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List of highest mountains on Earth
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This article is about mountains on Earth. For the Solar System, see List of tallest mountains in the Solar System.
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Aerial view of Mount Everest from the south. The peak rises over Lhotse, while Nuptse is the ridge on the left.
There are at least 109 mountains on Earth with elevations greater than 7,200 metres (23,622 ft) above sea level. The vast majority of these mountains are located on the edge of the Indian subcontinent and Tibet, with some peaks in Central Asia. Only those summits are included that, by an objective measure, may be considered individual mountains as opposed to subsidiary peaks.
Contents
[hide]
1 Considerations
2 Geographical distribution
3 List
4 Data plots
4.1 By country
4.2 Stem and leaf plot
5 Gallery
6 See also
7 References
8 Sources
9 External links
Considerations[edit]
Figure demonstrating the concept of topographic prominence: The prominence of a peak is the height of the peak’s summit above the lowest contour line encircling it and no higher summit. For example, vertical arrows show the topographic prominence of three peaks on an island. A dotted horizontal line links each peak (except the highest) to its key col.
The dividing line between a mountain with multiple peaks and separate mountains is not always clear (see also Highest unclimbed mountain). A popular and intuitive way to distinguish mountains from subsidiary peaks is by their height above the highest saddle connecting it to a higher summit, a measure called topographic prominence or re-ascent (the higher summit is called the "parent peak"). A common definition of a mountain is a summit with 300 m (980 ft) prominence. Alternatively, a relative prominence (prominence/height) is used (usually 7–8%) to reflect that in higher mountain ranges everything is on a larger scale. The table below lists the highest 100 summits with at least 500 m (1,640 ft) prominence, approximating a 7% relative prominence. A drawback of a prominence-based list is that it may exclude well-known or spectacular mountains that are connected via a high ridge to a taller summit, such as Eiger or Nuptse. A few such peaks and mountains with nearly sufficient prominence are included but not numbered in this list.
It is very unlikely that all given heights are correct to the nearest metre; indeed, the sea level is often problematic to define when a mountain is remote from the sea. Different sources often differ by many metres, and the heights given below may well differ from those elsewhere in this encyclopedia. As an extreme example, Ulugh Muztagh on the north Tibetan Plateau is often listed as 7,723 m (25,338 ft) to 7,754 m (25,440 ft), but appears to be only 6,973 m (22,877 ft) to 6,987 m (22,923 ft). Some mountains differ by > 100 m (330 ft) on different maps, while even very thorough current measurements of Mount Everest range from 8,840 m (29,003 ft) to 8,850 m (29,035 ft). These discrepancies serve to emphasize the uncertainties in the listed heights.
Though some parts of the world, especially the most mountainous parts, have never been thoroughly mapped, it is unlikely that any mountains this high have been overlooked, because synthetic aperture radar can and has been used to measure elevations of most otherwise inaccessible places. Still, heights and/or prominences may be revised, so that the order of the list may change and even "new" mountains could enter the list over time. To be safe, the list has been extended to include all 7,200 m (23,622 ft) peaks.
The highest mountains above sea level are generally not the highest above the surrounding terrain. There is no precise definition of surrounding base, but Denali, Mount Kilimanjaro and Nanga Parbat are possible candidates for the tallest mountain on land by this measure. The bases of mountain islands are below sea level, and given this consideration Mauna Kea (4,207 m (13,802 ft) above sea level) is the world's tallest mountain and volcano, rising about 10,203 m (33,474 ft) from the Pacific Ocean floor. Ojos del Salado has the greatest rise on Earth—13,420 m (44,029 ft) from the summit[citation needed] to the bottom of the Atacama Trench about 560 km (350 mi) away, though most of this rise is not part of the mountain.
The highest mountains are also not generally the most voluminous. Mauna Loa (4,169 m or 13,678 ft) is the largest mountain on Earth in terms of base area (about 2,000 sq mi or 5,200 km2) and volume (about 10,000 cu mi or 42,000 km3), although, due to the intergrade of lava from Kilauea, Hualalai and Mauna Kea, the volume can only be estimated based on surface area and height of the edifice. Mt. Kilimanjaro is the largest non-shield volcano in terms of both base area (245 sq mi or 635 km2) and volume (1,150 cu mi or 4,793 km3). Mount Logan is the largest non-volcanic mountain in base area (120 sq mi or 311 km2).
The highest mountains above sea level are also not those with peaks farthest from the centre of the Earth, because the figure of the Earth is not spherical. Sea level closer to the equator is several kilometres farther from the centre of the Earth. The summit of Chimborazo, Ecuador's tallest mountain, is usually considered to be the farthest point from the Earth's centre, although the southern summit of Peru's tallest mountain, Huascarán, is another contender.[1] Both have elevations above sea level more than 2 km less than that of Everest.
Geographical distribution[edit]
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Almost all mountains in the list are located in the Himalaya and Karakoram ranges to the south and west of the Tibetan plateau. In fact, all 7,000 m (23,000 ft) peaks in the world are located in the centre of Asia (East Asia, Central Asia and South Asia) in a rectangle edged by Noshaq (7,492 m or 24,580 ft) on the Afghanistan-Pakistan border in the West, Jengish Chokusu, (Tuōmù'ěr Fēng) (7,439 m or 24,406 ft) on the Kyrgyzstan – Xinjiang border to the North, Gongga Shan (Minya Konka) (7,556 m or 24,790 ft) in Sichuan to the East, and Kabru (7,412 m or 24,318 ft) on the Sikkim (India) – Nepal border to the South.
The highest mountain outside of Asia is Aconcagua (6,962 m or 22,841 ft), which one list has ranking 189th in the world amongst mountains with a 500 m or 1,640 ft prominence cutoff.[2]
List[edit]
Rank
Mountain
Height[3]
Prominence
(m)[4]
Range
Coordinates[5]
Parent mountain
[6]
First
ascent
Ascents
(failed attempts)
bef. 2004[7]
Country
(with disputed
claims in italics)
m
ft
1 Mount Everest /
Sagarmatha /
Chomolungma 8,848[8] 29,029 8,848 Mahalangur Himalaya 27°59′17″N 86°55′31″E / 27.98806°N 86.92528°E / 27.98806; 86.92528 (1. Mount Everest / Sagarmatha / Chomolungma (8848 m)) none 1953 >>145 (121) Nepal • China
2 K2 / Qogir /
Godwin Austen 8,611 28,251 4,020 Baltoro Karakoram 35°52′53″N 76°30′48″E / 35.88139°N 76.51333°E / 35.88139; 76.51333 (2. K2 / Qogir / Godwin Austen (8611 m)) Mount Everest[9] 1954 45 (44) Pakistan[dp 1] • China[dp 2]
3 Kangchenjunga 8,586 28,169 3,922 Kangchenjunga Himalaya 27°42′12″N 88°08′51″E / 27.70333°N 88.14750°E / 27.70333; 88.14750 (3. Kangchenjunga (8586 m)) * Mount Everest 1955 38 (24) Nepal • India
4 Lhotse 8,516 27,940 610 Mahalangur Himalaya 27°57′42″N 86°55′59″E / 27.96167°N 86.93306°E / 27.96167; 86.93306 (4. Lhotse (8516 m)) Mount Everest 1956 26 (26) Nepal • China
5 Makalu 8,485 27,838 2,378 Mahalangur Himalaya 27°53′23″N 87°05′20″E / 27.88972°N 87.08889°E / 27.88972; 87.08889 (5. Makalu (8485 m)) Mount Everest 1955 45 (52) Nepal • China
6 Cho Oyu [10] 8,188 26,864 2,340 Mahalangur Himalaya 28°05′39″N 86°39′39″E / 28.09417°N 86.66083°E / 28.09417; 86.66083 (6. Cho Oyu (8188 m)) Mount Everest 1954 79 (28) Nepal • China
7 Dhaulagiri I 8,167 26,795 3,357 Dhaulagiri Himalaya 28°41′48″N 83°29′35″E / 28.69667°N 83.49306°E / 28.69667; 83.49306 (7. Dhaulagiri I (8167 m)) K2 1960 51 (39) Nepal
8 Manaslu 8,163 26,781 3,092 Manaslu Himalaya 28°33′00″N 84°33′35″E / 28.55000°N 84.55972°E / 28.55000; 84.55972 (8. Manaslu (8163 m)) Cho Oyu 1956 49 (45) Nepal
9 Nanga Parbat 8,126 26,660 4,608 Nanga Parbat Himalaya 35°14′14″N 74°35′21″E / 35.23722°N 74.58917°E / 35.23722; 74.58917 (9. Nanga Parbat (8126 m)) Dhaulagiri 1953 52 (67) Pakistan[dp 1]
10 Annapurna I 8,091 26,545 2,984 Annapurna Himalaya 28°35′44″N 83°49′13″E / 28.59556°N 83.82028°E / 28.59556; 83.82028 (10. Annapurna I (8091 m)) Cho Oyu 1950 36 (47) Nepal
11 Gasherbrum I /
Hidden Peak / K5 8,080 26,509 2,155 Baltoro Karakoram 35°43′28″N 76°41′47″E / 35.72444°N 76.69639°E / 35.72444; 76.69639 (11. Gasherbrum I / Hidden Peak / K5 (8080 m)) K2 1958 31 (16) Pakistan[dp 1] • China[dp 2]
12 Broad Peak 8,051 26,414 1,701 Baltoro Karakoram 35°48′38″N 76°34′06″E / 35.81056°N 76.56833°E / 35.81056; 76.56833 (12. Broad Peak / K3 (8051 m)) Gasherbrum I 1957 39 (19) Pakistan[dp 1] • China[dp 2]
13 Gasherbrum II / K4 8,035 26,362 1,524 Baltoro Karakoram 35°45′28″N 76°39′12″E / 35.75778°N 76.65333°E / 35.75778; 76.65333 (13. Gasherbrum II / K4 (8035 m)) Gasherbrum I 1956 54 (12) Pakistan[dp 1] • China[dp 2]
14 Shishapangma / Gosainthān 8,027 26,335 2,897 Jugal Himalaya 28°21′12″N 85°46′43″E / 28.35333°N 85.77861°E / 28.35333; 85.77861 (14. Shishapangma (8027 m)) Cho Oyu 1964 43 (19) China
15 Gyachung Kang 7,952 26,089 672 Mahalangur Himalaya 28°05′53″N 86°44′42″E / 28.09806°N 86.74500°E / 28.09806; 86.74500 (15. Gyachung Kang (7952 m)) Cho Oyu 1964 5 (3) Nepal • China
110 Gasherbrum III / K3a 7,946 26,070 355 Baltoro Karakoram 35°45′33″N 76°38′30″E / 35.75917°N 76.64167°E / 35.75917; 76.64167 (Gasherbrum III (7946 m)) Gasherbrum II 1975 2 (2) Pakistan[dp 1] • China[dp 2]
16 Annapurna II 7,937 26,040 2,437 Annapurna Himalaya 28°32′05″N 84°07′19″E / 28.53472°N 84.12194°E / 28.53472; 84.12194 (16. Annapurna II (7937 m)) Annapurna I 1960 6 (19) Nepal
17 Gasherbrum IV / K3 7,932 26,024 712 Baltoro Karakoram 35°45′38″N 76°36′58″E / 35.76056°N 76.61611°E / 35.76056; 76.61611 (17. Gasherbrum IV (7932 m)) Gasherbrum III 1958 4 (11) Pakistan[dp 1]
18 Himalchuli 7,893 25,896 1,633 Manaslu Himalaya 28°26′12″N 84°38′23″E / 28.43667°N 84.63972°E / 28.43667; 84.63972 (18. Himalchuli (7893 m)) * Manaslu 1960 6 (12) Nepal
19 Distaghil Sar 7,884 25,866 2,525 Hispar Karakoram 36°19′33″N 75°11′16″E / 36.32583°N 75.18778°E / 36.32583; 75.18778 (19. Distaghil Sar (7884 m)) K2 1960 3 (5) Pakistan[dp 1]
20 Ngadi Chuli 7,871 25,823 1,011 Manaslu Himalaya 28°30′12″N 84°34′00″E / 28.50333°N 84.56667°E / 28.50333; 84.56667 (20. Ngadi Chuli (7871 m)) Manaslu 1970 2 (6) Nepal
111 Nuptse 7,864 25,801 305 Mahalangur Himalaya 27°58′03″N 86°53′13″E / 27.96750°N 86.88694°E / 27.96750; 86.88694 (Nuptse (7864 m)) Lhotse 1961 5 (12) Nepal
21 Khunyang Chhish 7,823 25,666 1,765 Hispar Karakoram 36°12′19″N 75°12′28″E / 36.20528°N 75.20778°E / 36.20528; 75.20778 (21. Khunyang Chhish (7823 m)) * Distaghil Sar 1971 2 (6) Pakistan[dp 1]
22 Masherbrum / K1 7,821 25,659 2,457 Masherbrum Karakoram 35°38′28″N 76°18′21″E / 35.64111°N 76.30583°E / 35.64111; 76.30583 (22. Masherbrum / K1 (7821 m)) Gasherbrum I 1960 4 (9) Pakistan[dp 1]
23 Nanda Devi 7,816 25,643 3,139 Garhwal Himalaya 30°22′33″N 79°58′15″E / 30.37583°N 79.97083°E / 30.37583; 79.97083 (23. Nanda Devi (7816 m)) Dhaulagiri 1936 14 (12) India
24 Chomo Lonzo 7,804 25,604 590 Mahalangur Himalaya 27°55′50″N 87°06′28″E / 27.93056°N 87.10778°E / 27.93056; 87.10778 (24. Chomo Lonzo (7804 m)) Makalu 1954 3 (1) China
25 Batura Sar 7,795 25,574 3,118 Batura Karakoram 36°30′37″N 74°31′21″E / 36.51028°N 74.52250°E / 36.51028; 74.52250 (25. Batura Sar (7795 m)) Distaghil Sar 1976 4 (6) Pakistan[dp 1]
26 Kanjut Sar 7,790 25,558 1,660 Hispar Karakoram 36°12′20″N 75°25′01″E / 36.20556°N 75.41694°E / 36.20556; 75.41694 (26. Kanjut Sar (7790 m)) Khunyang Chhish 1959 2 (1) Pakistan[dp 1]
27 Rakaposhi 7,788 25,551 2,818 Rakaposhi-Haramosh Karakoram 36°08′33″N 74°29′22″E / 36.14250°N 74.48944°E / 36.14250; 74.48944 (27. Rakaposhi (7788 m)) Khunyang Chhish 1958 8 (13) Pakistan[dp 1]
28 Namcha Barwa 7,782 25,531 4,106 Assam Himalaya 29°37′52″N 95°03′19″E / 29.63111°N 95.05528°E / 29.63111; 95.05528 (28. Namcha Barwa (7782 m)) Kangchenjunga 1992 1 (2) China
29 Kamet 7,756 25,446 2,825 Garhwal Himalaya 30°55′12″N 79°35′30″E / 30.92000°N 79.59167°E / 30.92000; 79.59167 (29. Kamet (7756 m)) * Nanda Devi 1931 23 (14) India
30 Dhaulagiri II 7,751 25,430 2,397 Dhaulagiri Himalaya 28°45′46″N 83°23′18″E / 28.76278°N 83.38833°E / 28.76278; 83.38833 (30. Dhaulagiri II (7751 m)) Dhaulagiri 1971 4 (11) Nepal
31 Saltoro Kangri / K10 7,742 25,400 2,160 Saltoro Karakoram 35°23′57″N 76°50′53″E / 35.39917°N 76.84806°E / 35.39917; 76.84806 (31. Saltoro Kangri / K10 (7742 m)) * Gasherbrum I 1962 2 (1) India • Pakistan[dp 1][dp 3]
32 Kumbhakarna / Jannu 7,711 25,299 1,036 Kangchenjunga Himalaya 27°40′56″N 88°02′40″E / 27.68222°N 88.04444°E / 27.68222; 88.04444 (32. Jannu (7711 m)) * Kangchenjunga 1962 17 (12) Nepal
33 Tirich Mir 7,708 25,289 3,910 Hindu Kush 36°15′19″N 71°50′30″E / 36.25528°N 71.84167°E / 36.25528; 71.84167 (33. Tirich Mir (7708 m)) * Batura Sar 1950 20 (11) Pakistan
112 Molamenqing 7,703 25,272 433 Langtang Himalaya 28°21′18″N 85°48′35″E / 28.35500°N 85.80972°E / 28.35500; 85.80972 (Molamenqing (7703 m)) Shishapangma 1981 1 (0) China
34 Gurla Mandhata 7,694 25,243 2,788 Nalakankar Himalaya 30°26′19″N 81°17′48″E / 30.43861°N 81.29667°E / 30.43861; 81.29667 (34. Gurla Mandhata (7694 m)) Dhaulagiri 1985 6 (4) China
35 Saser Kangri I / K22 7,672 25,171 2,304 Saser Karakoram 34°52′00″N 77°45′09″E / 34.86667°N 77.75250°E / 34.86667; 77.75250 (35. Saser Kangri I / K22 (7672 m)) Gasherbrum I 1973 6 (4) India
36 Chogolisa 7,665 25,148 1,624 Masherbrum Karakoram 35°36′47″N 76°34′29″E / 35.61306°N 76.57472°E / 35.61306; 76.57472 (36. Chogolisa (7665 m)) Masherbrum 1975 4 (2) Pakistan[dp 1]
113 Dhaulagiri IV 7,661 25,135 469 Dhaulagiri Himalaya 28°44′09″N 83°18′55″E / 28.73583°N 83.31528°E / 28.73583; 83.31528 (Dhaulagiri IV (7661 m)) Dhaulagiri II 1975 2 (10) Nepal
37 Kongur Tagh 7,649 25,095 3,585 Kongur Shan (Eastern Pamirs) 38°35′36″N 75°18′48″E / 38.59333°N 75.31333°E / 38.59333; 75.31333 (37. Kongur Tagh (7649 m)) Distaghil Sar 1981 2 (4) China
114 Dhaulagiri V 7,618 24,993 340 Dhaulagiri Himalaya 28°44′02″N 83°21′41″E / 28.73389°N 83.36139°E / 28.73389; 83.36139 (Dhaulagiri V (7618 m)) * Dhaulagiri IV 1975 2 (3) Nepal
38 Shispare 7,611 24,970 1,240 Batura Karakoram 36°26′26″N 74°40′51″E / 36.44056°N 74.68083°E / 36.44056; 74.68083 (38. Shispare (7611 m)) Batura Sar 1974 3 (1) Pakistan[dp 1]
39 Trivor 7,577 24,859 997 Hispar Karakoram 36°17′15″N 75°05′06″E / 36.28750°N 75.08500°E / 36.28750; 75.08500 (39. Trivor (7577 m)) * Distaghil Sar 1960 2 (5) Pakistan[dp 1]
40 Gangkhar Puensum 7,570 24,836 2,995 Kula Kangri Himalaya 28°02′50″N 90°27′19″E / 28.04722°N 90.45528°E / 28.04722; 90.45528 (40. Gangkhar Puensum (7570 m)) * Kangchenjunga unclimbed 0 (3) Bhutan • China
41 Gongga Shan /
Minya Konka 7,556 24,790 3,642 Daxue Shan (Hengduan Shan) 29°35′43″N 101°52′47″E / 29.59528°N 101.87972°E / 29.59528; 101.87972 (41. Gongga Shan / Minya Konka (7556 m)) Mount Everest 1932 6 (7) China
42 Annapurna III 7,555 24,787 703 Annapurna Himalaya 28°35′06″N 83°59′24″E / 28.58500°N 83.99000°E / 28.58500; 83.99000 (42. Annapurna III (7555 m)) Annapurna I 1961 10 (17) Nepal
43 Skyang Kangri 7,545 24,754 1,085 Baltoro Karakoram 35°55′35″N 76°34′03″E / 35.92639°N 76.56750°E / 35.92639; 76.56750 (43. Skyang Kangri (7545 m)) K2 1976 1 (2) Pakistan[dp 1] • China[dp 2]
44 Changtse 7,543 24,747 514 Mahalangur Himalaya 28°01′29″N 86°54′51″E / 28.02472°N 86.91417°E / 28.02472; 86.91417 (44. Changtse (7543 m)) Mount Everest 1982 9 (9) China
45 Kula Kangri 7,538 24,731 1,654 Kula Kangri Himalaya 28°13′37″N 90°36′59″E / 28.22694°N 90.61639°E / 28.22694; 90.61639 (45. Kula Kangri (7538 m)) Gangkhar Puensum 1986 3 (2) China( • Bhutan)[dp 4]
46 Kongur Tiube 7,530 24,705 840 Kongur Shan (Eastern Pamirs) 38°36′57″N 75°11′45″E / 38.61583°N 75.19583°E / 38.61583; 75.19583 (46. Kongur Tiube (7530 m)) Kongur Tagh 1956 2 (3) China
47 Mamostong Kangri 7,516 24,659 1,803 Rimo Karakoram 35°08′31″N 77°34′39″E / 35.14194°N 77.57750°E / 35.14194; 77.57750 (47. Mamostong Kangri (7516 m)) Gasherbrum I 1984 5 (0) India
48 Saser Kangri II E 7,513 24,649 1,458 Saser Karakoram 34°48′17″N 77°48′24″E / 34.80472°N 77.80667°E / 34.80472; 77.80667 (48. Saser Kangri II E (7513 m)) Saser Kangri I 2011 0 (0)[11] India
49 Muztagh Ata 7,509 24,636 2,698 Muztagata (Eastern Pamirs) 38°16′33″N 75°06′58″E / 38.27583°N 75.11611°E / 38.27583; 75.11611 (49. Muztagh Ata (7546 m)) Kongur Tagh 1956 Many China
50 Ismoil Somoni Peak 7,495 24,590 3,402 Pamir (Academy of Sciences Range) 38°56′35″N 72°00′57″E / 38.94306°N 72.01583°E / 38.94306; 72.01583 (50. Ismoil Somoni Peak (7495 m)) Muztagh Ata 1933 Tajikistan
51 Saser Kangri III 7,495 24,590 835 Saser Karakoram 34°50′44″N 77°47′06″E / 34.84556°N 77.78500°E / 34.84556; 77.78500 (51. Saser Kangri III (7495 m)) Saser Kangri I 1986 1 (0) India
52 Noshaq 7,492 24,580 2,024 Hindu Kush 36°25′56″N 71°49′43″E / 36.43222°N 71.82861°E / 36.43222; 71.82861 (52. Noshaq (7492 m)) Tirich Mir 1960 33 (3) Afghanistan • Pakistan
53 Pumari Chhish 7,492 24,580 884 Hispar Karakoram 36°12′41″N 75°15′01″E / 36.21139°N 75.25028°E / 36.21139; 75.25028 (53. Pumari Chhish (7492 m)) Khunyang Chhish 1979 1 (2) Pakistan[dp 1]
54 Passu Sar 7,476 24,528 647 Batura Karakoram 36°29′16″N 74°35′16″E / 36.48778°N 74.58778°E / 36.48778; 74.58778 (54. Passu Sar (7476 m)) Batura Sar 1994 1 (0) Pakistan[dp 1]
55 Yukshin Gardan Sar 7,469 24,505 1,374 Hispar Karakoram 36°15′04″N 75°22′29″E / 36.25111°N 75.37472°E / 36.25111; 75.37472 (55. Yukshin Gardan Sar (7469 m)) Pumari Chhish 1984 4 (1) Pakistan[dp 1]
56 Teram Kangri I 7,462 24,482 1,703 Siachen Karakoram 35°34′48″N 77°04′42″E / 35.58000°N 77.07833°E / 35.58000; 77.07833 (56. Teram Kangri I (7462 m)) Gasherbrum I 1975 2 (0) India • China[dp 2][dp 3]
57 Jongsong Peak 7,462 24,482 1,298 Kangchenjunga Himalaya 27°52′54″N 88°08′09″E / 27.88167°N 88.13583°E / 27.88167; 88.13583 (57. Jongsong Peak (7462 m)) Kangchenjunga 1930 2 (3) India • China • Nepal
58 Malubiting 7,458 24,469 2,193 Rakaposhi-Haramosh Karakoram 36°00′12″N 74°52′31″E / 36.00333°N 74.87528°E / 36.00333; 74.87528 (58. Malubiting (7458 m)) Rakaposhi 1971 2 (6) Pakistan[dp 1]
59 Gangapurna 7,455 24,459 563 Annapurna Himalaya 28°36′18″N 83°57′49″E / 28.60500°N 83.96361°E / 28.60500; 83.96361 (59. Gangapurna (7455 m)) Annapurna III 1965 8 (13) Nepal
60 Jengish Chokusu /
Tömür / Pk Pobeda 7,439 24,406 4,148 Tian Shan 42°02′05″N 80°07′47″E / 42.03472°N 80.12972°E / 42.03472; 80.12972 (60. Jengish Chokusu / Tömür / Pk Pobeda (7439 m)) Ismail Samani Peak 1956 Kyrgyzstan • China
115 Sunanda Devi / Nanda Devi East 7,434 24,390 229 Garhwal Himalaya 30°22′00″N 79°59′40″E / 30.36667°N 79.99444°E / 30.36667; 79.99444 (Sunanda Devi (7434 m)) Nanda Devi 1939 14 (12) India
61 K12 7,428 24,370 1,978 Saltoro Karakoram 35°17′45″N 77°01′20″E / 35.29583°N 77.02222°E / 35.29583; 77.02222 (61. K12 (7428 m)) Saltoro Kangri 1974 4 (2) India • Pakistan[dp 1][dp 3]
62 Yangra /
Ganesh I 7,422 24,350 2,352 Ganesh Himalaya 28°23′29″N 85°07′38″E / 28.39139°N 85.12722°E / 28.39139; 85.12722 (62. Yangra / Ganesh I (7422 m)) Manaslu 1955 1 (6) Nepal • China
63 Sia Kangri 7,422 24,350 642 Siachen Karakoram 35°39′48″N 76°45′42″E / 35.66333°N 76.76167°E / 35.66333; 76.76167 (63. Sia Kangri (7422 m)) Gasherbrum I 1934 6 (0) Pakistan • India • China[dp 2][dp 3]
64 Momhil Sar 7,414 24,324 907 Hispar Karakoram 36°19′04″N 75°02′11″E / 36.31778°N 75.03639°E / 36.31778; 75.03639 (64. Momhil Sar (7414 m)) * Trivor 1964 2 (6) Pakistan[dp 1]
65 Kabru N 7,412 24,318 720 Kangchenjunga Himalaya 27°38′02″N 88°07′00″E / 27.63389°N 88.11667°E / 27.63389; 88.11667 (65. Kabru N (7412 m)) Kangchenjunga 1994 1 (2)[12] India • Nepal
66 Skil Brum 7,410 24,311 1,152 Baltoro Karakoram 35°51′03″N 76°25′43″E / 35.85083°N 76.42861°E / 35.85083; 76.42861 (66. Skil Brum (7410 m)) K2 1957 2 (1) Pakistan[dp 1]
67 Haramosh Peak 7,409 24,308 2,277 Rakaposhi-Haramosh Karakoram 35°50′24″N 74°53′51″E / 35.84000°N 74.89750°E / 35.84000; 74.89750 (67. Haramosh Peak (7409 m)) Malubiting 1958 4 (3) Pakistan[dp 1]
68 Istor-o-Nal 7,403 24,288 1,043 Hindu Kush 36°22′32″N 71°53′54″E / 36.37556°N 71.89833°E / 36.37556; 71.89833 (68. Istor-o-Nal (7403 m)) Noshaq 1969 4 (5) Pakistan
69 Ghent Kangri 7,401 24,281 1,493 Saltoro Karakoram 35°31′04″N 76°48′02″E / 35.51778°N 76.80056°E / 35.51778; 76.80056 (69. Ghent Kangri (7401 m)) Saltoro Kangri 1961 4 (0) India • Pakistan[dp 1][dp 3]
70 Ultar 7,388 24,239 688 Batura Karakoram 36°23′27″N 74°43′00″E / 36.39083°N 74.71667°E / 36.39083; 74.71667 (70. Ultar (7388 m)) Shispare 1996 2 (5) Pakistan[dp 1]
71 Rimo I 7,385 24,229 1,428 Rimo Karakoram 35°21′18″N 77°22′08″E / 35.35500°N 77.36889°E / 35.35500; 77.36889 (71. Rimo I (7385 m)) Teram Kangri I 1988 1 (3) India[dp 5]
72 Churen Himal 7,385 24,229 650 Dhaulagiri Himalaya 28°44′05″N 83°13′03″E / 28.73472°N 83.21750°E / 28.73472; 83.21750 (72. Churen Himal (7385 m)) Dhaulagiri IV 1970 3 (0) Nepal
73 Teram Kangri III 7,382 24,219 520 Siachen Karakoram 35°35′59″N 77°02′53″E / 35.59972°N 77.04806°E / 35.59972; 77.04806 (73. Teram Kangri III (7382 m)) Teram Kangri I 1979 1 (0) India • China[dp 2][dp 3]
74 Sherpi Kangri 7,380 24,213 1,320 Saltoro Karakoram 35°27′58″N 76°46′53″E / 35.46611°N 76.78139°E / 35.46611; 76.78139 (74. Sherpi Kangri (7380 m)) * Ghent Kangri 1976 1 (1) India • Pakistan[dp 1][dp 3]
75 Labuche Kang 7,367 24,170 1,957 Labuche Himalaya 28°18′15″N 86°21′03″E / 28.30417°N 86.35083°E / 28.30417; 86.35083 (75. Labuche Kang (7367 m)) Cho Oyu 1987 1 (0) China
76 Kirat Chuli 7,362 24,153 1,168 Kangchenjunga Himalaya 27°47′16″N 88°11′43″E / 27.78778°N 88.19528°E / 27.78778; 88.19528 (76. Kirat Chuli (7362 m)) Kangchenjunga 1939 1 (6) India • Nepal
116 Abi Gamin 7,355 24,131 217 Garhwal Himalaya 30°55′57″N 79°36′09″E / 30.93250°N 79.60250°E / 30.93250; 79.60250 (Abi Gamin (7355 m)) Kamet 1950 17 (2) India • China
117 Gimmigela / The Twins 7,350 24,114 432 Kangchenjunga Himalaya 27°44′27″N 88°09′31″E / 27.74083°N 88.15861°E / 27.74083; 88.15861 (Gimmigela / The Twins (7350 m)) Kangchenjunga 1994 3 (1) India • Nepal
117 Nangpai Gosum 7,350 24,114 427 Mahalangur Himalaya 28°04′24″N 86°36′51″E / 28.07333°N 86.61417°E / 28.07333; 86.61417 (Nangpai Gosum (7350 m)) Cho Oyu 1996 3 (1) Nepal • China
77 Saraghrar 7,349 24,111 1,979 Hindu Kush 36°32′51″N 72°06′54″E / 36.54750°N 72.11500°E / 36.54750; 72.11500 (77. Saraghrar (7349 m)) Noshaq 1959 2 (3) Pakistan
78 Jomolhari / Chomo Lhari 7,326 24,035 2,065 Jomolhari Himalaya 27°49′36″N 89°16′04″E / 27.82667°N 89.26778°E / 27.82667; 89.26778 (78. Jomolhari (7326 m)) * Gangkhar Puensum 1937 4 (0) Bhutan • China
79 Chamlang 7,321 24,019 1,241 Mahalangur Himalaya 27°46′30″N 86°58′47″E / 27.77500°N 86.97972°E / 27.77500; 86.97972 (79. Chamlang (7321 m)) Lhotse 1961 7 (1) Nepal
80 Chongtar 7,315 23,999 1,295 Baltoro Karakoram 35°54′55″N 76°25′45″E / 35.91528°N 76.42917°E / 35.91528; 76.42917 (80. Chongtar (7315 m)) Skil Brum 1994 1 (1) China[dp 2]
81 Baltoro Kangri 7,312 23,990 1,200 Masherbrum Karakoram 35°38′21″N 76°40′24″E / 35.63917°N 76.67333°E / 35.63917; 76.67333 (81. Baltoro Kangri (7312 m)) Chogolisa 1976 1 (0) Pakistan[dp 1]
82 Siguang Ri 7,309 23,980 669 Mahalangur Himalaya 28°08′50″N 86°41′06″E / 28.14722°N 86.68500°E / 28.14722; 86.68500 (82. Siguang Ri (7309 m)) Cho Oyu 1989 2 (1) China
83 The Crown / Huang Guan 7,295 23,934 1,919 Yengisogat Karakoram 36°06′24″N 76°12′21″E / 36.10667°N 76.20583°E / 36.10667; 76.20583 (83. The Crown / Huang Guan (7295 m)) Skil Brum (K2) 1993 1 (3) China[dp 2]
84 Gyala Peri 7,294 23,930 2,942 Assam Himalaya 29°48′52″N 94°58′07″E / 29.81444°N 94.96861°E / 29.81444; 94.96861 (84. Gyala Peri (7294 m)) Mount Everest 1986 1 (0) China
85 Porong Ri 7,292 23,924 512 Langtang Himalaya 28°23′22″N 85°43′12″E / 28.38944°N 85.72000°E / 28.38944; 85.72000 (85. Porong Ri (7292 m)) Shisha Pangma 1982 5 (0) China
86 Baintha Brakk / The Ogre 7,285 23,901 1,891 Panmah Karakoram 35°56′51″N 75°45′12″E / 35.94750°N 75.75333°E / 35.94750; 75.75333 (86. Baintha Brakk / The Ogre (7285 m)) * Kanjut Sar 1977 3 (13) Pakistan[dp 1]
87 Yutmaru Sar 7,283 23,894 680 Hispar Karakoram 36°13′35″N 75°22′02″E / 36.22639°N 75.36722°E / 36.22639; 75.36722 (87. Yutmaru Sar (7283 m)) Yukshin Gardan Sar 1980 1 (1) Pakistan[dp 1]
88 Baltistan Peak / K6 7,282 23,891 1,962 Masherbrum Karakoram 35°25′06″N 76°33′06″E / 35.41833°N 76.55167°E / 35.41833; 76.55167 (88. Baltistan Peak / K6 (7282 m)) Chogolisa 1970 1 (3) Pakistan[dp 1]
89 Kangpenqing /
Gang Benchhen 7,281 23,888 1,345 Baiku Himalaya 28°33′03″N 85°32′44″E / 28.55083°N 85.54556°E / 28.55083; 85.54556 (89. Kangpenqing / Gang Benchhen (7281 m)) Shisha Pangma 1982 1 (1) China
90 Muztagh Tower 7,276 23,871 1,710 Baltoro Karakoram 35°49′40″N 76°21′40″E / 35.82778°N 76.36111°E / 35.82778; 76.36111 (90. Muztagh Tower (7276 m)) Skil Brum 1956 4 (2) Pakistan[dp 1] • China[dp 2]
91 Mana Peak 7,272 23,858 732 Garhwal Himalaya 30°52′50″N 79°36′55″E / 30.88056°N 79.61528°E / 30.88056; 79.61528 (91. Mana Peak (7272 m)) Kamet 1937 7 (3) India
118 Dhaulagiri VI 7,268 23,845 488 Dhaulagiri Himalaya 28°42′31″N 83°16′27″E / 28.70861°N 83.27417°E / 28.70861; 83.27417 (Dhaulagiri VI (7268 m)) Dhaulagiri IV 1970 5 (0) Nepal
92 Diran 7,266 23,839 1,329 Rakaposhi-Haramosh Karakoram 36°07′13″N 74°39′42″E / 36.12028°N 74.66167°E / 36.12028; 74.66167 (92. Diran (7266 m)) Malubiting 1968 12 (8) Pakistan[dp 1]
93 Labuche Kang III / East[13] 7,250 23,786 570 Labuche Himalaya 28°18′05″N 86°23′02″E / 28.30139°N 86.38389°E / 28.30139; 86.38389 (93. Labuche Kang III / East (7250 m)) Labuche Kang unclimbed 0 (0) China
94 Putha Hiunchuli 7,246 23,773 1,151 Dhaulagiri Himalaya 28°44′52″N 83°08′46″E / 28.74778°N 83.14611°E / 28.74778; 83.14611 (94. Putha Hiunchuli (7246 m)) Churen Himal 1954 11 (5) Nepal
95 Apsarasas Kangri 7,245 23,770 607 Siachen Karakoram 35°32′19″N 77°08′55″E / 35.53861°N 77.14861°E / 35.53861; 77.14861 (95. Apsarasas Kangri (7245 m)) Teram Kangri I 1976 2 (0) India • China[dp 2][dp 3]
96 Mukut Parbat 7,242 23,760 683 Garhwal Himalaya 30°56′57″N 79°34′12″E / 30.94917°N 79.57000°E / 30.94917; 79.57000 (96. Mukut Parbat (7242 m)) Kamet 1951 2 (1) India • China
97 Rimo III 7,233 23,730 613 Rimo Karakoram 35°22′31″N 77°21′42″E / 35.37528°N 77.36167°E / 35.37528; 77.36167 (97. Rimo III (7233 m)) Rimo I 1985 1 (0) India[dp 5]
98 Langtang Lirung 7,227 23,711 1,534 Langtang Himalaya 28°15′22″N 85°31′01″E / 28.25611°N 85.51694°E / 28.25611; 85.51694 (98. Langtang Lirung (7227 m)) Shisha Pangma 1978 14 (13) Nepal
99 Karjiang 7,221 23,691 895 Kula Kangri Himalaya 28°15′27″N 90°38′49″E / 28.25750°N 90.64694°E / 28.25750; 90.64694 (99. Karjiang (7221 m)) Kula Kangri unclimbed 0 (2) China
100 Annapurna Dakshin 7,219 23,684 769 Annapurna Himalaya 28°31′06″N 83°48′22″E / 28.51833°N 83.80611°E / 28.51833; 83.80611 (100. Annapurna Dakshin (7219 m)) Annapurna 1964 10 (16) Nepal
101 Khartaphu 7,213 23,665 712 Mahalangur Himalaya 28°03′49″N 86°58′39″E / 28.06361°N 86.97750°E / 28.06361; 86.97750 (101. Khartaphu (7213 m)) Mount Everest 1935 1 (0) China
102 Tongshanjiabu[14] 7,207 23,645 1,757 Lunana Himalaya 28°11′12″N 89°57′27″E / 28.18667°N 89.95750°E / 28.18667; 89.95750 (102. Tongshanjiabu (7207 m)) Gangkar Puensum unclimbed 0 (0) Bhutan • China[dp 6]
103 Malangutti Sar 7,207 23,645 507 Hispar Karakoram 36°21′47″N 75°08′57″E / 36.36306°N 75.14917°E / 36.36306; 75.14917 (103. Malangutti Sar (7207 m)) Distaghil Sar 1985 1 (0) Pakistan[dp 1]
104 Noijin Kangsang /
Norin Kang 7,206 23,642 2,160 Nagarze Himalaya 28°56′48″N 90°10′42″E / 28.94667°N 90.17833°E / 28.94667; 90.17833 (104. Noijin Kangsang / Norin Kang (7206 m)) Gangkar Puensum 1986 4 (1) China
105 Langtang Ri 7,205 23,638 665 Langtang Himalaya 28°22′53″N 85°41′01″E / 28.38139°N 85.68361°E / 28.38139; 85.68361 (105. Langtang Ri (7205 m)) Shisha Pangma 1981 4 (0) Nepal • China
106 Kangphu Kang 7,204 23,635 1,244 Lunana Himalaya 28°09′20″N 90°03′48″E / 28.15556°N 90.06333°E / 28.15556; 90.06333 (106. Kangphu Kang (7204 m)) Tongshanjiabu 2002 1 (0) Bhutan • China[dp 6]
107 Singhi Kangri 7,202 23,629 730 Siachen Karakoram 35°35′59″N 76°59′01″E / 35.59972°N 76.98361°E / 35.59972; 76.98361 (107. Singhi Kangri (7202 m)) Teram Kangri III 1976 2 (0) India • China[dp 2][dp 3]
108 Lupghar Sar 7,200 23,622 730 Hispar Karakoram 36°21′01″N 75°02′13″E / 36.35028°N 75.03694°E / 36.35028; 75.03694 (108. Lupghar Sar (7200 m)) * Momhil Sar 1979 1 (0) Pakistan[dp 1]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak In Pakistan's disputed Gilgit-Baltistan region, claimed by India as a part of its Jammu and Kashmir state.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n In the Trans-Karakoram or Shaksgam Tract, ceded by Pakistan from its disputed Gilgit-Baltistan region to China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, claimed by India as a part of its Jammu and Kashmir state.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i On the border of the Siachen Glacier area, which is controlled by India, but is also claimed by Pakistan.
Jump up ^ Wholly claimed by China as a part of its Tibet Autonomous Region; on the border with Bhutan according to Bhutan
^ Jump up to: a b The Rimo mountains are in the Siachen Glacier region controlled by India, but claimed by Pakistan
^ Jump up to: a b Wholly claimed by Bhutan, but on the border of the Tibet Autonomous Region according to China.
Data plots[edit]
By country[edit]
The following graph ranks the countries by number of mountain peaks over 7,200 metres (23,622 ft) above sea level. Note that 38 peaks are on de facto borders and two (Jongsong Peak and Sia Kangri) are on tripoints.
Stem and leaf plot[edit]
The following is a stem and leaf plot of the above data. The two digits to the left of the line are the first two digits of the mountain's height (metres), and each digit to the right of the line represents the third digit of the mountain's height. Each number on the right is linked to the corresponding mountain's article. For example, the height of one of the mountains (namely Mount Everest) is 8848 meters. Also, it is apparent that there are five mountains above 8,200 metres.
88 | 4
87 |
86 | 1
85 | 8 1
84 | 8
83 |
82 |
81 | 8 6 6 2
80 | 9 8 5 3 2
79 | 5 4 3 3
78 | 9 8 7 6 2 2 1 0
77 | 9 9 8 8 5 5 4 1 0 0
76 | 9 7 6 6 4 1 1
75 | 7 7 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 1 1
74 | 9 9 9 9 7 6 6 6 5 5 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0
73 | 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 5 5 5 4 2 1 1 1 0
72 | 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 4 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gallery[edit]
1. The summit of Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth
2. K2, the highest summit of the Karakoram
3. Kangchenjunga, the second-highest mountain of the Himalaya
4. Lhotse, the third-highest mountain of the Himalaya
5. Makalu in the Himalaya
6. Cho Oyu in the Himalaya
7. Dhaulagiri in the Himalaya
8. Manaslu in the Himalaya
9. Nanga Parbat in the Himalaya
10. Annapurna I in the Himalaya
11. Gasherbrum I, the second-highest mountain of the Karakoram
12. Broad Peak, the third-highest mountain of the Karakoram
13. Gasherbrum II in the Karakoram
14. Shishapangma in the Himalaya
See also[edit]
Geography portal
Mountains portal
Book: Geography
List of Himalayan peaks of Uttarakhand
List of elevation extremes by country
List of mountains
List of mountains by elevation
List of mountain ranges of the world
List of peaks by prominence
List of past presumed highest mountains
Olympus Mons, the tallest mountain on any planet in the solar system
Rheasilvia crater's central peak, the tallest mountain in the solar system
Seven Summits, the tallest mountains on each continent
Table of the highest major summits of North America
List of tallest mountains in the Solar System
List of mountains on Mars by height
List of unclimbed mountains of Nepal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Krulwich, Robert (April 7, 2007). "The 'Highest' Spot on Earth?". Retrieved 21 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "High Asia summits over 6,750 metres high with 500 metres of re-ascent". viewfinderpanoramas.org. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ For Nepal, the heights indicated on the Nepal Topographic Maps are followed. For China and the Baltoro Karakoram, the heights are those of "The Maps of Snow Mountains in China". For the Hispar Karakoram the heights on a Russian 1:100,000 topo map "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-04-27. Retrieved 2008-07-15. seem to be more accurate than the customarily quoted heights probably based on US army maps from the 50s [1]. Elsewhere, unless otherwise indicated, heights are those in Jill Neate's "High Asia".
Jump up ^ Prominences over 1,500 m were copied from the Ultra Project Prominence Lists, the remainder corresponds to those listed in this table of all mountains above 6650 m
Jump up ^ Coordinates were established by comparing topographical maps with satellite images and SRTM-derived terrain maps. The terrain maps and satellite images often don't match exactly. An asterisk (*) indicates that the map and image are shifted by more than 100 m (4") and/or that the landscapes around the summit don't match.
Jump up ^ Here defined as the first higher mountain beyond the key saddle with at least 500 m prominence itself.
Jump up ^ The number of ascents and failed attempts up to 2004 is extracted from the Club Himalayan index. These are the number of expeditions (not individuals) that announced their ascent or attempt in a journal. They are probably quite accurate for the rarely climbed peaks (though omissions were noted), but greatly underestimate the number of ascending parties on the easier and/or more popular mountains, like most eight-thousanders. For instance, Mt Everest has been scaled 2,251 times by individuals up to 2004 [2].
Jump up ^ Given the large differences between multiple "final" measurements of Mt Everest, the traditional 8,848 m is listed. For more information, see Mount Everest#Measurement.
Jump up ^ Everest IS parent to K2 by the definition of topographic prominence. See also, the discussion page.
Jump up ^ Cho Oyu's height is 8,188 m according to the Nepal Survey's 1996 topographical map H8615, which represents the best known measurement to date. Previous estimates have been 8,153 m and 8,201 m
Jump up ^ The highest (Eastern) summit of Saser Kangri II was climbed on August 24th, 2011 / p / steve-swenson-status. The lower West peak, 2.5 km away, has been climbed in 1984 and twice since.
Jump up ^ According to the 1996 Himalayan Journal (pp.29–36), the highest point of the Kabru massif (the North summit) was climbed by an Indian Army team in May 1994
Jump up ^ The height is unknown, but over 7,200 meters on both Chinese and Russian maps of the area.
Jump up ^ The name and information about this summit was extracted from the May 2003 edition of Japanese Alpine News.
Sources[edit]
"High Asia: An Illustrated History of the 7,000 Metre Peaks" by Jill Neate (Mountaineers Books 1990)
"The Maps of Snow Mountains in China" by Mi Desheng (Chinese Academy of Science, 1990s)
"Nepal Topographic Maps" by the Finnish Meteorological Inst. (Nepalese Survey Dept., 1990s)
Soviet military 1:100,000 topographic maps (most from 1980–1981)
The "High Mountain Info" section of the "High Mountain Sports Magazine" (1990–2005) (now Climb Magazine)
Some other topographic maps and much from the external links listed above.
External links[edit]
Summitpost (Currently with detailed description of 30 of the top 100 peaks)
Prominence lists (including all mountains in the world with >1,450m prominence)
Alpine Club Himalayan index (Especially informative for history of ascents and location of obscure peaks)
Discussion of frequently misquoted elevations
BlankontheMap site on mountains of Northern Kashmir
Digital elevation data, including all the above peaks and many more worldwide
Hispar area: expedition reports and maps
List of highest mountains down to 6750 metres
Google Earth Community (Google Earth KMZ file of Wikipedia list of highest mountains)
Mountains portal
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Z: The Beginning of Everything
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Z: The Beginning of Everything
Genre
Period drama
Created by
Dawn Prestwich and Nicole Yorkin
Starring
Christina Ricci
David Hoflin
David Strathairn
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
10 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Nicole Yorkin
Dawn Prestwich
Pamela Koffler
Christine Vachon
Christina Ricci
Producer(s)
Therese Anne Fowler
Editor(s)
Joe Klotz
Camera setup
Tim Orr
Running time
27 minutes
Production company(s)
Killer Films
Yorkin Prestwich
Picrow
Amazon Studios
Release
Original network
Amazon Video
Original release
November 5, 2015 (2015-11-05) – January 27, 2017 (2017-01-27)
Z: The Beginning of Everything is an American period drama television series created by Dawn Prestwich and Nicole Yorkin for Amazon Studios that debuted on November 5, 2015. It is based on Z: A Novel of Zelda Fitzgerald by Therese Anne Fowler. The series presents a fictionalized version of the life of American socialite and writer Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald (Christina Ricci) in the 1920s. The first season covers her marriage to the author F. Scott Fitzgerald -- who had yet to become famous for his work -- and the subsequent marital tensions that arose from their lifestyle full of partying and alcohol.
The first season was released on January 27, 2017.[1] On April 27, 2017 it was revealed that Amazon has ordered a second season.[2] It was then announced on September 7, 2017 that Amazon had rescinded the renewal, cancelling the show after one season.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Main cast
1.2 Recurring cast
2 Episodes
2.1 Season 1 (2015-17)
3 References
4 External links
Cast[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Christina Ricci as Zelda Fitzgerald
David Hoflin as F. Scott Fitzgerald
David Strathairn as Judge Anthony Sayre
Recurring cast[edit]
Christina Bennett Lind as Tallulah Bankhead
Natalie Knepp as Eugenia Bankhead
Kristine Nielsen as Minnie Sayre
Holly Curran as Tilde Sayre
Jamie Anne Allman as Tootsie Sayre
Maya Kazan as Livye Hart
Sarah Schenkkan as Eleanor Browder
Jun Naito as Tana Fujimora
Jordan Dean as Ludlow Fowler
Episodes[edit]
Season 1 (2015-17)[edit]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
1
"Pilot" Tim Blake Nelson Dawn Prestwich, Nicole Yorkin November 5, 2015 (2015-11-05)
2
"Just Humans" Mike Barker Dawn Prestwich, Nicole Yorkin January 27, 2017 (2017-01-27)
3
"The Right Side of Paradise" Mike Barker Lydia Woodward January 27, 2017 (2017-01-27)
4
"You, Me and Us" Neasa Hardiman Ian Deitchman, Kristin Rusk Robinson January 27, 2017 (2017-01-27)
5
"The It Girl" Neasa Hardiman Kit Steinkellner January 27, 2017 (2017-01-27)
6
"Lights! Camera! Fitzgerald!" Minkie Spiro Marcus Gardley January 27, 2017 (2017-01-27)
7
"Where There Are Friends, There Are Riches" Minkie Spiro Doug Dorst January 27, 2017 (2017-01-27)
8
"Playing House" Wash Westmoreland Ian Deitchman, Kristin Rusk Robinson January 27, 2017 (2017-01-27)
9
"Quicksand" Wash Westmoreland Lydia Woodward January 27, 2017 (2017-01-27)
10
"Best of All" Mike Barker Dawn Prestwich, Nicole Yorkin January 27, 2017 (2017-01-27)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Z: The Beginning of Everything 1 Season". Amazon. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Z: The Beginning of Everything Renewed for Season 2 at Amazon". Variety. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Amazon Axes Zelda Fitzgerald Series Months After Surprise Renewal (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
External links[edit]
Z: The Beginning of Everything on IMDb
[hide]
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British Agricultural Revolution
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Agriculture
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The British Agricultural Revolution was the unprecedented increase in agricultural production in Britain due to increases in labour and land productivity between the mid-17th and late 19th centuries. Agricultural output grew faster than the population over the century to 1770, and thereafter productivity remained among the highest in the world. This increase in the food supply contributed to the rapid growth of population in England and Wales, from 5.5 million in 1700 to over 9 million by 1801 though domestic production gave way increasingly to food imports in the nineteenth century as population more than tripled to over 32 million.[1] The rise in productivity accelerated the decline of the agricultural share of the labour force, adding to the urban workforce on which industrialization depended: the Agricultural Revolution has therefore been cited as a cause of the Industrial Revolution.[2]
However, historians continue to dispute when exactly such a "revolution" took place and of what it consisted. Rather than a single event, G.E. Mingay states that there were a "profusion of agricultural revolutions, one for two centuries before 1750, another emphasising the century after 1650, a third for the period 1750-1880, and a fourth for the middle decades of the nineteenth century".[3] This has led more recent historians to argue that any general statements about "the Agricultural Revolution" are difficult to sustain.[4][5]
One important change in farming methods was the move in crop rotation to turnips and clover in place of fallow. Turnips can be grown in winter and are deep-rooted, allowing them to gather minerals unavailable to shallow-rooted crops. Clover fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere into a form of fertiliser. This permitted the intensive arable cultivation of light soils on enclosed farms and provided fodder to support increased livestock numbers whose manure added further to soil fertility.
Contents
[hide]
1 Major developments and innovations
1.1 Crop rotation
1.2 The Dutch and Rotherham swing (wheel-less) plough
1.3 Enclosure
1.4 Development of a national market
1.5 Transportation infrastructures
1.6 Land conversion, drainage and reclamation
1.7 Rise in domestic farmers
1.8 Selective breeding of livestock
2 British agriculture 1800–1900
2.1 Seed planting
3 Significance
4 See also
5 Notes
6 Further reading
6.1 Historiography
7 External links
Major developments and innovations[edit]
The British Agricultural Revolution was the result of the complex interaction of social, economic and farming technology changes. Major developments and innovations include:[6]
Norfolk four-course crop rotation: Fodder crops, particularly turnips and clover, replaced leaving the land fallow.[7]
The Dutch improved the Chinese plough so that it could be pulled with fewer oxen or horses.
Enclosure: the removal of common rights to establish exclusive ownership of land
Development of a national market free of tariffs, tolls and customs barriers
Transportation infrastructures, such as improved roads, canals, and later, railways
Land conversion, land drains and reclamation
Increase in farm size
Selective breeding
Crop rotation[edit]
Crop Yield net of Seed
(bushels/acre)[8]
Year
Wheat
Rye
Barley
Oats
Peas
beans
Growth rate
(%/year)$
1250–1299
8.71
10.71
10.25
7.24
6.03
-0.27
1300–1349
8.24
10.36
9.46
6.60
6.14
-0.032
1350–1399
7.46
9.21
9.74
7.49
5.86
0.61
1400–1449
5.89
10.46
8.44
6.55
5.42
0.08
1450–1499
6.48
13.96
8.56
5.95
4.49
0.48
1550–1599
7.88
9.21
8.40
7.87
7.62
-0.16
1600–1649
10.45
16.28
11.16
10.97
8.62
-0.11
1650–1699
11.36
14.19
12.48
10.82
8.39
0.64
1700–1749
13.79
14.82
15.08
12.27
10.23
0.70
1750–1799
17.26
17.87
21.88
20.90
14.19
0.37
1800–1849
23.16
19.52
25.90
28.37
17.85
0.63
1850–1899
26.69
26.18
23.82
31.36
16.30
—
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes:

Yields have had the seed used to plant the crop
subtracted to give net yields.
Average seed sown is estimated at wheat 2.5 bu/acre;
Rye 2.5 bu/acre; Barley 3.5–4.30 bu/acre; Oats
2.5–4.0 bu/acre; Peas & beans 2.50–3.0 bu/acre.
$ Average annual growth rate of agricultural output is
per agricultural worker.
Other authors offer different estimates.
One of the most important innovations of the British Agricultural Revolution was the development of the Norfolk four-course rotation, which greatly increased crop and livestock yields by improving soil fertility and reducing fallow.[6]
Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons to help restore plant nutrients and mitigate the build-up of pathogens and pests that often occurs when one plant species is continuously cropped. Rotation can also improve soil structure and fertility by alternating deep-rooted and shallow-rooted plants. Turnip roots, for example, can recover nutrients from deep under the soil. The Norfolk System, as it is now known, rotates crops so that different crops are planted with the result that different kinds and quantities of nutrients are taken from the soil as the plants grow. An important feature of the Norfolk four-field system was that it used labour at times when demand was not at peak levels.[9]
Planting cover crops such as turnips and clover was not permitted under the common field system because they interfered with access to the fields. Besides, other people's livestock could graze the turnips.[10]
During the Middle Ages, the open field system had initially used a two-field crop rotation system where one field was left fallow or turned into pasture for a time to try to recover some of its plant nutrients. Later they employed a three-year, three field crop rotation routine, with a different crop in each of two fields, e.g. oats, rye, wheat, and barley with the second field growing a legume like peas or beans, and the third field fallow. Normally from 10–30% of the arable land in a three crop rotation system is fallow. Each field was rotated into a different crop nearly every year. Over the following two centuries, the regular planting of legumes such as peas and beans in the fields that were previously fallow slowly restored the fertility of some croplands. The planting of legumes helped to increase plant growth in the empty field due to the bacteria on legume roots' ability to fix nitrogen (N2) from the air into the soil in a form that plants could use. Other crops that were occasionally grown were flax and members of the mustard family.
Convertible husbandry was the alternation of a field between pasture and grain. Because nitrogen builds up slowly over time in pasture, ploughing up pasture and planting grains resulted in high yields for a few years. A big disadvantage of convertible husbandry was the hard work in breaking up pastures and difficulty in establishing them. The significance of convertible husbandry is that it introduced pasture into the rotation.[11]
The farmers in Flanders (in parts of France and current day Belgium) discovered a still more effective four-field crop rotation system, using turnips and clover (a legume) as forage crops to replace the three-year crop rotation fallow year.
The four-field rotation system allowed farmers to restore soil fertility and restore some of the plant nutrients removed with the crops. Turnips first show up in the probate records in England as early as 1638 but were not widely used till about 1750. Fallow land was about 20% of the arable area in England in 1700 before turnips and clover were extensively grown. Guano and nitrates from South America were introduced in the mid-19th century and fallow steadily declined to reach only about 4% in 1900.[12] Ideally, wheat, barley, turnips and clover would be planted in that order in each field in successive years. The turnips helped keep the weeds down and were an excellent forage crop—ruminant animals could eat their tops and roots through a large part of the summer and winters. There was no need to let the soil lie fallow as clover would re-add nitrates (nitrogen-containing salts) back to the soil. The clover made excellent pasture and hay fields as well as green manure when it was ploughed under after one or two years. The addition of clover and turnips allowed more animals to be kept through the winter, which in turn produced more milk, cheese, meat and manure, which maintained soil fertility. This maintains a good amount of crops produced.

The mix of crops also changed: the area under wheat rose by 1870 to 3.5 million acres (1.4m ha), barley to 2.25m acres (0.9m ha) and oats less dramatically to 2.75m acres (1.1m ha), while rye dwindled to 60,000 acres (25,000 ha), less than a tenth of its late medieval peak. Grain yields benefited from new and better seed alongside improved rotation and fertility: wheat yields increased by a quarter in the 18th century[13] and nearly half in the 19th, averaging 30 bushels per acre (2,080 kg/ha) by the 1890s.
The Dutch and Rotherham swing (wheel-less) plough[edit]
The Dutch acquired the iron-tipped, curved mouldboard, adjustable depth plough from the Chinese in the early 17th century. It had the advantage of being able to be pulled by one or two oxen compared to the six or eight needed by the heavy wheeled northern European plough. The Dutch plough was brought to Britain by Dutch contractors who were hired to drain East Anglian fens and Somerset moors. The plough was extremely successful on wet, boggy soil, but was soon used on ordinary land.[14][15]
British improvements included Joseph Foljambe's cast iron plough (patented 1730), which combined an earlier Dutch design with a number of innovations. Its fittings and coulter were made of iron and the mouldboard and share were covered with an iron plate, making it easier to pull and more controllable than previous ploughs. By the 1760s Foljambe was making large numbers of these ploughs in a factory outside of Rotherham, England, using standard patterns with interchangeable parts. The plough was easy for a blacksmith to make, but by the end of the 18th century it was being made in rural foundries.[15][16][17] By 1770 it was the cheapest and best plough available. It spread to Scotland, America, and France.[15]
Enclosure[edit]
See also: Enclosure, Common land, and Tragedy of the commons
Conjectural map of a mediaeval English manor. The part allocated to "common pasture" is shown in the north-east section, shaded green.
In Europe, agriculture was feudal from the Middle Ages. In the traditional open field system, many subsistence farmers cropped strips of land in large fields held in common and divided the produce. They typically worked under the auspices of the aristocracy or the Catholic Church, who owned much of the land.
As early as the 12th century, some fields in England tilled under the open field system were enclosed into individually owned fields. The Black Death from 1348 onward accelerated the break-up of the feudal system in England.[18] Many farms were bought by yeomen who enclosed their property and improved their use of the land. More secure control of the land allowed the owners to make innovations that improved their yields. Other husbandmen rented property they "share cropped" with the land owners. Many of these enclosures were accomplished by acts of Parliament in the 16th and 17th centuries.
The process of enclosing property accelerated in the 15th and 16th centuries. The more productive enclosed farms meant that fewer farmers were needed to work the same land, leaving many villagers without land and grazing rights. Many of them moved to the cities in search of work in the emerging factories of the Industrial Revolution. Others settled in the English colonies. English Poor Laws were enacted to help these newly poor.
Some practices of enclosure were denounced by the Church, and legislation was drawn up against it; but the large, enclosed fields were needed for the gains in agricultural productivity from the 16th to 18th centuries. This controversy led to a series of government acts, culminating in the General Enclosure Act of 1801 which sanctioned large-scale land reform.
The process of enclosure was largely complete by the end of the 18th century.
Development of a national market[edit]
Markets were widespread by 1500 with about 800 locations in Britain. These were regulated and not free. The most important development between the 16th century and the mid-19th century was the development of private marketing. By the 19th century, marketing was nationwide and the vast majority of agricultural production was for market rather than for the farmer and his family. The 16th-century market radius was about 10 miles, which could support a town of 10,000.[19]
The next stage of development was trading between markets, requiring merchants, credit and forward sales, knowledge of markets and pricing and of supply and demand in different markets. Eventually, the market evolved into a national one driven by London and other growing cities. By 1700, there was a national market for wheat.
Legislation regulating middlemen required registration, addressed weights and measures, fixing of prices and collection of tolls by the government. Market regulations were eased in 1663 when people were allowed some self-regulation to hold inventory, but it was forbidden to withhold commodities from the market in an effort to increase prices. In the late 18th century, the idea of self-regulation was gaining acceptance.[20]
The lack of internal tariffs, customs barriers and feudal tolls made Britain "the largest coherent market in Europe".[21]
Transportation infrastructures[edit]
High wagon transportation costs made it uneconomical to ship commodities very far outside the market radius by road, generally limiting shipment to less than 20 or 30 miles to market or to a navigable waterway. Water transport was, and in some cases still is, much more efficient than land transport. In the early 19th century it cost as much to transport a ton of freight 32 miles by wagon over an unimproved road as it did to ship it 3000 miles across the Atlantic.[22] A horse could pull at most one ton of freight on a Macadam road, which was multi-layer stone covered and crowned, with side drainage. But a single horse could pull a barge weighing over 30 tons.
Commerce was aided by the expansion of roads and inland waterways. Road transport capacity grew from threefold to fourfold from 1500 to 1700.[23][24]
Railroads would eventually reduce the cost of land transport by over 95%; however they did not become important until after 1850.
Land conversion, drainage and reclamation[edit]
Another way to get more land was to convert some pasture land into arable land and recover fen land and some pastures. It is estimated that the amount of arable land in Britain grew by 10–30% through these land conversions.
The British Agricultural Revolution was aided by land maintenance advancements in Flanders and the Netherlands. Due to the large and dense population of Flanders and Holland, farmers there were forced to take maximum advantage of every bit of usable land; the country had become a pioneer in canal building, soil restoration and maintenance, soil drainage, and land reclamation technology. Dutch experts like Cornelius Vermuyden brought some of this technology to Britain.
Water-meadows were utilised in the late 16th to the 20th centuries and allowed earlier pasturing of livestock after they were wintered on hay. This increased livestock yields, giving more hides, meat, milk, and manure as well as better hay crops.
Rise in domestic farmers[edit]
With the development of regional markets and eventually a national market, aided by improved transportation infrastructures, farmers were no longer dependent on their local market and were less subject to having to sell at low prices into an oversupplied local market and not being able to sell their surpluses to distant localities that were experiencing shortages. They also became less subject to price fixing regulations. Farming became a business rather than solely a means of subsistence.[25]
Under free market capitalism, farmers had to remain competitive. To be successful, farmers had to become effective managers who incorporated the latest farming innovations in order to be low cost producers.
Selective breeding of livestock[edit]
In England, Robert Bakewell and Thomas Coke introduced selective breeding as a scientific practice, mating together two animals with particularly desirable characteristics, and also using inbreeding or the mating of close relatives, such as father and daughter, or brother and sister, to stabilise certain qualities in order to reduce genetic diversity in desirable animals programmes from the mid-18th century. Arguably, Bakewell's most important breeding programme was with sheep. Using native stock, he was able to quickly select for large, yet fine-boned sheep, with long, lustrous wool. The Lincoln Longwool was improved by Bakewell, and in turn the Lincoln was used to develop the subsequent breed, named the New (or Dishley) Leicester. It was hornless and had a square, meaty body with straight top lines.[26] Bakewell was also the first to breed cattle to be used primarily for beef. Previously, cattle were first and foremost kept for pulling ploughs as oxen or for dairy uses, with beef from surplus males as an additional bonus, but he crossed long-horned heifers and a Westmoreland bull to eventually create the Dishley Longhorn. As more and more farmers followed his lead, farm animals increased dramatically in size and quality. The average weight of a bull sold for slaughter at Smithfield was reported around 1700 as 370 pounds (170 kg), though this is considered a low estimate: by 1786, weights of 840 pounds (380 kg) were reported,[27][28] though other contemporary indicators suggest an increase of around a quarter over the intervening century.
British agriculture 1800–1900[edit]
New fertilisers, besides the organic fertilisers in manure, were slowly found as massive sodium nitrate (NaNO3) deposits found in the Atacama Desert, Chile, were brought under British financiers like John Thomas North and imports were started. Chile was happy to allow the exports of these sodium nitrates by allowing the British to use their capital to develop the mining and imposing a hefty export tax to enrich their treasury. Massive deposits of sea bird guano (11–16% N, 8–12% phosphate, and 2–3% potash), were found and started to be imported after about 1830. Significant imports of potash obtained from the ashes of trees burned in opening new agricultural lands were imported. By-products of the British meat industry like bones from the knackers' yards were ground up or crushed and sold as fertiliser. By about 1840 about 30,000 tons of bones were being processed (worth about £150,000). An unusual alternative to bones was found to be the millions of tons of fossils called coprolites found in South East England. When these were dissolved in sulphuric acid they yielded a high phosphate mixture (called "super phosphate") that plants could absorb readily and increased crop yields. Mining coprolite and processing it for fertiliser soon developed into a major industry—the first commercial fertiliser.[29] Higher yield per acre crops were also planted as potatoes went from about 300,000 acres in 1800 to about 400,000 acres in 1850 with a further increase to about 500,000 in 1900.[30] Labour productivity slowly increased at about 0.6% per year. With more capital invested, more organic and inorganic fertilisers, and better crop yields increased the food grown at about 0.5%/year—not enough to keep up with population growth.
Great Britain contained about 10.8 million people in 1801, 20.7 million in 1851 and 37.1 million by 1901. This corresponds to an annual population growth rate of 1.3% in 1801-1851 and 1.2% in 1851-1901, twice the rate of agricultural output growth.[31] In addition to land for cultivation there was also a demand for pasture land to support more livestock. The growth of arable acreage slowed from the 1830s and went into reverse from the 1870s in the face of cheaper grain imports, and wheat acreage nearly halved from 1870 to 1900.[32]
The recovery of food imports after the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) and the resumption of American trade following the War of 1812 (1812–1815) led to the enactment in 1815 of the Corn Laws (protective tariffs) to protect cereal grain producers in Britain against foreign competition. These laws were only removed in 1846 after the onset of the Irish Potato Famine in which potato late blight [33] ruined most of the Irish potato crop and brought famine to the Irish people in 1846–50. Though the blight also struck Scotland, Wales, England, and much of Europe, its effect there was far less severe since potatoes constituted a much smaller percentage of the diet than in Ireland. In addition many Britons could afford to buy specially-imported food from other countries — the famine-stricken Irish were too poor to do this. Hundreds of thousands died in the Irish famine and millions more emigrated to England, Wales, Scotland, Canada, Australia, Europe, and the United States, reducing the population from about 8.5 million in 1845 to 4.3 million by 1921.
Between 1873 and 1879 British agriculture suffered from wet summers that damaged grain crops. Cattle farmers were hit by foot-and-mouth disease, and sheep farmers by sheep liver rot. The poor harvests, however, masked a greater threat to British agriculture: growing imports of foodstuffs from abroad. The development of the steam ship and the development of extensive railway networks in Britain and the USA allowed US farmers with much larger and more productive farms to export hard grain to Britain at a price that undercut the British farmers. At the same time, large amounts of cheap corned beef started to arrive from Argentina, and the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and the development of refrigerator ships (reefers) in about 1880 opened the British market to cheap meat and wool from Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina. The Long Depression was a worldwide economic recession that began in 1873 and ended around 1896. It hit the agricultural sector hard and was the most severe in Europe and the United States, which had been experiencing strong economic growth fuelled by the Second Industrial Revolution in the decade following the American Civil War. By 1900 half the meat eaten in Britain came from abroad and tropical fruits such as bananas were also being imported on the new refrigerator ships.
Seed planting[edit]
Before the introduction of the seed drill, the common practice was to plant seeds by broadcasting (evenly throwing) them across the ground by hand on the prepared soil and then lightly harrowing the soil to cover the seed. Seeds left on top of the ground were eaten by birds, insects, and mice. There was no control over spacing and seeds were planted too close together and too far apart. Alternately seeds could be laboriously planted one by one using a hoe and/or a shovel. Cutting down on wasted seed was important because the yield of seeds harvested to seeds planted at that time was around four or five.
The seed drill was introduced from China to Italy in the mid-16th century where it was patented by the Venetian Senate.[34] Jethro Tull invented an improved seed drill in 1701. It was a mechanical seeder which distributed seeds evenly across a plot of land and at the correct depth. Tull's seed drill was very expensive and not very reliable and therefore did not have much of an impact. Good quality seed drills were not produced until the mid-18th century.
Significance[edit]
The Agricultural Revolution was part of a long process of improvement, but sound advice on farming began to appear in England in the mid-17th century, from writers such as Samuel Hartlib, Walter Blith and others,[35] and the overall agricultural productivity of Britain started to grow significantly only in the period of the Agricultural Revolution. It is estimated that total agricultural output grew 2.7-fold between 1700 and 1870 and output per worker at a similar rate.
Despite its name, the Agricultural Revolution in Britain did not result in overall productivity per hectare of agricultural area as high as in China, where intensive cultivation (including multiple annual cropping in many areas) had been practised for many centuries.[36][37]
The Agricultural Revolution in Britain proved to be a major turning point in history, allowing population to far exceed earlier peaks and sustain the country's rise to industrial pre-eminence. Towards the end of the 19th century, the substantial gains in British agricultural productivity were rapidly offset by competition from cheaper imports, made possible by the exploitation of new lands and advances in transportation, refrigeration, and other technologies.
See also[edit]
Agriculture in the United Kingdom#History
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Richards, Denis; Hunt, J.W. (1983). An Illustrated History of Modern Britain: 1783-1980 (3rd ed.). Hong Kong: Longman Group UK LTD. p. 7. ISBN 0-582-33130-7.
Jump up ^ Overton 1996, p. 206.
Jump up ^ G.E. Mingay (ed), The Agricultural Revolution: Changes in Agriculture 1650-1880 (1977), p.3
Jump up ^ Peter Jones, Agricultural Enlightenment: Knowledge, Technology, and Nature, 1750-1840 (2016), p.7
Jump up ^ See also Joel Mokry, The Enlightened Economy: Britain and the Industrial Revolution 1700-1850 (2009), p.173
^ Jump up to: a b Overton 1996, p. 1
Jump up ^ R. W. Sturgess, "The Agricultural Revolution on the English Clays." Agricultural History Review (1966): 104-121. in JSTOIR
Jump up ^ Apostolides, Alexander; "English Agricultural Output And Labour Productivity, 1250–1850: Some Preliminary Estimates" [1] Accessed 21 Mar 2012
Jump up ^ Overton 1996, p. 117
Jump up ^ Overton 1996, p. 167
Jump up ^ Overton 1996
Jump up ^ Fallow Land [2] Accessed 20 March 2012
Jump up ^ Overton 1996, p. 77.
Jump up ^ Overton 1996
^ Jump up to: a b c Temple 1986, pp. 18, 20
Jump up ^ "The Rotherham Plough". Rotherham: The Unofficial Website. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Rotherham Plough". Rotherham.co.uk. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Landes, David S. (1969). The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-521-09418-6.
Jump up ^ Overton 1996, pp. 134–6
Jump up ^ Overton 1996, pp. 135, 145
Jump up ^ Landes, David. S. (1969). The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present. Cambridge, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 46. ISBN 0-521-09418-6.
Jump up ^ Taylor, George Rogers (1969). The Transportation Revolution, 1815-1860. p. 132. ISBN 978-0873321013.
Jump up ^ Overton 1996, pp. 137–140
Jump up ^ Grubler, Arnulf (1990). The Rise and Fall of Infrastructures: Dynamics of Evolution and Technological Change in transport (PDF). Heidelberg and New York: Physica-Verlag.
Jump up ^ Overton 1996, pp. 205–6
Jump up ^ "Robert Bakewell (1725 - 1795)". BBC History. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
Jump up ^ John R. Walton, "The diffusion of the improved Shorthorn breed of cattle in Britain during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers (1984): 22-36. in JSTOR
Jump up ^ John R. Walton, "Pedigree and the national cattle herd circa 1750–1950." Agricultural History Review (1986): 149-170. in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Coprolite Fertilizer Industry in Britain. Accessed 3 April 2012.
Jump up ^ British food puzzle. Accessed 6 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "English Agricultural Output and Labour Productivity, 1250–1850: Some Preliminary Estimates". Accessed 21 March 2012.
Jump up ^ British Agricultural Statistics. Accessed 6 April 2011.
Jump up ^ http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/factsheets/Potato_LateBlt.htm. Accessed 6 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Temple, Robert (1986). The Genius of China: 3000 years of science, discovery and invention. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Jump up ^ Thirsk. 'Walter Blith' in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online edn, Jan 2008
Jump up ^ Merson, John (1990). The Genius That Was China: East and West in the Making of the Modern World. Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press. pp. 23–6. ISBN 0-87951-397-7A companion to the PBS Series “The Genius That Was China”
Jump up ^ Temple, Robert; Joseph Needham (1986). The Genius of China: 3000 years of science, discovery and invention. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 26Temple estimates Chinese crop yields were between 10 and twenty times higher than in the West. This is not the case. Perkins finds an average Chinese grain yield about twice the late 18th-century European average. China's advantage was in intensive land use and high labour inputs, rather than in individual crop yields (except for rice, suited only to some parts of Mediterranean Europe). −
Further reading[edit]
Ang, James B., Rajabrata Banerjee, and Jakob B. Madsen. "Innovation and productivity advances in British agriculture: 1620-1850." Southern Economic Journal 80.1 (2013): 162-186.
Campbell, Bruce M. S., and Mark Overton. "A new perspective on medieval and early modern agriculture: six centuries of Norfolk farming c. 1250-c. 1850." Past and Present (1993): 38-105. in JSTOR
Clark, Gregory. "Too much revolution: Agriculture in the industrial revolution, 1700–1860." in The British Industrial Revolution: An Economic Perspective (2nd ed. 1999) pp: 206-240.
Dodd, William (1847). The Laboring Classes of England : especially those engaged in agriculture and manufactures; in a series of letters. Boston: John Putnam.
Fletcher, T. W. "The Great Depression of English Agriculture 1873–1896." Economic History Review (1961) 13#3 pp: 417–432. online
Harrison, L. F. C. (1989). The Common People, a History from the Norman Conquest to the Present. Glasgow: Fontana. ISBN 978-0-00-686163-8.
Hoyle, Richard W., ed. (2013). The Farmer in England, 1650–1980. Ashgate. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Kerridge, Eric (2013). The Agricultural Revolution. Routledge.
Mingay, Gordon E. "The" Agricultural Revolution" in English History: A Reconsideration." Agricultural History (1963): 123-133. in JSTOR
--do.-- The Agricultural Revolution: Changes in Agriculture, 1650-1880. (Documents in Economic History.) Black, 1977 ISBN 0713617039
Overton, Mark (1996). Agricultural Revolution in England: The transformation of the agrarian economy 1500-1850. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56859-3.
Overton, Mark (2002). Agricultural Revolution in England 1500 - 1850. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56859-5.
Snell, K.D.M. (1985). Annals of the Labouring Poor, Social Change and Agrarian England 1660–1900. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24548-6.
Taylor (1969). Missing or empty |title= (help)
Temple, Robert (1986). The Genius of China: 3000 years of science, discovery and invention. Simon and Schuster.
Thirsk, Joan (2004). "Blith, Walter (bap. 1605, d. 1654)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.
Historiography[edit]
Allen, Robert C. "Tracking the Agricultural Revolution in England." Economic History Review (1999) 52#2 pp: 209-235. online
Overton, Mark (1996). "Re-establishing the English Agricultural Revolution". Agricultural History Review: 1–20. JSTOR 40275062.
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