text:
Softly and Tenderly
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Softly and Tenderly" is a Christian hymn. It was composed and written by Will L. Thompson in 1880.[1]
Allegedly, when evangelist Dwight L. Moody was in the hospital barred from seeing visitors although Thompson had arrived, Moody insisted that Thompson be let in, whereupon Moody told him:
Will, I would rather have written "Softly and Tenderly Jesus Is Calling" than anything I have been able to do in my whole life.[2]
Thompson was a member of the Churches of Christ, where several of his hymns and gospel songs continue in use. "Softly and Tenderly" is the most widely known of his compositions and has circulated far beyond its origins in the American Restoration Movement. It is among the most prolifically translated gospel songs and has spread appealingly into the repertoire of various fellowships of Christendom.[3]
Use in modern culture[edit]
Featured in the film Urban Cowboy at Bud's (John Travolta's character) uncle's funeral.
The film The Trip to Bountiful makes recurrent use of the song, particularly a recording of it by Cynthia Clawson.
Amy Grant recorded a version of the song which appears on her 2002 studio album Legacy... Hymns and Faith, and later on her 2015 compilation album Be Still and Know... Hymns & Faith.
An a cappella version is sung by Alessandro Nivola in the film Junebug.
The song's melody is tuned in twice in the movie Abrupt Decision, released 2011.
Reba McEntire, Trisha Yearwood, and Kelly Clarkson recorded the song for Reba's Sing It Now: Songs of Faith & Hope (2017)
In November 2017, Carrie Underwood performed the hymn as part of the In Memoriam segment, which culminated in a tribute to the fifty-eight Route 91 shooting victims, at the 51st annual CMA Awards.
Performed at funeral of Adele Stackhouse (Sookie's Granny), in True Blood.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bye, P.C. (1982). Family Hymn Book: Chords Given for Guitar and Autoharp. Mel Bay Publications. p. 86. ISBN 9780871667137. Retrieved 2015-05-14.
Jump up ^ "2002 class of inductees announced". Lou Holtz / Upper Ohio Valley Hall of Fame. East Liverpool, Ohio. 2000. Retrieved 2013-10-06.
Jump up ^ Finley, Gene C. (1980). Our garden of song: A book of biography of song writers of the Church of Christ. West Monroe, Louisiana: Howard. pp. 479–418.

This Christianity-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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text:
The finger
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the gesture. For other uses, see Finger (disambiguation).
Person "giving the middle finger"
In Western culture, the finger or the middle finger (as in giving someone the (middle) finger or the bird[1] or flipping someone off)[1] is an obscene hand gesture. The gesture communicates moderate to extreme contempt, and is roughly equivalent in meaning to "fuck off", "fuck you," "shove it up your ass/arse," "up yours," or "go fuck yourself." It is performed by showing the back of a hand that has only the middle finger extended upwards, though in some locales, the thumb is extended. Extending the finger is considered a symbol of contempt in several cultures, especially in the West. Many cultures use similar gestures to display their disrespect, although others use it to express pointing without intentional disrespect toward other cultures. The gesture is usually used to express contempt but can also be used humorously or playfully.
The gesture dates back to Ancient Greece and it was also used in Ancient Rome. Historically, it represented the phallus. In some modern cultures, it has gained increasing recognition as a sign of disrespect, and has been used by music artists (notably more common among hardcore punk bands and rappers), actors, celebrities, athletes, and politicians. Most still view the gesture as obscene. The index finger and ring finger besides the middle finger in more contemporary periods has been likened to represent the testes.[2]
Contents
1 Origin
1.1 Classical era
1.2 Modern era
2 Cultural impact
2.1 Politics and military incidents
2.2 In popular culture
3 Similar gestures
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Origin[edit]
Classical era[edit]
The Cynic philosopher Diogenes, pictured by Gérôme with the large jar in which he lived; when strangers at the inn were expressing their wish to catch sight of the great orator Demosthenes, Diogenes is said to have stuck out his middle finger and exclaimed "this, for you, is the demagogue of the Athenians".[3]
The middle finger gesture was used in ancient times as a symbol of sexual intercourse, in a manner meant to degrade, intimidate and threaten the individual receiving the gesture.[4] It also represented the phallus, with the fingers next to the middle finger representing testicles;[5] from its close association, the gesture may have assumed apotropaic potency.[6] In the 1st-century Mediterranean world, extending the finger was one of many methods used to divert the ever-present threat of the evil eye.[7]
In Greek the gesture was known as the katapygon[8][9] (κατάπυγον, from kata – κατά, "downwards"[10] and pugē – πυγή, "rump, buttocks"[11]). In ancient Greek comedy, the finger was a gesture of insult toward another person, with the term katapugon also referring to "a male who submits to anal penetration"[12] or katapygaina to a female.[13] In Aristophanes's comedy The Clouds (423 BC),[14] when the character Socrates is quizzing his student on poetic meters, Strepsiades declares that he knows quite well what a dactyl is, and gives the finger. The gesture is a visual pun on the two meanings of the Greek word dactylos, both "finger" and the rhythmic measure composed of a long syllable and two short, like the joints of a finger (— ‿ ‿, which also appears as a visual pun on the penis and testicles in a medieval Latin text[15]). Socrates called one who made the gesture "boorish and stupid".[14][16] The gesture recurs as a form of mockery in Peace, alongside farting in someone's face;[17][18] the usage is later explained in the Suda and included in the Adagia of Erasmus.[19][20] The verb "to play the Siphnian" appears in a fragment of Aristophanes and has a similar meaning;[21][22] the usage is once again explained in the Suda, where it is said to mean "to touch the anus with a finger".[23] Diogenes Laërtius records how the Cynic philosopher Diogenes of Sinope directed the gesture at the orator Demosthenes in 4th-century BC Athens.[3] In the Discourses of Epictetus, Diogenes's target is instead one of the sophists.[24]
Roman stone busts from Bar Hill Fort, Scotland. Silenus and bearded man with middle finger extended in the "infamis digitus" to ward off the evil eye.[25] A video of the figure on the right has been made.[26]
In Latin, the middle finger was the digitus impudicus, meaning the "shameless, indecent or offensive finger".[5] In the 1st century AD, Persius had superstitious female relatives concoct a charm with the "infamous finger" (digitus infamis) and "purifying spit";[27][28] while in the Satyricon, an old woman uses dust, spit and her middle finger to mark the forehead before casting a spell.[29] The poet Martial has a character in good health extend "the indecent one" toward three doctors.[5][30] In another epigram, Martial wrote: "Laugh loud, Sextillus, at whoever calls you a cinaedus and extend your middle finger."[31][32] Juvenal, through synecdoche, has the "middle nail" cocked at threatening Fortuna.[33] The indecent finger features again in a mocking context in the Priapeia, a collection of poems relating to the phallic god Priapus.[6] In Late Antiquity, the term "shameless finger" is explained in the Etymologiae of Isidore of Seville with reference to its frequent use when accusing someone of a "shameful action".[34]
Baseball pitcher Old Hoss Radbourn pictured giving the finger to cameraman, 1886. (Back row, far left). First known photograph of the gesture.[35]
Modern era[edit]
Linguist Jesse Sheidlower traces the gesture's development in the United States to the 1890s. According to anthropologist Desmond Morris, the gesture probably came to the United States via Italian immigrants.[5] The first documented appearance of the finger in the United States was in 1886, when Old Hoss Radbourn, a baseball pitcher for the Boston Beaneaters, was photographed giving it to a member of their rival the New York Giants.[5] In the film Speedy (1928), Harold Lloyd's character gives himself the finger into a distorting mirror at Luna Park, about 24 minutes into the film.
Cultural impact[edit]
Politics and military incidents[edit]
The gesture has been involved in notable political events. During the USS Pueblo incident, in which an American ship was captured by North Korea, the captured American crewmembers often discreetly gave the finger in staged photo ops, thus ruining the North Koreans' efforts at propaganda. The North Koreans, ignorant of what the gesture meant, were at first told by the prisoners that it was a "Hawaiian good luck sign", similar to the shaka. When the guards finally figured things out, the crewmembers were subjected to extremely severe beatings.[36] Abbie Hoffman used the gesture at the 1968 Democratic National Convention.[4] Ronald Reagan, while serving as the Governor of California, gave the middle finger to counterculture protestors in Berkeley, California.[4] Nelson Rockefeller, then the Vice President of the United States, directed the gesture to hecklers at a 1976 campaign stop near Binghamton, New York, leading it to be called the "Rockefeller gesture".[4] Pierre Trudeau, then the Prime Minister of Canada, gave the finger to protesters in Salmon Arm, British Columbia,[37] earning the incident the nickname the "Salmon Arm salute".[38] The gesture itself has also been nicknamed the "Trudeau salute".[citation needed] Former president George W. Bush gave the finger to the camera at an Austin production facility during his term as governor of Texas, saying it was "just a one-finger victory salute."[39] Anthony Weiner gave the finger to reporters after leaving his election headquarters the night he lost the 2013 primary election for Mayor of New York City.[40] During the campaign for the 2013 German federal election, the leading candidate of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, Peer Steinbrück controversially gave the finger in a photo interview with Süddeutsche Zeitung's Magazin supplement.[41]
During World War II, the 91st Bombardment Group of the United States Army Air Forces referred to the gesture as the "rigid digit" salute. It was used in a more jocular manner, to suggest an airman had committed an error or infraction; the term was a reference to British slang terms for inattentiveness (i.e. "pull your finger out (of your bum)").[42] The "order of the rigid digit" continued after the war as a series of awards presented by the veteran's association of the 91st, marked by wooden statuettes of a hand giving the single finger gesture.[43] In 2005 during the war in Iraq, Gunnery Sergeant Michael Burghardt gained prominence when the Omaha World-Herald published a photo of Burghardt making the gesture towards Iraqi insurgents he believed to be watching after an improvised explosive device failed to kill him.[44]
The middle finger has been involved in judicial hearings. An appellate court in Hartford, Connecticut ruled in 1976 that gesturing with the middle finger was offensive, but not obscene, after a police officer charged a 16-year-old with making an obscene gesture when the student gave the officer the middle finger.[45] The case was appealed to the Connecticut Supreme Court,[46] which upheld the decision.[47] In March 2006, a federal lawsuit was filed regarding the free speech issue.[48]
Giving the finger has resulted in negative consequences. A Malaysian man was bludgeoned to death after giving the finger to a motorist following a car chase.[49] A Pakistani man was deported by the United Arab Emirates for the gesture, which violates indecency codes.[50]
People have given the finger as a method of political protest. At a concert, Ricky Martin gave a picture of George W. Bush the finger to protest the War in Iraq.[51] Serbian protesters gave the finger to the Russian embassy regarding their support of Slobodan Milošević.[52] Artist Ai Weiwei has used the finger in photographs and sculptures as a political statement.[53] As a political message to the Czech President Miloš Zeman, Czech artist David Černý floated an outsize, purple statue of a hand on the River Vltava in Prague; its middle finger extended towards Prague Castle, the Presidential seat.[54]
In popular culture[edit]
A group of homeless children in Keningau, Malaysia giving the finger while sniffing glue from a plastic bag.
A message on the Vltava river under Prague Castle from the Czech sculptor David Černý to the pro-Kremlin president Miloš Zeman before the precipitated 2013 parliament election in the Czech Republic.
The use of the middle finger has become pervasive in popular culture. The band Cobra Starship released a song called "Middle Finger", and released a music video that showed people giving the finger.[55] Italian artist Maurizio Cattelan installed a marble statue of a middle finger measuring 11 metres (36 ft), located directly in front of the Milan Stock Exchange.[56] A now-famous photograph of Johnny Cash shows him giving the middle finger to a photographer during a 1969 concert at San Quentin State Prison, released as At San Quentin.[57] However, the photo remained fairly obscure until 1998, when producer Rick Rubin made it the centerpiece of an ad in Billboard criticizing country radio for not giving airplay to Cash's Grammy-winning album Unchained.[58] Cameron Diaz made the gesture during a photo shoot for Esquire.[59] Harold Lloyd shot the finger to his own reflection in a Coney Island funhouse after getting paint on his suit in Speedy, his final silent feature, from 1928.[60]
Athletes, including Stefan Effenberg, Ron Artest, Luis Suárez, Juan Pablo Montoya, Iván Rodríguez, Danny Graves, Jack McDowell, Natasha Zvereva, Josh Smith, Bryan Cox, and Johnny Manziel[61] have been suspended or fined for making the gesture.[5][59][62][63][64] José Paniagua was released by the Chicago White Sox after giving the middle finger to an umpire; he hasn't played in the majors since.[62] Baseball executive Chub Feeney once resigned after giving the finger to fans on Fan Appreciation Night.[62][65] Bud Adams, owner of the National Football League's Tennessee Titans, was fined US$250,000 for giving both middle fingers to the fans of the Buffalo Bills during a game.[66][67] Professional wrestler Stone Cold Steve Austin is also famous for flashing one or both middle fingers as part of his gimmick. Hockey star Jaromír Jágr made the gesture several times following goals in the early 1990s.[68]
The NME Awards, an annual music awards show in the UK, uses an extended middle finger design in the trophy handed out to the winners.[69] Many musical artists, including Madonna, Lady Gaga, Eminem, Ariana Grande, Katy Perry, and Adele have publicly made the gesture.[70][71][72] Britney Spears and Iggy Azalea have given the gesture towards members of the paparazzi, but had to apologize when fans interpreted the gesture as directed at them.[5] M.I.A. gave the gesture during the Super Bowl XLVI Halftime Show.[5][73] The National Football League, NBC, and M.I.A. apologized.[5][74] The CD itself for Kid Rock's album Devil Without a Cause is a picture of his raised middle finger. On the cover of Moby Grape's first album, Moby Grape, band member Don Stevenson was caught flipping the bird at the camera. The finger was airbrushed out of subsequent releases of the album.
In automobile driving culture, giving the finger to a fellow motorist communicates displeasure at another person's reckless driving habits and/or their disregard for common courtesy.[75]
The finger is included in Unicode as U+1F595 🖕 REVERSED HAND WITH MIDDLE FINGER EXTENDED.[76]
The media sometimes refers to the gesture as being mistaken for an indication of "we're number one", typically indicated with a raised index finger.[65][77][78] Sometimes, though, the "mistake" is actually an intentional euphemism meant to indirectly convey the gesture in a medium where a direct description would be inappropriate. For example, Don Meredith is famously noted in a 1972 Monday Night Football game describing the Finger of a dejected Houston Oilers fan as, "He thinks they're number one in the nation."[79] Ira Robbins, a law professor, believes the finger is no longer an obscene gesture.[5] Psychologist David Walsh, founder of the National Institute on Media and the Family, sees the growing acceptance of the middle finger as a sign of the growth of a "culture of disrespect".[59]
Google Street View's picture of the area around the Wisconsin Governor's Mansion, taken in 2011 during the tenure of Scott Walker, shows a jogger giving the finger in the direction of the mansion.[80]
Similar gestures[edit]
The hand gesture on the left is the normal "victory" symbol. The gesture on the right is the obscene gesture.
In the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand, the V sign, "two-fingered salute" or "the fingers", when given with back of the hand towards the recipient, serves a similar purpose. According to a synopsis of the play, Henry V, written by The Royal Shakespeare Company, “the ‘two-fingered salute’ is almost certainly older than Agincourt, appearing as it does in the Macclesfield Psalter of c.1330 (in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge), being made by a glove in the psalter’s marginalia”. George H. W. Bush, former President of the United States, accidentally made the gesture while on a diplomatic trip to Australia. [81]
In countries where Spanish, Portuguese, or French are spoken, and especially in Spain, Portugal, Brazil, and France the gesture involving raising a fist and slapping the biceps on the same arm as the fist used, sometimes called the bras d'honneur or Iberian slap, is equivalent to the finger.
Italy, Poland, and countries under the influence of Russian culture,[citation needed] such as Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine, also see it as equivalent to the finger, but the majority of young people in these countries use the finger as an insult, which is associated with the Western culture.[5]
In Islamic countries and cultures, a gesture involving exposing only the thumb in a vertical orientation – a thumbs up – is used in lieu of the finger to express roughly the same sentiment.[82] A similarly obscene gesture is extending all five digits with the palm facing forward, meaning "you have five fathers", thus calling someone a bastard.[82] This is similar to a gesture known in Greece as the Moutza, where the five fingers are spread wide and the palm is pushed towards the recipient.[83] More commonly in Turkish or Slavic regions, the fig sign (also known as nah or shish) serves as the equivalent to the finger, meaning "you won't get it" or "in your dreams". The gesture is typically made with the hand and fingers curled and the thumb thrust between the middle and index fingers. This gesture is also used similarly in Indonesia, Turkey and China.[84]
See also[edit]
Culture portal
Freedom of speech portal
Language portal
Linguistics portal
Society portal
Articulatory gestures
Dulya (Fig sign)
List of gestures
List of sign languages
Manual communication
Mooning
Non verbal communication
Obscene gesture
Shaka sign
Shocker (hand gesture)
Sign of the Horns
V sign or "the fingers"
Wanker
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Kipfer, Barbara Ann; Chapman, Robert L. (2008). American Slang. HarperCollins. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-06-117947-1. OCLC 191931926.
Jump up ^ Rosewarne, Lauren (2013). American Taboo: The Forbidden Words, Unspoken Rules, and Secret Morality of Popular culture. p. 51.
^ Jump up to: a b Diogenes Laertius. "Lives of Eminent Philosophers VI.2.34" (in Ancient Greek). Perseus Project. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Oricchio, Michael (June 20, 1996). "Davis' Infamous Finger Salute Has Had a Big Hand in History; Folklorists: Roots Go Back At Least 2,000 Years To Ancient Rome". San Jose Mercury News. p. 16A. Retrieved July 9, 2012. (subscription required)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Nasaw, Daniel (February 6, 2012). "When did the middle finger become offensive?". BBC News Magazine. BBC. Retrieved February 7, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Corbeill, Anthony (2003). Nature Embodied: Gesture in Ancient Rome. Princeton University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-691-07494-8.
Jump up ^ Malina, Bruce J. (2001). The New Testament World: Insights from Cultural Anthropology (3 ed.). Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press.
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Jump up ^ Halperin, David M.; Winkler, John J. (1992). Before Sexuality: The Construction of Erotic Experience in the Ancient Greek World. Princeton University Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-691-03538-3.
Jump up ^ Liddell, Henry George; Robert Scott (1940). "A Greek–English Lexicon: κατά". Oxford University Press (via Perseus Project). Retrieved July 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Liddell, Henry George; Robert Scott (1940). "A Greek–English Lexicon: πυγή". Oxford University Press (via Perseus Project). Retrieved July 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Beth (2000). Not the classical ideal: Athens and the construction of the other in Greek art. Brill. p. 186.
Jump up ^ Calame, Claude; Lloyd, Janet (1999). The Poetics of Eros in Ancient Greece. Princeton University Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-691-04341-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Dover, K.J. (1968). Aristophanes Clouds. Oxford University Press. pp. xvii, 181. ISBN 0-19-814395-8.
Jump up ^ Adams, J.N. (1982). The Latin Sexual Vocabulary. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 39.
Jump up ^ Aristophanes. "Clouds (ll. 650-6)". Perseus Project. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
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Jump up ^ Liddell, Henry George; Robert Scott (1940). "A Greek–English Lexicon: σκιμαλίζω". Oxford University Press (via Perseus Project). Retrieved July 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Suda On Line: Ἐσκιμάλισεν". The Stoa Consortium. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ Erasmus (1992). Adages III.iii.87. University of Toronto Press. p. 311. ISBN 978-0-802-02831-0.
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Jump up ^ Henderson, Jeffrey (1975). The Maculate Muse: Obscene Language in Attic Comedy. Yale University Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-300-01786-1.
Jump up ^ "Suda On Line: Σιφνιάζειν". The Stoa Consortium. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ Arrian. "Discourses of Epictetus III.2.i". Perseus Project. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ MacDonald, George (1911). The Roman wall in Scotland (1 ed.). Glasgow: J. Maclehose. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
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Jump up ^ Erasmus (1992). Adages II.iv.68. University of Toronto Press. pp. 225–6. ISBN 978-0-802-05954-3.
Jump up ^ Petronius. "Satyricon 131" (in Latin). Perseus Project. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ Martial. "Epigrammata VI.70.5" (in Latin). Perseus Project. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Martial. "Epigrammata II.28.1–2" (in Latin). Perseus Project. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Williams, Craig Arthur (2010). Roman Homosexuality. Oxford University Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-195-38874-9.
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Jump up ^ Stu, Russell. "The Digit Affair". USS Pueblo Veteran's Association. Archived from the original on September 30, 2010. Retrieved September 30, 2010. The finger became an integral part of our anti-propaganda campaign. Any time a camera appeared, so did the fingers.
Jump up ^ "Top aide put on spot over Trudeau's one-finger gesture". The Ottawa Citizen. August 25, 1982. p. 11. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
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Jump up ^ Mikkelson, Barbara & David P. "Michael Burghardt" at Snopes.com: Urban Legends Reference Pages.
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Jump up ^ Reed Ward, Paula (March 14, 2006). "Middle finger salute leads to federal lawsuit". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. B1. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "A fatal finger gesture". The Star. April 17, 2010. Archived from the original on April 18, 2010. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dubai: Deportation for finger gesture man – News". Scotsman.com. January 9, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Daily News - Google News Archive Search". google.com.
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Jump up ^ "Czech floating finger sends president message". BBC News.
Jump up ^ "Cobra Starship's 'Middle Finger' Video Is Bird-Flipping Fun – Music, Celebrity, Artist News". MTV.com. January 19, 2012. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Middle finger sculpture pops up in front of Milan Stock Exchange". National Post. September 27, 2010. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Story Behind Johnny Cash's Infamous Middle Finger Photo ::Johnny Cash News". antiMusic.com. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Triggerman" (July 18, 2010). "Johnny Cash's Famous Middle Finger". SavingCountryMusic.com. Retrieved August 2, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Milwaukee Journal Sentinel - Google News Archive Search". google.com.
Jump up ^ Bengtson, John (2011). Silent Visions: Discovering Early Hollywood and New York Through the Films of Harold Lloyd. Santa Monica Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-1-59580-057-2.
Jump up ^ "Johnny Manziel fined $12K for obscene hand gesture on Monday Night Football". Yahoo Sports. August 22, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Waldman, Katy. "Baseball and the bird". Slate Magazine. Slate.com. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Laverty, Gene (April 25, 2007). "Montoya Fined $10,000 by Nascar for Finger Gesture Caught by TV". Bloomberg. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Through the years with the crudest finger in sports". Sports Illustrated. February 5, 2007. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Wulf, Steve (April 5, 1989). "All My Padres". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "NFL fines Titans owner Bud Adams $250,000 for obscene gesture". Sporting News. Aol.sportingnews.com. Associated Press. November 16, 2009. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Mike Florio (November 18, 2009). "Could Bud Adams' middle finger endear NFL owners to fans?". Sporting News. Aol.sportingnews.com. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Young Jaromir Jagr loved flipping the bird". LetsGoPens. Mar 6, 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Story Of The Night: NME Awards 2016". NME Awards. 4 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "WTF! Ariana Grande & Jennifer Lawrence Middle Finger Drama! - Hollywire". Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Gil (February 6, 2012). "M.I.A. Super Bowl Middle Finger Joins Long List Of Celebrity Flip-Offs". MTV.com. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Collett, Mike. "Adele turns tables on TV execs with finger gesture". Reuters. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gardner, Tim (February 5, 2012). "M.I.A. flips middle finger during Super Bowl halftime show". Retrieved February 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ Frere-Jones, Sasha (February 6, 2012). "M.I.A. Shouldn't have apologized". The New Yorker. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Trumble, Angus (2010). The Finger: A Handbook. Melbourne University Publishing. p. 192. ISBN 9780522857696.
Jump up ^ "Middle Finger Emoji". Emojipedia.
Jump up ^ Kenneally, Tim (February 6, 2012). "Madonna's Super Bowl Halftime Show Edges Out the Game". reuters.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Stevenson, Chris (April 21, 2011). "Bruins edge Habs early in OT". The Kingston Whig-Standard. QMI Agency. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Monday Night Football". Fun Facts & Information. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Snider, Christian (January 6, 2014). "The new Wisconsin salute". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.
Jump up ^ "The Prescott Courier - Google News Archive Search". google.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "What's A-O.K. in the U.S.A. Is Lewd and Worthless Beyond". The New York Times. August 18, 1996. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
Jump up ^ Kass, John (October 9, 2009). "Curses! Hand it to the feds to insult us on every corner". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kleinman, Zoe (August 16, 2010). "How the internet is changing language". BBC News. Bbc.com. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
Further reading[edit]
Fairman, Christopher M. (2009). Fuck: Word Taboo and Protecting Our First Amendment Liberties. Sphinx Publishing. ISBN 1572487119.
Loheed, M. J.; Patterson, Matt; Schmidt, Eddie (1998). The Finger: A Comprehensive Guide to Flipping Off. Acid Test. ISBN 1888358122.
Wagner, Melissa; Armstrong, Nancy (2003). Field Guide to Gestures: How to Identify and Interpret Virtually Every Gesture Known to Man. Quirk Books. ISBN 1931686203.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Middle finger gestures.
Robbins, Ira P. (2008). "Digitus Impudicus: The Middle Finger and the Law" (pdf). UC Davis Law Review. 41. [permanent dead link]
"Finger Gesture Guide". Simply Body Language. SteNet Services B.V.
"Pluck Yew". Snopes.com. July 9, 2007.
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text:
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (theme)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"The Good, the Bad and the Ugly"
Single by Hugo Montenegro
from the album Music from The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, A Fistful of Dollars and For a Few Dollars More
B-side
"March with Hope" (US)
"There's Got to Be a Better Way" (UK)
Released
1968
Format
7" (45 rpm)
Recorded
1966
Genre
Instrumental music
Length
2:45
Label
RCA 1727[1]
Songwriter(s)
Ennio Morricone[1]
Producer(s)
Hugo Montenegro[1]
"The Good, the Bad and the Ugly" is the theme to the 1966 film of the same name, which was directed by Sergio Leone. Included on the film soundtrack as "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (main title)", the instrumental piece was composed by Ennio Morricone, with Bruno Nicolai conducting the orchestra. A cover version by Hugo Montenegro in 1968 was a pop hit in both the U.S. and the U.K.[2] It has since become one of the most iconic scores in film history.
Contents
[hide]
1 Ennio Morricone version
2 Hugo Montenegro version
3 Other uses
4 References
5 External links
Ennio Morricone version[edit]
The Good, The Bad And The Ugly main theme
From The Good, the Bad and the Ugly soundtrack by Ennio Morricone
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Ennio Morricone is an Italian composer who has created music for hundreds of films. In the 1960s, director Sergio Leone was impressed by a musical arrangement of Morricone's and asked his former schoolmate to compose music for one of his films, A Fistful of Dollars. This led to a collaboration between the two on future Leone films, some of which came to be referred to as "Spaghetti Westerns". After a steady percussion beat, the theme to The Good, the Bad and the Ugly begins with a two-note melody sounding like the howl of a coyote. Additional sounds follow, some of which symbolize characters and themes from the film. This instrumental composition plays at the beginning of the film. Largely due to the memorable quality of the main theme, the film's soundtrack peaked at #4 on the Billboard 200 album chart,[3] and it stayed on this chart for over a year.
Hugo Montenegro version[edit]
Hugo Montenegro was an American composer and orchestra leader who began scoring films in the 1960s. After hearing the music from The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, he decided to create a cover version of the theme. Musician Tommy Morgan is quoted in Wesley Hyatt's The Billboard Book of#1 Adult Contemporary Hits as saying that Montenegro's version "...was done in one day. I think it was all day one Saturday at RCA."[2] Similar to Morricone's original composition, Montenegro and a few session musicians sought to recreate this record using their own instrumentation. The opening two note segment was played on an ocarina by Art Smith; Morgan provided the sounds that followed on a harmonica. He was quoted as saying: "I knew it was live, so I had to do this hand thing, the 'wah-wah-wah' sound."[2] Hyatt's book states that Montenegro himself "grunted something which came out like 'rep, rup, rep, rup, rep'" between the chorus segments.[2] Other musicians heard on the record include Elliot Fisher (electric violin), Manny Klein (piccolo trumpet) and Muzzy Marcellino, whose whistling is heard during the recording.[2]
Much to the surprise of Montenegro and the musicians who worked with him, this cover of the film theme became a hit single during 1968. It peaked at #2 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in June of that year, held off the top spot by another song from a film, Simon & Garfunkel's "Mrs. Robinson" (from the 1967 film The Graduate).[4] It spent three weeks atop the Billboard Easy Listening chart during the same time frame.[2] In September 1968, Montenegro's version reached the UK Singles Chart and began a steady climb, eventually reaching the top of the chart on 16 November and remaining there for four weeks.[5]
Other uses[edit]
Detailing this song in a description of the film soundtrack, the website CD Universe states that it is "so familiar as to be a cultural touchstone. Even an abbreviated sound byte of the theme is enough to conjure images of desolate desert plains, rolling tumbleweeds, and a cowboy-booted figure standing ominously in the distance."[6] It has been used frequently to convey these sorts of images on radio, film and television in the years since the film's release. The Simpsons has used the opening notes of this theme in multiple episodes over the years.
Among numerous musicians who have, in full or in part, borrowed or sampled from this song are Gorillaz, whose 2001 debut single, "Clint Eastwood", was so named because it reminded the group of Morricone's theme and its melodic structure.[7] Bill Berry, former drummer of the band R.E.M., played what was dubbed an "Ennio whistle" on the track "How the West Was Won and Where It Got Us", from their 1996 album New Adventures in Hi-Fi.[8] The song was also covered by The Pogues for the soundtrack of the parodic western Straight to Hell.
The Ramones were known to play a recording of this song at the beginning of their setlist.[9] The Vandals use the opening motif and short guitar arpeggio on "I Want to Be a Cowboy". The song is also featured in the video game, Maestro! Jump in Music. 80's R & B band Cameo used the theme's opening whistle in their singles Word Up! and Single Life. Las Vegas, Nevada-based band Sin City Sinners always walk onto stage with a recording of the tune playing in the background.In the film Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps, the character Jacob Moore, played by Shia LaBeouf, had a mobile cell phone ring tone of the opening tune of "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly", the film coincidentally also starred the actor who played the "Ugly", Eli Wallach. In the film Faster, the character "Killer" also had a mobile cell phone ring tone of "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly".
The song was also used in TV commercials for Camel Cigarettes during the 1980s.
It was sampled for the remix of rapper Busta Rhymes's song, "Stop The Party", after T.I.'s verse.
It was sampled in the background beat of the chorus in rapper Big Lurch's well-known song "Texas Boy" in conjunction with a sample of Oliver Nelson's "Skull Session".
Comedian Eddie Murphy whistled the opening notes during the "Shoe-Throwing Mother" monologue of his 1983 Delirious television special.[10]
The theme was used in 2014 for commercials for the Nissan Altima and also was used in 2015 for indonesian commercial milk Nestlé Dancow 1+.[11]
The song is used as intro music for the band Rival Sons at their concerts.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Rice, Jo (1982). The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits (1st ed.). Enfield, Middlesex: Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 121. ISBN 0-85112-250-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Hyatt, Wesley (1999). The Billboard Book of #1 Adult Contemporary Hits (Billboard Publications), page 66.
Jump up ^ The Good, the Bad and the Ugly soundtrack chart info AllMusic.com. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 8th Edition (Billboard Publications), page 435.
Jump up ^ "Chart Stats : The Good, The Bad And The Ugly". Webcitation.org. Archived from the original on June 12, 2009. Retrieved 2014-04-07. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ "Good, the Bad and the Ugly Soundtrack". Cduniverse.com. 2004-05-18. Retrieved 2014-04-07.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to the Monkey House". EW.com. 2005-11-25. Retrieved 2014-04-07.
Jump up ^ "R.E.M. - New Adventures In Hi-Fi (Cassette, Album) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2014-04-07.
Jump up ^ "Ramones Concert Setlists". setlist.fm. Retrieved 2014-04-07.
Jump up ^ "Shoe Throwing Mother". YouTube. 2008-12-14. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
Jump up ^ "Iklan Dancow 1+ 2015 edisi Jadi Koboi". youtube.com. Retrieved 2015-07-03.
External links[edit]
Montenegro 7" vinyl (UK) Discogs
Montenegro 7" vinyl (US) Discogs
Preceded by
"With a Little Help from My Friends" by Joe Cocker UK number one single
16 November 1968 - 7 December 1968
(Hugo Montenegro version) Succeeded by
"Lily the Pink" by The Scaffold
Preceded by
"Honey" by Bobby Goldsboro "Billboard" Easy Listening number-one single
May 18, 1968 (three weeks) Succeeded by
"This Guy's in Love With You" by Herb Alpert
[show]
v
t
e
Dollars Trilogy
Films
A Fistful of Dollars (1964)
For a Few Dollars More (1965)
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966)
See also
Man with No Name
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
theme music
"The Ecstasy of Gold"
[show]
v
t
e
Ennio Morricone
Soundtracks
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
Once Upon a Time in the West
La Piovra
The Mission
The Legend of 1900
Malèna
The Hateful Eight
Compilations and
tribute albums
Pearls – Amii Stewart Sings Ennio Morricone
The Big Gundown
We All Love Ennio Morricone
Yo-Yo Ma Plays Ennio Morricone
Paradiso
Crime and Dissonance
Pieces
"Chi Mai"
"Gabriel's Oboe"
"Nella Fantasia"
"The Ecstasy of Gold"
"The Good, the Bad and the Ugly"
"The Story of a Soldier"
Related articles
List of compositions
List of concerts
Mauro Maur
Andrea Morricone (son)
Spaghetti Western Orchestra
Book
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Good,_the_Bad_and_the_Ugly_(theme)&oldid=798454697"
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1968 singles
Ennio Morricone songs
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Gram staining
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A Gram stain of mixed Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus ATCC 25923, gram-positive cocci, in purple) and Escherichia coli (E. coli ATCC 11775, gram-negative bacilli, in red), the most common Gram stain reference bacteria
Gram staining or Gram stain, also called Gram's method, is a method of staining used to distinguish and classify bacterial species into two large groups (gram-positive and gram-negative). The name comes from the Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram, who developed the technique.
Gram staining differentiates bacteria by the chemical and physical properties of their cell walls by detecting peptidoglycan, which is present in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria. Gram-negative cells also contain peptidoglycan, but a very small layer of it that is dissolved when the alcohol is added. This is why the cell loses its initial colour from the primary stain.[1] Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet dye, and thus are stained violet, while the Gram-negative bacteria do not; after washing, a counterstain is added (commonly safranin or fuchsine) that will stain these Gram-negative bacteria a pink color. Both Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria pick up the counterstain. The counterstain, however, is unseen on Gram-positive bacteria because of the darker crystal violet stain.
The Gram stain is almost always the first step in the preliminary identification of a bacterial organism. While Gram staining is a valuable diagnostic tool in both clinical and research settings, not all bacteria can be definitively classified by this technique. This gives rise to gram-variable and gram-indeterminate groups.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Uses
2.1 Medical
2.2 Staining mechanism
3 Examples
3.1 Gram-positive bacteria
3.2 Gram-negative bacteria
3.3 Gram variable and gram-indeterminate bacteria
4 Orthographic note
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
The method is named after its inventor, the Danish scientist Hans Christian Gram (1853–1938), who developed the technique while working with Carl Friedländer in the morgue of the city hospital in Berlin in 1884. Gram devised his technique not for the purpose of distinguishing one type of bacterium from another but to make bacteria more visible in stained sections of lung tissue.[2] He published his method in 1884, and included in his short report the observation that the typhus bacillus did not retain the stain.[3]
Uses[edit]
Gram staining is a bacteriological laboratory technique[4] used to differentiate bacterial species into two large groups (gram-positive and gram-negative) based on the physical properties of their cell walls.[5][page needed] Gram staining is not used to classify archaea, formerly archaeabacteria, since these microorganisms yield widely varying responses that do not follow their phylogenetic groups.[6]
The Gram stain is not an infallible tool for diagnosis, identification, or phylogeny, and it is of extremely limited use in environmental microbiology. It is used mainly to make a preliminary morphologic identification or to establish that there are significant numbers of bacteria in a clinical specimen. It cannot identify bacteria to the species level, and for most medical conditions, it should not be used as the sole method of bacterial identification. In clinical microbiology laboratories, it is used in combination with other traditional and molecular techniques to identify bacteria. Some organisms are gram-variable (meaning they may stain either negative or positive); some are not stained with either dye used in the Gram technique and are not seen. In a modern environmental or molecular microbiology lab, most identification is done using genetic sequences and other molecular techniques, which are far more specific and informative than differential staining.
Gram staining has been suggested to be as effective a diagnostic tool as PCR in one primary research report regarding gonococcal urethritis.[7][non-primary source needed]
Medical[edit]
See also: Gram-negative bacterial infection and Gram-positive bacterial infection
Gram stains are performed on body fluid or biopsy when infection is suspected. Gram stains yield results much more quickly than culturing, and is especially important when infection would make an important difference in the patient's treatment and prognosis; examples are cerebrospinal fluid for meningitis and synovial fluid for septic arthritis.[4][8]
Staining mechanism[edit]
Gram-positive bacteria have a thick mesh-like cell wall made of peptidoglycan (50–90% of cell envelope), and as a result are stained purple by crystal violet, whereas gram-negative bacteria have a thinner layer (10% of cell envelope), so do not retain the purple stain and are counter-stained pink by safranin. There are four basic steps of the Gram stain:
Applying a primary stain (crystal violet) to a heat-fixed smear of a bacterial culture. Heat fixation kills some bacteria but is mostly used to affix the bacteria to the slide so that they don't rinse out during the staining procedure
The addition of iodide, which binds to crystal violet and traps it in the cell
Rapid decolorization with ethanol or acetone
Counterstaining with safranin.[9] Carbol fuchsin is sometimes substituted for safranin since it more intensely stains anaerobic bacteria, but it is less commonly used as a counterstain.[10]
Figure 1: Gram stain procedure and effect on Gram-negative and Gram-positive cell walls.
Crystal violet (CV) dissociates in aqueous solutions into CV+
and chloride (Cl−
) ions. These ions penetrate through the cell wall and cell membrane of both gram-positive and gram-negative cells. The CV+
ion interacts with negatively charged components of bacterial cells and stains the cells purple.[11]
Iodide (I−
or I−
3) interacts with CV+
and forms large complexes of crystal violet and iodine (CV–I) within the inner and outer layers of the cell. Iodine is often referred to as a mordant, but is a trapping agent that prevents the removal of the CV–I complex and, therefore, color the cell.[12]
When a decolorizer such as alcohol or acetone is added, it interacts with the lipids of the cell membrane.[13] A gram-negative cell loses its outer lipopolysaccharide membrane, and the inner peptidoglycan layer is left exposed. The CV–I complexes are washed from the gram-negative cell along with the outer membrane.[14][citation needed] In contrast, a gram-positive cell becomes dehydrated from an ethanol treatment. The large CV–I complexes become trapped within the gram-positive cell due to the multilayered nature of its peptidoglycan.[14][citation needed] The decolorization step is critical and must be timed correctly; the crystal violet stain is removed from both gram-positive and negative cells if the decolorizing agent is left on too long (a matter of seconds).[15][citation needed]
After decolorization, the gram-positive cell remains purple and the gram-negative cell loses its purple color.[15][citation needed] Counterstain, which is usually positively charged safranin or basic fuchsine, is applied last to give decolorized gram-negative bacteria a pink or red color.[16][17]
Examples[edit]
Gram-positive bacteria[edit]
Main article: Gram-positive bacteria
Gram-positive bacteria generally have a single membrane (monoderm) surrounded by a thick peptidoglycan. This rule is followed by two phyla: Firmicutes (except for the classes Mollicutes and Negativicutes) and the Actinobacteria.[5][18] In contrast, members of the Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) are monoderms but possess a thin or absent (class Dehalococcoidetes) peptidoglycan and can stain negative, positive or indeterminate; members of the Deinococcus-Thermus group, stain positive but are diderms with a thick peptidoglycan.[5][page needed] [18]
Historically, the gram-positive forms made up the phylum Firmicutes, a name now used for the largest group. It includes many well-known genera such as Bacillus, Listeria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Clostridium.[19][citation needed] It has also been expanded to include the Mollicutes, bacteria like Mycoplasma that lack cell walls and so cannot be stained by Gram, but are derived from such forms.[20][citation needed]
Some bacteria have cell walls which are particularly adept at retaining stains. These will appear positive by Gram stain even though they are not closely related to other gram-positive bacteria. These are called acid fast bacteria, and can only be differentiated from other gram-positive bacteria by special staining procedures.[21][citation needed]
Gram-negative bacteria[edit]
Main article: Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria generally possess a thin layer of peptidoglycan between two membranes (diderms). Most bacterial phyla are gram-negative, including the cyanobacteria, spirochaetes, and green sulfur bacteria, and most Proteobacteria (exceptions being some members of the Rickettsiales and the insect-endosymbionts of the Enterobacteriales).[5][page needed][18]
Gram variable and gram-indeterminate bacteria[edit]
Some bacteria, after staining with the Gram stain, yield a gram-variable pattern: a mix of pink and purple cells are seen.[14][citation needed] In cultures of Bacillus, Butyrivibrio, and Clostridium, a decrease in peptidoglycan thickness during growth coincides with an increase in the number of cells that stain gram-negative.[22] In addition, in all bacteria stained using the Gram stain, the age of the culture may influence the results of the stain.[23]
Gram-indeterminate bacteria do not respond predictably to Gram staining and, therefore, cannot be determined as either gram-positive or gram-negative. Examples include many species of Mycobacterium, including M. tuberculosis and M. leprae.[24][25]
Orthographic note[edit]
The term Gram staining is derived from the surname of Hans Christian Gram, the eponym (Gram) is therefore capitalized but not the common noun (stain) as is usual for scientific terms.[26] The adjectives 'gram-positive' and 'gram-negative'; as eponymous adjectives, their initial letter can be either lowercase 'g' or capital 'G', depending on whose style guide (if any) governs the document being written. Lowercase style is used by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other style regimens such as the AMA style.[27] Dictionaries may use lowercase,[28][29] uppercase,[30][31][32][33] or both.[34][35] Uppercase 'Gram-positive' or 'Gram-negative' usage is also common in many scientific journal articles and publications.[35][36][37] When articles are submitted to journals, each journal may or may not apply house style to the postprint version. Preprint versions contain whichever style the author happened to use. Even style regimens that use lowercase for the adjectives 'gram-positive' and 'gram-negative' still use capital for 'Gram stain'.
See also[edit]
Bacterial cell structure
References[edit]
Jump up ^ John G. Holt; Noel R. Krieg; Peter H.A. Sneath; James T. Staley; Stanley T. Williams (1994). Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (9th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 11. ISBN 0-683-00603-7.
Jump up ^ Austrian, R. (1960). "The Gram stain and the etiology of lobar pneumonia, an historical note". Bacteriological Reviews. 24 (3): 261–265. PMC 441053  . PMID 13685217.
Jump up ^ Gram, H.C. (1884). "Über die isolierte Färbung der Schizomyceten in Schnitt- und Trockenpräparaten". Fortschritte der Medizin (in German). 2: 185–189. .
English translation in: Brock, T.D. (1999). Milestones in Microbiology 1546–1940 (2 ed.). ASM Press. pp. 215–218. ISBN 1-55581-142-6.
Translation is also at: Brock, T.D. "Pioneers in Medical Laboratory Science: Christian Gram 1884". Hoslink. Retrieved 2010-07-27.
^ Jump up to: a b Ryan K.J., Ray C.G. (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 232f. ISBN 0838585299. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)[full citation needed]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Madigan, M.T.; Martinko J.; Parker J. (2004). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (10th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-13-066271-2. [full citation needed]
Jump up ^ Beveridge T.J. (2001). "Use of the Gram stain in microbiology". Biotechnic & Histochemistry. 76 (3): 111–118. PMID 11475313. doi:10.1080/714028139.
Jump up ^ El-Garnal, A.H., Al-Otaibi, S.R., Alshamali, A., Abdulrazzaq, A., Najem, N., and Fouzan, A.A. Polymerase chain reaction is no better than Gram stain for diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, (2009); 75, 101.[non-primary source needed]
Jump up ^ Søgaard M.; Nørgaard M.; Schønheyder H. (2007). "First notification of positive blood cultures: high accuracy of the Gram stain report". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 45 (4): 1113–1117. PMC 1865800  . PMID 17301283. doi:10.1128/JCM.02523-06.
Jump up ^ Microbiology: Principles and Explorations, p 65; Jacquelyn.G. Black Prentice Hall, 1993.
Jump up ^ "Medical Chemical Corporation". med-chem.com. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Leboffe, Michael (2014). Microbiology Laboratory Theory and Application (3rd ed.). Englewood, CO: Morton Publishing Company. p. 105. ISBN 1617312800.
Jump up ^ "StainsFile - Stain theory - What a mordant is not". stainsfile.info. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to Microbugz - Gram Stain". www.austincc.edu. Retrieved 2017-05-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tim,, Sandle,. Pharmaceutical microbiology : essentials for quality assurance and quality control. ISBN 9780081000229. OCLC 923807961.
^ Jump up to: a b Gram's Serendipitous Stain by Hardy's Diagnostics at hardydiagnostics.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Hans-Christian-Gram.pdf
Jump up ^ Beveridge T.J.; Davies J.A. (November 1983). "Cellular responses of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli to the Gram stain". Journal of Bacteriology. 156 (2): 846–58. PMC 217903  . PMID 6195148.
Jump up ^ Davies J.A.; Anderson G.K.; Beveridge T.J.; Clark H.C. (November 1983). "Chemical mechanism of the Gram stain and synthesis of a new electron-opaque marker for electron microscopy, which replaces the iodine mordant of the stain". Journal of Bacteriology. 156 (2): 837–845. PMC 217902  . PMID 6195147.
^ Jump up to: a b c Don J. Brenner, Noel R. Krieg, James T. Staley (July 26, 2005) [1984]. George M. Garrity, ed. Introductory Essays. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 2A (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-387-24143-2. British Library no. GBA561951. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)[page needed]
Jump up ^ Galperin, Michael Y. (2013-12-27). "Genome Diversity of Spore-Forming Firmicutes". Microbiology Spectrum. 1 (2). ISSN 2165-0497. doi:10.1128/microbiolspectrum.tbs-0015-2012.
Jump up ^ Practical Medical Microbiology by Dr. Hams H. Hashem, from http://qu.edu.iq/el/mod/resource/view.php?id=1391
Jump up ^ "THE ACID FAST STAIN". www2.highlands.edu. Retrieved 2017-06-09.
Jump up ^ Beveridge, Terry J. (March 1990). "Mechanism of gram variability in select bacteria". Journal of Bacteriology. 172 (3): 1609–20. PMC 208639  . PMID 1689718. doi:10.1128/jb.172.3.1609-1620.1990.
Jump up ^ Beveridge, Terry J. (March 1990). "Mechanism of Gram Variability in Select Bacteria." (PDF). Journal of Bacteriology. 172 (3): 1609–20. PMC 208639  . PMID 1689718. doi:10.1128/jb.172.3.1609-1620.1990. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Black, Jacquelyn (2012). Microbiology: Principles and Exploration (8th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-470-54109-8.
Jump up ^ Reynolds J.; Moyes R.B.; Breakwell D.P. (2009). "Differential staining of bacteria: acid fast stain". Current Protocols in Microbiology. Appendix 3: Appendix 3H. PMID 19885935. doi:10.1002/9780471729259.mca03hs15.
Jump up ^ Waddingham, Anne (28 August 2014). New Hart's Rules: The Oxford Style Guide. OUP Oxford. p. 105. ISBN 978-0199570027.
Jump up ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal Style Guide. Preferred Usage
Jump up ^ Elsevier, Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, Elsevier.
Jump up ^ Merriam-Webster, gram–positive, Merriam-Webster.
Jump up ^ "Definition of Gram-positive". Collins.
Jump up ^ "Gram stain". Oxford Dictionary.
Jump up ^ "Definition of Gram-positive". Medicinenet.
Jump up ^ "Gram negative/positive". Business dictionary.
Jump up ^ "gram-pos·i·tive or Gram-pos·i·tive". The American Heritage Dictionary.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gram-positive". Dictionary.com.
Jump up ^ Lisa Brown, Julie M. Wolf, Rafael Prados-Rosales & Arturo Casadevall (2015). "Through the wall: extracellular vesicles in Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 13: 620–630. PMC 4860279  . PMID 26324094. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3480. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Kristen L. Mueller (12 June 2015). "Detecting Gram-negative bacteria". Science. 348 (6240): 1218. doi:10.1126/science.348.6240.1218-o.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gram stains.
The Wikibook School Science has a page on the topic of: Gram staining
Gram staining technique video
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