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London sewerage system
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Map of the London sewerage system from 1882.
The London sewerage system is part of the water infrastructure serving London, England. The modern system was developed during the late 19th century, and as London has grown the system has been expanded. It is currently owned and operated by Thames Water and serves almost all of Greater London.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Modern development needs
2.1 Thames Tideway Scheme
3 Literary or media references
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
The original Abbey Mills pumping station
Interior of the Octagon at Crossness showing its elaborate decorative ironwork, which was heavily influenced by Moorish imagery
During the early 19th century the River Thames was an open sewer, with disastrous consequences for public health in London, including cholera epidemics. These were caused by enterotoxin-producing strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Although the contamination of the water supply was correctly diagnosed by Dr John Snow in 1849 as the method of communication, it was believed that miasma, or bad air, was responsible right up to the outbreak of 1866.[1] Proposals to modernise the sewerage system had been made during 1856, but were neglected due to lack of funds. However, after the Great Stink of 1858, Parliament realised the urgency of the problem and resolved to create a modern sewerage system.[2]
Joseph Bazalgette, a civil engineer and Chief Engineer of the Metropolitan Board of Works, was given responsibility for the work. He designed an extensive underground sewerage system that diverted waste to the Thames Estuary, downstream of the main centre of population. Six main interceptor sewers, totalling almost 160 km (100 miles) in length, were constructed, some incorporating stretches of London's "lost" rivers. Three of these sewers were north of the river, the southernmost, low-level one being incorporated in the Thames Embankment. The Embankment also allowed new roads, new public gardens, and the Circle line of the London Underground. Victoria Embankment was finally officially opened on 13 July 1870.[3][4]
The intercepting sewers, constructed between 1859 and 1865, were fed by 450 miles (720 km) of main sewers that, in turn, conveyed the contents of some 13,000 miles (21,000 km) of smaller local sewers. Construction of the interceptor system required 318 million bricks, 2.7 million cubic metres of excavated earth and 670,000 cubic metres of concrete.[5] The innovative use of Portland cement strengthened the tunnels, which were in good order 150 years later.[6]
Gravity allows the sewage to flow eastwards, but in places such as Chelsea, Deptford and Abbey Mills, pumping stations were built to raise the water and provide sufficient flow. Sewers north of the Thames feed into the Northern Outfall Sewer, which feeds into a major treatment works at Beckton. South of the river, the Southern Outfall Sewer extends to a similar facility at Crossness.
During the 20th century, major improvements were made to the sewerage system and to the sewage treatment provision to substantially reduce pollution of the Thames Estuary and the North Sea.
Modern development needs[edit]
The new Abbey Mills Pumping Station
The original system was designed to cope with 6.5 mm (1/4") per hour of rainfall within the catchment area, and supported a smaller population than today's. London's growth has put pressure on the capacity of the sewerage system. During storms, for example, high levels of rainfall (in excess of 6 mm per hour) in a short period of time can overwhelm the system. Sewers and treatment works are unable to cope with the large volumes of rainwater entering the system. Rainwater mixes with sewage in combined sewers and excess mixed water is discharged into the Thames. If this does not happen quickly enough, localised flooding occurs (surcharge). Such sanitary sewer overflow can mean streets becoming flooded with a mixture of water and sewage, causing a health risk.
In redeveloping the Isle of Dogs and Royal Docks areas of east London during the late 1980s and early 1990s, the London Docklands Development Corporation invested in major new drainage infrastructure to manage future sewage and surface water run-off from proposed developments. Consulting engineer Sir William Halcrow & Partners designed a system of large diameter tunnels served by new pumping stations. In the Royal Docks, approximately 16 miles (25 km) of foul and surface water drains were built, plus pumping stations at Tidal Basin (designed by Richard Rogers Partnership) and North Woolwich (architect: Nicholas Grimshaw).[7] The Isle of Dogs drainage network is served by a stormwater pumping station situated in Stewart Street, designed by John Outram Associates.[8]
Thames Tideway Scheme[edit]
Main article: Thames Tideway Scheme
Increasing the carrying capacity of London's sewerage system has been debated for some years. Proposals for the 'Thames Tideway' include a wide diameter storage-and-transfer tunnel (internal diameters of 7.2 m and 9 m have been suggested), 22 miles (35 km) long, underneath the riverbed of the Thames between Hammersmith in the west and Beckton/Crossness in the east,[9] but as the cost of such a megaproject is likely to be substantial (estimated at £1.7 billion in 2004), investment decisions have been slow in forthcoming. In March 2007 the Mayor of London announced that the project will proceed with completion expected by 2020.[10]
Because design and construction of such a tunnel will take an estimated 15 years, a shorter-term (and slightly lower cost) interim solution has also been developed. This £1.6 billion scheme (2006 prices) involves two shorter tunnels (one taking storm water from Hammersmith to Battersea for treatment or storage, the other carrying water from Abbey Mills south to the river at Beckton) and improvements to associated treatment facilities.[11]
Literary or media references[edit]
The system plays a large part in English writer Neil Gaiman's 1996 novel Neverwhere.
The system plays a part in Australian writer Michael Robotham's 2005 novel Lost (a.k.a. The Drowning Man).
It featured as one of the Seven Wonders of the Industrial World in the BBC television series of the same name.
Eleanor Updale's Montmorency (beginning with Montmorency: Liar Thief Gentleman?) novels are set against the backdrop of construction of the London sewerage system.
The construction of the London sewer system is central to the plot of Anne Perry's 2006 novel Dark Assassin, in which the Great Stink is also mentioned.
The title character from Terry Pratchett's Dodger, based on the Artful Dodger from Oliver Twist, spends much of his time in London's sewers alongside notable historical figures including Bazalgette.
See also[edit]
Medical Officer of Health for London
Metropolitan Commission of Sewers
Tosher
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Cadbury, Deborah (2003). Seven Wonders of the Industrial World. London and New York: Fourth Estate. pp. 165–6, 189–192.
Jump up ^ Abellán 2017, p. 9.
Jump up ^ Cadbury 2003, pp. 194–196.
Jump up ^ Baker, Margaret (2002). Discovering London Statues and Monuments. Osprey Publishing. p. 125. ISBN 9780747804956.
Jump up ^ Goodman, David C. and Chant, Colin (1999). European Cities and Technology (London: Routledge).
Jump up ^ Cadbury 2003, p. 183.
Jump up ^ Royal Docks, LDDC Completion Booklet, 1998
Jump up ^ "Pumping Station" – An 'Architectural Primer', John Outram. Retrieved 2011-09-30.
Jump up ^ Brown, Paul (10 April 2004). "£2bn tunnel to carry sewage under Thames". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "London's new sewer". Metro. UK. 22 March 2007. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Lee Tunnel, Thames Water. Accessed 2011-07-20.
References[edit]
Abellán, Javier (2017). Water supply and sanitation services in modern Europe: developments in 19th-20th centuries. 12th International Conference of the Spanish Association of Economic History. University of Salamanca.
Trench, R. and Hillman, E. (1984) London Under London: A Subterranean Guide (London: John Murray).
External links[edit]
Tales of the underworld from The Guardian Wednesday 30 March 2005
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Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Evermore"
Song by Dan Stevens
from the album Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Released
March 10, 2017
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2016
Length
3:14
Label
Walt Disney
Songwriter(s)
Alan Menken
Tim Rice
Producer(s)
Alan Menken
Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack track listing
"Beauty and the Beast"
(13) "Evermore"
(14) "The Mob Song"
(15)
"Evermore" is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Tim Rice for the musical fantasy film Beauty and the Beast (2017), a live-action remake of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name. Originally recorded for the film by English actor Dan Stevens, who performs the song in his starring role as the titular Beast, "Evermore" was first released as a single by American singer Josh Groban on March 3, 2017. Stevens' version was made available on March 10, 2017 when the film's soundtrack was released online, while Groban's single is played in closing credits.
In the animated film, the Beast barely sings because Menken and original Beauty and the Beast lyricist Howard Ashman had not been able to determine a moment within the film during which it would have been suitable for the character to perform his own song. Initially, Menken had especially wanted the Beast to perform "If I Can't Love Her", a song he and Rice had written for the character to sing in stage adaptation of the animated film, in the remake, but ultimately decided that an entirely new song that establishes that the Beast has finally learned how to love would be more appropriate due to the film's three-act structure.
"Evermore" is a somber Broadway musical-influenced power ballad; its lyrics explore themes such as true love, heartbreak, loneliness and sacrifice. In Beauty and the Beast, "Evermore" is performed by the Beast shortly after he releases Belle from the castle so that she may return to her village and aid her father. The Beast realizes he loves Belle and, despite knowing that freeing her will further jeopardize his chances of becoming human again, ultimately sacrifices his own happiness in return for Belle's. Critical reception towards "Evermore" has been mostly positive, with both film and music critics dubbing it the best of the remake's three original songs amidst comparisons to its precedent "If I Can't Love Her". Critics frequently recognized Stevens among the cast's best vocalists and agreed that "Evermore" is a strong contender for an Academy Award for a Best Original Song nomination at the 90th Academy Awards, however it was not nominated for the category.
Contents
[hide]
1 Writing and recording
2 Context and use in Beauty and the Beast
3 Composition and lyrics
4 Release and reception
5 Chart performance
6 Josh Groban version
7 References
Writing and recording[edit]
Composer Alan Menken wanted to include "If I Can't Love Her", a song he had written for the Beast in the Broadway adaptation, in the film, but was ultimately convinced to write "Evermore" instead.
Director Bill Condon originally intended to include most songs from the Broadway musical adaptation of Beauty and the Beast in the remake. However, Disney ultimately decided to recruit composer Alan Menken and lyricist Tim Rice to write entirely new songs for the film instead.[1] Original Beauty and the Beast composer Menken reunited with Rice, with whom he had previously collaborated on Disney's animated film Aladdin (1992),[2] to write three new songs for the remake.[3] Rice once again replaced original Beauty and the Beast lyricist Howard Ashman, who had passed away shortly before the animated film's release in 1991,[4] similar to the way in which he replaced the lyricist to aid Menken in writing new material for the 1994 stage adaptation.[5] Menken believes that the songs he and Rice had written for the stage musical would not have translated well to the screen due to structural differences between the two formats.[6]
In the original animated film, the Beast does little singing apart from a brief solo during "Something There" because Menken and Ashman had not been able to agree upon a suitable moment within the film during which the Beast could have performed his own song.[7][1] However, Menken considered it imperative that the character sing a solo in both the stage and live-action adaptations because he believes the Beast is actually the story's protagonist "whose life has changed in the most dramatic way."[1] In the stage production, the Beast performs the ballad "If I Can't Love Her" after he frightens Belle away from the castle, wondering if he will ever be able to love anyone since he struggles to love her.[1] Menken and Condon had deliberated whether or not the song should be re-used in the remake;[8] despite Menken's strong attachment to "If I Can't Love Her",[5] the musical number was ultimately omitted because it had been written specifically to conclude the first act of a Broadway musical.[1] Screenwriter Stephen Chbosky had originally suggested that the character receive a new song to perform some time after he has saved Belle from the wolves.[9] Due to the remake's three-act structure, Menken and Condon concluded that it would be best to replace "If I Can't Love Her" with a song that better depicts the Beast's feelings for Belle after he has finally learned to love her and realizes she is no longer his prisoner, while accepting the grimm reality that releasing her would ultimately decrease his chances of becoming human again.[8] Rice, who co-wrote "If I Can't Love Her" with Menken, further convinced the composer to substitute "If I Can't Love Her" with a more appropriate song, joking, "it would be like writing 'Don't Cry for Me Brazil',"[10] referring to "Don't Cry for Me Argentina", a song he famously wrote for the stage musical Evita.[11]
Originally entitled "For Evermore",[12] "Evermore" was written by composer Menken and lyricist Rice.[13] The last of the three original songs written for the remake, "Evermore" was completed considerably late into production after the filmmakers finally agreed that the Beast should perform his own.[14] Written in Spring 2015 in London, England, Menken quickly composed its melody before Rice contributed lyrics revolving around the Beast releasing Belle.[14] Actor Dan Stevens, who portrays the Beast and performs "Evermore", had little singing experience prior to being cast in the film.[12] Before "Evermore" was written, Condon informed Stevens that he would be singing a new song in his role as Beast.[15] Having not sung professionally since childhood, Stevens was required to retrain his singing voice, the process of which he found challenging.[16] To prepare for the recording, Stevens received extensive vocal coaching from vocal coach Ann-Marie Speed in addition to working closely with Menken.[12][17] Stevens first recorded a "guide track" for "Evermore" before he and Menken revisited the track to modify specific lines and notes.[15] To make the actor sound more "beast-like", sound engineers digitally modified Stevens' voice,[18] which Menken produced himself.[14] Auto-Tune was used to make Stevens' voice sound lower and heavier.[19][20] Menken continued making minor changes to the song well into production.[15] On recording a new song, Stevens said, "the pressure's sort of off — but it's also on — because it doesn't have to sound like it did before, but it should sound good enough to sit alongside the music that's already pretty great."[15] Stevens agreed that the song is "a big, romantic, soaring number" about the Beast lamenting "I've fallen in love with her, and now she's buggered off, woe is me", while "If I Can't Love Her" is "How am I going to fall in love with her?"[12] Replacing "If I Can't Love Her" with "Evermore" helped make the songwriters eligible for an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song.[21][22]
Context and use in Beauty and the Beast[edit]
One of at least nine significant ways in which the remake deviates from its source material,[23] "Evermore" is among the film's songs that emphasize the sadness and loneliness of both the Beast and Belle's situations.[24] Occurring approximately two-thirds into the film,[25] the song assumes a role that was originally occupied by the song "If I Can't Love Her" in the Broadway musical,[26] identified by Fred Hawson of ABS-CBN News as "a grand moving solo" during which the Beast sincerely expresses his undying feelings for Belle.[27][28] In Beauty and the Beast, "Evermore" appears as a solo performed by the Beast shortly before "The Mob Song" as the film approaches its dramatic climax.[29][3] After the Beast and Belle (Emma Watson) share a dance in the castle's ballroom to Mrs. Potts (Emma Thompson) singing "Beauty and the Beast", the couple has a conversation during which the Beast learns how much Belle actually misses her father, Maurice (Kevin Kline).[30] Finally admitting that Belle is no longer his prisoner,[31] the character sings "Evermore" shortly after he releases the heroine from the castle,[32] insisting that she return to her village and protect Maurice from Gaston (Luke Evans).[33] Believing that Belle has been lost to him forever,[34] the Beast is heartbroken by the character's departure and laments his misfortune by performing "Evermore",[4] accepting that releasing his former prisoner makes breaking the enchantress' spell more difficult, even impossible.[23] Serving as a culmination of both the Beast's personal and emotional journeys,[35] Tracy Goldman of The Cornell Daily Sun observed that the song "adds more depth to the character" by "highlighting the changes he goes through throughout the movie."[36]
Similar to "If I Can't Love Her", "Evermore" provides the Beast with "a stronger voice".[37] The song occurs at a pivotal moment in the film during which the Beast bemoans his decision to free Belle,[38] while uncovering both his inner pain and growth as a character as he voices "a sad sense of longing."[39] For the first time, audiences learn exactly how the Beast feels when he allows Belle to rescue Maurice,[40] summarizing his love for her.[41] In the musical sequence, the Beast continues to climb higher up the turret of his castle to watch Belle as she rides away on her horse and gradually disappears into the distance.[30] Staged in a way that resembles a live musical due to Stevens' performance and its cinematography,[40] the orchestra increases and swells as the anguished Beast continues to climb.[42] Menken explained that the character, singing "with a raw emotion",[43] watches Belle leave while thinking to himself "I know what love is now, and it's wonderful, even though I'll never see her again",[44] and "Evermore" captures the Beast's agony as he watches the woman he loves leave him.[45] Citing the song as an example of the film's characters resorting to singing whenever they find that they are not able to speak, Condon described "Evermore" as one of the film's "dramatic high points", proving that the Beast has finally become "worthy of love".[8] For the Beast, the song represents "an ode to his love for Belle and his unending, longing devotion as she rides away from him, possibly forever",[46] serving as "a profound meditation on his own isolation and heartache".[47] According to Menken, the character is "basically singing about how he now knows what love is".[30] The Beast is now shown to be capable of feeling and expressing human emotions,[19] namely heartbreak, loneliness and helplessness,[46] having learned about true love and sacrifice.[48] According to Zoe Nicholson of The Daily Gamecock, "Evermore" "adds humanity not yet seen in a character regarded as savage or spoiled rotten."[49] Walt Disney Studios president of music and soundtracks Mitchell Leib described the scene as the film's "Phantom of the Opera moment."[14] Traditionally in Disney films, heroines are typically assigned "rousing" musical numbers to perform.[50] Screen Rant contributor Kacey Spivey observed that Belle's departure and the scene represents a reversal of the traditional fairy tale trope in which a princess is trapped in a tower.[46] Instead the Beast is confined to his tower, longing for the heroine to return and free him from his enchantment.[46] Brett Nachman compared the scene to Quasimodo performing "Out There" in Disney's animated musical The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996).[26]
Composition and lyrics[edit]
Distinguished for being the remake's "most powerful" original song,[42] "Evermore" has been described as a "big" and "romantic" number by music critics.[17] A "soaring ballad" bolstered by "grand orchestration",[26][51] WTOP's Jason Fraley described "Evermore" as a "haunting song of longing";[3] a "mournful love song" that crescendos into a powerful lament about lost love.[18][52][53] An emotionally delivered power ballad,[54][55] the Belfast Telegraph agreed that the ballad is "a soaring lament of longing".[56] The accompaniment begins with the Beast's "eerie" theme before transitioning into a solo,[28] first emerging from the film's "Rose" theme before taking on its central melody and instrumental bridge.[57] Despite being a miserable "lovesick ballad",[58] the somber tone of which Chris Knight of the National Post likened to songs from the musical Les Misérables,[59] the ballad is a more upbeat offering than its Broadway counterpart, "If I Can't Love Her",[60] "captur[ing] the elaborate aesthetic of musical theatre".[61] However, the track remains one of the more melancholy inclusions on a soundtrack that consists of largely upbeat songs and musical numbers,[62] contributing a sense of emotional depth to the album.[63] Writing for Elle, Alyssa Bailey dubbed the song a "Broadway version of a breakup ballad",[64] which features the lyrics "I let her steal into my melancholy heart/It's more than I can bear,"[65] as "swoon[ed]" by Stevens.[66][67] Musically, the track bears similarities to songs from Disney's animated film The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996), which Menken himself also composed,[20] and it has been compared to the work of musical theatre composer Andrew Lloyd Webber.[39]
"Evermore"'s lamenting melody is paired with lyrics that express loneliness,[68] accompanied by heavy orchestration that swells and loudens as the ballad progresses.[42] Both "brooding" and hopeful at the same time,[57] Jay Jason of Comicbook.com believes that the song's lyrics are inspired by the popular saying "If you love someone, let them go."[69] Stevens' voice quavers with emotion when he sings the phrase "I never needed anybody in my life".[20] Amanda Greever of The Daily Times insists that the song's lyrics will move all listeners to tears.[70] Featuring lyrics that revolve around heartache and heartbreak,[71] "Evermore"'s chorus reads: "Now I know she'll never leave me/Even as she runs away/She will still torment me/Call me, hurt me/Move me, come what may/Wasting in my lonely tower/Waiting by an open door/I'll fool myself, she'll walk right in/And be with me for evermore",[64] which Stevens performs vulnerably.[4] The track also discusses themes such as true love, sacrifice and learning to understand love.[48][72] Stevens sings within the vocal range of a "deep, resonating baritone" throughout the song,[73][74] which lasts a total duration of three minutes and fourteen seconds;[75] Channel NewsAsia contributor Genevieve Sarah Loh compared Stevens' voice, whose notes are suspended by the instrumentation,[76] to "melted-chocolate",[77] gradually becoming more human-sounding as the song progresses.[78] Belting comfortably,[79] Stevens' voice has been compared to that of Terrence Man, the actor who originated the role of the Beast in the Broadway adaptation and recorded "If I Can't Love Her".[26] Some traces of Auto-Tune can be heard in Stevens' performance.[60]
Release and reception[edit]
When Disney released the film's first official trailer in November 2016, Billboard's Taylor Weatherby ranked "Evermore" fifth on the magazine's ranking of "6 Songs We're Most Excited to Hear" from the remake.[71] Stevens' version of "Evermore" was released on March 10, 2017 as a track on the Beauty and the Beast soundtrack.[33] Menken's demo version of the song is included on deluxe editions of the album.[80]
"Evermore" has garnered mostly positive reviews from both film and music critics,[citation needed] becoming "a fan favorite of the musical additions."[81] Vulture.com's Sarah Caldwell commended the studio's "audacious" decision to insert a new musical number that immediately follows the film's most famous tune, its title song.[82] Writing for Stuff.co.nz, James Croot appreciated "Evermore" for both "enhanc[ing] the story" and allowing the Beast to sing.[83] Similarly, Katlin Risen, writing for The State Journal-Register, agreed that the song is "a lovely addition to the story".[84] Including "Evermore" among "the new movie's highlights", the Christian Broadcasting Network reviewed it as "a wonderful, heartbreaking ballad".[85] In addition to Thompson's rendition of the title song, the Daily Bruin's Matthew Fernandez highlighted the track as "the only other song that matches the grandeur of the classic Disney works".[86] Writing for the British Film Institute, Kate Stables agreed that "Evermore" remains "the only standout among the film’s forgettable trio of new songs."[53] Lindsay Bahr of the Associated Press reviewed "Evermore" as "a more fitting ballad for the Beast" than "If I Can't Love Her",[87] while Her Campus' Justine Steiner described the ballad as "infectious".[88] Andrew Gaug of News-Press NOW called the musical number "a welcome addition" to the film.[89] Xposé's Marese O'Sullivan claims to have particularly "adored" the song.[45] Cameron Meier of Orlando Weekly lauded "Evermore" as "the dramatic highlight of" the film, "almost enticing me to arise and applaud",[37] while Metro's Sarah Deen dubbed it "an instant classic".[90]
The Beast is portrayed by English actor Dan Stevens. His vocal performance on "Evermore" has garnered critical acclaim; some film critics dubbed him the cast's strongest singer.
Critics agreed that Stevens' "powerful" performance of the song is a highlight of the film.[91] Praising Stevens for "blow[ing] viewers out of the water" with his voice, the Yakima Herald-Republic's Danielle Niemann hailed the piece as "a simply awe-inspiring piece of music" that "can send chills up viewers' spines, causing them to lose focus on everything but [Stevens]".[76] Jason Fraley of WTOP agreed that Stevens' performance "will give you chills", crowning "Evermore" the "Best of" Beauty and the Beast's original songs.[3] The Salt Lake Tribune film critic Sean P. Means wrote that the track "gives Stevens a nice moment to pour out the tragic hero's broken heart."[4] According to The Toronto Star's Peter Howell, "Evermore" establishes Stevens among "the [cast's] best singers",[92] while La Presse's Sonia Sarfati was moved by the actor's interpretation.[93] Varsity contributor Robert Crawford appreciated Stevens for "add[ing] a welcome, spine-tingling melancholy moment to an otherwise joyous score."[62] CIHR-FM's Shelby Knox concluded that, despite the actor's limited singing experience, Stevens "shows a lot of promise", dubbing his song the film's "stand out".[78] Meanwhile, MTV included the song at number four on their ranking of "All 14 Songs from Disney's Live-action Beauty and the Beast"; author Crystal Bell claims that she would have ranked "Evermore" higher if Stevens' voice hadn't been manipulated to sound deeper than it is.[20] Bell went on to write that the song sounds like "a B side off The Hunchback of Notre Dame", which she insists is "the highest compliment I can give a song."[20]
Dismissing the song as inferior to "If I Can't Love Her", ReelViews film critic James Berardinelli described "Evermore" as a "solid" but ultimately unmemorable song.[73] However, Berardinelli agreed that Stevens possesses the "best voice" in the cast, wishing his character "had more opportunities to use it".[73] Angie Han of Mashable admitted that the song "fares a little better" than "How Does a Moment Last Forever" and "Days in the Sun", but ultimately accused it of slowing the film down unnecessarily.[52] Maria Sciullo of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette felt that the ballad "lacks the sheer power of 'If I Can't Love Her'" in addition to finding Stevens' performance difficult to evaluate due to his use of Auto-Tune.[60] Zimbio contributor Lani Conway reviewed Stevens' "very deep voice" as "confusing as hell."[94] IGN's Eric Goldman unimpressed with the track, reviewing "Evermore" as "uninspired and hard to recall after the fact."[95] Criticizing the ballad for being unnecessary and "excessively sentimental", Alexandra August of Comic Book Resources dismissed "Evermore" as a "meandering" and "mopey" tune.[96] The Rolla Daily News critic Dana Barbuto felt that the song is "less soaring than intended",[97] while Katie Walsh, writing for The Sun Chronicle, disparaged "Evermore" as "the perfect bathroom break"; a "snooze-worthy tune does nothing for the already dragging story", encouraging audience members to skip it.[25]
Fred Hawson of ABS-CBN News said "Evermore" was a strong contender for an Academy Award for Best Original Song nomination.[98] The Hollywood Reporter's Scott Feinberg said that "Evermore" is the "strongest" prospective Best Original Song nominee from the film,[99] while Paul Sheehan of Golderby said that the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences would most likely favor "Evermore" over "How Does a Moment Last Forever" and "Days in the Sun".[38] In December 2017, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences revealed that "Evermore" was one among 70 songs that the organization shortlisted for Best Original Song consideration.[100][101] Ultimately, "Evermore" did not earn a nomination in the category (nor did any other original composition from the remake),[102] which some critics have viewed as a snub given the popularity of the song and the film.[22]
Chart performance[edit]
Although Stevens' version of the song was never released as a single, its popularity combined with that of the film and its related soundtrack resulted in the track charting on several charts due to digital download sales.[103] "Evermore" peaked at number 18 and 46 on the US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles and US Digital Songs charts, respectively, on April 8, 2017, spending one week on both charts.[103]
Chart (2017)
Peak
position
US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[104]
18
US Digital Songs (Billboard)[105]
46
Josh Groban version[edit]
"Evermore"
Single by Josh Groban
from the album Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Released
March 3, 2017
Format
Digital download
Recorded
January 2017
Genre
Operatic pop
Length
3:09
Label
Walt Disney
Songwriter(s)
Alan Menken
Tim Rice
Producer(s)
Martin Nessi
Following the release of Ariana Grande and John Legend's pop rendition of "Beauty and the Beast", Leib asked the studio for permission to release another one of Beauty and the Beast's original songs as a single ahead of the film's March 17, 2017 release date.[14] After eliminating "Days in the Sun" and confirming that Canadian singer Celine Dion would not be available to promote her cover of "How Does a Moment Last Forever", the studio ultimately decided to release "Evermore".[14] Menken and Condon had been discussing which contemporary recording artist would be capable of delivering a song as vocally "demanding" as "Evermore".[106] After briefly considering Italian opera singer Andrea Bocelli, Leib suggested American singer Josh Groban because, in his opinion, the singer's "voice is a natural fit for this showstopper of a composition."[107] Having already known Groban personally, Menken texted the singer who immediately confirmed his interest.[14] Groban recorded the song shortly after the studio made final arrangements with his manager.[14]
On January 26, 2017, Disney announced that Groban had recorded a cover of "Evermore" – still entitled "For Evermore", at the time – and revealed that his version would be included on the remake's soundtrack in addition to being played during the film's end credits.[108] Groban released a statement, saying: "I am honored to sing this beautiful new song by two of my absolute favorites, Alan Menken and Tim Rice. Beauty and the Beast has been with me since my childhood and to have a musical connection to this new film makes me so happy."[109] The announcement coincided with the studio's release of a new promotional poster for the film,[106] which Disney allowed the singer to premiere using his official Twitter account.[110] A 30-second sample of the track was uploaded to SoundCloud on February 14, 2017,[111] which Groban also shared on Twitter.[112] Groban's version was released as the second single from Beauty and the Beast's soundtrack on March 3, 2017,[64] several days before the album, on which Stevens' original rendition appears, was released.[113][114] Groban promoted the song with a performance on Good Morning America on March 14, 2017.[115][116] The occasion marked both the song's first televised performance,[13] as well as the first time an original song from the remake was performed live on television.[14]
Musically, Groban's single remains a "Broadway-like" operatic pop ballad that features the same lyrics, beginning "I was the one who had it all".[117][113] Written in the key of A major at moderately slow tempo of 96 beats per minute,[118] Groban's three-minutes-and-nine-seconds rendition[119] evokes a "sweeping, operatic quality",[112] featuring lyrics revolving about pining for true love.[120] At the same time, the single resembles contemporary Disney ballads such as Sarah McLachlan's "When She Loved Me" and Phil Collins' "You'll Be In My Heart" from the animated films Toy Story 2 and Tarzan, both of which were released in 1999, respectively.[121] According to Golderby's Paul Sheehan, the track is Groban's "heartbreaking rendition of" a "plaintive plea for love."[38] The song garnered positive reviews from critics that distinguished it from the mild controversies that had been surrounding the film at the time of its release.[120] Devan Coggan of Entertainment Weekly described the song as a "gorgeous ballad",[113] while Den of Geek praised Groban's interpretation as "immeasurable".[114] According to Elle writer Alyssa Bailey, Groban's emotional performance will cause listeners to "feel the Beast's feels".[64] Dubbing the track "one of the highlights of the album", the Daily Bruin's Matthew Fernandez reviewed the ballad as "a grand uplifting ballad centered on Groban's rich voice".[86] Vulture.com's Sarah Caldwell admitted to listening to both Groban and Stevens' versions of the song back-to-back with "zero ounces of shame."[82] 34th Street Magazine contributor Haley Weiss preferred Groban's version to Stevens' original, calling it "breathtaking and downright lovely to listen to" while dismissing the film version as "downright mediocre in comparison."[122] Weiss questioned why Disney hadn't cast Groban as the Beast instead of Stevens due to the former's acting and musical theatre background.[122]
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^ Jump up to: a b Fernandez, Matthew (March 15, 2017). "Second Take: The new 'Beauty and the Beast' lacks beauty in its beats". Daily Bruin. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bahr, Lindsay (March 14, 2017). "Alan Menken on cuts, adds and intimidating Emma Watson". Associated Press. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Steiner, Justine (March 18, 2017). "Beauty and the Beast: Movie Review". Her Campus. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gaug, Andrew (March 16, 2017). "Movie Review: 'Beauty and the Beast'". News-Press NOW. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Deen, Sarah (March 3, 2017). "Beauty And The Beast is a lavish and heartwarming remake with all the magic of the original". Metro. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Crittenton, Anya (March 20, 2017). "Why "Beauty and the Beast" and "Legion" Star Dan Stevens is the Leading Man to Watch". The Tracking Board. Retrieved May 21, 2017. While the film is receiving largely mixed reviews, there’s no questioning Stevens’ performance in the film, including his powerful rendition of the new song “Evermore.”
Jump up ^ Howell, Pete (March 16, 2017). "Beauty and the Beast still a tale as old as time worth watching: review". The Toronto Star. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Safarti, Sonia (March 17, 2017). "Beauty and the Beast : without false notes ... or almost *** 1/2". La Presse (in Canadian French). Retrieved March 28, 2017. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
Jump up ^ Conway, Lani (March 10, 2017). "Listening to the Full 'Beauty and the Beast' Soundtrack Is a Roller Coaster of Emotions". Zimbio. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Eric (March 7, 2017). "Beauty and the Beast Review". IGN. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ August, Alexandra (March 31, 2017). "15 Reasons the Original Beauty and the Beast is Better Than the Remake". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Barbuto, Dana (March 17, 2017). "Movie review: Disney fairy tale, 'Beauty and the Beast,' is a feast for young, old". The Rolla Daily News. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hawson, Fred (March 17, 2017). "Review: Emma Watson shines in 'Beauty and the Beast'". ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Feinberg, Scott (March 20, 2017). "Oscars: 'Beauty and the Beast' and 'Get Out' Meet the Voters". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sharf, Zack (December 18, 2017). "Oscars 2018: Academy Reveals Best Original Song Shortlist, Including Sufjan Stevens' 'Mystery of Love'". IndieWire. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "70 Original Songs Vie for 2017 Oscar". Oscars.org. December 18, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Beck, Lia (January 2018). "'Beauty & The Beast' Is Oscar Nominated & Fans Are Over The Moon". Bustle. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Search results – Evermore". Billboard. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Dan Stevens Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dan Stevens Chart History (Digital Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Lesnick, Silas (January 26, 2017). "Evermore: Josh Groban to Release Beauty and the Beast Song". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Josh Groban records new song for 'Beauty and the Beast'". The Jakarta Post. February 3, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew (January 27, 2017). "Josh Groban Records New Song for Beauty and the Beast Film". Playbill. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gettell, Oliver (January 26, 2017). "Josh Groban records new Beauty and the Beast song 'Evermore'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cook, Justin (January 27, 2017). "Josh Groban to sing original song for Beauty and the Beast, new poster released". Flickering Myth. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lesnick, Silas (February 14, 2017). "Listen to New Beauty and the Beast Songs!". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Mason, Heather (February 15, 2017). "Josh Groban just released a 30 second tease of his "Beauty and the Beast" song and it's music to our ears". Hello Giggles. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Coggan, Devan (March 3, 2017). "Hear Josh Groban sing new Beauty and the Beast ballad 'Evermore'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Beauty and the Beast: Release Date, Singing Clips, Trailer, Cast & More". Den of Geek. March 3, 2017. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Herbert, Geoff (March 15, 2017). "Josh Groban performs new 'Beauty & The Beast' song with Symphoria conductor on TV". The Post-Standard. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Video: Josh Groban Performs New BEAUTY & THE BEAST Song 'Evermore' Live on 'GMA'". Broadway World. March 14, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Means, Sean P. (March 20, 2017). "Emma Watson's Belle makes this 'Beauty and the Beast' bearable". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Evermore – By Josh Groban - Digital Sheet Music". Musicnotes.com. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Josh Groban – Evermore – Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Giacomazzo, Bernadette (2017). "Josh Groban Drops 'Evermore' From 'Beauty And The Beast'". Culturess. Retrieved April 1, 2017. And while the movie is certainly causing controversy — for all the wrong reasons — there certainly can be no controversy about this new song being like manna from heaven
Jump up ^ Chin, Chester (March 18, 2017). "Review: Soundtrack to Beauty And The Beast". Star2.com. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Weiss, Haley (March 22, 2017). "Fail as Old as Time: Reviewing the Beauty and the Beast soundtrack". 34th Street Magazine. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
[hide]
v
t
e
Disney's Beauty and the Beast
Films
Animation
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas (1997)
Belle's Magical World (1998)
Belle's Tales of Friendship (1999)
Live-action
Beauty and the Beast (2017)
Adaptations
Musical (1994)
The Fire Rose (novel) 1995
Live on Stage (1991)
Sing Me a Story with Belle (1995–1999)
Be Our Guest Restaurant (2012)
Video games
Beauty & The Beast: Belle's Quest (1993)
Beauty & The Beast: Roar of the Beast (1993)
Beauty and the Beast (1994; NES)
Disney's Beauty and the Beast (1994; Super NES)
Disney's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit (1994)
Disney's Beauty & The Beast: A Boardgame Adventure (1999)
Disney's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom (2000)
Music
1991 film soundtrack
"Belle"
"Gaston"
"Be Our Guest"
"Something There"
"Beauty and the Beast"
"The Mob Song"
1994 musical soundtrack
"If I Can't Love Her"
"Human Again"
"A Change in Me"
2017 film soundtrack
"How Does a Moment Last Forever"
"Days in the Sun"
"Evermore"
Related
The Music Behind the Magic
Characters
Belle
Beast
Gaston
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evermore_(Beauty_and_the_Beast_song)&oldid=827048160"
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text:
Chronology of European exploration of Asia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Fra Mauro map, completed around 1459, is a map of the then-known world. Following the standard practice at that time, south is at the top. The map was said by Giovanni Battista Ramusio to have been partially based on the one brought from Cathay by Marco Polo.
This is not a chronology of the early European exploration of Asia.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 First wave of exploration (mainly by land)
1.1 Antiquity
1.2 Middle Ages
2 Second wave of exploration (by sea)
3 Other noteworthy Europeans
4 Noteworthy others
5 See also
6 References
First wave of exploration (mainly by land)[edit]
Antiquity[edit]
515 BC
Scylax explores the Indus and the sea route across the Indian Ocean to Egypt.
330 BC
Alexander the Great conquers parts of Central Asia and parts of northwestern India
300 BC
Seleucus Nicator, founder of the Seleucid Empire, forays into northwestern India but is defeated by Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Maurya Empire, and they become allies soon after.
250-120 BC
Greco-Bactrian rule in parts of Central Asia and parts of the Punjab region.
180 BC-10 AD
Rule of the Indo-Greek kingdom in parts of northwestern India.
30 BC-640 AD
With the acquisition of Ptolemaic Egypt, The Romans begin trading with India. The Empire now has a direct connection to the Spice trade Egypt had established beginning in 118 BC.
100 AD-166 AD
Romano-Chinese relations begin. Ptolemy writes of the Golden Chersonese (i.e. Malay Peninsula) and the trade port of Kattigara, now identified as Óc Eo in southern Vietnam, then part of Jiaozhou, a province of the Chinese Han Empire. The Chinese historical texts describe Roman embassies, from a land they called Daqin.
2nd century
Roman traders reach Siam, Cambodia, Sumatra, and Java.
161
An embassy from Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius or his successor Marcus Aurelius reaches Chinese Emperor Huan of Han at Luoyang.
226
A Roman diplomat or merchant lands in northern Vietnam and visits Nanjing, China and the court of Sun Quan, ruler of Eastern Wu
Middle Ages[edit]
Further information: Europeans in Medieval China
Trade routes in Eurasia and north Africa c. 870 CE
~500-1000
The Radhanites were medieval Jewish merchants who dominated trade between the Christian and Islamic worlds during the early Middle Ages and travelled as far as Tang dynasty China.
~550
Byzantine traveler and author Cosmas Indicopleustes completes his work Christian Topography describing geographical features gleaned from his own travels to Eritrea, Ethiopia, India, and Sri Lanka.
~552
Two Persian monks (or perhaps emissaries disguised as monks), at the behest of Eastern Roman (Byzantine) emperor Justinian I, travel to China and smuggle silkworms back to the Eastern Roman Empire, thus enabling silk production in Europe and Asia Minor.
568
The Eastern Roman (Byzantine) general Zemarchus travels to Samarkand and the court of the Western Turkic Kaganate.
639-640
The Muslims subjugate Egypt, thus severing most direct Eastern-Roman (and hence European) trade with India and eastern Asia.
1160-1173
The Navarrese Jewish Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela visits Syria, Palestine, Baghdad, Persia, and the Arabian Peninsula.
1180-1186
Pethahiah of Regensburg goes to Baghdad.
13th century
Silk Road trade reaches its height during the height of the Pax Mongolica, the relative peace in Asia during the widespread unification under the Mongol Empire.
1245-1247
The Italian Franciscan Giovanni da Pian del Carpine appointed Papal Legate and accompanied by Stephen of Bohemia, and later by Benedykt Polak, reaches Karakorum present-day Mongolia. First European embassy to the Great Khan.
1245-1248
The Italian Ascelin of Lombardia, Simon of St Quentin and Andrew of Longjumeau go to Armenia and Persia.
1249-1251
Andrew of Longjumeau guide a French ambassador to the great Kuyuk Khan. His brother Guy and several others — John Goderiche, John of Carcassonne, Herbert "Le Sommelier", Gerbert of Sens, Robert (a clerk), a certain William, and an unnamed clerk of Poissy go with him. They reached Talas in northwestern Kyrgyzstan.
≈1254
The Flemish William of Rubruck reached Mongolia through Central Asia.
1264-≈1269
First travel of the Italians Niccolò and Maffeo Polo to China. In 1266, they reach Kublai Khan's seat at Dadu, now known as Beijing, China.
1271-1295
Second trip of Niccolò and Maffeo Polo to China. This time with Marco, Niccolo's son, who would write a colorful account of their experiences.
[The true extent of Marco Polo's travels is open to debate. Some archeologists believe that he only made it as far as Persia, with the rest of his story cobbled together based on tales he was told by others, due to the following reasons: 1) His story has many inconsistencies and inaccuracies. 2) Despite his claim that he was an emissary in the court of Kublai Khan, his name does not crop up in any of the surviving Mongol or Chinese records. 3) Furthermore, despite being an acute observer of daily life and rituals, there is no mention in Marco Polo’s chapters on China of the custom of binding women’s feet, chopsticks, tea drinking, or even the Great Wall. However, other scholars counterclaim using the following explanations: 1) Marco Polo had never claimed to have experienced everything in his story. Rather, he had always made it clear when he was describing his own experiences and when he was describing tales he had heard instead, which is where the inconsistencies and inaccuracies come in. 2) As with most foreigners in a foreign country in pre-modern times, he may have taken up a new name in the language of the new culture. In this case, it would have been either Mongol or Chinese. 3) When Marco Polo visited China, the northern part was ruled by the Mongol Yuan dynasty. As the Great Wall had been built by the Chinese to repel their northern barbarian invaders since the time of the Mongols' ancestors, the Wall became obsolete once the Mongols' predecessors, the Jin dynasty, took over Northern China in the early 12th century. By the time Polo arrived in the late 13th century, more than 100 years later, the Wall would have been in ruins, meaning it was no longer noteworthy.]
1275-1289 & 1289-1328
The Italian John of Montecorvino (1246–1328) was a Franciscan missionary, traveller and statesman, founder of the earliest Roman Catholic missions in India and China, and archbishop of Peking, and Patriarch of the Orient.
≈1318-1329
Travels of the Franciscan monks, the Italian Odoric of Pordenone and James of Ireland via India and the Malay Peninsula to China where they stayed in Dadu (present day Beijing) for approximately three years before returning to Italy overland through Central Asia.
~1321-1330/1338(?)
The French Dominican missionary Jordanus, made bishop over the whole Indian subcontinent in 1329, wrote down his travels through India and the Middle East in his book Mirabilia.
1338-1353
The Italian Giovanni de' Marignolli, one of four chief envoys sent by Pope Benedict XII to Peking.
1401-1402
Travel of Payo Gómez de Sotomayor, first ambassador of Henry III of Castile to the Timurid Empire.
1403-1404
Travel of Ruy González de Clavijo, second ambassador of Henry III of Castile to the Timurid Empire. He passed along the Black Sea coast of Turkey to Trabzon and then overland through Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran and Turkmenistan to Uzbekistan. He also visited Tehran.
1420-1436
Travels of the Italian explorer Niccolò Da Conti to India and Southeast Asia.
1453
Constantinople falls to the Muslim Ottoman Turks, thus ending Christian rule in the Eastern Mediterranean. Trade in Asian goods becomes much more difficult for Christian Europe. The stage is set for the Age of Discovery.
1470
Travels of Afanasy Nikitin, the first Russian to visit India.
1471-79
The Italian Venetian diplomats Caterino Zeno, Ambrogio Contarini, and Giosafat Barbaro travel to Persia.
1492
Christopher Columbus sets sail in search of western route to Asia. Though unsuccessful in reaching Asia his successes propelled eventual European expansion, including Asia.
1557-1572
The English Anthony Jenkinson traveled across the Caspian Sea to Bukhara and Persia.
≈1580-1585
The Cossack Yermak Timofeyevich reaches the Siberian Tatar city of Qashliq near the right bank of Irtysh.
1583-1591
The English merchant Ralph Fitch, together with John Newberry and John Eldred, a jeweller named William Leedes and a painter, James Story, traveled via the Levant and Mesopotamia to India and Portuguese Malacca (in modern Malaysia). Eldred stayed in Basra, Iraq; Story joined the Jesuits in Goa; Leedes stayed in Agra to work for Akbar and Newberry decided to begin his return journey. Fitch went by himself to Burma and Malacca (today in Malaysia). He returned to London in 1591.
Second wave of exploration (by sea)[edit]
The ships which were used by Vasco da Gama on his first voyage. (Illustration from 1558).
The Cantino planisphere (or Cantino World Map) of 1502 is the earliest surviving map showing Portuguese Discoveries in the east and west.
1497-1499
The Portuguese Vasco da Gama, accompanied by Nicolau Coelho and Bartolomeu Dias, is the first European to reach India by an all-sea route from Europe.
1500-1501
After discovering Brazil, Pedro Álvares Cabral, with the half of an original fleet of 13 ships and 1,500 men, accomplished the second Portuguese trip to India. Boats were commanded by Cabral, Bartolomeu Dias, Nicolau Coelho, Sancho de Tovar, Simão de Miranda, Aires Gomes da Silva, Vasco de Ataíde, Diogo Dias, Simão de Pina, Luís Pires, Pêro de Ataíde and Nuno Leitão da Cunha.[2] It is not known which one between Gaspar de Lemos and André Gonçalves, commanded the ship which returned to Portugal with the news of the discovery. Luís Pires returned to Portugal just after reaching Cape Verde. Vasco de Ataíde, Bartolomeu Dias, Simão de Pina and Aires Gomes' ships were lost near the Cape of Good Hope. The ship commanded by Diogo Dias separated and discovered Madagascar. He was then the first to reach the Red Sea by boat. Nuno Leitão da Cunha, Nicolau Coelho, Sancho de Tovar, Simão de Miranda, Pero de Ataíde did the entire trip to India. Among other passengers were: Pêro Vaz de Caminha and the Franciscan father, Frei Henrique de Coimbra.
1501-?
João da Nova commands the third Portuguese expedition to India. He discovers Ascension Island (1501) and Saint Helena (1502) along the way.
1502-1503
Second trip of Vasco da Gama to India.
1503-1504
Afonso de Albuquerque establishes the first Portuguese fort in Kochi, India, during the fifth Portuguese India Armada.
1505
Francisco de Almeida is appointed as the first viceroy of Portuguese India (Estado da Índia). He leaves Lisbon at the command of the seventh Portuguese India Armada, with 22 ships, including 14 carracks and 6 caravels carrying a crew of 1,000 and 1,500 soldiers. His son, Lourenço de Almeida, explores the southern coast and reaches the modern island of Sri Lanka.
1507-1513
In 1507, Afonso de Albuquerque captures the kingdom of Ormus in the Persian Gulf. He is then appointed second viceroy of India in 1508. In 1510 he conquers Goa, soon to become the most flourishing of the Portuguese settlements in India.
1511
Albuquerque conquers Malacca discovered by Diogo Lopes de Sequeira in 1509. Malacca becomes a strategic base for Portuguese expansion in the East Indies. In November of that year, after having secured Malacca and learning of the "Spice islands" (Banda Islands) location, in Maluku Albuquerque sent an expedition of three vessels led by António de Abreu to find them. In 1511 Ayutthaya Kingdom (Thailand) received a diplomatic mission from the Portuguese. These were probably the first Europeans to visit the country. Five years after that initial contact, Ayutthaya and Portugal concluded a treaty granting the Portuguese permission to trade in the kingdom.
1512
Malay pilots guided the Portuguese via Java, the Lesser Sundas and Ambon to Banda, arriving in early 1512.[3] The first Europeans to reach the Banda Islands, the expedition remained in Banda for about one month, purchasing nutmeg and mace, and cloves in which Banda had a thriving entrepôt trade.[4] D'Abreu sailed through Ambon while his second in command Francisco Serrão went ahead towards Maluku islands, was shipwrecked and ended up in Ternate.[5] Francisco Serrão establishes a fort on Ternate Island.
1513
Albuquerque laid siege to Aden in 1513, but was repulsed. He then led a voyage into the Red Sea, the first ever made by a European fleet.
Jorge Álvares is the first European to land in China at Lintin Island in the Zhujiang (Pearl River) estuary.
1516-17
Rafael Perestrello, a cousin of Christopher Columbus, leads a small Portuguese trade mission to Canton (Guangzhou), then under the Ming Dynasty.
1517
The Portuguese merchant Fernão Pires de Andrade establishes the first modern trading contact with the Chinese at the Zhujiang (Pearl River) estuary and then in Canton (Guangzhou).
1519-
Leaving Spain with five ships and 270 men in 1519, the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan is the first to reach Asia from the East. In 1520, he discovers what is now known as the Strait of Magellan. In 1521 he reaches the Marianas and then the island of Homonhon in the Philippines. Some time after, Magellan is killed in what is known as the Battle of Mactan. The rest of the crew sails to Palawan (Philippines), and then to Brunei and Borneo. They then reach Tidore in the Maluku Islands avoiding the Portuguese. Only one ship, commanded by Juan Sebastián Elcano, returns to Spain in 1522 with 18 men remaining.
1524
Third trip of Vasco da Gama to India.
1542
After a journey through Sumatra, Malaysia, Siam (Thailand), China, possibly Korea and Cochinchina (Vietnam), Fernão Mendes Pinto is one of the first Europeans to land in Japan.
1542
António da Mota is thrown by a storm on the island of Tanegashima, called by the Chinese Jepwen (Japan).
1549
On return of his second trip to Japan Fernão Mendes Pinto takes with him a Japanese fugitive known as Anjiro and introduces him to the Jesuit Saint Francis Xavier.
1549
Saint Francis Xavier arrives in Japan accompanied by Father Cosme de Torrès, Brother Juan Fernández, the Japanese Anjiro, two baptized Japanese named Antonio and Joane, a Chinese named Manuel, and an Indian named Amador. The captain of the ship is named Avan aka "The Pirate".
1556
The Dominican Gaspar da Cruz is the first modern missionary to go in China. He traveled to Guangzhou in 1556 and wrote the first complete book on China and the Ming Dynasty that was published in Europe; it included information on its geography, provinces, royalty, official class, bureaucracy, shipping, architecture, farming, craftsmanship, merchant affairs, clothing, religious and social customs, music and instruments, writing, education, and justice. (See also Jesuit China missions)
Left panels 1-3
Right panels 4-6
Kunyu Wanguo Quantu, printed by Matteo Ricci, Zhong Wentao and Li Zhizao, upon request of Wanli Emperor in Beijing, 1602, the first world map in the Chinese language
1582
The Italian Jesuit priest and missionary Matteo Ricci reaches the Portuguese settlement of Macau in Ming China and in 1601 becomes the first European to be invited into the Ming imperial palace of the Forbidden City in Beijing, at the behest of the Wanli Emperor who sought his services at court, particularly for his expertise in astronomy. In 1602 Ricci and his Chinese translator Li Zhizao would co-publish the first world map in Chinese, the Kunyu Wanguo Quantu which greatly expanded both Chinese and Japanese knowledge of global geography.
1595
The Dutchman Jan Huyghen van Linschoten published his Reys-gheschrift vande navigatien der Portugaloysers in Orienten (Travel Accounts of Portuguese Navigation in the Orient) which was translated into English and German in 1598. It gave access to secret Portuguese information, including the nautical maps which had been well guarded for over a century. The book thus broke the Portuguese monopoly on the sea trade with Asia.
Other noteworthy Europeans[edit]
1579-1619
Thomas Stephens, a Jesuit, was probably the first Englishman to set foot in India where he died in 1619.
1599-1614
John Mildenhall, with Richard Newman, reach Agra, India, overland in 1614.
1600-1610
William Adams's boat arrives in Japan where he spends the next 10 years as advisor to the shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu.
1602-1607
Bento de Góis, first European to travel overland from India to China.
160?-1611
Robert Coverte comes back from India by foot after his ship runs aground near Surat.
1612-1617
Thomas Coryat travels by foot to India.
1615-1618
Thomas Roe is ambassador to the court at Agra, India of the Great Mogul, Jahangir.
1624
António de Andrade, first European to reach Tibet.
1626-1627
Estêvão Cacella with João Cabral are the first Europeans to reach Bhutan.
1631-1668
Jean-Baptiste Tavernier travels six times to Asia, mostly in Persia, India and Java.
1656-1669
François Bernier travels to Egypt, Saudi Arabia and then spend eight years at the court of the mughal emperor Aurangzeb.
1664-1680
Jean Chardin travels two times to Persia (as well as its dependencies in the Caucasus such as Georgia) and India.
1675-1678
The moldavian boyar Nicolae Milescu travels to China.
Noteworthy others[edit]
The Tabula Rogeriana (1154), by Muhammad al-Idrisi
~118 BCE
Eudoxus of Cyzicus was a Greek navigator from the Asian-Greek city of Cyzicus who explored the Arabian Sea for Ptolemy VIII, king of the Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt.
522~550
Cosmas Indicopleustes (lit. "who sailed to India") of Alexandria was a Greek merchant, and later monk, who made several voyages to India during the reign of emperor Justinian. His Topografia Christiana contained some of the earliest and most famous world maps.
1154
Although not known for his travels, Muhammad al-Idrisi was most important for the exploration of Asia for Europeans when he made the Tabula Rogeriana, a map of the whole known world, in 1154 for the Norman King Roger II of Sicily, based on his knowledge of the Arab trade routes.
1247 & 1254
Hetoum I, king of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and ally of the Frankish crusader states, visits the Mongol court in Karakoram in 1254 after first sending his brother Sempad in 1247.
1275-1288
Rabban Bar Sauma and Markos, the Turkic/Chinese Nestorian monks, traveled to the Middle East and Europe. The Rabban Bar Sauma met with many of the European monarchs, as well as the Pope, in attempts to arrange a Franco-Mongol alliance.
1325-1355
Travels of Ibn Battuta, a Muslim traveller from Morocco, across much of the Old World. His Travels would be influential with Europeans starting in the 19th century.
See also[edit]
Silk Road
List of explorers
List of Russian explorers
European exploration of Arabia
Timeline of European exploration
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ANCIENT SILK ROAD TRAVELLERS
Jump up ^ Vera Lucia Bottrel Tostes, Bravos homens de outrora, Camoes - Revista de Latras e Culturas Lusofonas, no. 8, January - March 2000
Jump up ^ Hannard (1991), page 7; Milton, Giles (1999). Nathaniel's Nutmeg. London: Sceptre. pp. 5 and 7. ISBN 978-0-340-69676-7.
Jump up ^ Hannard (1991), page 7
Jump up ^ Ricklefs, M.C. (1993). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, 2nd Edition. London: MacMillan. p. 25. ISBN 0-333-57689-6.
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