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List of missions to the Moon
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It has been suggested that List of lunar probes be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since October 2016.
Surveyor 3 on the Moon
The first image taken of the far side of the Moon, returned by Luna 3
As part of human exploration of the Moon, numerous space missions have been undertaken to study Earth's natural satellite. Of the Moon landings; Luna 2 was the first spacecraft to reach its surface successfully, intentionally impacting the Moon on 13 September 1959. In 1966, Luna 9 became the first spacecraft to achieve a controlled soft landing, while Luna 10 became the first mission to enter orbit.
Between 1968 and 1972, manned missions to the Moon were conducted by the United States as part of the Apollo program. Apollo 8 was the first manned mission to enter orbit in December 1968, and was followed by Apollo 10 in May 1969. Six missions landed men on the Moon, beginning with Apollo 11 in July 1969, during which Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the Moon. Apollo 13 was intended to land, however it was restricted to a flyby due to a malfunction aboard the spacecraft. All nine manned missions returned safely to the Earth.
While the United States focused on the manned Apollo program, the Soviet Union conducted unmanned missions that deployed rovers and returned samples to the Earth. Three rover missions were launched, of which two were successful, and eleven sample return flights were attempted with three successes.
Missions to the Moon have been conducted by the Soviet Union, United States, European Space Agency, Japan, India and the People's Republic of China. The Moon has also been visited by five spacecraft not dedicated to studying it; four spacecraft have flown past it to gain gravity assistance, and a radio telescope, Explorer 49, was placed into selenocentric orbit in order to use the Moon to block interference from terrestrial radio sources.
Contents
[hide]
1 Missions to date
2 Future missions
2.1 Funded
2.1.1 Funded lunar probe missions currently under development
2.2 Proposed but full funding still unclear
2.2.1 Proposed but full funding still unclear, lunar probe missions
2.2.2 Proposed but full funding still unclear, crewed lunar missions
2.3 Cancelled or indefinitely postponed
3 See also
4 References
Missions to date[edit]
Spacecraft
Launch Date[1]
Carrier rocket[2]
Operator
Mission
Outcome
Pioneer 0
(Able I)[3] 000000001958-08-17-000017 August 1958 Thor DM-18 Able I[3] USAF Orbiter Launch failure
First attempted launch beyond Earth orbit; failed to orbit due to turbopump gearbox malfunction resulting in first stage explosion.[3] Reached apogee of 16 kilometres (9.9 mi)[4]
E-1 No.1 000000001958-09-23-000023 September 1958 Luna OKB-1 Impactor Launch failure
Failed to orbit; rocket disintegrated due to excessive vibration[3][5]
Pioneer 1
(Able II)[3] 000000001958-10-11-000011 October 1958 Thor DM-18 Able I[3] NASA Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit; premature second stage cutoff due to accelerometer failure. Later known as Pioneer 1.[3] Reached apogee of 113,800 kilometres (70,700 mi).[6]
E-1 No.2 000000001958-10-11-000011 October 1958 Luna OKB-1 Impactor Launch failure
Failed to orbit; carrier rocket exploded due to excessive vibration.[3][5]
Pioneer 2
(Able III) 000000001958-11-08-00008 November 1958 Thor DM-18 Able I NASA Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit; premature second stage cutoff due to erroneous command by ground controllers; third stage failed to ignite due to broken electrical connection[3] Reached apogee of 1,550 kilometres (960 mi).[7]
E-1 No.3 000000001958-12-04-00004 December 1958 Luna OKB-1 Impactor Launch failure
Failed to orbit; seal failure in hydrogen peroxide pump cooling system resulted in core stage underperformance[3][5]
Pioneer 3 000000001958-12-06-00006 December 1958 Juno II NASA Flyby Launch failure
Failed to orbit; premature first stage cutoff.[3] Reached apogee of 102,360 kilometres (63,600 mi).[8]
Mechta
(E-1 No.4) 000000001959-01-02-00002 January 1959 Luna OKB-1 Impactor Launch failure
Carrier rocket guidance problem resulted in failure to impact Moon, flew past in heliocentric orbit, later known as Luna 1[9] Closest approach 5,995 kilometres (3,725 mi) on 4 January.[10]
Pioneer 4 000000001959-03-03-00003 March 1959 Juno II NASA Flyby Partial failure
Second stage overperformance resulted in flyby at greater altitude than expected, out of instrument range, with 58,983 kilometres of distance.[9] Closest approach at 22:25 UTC on 4 March. First U.S. spacecraft to leave Earth orbit.[11]
E-1A No.1 000000001959-06-18-000018 June 1959 Luna OKB-1 Impactor Launch failure
Failed to orbit; guidance system malfunction[9]
Luna 2
(E-1A No.2) 000000001959-09-12-000012 September 1959 Luna OKB-1 Impactor Success
Successful impact at 21:02 on 14 September 1959. First spacecraft to reach lunar surface[12]
Luna 3
(E-2A No.1) 000000001959-10-04-00004 October 1959 Luna OKB-1 Flyby Success
Returned first images of the far side of the Moon[13]
P-3
Able IVB 000000001959-11-26-000026 November 1959 Atlas-D Able NASA Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit;[14] payload fairing disintegrated due to design fault[9]
E-3 No.1 000000001960-04-15-000015 April 1960 Luna OKB-1 Flyby Launch failure
Failed to orbit; premature third stage cutoff[15]
E-3 No.2 000000001960-04-16-000016 April 1960 Luna OKB-1 Flyby Launch failure
Failed to orbit; rocket disintegrated ten seconds after launch[15]
P-30
(Able VA) 000000001960-09-25-000025 September 1960 Atlas-D Able NASA Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit; second stage oxidiser system malfunction resulting in premature cutoff[15][16] payload fairing disintegrated due to design fault[9]
P-31
(Able VB) 000000001960-12-15-000015 December 1960 Atlas-D Able NASA Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit;[17] second stage ignited while first stage was still attached and burning, vehicle exploded[15]
Ranger 3
(P-34) 000000001962-01-26-000026 January 1962 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B NASA Impactor Spacecraft failure
Partial launch failure due to guidance problem; attempt to correct using spacecraft's engine resulted in it missing the Moon by 36,793 kilometres (22,862 mi)[18][19]
Ranger 4
(P-35) 000000001962-04-23-000023 April 1962 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B NASA Impactor Spacecraft failure
Failed to deploy solar panels, ran out of power ten hours after launch; incidental impact on the far side of the Moon on 26 April[18][20]
Ranger 5
(P-36) 000000001962-10-18-000018 October 1962 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B NASA Impactor Spacecraft failure
Solar panels erroneously disengaged from power system, failed 8 3⁄4 hours after launch when batteries were depleted.[18] Missed the Moon as course correction was not completed[21]
E-6 No.2 000000001963-01-04-00004 January 1963 Molniya-L OKB-1 Lander Launch failure
Failed to depart Low Earth orbit;[22] guidance system power failure prevented upper stage ignition[23]
E-6 No.3 000000001963-02-03-00003 February 1963 Molniya-L OKB-1 Lander Launch failure
Failed to orbit; guidance failure[23]
Luna 4
(E-6 No.4) 000000001963-04-02-00002 April 1963 Molniya-L OKB-1 Lander Spacecraft failure
Failed to perform mid-course correction,[23] remained in high Earth orbit until given escape velocity by orbital perturbation[24]
Ranger 6
(P-54) 000000001964-01-30-000030 January 1964 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B NASA Impactor Spacecraft failure
Impacted on 2 February 1964, failed to return images due to power system failure[25][26]
E-6 No.6 000000001964-03-21-000021 March 1964 Molniya-M OKB-1 Lander Launch failure
Failed to orbit; third stage underperformed due to oxidiser valve failure[25]
E-6 No.5 000000001964-04-20-000020 April 1964 Molniya-M OKB-1 Lander Launch failure
Failed to orbit; power failure caused by broken connection resulted in premature third stage cutoff[25]
Ranger 7 000000001964-07-28-000028 July 1964 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B NASA Impactor Success
Impacted on 30 July 1964 at 13:25:48 UTC[27]
Ranger 8 000000001965-02-17-000017 February 1965 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B NASA Impactor Success
Impacted on 20 February 1965 at 09:57:37 UTC[28][29]
Kosmos 60
(E-6 No.9) 000000001965-03-12-000012 March 1965 Molniya-L Lavochkin Lander Launch failure
Upper stage failed to restart due to guidance system short-circuit.[28] Failed to depart low Earth orbit[30]
Ranger 9 000000001965-03-21-000021 March 1965 Atlas LV-3 Agena-B NASA Impactor Success
Impacted on 24 March 1965 at 14:08:20 UTC[28][31]
E-6 No.8 000000001965-04-10-000010 April 1965 Molniya-L Lavochkin Lander Launch failure
Third stage failed to ignite due to loss of oxidiser pressure, failed to orbit[28]
Luna 5
(E-6 No.10) 000000001965-05-09-00009 May 1965 Molniya-M Lavochkin Lander Spacecraft failure
Loss of control after gyroscope malfunction,[28] failed to decelerate for landing and impacted the Moon at 19:10 UTC on 12 May 1965.[32]
Luna 6
(E-6 No.7) 000000001965-06-08-00008 June 1965 Molniya-M Lavochkin Lander Spacecraft failure
Engine failed to shut down after performing mid-course correction manoeuvre,[28] flew past the Moon in heliocentric orbit.[33]
Zond 3
(3MV-4 No.3) 000000001965-07-18-000018 July 1965 Molniya Lavochkin Flyby Success
Flew past the Moon on 20 July 1965 at a distance of 9,200 kilometres (5,700 mi).[34] Conducted technology demonstration for future planetary missions.[28]
Luna 7
(E-6 No.11) 000000001965-10-04-00004 October 1965 Molniya Lavochkin Lander Spacecraft failure
Attitude control failure shortly before landing prevented controlled descent; impacted the lunar surface 22:08:24 UTC on 7 October 1965.[28][35]
Luna 8
(E-6 No.12) 000000001965-12-03-00003 December 1965 Molniya Lavochkin Lander Spacecraft failure
Landing airbag punctured, resulting in loss of attitude control shortly before planned touchdown,[28] impacted Moon at 21:51:30 UTC on 6 December 1965[36]
Luna 9
(E-6 No.13) 000000001966-01-31-000031 January 1966 Molniya-M Lavochkin Lander Success
First spacecraft to land successfully on the Moon; touchdown at 18:45:30 UTC on 3 February 1966.[37] Returned data until 22:55 UTC on 6 February.[38]
Kosmos 111
(E-6S No.204) 000000001966-03-01-00001 March 1966 Molniya-M Lavochkin Orbiter Launch failure
Upper stage lost attitude control and failed to ignite;[38] spacecraft never left low Earth orbit[39]
Luna 10
(E-6S No.206) 000000001966-03-31-000031 March 1966 Molniya-M Lavochkin Orbiter Success
Entered orbit at 18:44 UTC on 3 April 1966, becoming the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon.[40] Continued to return data until 30 May.[38]
Surveyor 1 000000001966-05-30-000030 May 1966 Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D NASA Lander Success
Landed in Oceanus Procellarum at 06:17:36 UTC on 2 June 1966.[38] Returned data until loss of power on 13 July.[41]
Explorer 33
(AIMP-D) 000000001966-07-01-00001 July 1966 Delta E1 NASA Orbiter Launch failure
Magnetospheric probe; rocket imparted greater velocity than had been planned, leaving spacecraft unable to enter orbit.[38] Repurposed for Earth orbit mission which was completed successfully.[42]
Lunar Orbiter 1 000000001966-08-10-000010 August 1966 Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D NASA Orbiter Partial failure
Orbital insertion at around 15:36 UTC on 14 August. Deorbited early due to lack of fuel and to avoid communications interference with the next mission, impacted the Moon at 13:30 UTC on 29 October 1966.[43]
Luna 11
(E-6LF No.101) 000000001966-08-21-000021 August 1966 Molniya-M Lavochkin Orbiter Partial failure[a]
Entered orbit on 28 August 1966. Failed to return images; other instruments operated correctly.[38] Conducted gamma ray and X-ray observations to study the composition of the Moon, investigated the lunar gravitational field, the presence of meteorites in the lunar environment and the radiation environment at the Moon. Ceased operations on 1 October 1966 after power was depleted.[44]
Surveyor 2 000000001966-09-20-000020 September 1966 Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D NASA Lander Spacecraft failure
One thruster failed to ignite during mid-course correction manoeuvre resulting in loss of control.[38] Impacted the Moon at 03:18 UTC on 23 September 1966.[45]
Luna 12
(E-6LF No.102) 000000001966-10-22-000022 October 1966 Molniya-M Lavochkin Orbiter Success
Entered orbit on 25 October 1966 and returned data until 19 January 1967.[46] Completed photography mission intended for Luna 11.[38]
Lunar Orbiter 2 000000001966-11-06-00006 November 1966 Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D NASA Orbiter Success
Entered orbit at about 19:51 UTC on 10 November 1966 to begin photographic mapping mission. Impacted on the far side of the lunar surface following deorbit burn on 11 October 1967 at end of mission.[47]
Luna 13
(E-6M No.205) 000000001966-12-21-000021 December 1966 Molniya-M Lavochkin Lander Success
Successfully landed in Oceanus Procellarum at 18:01 UTC on 24 December 1966.[38] Returned images from the surface and studied the lunar soil.[48] Operated until depletion of power at 06:31 UTC on 28 December.[38]
Lunar Orbiter 3 000000001967-02-05-00005 February 1967 Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D NASA Orbiter Success
Entered orbit at 21:54 UTC on 8 February 1967. Deorbited at end of mission and impacted the Moon on 9 October 1967.[49]
Surveyor 3 000000001967-04-17-000017 April 1967 Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D NASA Lander Success
Landed at 00:04 UTC on 20 April 1967 and operated until 3 May.[50][51] Visited by Apollo 12 astronauts in 1969, with some parts removed for return to Earth.[52]
Lunar Orbiter 4 000000001967-05-04-00004 May 1967 Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D NASA Orbiter Success
Entered orbit at 21:54 UTC on 8 May 1967, operated until 17 July. Decayed from orbit, with lunar impact occurring on 6 October 1967.[50][53]
Surveyor 4 000000001967-07-14-000014 July 1967 Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D NASA Lander Spacecraft failure
Contact with spacecraft lost at 02:03 UTC on 17 July, two and a half minutes before scheduled landing.[50] NASA determined that the spacecraft may have exploded, otherwise it impacted the Moon.[54]
Explorer 35
(AIMP-E) 000000001967-07-19-000019 July 1967 Delta E1 NASA Orbiter Success
Magnetospheric probe, studying the Moon and interplanetary space. Deactivated on 27 June 1973.[55] Presumed to have impacted the Moon during the 1970s.[56]
Lunar Orbiter 5 000000001967-08-01-00001 August 1967 Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D NASA Orbiter Success
Final mission in the Lunar Orbiter series, entered selenocentric orbit on 5 August at 16:48 UTC and conducted a photographic survey until 18 August. Deorbited and impacted the Moon on 31 January 1968.[57]
Surveyor 5 000000001967-09-08-00008 September 1967 Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D NASA Lander Success
Landed in Mare Tranquillitatis at 00:46:44 UTC on 11 September. Last signals received at 04:30 UTC on 17 December 1967.[58]
7K-L1 No.4L 000000001967-09-27-000027 September 1967 Proton-K/D Lavochkin Flyby Launch failure
Technology demonstration for planned manned missions. Failed to reach orbit after a blocked propellant line caused one of the first stage engines not to ignite.[50]
Surveyor 6 000000001967-11-07-00007 November 1967 Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D NASA Lander Success
Landed in Sinus Medii at 01:01:04 UTC on 10 November.[50] Made brief flight from lunar surface at 10:32 UTC on 17 November, followed by second landing after travelling 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in). Last contact at 19:14 UTC on 14 December.[59]
7K-L1 No.5L 000000001967-11-22-000022 November 1967 Proton-K/D Lavochkin Flyby Launch failure
Technology demonstration for planned manned missions; unable to achieve orbit after second stage engine failed to ignite.[50]
Surveyor 7 000000001968-01-07-00007 January 1968 Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D NASA Lander Success
Final Surveyor mission.[60] Landed 29 kilometres (18 mi) from Tycho crater at 01:05:36 UTC on 10 January. Operated until 21 February 1968.[61]
E-6LS No.112 000000001968-02-07-00007 February 1968 Molniya-M Lavochkin Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit after third stage ran out of fuel.[61]
Luna 14
(E-6LS No.113) 000000001968-04-07-00007 April 1968 Molniya-M Lavochkin Orbiter Success
Tested communications for proposed manned missions and studied the mass concentration of the Moon. Entered orbit on 10 April at 19:25 UTC.[62]
7K-L1 No.7L 000000001968-04-22-000022 April 1968 Proton-K/D Lavochkin Flyby Launch failure
Technology demonstration for planned manned missions. Failed to orbit after second stage engine incorrectly commanded to shut down; although spacecraft was recovered using its prototype launch escape system.[61]
Zond 5
(7K-L1 No.9L) 000000001968-09-14-000014 September 1968 Proton-K/D Lavochkin Flyby, circled Success
Two tortoises and other life forms on board a technology demonstration for planned manned missions. Made a closest approach of 1,850 kilometres (1,150 mi) on 18 September, and circled the moon before returning to Earth. Landed in the Indian Ocean on 21 September at 16:08 UTC, becoming first Lunar spacecraft to be recovered successfully and carried the first Earth life to travel to and around the moon.[63]
Zond 6
(7K-L1 No.12L) 000000001968-11-10-000010 November 1968 Proton-K/D Lavochkin Flyby Spacecraft failure
Technology demonstration for planned manned missions. Flyby occurred on 14 November, with a closest approach of 2,420 kilometres (1,500 mi).[64] Reentered Earth's atmosphere on 17 November however recovery was unsuccessful after parachutes were prematurely jettisoned.[61]
Apollo 8 000000001968-12-21-000021 December 1968 Saturn V NASA Manned Orbiter Success
First manned mission to the Moon; entered orbit around the Moon with four-minute burn beginning at 09:59:52 UTC on 24 December. Completed ten orbits of the Moon before returning to Earth with an engine burn at 06:10:16 UTC on 25 December. Landed in the Pacific Ocean at 15:51 UTC on 27 December.[65]
7K-L1 No.13L 000000001969-01-20-000020 January 1969 Proton-K/D Lavochkin Flyby Launch failure
Technology demonstration for planned manned missions. Failed to orbit after one of the four second stage engines shut down prematurely. Third stage engine also shut down prematurely. The spacecraft was recovered using its launch escape system.[66]
E-8 No.201 000000001969-02-19-000019 February 1969 Proton-K/D Lavochkin Lander/Rover Launch failure
First launch of the Lunokhod rover. Launch vehicle disintegrated 51 seconds after launch and exploded.[66]
7K-L1S No.3 000000001969-02-21-000021 February 1969 N1 OKB-1 Orbiter Launch failure
First launch of N1 rocket; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. First stage prematurely shut down 70 seconds after launch; launch vehicle crashed 50 kilometres (31 mi) from launch site. Spacecraft landed some 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the launch pad after successfully using its launch escape system.[66]
Apollo 10 000000001969-05-18-000018 May 1969 Saturn V NASA Manned Orbiter Success
Dress rehearsal for Apollo 11
E-8-5 No.402 000000001969-06-14-000014 June 1969 Proton-K/D Lavochkin Sample return Launch failure
Intended to land on the Moon and return lunar soil sample. Did not reach Earth orbit after fourth stage failed to ignite.[66]
7K-L1S No.5 000000001969-07-03-00003 July 1969 N1 OKB-1 Orbiter Launch failure
Intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. All first stage engines shut down 10 seconds after launch; launch vehicle crashed and exploded on the launch pad. Spacecraft landed safely 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the launch site after using launch escape sequence.[66]
Luna 15
(E-8-5 No.401) 000000001969-07-13-000013 July 1969 Proton-K/D Lavochkin Sample return Spacecraft failure
Reached lunar orbit at 10:00 UTC on 17 July. Descent retro-rocket burn started at 15:47 UTC on 21 July. Contact lost 3 minutes after de-orbit burn; probably crashed on the Moon.[66]
Apollo 11 000000001969-07-16-000016 July 1969 Saturn V NASA Manned Orbiter/Lander Success
First manned landing on the Moon. LM landed at 20:17 UTC on 20 July 1969
Zond 7
(7K-L1 No.11L) 000000001969-08-07-00007 August 1969 Proton-K/D Lavochkin Flyby Success
Technology demonstration for planned manned missions. Lunar flyby on 10 August, with a closest approach of 1,200 kilometres (750 mi); returned to Earth and landed in Kazakhstan at 18:13 UTC on 14 August.[66]
Kosmos 300
(E-8-5 No.403) 000000001969-09-23-000023 September 1969 Proton-K/D Lavochkin Sample return Launch failure
Third attempt at lunar sample return. After reaching low Earth orbit, the fourth stage engine failed to fire for trans-lunar injection due to oxidiser leak. Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere about 4 days after launch.[66]
Kosmos 305
(E-8-5 No.404) 000000001969-10-22-000022 October 1969 Proton-K/D Lavochkin Sample return Launch failure
Fourth attempt at lunar sample return. After reaching low Earth orbit, the fourth stage engine failed to fire for trans-lunar injection due to control system malfunction. Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere within one orbit after launch.[66]
Apollo 12 000000001969-11-14-000014 November 1969 Saturn V NASA Manned Orbiter/Lander Success
E-8-5 No.405 000000001970-02-06-00006 February 1970 Proton-K/D Lavochkin Sample return Launch failure
Failed to orbit
Apollo 13 000000001970-04-11-000011 April 1970 Saturn V NASA Manned Orbiter/Lander Spacecraft failure
Mission aborted following oxygen tank explosion, flew past the Moon without entering orbit and returned to Earth
Luna 16
(E-8-5 No.406) 000000001970-09-12-000012 September 1970 Proton-K/D Lavochkin Sample return Success
Zond 8
(7K-L1 No.14L) 000000001970-10-20-000020 October 1970 Proton-K/D Lavochkin Flyby Success
Technology demonstration for planned manned missions; returned to Earth successfully
Luna 17
(E-8 No.203) 000000001970-11-10-000010 November 1970 Proton-K/D Lavochkin Lander/Rover Success
Deployed Lunokhod 1
Apollo 14 000000001971-01-31-000031 January 1971 Saturn V NASA Manned Orbiter/Lander Success
Apollo 15 000000001971-07-26-000026 July 1971 Saturn V NASA Manned Orbiter/Lander/Rover Success
PFS-1 000000001971-07-26-000026 July 1971 Saturn V NASA Orbiter Success
Deployed from Apollo 15
Luna 18
(E-8-5 No.407) 000000001971-09-02-00002 September 1971 Proton-K/D Lavochkin Sample return Spacecraft failure
Failed during descent to lunar surface
Luna 19
(E-8LS No.202) 000000001971-09-28-000028 September 1971 Proton-K/D Lavochkin Orbiter Success
Luna 20
(E-8-5 No.408) 000000001972-02-14-000014 February 1972 Proton-K/D Lavochkin Sample return Success
Apollo 16 000000001972-04-16-000016 April 1972 Saturn V NASA Manned Orbiter/Lander/Rover Success
PFS-2 000000001972-04-16-000016 April 1972 Saturn V NASA Orbiter Success
Deployed from Apollo 16
7K-LOK No.1 000000001972-07-03-00003 July 1972 N1 OKB-1 Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to orbit; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth
Apollo 17 000000001972-12-07-00007 December 1972 Saturn V NASA Manned Orbiter/Lander/Rover Success
Last manned Moon landing
Luna 21
(E-8 No.204) 000000001973-01-08-00008 January 1973 Proton-K/D Lavochkin Lander/Rover Success
Deployed Lunokhod 2
Explorer 49
(RAE-B) 000000001973-06-10-000010 June 1973 Delta 1913 NASA Orbiter Success
Radio astronomy spacecraft, operated in selenocentric orbit to avoid interference from terrestrial radio sources
Mariner 10
(RAE-B) 000000001973-11-03-00003 November 1973 Delta 1913 NASA Flyby Success
Interplanetary spacecraft, mapped lunar north pole to test cameras.
Luna 22
(E-8LS No.206) 000000001974-05-29-000029 May 1974 Proton-K/D Lavochkin Orbiter Success
Luna 23
(E-8-5M No.410) 000000001974-10-28-000028 October 1974 Proton-K/D Lavochkin Sample return Spacecraft failure
Tipped over upon landing
E-8-5M No.412 000000001975-10-16-000016 October 1975 Proton-K/D Lavochkin Sample return Launch failure
Failed to orbit
Luna 24
(E-8-5M No.413) 000000001976-08-09-00009 August 1976 Proton-K/D Lavochkin Sample return Success
Final mission of the Luna programme. Entered orbit on 11 August 1976 and landed in Mare Crisium at 16:36 UTC on 18 August. Sample capsule launched at 05:25 UTC on 19 August and recovered 96 1⁄2 hours later.[67] Returned 170.1 grams (6.00 oz) of lunar regolith.[68]
ISEE-3
(ICE/Explorer 59) 000000001978-08-12-000012 August 1978 Delta 2914 NASA Gravity assist N/A
Five flybys in 1982 and 1983 en route to comet 21P/Giacobini–Zinner
Hiten
(MUSES-A) 000000001990-01-24-000024 January 1990 Mu-3S-II ISAS Flyby/Orbiter Success
Designed for flyby, placed into selenocentric orbit during extended mission after failure of Hagoromo
Hagoromo 000000001990-01-24-000024 January 1990 Mu-3S-II ISAS Orbiter Spacecraft failure
Deployed from Hiten. Communications failure; entered selenocentric orbit but returned no data
Geotail 000000001992-07-24-000024 July 1992 Delta II 6925 ISAS/NASA Gravity assist N/A
Series of flybys to regulate high Earth orbit
Clementine
(DSPSE) 000000001994-01-25-000025 January 1994 Titan II (23)G Star-37FM USAF/NASA Orbiter Success
Completed Lunar objectives successfully; failed following departure from selenocentric orbit
HGS-1 000000001997-12-24-000024 December 1997 Proton-K/DM3 Hughes Gravity assist N/A
Communications satellite; made two flybys in May and June 1998 en route to geosynchronous orbit after delivery into wrong orbit
Lunar Prospector
(Discovery 3) 000000001998-01-07-00007 January 1998 Athena II NASA Orbiter Success
Nozomi
(PLANET-B) 000000001998-07-03-00003 July 1998 Mu-5M-V ISAS Gravity assist N/A
Two flybys en route to Mars
SMART-1 000000002003-09-27-000027 September 2003 Ariane 5G ESA Orbiter Success
Impacted moon in LQ26 quadrangle at end of mission on 3 September 2006
ARTEMIS P1 000000002007-02-17-000017 February 2007 Delta II 7925 NASA Orbiter Operational
THEMIS spacecraft moved to selenocentric orbit for extended mission; entered orbit July 2011
ARTEMIS P2 000000002007-02-17-000017 February 2007 Delta II 7925 NASA Orbiter Operational
THEMIS spacecraft moved to selenocentric orbit for extended mission; entered orbit July 2011
Kaguya
(SELENE) 000000002007-09-14-000014 September 2007 H-IIA 2022 JAXA Orbiter Success
Impacted the Moon in LQ30 quadrangle at end of mission on 10 June 2009[69]
Okina
(RSAT) 000000002007-09-14-000014 September 2007 H-IIA 2022 JAXA Orbiter Success
Deployed from Kaguya, decayed and impacted moon in LQ08 quadrangle on 12 February 2009 after end of mission
Ouna
(VRAD) 000000002007-09-14-000014 September 2007 H-IIA 2022 JAXA Orbiter Success
Deployed from Kaguya, completed operations on 29 June 2009[70] but remains in selenocentric orbit
Chang'e 1 000000002007-10-24-000024 October 2007 Chang Zheng 3A CNSA Orbiter Success
Impacted moon in LQ21 quadrangle on 1 March 2009, at end of mission
Chandrayaan-1 000000002008-10-21-000021 October 2008 PSLV-XL ISRO Orbiter Success
Succeced through mission, terminated the mission in 2009, remains in selenocentric orbit; discovered water on Moon[71]
Moon Impact Probe 000000002008-10-21-000021 October 2008 PSLV-XL ISRO Impactor Success
Deployed from Chandrayaan-1, impacted Moon in LQ30 quadrangle on 14 November 2008
LRO 000000002009-06-18-000018 June 2009 Atlas V 401 NASA Orbiter Operational
LCROSS 000000002009-06-18-000018 June 2009 Atlas V 401 NASA Impactor Success
Observed impact of Centaur upper stage that launched it and LRO, then impacted itself. Impacts in LQ30 quadrangle
Chang'e 2 000000002010-10-01-00001 October 2010 Chang Zheng 3C CNSA Orbiter Success
Following completion of six month Lunar mission, departed selenocentric orbit for Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point;[72] subsequently flew by asteroid 4179 Toutatis[73]
Ebb
(GRAIL-A) 000000002011-09-10-000010 September 2011[74][75] Delta II 7920H NASA Orbiter[76] Success
Part of the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory,[77] impacted the Moon in LQ01 quadrangle on 17 December 2012 at end of mission.[78]
Flow
(GRAIL-B) 000000002011-09-10-000010 September 2011[74][75] Delta II 7920H NASA Orbiter[76] Success
Part of the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory,[77] impacted the Moon in LQ01 quadrangle on 17 December 2012 at end of mission.[78]
LADEE 000000002013-09-07-00007 September 2013 Minotaur V NASA Orbiter Success
Mission ended on 18 April 2014, when the spacecraft's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the far side of the Moon
Chang'e 3 000000002013-12-01-00001 December 2013 Chang Zheng 3B CNSA Lander/Rover Success
Entered orbit on 6 December 2013 with landing at 13:12 UTC on 14 December. Deployed Yutu rover, which landed on the Moon.
Chang'e 5-T1 000000002014-10-23-000023 October 2014 Chang Zheng 3C CNSA Flyby Operational
Demonstration of re-entry capsule for Chang'e 5 sample-return mission at lunar return velocity.
4M 000000002014-10-23-000023 October 2014 Chang Zheng 3C LuxSpace Flyby Success
Attached to third stage of CZ-3C used to launch Chang'e 5-T1
Future missions[edit]
There are several future lunar missions scheduled or proposed by various nations or organisations.
Funded[edit]
Funded lunar probe missions currently under development[edit]
Country
Name
Launch due
Nature of mission
USA TESS 2018[79] flyby[80]
China Chang'e 4 2018[81] (far side) landing and roving
India Chandrayaan-2 2018[82][83][84] landing, roving, sample analyzing
(Private) MX-1E 2019[85] hopping
China Chang'e 5 2019[86] sample return
(Private) Astrobotic Technology 2019[87] landing and roving
(Private) PTScientists 2019[88] landing and roving
USA EM-1 late 2019[89][90] unmanned test of Orion spacecraft in Lunar orbit
USA BioSentinel late 2019 flyby[91]
USA Cislunar Explorers late 2019
USA CU-E3 late 2019 flyby
USA CuSP late 2019 flyby[92]
Japan EQUULEUS late 2019 flyby
USA LunaH-Map late 2019 mapping hydrogen deposits
USA Lunar Flashlight late 2019 searching for water ice deposits
USA Lunar IceCube late 2019 searching for water ice deposits
USA NEA Scout late 2019 flyby[93]
Japan OMOTENASHI late 2019 hard landing, measuring radiation[94][95]
USA SkyFire late 2019 flyby, remote sensing
Japan SLIM[96] 2021[97] pinpoint landing, roving[98][99][100]
Japan DESTINY+ 2022 flyby[101]
China Chang'e 6 2020s[102] sample return
Japan SELENE-2 2020s[103] orbiting, landing and roving[104]
USA EM-2 2023 manned flight, lunar orbit
Proposed but full funding still unclear[edit]
Proposed but full funding still unclear, lunar probe missions[edit]
The following robotic space probe missions have been proposed:
Country
Name
Launch due
Nature of mission
(Private) SpaceIL 2018[105][106] hopping
(Private) Synergy Moon 2018
(Private) TeamIndus 2018 landing and roving
(Private) Hakuto 2018 roving
Russia Luna-Glob (Luna 25, Luna 26, Luna 27) 2025+
North Korea Moon mission[107] 2026 or before[108]
South Korea Moon Orbiter 2020[109]
South Korea Moon Lander[110] 2025[109]
UK Lunar Mission One[111] 2024[112]
USA South Pole Aitken Basin Sample Return May compete in New Frontiers program NF5 selection [113]
USA Resource Prospector 2020s[114] Rover for in-situ resource utilization demonstration[115][116]
Proposed but full funding still unclear, crewed lunar missions[edit]
Country
Name
Proposed
launch date
Nature of proposed mission

Russia Luna-Glob 2028[117] Manned lunar orbiter; proposed by Roscosmos[117]
Russia Luna-Glob 2030[117] Manned lunar landing; proposed by Roscosmos[117]
Japan JAXA 2030[118] Manned moon landing; proposed by JAXA.[118]
China CLEP 2036[119] Manned moon landing; proposed by CNSA.[120][121]
Russia Lunnyj Poligon 2037 Completion of robotic lunar base; proposed by Roscosmos
(Note: Launch dates are aspirational and may change drastically as the planning and preparation progresses.)
Cancelled or indefinitely postponed[edit]
Country
Name
Launch due
Japan Lunar-A 2004 Integrated into Russia's Luna-Glob 1 mission[122]
Germany LEO 2012 Mission postponed indefinitely due to budgetary constraints[123]
UK MoonLITE[124][125] 2014 [citation needed]
USA Constellation program 2020 Mission cancelled by Congress[126]
Europe Lunar Lander[127][128] 2018 Cancelled in 2012
USA MoonRise[129] 2018 Not funded by NASA in 2011 funding competition, may be re-competed in NF4 or NF5 selections
(Private) DSE-Alpha[citation needed] 2018[130] Mission to transport the first space tourists to fly around the Moon using Soyuz; proposed by Space Adventures (2005).[131][132][133]
(Private) SpaceX Moon Mission Late 2018[134] Two private citizens on a lunar fly-by.
The plan to use a Falcon Heavy for this was abandoned in February 2018, immediately before the first Falcon Heavy test launch, in favour of a possible mission on the successor Big Falcon Rocket.[135]
See also[edit]
List of lunar probes
References[edit]
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[show]
v
t
e
Spacecraft missions to the Moon
Programs
American
Apollo
Lunar Orbiter
Lunar Precursor
Pioneer
Ranger
Surveyor
Chinese (CLEP)
Indian (Chandrayaan)
Japanese
Russian
Luna-Glob
Soviet
Crewed
Luna
Zond
Lunokhod
Current
Orbiters
ARTEMIS
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
Past
Orbiters
Apollo 8
10
Apollo 15 Subsatellite (PFS-1)
Apollo 16 Subsatellite (PFS-2)
Chandrayaan-1
Chang'e 1
Chang'e 2
Clementine
Explorer 35
Explorer 49
GRAIL (Ebb & Flow)
Hiten
LADEE
Luna 10
11
12
14
19
22
Lunar Orbiter 1
2
3
4
5
Lunar Prospector
SELENE (Kaguya, Okina & Ouna)
SMART-1
Chang'e 5-T1 (Service Module)
Flybys
4M
Apollo 13
AsiaSat-3
Cassini–Huygens
Chang'e 5-T1 (Xiaofei)
Galileo
Geotail
ICE
Luna 1
Luna 3
Mariner 10
Nozomi
Pioneer 4
Pioneer 10
Ranger 5
STEREO
Zond 3
5
6
7
8
Impactors
LCROSS
Luna 2
MIP
Ranger 4
6
7
8
9
Landers
Apollo Lunar Module x6
ALSEP (x5) and EASEP (x1)
Chang'e 3
Luna 9
13
17
21
Surveyor 1
3
5
6
7
Rovers
Apollo 15
16
17
Lunokhod 1
2
Yutu
Sample return
Apollo 11
12
14
15
16
17
Luna 16
20
24
Human landing
Apollo 11
12
14
15
16
17
Planned
EM-1 (2019)
Orion
ArgoMoon
BioSentinel
Cislunar Explorers
CuSP
CU-E3
EQUULEUS
LunaH-Map
Lunar Flashlight
Lunar IceCube
NEA Scout
OMOTENASHI
SkyFire
Team Miles
Luna-Glob
Luna 25 (2019)
Luna 26 (2021)
Luna 27 (2022)
Luna 28 (2025)
Luna 29
Others
Chandrayaan-2 (2018)
Chang'e 4 (2018)
TESS (2018)
Astrobotic / Hakuto / AngelicvM (2019)
Chang'e 5 (2019)
MX-1E (2019)
PTScientists (2019)
Chang'e 6 (2020)
SLIM (2021)
DESTINY+ (2022)
EM-2 (2023)
EM-3 (2023+)
Proposed
Baden-Württemberg 1
Blue Origin Blue Moon
DSE-Alpha
International Lunar Network
Lunar Lander
Lunar Mission One
Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway
Lunar Orbital Station
MoonLITE
OpenLuna
Resource Prospector
SELENE-R
SpaceIL
Synergy Moon
TeamIndus
Cancelled
Altair
European Lunar Explorer
LEO
LK
Lunar-A
Lunar Observer
Lunokhod 3
MoonRise
Prospector
SpaceX lunar tourism mission
Ukrselena
See also
Colonization of the Moon
Exploration of the Moon
Google Lunar X Prize
List of Apollo astronauts
List of lunar probes
List of artificial objects on the Moon
List of missions to the Moon
Lunar rover
Moon landing
Conspiracy theories
Crewed missions in italics.
[show]
v
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e
Lunar rovers
Past
Lunokhod
Lunokhod 0 (1A) (1969, failed at start)
Lunokhod 1 (1970)
Lunokhod 2 (1973)
Lunokhod 3 (1977, cancelled)
Apollo
Lunar Roving Vehicle
Apollo 15 (1971)
Apollo 16 (1972)
Apollo 17 (1972)
CLEP
Yutu (2013–15)
Planned
Chandrayaan-2 rover (2018)
Chang'e 4 rover (2018)
Andy (Astrobotic Technology) / Sorato / Uni (AngelicvM) (2019)
ALINA (PTScientists) (2019)
SLIM rover (2021)
SELENE-R rover (2022)
Proposed
ATHLETE
ECA (TeamIndus)
Luna-Grunt rover
Resource Prospector
Scarab
Space Exploration Vehicle
Related
Tank on the Moon (2007 documentary)
List of missions to the Moon
Mars rover
Rover (space exploration)
[show]
v
t
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Manned lunar spacecraft
Orbiters
Retired
Apollo Command/Service Module
Cancelled
LK-1 / LK-700 (VA)
Zond (Soyuz 7K-L1)
LOK (Soyuz 7K-L3)
Future
Orion
Federation
Landers
Retired
Apollo Lunar Module
Cancelled
Lunniy Korabl
Altair
See also
Moon landing
conspiracy theories
List of lunar probes
List of artificial objects on the Moon
List of missions to the Moon
[show]
v
t
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Space missions by destination
Planets
Mercury
Venus
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Others
The Moon
lunar probes
Dwarf and minor planets
Comets
[show]
v
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21st-century space probes
Active space probes
Moon
ARTEMIS
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
Mars
ExoMars TGO
Mangalyaan
Mars Express
2001 Mars Odyssey
MAVEN
MER Opportunity
MRO
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_missions_to_the_Moon&oldid=834471231"
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