Murad IV, the Kaaba was rebuilt with granite stones from Mecca, and the Mosque was renovated.[76] The Kaaba's appearance has not changed since then.
The Kaaba is depicted on the reverse of 500 Saudi Riyal, and the 2000 Iranian rial banknotes.[77]
Cleaning[edit]
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The Kaaba during Hajj
The building is opened twice a year for a ceremony known as "the cleaning of the Kaaba." This ceremony takes place approximately thirty days before the start of the month of Ramadan and thirty days before the start of Hajj. The keys to the Kaaba are held by the Banī Shaybah (بني شيبة) tribe. Members of the tribe greet visitors to the inside of the Kaaba on the occasion of the cleaning ceremony. A small number of dignitaries and foreign diplomats are invited to participate in the ceremony. The governor of Mecca leads the guests who ritually clean the structure, using a broom.[78][better source needed]
See also[edit]
Islam portal
Saudi Arabia portal
Al-Aqsa Mosque
Al-Masjid al-Nabawi
Hubal
Khaabou
Mount Sinai
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Key to numbered parts translated from, accessed 2 December
Jump up ^ The Basis for the Building Work of God p. 37, Witness Lee, 2003
Jump up ^ Al-Muwatta Of Iman Malik Ibn Ana, p. 186, Anas, 2013
Jump up ^ Mohamed, Mamdouh N. (1996). Hajj to Umrah: From A to Z. Mamdouh Mohamed. ISBN 0-915957-54-X.
Jump up ^ "Saudi Arabia says Hajj 2016 receives 1.8 million pilgrims". Al Arabiya English. 12 September 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies (1986). Goss, V. P.; Bornstein, C. V., eds. The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades. 21. Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. p. 208. ISBN 0918720583.
Jump up ^ Mustafa Abu Sway. "The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Qur'an, Sunnah and other Islamic Literary Source" (PDF). Central Conference of American Rabbis. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-28.
Jump up ^ Dyrness, W. A. (2013-05-29). Senses of Devotion: Interfaith Aesthetics in Buddhist and Muslim Communities. 7. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 25. ISBN 162032136X.
Jump up ^ Quran 3:96 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)
Jump up ^ Pickthall, Ed., Muhammad M. "The Quran". Retrieved 10 January 2018. Another version: "[96] Lo! the first Sanctuary appointed for mankind was that at Becca, a blessed place, a guidance to the peoples;"
Jump up ^ Shakir, Ed., M. H. "The Quran". Retrieved 10 January 2018. And another version: "[96] Most surely the first house appointed for men is the one at Bekka, blessed and a guidance for the nations."
Jump up ^ Quran 22:26 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)
Jump up ^ Pickthall, Ed., Muhammad M. "The Quran". Retrieved 10 January 2018. Another version: "[26] And (remember) when We prepared for Abraham the place of the (holy) House, saying: Ascribe thou no thing as partner unto Me, and purify My House for those who make the round (thereof) and those who stand and those who bow and make prostration."
Jump up ^ Shakir, Ed., M. H. "The Quran". Retrieved 10 January 2018. And another version: "[26] And when We assigned to Ibrahim the place of the House, saying: Do not associate with Me aught, and purify My House for those who make the circuit and stand to pray and bow and prostrate themselves."
Jump up ^ Quran 2:127 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)
Jump up ^ Pickthall, Ed., Muhammad M. "The Quran". Retrieved 10 January 2018. Another version: "[127] And when Abraham and Ishmael were raising the foundations of the House, (Abraham prayed): Our Lord! Accept from us (this duty). Lo! Thou, only Thou, art the Hearer, the Knower."
Jump up ^ Shakir, Ed., M. H. "The Quran". Retrieved 10 January 2018. And another version: "[127] And when Ibrahim and Ismail raised the foundations of the House: Our Lord! accept from us; surely Thou art the Hearing, the Knowing:"
Jump up ^ Tafsir Ibn Kathir on 3:96.
Jump up ^ Sahih Bukhari. Book 55, Hadith 585.
^ Jump up to: a b Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad (1955). Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah – The Life of Muhammad Translated by A. Guillaume. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 88–9. ISBN 9780196360331.
^ Jump up to: a b Karen Armstrong (2002). Islam: A Short History. p. 11. ISBN 0-8129-6618-X.
Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad (1955). Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah – The Life of Muhammad Translated by A. Guillaume. The text reads "O God, do not be afraid", the second footnote reads "The feminine form indicates the Ka'ba itself is addressed". Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 85 footnote 2. ISBN 9780196360331.
Jump up ^ Rice, Edward (May 1978). Eastern Definitions: A Short Encyclopedia of Religions of the Orient. New York: Doubleday. p. 433. ISBN 9780385085632.
Jump up ^ Christian Julien Robin (2012). Arabia and Ethiopia. In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. OUP USA. pp. 304–305.
Jump up ^ Marx, edited by Angelika Neuwirth, Nicolai Sinai, Michael (2010). The Qur'an in context historical and literary investigations into the Qur'anic milieu (PDF). Leiden: Brill. pp. 63,123,83, 295. ISBN 9789047430322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2015. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Wensinck, A. J; Kaʿba. Encyclopaedia of Islam IV p. 318 (1927, 1978)
Jump up ^ G. E. Von Grunebaum. Classical Islam: A History 600–1258, p. 19
Jump up ^ Crone, Patricia (2004). Makkan Trade and the Rise of Islam. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias. pp. 134–37
Jump up ^ Donner, Fred M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-674-05097-6.
Jump up ^ "A Response to Patricia Crone's Book" (PDF). Retrieved 15 October 2010.
Jump up ^ R.B. Serjeant, "Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam: Misconceptions and Flawed Polemics", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1990, p.472.
Jump up ^ Siculus, Diodorus. Bibliotheca Historica. Book 3 Chapter 44.
Jump up ^ Imoti, Eiichi. "The Ka'ba-i Zardušt", Orient, XV (1979), The Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan, pp. 65–69.
Jump up ^ Grunebaum, p. 24
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Jerusalem, p. 221
Jump up ^ Hafiz Ghulam Sarwar. Muhammad the Holy Prophet. pp. 18–19.
Jump up ^ Francis E. Peters, Muhammad and the origins of Islam, SUNY Press, 1994, p. 109.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths, pp. 221–22
Jump up ^ Crone, Patricia (2004). Makkan Trade and the Rise of Islam. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias. p. 137
Jump up ^ Britannica 2002 Deluxe Edition CD-ROM, "Ka'bah."
Jump up ^ Gaster, Moses (1927). The Asatir: the Samaritan book of Moses. London: The Royal Asiatic Society. pp. 262, 71. Ishmaelites built Mecca (Baka, Bakh)
Jump up ^ Crown, Alan David (2001). Samaritan Scribes and Manuscripts. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 27.
Jump up ^ M. Gaster, The Asatir: The Samaritan Book of the "Secrets of Moses", London (1927), p. 160
Jump up ^ Timur Kuran, “Commercial Life under Islamic Rule,” in The Long Divergence : How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East. (Princeton University Press, 2011), 45-62.
^ Jump up to: a b c d King, G. R. D. (2004). "The Paintings of the Pre-Islamic Kaʿba". Muqarnas. 21: 219–229. JSTOR 1523357.
Jump up ^ University of Southern California. "The Prophet of Islam – His Biography". Archived from the original on 21 July 2006. Retrieved 12 August 2006.
Jump up ^ Guillaume, A. (1955). The Life of Muhammad. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 84–87
Jump up ^ Saifur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri, translated by Issam Diab (1979). "Muhammad's Birth and Forty Years prior to Prophethood". Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar): Memoirs of the Noble Prophet. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
Jump up ^ Cyril Glasse, New Encyclopedia of Islam, p. 245. Rowman Altamira, 2001. ISBN 0-7591-0190-6
Jump up ^ Saifur Rahman. The Sealed Nectar. p. 130.
Jump up ^ Saifur Rahman. The Sealed Nectar. p. 213.
Jump up ^ Saifur Rahman. The Sealed Nectar. pp. 250–53.
^ Jump up to: a b Ellenbogen, Josh; Tugendhaft, Aaron (18 July 2011). Idol Anxiety. Stanford University Press. p. 47. ISBN 9780804781817. When Muhammad ordered his men to cleanse the Kaaba of the statues and pictures displayed there, he spared the paintings of the Virgin and Child and of Abraham.
Jump up ^ Guillaume, Alfred (1955). The Life of Muhammad. A translation of Ishaq's "Sirat Rasul Allah". Oxford University Press. p. 552. ISBN 978-0196360331. Retrieved 2011-12-08. Quraysh had put pictures in the Ka'ba including two of Jesus son of Mary and Mary (on both of whom be peace!). ... The apostle ordered that the pictures should be erased except those of Jesus and Mary.
Jump up ^ Rogerson, Barnaby (2003). The Prophet Muhammad: A Biography. Paulist Press. p. 190. ISBN 9781587680298. Muhammad raised his hand to protect an icon of the Virgin and Child and a painting of Abraham, but otherwise his companions cleared the interior of its clutter of votive treasures, cult implements, statuettes and hanging charms.
Jump up ^ W.M. Flinders Petrie; Hans F. Helmolt; Stanley Lane-Poole; Robert Nisbet Bain; Hugo Winckler; Archibald H. Sayce; Alfred Russel Wallace; William Lee-Warner; Holland Thompson; W. Stewart Wallace (1915). The Book of History, a History of All Nations From the Earliest Times to the Present. The Grolier Society.
Jump up ^ Saifur Rahman. The Sealed Nectar. p. 298.
Jump up ^ Sahih Muslim, 7:3083
Jump up ^ Sahih Bukhari 1506, 1508;Sahih Muslim 1333
Jump up ^ Sahih Bukhari 1509; Sahih Muslim 1333
Jump up ^ Javed Ahmad Ghamidi. The Rituals of Hajj and ‘Umrah Archived 7 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine., Mizan, Al-Mawrid
Jump up ^ "History of the Kaba".
Jump up ^ Central Bank of Iran. Banknotes & Coins: 2000 Rials. – Retrieved on 24 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Kaaba". Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
Bibliography[edit]
Armstrong, Karen (2000,2002). Islam: A Short History. ISBN 0-8129-6618-X.
Crone, Patricia (2004). Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias.
Elliott, Jeri (1992). Your Door to Arabia. ISBN 0-473-01546-3.
Guillaume, A. (1955). The Life of Muhammad. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Grunebaum, G. E. von (1970). Classical Islam: A History 600 A.D. to 1258 A.D. Aldine Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-202-30767-1.
Hawting, G.R; Kaʿba. Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān
Hisham Ibn Al-Kalbi The book of Idols, translated with introduction and notes by Nabih Amin Faris 1952
Macaulay-Lewis, Elizabeth, The Kaba" (text), Smarthistory.
Mohamed, Mamdouh N. (1996). Hajj to Umrah: From A to Z. Amana Publications. ISBN 0-915957-54-X.
Peterson, Andrew (1997). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture London: Routledge.
Wensinck, A. J; Kaʿba. Encyclopaedia of Islam IV
[1915] The Book of History, a History of All Nations From the Earliest Times to the Present, Viscount Bryce (Introduction), The Grolier Society.
External links[edit]
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Kaaba (category)
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Former door of the Kaaba (ca. 1635)
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People and things in the Quran
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Allāh ("The God")
Names of Allah found in the Quran, such as Karīm (Generous)
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Ḥūr
Animals
Related
The baqarah (cow) of Israelites
The dhi’b (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph
The fīl (elephant) of the Abyssinians)
Ḥimār (Domesticated donkey)
The hud-hud (hoopoe) of Solomon
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The nāqat (she-camel) of Saleh
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Ayyūb (Job)
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Hārūn (Aaron)
Hūd (Eber?)
Idrīs (Enoch?)
Ilyās (Elijah)
‘Imrān (Joachim the father of Maryam)
Isḥāq (Isaac)
Ismā‘īl (Ishmael)
Dhabih Ullah
Isma'il Ṣādiq al-Wa‘d (Fulfiller of the Promise)
Lūṭ (Lot)
Ṣāliḥ
Shu‘ayb (Jethro, Reuel or Hobab?)
Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd (Solomon son of David)
‘Uzair (Ezra?)
Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā (John the Baptist the son of Zechariah)
Ya‘qūb (Jacob)
Isrā’īl (Israel)
Yūnus (Jonah)
Dhūn-Nūn ("He of the Fish (or Whale)" or "Owner of the Fish (or Whale)")
Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt ("Companion of the Whale")
Yūsuf ibn Ya‘qūb (Joseph son of Jacob)
Zakariyyā (Zechariah)
Ulu-l-‘Azm
Muḥammad
Aḥmad
Other names and titles of Muhammad
ʿĪsā (Jesus)
Al-Masīḥ (The Messiah)
Ibn Maryam (Son of Mary)
Mūsā Kalīmullāh (Moses He who spoke to God)
Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh (Abraham Friend of God)
Nūḥ (Noah)
Debatable ones
Dhūl-Qarnain (Cyrus the Great?)
Luqmān
Maryam (Mary)
Ṭālūt (Saul or Gideon?)
Implied
Irmiyā (Jeremiah)
Ṣamū’īl (Samuel)
Yūsha‘ ibn Nūn (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)
People of Prophets
Evil ones
Āzar (possibly Terah)
Fir‘awn (Pharaoh of Moses' time)
Hāmān
Jālūt (Goliath)
Qārūn (Korah, cousin of Moses)
As-Sāmirī
Abī Lahab
Slayers of Saleh's she-camel (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)
Good ones
Adam's immediate relatives
Martyred son
Wife
Believer of Ya-Sin
Family of Noah
Father Lamech
Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos
Luqman's son
People of Aaron and Moses
Believer of Fir'aun Family (Hizbil/Hizqil ibn Sabura)
Imra’at Fir‘awn (Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim or Bithiah)
Khidr
Magicians of the Pharaoh
Moses' wife
Moses' sister-in-law
Mother
Sister
People of Abraham
Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo
Ishmael's mother
Isaac's mother
People of Jesus
Disciples (including Peter)
Mary's mother
Zechariah's wife
People of Joseph
Brothers (including Binyāmin (Benjamin) and Simeon)
Egyptians
‘Azīz (Potiphar, Qatafir or Qittin)
Malik (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))
Wife of ‘Azīz (Zulaykhah)
Mother
People of Solomon
Mother
Queen of Sheba
Vizier
Zayd
Implied or not specified
Abrahah
Bal'am/Balaam
Barsisa
Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua
Luqman's son
Nebuchadnezzar II
Nimrod
Rahmah the wife of Ayyub
Shaddad
Groups
Mentioned
Aṣḥāb al-Jannah
People of Paradise
People of the Burnt Garden
Aṣḥāb as-Sabt (Companions of the Sabbath)
Christian apostles
Ḥawāriyyūn (Disciples of Jesus)
Companions of Noah's Ark
Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm (Companions of the Cave and Al-Raqaim?
Companions of the Elephant
People of al-Ukhdūd
People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin
People of Yathrib or Medina
Qawm Lūṭ (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)
Nation of Noah
Tribes, ethnicities or families
A‘rāb (Arabs or Bedouins)
ʿĀd (people of Hud)
Companions of the Rass
Qawm Tubba‘ (People of Tubba)
People of Saba’ or Sheba
Quraysh
Thamūd (people of Saleh)
Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr ("Companions of the Stoneland")
‘Ajam
Ar-Rūm (literally "The Romans")
Banī Isrā’īl (Children of Israel)
Mu’tafikāt (The overthrown cities of Sodom and Gomorrah)
People of Ibrahim
People of Ilyas
People of Nuh
People of Shuaib
Ahl Madyan People of Madyan)
Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ("Companions of the Wood")
Qawm Yūnus (People of Jonah)
Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog
Ahl al-Bayt ("People of the Household")
Household of Abraham
Brothers of Yūsuf
Daughters of Abraham's nephew Lot (Ritha, Za'ura, et al.)
Progeny of Imran
Household of Moses
Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim
Daughters of Muhammad
Wives of Muhammad
Household of Salih
People of Fir'aun
Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)
Aṣḥāb Muḥammad (Companions of Muhammad)
Anṣār (Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers, literally 'Helpers')
Muhajirun (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)
People of Mecca
Umm Jamil (wife of Abu Lahab)
Children of Ayyub
Dead son of Sulaiman
Qabil/Cain (son of Adam)
Wali'ah or Wa'ilah/Waala (wife of Nuh)
Walihah or Wahilah (wife of Lut)
Ya’jūj wa Ma’jūj (Gog and Magog)
Yam or Kan'an (son of Nuh)
Implicitly
mentioned
Amalek
Ahl as-Suffa (People of the Verandah)
Banu Nadir
Banu Qaynuqa
Banu Qurayza
Iranian people
Umayyad Dynasty
Aus & Khazraj
People of Quba
Religious groups
Ahl al-dhimmah (Dhimmi)
Kāfirūn (Infidels)
Zoroastrians
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Muslims
People of the Book (Ahl al-Kitāb)
Naṣārā (Christian(s) or People of the Injil)
Ruhban (Christian monks)
Qissis (Christian priest)
Yahūd (Jews)
Ahbār (Jewish scholars)
Rabbani/Rabbi
Sabians
Polytheists
Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad
Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot
Locations
Mentioned
Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah ("The Holy Land")
'Blessed' Land
In the Arabian Peninsula (excluding Madyan)
Al-Aḥqāf ("The Sandy Plains," or "the Wind-curved Sand-hills")
Iram dhāt al-‘Imād (Iram of the Pillars)
Al-Madīnah (formerly Yathrib)
‘Arafāt
Al-Ḥijr (Hegra)
Badr
Ḥunayn
Makkah (Mecca)
Bakkah
Ḥaraman Āminan ("Sanctuary (which is) Secure")
Ka‘bah (Kaaba)
Maqām Ibrāhīm (Station of Abraham)
Safa and Marwah
Saba’ (Sheba)
‘Arim Saba’ (Dam of Sheba)
Rass
Al-Jannah (Paradise, literally "The Garden")
Jahannam (Hell)
In Mesopotamia:
Al-Jūdiyy
Munzalanm-Mubārakan ("Place-of-Landing Blessed")
Bābil (Babylon)
Qaryat Yūnus ("Township of Jonah," that is Nineveh)
Door of Hittah
Madyan (Midian)
Majma‘ al-Baḥrayn
Miṣr (Mainland Egypt)
Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)
Sinai Region or Tīh Desert
Al-Wād Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan (The Holy Valley of Tuwa)
Al-Wādil-Ayman (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai)
Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor
Religious locations
Bay'a (Church)
Miḥrāb
Monastery
Masjid (Mosque, literally "Place of Prostration")
Al-Mash‘ar Al-Ḥarām ("The Sacred Grove")
Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā (Al-Aqsa Mosque, literally "The Farthest Place-of-Prostration")
Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred Mosque of Mecca)
Masjid al-Dirar
A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly:
Masjid Qubā’ (Quba Mosque)
The Prophet's Mosque
Salat (Synagogue)
Implied
Antioch
Antakya
Arabia
Ayla
Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn
Bayt al-Muqaddas & 'Ariha
Bilād ar-Rāfidayn (Mesopotamia)
Canaan
Cave of Seven Sleepers
Dār an-Nadwa
Al-Ḥijāz (literally "The Barrier")
Black Stone (Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad) & Al-Hijr of Isma'il
Cave of Hira & Ghar al-Thawr (Cave of the Bull)
Ta'if
Hudaybiyyah
Jordan River
Nile River
Palestine River
Paradise of Shaddad
Plant matter
Baṣal (Onion)
Fūm (Garlic or wheat)
Shaṭ’ (Shoot)
Sūq (Plant stem)
Zar‘ (Seed)
Fruits
‘Adas (Lentil)
Baql (Herb)
Ḥabb dhul-‘aṣf (Corn of the husk)
Qith-thā’ (Cucumber)
Rummān (Pomegranate)
Tīn (Fig)
Ukul khamṭ (Bitter fruit or food of Sheba)
Zaytūn (Olive)
In Paradise
Forbidden fruit of Adam
Bushes, trees or plants
Plants of Sheba
Athl (Tamarisk)
Sidr (Lote-tree)
Līnah (Tender Palm tree)
Nakhl (Date palm)
Rayḥān (Scented plant)
Sidrat al-Muntahā
Zaqqūm
Islamic holy books
Al-Injīl (The Gospel of Jesus)
Al-Qur’ān (The Book of Muhammad)
Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm (Scroll(s) of Abraham)
At-Tawrāt (The Torah)
Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā (Scroll(s) of Moses)
Tablets of Stone
Az-Zabūr (The Psalms of David)
Umm al-Kitāb ("Mother of the Book(s)")
Objects of people or beings
Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles
Noah's Ark
Staff of Musa
Tābūt as-Sakīnah (Casket of Shekhinah)
Throne of Bilqis
Trumpet of Israfil
Mentioned idols
(cult images)
'Ansāb
Idols of Israelites:
Baal
The ‘ijl (golden calf statue) of Israelites
Idols of Noah's people:
Nasr
Suwā‘
Wadd
Yaghūth
Ya‘ūq
Idols of Quraysh:
Al-Lāt
Al-‘Uzzá
Manāt
Jibt and Ṭāghūt
Celestial bodies
Maṣābīḥ (literally 'lamps'):
Al-Qamar (The Moon)
Kawākib (Planets)
Al-Arḍ (The Earth)
Nujūm (Stars)
Ash-Shams (The Sun)
Liquids
Mā’ (Water or fluid)
Nahr (River)
Yamm (River or sea)
Sharāb (Drink)
Events, incidents, occasions or times
Incident of Ifk
Laylat al-Qadr
Mubahalah
Sayl al-‘Arim (Flood of the Great Dam of Marib in Sheba)
The Farewell Pilgrimage
Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
Battles or military expeditions
Battle of al-Aḥzāb ("the Confederates")
Battle of Badr
Battle of Hunayn
Battle of Khaybar
Battle of Tabouk
Battle of Uhud
Conquest of Mecca
Days
Al-Jumu‘ah (The Friday)
As-Sabt (The Sabbath or Saturday)
Days of battles
Days of Hajj
Doomsday
Months of the Islamic calendar
Four holy months
Ramaḍān
Pilgrimages
Al-Ḥajj (literally "The Pilgrimage", the Greater Pilgrimage)
Al-‘Umrah (The Lesser Pilgrimage)
Times for Prayer or Remembrance
Times for Duʿāʾ ('Invocation'), Ṣalāh and Dhikr ('Remembrance', including Taḥmīd ('Praising'), Takbīr and Tasbīḥ):
Al-‘Ashiyy (The Afternoon or the Night)
Al-Ghuduww ("The Mornings")
Al-Bukrah ("The Morning")
Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ ("The Morning")
Al-Layl ("The Night")
Al-‘Ishā’ ("The Late-Night")
Aẓ-Ẓuhr ("The Noon")
Dulūk ash-Shams ("Decline of the Sun")
Al-Masā’ ("The Evening")
Qabl al-Ghurūb ("Before the Setting (of the Sun)")
Al-Aṣīl ("The Afternoon")
Al-Aṣr ("The Afternoon")
Qabl ṭulū‘ ash-Shams ("Before the rising of the Sun")
Al-Fajr ("The Dawn")
Implied
Event of Ghadir Khumm
Laylat al-Mabit
The first pilgrimage
Note: The names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)
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Hajj topics
Every year, from the eighth to the twelfth day of Dhu al-Hijjah.
Preparation
Ihram
Meeqath
Dhu'l-Hulayfah
Juhfah
Yalamlam
Sequence
Tawaf
Zamzam Well
Safa and Marwa
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Mount Arafat
Muzdalifah
Rami al-Jamarat
Eid al-Adha
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Tawaf al-Wida
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Great Mosque of Mecca
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Authority control
WorldCat Identities
GND: 4100796-7
VIAF: 247665120
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https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27bah
Ka'bah – Achinese
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Kaaba – Asturian
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values: Кааба – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

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https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba
Kaaba – Central Bikol
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Kaba – Bosnian
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https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaba
Kaba – Catalan
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https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27ba
Ka'ba – Czech
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https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaba
Kaba – Danish
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Kaaba – German
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https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba
Kaaba – Estonian
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Kaaba – Spanish
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Kaaba – Esperanto
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Kaaba – Basque
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Kaaba – French
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Cába – Irish
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Kaaba – Galician
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Kaaba – Hausa
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Ćaba – Croatian
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Kakbah – Indonesian
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Kaaba – Interlingua
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Kaba – Icelandic
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Ka'bah – Javanese
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Kaaba – Swahili
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Kabe – Kurdish
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Caaba – Latin
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Kaaba – Latvian
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Kaaba – Lithuanian
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Kaabah – Malay
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Kaba – Norwegian
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Kaba – Norwegian Nynorsk
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Kaaba – Occitan
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text:
Kwa Geok Choo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This is a Chinese name; the family name is Kwa (Chinese: 柯; pinyin: Kē).
Kwa Geok Choo
柯玉芝
Portrait of Kwa Geok-Choo (furthest right) with her husband Lee Kuan Yew (furthest left) in 1985, alongside US President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan
Spouse of the Prime Minister of Singapore
In role
5 June 1959 – 28 November 1990
Prime Minister
Lee Kuan Yew
Preceded by
Office created
Succeeded by
Tan Choo Leng
Personal details
Born
(1920-12-21)21 December 1920
Singapore
Died
2 October 2010(2010-10-02) (aged 89)
Singapore
Resting place
Mandai Crematorium
Political party
People's Action Party (1959-1990)
Spouse(s)
Lee Kuan Yew (m. 1950–2010)
Children
Lee Hsien Loong (son)
Lee Hsien Yang (son)
Lee Wei Ling (daughter)
Mother
Wee Yew Neo
Father
Kwa Siew Tee
Alma mater
Methodist Girls' School[1]
Raffles Institution
Raffles College
University of Cambridge
Occupation
Lawyer[2]
Kwa Geok Choo (Chinese: 柯玉芝; pinyin: Kē Yùzhī; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Kua Gio̍k-tsi; 21 December 1920 – 2 October 2010)[3] was a Singaporean lawyer and the wife of Lee Kuan Yew, the first Prime Minister of Singapore, and the mother of Lee Hsien Loong, the third and current Prime Minister.[4] She was the co-founder and partner of law firm Lee & Lee.
Contents
1 Overview
2 Civil and political work
3 Death
4 Legacy
4.1 Cultural depictions
5 Honours and awards
6 References
7 External links
Overview[edit]
Kwa Geok Choo was the daughter of Kwa Siew Tee,[5] former general manager of Oversea-Chinese Bank and Singapore Municipal Commissioner.[6][7] Kwa attended the Methodist Girls' School, Raffles Institution and Raffles College, and was a Queen's Scholar of Malaya.[8] According to Lee Kuan Yew's memoirs, by 1939, Kwa and Lee were both top students in Raffles, often coming first and second in exams.[9] They continued their courtship during the Japanese occupation when their studies were disrupted. After the war, Kwa resumed her studies at Raffles College in 1946 while Lee left Singapore to pursue his law degree at the University of Cambridge. Kwa was admitted to Girton College in 1947, after Lee petitioned for her, saying she was "a very bright girl, brighter than I was".[9] She graduated with first-class honours in 1949[10] and was called to the bar in the subsequent year.[11] She returned to Singapore and was admitted to the Colony Bar in 1951.[5] Kwa was one of the few female lawyers of the country then, practising at Laycock & Ong.[12]
Kwa married Lee in secret in London in 1947 and then remarried in Singapore on 30 September 1950. They had two sons – Lee Hsien Loong and Lee Hsien Yang – and a daughter – Lee Wei Ling. Her brother, Kwa Soon Bee, served as a Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Health. She had three sisters: Mrs Cheah, a teacher at Methodist Girls' School; Mrs Yong, the wife of Yong Nyuk Lin; and Mrs Earnest Lau, who was also a teacher at Methodist Girls School.[13]
On 1 September 1955, Kwa Geok Choo founded law firm Lee & Lee with Lee Kuan Yew and Dennis Lee Kim Yew.[14] Kwa practised conveyancing and legal draftsmanship.[15] She retired from partnership in 1987 but stayed on as a consultant thereafter.[16]
During Lee's years as Prime Minister and Senior Minister, Kwa was frequently seen with her husband, especially on diplomatic trips and meetings with other foreign ministers. After suffering two strokes in May and June 2008, she was bedridden and developed locked-in syndrome,[17] being unable to speak, but remained conscious and able to understand speech.[18]
showKwa Geok Choo family tree
Lee Bok Boon
1846-1920 Seow Huan Neo
1848-1931.est
Lee Hoon Leong
b.1871-1943 Ko Liem Nio
b.1883-1959
[1] Lee Chin Koon
1901-1991 Chua Jim Neo
1903-1978
Lee Kuan Yew
1923-2015 Kwa Geok Choo
1920-2010
Wong Ming Yang
1951-1982 Lee Hsien Loong
b.1952 Ho Ching
b.1953 Lee Wei Ling
b.1955 Lee Hsien Yang
b.1957 Lim Suet Fern
b.1957
Li Xiuqi
b.1980 Li Yipeng
b.1982 Li Hongyi
b.1987 Li Haoyi
b.1989 Li Shengwu
b.1985 Li Huanwu
b.1986 Li Shaowu
b.1995
Notes:
Lee Kuan Yew's siblings are:
Dennis Lee Kim Yew (1925-2003) - lawyer and member of Lee & Lee
Gloria Lee (Woo) Sau Yin, wife[19]
Freddy Lee Thiam Yew (1927-2012) - stockbroker and former Chairman of Ballas and Company
Eleanor Ngo Puay Chin, wife[19]
Dr Lee Suan Yew (b. 1935) - President of Singapore Medical Council
Pamela Chong, wife of Dr Lee[19]
Monica Lee Kim Mon (b. 1930)[19]
Civil and political work[edit]
Kwa Geok Choo was a founding member of the People’s Action Party (PAP) and helped to draft the PAP Constitution. She made her first political speech on Radio Malaya on PAP's policy on women before the 1959 elections, advocating equal pay for women and for monogamous marriages.[20] She mostly stayed out of the political limelight throughout her husband's career.[21]
When Singapore separated from the Malaysian Federation, Kwa drafted the clauses in the Separation Agreement for the guarantee of the water agreements between the Malaysian state of Johor and Singapore. This guarantee was done via an amendment to the Federal Constitution of Malaysia.[22]
Kwa was also a pioneer advocate of women's rights in Singapore.[23] She spoke on family planning,[24] and supported legal protection for women. Together with other women’s activists such as Chan Choy Siong, Kwa's suggestions were included into the landmark 1961 Women’s Charter, which sought to improve and protect the legal rights of women.[23]
Death[edit]
Kwa died in her sleep at home, following a long illness on 2 October 2010 around 0540 hours SST.[3] She was given a state funeral and cremated at Mandai Crematorium on 7 October 2010.[25]
Legacy[edit]
In 2011, the Singapore Management University named its new law library,[26] a new scholars programme and a top law graduate award after Kwa. In the same year, the National University of Singapore established a professorship in property law, a distinguished visitors programme, bursaries and scholarships in her honour.[27] Nanyang Girls' High School also unveiled a bust of Kwa at its Yu Zhi Library, which is named after her.[28] Her alma mater, the Methodist Girls' School, named their auditorium in her honour after it was refurbished in 2011.[29]
Singapore's Peranakan Museum currently displays Kwa's barrister wig on its third floor.[30]
Cultural depictions[edit]
In 2011, former Far Eastern Economic Review comic artist Morgan Chua released In Memory of Kwa Geok Choo (1921-2010), a book of sketches and political cartoons in tribute to her.[31]
In October 2014, the Madame Tussauds Singapore museum unveiled wax figures of Kwa and Lee Kuan Yew seated and smiling together against a backdrop of red flowers formed in the shape of two hearts. The statues were created based on a photograph that was taken by Kwa's niece, Kwa Kim Li, of the pair on Valentine's Day in 2008 at Sentosa.[32][33]
In the same month, Cultural Medallion recipient Tan Swie Hian completed a painting of Kwa and Lee Kuan Yew entitled A Couple. The painting, which took Tan five years to complete, was partially damaged by a fire in 2013. It depicts Kwa and Lee in their youth, is based on a 1946 black-and-white photograph of the couple in the University of Cambridge, and incorporates in its background Tan's poem written in memory of Kwa. Tan said, "I have always felt [Madam Kwa] was a great woman who, despite her intelligence and capability, was also a humble and dedicated wife." A Couple was donated to the National Library of Singapore in 2017 and is displayed at the National Library Building in Victoria Street.[34] She remains symbolic as a recognised leader who impacted generations to come particularly on sensitive issues regarding water.[35]
Honours and awards[edit]
Philippines: Golden Heart Presidential Award (15 January 1974)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Orbituary of Mdm Kwa Geok Choo, 1920 – 2010". Archived from the original on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kwa Geok Choo". Singapore Council of Women's Organisations (SCWO). Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mrs Lee Kuan Yew dies at age 89". MediaCorp Channel NewsAsia. 2 October 2010. Archived from the original on 3 November 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Goodbye Mrs Lee Kuan Yew (Madam Kwa Geok Choo), we shall miss you dearly". Mathew's Photography Singapore. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Lees make legal history". The Straits Times. 8 August 1951. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Oversea Bank". Malaya Tribune. 17 July 1935. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Commissioner resigns". The Singapore Free Press. 1 February 1949. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Public service commission scholarships – History & Evolution – The 1950s". Government of Singapore. 2007. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Lee, Kuan Yew (1998). The Singapore Story - Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew. Times Editions. pp. Ch 2–4. ISBN 978-9812049834.
Jump up ^ "Law Degrees for S'pore Students". The Straits Times. 19 June 1949. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Called to Bar". The Straits Times. 1 July 1950. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Only Woman Lawyer in S'pore". The Straits Times. 8 November 1950. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "The patriarch: Kwa Geok Choo's father". Veritas. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Firm". Lee and Lee. Retrieved 17 October 2017. On 1 September 1955, Lee & Lee was founded by Lee Kuan Yew, Lee Kim Yew and Kwa Geok Choo. While Lee Kuan Yew went on to become the Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Kim Yew and Kwa Geok Choo took over the reins of the fledgling law practice and turned it into one of the largest law firms in Singapore.
Jump up ^ Chang, Rachel (17 October 2015). "PM recounts legal legacy of the founders of Lee & Lee". The Straits Times. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "The law firm Mr Lee tapped for political talent". The Straits Times. 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Eulogy by granddaughter Li Xiuqi, 29". The Straits Times. 7 October 2010. The most terrible thing was when she got locked-in syndrome and could no longer move nor communicate.
Jump up ^ Government of Singapore (1 September 2010). "Lee Kuan Yew's interview with Seth Mydans" (PDF). SG Press Centre. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Mr. Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore, and his family,1989".
Jump up ^ "Equal pay: PAP will go easy, says Mrs. Lee". The Straits Times. 9 May 1959. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kwa Geok Choo". Singapore Women's Hall of Fame. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Special Tribute to Madam Kwa Geok Choo". Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies. 5 October 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Remembering Madam Kwa Geok Choo". Archives Online. National Archives of Singapore. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Family planning should be taught to young... even if abused: Mrs Lee". The Straits Times. 17 December 1960. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Heroine's funeral for wife of Lee Kuan Yew". Singapore Press Holdings Ltd. Archived from the original on 23 November 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kwa Geok Choo Library".
Jump up ^ "SMU and NUS to Pay Tribute to the Late Madam Kwa Geok Choo". Newshub - NUS' News Portal. NUS. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Founder's Day 2011 and the Unveiling of the Bust of Late Mrs Lee Kuan Yew". Nanyang Girls' High School. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "MGS Names Auditorium After The Late Mdm Kwa Geok Choo". National Library. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Khong, Swee Lin. "Holding Court Beyond the Kitchen" (PDF). PASSAGE. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "In Memory of Madam Kwa Geok Choo". BooksActually Blog. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Singh, Bryna (23 October 2014). "Wax figures of Lee Kuan Yew and his late wife unveiled at Madame Tussauds Singapore". Singapore Press Holdings. The Straits Times. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Kuan Yew & late wife immortalised in romantic tribute at Madame Tussauds". The Malay Chronicle. 23 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Tan Swie Hian's 'A Couple' donated to the National Library".
Jump up ^ Lin, Rongxiang (3 April 2018). "The Future Archives • Passion passed down to younger generations". Blue Roots Project. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
External links[edit]
The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew
Lee Kuan Yew | Articles Speeches and Interviews - Lee Kuan Yew 李光耀
Press statement from Prime minister's office: Passing of Mrs Lee Kuan Yew
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VIAF: 179340376
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