text:
Cofactor (biochemistry)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The succinate dehydrogenase complex showing several cofactors, including flavin, iron-sulfur centers, and heme.
A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for a protein's biological activity to happen. These proteins are commonly enzymes, and cofactors can be considered "helper molecules" that assist in biochemical transformations. The rates at which this happen are characterized by enzyme kinetics.
Cofactors can be subclassified as either inorganic ions or complex organic molecules called coenzymes,[1] the latter of which is mostly derived from vitamins and other organic essential nutrients in small amounts. A coenzyme that is tightly or even covalently bound is termed a prosthetic group.[2] Cosubstrates are transiently bound to the protein and will be released at some point, then get back in. The prosthetic groups, on the other hand, are bound permanently to the protein. Both of them have the same function, which is to facilitate the reaction of enzymes and protein. Additionally, some sources also limit the use of the term "cofactor" to inorganic substances.[3][4] An inactive enzyme without the cofactor is called an apoenzyme, while the complete enzyme with cofactor is called a holoenzyme.[5]
Some enzymes or enzyme complexes require several cofactors. For example, the multienzyme complex pyruvate dehydrogenase[6] at the junction of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle requires five organic cofactors and one metal ion: loosely bound thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), covalently bound lipoamide and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and the cosubstrates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and coenzyme A (CoA), and a metal ion (Mg2+).[7]
Organic cofactors are often vitamins or made from vitamins. Many contain the nucleotide adenosine monophosphate (AMP) as part of their structures, such as ATP, coenzyme A, FAD, and NAD+. This common structure may reflect a common evolutionary origin as part of ribozymes in an ancient RNA world. It has been suggested that the AMP part of the molecule can be considered to be a kind of "handle" by which the enzyme can "grasp" the coenzyme to switch it between different catalytic centers.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Classification
2 Inorganic
2.1 Metal ions
2.2 Iron-sulfur clusters
3 Organic
3.1 Vitamins and derivatives
3.2 Non-vitamins
3.3 Cofactors as metabolic intermediates
3.4 Evolution
3.5 History
4 Protein-derived cofactors
5 Non-enzymatic cofactors
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Classification[edit]
Cofactors can be divided into two broad groups: organic cofactors, such as flavin or heme, and inorganic cofactors, such as the metal ions Mg2+, Cu+, Mn2+, or iron-sulfur clusters.
Organic cofactors are sometimes further divided into coenzymes and prosthetic groups. The term coenzyme refers specifically to enzymes and, as such, to the functional properties of a protein. On the other hand, "prosthetic group" emphasizes the nature of the binding of a cofactor to a protein (tight or covalent) and, thus, refers to a structural property. Different sources give slightly different definitions of coenzymes, cofactors, and prosthetic groups. Some consider tightly bound organic molecules as prosthetic groups and not as coenzymes, while others define all non-protein organic molecules needed for enzyme activity as coenzymes, and classify those that are tightly bound as coenzyme prosthetic groups. It should be noted that these terms are often used loosely.
A 1979 letter in Trends in Biochemical Sciences noted the confusion in the literature and the essentially arbitrary distinction made between prosthetic groups and coenzymes and proposed the following scheme. Here, cofactors were defined as an additional substance apart from protein and substrate that is required for enzyme activity and a prosthetic group as a substance that undergoes its whole catalytic cycle attached to a single enzyme molecule. However, the author could not arrive at a single all-encompassing definition of a "coenzyme" and proposed that this term be dropped from use in the literature.[9]
Inorganic[edit]
Metal ions[edit]
Further information: Metalloprotein
Metal ions are common cofactors.[10] The study of these cofactors falls under the area of bioinorganic chemistry. In nutrition, the list of essential trace elements reflects their role as cofactors. In humans this list commonly includes iron, magnesium, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, and molybdenum.[11] Although chromium deficiency causes impaired glucose tolerance, no human enzyme that uses this metal as a cofactor has been identified.[12][13] Iodine is also an essential trace element, but this element is used as part of the structure of thyroid hormones rather than as an enzyme cofactor.[14] Calcium is another special case, in that it is required as a component of the human diet, and it is needed for the full activity of many enzymes, such as nitric oxide synthase, protein phosphatases, and adenylate kinase, but calcium activates these enzymes in allosteric regulation, often binding to these enzymes in a complex with calmodulin.[15] Calcium is, therefore, a cell signaling molecule, and not usually considered a cofactor of the enzymes it regulates.[16]
Other organisms require additional metals as enzyme cofactors, such as vanadium in the nitrogenase of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the genus Azotobacter,[17] tungsten in the aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase of the thermophilic archaean Pyrococcus furiosus,[18] and even cadmium in the carbonic anhydrase from the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii.[19][20]
In many cases, the cofactor includes both an inorganic and organic component. One diverse set of examples is the heme proteins, which consist of a porphyrin ring coordinated to iron.[21]
Ion
Examples of enzymes containing this ion
Cupric Cytochrome oxidase
Ferrous or Ferric Catalase
Cytochrome (via Heme)
Nitrogenase
Hydrogenase
Magnesium Glucose 6-phosphatase
Hexokinase
DNA polymerase
Manganese Arginase
Molybdenum Nitrate reductase
Nitrogenase
Nickel Urease
Zinc Alcohol dehydrogenase
Carbonic anhydrase
DNA polymerase
A simple [Fe2S2] cluster containing two iron atoms and two sulfur atoms, coordinated by four protein cysteine residues.
Iron-sulfur clusters[edit]
Further information: Iron-sulfur protein
Iron-sulfur clusters are complexes of iron and sulfur atoms held within proteins by cysteinyl residues. They play both structural and functional roles, including electron transfer, redox sensing, and as structural modules.[22]
Organic[edit]
Organic cofactors are small organic molecules (typically a molecular mass less than 1000 Da) that can be either loosely or tightly bound to the enzyme and directly participate in the reaction.[5][23][24][25] In the latter case, when it is difficult to remove without denaturing the enzyme, it can be called a prosthetic group. It is important to emphasize that there is no sharp division between loosely and tightly bound cofactors.[5] Indeed, many such as NAD+ can be tightly bound in some enzymes, while it is loosely bound in others.[5] Another example is thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), which is tightly bound in transketolase or pyruvate decarboxylase, while it is less tightly bound in pyruvate dehydrogenase.[26] Other coenzymes, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), biotin, and lipoamide, for instance, are covalently bound. Tightly bound cofactors are, in general, regenerated during the same reaction cycle, while loosely bound cofactors can be regenerated in a subsequent reaction catalyzed by a different enzyme. In the latter case, the cofactor can also be considered a substrate or cosubstrate.
Vitamins can serve as precursors to many organic cofactors (e.g., vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, niacin, folic acid) or as coenzymes themselves (e.g., vitamin C). However, vitamins do have other functions in the body.[27] Many organic cofactors also contain a nucleotide, such as the electron carriers NAD and FAD, and coenzyme A, which carries acyl groups. Most of these cofactors are found in a huge variety of species, and some are universal to all forms of life. An exception to this wide distribution is a group of unique cofactors that evolved in methanogens, which are restricted to this group of archaea.[28]
Vitamins and derivatives[edit]
Cofactor Vitamin Additional component Chemical group(s) transferred Distribution
Thiamine pyrophosphate [29] Thiamine (B1) None 2-carbon groups, α cleavage Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
NAD+ and NADP+ [30] Niacin (B3) ADP Electrons Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
Pyridoxal phosphate [31] Pyridoxine (B6) None Amino and carboxyl groups Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
Methylcobalamin [32] Vitamin B12 Methyl group acyl groups Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
Cobalamine [5] Cobalamine (B12) None hydrogen, alkyl groups Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
Biotin [33] Biotin (H) None CO2 Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
Coenzyme A [34] Pantothenic acid (B5) ADP Acetyl group and other acyl groups Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
Tetrahydrofolic acid [35] Folic acid (B9) Glutamate residues Methyl, formyl, methylene and formimino groups Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
Menaquinone [36] Vitamin K None Carbonyl group and electrons Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
Ascorbic acid [37] Vitamin C None Electrons Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
Flavin mononucleotide [38] Riboflavin (B2) None Electrons Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
Flavin adenine dinucleotide [38] Riboflavin (B2) ADP Electrons Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
Coenzyme F420 [39] Riboflavin (B2) Amino acids Electrons Methanogens and some bacteria
Non-vitamins[edit]
Cofactor Chemical group(s) transferred Distribution
Adenosine triphosphate [40] Phosphate group Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
S-Adenosyl methionine [41] Methyl group Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
Coenzyme B [42] Electrons Methanogens
Coenzyme M [43][44] Methyl group Methanogens
Coenzyme Q [45] Electrons Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
Cytidine triphosphate [46] Diacylglycerols and lipid head groups Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
Glutathione [47][48] Electrons Some bacteria and most eukaryotes
Heme [49] Electrons Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
Lipoamide [5] Electrons, acyl groups Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
Methanofuran [50] Formyl group Methanogens
Molybdopterin [51][52] Oxygen atoms Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
Nucleotide sugars [53] Monosaccharides Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate [54] Sulfate group Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
Pyrroloquinoline quinone [55] Electrons Bacteria
Tetrahydrobiopterin [56] Oxygen atom and electrons Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
Tetrahydromethanopterin [57] Methyl group Methanogens
Cofactors as metabolic intermediates[edit]
The redox reactions of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.
Metabolism involves a vast array of chemical reactions, but most fall under a few basic types of reactions that involve the transfer of functional groups.[58] This common chemistry allows cells to use a small set of metabolic intermediates to carry chemical groups between different reactions.[59] These group-transfer intermediates are the loosely bound organic cofactors, often called coenzymes.
Each class of group-transfer reaction is carried out by a particular cofactor, which is the substrate for a set of enzymes that produce it, and a set of enzymes that consume it. An example of this are the dehydrogenases that use nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as a cofactor. Here, hundreds of separate types of enzymes remove electrons from their substrates and reduce NAD+ to NADH. This reduced cofactor is then a substrate for any of the reductases in the cell that require electrons to reduce their substrates.[30]
Therefore, these cofactors are continuously recycled as part of metabolism. As an example, the total quantity of ATP in the human body is about 0.1 mole. This ATP is constantly being broken down into ADP, and then converted back into ATP. Thus, at any given time, the total amount of ATP + ADP remains fairly constant. The energy used by human cells requires the hydrolysis of 100 to 150 moles of ATP daily, which is around 50 to 75 kg. In typical situations, humans use up their body weight of ATP over the course of the day.[60] This means that each ATP molecule is recycled 1000 to 1500 times daily.
Evolution[edit]
Further information: Abiogenesis
Organic cofactors, such as ATP and NADH, are present in all known forms of life and form a core part of metabolism. Such universal conservation indicates that these molecules evolved very early in the development of living things.[61] At least some of the current set of cofactors may, therefore, have been present in the last universal ancestor, which lived about 4 billion years ago.[62][63]
Organic cofactors may have been present even earlier in the history of life on Earth.[64] The nucleotide adenosine is present in cofactors that catalyse many basic metabolic reactions such as methyl, acyl, and phosphoryl group transfer, as well as redox reactions. This ubiquitous chemical scaffold has, therefore, been proposed to be a remnant of the RNA world, with early ribozymes evolving to bind a restricted set of nucleotides and related compounds.[65][66] Adenosine-based cofactors are thought to have acted as interchangeable adaptors that allowed enzymes and ribozymes to bind new cofactors through small modifications in existing adenosine-binding domains, which had originally evolved to bind a different cofactor.[8] This process of adapting a pre-evolved structure for a novel use is known as exaptation.
A computational method, IPRO, recently predicted mutations that experimentally switched the cofactor specificity of Candida boidinii xylose reductase from NADPH to NADH.[67]
History[edit]
Further information: History of biochemistry
The first organic cofactor to be discovered was NAD+, which was identified by Arthur Harden and William Youndin 1906.[68] They noticed that adding boiled and filtered yeast extract greatly accelerated alcoholic fermentation in unboiled yeast extracts. They called the unidentified factor responsible for this effect a coferment. Through a long and difficult purification from yeast extracts, this heat-stable factor was identified as a nucleotide sugar phosphate by Hans von Euler-Chelpin.[69] Other cofactors were identified throughout the early 20th century, with ATP being isolated in 1929 by Karl Lohmann,[70] and coenzyme A being discovered in 1945 by Fritz Albert Lipmann.[71]
The functions of these molecules were at first mysterious, but, in 1936, Otto Heinrich Warburg identified the function of NAD+ in hydride transfer.[72] This discovery was followed in the early 1940s by the work of Herman Kalckar, who established the link between the oxidation of sugars and the generation of ATP.[73] This confirmed the central role of ATP in energy transfer that had been proposed by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941.[74] Later, in 1949, Morris Friedkin and Albert L. Lehninger proved that NAD+ linked metabolic pathways such as the citric acid cycle and the synthesis of ATP.[75]
Protein-derived cofactors[edit]
In a number of enzymes, the moiety that acts as a cofactor is formed by post-translational modification of a part of the protein sequence. This often replaces the need for an external binding factor, such as a metal ion, for protein function. Potential modifications could be oxidation of aromatic residues, binding between residues, cleavage or ring-forming.[76] These alterations are distinct from other post-translation protein modifications, such as phosphorylation, methylation, or glycosylation in that the amino acids typically acquire new functions. This increases the functionality of the protein; unmodified amino acids are typically limited to acid-base reactions, and the alteration of resides can give the protein electrophilic sites or the ability to stabilize free radicals.[76] Examples of cofactor production include tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ), derived from two tryptophan side chains,[77] and 4-methylidene-imidazole-5-one (MIO), derived from an Ala-Ser-Gly motif.[78] Characterization of protein-derived cofactors is conducted using X-ray crystallography and mass spectroscopy; structural data is necessary because sequencing does not readily identify the altered sites.
Non-enzymatic cofactors[edit]
The term is used in other areas of biology to refer more broadly to non-protein (or even protein) molecules that either activate, inhibit, or are required for the protein to function. For example, ligands such as hormones that bind to and activate receptor proteins are termed cofactors or coactivators, whereas molecules that inhibit receptor proteins are termed corepressors. One such example is the G protein-coupled receptor family of receptors, which are frequently found in sensory neurons. Ligand binding to the receptors activates the G protein, which then activates an enzyme to activate the effector.[79] In order to avoid confusion, it has been suggested that such proteins that have ligand-binding mediated activation or repression be referred to as coregulators.[80]
See also[edit]
Enzyme catalysis
Inorganic chemistry
Organometallic chemistry
Bioorganometallic chemistry
Cofactor engineering
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hasim, Onn (2010). Coenzyme, Cofactor and Prosthetic Group - Ambiguous Biochemical Jargon. Kuala Lumpur: Biochemical Education. pp. 93–94.
Jump up ^ Nelson, David (2008). <Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry>. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. p. 184.
Jump up ^ "coenzymes and cofactors". Retrieved 2007-11-17.
Jump up ^ "Enzyme Cofactors". Archived from the original on 2003-05-05. Retrieved 2007-11-17.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Sauke, David J.; Metzler, David E.; Metzler, Carol M. (2001). Biochemistry: the chemical reactions of living cells (2nd ed.). San Diego: Harcourt/Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-492540-5.
Jump up ^ Jordan, Frank; Patel, Mulchand S. (2004). Thiamine: catalytic mechanisms in normal and disease states. New York, N.Y: Marcel Dekker. p. 588. ISBN 0-8247-4062-9.
Jump up ^ "Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex". Chemistry LibreTexts. 2013-10-02. Retrieved 2017-05-10.
^ Jump up to: a b Denessiouk KA, Rantanen VV, Johnson MS (2001). "Adenine recognition: a motif present in ATP-, CoA-, NAD-, NADP-, and FAD-dependent proteins". Proteins. 44 (3): 282–91. PMID 11455601. doi:10.1002/prot.1093.
Jump up ^ Bryce CFA (March 1979). "SAM – semantics and misunderstandings". Trends Biochem. Sci. 4 (3): N62. doi:10.1016/0968-0004(79)90255-X.
Jump up ^ Metal Ions in Life Sciences
Jump up ^ Aggett PJ (1985). "Physiology and metabolism of essential trace elements: an outline". Clin Endocrinol Metab. 14 (3): 513–43. PMID 3905079. doi:10.1016/S0300-595X(85)80005-0.
Jump up ^ Stearns DM (2000). "Is chromium a trace essential metal?". BioFactors. 11 (3): 149–62. PMID 10875302. doi:10.1002/biof.5520110301.
Jump up ^ Vincent JB (1 April 2000). "The biochemistry of chromium". J. Nutr. 130 (4): 715–8. PMID 10736319.
Jump up ^ Cavalieri RR (1997). "Iodine metabolism and thyroid physiology: current concepts". Thyroid. 7 (2): 177–81. PMID 9133680. doi:10.1089/thy.1997.7.177.
Jump up ^ Clapham DE (2007). "Calcium signaling". Cell. 131 (6): 1047–58. PMID 18083096. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.028.
Jump up ^ Niki I, Yokokura H, Sudo T, Kato M, Hidaka H (1996). "Ca2+ signaling and intracellular Ca2+ binding proteins". J. Biochem. 120 (4): 685–98. PMID 8947828. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021466.
Jump up ^ Eady RR (1988). "The vanadium-containing nitrogenase of Azotobacter". BioFactors. 1 (2): 111–6. PMID 3076437.
Jump up ^ Chan MK, Mukund S, Kletzin A, Adams MW, Rees DC (1995). "Structure of a hyperthermophilic tungstopterin enzyme, aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase". Science. 267 (5203): 1463–9. PMID 7878465. doi:10.1126/science.7878465.
Jump up ^ Lane TW, Morel FM (2000). "A biological function for cadmium in marine diatoms". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (9): 4627–31. PMC 18283  . PMID 10781068. doi:10.1073/pnas.090091397.
Jump up ^ Lane TW, Saito MA, George GN, Pickering IJ, Prince RC, Morel FM (2005). "Biochemistry: a cadmium enzyme from a marine diatom". Nature. 435 (7038): 42. PMID 15875011. doi:10.1038/435042a.
Jump up ^ Li, Ting; Bonkovsky, Herbert L.; Guo, Jun-tao (2011-01-01). "Structural analysis of heme proteins: implications for design and prediction". BMC Structural Biology. 11: 13. ISSN 1472-6807. PMC 3059290  . PMID 21371326. doi:10.1186/1472-6807-11-13.
Jump up ^ Meyer J (February 2008). "Iron-sulfur protein folds, iron-sulfur chemistry, and evolution". J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 13 (2): 157–70. PMID 17992543. doi:10.1007/s00775-007-0318-7.
Jump up ^ Palmer, Trevor (1981). Understanding enzymes. New York: Horwood. ISBN 0-85312-307-1.
Jump up ^ Cox, Michael; Lehninger, Albert L; Nelson, David R. (2000). Lehninger principles of biochemistry (3rd ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. ISBN 1-57259-153-6.
Jump up ^ Farrell, Shawn O.; Campbell, Mary K. (2009). Biochemistry (6th ed.). Pacific Grove: Brooks Cole. ISBN 0-495-39041-0.
Jump up ^ Morey, A. V.; Juni, Elliot (1968-06-10). "Studies on the Nature of the Binding of Thiamine Pyrophosphate to Enzymes". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 243 (11): 3009–3019. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 4968184.
Jump up ^ Bolander FF (2006). "Vitamins: not just for enzymes". Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 7 (10): 912–5. PMID 17086936.
Jump up ^ Rouvière PE, Wolfe RS (15 June 1988). "Novel biochemistry of methanogenesis". J. Biol. Chem. 263 (17): 7913–6. PMID 3131330.
Jump up ^ Frank RA, Leeper FJ, Luisi BF (2007). "Structure, mechanism and catalytic duality of thiamine-dependent enzymes". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 64 (7–8): 892–905. PMID 17429582. doi:10.1007/s00018-007-6423-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Pollak N, Dölle C, Ziegler M (2007). "The power to reduce: pyridine nucleotides—small molecules with a multitude of functions". Biochem. J. 402 (2): 205–18. PMC 1798440  . PMID 17295611. doi:10.1042/BJ20061638.
Jump up ^ Eliot AC, Kirsch JF (2004). "Pyridoxal phosphate enzymes: mechanistic, structural, and evolutionary considerations". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 73: 383–415. PMID 15189147. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.73.011303.074021.
Jump up ^ Banerjee R, Ragsdale SW (2003). "The many faces of vitamin B12: catalysis by cobalamin-dependent enzymes". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 72: 209–47. PMID 14527323. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161828.
Jump up ^ Jitrapakdee S, Wallace JC (2003). "The biotin enzyme family: conserved structural motifs and domain rearrangements". Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. 4 (3): 217–29. PMID 12769720. doi:10.2174/1389203033487199.
Jump up ^ Leonardi R, Zhang YM, Rock CO, Jackowski S (2005). "Coenzyme A: back in action". Prog. Lipid Res. 44 (2–3): 125–53. PMID 15893380. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2005.04.001.
Jump up ^ Donnelly JG (2001). "Folic acid". Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 38 (3): 183–223. PMID 11451208. doi:10.1080/20014091084209.
Jump up ^ Søballe B, Poole RK (1999). "Microbial ubiquinones: multiple roles in respiration, gene regulation and oxidative stress management" (PDF). Microbiology. 145 (8): 1817–30. PMID 10463148. doi:10.1099/13500872-145-8-1817.
Jump up ^ Linster CL, Van Schaftingen E (2007). "Vitamin C. Biosynthesis, recycling and degradation in mammals". FEBS J. 274 (1): 1–22. PMID 17222174. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05607.x.
^ Jump up to: a b Joosten V, van Berkel WJ (2007). "Flavoenzymes". Curr Opin Chem Biol. 11 (2): 195–202. PMID 17275397. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.010.
Jump up ^ Mack M, Grill S (2006). "Riboflavin analogs and inhibitors of riboflavin biosynthesis". Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 71 (3): 265–75. PMID 16607521. doi:10.1007/s00253-006-0421-7.
Jump up ^ Bugg, Tim (1997). An introduction to enzyme and coenzyme chemistry. Oxford: Blackwell Science. p. 95. ISBN 0-86542-793-3.
Jump up ^ Chiang P, Gordon R, Tal J, Zeng G, Doctor B, Pardhasaradhi K, McCann P (1996). "S-Adenosylmethionine and methylation". FASEB J. 10 (4): 471–80. PMID 8647346.
Jump up ^ Noll KM, Rinehart KL, Tanner RS, Wolfe RS (1986). "Structure of component B (7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine phosphate) of the methylcoenzyme M methylreductase system of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (12): 4238–42. PMC 323707  . PMID 3086878. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.12.4238.
Jump up ^ Taylor CD, Wolfe RS (10 August 1974). "Structure and methylation of coenzyme M(HSCH2CH2SO3)". J. Biol. Chem. 249 (15): 4879–85. PMID 4367810.
Jump up ^ Balch WE, Wolfe RS (1979). "Specificity and biological distribution of coenzyme M (2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid)". J. Bacteriol. 137 (1): 256–63. PMC 218444  . PMID 104960.
Jump up ^ Crane FL (1 December 2001). "Biochemical functions of coenzyme Q10". Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 20 (6): 591–8. PMID 11771674. doi:10.1080/07315724.2001.10719063. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Buchanan; Gruissem, Jones (2000). Biochemistry & molecular biology of plants (1st ed.). American society of plant physiology. ISBN 0-943088-39-9.
Jump up ^ Grill D, Tausz T, De Kok LJ (2001). Significance of glutathione in plant adaptation to the environment. Springer. ISBN 1-4020-0178-9.
Jump up ^ Meister A, Anderson ME (1983). "Glutathione". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 52: 711–60. PMID 6137189. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.003431.
Jump up ^ Wijayanti N, Katz N, Immenschuh S (2004). "Biology of heme in health and disease". Curr. Med. Chem. 11 (8): 981–6. PMID 15078160. doi:10.2174/0929867043455521.
Jump up ^ Vorholt JA, Thauer RK (1997). "The active species of 'CO2' utilized by formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase from methanogenic Archaea". Eur. J. Biochem. 248 (3): 919–24. PMID 9342247. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00919.x.
Jump up ^ Mendel RR, Hänsch R (2002). "Molybdoenzymes and molybdenum cofactor in plants". J. Exp. Bot. 53 (375): 1689–98. PMID 12147719. doi:10.1093/jxb/erf038.
Jump up ^ Mendel RR, Bittner F (2006). "Cell biology of molybdenum". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1763 (7): 621–35. PMID 16784786. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.03.013.
Jump up ^ Ginsburg V (1978). "Comparative biochemistry of nucleotide-linked sugars". Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 23: 595–600. PMID 351635.
Jump up ^ Negishi M, Pedersen LG, Petrotchenko E, et al. (2001). "Structure and function of sulfotransferases". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 390 (2): 149–57. PMID 11396917. doi:10.1006/abbi.2001.2368.
Jump up ^ Salisbury SA, Forrest HS, Cruse WB, Kennard O (August 1979). "A novel coenzyme from bacterial primary alcohol dehydrogenases". Nature. 280 (5725): 843–4. PMID 471057. doi:10.1038/280843a0.
Jump up ^ Thony B, Auerbach G, Blau N (2000). "Tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis, regeneration and functions". Biochem J. 347 (1): 1–16. PMC 1220924  . PMID 10727395. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3470001.
Jump up ^ DiMarco AA, Bobik TA, Wolfe RS (1990). "Unusual coenzymes of methanogenesis". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 59: 355–94. PMID 2115763. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.59.070190.002035.
Jump up ^ Mitchell P (1979). "The Ninth Sir Hans Krebs Lecture. Compartmentation and communication in living systems. Ligand conduction: a general catalytic principle in chemical, osmotic and chemiosmotic reaction systems". Eur J Biochem. 95 (1): 1–20. PMID 378655. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb12934.x.
Jump up ^ Wimmer M, Rose I (1978). "Mechanisms of enzyme-catalyzed group transfer reactions". Annu Rev Biochem. 47: 1031–78. PMID 354490. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.47.070178.005123.
Jump up ^ Di Carlo SE, Collins HL (2001). "Estimating ATP resynthesis during a marathon run: a method to introduce metabolism". Advan. Physiol. Edu. 25 (2): 70–1.
Jump up ^ Chen X, Li N, Ellington AD (2007). "Ribozyme catalysis of metabolism in the RNA world". Chem. Biodivers. 4 (4): 633–55. PMID 17443876. doi:10.1002/cbdv.200790055.
Jump up ^ Koch A (1998). "How did bacteria come to be?". Adv Microb Physiol. 40: 353–99. PMID 9889982. doi:10.1016/S0065-2911(08)60135-6.
Jump up ^ Ouzounis C, Kyrpides N (1996). "The emergence of major cellular processes in evolution". FEBS Lett. 390 (2): 119–23. PMID 8706840. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(96)00631-X.
Jump up ^ White HB (1976). "Coenzymes as fossils of an earlier metabolic state". J. Mol. Evol. 7 (2): 101–4. PMID 1263263. doi:10.1007/BF01732468.
Jump up ^ Saran D, Frank J, Burke DH (2003). "The tyranny of adenosine recognition among RNA aptamers to coenzyme A". BMC Evol. Biol. 3: 26. PMC 317284  . PMID 14687414. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-3-26.
Jump up ^ Jadhav VR, Yarus M (2002). "Coenzymes as coribozymes". Biochimie. 84 (9): 877–88. PMID 12458080. doi:10.1016/S0300-9084(02)01404-9.
Jump up ^ Khoury, GA; Fazelinia, H; Chin, JW; Pantazes, RJ; Cirino, PC; Maranas, CD (October 2009). "Computational design of Candida boidinii xylose reductase for altered cofactor specificity". Protein Science. 18 (10): 2125–38. PMC 2786976  . PMID 19693930. doi:10.1002/pro.227
Jump up ^ Harden A, Young WJ (24 October 1906). "The Alcoholic Ferment of Yeast-Juice" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 78 (526): 369–75. doi:10.1098/rspb.1906.0070.
Jump up ^ "Fermentation of sugars and fermentative enzymes: Nobel Lecture, May 23, 1930" (PDF). Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
Jump up ^ Lohmann K (August 1929). "Über die Pyrophosphatfraktion im Muskel". Naturwissenschaften. 17 (31): 624–5. doi:10.1007/BF01506215.
Jump up ^ Lipmann F (1 September 1945). "Acetylation of sulfanilamide by liver homogenates and extracts". J. Biol. Chem. 160 (1): 173–90.
Jump up ^ Warburg O, Christian W (1936). "Pyridin, the hydrogen-transferring component of the fermentation enzymes (pyridine nucleotide)". Biochemische Zeitschrift. 287: 291. doi:10.1002/hlca.193601901199.
Jump up ^ Kalckar HM (1974). "Origins of the concept oxidative phosphorylation". Mol. Cell. Biochem. 5 (1–2): 55–63. PMID 4279328. doi:10.1007/BF01874172.
Jump up ^ Lipmann F (1941). "Metabolic generation and utilization of phosphate bond energy". Adv Enzymol. 1: 99–162. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674366701.c141.
Jump up ^ Friedkin M, Lehninger AL (1949). "Esterification of inorganic phosphate coupled to electron transport between dihydrodiphosphopyridine nucleotide and oxygen". J. Biol. Chem. 178 (2): 611–23. PMID 18116985.
^ Jump up to: a b Davidson, Victor L. "Protein-Derived Cofactors. Expanding the Scope of Post-Translational Modifications†". Biochemistry. 46 (18): 5283–5292. doi:10.1021/bi700468t.
Jump up ^ Davidson VL, Wilmot CM (2013). "Posttranslational biosynthesis of the protein-derived cofactor tryptophan tryptophylquinone.". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 82: 531–50. PMC 4082410  . PMID 23746262. doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-051110-133601.
Jump up ^ Huang SX, Lohman JR, Huang T, Shen B (May 2013). "A new member of the 4-methylideneimidazole-5-one-containing aminomutase family from the enediyne kedarcidin biosynthetic pathway.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110 (20): 8069–74. PMC 3657804  . PMID 23633564. doi:10.1073/pnas.1304733110.
Jump up ^ Lodish, Harvey; Berk, Arnold; Zipursky, S. Lawrence; Matsudaira, Paul; Baltimore, David; Darnell, James (2000-01-01). "G Protein –Coupled Receptors and Their Effectors".
Jump up ^ McKenna NJ, O'Malley BW (October 2008). "Editorial: Coactivators and Corepressors: What’s in a Name?.". Mol. Endocrinol. 22 (10): 2213–4. PMC 2582534  . PMID 18701638. doi:10.1210/me.2008-0201.
Further reading[edit]
Bugg, Tim (1997). An introduction to enzyme and coenzyme chemistry. Oxford: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-86542-793-3.
External links[edit]
Cofactors lecture (Powerpoint file)
Enzyme cofactors at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
The CoFactor Database
[show]
v
t
e
Enzymes
Activity
Active site
Binding site
Catalytic triad
Oxyanion hole
Enzyme promiscuity
Catalytically perfect enzyme
Coenzyme
Cofactor
Enzyme catalysis
Regulation
Allosteric regulation
Cooperativity
Enzyme inhibitor
Classification
EC number
Enzyme superfamily
Enzyme family
List of enzymes
Kinetics
Enzyme kinetics
Eadie–Hofstee diagram
Hanes–Woolf plot
Lineweaver–Burk plot
Michaelis–Menten kinetics
Types
EC1 Oxidoreductases (list)
EC2 Transferases (list)
EC3 Hydrolases (list)
EC4 Lyases (list)
EC5 Isomerases (list)
EC6 Ligases (list)
[show]
v
t
e
Enzyme cofactors
Active forms
vitamins
TPP / ThDP (B1)
FMN, FAD (B2)
NAD+, NADH, NADP+, NADPH (B3)
Coenzyme A (B5)
PLP / P5P (B6)
Biotin (B7)
THFA / H4FA, DHFA / H2FA, MTHF (B9)
AdoCbl, MeCbl (B12)
Ascorbic acid (C)
Phylloquinone (K1), Menaquinone (K2)
Coenzyme F420
non-vitamins
ATP
CTP
SAMe
PAPS
GSH
Coenzyme B
Cofactor F430
Coenzyme M
Coenzyme Q
Heme / Haem (A, B, C, O)
Lipoic Acid
Methanofuran
Molybdopterin/Molybdenum cofactor
PQQ
THB / BH4
THMPT / H4MPT
minerals
Ca2+
Cu2+
Fe2+, Fe3+
Mg2+
Mn2+
Mo
Ni2+
Zn2+
Base forms
vitamins: see vitamins
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cofactor_(biochemistry)&oldid=804666543"
Categories:
Enzymes
Cofactors
Hidden categories:
Articles with inconsistent citation formats
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Latina
Lietuvių
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Occitan
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Svenska
ไทย
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 10 October 2017, at 12:09.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Iron-sulfur_protein
mw-redirect
Iron-sulfur protein

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Organic_molecule
mw-redirect
Organic molecule

values:
/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis
mw-redirect
RNA world hypothesis

values:
/wiki/Enzyme_substrate
mw-redirect
Enzyme substrate

values:
/wiki/Thyroid_hormone
mw-redirect
Thyroid hormone

values:
/wiki/Cytochrome_oxidase
mw-redirect
Cytochrome oxidase

values:
/wiki/Prosthetic_group
mw-redirect
Prosthetic group

values: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

values:
/wiki/Ascorbic_acid
mw-redirect
Ascorbic acid

values: Edit section: Cofactors as metabolic intermediates

values:
/wiki/Conservation_(genetics)
mw-redirect
Conservation (genetics)

values:
/wiki/Last_universal_ancestor
mw-redirect
Last universal ancestor

values:
/wiki/Timeline_of_evolution
mw-redirect
Timeline of evolution

values:
/wiki/Alcoholic_fermentation
mw-redirect
Alcoholic fermentation

values: 4-methylidene-imidazole-5-one (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11455601

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fprot.1093

values: Metal Ions in Life Sciences (page does not exist)

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3905079

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10875302

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fbiof.5520110301

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736319

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9133680

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1089%2Fthy.1997.7.177

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18083096

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2007.11.028

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8947828

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3076437

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7878465

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7878465

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10781068

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.090091397

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15875011

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2F435042a

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1472-6807

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21371326

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17992543

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.jbc.org/content/243/11/3009

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9258

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4968184

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17086936

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3131330

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17429582

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17295611

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1042%2FBJ20061638

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15189147

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14527323

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12769720

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15893380

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11451208

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1080%2F20014091084209

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10463148

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17222174

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17275397

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cbpa.2007.01.010

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16607521

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8647346

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3086878

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.83.12.4238

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4367810

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/104960

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11771674

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6137189

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15078160

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9342247

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12147719

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferf038

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16784786

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/351635

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11396917

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1006%2Fabbi.2001.2368

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/471057

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2F280843a0

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10727395

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2115763

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/378655

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/354490

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17443876

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fcbdv.200790055

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9889982

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8706840

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1263263

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01732468

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14687414

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-3-26

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12458080

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19693930

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fpro.227

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1906.0070

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01506215

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fhlca.193601901199

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4279328

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01874172

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18116985

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi700468t

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23746262

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23633564

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1304733110

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18701638

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1210%2Fme.2008-0201

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Catalytically_perfect_enzyme
mw-redirect
Catalytically perfect enzyme

values:
/wiki/Enzyme_superfamily
mw-redirect
Enzyme superfamily

values:
/wiki/Enzyme_family
mw-redirect
Enzyme family

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Dietary_mineral
mw-redirect
Dietary mineral

values: Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: عامل مرافق (كيمياء حيوية) – Arabic

values: Кофактор – Bulgarian

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koenzim
Koenzim – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofaktor
Cofaktor – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor
Cofactor – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values: کوفاکتور – Persian

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor
Cofactor – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koenzim
Koenzim – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values: קופקטור – Hebrew

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofaktor
Kofaktor – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofaktor
Kofaktor – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofaktory
Kofaktory – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Кофактор – Russian

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofaktor
Kofaktor – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofaktor
Kofaktor – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: โคแฟกเตอร์ – Thai

values: Кофактор – Ukrainian

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor
Cofactor – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Cofactor_biochemistry rootpage-Cofactor_biochemistry vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
List of religious populations
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Main category: Religious demographics
This is a list of religious populations by number of adherents and countries.
Contents
1 Adherent estimates in 2012
1.1 Notes
2 By proportion
2.1 Christians
2.2 Muslims
2.3 Irreligious and atheist
2.4 Hindus
2.5 Buddhists
2.6 Taoists/Confucianists/Chinese traditional religionists
2.7 Ethnic and indigenous
2.8 Sikhism
2.9 Spiritism
2.10 Judaism
2.11 Bahá'ís
2.12 Jainism
3 By population
3.1 Christians
3.2 Hindus
3.3 Muslims
3.4 Buddhists
3.5 Sikhs
3.6 Jews
3.7 Bahá'ís
3.8 Jainism
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Adherent estimates in 2012
Size of Major Religious Groups, 2012
Religion Percent
Christianity
33%
Islam
24.1%
Unaffiliated
16%
Hinduism
16%
Buddhism
7%
Folk Religion
5.9%
Other
0.8%
Pew Research Center, 2015[1]
Adherents.com says "Sizes shown are approximate estimates, and are here mainly for the purpose of ordering the groups, not providing a definitive number".[2]
Religion
Adherents
Percentage
Christianity 7009240000000000000♠2.4 billion[3] 6999330000000000000♠33%
Islam 7009180000000000000♠1.8 billion[3] 6999241000000000000♠24.1%
Secular[a]/Nonreligious[b]/Agnostic/Atheist 7009120000000000000♠≤1.2 billion 6999160000000000000♠16%
Hinduism 7009115000000000000♠1.15 billion 6999150000000000000♠15%
Buddhism 7008521000000000000♠521 million 6998700000000000000♠7%
Chinese traditional religion[c] 7008394000000000000♠394 million 6998550000000000000♠5.50%
Ethnic religions excluding some in separate categories 7008300000000000000♠300 million 6998419000000000000♠4.19%
African traditional religions 7008100000000000000♠100 million 6998139999999999999♠1.40%
Sikhism 7007300000000000000♠30 million 6997320000000000000♠0.32%
Spiritism 7007150000000000000♠15 million 6997210000000000000♠0.21%
Judaism 7007140000000000000♠14 million 6997200000000000000♠0.20%
Bahá'í 7006700000000000000♠7.0 million 6997100000000000000♠0.10%
Jainism 7006420000000000000♠4.2 million 6996600000000000000♠0.06%
Shinto 7006400000000000000♠4.0 million 6996600000000000000♠0.06%
Cao Dai 7006400000000000000♠4.0 million 6996600000000000000♠0.06%
Zoroastrianism 7006260000000000000♠2.6 million 6996400000000000000♠0.04%
Tenrikyo 7006200000000000000♠2.0 million 6996200000000000000♠0.02%
Neo-Paganism 7006100000000000000♠1.0 million 6996100000000000000♠0.01%
Unitarian Universalism 7005800000000000000♠0.8 million 6996100000000000000♠0.01%
Rastafari 7005600000000000000♠0.6 million 6996100000000000000♠0.01%
total
7009716700000000000♠7.167 billion
7000100000000000000♠100%
Notes
Jump up ^ These figures may incorporate populations of secular/nominal adherents as well as syncretist worshipers, although the concept of syncretism is disputed by some.
Jump up ^ Nonreligious includes agnostic, atheist, secular humanist, and people answering 'none' or no religious preference. Half of this group is theistic but nonreligious.[2] According to a 2012 study by Gallup International "59% of the world said that they think of themselves as religious person, 23% think of themselves as not religious whereas 13% think of themselves as convinced atheists".[4]
Jump up ^ Chinese traditional religion is described as "the common religion of the majority Chinese culture: a combination of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, as well as the traditional non-scriptural/local practices and beliefs."
By proportion
Christians
Countries with the greatest proportion of Christians from Christianity by country (as of 2010[update]):
Christian population by country, June 2014.
Vatican City 100% (100% Roman Catholic)
Pitcairn Islands 100% (100% Seventh-day Adventist)[5]
Samoa ~99% (mostly Protestant)[6]
Romania 99% (mostly Romanian Orthodox)
American Samoa 98.3% (mostly Protestant)[7]
Malta 98.1%[8] (mostly Roman Catholic)
Venezuela 98%[9] (71% Roman Catholic)
Greece 98% [10] (95% Greek Orthodox)
Marshall Islands 97.2% (mostly Protestant)[11]
Tonga 97.2% (mostly Protestant)[12]
San Marino 97%[13] (~97% Roman Catholic)
Paraguay 96.9%[14] (mostly Roman Catholic)
Peru 96.5%[15] (mostly Roman Catholic)
El Salvador 96.4% (mostly Roman Catholic)[16]
Kiribati 96% (mostly Protestant)[17]
Federated States of Micronesia ~96% (mostly Protestant)[18]
Barbados 95.1% (mostly Protestant)[19]
Papua New Guinea 94.8% (mostly Protestant)[20]
East Timor 94.2%[21][22] (mostly Roman Catholic)
Armenia 93.5%[23] (mostly Armenian Orthodox)
Muslims
See also: Muslim World
Countries with the greatest proportion of Muslims from Islam by country (as of 2010[update]) (figures excluding foreign workers in parenthesis):
Muslim population by country, 2014.
Maldives 100% (mostly Sunni)[24]
Mauritania 100% (mostly Sunni)
Saudi Arabia Reported to be 100%[25] (90–95% Sunni, 5–10% Shi'a[25])
Turkey 99.8% (75% Sunni, 25% Shi'a)[26]
Somalia 99.8% (mostly Sunni)[27]
Afghanistan ~99%[28] (mostly Sunni, 20% Shi'a)[29]
Yemen 99.1% (99.9%) (53% Sunni, 47% Shi'a[30])
Morocco 98.7% (mostly Sunni)
Algeria 98.3%[31] (mostly Sunni)
Iran 98% (mostly Shi'a)[32]
Tunisia 98% (mostly Sunni)
Comoros 98% (mostly Sunni)[33]
Pakistan 97%[34] (85% Sunni, 15% Shi'a)[35]
Sudan 97%[36] (mostly Sunni)
Libya 96.6% (99%)[37] (Sunni)
Iraq 95% (Mostly Shi'a)[38]
Kuwait 95% (Mostly Sunni)[39]
Djibouti 94% (mostly Sunni)[40]
Niger 93% (mostly Sunni)[41]
Azerbaijan 91.6[42] (mostly Shi'a)[43]
Bangladesh 89.4% (Sunni)[44]
Egypt 89.3% (Sunni)[45]
Indonesia 87.18% (99% Sunni)[46]
Bahrain 79%[47] (Mostly Shi'a)[30]
Remarks: Saudi Arabia does not include other religious beliefs in their census, the figures for these other religious groups could be higher than reported in the nation. While conversion to Islam is among its most supported tenets, conversion from Islam to another religion is considered to be the sin of apostasy[48] and could be subject to the penalty of death in the country.
Irreligious and atheist
See also: Irreligion by country
Nonreligious population by country, 2006.[49][50]
Countries with the greatest proportion of people without religion (including agnostics and atheists) from Irreligion by country (as of 2007[update]):
Estonia 71–82% (77%)
Czech Republic 70-81% (76%)
Japan 64–88% (76%)[51]
Denmark 72%
Sweden 46–82% (64%)
Vietnam 44–81% (63%)
Macau 62%[52]
Hong Kong 57%[53]
France 43–64%[54] (54%)
Norway 31–72% (52%)
China 47%[55] (details)
Netherlands 39–55% (47%)
Finland 28–60% (44%)
New Zealand 42%[56]
United Kingdom 31–52% (42%)[54]
England and Wales 25% [57]
South Korea 30–52% (41%)
Germany 25[58]–55%[59] (40%)
Hungary 32–46% (39%)
Belgium 42–43% (39%)
Bulgaria 34–40% (37%)
Slovenia 35–38% (37%)
Russia[60] 13–48% (31%)
Remarks: Ranked by mean estimate which is in brackets. Irreligious includes agnostic, atheist, secular believer, and people having no formal religious adherence. It does not necessarily mean that members of this group don′t belong to any religion. Some religions have harmonized with local cultures and can be seen as a cultural background rather than a formal religion. Additionally, the practice of officially associating a family or household with a religious institute while not formally practicing the affiliated religion is common in many countries. Thus, over half of this group is theistic and/or influenced by religious principles, but nonreligious/non-practicing and not true atheists or agnostics.[2] See Spiritual but not religious.
Hindus
Countries with the greatest proportion of Hindus from Hinduism by country (as of 2010[update]):
Hindu population by country, 2013.
Nepal 81.3%[61]
India 79.8%[62]
Mauritius 54%[63]
Fiji 33.7%[64]
Guyana 28%[65]
Bhutan 25%[66]
Suriname 22.3%[67]
Trinidad and Tobago 18.2%[68]
United Arab Emirates 15%[69]
Sri Lanka 12.6%[70]
Kuwait 12%[71]
Bangladesh 9.6%[72]
Bahrain 8.1%[73]
Réunion 6.7%[74]
Malaysia 6.3%[75]
Singapore 5.1%
Oman 3%
Seychelles 2.1%[76]
New Zealand 2.0%[77]
Pakistan 1.8%
Indonesia 1.7%[78]
USA 0.7%[79]
Buddhists
Countries with the greatest proportion of Buddhists from Buddhism by country (as of 2010[update]):[80]
Buddhist population by country, 2010.
Cambodia 96.9%
Thailand 93.2%
Myanmar 80.1%
Bhutan 74.70%
Sri Lanka 69.3%
Laos 66.0%
Mongolia 55.1%
Japan 36.2%
Taiwan 35.1%
Singapore 33.2%
South Korea 22.9%
Malaysia 19.8%
China 18.2%
Macau 17.3%
Vietnam 16.4%
Hong Kong 13.2%
Nepal 10.3%
Taoists/Confucianists/Chinese traditional religionists
As a spiritual practice, Taoism has made fewer inroads in the West than Buddhism and Hinduism. Despite the popularity of its great classics the I Ching and the Tao Te Ching, the specific practices of Taoism have not been promulgated in America with much success;[81] these religions are not ubiquitous worldwide in the way that adherents of bigger world religions are, and they remain primarily an ethnic religion. Nonetheless, Taoist ideas and symbols such as Taijitu have become popular throughout the world through Tai Chi Chuan, Qigong, and various martial arts.[82]
Taiwan 33–80%[83]
China 30%[84]
Hong Kong 28%[53]
Macau 13.9%[52]
Singapore 8.5%[85]
Malaysia 2.6%[86]
South Korea 0.2–1%[87]
Vietnam
Philippines 0.01–0.05%
Indonesia 0.05%
The Chinese traditional religion has 184,000 believers in Latin America, 250,000 believers in Europe, and 839,000 believers in North America as of 1998[update].[88][89]
Ethnic and indigenous
All of the below come from the U.S. Department of State 2009 International Religious Freedom Report,[90] based on the highest estimate of people identified as indigenous or followers of indigenous religions that have been well-defined. Due to the syncretic nature of these religions, the following numbers may not reflect the actual number of practitioners.
Haiti 50%[91]
Guinea-Bissau 50%
Cameroon 40%
Togo 33%[92]
Côte d'Ivoire 25%
Sudan 25%[93]
Benin 23%
Burundi 20%
Burkina Faso 15%
New Zealand 15%[94]
South Africa 15%[95]
Democratic Republic of the Congo 12%
Central African Republic 10%
Gabon 10%
Lesotho 10%
Nigeria 10%
Sierra Leone 10%[96]
Indonesia 9%[97]
Kenya 9%
Palau 9%[98]
Ghana 8.5%
Guinea 5%
Sikhism
Countries with the greatest proportion of Sikhs:
India 1.9%
United Kingdom 1.2%[99][100]
Canada 0.9%[101]
Malaysia 0.5%[102]
Fiji 0.3%[103]
Singapore 0.3%[104]
United States 0.2%[105][106]
New Zealand 0.2%[107]
Australia 0.1%[108][109]
Italy 0.1%[110]
The Sikh homeland is the Punjab state, in India, where today Sikhs make up approximately 61% of the population. This is the only place where Sikhs are in the majority. Sikhs have emigrated to countries all over the world – especially to English-speaking and East Asian nations. In doing so they have retained, to an unusually high degree, their distinctive cultural and religious identity. Sikhs are not ubiquitous worldwide in the way that adherents of larger world religions are, and they remain primarily an ethnic religion. But they can be found in many international cities and have become an especially strong religious presence in the United Kingdom and Canada.[111]
Spiritism
Cuba 10.3%
Jamaica 10.2%
Brazil 4.8%
Suriname 3.6%
Haiti 2.7%
Dominican Republic 2.2%
The Bahamas 1.9%
Nicaragua 1.5%
Trinidad and Tobago 1.4%
Guyana 1.3%
Venezuela 1.1%
Colombia 1.0%
Belize 1.0%
Honduras 0.9%
Puerto Rico 0.7%
Panama 0.5%
Iceland 0.5%
Guadeloupe 0.4%
Argentina 0.2%
Guatemala 0.2%
[112]
Note that all these estimates come from a single source. However, this source gives a relative indication of the size of the Spiritist communities within each country.
Judaism
Jewish population by country, 2010.
Countries with the greatest proportion of Jews (as of 2010[update]):
Israel 75.4%[113]
Palestine (West Bank only) 12–14% [114]
Monaco 2.9%[115]
United States 2.1%[116]
Gibraltar 2.1%
Cayman Islands 1.7%[117]
Netherlands Antilles^ 1.3%
Canada 1.1%
France 0.8%[118]
Argentina 0.6%[119]
Uruguay 0.5%[120]
Australia 0.5%
Hungary 0.5%[121]
U.S. Virgin Islands 0.5%[121]
Latvia 0.3%[121]
Germany 0.25%[58]
Netherlands 0.2%[122]
New Zealand 0.2%[121]
Ukraine 0.2%[121]
Russia 0.09%[123]
Bahá'ís
Main article: Bahá'í statistics
Countries with the greatest proportion of Bahá'ís (as of 2010[update]) with a national population ≥200,000:
Belize 2.5% (The 2010 Belize Population Census recorded 202 Bahá'ís out of a total population of 304,106,[124][125] yielding a proportion of 0.066%)
Bolivia 2.2%
Zambia 1.8%
Mauritius 1.8% (The 2011 Mauritius census recorded 639 Bahá'ís out of a total population of 1,236,817[126] yielding a proportion of 0.05%)
Guyana 1.6% (The 2002 Guyana census recorded 500 Bahá'ís out of a total population of 751,223[127] yielding a proportion of 0.067%)
Vanuatu 1.4%
Barbados 1.2% (The 2010 Barbados census recorded 178 Bahá'ís out of a total population of 250,010[128] yielding a proportion of 0.07%)
Trinidad and Tobago 1.2%
Panama 1.2%
Kenya 1.0%
Lesotho 0.9%
Papua New Guinea 0.9%
Réunion 0.9%
Chad 0.9%
Botswana 0.8%
Gambia 0.8%
Suriname 0.8%
Congo, Republic of the 0.6%
Solomon Islands 0.6%
Venezuela 0.6%
Remarks and sources: "Most Baha'i Nations (2010)". QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2010. Retrieved 2013-08-20. which used the "World Christian Database" for adherents estimates based on information provided by the World Christian Encyclopedia and "World Christian Trends". A source whose only systematic flaw was to consistently have a higher estimate of Christians than other cross-national data sets.[129] See "The Largest Baha'i Communities". Largest Religious Communities. Adherents.com. 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-20. for 2000 estimates among all nations. Various census figures of some of these countries vary significantly. See Bahá'í statistics.
Jainism
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
India 0.3%
Suriname 0.3%
Fiji 0.2%
Kenya 0.2%
By population
Christians
Largest Christian populations (as of 2011[update]):
United States 229,157,250[130] (details)
Brazil 169,213,130[131]
Russia 114,198,444[132]
Mexico 106,204,560[133]
Nigeria 80,510,000[134]
Philippines 78,790,000[135]
China 67,070,000[134]
Democratic Republic of the Congo 63,150,000[134]
France 55,948,600
Italy 55,832,000
Ethiopia 51,477,950
Germany 50,752,580[136]
Colombia 44,502,000
Ukraine 41,973,000
South Africa 40,243,000
Spain 38,568,000
Poland 36,526,000
Kenya 33,625,790
Argentina 33,497,100
United Kingdom 33,200,417
Uganda 29,943,000
India 28,436,000
Venezuela 28,340,790
Peru 27,365,100
Indonesia 24,123,000
Hindus
Largest Hindu populations (as of 2010):
India 957,636,314
Nepal 21,354,570
Bangladesh 14,274,430
Indonesia 4,012,470[78]
Pakistan 2,603,895
Sri Lanka 2,554,606
Malaysia 1,700,100
United States 1,543,730
United Arab Emirates 1,239,610
South Africa 749,870
Mauritius 665,820
United Kingdom 630,000
Canada 497,960
Tanzania 403,570
Kuwait 328,440
Australia 275,500
Singapore 264,370
Fiji 261,097[64]
Trinidad and Tobago 240,100[68]
Myanmar 203,000[137]
Bhutan 177,100
Germany 120,000
Muslims
Muslim population by country, 2009.
Largest Muslim populations (as of 2017):
Indonesia 245,000,000[78]
Pakistan 203,000,000
India 182,000,000
Bangladesh 142,937,800
Nigeria 90,000,000
Iran 73,238,340
Egypt 70,056,000
Turkey 70,036,838
Algeria 36,092,810
Morocco 31,351,800
Afghanistan 30,112,680
Sudan 30,064,180
Iraq 29,767,300
Ethiopia 28,120,050
Saudi Arabia 26,624,560
Uzbekistan 25,628,240
Yemen 23,836,523
China 20,095,870
Syria 19,601,750
Malaysia 17,085,402
Buddhists
Largest Buddhist populations
China 244,130,000
Thailand 64,420,000
Japan 45,820,000
Burma 38,410,000
South Korea 10,500,000
India 9,250,000
Malaysia 5,010,000
Sri Lanka 4,450,000
Vietnam 4,380,000
Cambodia 3,690,000
Indonesia 1,710,000
Sikhs
Largest Sikh populations
India 22,892,600
UK 853,000
Canada 620,200
USA 500,010
Malaysia 120,000
Bangladesh 100,000[138]
Australia 72,300
Italy 70,000
Thailand 70,000
Myanmar 70,000
United Arab Emirates 50,000
Germany 40,000
Mauritius 37,700
Australia 72,300
Pakistan 50,000
Kenya 20,000
Kuwait 20,000
Philippines 20,000
New Zealand 17,400
Indonesia 15,000
Singapore 14,500
Jews
Largest Jewish populations (as of 2011[update]):
United States 6,588,065[139]
Israel 5,907,500[140]
France 493,600
Canada 375,000[121]
United Kingdom 291,000[121]
Russia 194,000[121]
Argentina 181,800[121]
Germany 119,000[121]
Australia 97,300[141]
Brazil 95,300[121]
Ukraine 70,200[121]
South Africa 67,000[121]
Hungary 48,200[121]
Mexico 39,200[121]
Belgium 30,000[121]
Italy 28,200[121]
Chile 18,500[121]
Turkey 17,400[121]
Uruguay 17,300[121]
Belarus 12,000[121]
Bahá'ís
Largest Bahá'í populations (as of 2010[update]) in countries with a national population ≥200,000:[142]
India 1,897,651 (The 2011 Census of India recorded 4,572 Bahá'ís[143][144])
United States 512,864
Kenya 422,782
Vietnam 388,802
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 282,916
Philippines 275,069
Iran 251,127
Zambia 241,112
South Africa 238,532
Bolivia 215,359
Tanzania 190,419
Venezuela 169,811
Uganda 95,098
Chad 94,499
Pakistan 87,259
Burma (Myanmar) 78,915
Colombia 70,504
Malaysia 67,549
Thailand 65,096
Papua New Guinea 59,898
Jainism
As of 2005[update]:[145]
India 5,146,697
United States 79,459
Kenya 68,848
United Kingdom 16,869
Canada 12,101
Tanzania 9,002
Nepal 6,800
Uganda 2,663
Burma 2,398
Malaysia 2,052
South Africa 1,918
Fiji 1,573
Japan 1,535
Australia 1,449
Suriname 1,217
Réunion 981
Belgium 815
Yemen 229
See also
Major religious groups
Importance of religion by country
Religions:
Religions by country
Bahá'í Faith by country
Buddhism by country
Christianity by country
Roman Catholicism by country
Protestantism by country
Orthodoxy by country
Hinduism by country
Islam by country
Ahmadiyya by country
Judaism by country
Sikhism by country
References
Jump up ^ "The Global Religious Landscape". The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Pew Research center. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents". Adherents.com. 2005. Retrieved 19 Jun 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/05/christians-remain-worlds-largest-religious-group-but-they-are-declining-in-europe/
Jump up ^ "Global Index of Religion and Atheism: Press Release" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbookk". Cia.gov. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Catholic Church". Gcatholic.org. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives – National Profiles". Thearda.com. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbookk". Cia.gov. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbookk". Cia.gov. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbookk". Cia.gov. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Marshall Islands". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "2006 Tonga Census". Spc.int. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "San Marino". International Religious Freedom Report 2006. US Department of State: Diplomacy in Action. Archived from the original on 2012-07-13. Retrieved 2012-08-16.
Jump up ^ "US Department of State – Paraguay – International Religious Freedom Report 2005". Retrieved 2007-06-03.
Jump up ^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives National Profiles". Thearda.com. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives – National Profiles". Thearda.com. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kiribati". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Micronesia, Federated States of". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Barbados". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Papua New Guinea, Religion and Social Profile – National Profiles – International Data". Thearda.com. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wayback Machine" Check |url= value (help). Web.archive.org. 15 July 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2017. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives – National Profiles". Thearda.com. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Maldives, South Asia". Win1040.com. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population" (PDF). Pew Research Center. October 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Zeidan, David (December 1995). "The Alevi of Anatolia". angelfire.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Islam : The Religion of Somalia" (PDF). Csbsju.edu. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Miller, Tracy, ed. (October 2009). Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population (PDF). Pew Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 5, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
^ Jump up to: a b "The population of Shia: How many Shia are there in the world?". Islamicweb.com. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "africaglobal-sistercities.org". Africaglobal-sistercities.org. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 3 February 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Shia Muslims Population". Shianumbers.com.
Jump up ^ "404 – UNDP". Sd.undp.org. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". Pew Research Center. October 7, 2009. Retrieved 2011-01-28.
Jump up ^ "Kuwait". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2017-08-23.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Niger, worldprayermap.co.uk Archived 2013-05-18 at the Wayback Machine. (archived from the original Archived 2013-08-27 at the Wayback Machine. on 2013-08-27)
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook". CIA. May 18, 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2015. 91.6%
Jump up ^ "Berkley Center for Religion Peace and World Affairs". Georgetown University. July 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-13. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
Jump up ^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives – National Profiles". Thearda.com. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut". Sensus Penduduk 2010. Jakarta, Indonesia: Badan Pusat Statistik. 15 May 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2011. Religion is belief in Almighty God that must be possessed by every human being. Religion can be divided into Muslim, Christian, Catholic, Hindu, Buddhist, Hu Khong Chu, and Other Religion. Muslim 207176162 (87.18%), Christian 16528513 (6.96), Catholic 6907873 (2.91), Hindu 4012116 (1.69), Buddhist 1703254 (0.72), Confucianism 117091 (0.05), Other 299617 (0.13), Not Stated 139582 (0.06), Not Asked 757118 (0.32), Total 237641326
Jump up ^ "General Tables". Bahraini Census 2010. Archived from the original on 2012-03-20. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
Jump up ^ Sahih Bukhari. "Sahih Bukhari : Book of "Dealing with Apostates"". Sahih-bukhari.com. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "図録▽世界各国の宗教". 2.ttcn.ne.jp. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Adherents.com: Atheist Statistics - Agnostic". Adherents.com. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns - Phil Zuckerman". Web.archive.org. 21 October 2010. Archived from the original on 21 October 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
^ Jump up to: a b "China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, Macau)". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Polls | Angus Reid Public Opinion Archived 2010-07-13 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism" (PDF). Gallup. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
Jump up ^ "2013 Census QuickStats about culture and identity – Religious affiliation". Statistics New Zealand. 15 April 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Religion in England and Wales 2011". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
^ Jump up to: a b "Germany". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ According to a poll by Der Spiegel magazine, only 45% believe in God, and just a quarter in Jesus Christ.
Jump up ^ "Russia". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "C-1 Population By Religious Community". Census of India. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Dostert, Pierre Etienne. Africa 1997 (The World Today Series). Harpers Ferry, West Virginia: Stryker-Post Publications (1997), p. 162.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fiji Islands Bureau of Statistics – Religion". Archived from the original on 7 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bhutan". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Suriname". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-02. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
Jump up ^ "United Arab Emirates International Religious Freedom Report". Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. Retrieved 2011-01-12.
Jump up ^ "Census of Population and Housing 2011". Statistics.gov.lk. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kuwait". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bangladesh : AT A GLANCE". Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 4 : Countries of the Gulf Region" (PDF). Indiadiaspora.nic.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ CIA – The World Factbook – Malaysia Archived May 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbookk". Cia.gov. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Story: Diverse religions, p. 2: Hindus". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Peringatan". Sp2010.bps.go.id. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "America's Changing Religious Landscape". Pew Research Center. 12 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Buddhists". Pewforum.org. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Occhiogrosso, Peter. The Joy of Sects: A Spirited Guide to the World's Religious Traditions. New York: Doubleday (1996); p. 192.
Jump up ^ "BBC – Religion: Taoism". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Taiwan". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Asia Sentinel – Independent news and analysis about Asia's politics, economics, culture and more". Asia Sentinel. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Presidential Election in South Korea Highlights Influence of Christian Community". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 12 December 2007. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ World Almanac and Book of Facts 2000. Mahwah, NJ: PRIMEDIA Reference Inc. (1999). [Source: 1999 Encyc. Britannica Book of the Year]; p. 695.
Jump up ^ "Adherents.com". Adherents.com. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "2009 Report on International Religious Freedom". state.gov. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Haiti". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Togo". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sudan". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "South Africa". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sierra Leone". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Indonesia". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Palau". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Neiyyar, Dil (2010-02-25). "Sikhs threaten census legal fight". BBC News.
Jump up ^ "Sikhs celebrate harvest festival". BBC News. 2003-05-10.
Jump up ^ Summary Tables Archived 2011-01-14 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Punjabis Without Punjabi". Apnaorg.com. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Religions in Singapore". Worksingapore.com. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Articles that mention California". Hinducurrents.com. Archived from the original on 20 November 2009. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "ENA Homepage" (PDF). Hinducurrents.com. Retrieved 14 February 2015. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "New Zealand". Association of Religion Data Archives.
Jump up ^ "Wayback Machine" (PDF). Web.archive.org. 19 June 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2005.
Jump up ^ "Redirect to Census data page". Censusdata.abs.gov.au. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "NRI Sikhs in Italy". Nriinternet.com. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sikhs". Adherents.com. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Most Spiritist Nations (2005) - QuickLists - The Association of Religion Data Archives". Thearda.com. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Israel on eve of Rosh Hoshanah: Population hits 7.5m, 75.4% Jewish". Haaretz.com. 16 September 2009. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Joshua Project. "Country – Monaco :: Joshua Project Joshua Project". Joshuaproject.net. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Jewish Population in the United States, 2011 Archived 2013-04-19 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ [2][dead link]
Jump up ^ "Jewish Population of the World". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ [3]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2013-09-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Jewish Population of the World". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Netherlands — Multicultural Netherlands". Web.archive.org. 13 May 2013. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Главная страница проекта "Арена" : Некоммерческая Исследовательская Служба "Среда"". Sreda.org. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "2010 Census of Belize Overview". Belize.com. 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "2010 Census of Belize Detailed Demographics of 2000 and 2010". Belize.com. 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Resident population by religion and sex" (PDF). Statistics Mauritius. pp. 68, 71. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 16, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Chapter II, Population Composition, 2002 Census" (PDF). Statistics Bureau. 2002. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Redatam". Census. Barbados Statistical Service. 2010. Archived from the original on 4 October 2010. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hsu, Becky; Amy Reynolds; Conrad Hackett; James Gibbon (2008). "Estimating the Religious Composition of All Nations: An Empirical Assessment of the World Christian Database" (PDF). Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 47 (4): 691–692. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00435.x. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
Jump up ^ ""Nones" on the Rise". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 9 October 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Censos/Censo_Demografico_2010/Caracteristicas_Gerais_Religiao_Deficiencia/tab1_4.pdf
Jump up ^ "Число российских атеистов снизилось на 5 процентов за три года". 15 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Religious diversity is increasing in Mexico". Geo-mexico.com. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Table: Christian Population in Numbers by Country". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 19 December 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "PHILIPPINES 2012 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT" (PDF). State.gov. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Religionen & Weltanschauungsgemeinschaften in Deutschland: Mitgliederzahlen". Remid.de. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "race". Web.archive.org. 20 December 2007. Archived from the original on 20 December 2007. Retrieved 8 November 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Bangladesh: Christians, Sikhs stress unity in first religious dialogue". Union of Catholic Asian News. 2 March 2009. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jewish Population in the United States, by State". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Israel 2010: 42% of Jews are secular". Ynetnews.com. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "2071.0 – Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census, 2012–2013". Abs.gov.au. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most Baha'i Nations (2010)". QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2010. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
Jump up ^ "C-01 Appendix : Details of Religious Community Shown Under 'Other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table C-1- 2011 (India & States/UTs)". Retrieved September 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Population Enumeration Data (Final Population)". Retrieved April 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Most Jainist Nations (2005)". Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
External links
Asian-Nation: Religious Affiliation among Asian Americans
International Religious Freedom Report 2007 of U.S. Department of State
Background Notes of U.S. Department of State
The World Factbook of CIA
Adherents.com
Religious Freedom page
Religious Intelligence
World Statesmen
BBC News – Muslims in Europe: Country guide
Vipassana Foundation – Buddhists around the world
show
v
t
e
Religion
show
Major religious groups and religious denominations
Abrahamic
Judaism
Orthodox
Haredi
Hasidic
Modern
Conservative
Reform
Karaite
Samaritanism
Haymanot
Reconstructionist
Renewal
Humanistic
Christianity
Catholic Church
Latin Church
Eastern Catholic Churches
Eastern Orthodox Church
Oriental Orthodoxy
Assyrian Church
Ancient Church
Protestantism
Waldensians
Moravian Church
Lutheranism
Calvinism/Presbyterianism
Anabaptism
Anglicanism
Methodism
Baptists
Quakerism
Evangelicalism
Restorationism
Adventism
Pentecostalism (Charismatic)
Independent Catholicism
Nontrinitarianism
Unitarianism
Swedenborgianism
Mormonism
Christadelphians
Jehovah's Witnesses
Spiritual
Esoteric
Nondenominational
Islam
Sunni
Hanafi
Maliki
Shafi'i
Hanbali
Salafism
Wahhabism
Ahl al-Hadith
Shia
Twelver
Zaidiyyah
Isma'ilism
Alawis
Sufism
Khawarij
Ibadi
Alevism
Ahmadi
Mahdavia
Quranism
Non-denominational
Others
Bábism
Azali
Bahá'í
Druze
Ali-Illahism
Yarsanism
Mandaeism
Rastafarianism
Dharmic
Hinduism
Vaishnavism
Srivaishnavism
Krishnaism
Ramaism
Mahanubhava
Varkari
Shaivism
Siddhantism
Kaumaram
Lingayatism
Nath
Shaktism
Smartism
Tantrism
Bhakti
Ayyavazhi
Balinese
Neohinduism
Buddhism
Theravada
Mahayana
Chan/Zen
Amidism
Nichiren
Vajrayana
Tibetan
Neo-Buddhism
Others
Jainism
Digambara
Śvētāmbara
Sikhism
Kalash
Iranian
Zoroastrianism
Yazidis
Ossetian
European
Armenian
Baltic
Celtic
Druidry
Germanic
Hellenism
Italo-Roman
Romanian
Slavic
Uralic
Estonian
Finnish
Hungarian
Mari
Mordvin
Sami
Udmurt
Siberian
Turkic-Mongolic
Tengrism
Burkhanism
Vattisen Yaly
Tungusic
Manchu
Evenki
Nivkh
Chinese
Confucianism
Taoism
Folk Taoism
Yao Taoism
Nuo
Salvationist
Yiguandao
Luoism
Tibetic
Bon
Burmese
Benzhuism
Bimoism
Bathouism
Bongthingism
Donyi-Polo
Kiratism
Sanamahism
Korean
Sindoism
Cheondoism
Jeungsanism
Japanese
Shinto
Tenrikyo
Ryukyuan
Austroasiatic
Vietnamese
Caodaism
Đạo Mẫu
Hoahaoism
Sarnaism
Austronesian
Batak Parmalim
Dayak Kaharingan
Javanese Kejawèn
Karo Pemena
Malaysian
Philippine Dayawism
Tagalog
Polynesian
Hawaiian
Sumbese Marapu
Sundanese Wiwitan
African
Traditional
Akan
Akamba
Baluba
Bantu
Berber
Bushongo
Dinka
Efik
Fon and Ewe
Guanche
Igbo
Isoko
Lotuko
Lozi
Lugbara
Maasai
Mbuti
San
Serer
Tumbuka
Waaq
Yoruba
Zulu
Diasporic
Candomblé
Kumina
Obeah
Quimbanda
Palo
Santería
Umbanda
Vodou
Voodoo
Winti
Other groups
Circassian
Dravidian
Hmongism
Mo
Satsana Phi
Inuit
Native American
Mesoamerican
Aztec
Maya
Aboriginal Australian
Papuan
Recent
Agni Yoga
Anthroposophy
Discordianism
Eckankar
Falun Gong
Fourth Way
Goddess movement
Japanese
Jediism
Modekngei
Neopaganism
Neoshamanism
New Acropolis
New Age
New Thought
Osho
Raëlism
Satanism
Scientology
Spiritism
Subud
Tensegrity
Thelema
Theosophy
Transcendental Meditation
UFO religion
Unitarian Universalism
White Brotherhood
Wicca
show
Historical religions
Paleolithic
Harappan
Egyptian
Atenism
Mesopotamian
Sumerian
Semitic
Canaanite
Yahwism
Arabian
Somali
Hurrian
Urartu
Etruscan
Basque
Georgian
Vainakh
Proto-Indo-European
Proto-Indo-Iranian
Vedic
Mazdaism
Hittite
Armenian
Albanian
Thracian
Greek
Mysteries
Orphism
Gnosticism
Hermeticism
Greco-Buddhism
Roman
Imperial cult
Mithraism
Manichaeism
Mazdakism
Scythian
Germanic
Anglo-Saxon
Continental
Frankish
Norse
Celtic
Baltic
Slavic
Finnish
Hungarian
Rapa Nui
Ainu
Inca
show
Topics
Aspects
Apostasy / Disaffiliation
Behaviour
Beliefs
Clergy
Conversion
Deities
Entheogens
Ethnic religion
Denomination
Faith
Fire
Folk religion
God
Meditation
Monasticism
monk
nun
Mysticism
Mythology
Nature
Ordination
Orthodoxy
Orthopraxy
Prayer
Prophesy
Religious experience
Ritual
liturgy
sacrifice
Spirituality
Supernatural
Symbols
Truth
Water
Worship
Theism
Animism
Deism
Dualism
Henotheism
Monotheism
Nontheism
Panentheism
Pantheism
Polytheism
Transtheism
Religious studies
Anthropology
Cognitive science
Comparative
Development
Evolutionary origin
Evolutionary psychology
History
Philosophy
Neurotheology
Psychology
Sociology
Theology
Theories
Women
Religion and
society
Agriculture
Business
Clergy
monasticism
ordination
Conversion
evangelism
missionary
proselytism
Education
Fanaticism
Freedom
pluralism
syncretism
toleration
universalism
Fundamentalism
Growth
Happiness
Homosexuality
Minorities
National church
National religiosity levels
Religiocentrism
Political science
Populations
Schism
Science
State
Theocracy
Vegetarianism
Video games
Violence
persecution
terrorism
war
Wealth
Secularism and
irreligion
Antireligion
Deism
Agnosticism
Atheism
Criticism
LaVeyan Satanism
Deconstruction
Humanistic Judaism
Irreligion by country
Objectivism
Secular humanism
Secular theology
Secularization
Separation of church and state
Unaffiliated
Overviews
and lists
Index
Outline
Timeline
Abrahamic prophets
Deification
Deities
Founders
Mass gatherings
New religious movements
Organizations
Religions and spiritual traditions
Scholars
Category
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_religious_populations&oldid=855030794"
Categories:
Religion
Religion-related lists
Lists by population
Religious demographics
Hidden categories:
Pages with URL errors
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from January 2018
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
Articles with dead external links from June 2013
Articles with dead external links from September 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Articles with dead external links from November 2017
Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1998
Articles needing additional references from August 2014
All articles needing additional references
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
Deutsch
فارسی
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
मराठी
پنجابی
Română
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
اردو
6 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 15 August 2018, at 13:11 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href title

attrs: class id

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: p

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: b

value: input

attrs: type role id class style

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

value: label

attrs: class for

values: toctogglelabel toctogglecheckbox

value: span

attrs: class dir

values: toctitle ltr

values: padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;

values: padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;

values: background:#007FFF; width:33%; overflow: hidden;

values: width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;

values: padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;

values: background:#009900; width:24.1%; overflow: hidden;

values: background:#848482; width:16%; overflow: hidden;

values: background:#FF7F00; width:16%; overflow: hidden;

values: background:#FFFF00; width:7%; overflow: hidden;

values: background:#ED2939; width:5.9%; overflow: hidden;

values: background:#808080; width:0.8%; overflow: hidden;

values: overflow-x: auto; border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white;

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Chinese_traditional_religion
mw-redirect
Chinese traditional religion

values:
/wiki/African_traditional_religions
mw-redirect
African traditional religions

values: -moz-column-width: close; -webkit-column-width: close; column-width: close; list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Muslim_World
mw-redirect
Muslim World

values:
/wiki/Irreligion_by_country
mw-redirect
Irreligion by country

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values:
/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_by_country
mw-redirect
Roman Catholicism by country

values:
nofollow
external text
http://w/ww.state.gr

values:
nofollow
external text
http://win1040.com/page.php?id=578

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.worldprayermap.co.uk

values: Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.banbeis.gov.bd/bd_pro.htm

values:
nofollow
external autonumber
http://www.rewesternafrica/niger.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_145.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://apnaorg.com/articles/ishtiaq8

values:
nofollow
http://mcnl.berkeley.edu/netherlands/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://sreda.org/arena

values: Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion

values:
nofollow
external text
http://geo-mexico.com/?p=4056

values:
nofollow
https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.worldstatesmen.org/
external text

values:
/wiki/Smarta_Tradition
mw-redirect
Smarta Tradition

values:
/wiki/Armenian_neopaganism
mw-redirect
Armenian neopaganism

values:
/wiki/Italo-Roman_neopaganism
mw-redirect
Italo-Roman neopaganism

values:
/wiki/Hungarian_neopaganism
mw-redirect
Hungarian neopaganism

values:
/wiki/Mari_native_religion
mw-redirect
Mari native religion

values:
/wiki/Mordvin_native_religion
mw-redirect
Mordvin native religion

values:
/wiki/Kirant_Mundhum
mw-redirect
Kirant Mundhum

values: Indigenous religious beliefs of the Philippines

values: Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people

values:
/wiki/Polynesian_mythology
mw-redirect
Polynesian mythology

values:
/wiki/Isoko_people
mw-redirect
Isoko people

values: Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology

values:
/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)
mw-redirect
Tensegrity (Castaneda)

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion
mw-redirect
Proto-Indo-Iranian religion

values:
/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)
mw-redirect
Imperial cult (ancient Rome)

values:
/wiki/Norse_religion
mw-redirect
Norse religion

values:
/wiki/Slavic_mythology
mw-redirect
Slavic mythology

values:
/wiki/Religious_belief
mw-redirect
Religious belief

values:
/wiki/Religious_symbolism
mw-redirect
Religious symbolism

values:
/wiki/Development_of_religion
mw-redirect
Development of religion

values:
/wiki/History_of_religions
mw-redirect
History of religions

values:
/wiki/Religion_and_happiness
mw-redirect
Religion and happiness

values: Relationship between religion and science

values: Deconstruction and religion (page does not exist)

values: List of religions and spiritual traditions

values: Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions

values: List of people who have been considered deities

values: List of founders of religious traditions

values: List of largest peaceful gatherings in history

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2018

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2013

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2017

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1998

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2014

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/List_of_religious_populations
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: قائمة التعداد الديني – Arabic

values: Dünyа əhаlisinin dini tərkibi – Azerbaijani

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: دونیانین دینی اهالی‌سی – South Azerbaijani

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: فهرست جمعیت‌های دینی – Persian

values: Stanovništvo svijeta po religijskoj ispovijesti – Croatian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values: Agama menurut jumlah penganut – Indonesian

values: धार्मिक लोकसंख्यांची यादी – Marathi

values: مذہب دے لحاظ نال لوک گنتی لسٹ – Western Punjabi

values: Lista populațiilor după religie – Romanian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Численность последователей основных религий – Russian

values: Luettelo maailman uskontojen väkimäärästä – Finnish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: Lista över trosuppfattningar efter antalet bekännare – Swedish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: சமயங்களின் குடித்தொகைப் பட்டியல் – Tamil

values: مذہبی آبادیوں کی فہرست – Urdu

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_religious_populations rootpage-List_of_religious_populations skin-vector action-view