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Mission San Francisco de Asís
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Not to be confused with San Francisco de Asis Mission Church.
"Mission Dolores" redirects here. For the Texas historic site, see Mission Dolores State Historic Site.
Mission San Francisco De Asís
The original adobe Mission structure is the smaller building at left, while the larger structure is a basilica completed in 1918 (the architectural style was influenced by designs exhibited at San Diego's Panama-California Exposition in 1915).[1]
Location in Central San Francisco
Mission San Francisco De Asís (California)
Mission San Francisco De Asís (the US)
Show map of San Francisco Show map of California Show map of the US Show all
Location
320 Dolores Street
San Francisco, California 94114
Coordinates
37°45′51.8″N 122°25′37.3″W / 37.764389°N 122.427028°W / 37.764389; -122.427028Coordinates: 37°45′51.8″N 122°25′37.3″W / 37.764389°N 122.427028°W / 37.764389; -122.427028
Name as founded
La Misión de Nuestro Padre San Francisco [2]
English translation
The Mission of Our Father Saint Francis of Assisi
Patron
Saint i[3]
Nickname(s)
"Mission Dolores" [4]
Founding date
June 29, 1776 [5]
Founding priest(s)
Francisco Palóu;[ [Junípero Serra]]
Founding Order
Sixth[3]
Military district
Fourth[6]
Native tribe(s)
Spanish name(s)
Ohlone
Costeño
Native place name(s)
Chutchui [7]
Baptisms
6,898[8]
Marriages
2,043
Burials
11,000= 5,000 (Europeans/Americans), 6,000 (Indians)[8]
Secularized
1834[3]
Returned to the Church
1857[3]
Governing body
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco
Current use
Parish Church
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Designated
1972
Reference no.
#72000251
California Historical Landmark
Official name: Site of original Mission Dolores chapel and Dolores Lagoon[9]
Reference no.
327-1
San Francisco Designated Landmark
Designated
April 11, 1968[10]
Reference no.
1
Website
http://www.missiondolores.org
Mission San Francisco de Asís, or Mission Dolores, is the oldest surviving structure in San Francisco and the sixth religious settlement established as part of the California chain of missions. The Mission was founded on October 9, 1776, by Lieutenant José Joaquin Moraga and Francisco Palóu (a companion of Junípero Serra), both members of the de Anza Expedition, which had been charged with bringing Spanish settlers to Alta (upper) California, and evangelizing the local Natives, the Ohlone. Some of the Mission's buildings have been turned into business including a print shop, and several saloons.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Other historic designations
2 Art
2.1 Statue of Junipero Serra
3 Succession of rectors, pastors and administrators
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
History[edit]
The settlement was named for St. Francis of Assisi, the founder of the Franciscan Order, but was also commonly known as "Mission Dolores" owing to the presence of a nearby creek named Arroyo de Nuestra Señora de los Dolores, meaning "Our Lady of Sorrows Creek."[citation needed] During the expedition of Juan Bautista de Anza, this site was identified by Pedro Font as the most suitable site for a mission in the San Francisco area.[11]
The original Mission was a small structure dedicated on October 9, 1776, after the required church documents arrived. It was located near what is today the intersection of Camp and Albion Streets (according to most sources)[citation needed], about a block-and-a-half east of the surviving Adobe Mission building, and on the shores of a lake (supposedly long since filled) called Laguna de Los Dolores.[4] A historical marker at that location depicts this lake, but whether it ever actually existed is a matter of some dispute. (Creek geologists Janet Sowers and Christopher Richard propose that the legendary lake is the result of misunderstandings of Juan Bautista de Anza's 1776 writings. According to their 2011 hydrological map, there were no lakes in the area, only creeks.)[12]
The present Mission church, near what is now the intersection of Dolores and 16th Streets, was dedicated in 1791. At the time of dedication, a mural painted by native labor adorned the focal wall of the chapel. The Mission was constructed of Adobe and part of a complex of buildings used for housing, agricultural and manufacturing enterprises (see architecture of the California missions). Though most of the Mission complex, including the quadrangle and Convento, has either been altered or demolished outright during the intervening years, the façade of the Mission chapel has remained relatively unchanged since its construction in 1782–1791.[citation needed]
According to Mission historian Brother Guire Cleary, the early 19th century saw the greatest period of activity at San Francisco de Asís:
At its peak in 1810–1820, the average Indian population at Pueblo Dolores was about 1,100 people. The California missions were not only houses of worship. They were farming communities, manufacturers of all sorts of products, hotels, ranches, hospitals, schools, and the centers of the largest communities in the state...in 1810 the Mission owned 11,000 sheep, 11,000 cows, and thousands of horses, goats, pigs, and mules. Its ranching and farming operations extended as far south as San Mateo and east to Alameda. Horses were corralled on Potrero Hill, and the milking sheds for the cows were located along Dolores Creek at what is today Mission High School. Twenty looms were kept in operation to process wool into cloth. The circumference of the mission's holdings was said to have been about 125 miles.[13]
The Mission chapel, along with "Father Serra's Church" at Mission San Juan Capistrano, is one of only two surviving buildings where Junípero Serra is known to have officiated (although "Dolores" was still under construction at the time of Serra's visit). In 1817, Mission San Rafael Arcángel was established as an Asistencia to act as a hospital for the Mission, though it would later be granted full mission status in 1822. The Mexican War of Independence (1810–1821) strained relations between the Mexican government and the California missions. Supplies were scant, and the Indians who worked at the missions continued to suffer terrible losses from disease and cultural disruption (more than 5,000 Indians are thought to have been buried in the cemetery adjacent to the Mission). In 1834, the Mexican government enacted secularization laws whereby most church properties were sold or granted to private owners. In practical terms, this meant that the missions would hold title only to the churches, the residences of the priests and a small amount of land surrounding the church for use as gardens. In the period that followed, Mission Dolores fell on very hard times. By 1842, only eight Christian Indians were living at the Mission.[13]
Mission Dolores, 1856
Mission San Francisco de Asís around 1910. The wooden addition has been removed and a portion of the brick Gothic Revival church is visible at right. The large stone church was severely damaged in the 1906 earthquake.[1]
The California Gold Rush brought renewed activity to the Mission Dolores area. In the 1850s, two plank roads were constructed from what is today downtown San Francisco to the Mission, and the entire area became a popular resort and entertainment district.[14] Some of the Mission properties were sold or leased for use as saloons and gambling halls. Racetracks were constructed, and fights between bulls and bears were staged for crowds. The Mission complex also underwent alterations. Part of the Convento was converted to a two-story wooden wing for use as a seminary and priests' quarters, while another section became the "Mansion House," a popular tavern and way station for travelers.[15] By 1876, the Mansion House portion of the Convento had been razed and replaced with a large Gothic Revival brick church, designed to serve the growing population of immigrants who were now making the Mission area their home.[citation needed]
During this period, wood clapboard siding was applied to the original adobe chapel walls as both a cosmetic and a protective measure; the veneer was later removed when the Mission was restored. During the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the adjacent brick church was destroyed. By contrast, the original adobe Mission, though damaged, remained in relatively good condition. However, the ensuing fire touched off by the earthquake reached almost to the Mission's doorstep. To prevent the spread of flames, the Convent and School of Notre Dame across the street was dynamited by firefighters; nevertheless, nearly all the blocks east of Dolores Street and north of 20th street were consumed by flames. In 1913, construction began on a new church (now known as the Mission Dolores Basilica) adjacent to the Mission, which was completed in 1918. This structure was further remodeled in 1926 with churrigueresque ornamentation inspired by the Panama-California Exposition held in San Diego's Balboa Park. A sensitive restoration of the original adobe Mission was undertaken in 1917 by architect Willis Polk. In 1952, San Francisco Archbishop John J. Mitty, announced that Pope Pius XII had elevated Mission Dolores to the status of a Minor Basilica. This was the first designation of a basilica west of the Mississippi and the fifth basilica named in the United States. Today, the larger, newer church is called "Mission Dolores Basilica" while the original adobe structure retains the name of Mission Dolores.[citation needed]
The interior of the Mission chapel.
The San Francisco de Asís cemetery, which adjoins the property on the south side, was originally much larger than its present boundaries, running west almost to Church Street and north into what is today 16th Street. It was reduced in various stages, starting with the extension of 16th Street through the former mission grounds in 1889, and later by the construction of the Mission Dolores Basilica Center and the Chancery Building of the Archdiocese of San Francisco in the 1950s. Some remains were reburied on-site in a mass grave, while others were relocated to various Bay Area cemeteries. Today, most of the former cemetery grounds are covered by a paved playground behind the Mission Dolores School. The cemetery that currently remains underwent a careful restoration in the mid-1990s. The mission is still an active church, and hosts mass and other services in the mission church and the larger adjacent basilica. The mission is open to visitors, and is located on Dolores Street near its intersection with 16th Street. The San Francisco neighborhood closely surrounding the historic Mission is known as Mission Dolores, and the much larger Mission District is named for it as well. The current Pastor of Mission Dolores is Reverend Francis Mark P. Garbo. The current Curator of Mission Dolores is Andrew A. Galvan.[citation needed]
Other historic designations[edit]
San Francisco Historical Landmark #1 – City & County of San Francisco[16]
California Historical Landmark #327-1 – site of original Mission Dolores chapel and Dolores Lagoon[17]
California Historical Landmark #393 – "The Hospice," an outpost of Mission Dolores founded in 1800 in San Mateo, California[18]
California Historical Landmark #784 – El Camino Real (the northernmost point visited by Serra)[19]
Art[edit]
Statue of Junipero Serra[edit]
Father Junipero Serra by Arthur Putnam
A full-length portrait sculpture of Junípero Serra is on the property of the mission. The cast stone sculpture, by Arthur Putnam, was completed in 1909, cast between 1916–1917 and installed in 1918 when the mission was remodeled. Funding for the piece came from D.J. McQuarry and it cost $500 to cast. It is approximately H. 6 ft. 6 in. The sculpture depicts Serra wearing a monk's robe belted at the waist with a knotted rope and a rosary around his neck. He looks down, with his head bowed and eyes downward. The sculpture is on a concrete base. It is one of a series of allegorical figures commissioned by the estate of E. W. Scripps to depict California history. In 1993 it was examined by the Smithsonian Institution's Save Outdoor Sculpture! program. The program determined that the sculpture was well maintained.[20]
Succession of rectors, pastors and administrators[edit]
Founders: Francisco Palóu, O.F.M., Pedro Benito Cambón, O.F.M. – June 27, 1776
Francisco Palóu, O.F.M. – June 27, 1776 – 1784
Eugene O'Connell – 1854[21]
Richard Carroll – 1854–1860
John J. Prendergast – 1860–1867
Thomas Cushing – 1867–1875
Richard P. Brennan – 1875–1904
Patrick Cummins – 1905–1916
John W. Sullivan – 1916–1939
The Most Rev. Thomas A. Connolly 1939–1948 (First Auxiliary Bishop, First Rector)[22]
The Most Rev. James T. O'Dowd – 1948–1950 (Rector)
The Most Rev. Merlin Guilfoyle, VG – 1950–1969 (Rector)
The Most Rev. Norman F. McFarland – 1970–1974 (Last Rector)[23]
The Rev. Msgr. Richard S. Knapp – 1974, 1974–1983 (Served first as Administrator, then Pastor)
The Rev. Msgr. John J. O'Connor – 1983–1997
The Rev. Msgr. Maurice McCormick – 1997–2003
The Most Rev. William J. Justice – 2003–2007 (Became a bishop after he left Mission Dolores)
The Rev. Arturo Albano – 2007– 2015
The Reverend Francis Mark P Garbo - 2015–Present
See also[edit]
San Francisco Bay Area portal
Spanish missions in California
San Pedro y San Pablo Asistencia
List of San Francisco Designated Landmarks
USNS Mission Dolores (AO-115) – a Mission Buenaventura Class fleet oiler built during World War II.
USNS Mission San Francisco (AO-123) – a Mission Buenaventura Class fleet oiler built during World War II.
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Krell, p. 148
Jump up ^ Worden / Leffingwell, p. 149
^ Jump up to: a b c d Krell, p. 139
^ Jump up to: a b Young, p. 117
Jump up ^ Yenne, p. 64
Jump up ^ Forbes, p. 202
Jump up ^ Ruscin, p. 195
^ Jump up to: a b Krell, p. 315: as of December 31, 1832; information adapted from Engelhardt's Missions and Missionaries of California.
Jump up ^ California Historical Marker is located on Camp and Albion Streets
Jump up ^ "City of San Francisco Designated Landmarks". City of San Francisco. Retrieved 2012-11-23.
Jump up ^ Zephyrin Engelhardt (1912). The Missions and Missionaries of California, Volume II: Upper California. p. 181.
Jump up ^ Amy Standen (2011-10-29). "New Water Map Washes Away An Urban Legend". NPR. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
^ Jump up to: a b Cleary
Jump up ^ Johnson, p. 129
Jump up ^ Johnson, p. 130
Jump up ^ deSign, Ted Whipple / incite. "San Francisco Landmarks". www.friendsof1800.org.
Jump up ^ California, California State Parks, State of. "San Francisco". CA State Parks.
Jump up ^ California, California State Parks, State of. "San Mateo". CA State Parks.
Jump up ^ California, California State Parks, State of. "San Francisco". CA State Parks.
Jump up ^ "Father Junipero Serra, (sculpture)". Save Outdoor Sculpture!. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "San Francisco". www.newadvent.org. April 20, 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Archbishop Thomas Arthur Connolly". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Thomas Arthur Connolly" (PDF). Diocese of Orange. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-30. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
References[edit]
Cleary, Brother Guire (January 31, 2003). "Mission Dolores Links San Francisco with its 18th Century Roots – Founded as La Mission San Francisco De Asis by Franciscans, it survived earthquake and fire". Catholic San Francisco. Archived from the original on February 5, 2007. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
Forbes, Alexander (1839). California: A History of Upper and Lower California. Cornhill, London: Smith, Elder and Co.
Johnson, Paul C. (supervising editor) (1964). The California Missions. Menlo Park, CA: Lane Book Company. LCCN 64-22823.
Krell, Dorothy, ed. (1979). The California Missions: A Pictorial History. Menlo Park, CA: Sunset Publishing Corporation. ISBN 0-376-05172-8.
Ruscin, Terry (1999). Mission Memoirs. San Diego, CA: Sunbelt Publications. ISBN 0-932653-30-8.
Worden, Alastair; Leffingwell, Randy (2005). California Missions and Presidios. Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0896584921.
Yenne, Bill (2004). The Missions of California. San Diego, CA: Thunder Bay Press. ISBN 1-59223-319-8.
Young, Stanley; Levick, Melba (1988). The Missions of California. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-8118-3694-0.
Further reading[edit]
Engelhardt, O. F. M. (1924). San Francisco or Mission Dolores. Chicago, IL: Franciscan Herald Press.
Jones, Terry L.; Klar, Kathryn A. Klar, eds. (2007). California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. Landham, MD: Altimira Press. ISBN 0-7591-0872-2.
Milliken, Randall (1995). A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769–1910. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication. ISBN 0-87919-132-5.
Paddison, Joshua, ed. (1999). A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush. Berkeley, CA: Heyday Books. ISBN 1-890771-13-9.
San Francisco Morning Call (June 8, 1889). "Mission Dolores – The Cemeteries Now Ready to Be Transferred to the City". San Francisco Morning Call.
Schafer, Mike; Welsh, Joe (1997). Classic American Streamliners. Osceola, Wisconsin: MotorBooks International. ISBN 978-0-7603-0377-1.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mission Dolores.
Mission Dolores Basilica
Mission Dolores via The Archdiocese of San Francisco
Elevation & Site Layout sketches of the Mission proper
Catholic San Francisco – History of Mission Dolores
San Francisco Public Library – Photographs of Mission Dolores
Map of Mission Dolores and nearby water sources (from ShapingSF.org)
California Historic Plaque marking original site of Mission Dolores at Camp and Albion Streets in SF
Mission Dolores Neighborhood Association
American Southwest, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
Early History of the California Coast, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
Listing, drawings, and photographs at the Historic American Buildings Survey
Ground plan of Mission Dolores, San Francisco, Ca at The Bancroft Library
Howser, Huell (December 8, 2000). "California Missions (107)". California Missions. Chapman University Huell Howser Archive.
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text:
Do You Want to Know a Secret
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Do You Want to Know a Secret?"
1964 sheet music cover, Metric Music, New York
Song by the Beatles
from the album Please Please Me
Released
22 March 1963
Recorded
11 February 1963,
EMI Studios, London
Genre
Pop
Length
1:56
Label
Parlophone
Songwriter(s)
McCartney–Lennon
Producer(s)
George Martin
Audio sample
"Do You Want to Know a Secret?"
file
help
"Do You Want to Know a Secret?"
Sleeve of Vee-Jay 7" single, released a year after the album in March 1964
Single by the Beatles
from the album Introducing... the Beatles
B-side
"Thank You Girl"
Released
23 March 1964
Recorded
11 February 1963,
EMI Studios, London
Genre
Pop
Length
1:56
Label
Vee-Jay, VJ 587
Songwriter(s)
Lennon–McCartney
Producer(s)
George Martin
The Beatles singles chronology
"Can't Buy Me Love"
(1964) Can't Buy Me Love1964 "Do You Want to Know a Secret"
(1964) Do You Want to Know a Secret1964 "Love Me Do"
(1964) Love Me Do1964
"Do You Want to Know a Secret?" is a song by English rock group the Beatles from the 1963 album Please Please Me, sung by George Harrison. In the United States, it was the first top ten song to feature Harrison as a lead singer, reaching No. 2 on the Billboard chart in 1964 as a single released by Vee-Jay, VJ 587.
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition
2 Recording
3 Single release
4 Personnel
5 Charts and certifications
5.1 Charts
5.2 Certifications
6 The Billy J. Kramer version
6.1 Chart performance
7 Other covers
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Composition[edit]
"Do You Want to Know a Secret?", written in autumn 1962, was primarily composed by John Lennon but credited to Lennon–McCartney.[1] The 1963 version by Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas (a UK no. 2) credited the composition to "McCartney-Lennon". The song was inspired by "I'm Wishing",[2] a tune from Walt Disney’s 1937 animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs which Lennon's mother, Julia Lennon, would sing to him as a child. The first two lines of the song in Disney's movie ("Want to know a secret? Promise not to tell?") come right after the opening lyrics ("You'll never know how much I really love you... You'll never know how much I really care...").[3][4] McCartney has said it was a "50–50 collaboration written to order", i.e., for Harrison to sing,[5] but Lennon, who always claimed the song as his own, explained in a 1980 interview that he had realized as soon as he had finished writing the song that it best suited Harrison.[6]
Recording[edit]
In 1980, Lennon said that he gave "Do You Want to Know a Secret?" to Harrison to sing because "it only had three notes and he wasn't the best singer in the world", but added "he has improved a lot since then."[4] The song was recorded as part of their marathon ten-hour recording session on 11 February 1963 along with nine other songs for Please Please Me.[7] Harrison sang two songs on Please Please Me — this song by Lennon–McCartney and "Chains" by Goffin/King. "Don't Bother Me" would be Harrison's debut composition and appeared on the Beatles' next UK album With The Beatles.[8]
Single release[edit]
"Do You Want to Know a Secret?" was released a year later as a single by Vee-Jay in the United States on 23 March 1964, reaching the number two spot behind another Beatles song, "Can't Buy Me Love" in Billboard, reaching number three on the Cash Box chart, but reaching number one for two weeks in the chart published by the Teletheatre Research Institute. In the U.S., it was the most successful Beatles song on which Harrison sang lead vocal until "Something" peaked at #1 as part of a double-sided number one hit with "Come Together" in 1969.
Personnel[edit]
George Harrison – lead vocals, acoustic guitar (right channel)
John Lennon – acoustic guitar (left channel), backing vocals
Paul McCartney – bass, backing vocals
Ringo Starr – drums, tapped drumsticks
Engineered by Norman Smith
Personnel per Walter Everett[9] and John Winn[10]
Charts and certifications[edit]
Charts[edit]
Chart (1964)
Peak
position
German Media Control Singles Chart[11] 34
US Billboard Hot 100[12] 2
US Cash Box Top 100[13] 3
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[14]
Gold 500,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
The Billy J. Kramer version[edit]
"Do You Want to Know a Secret?"
Single by Billy J. Kramer with the Dakotas
from the album Little Children
B-side
"I'll Be on My Way" (Lennon–McCartney)
Released
26 April 1963
Format
45 RPM
Recorded
1963
Genre
Pop, beat
Length
2:01
Label
Parlophone (UK)
Imperial (US)
Songwriter(s)
Lennon–McCartney
Producer(s)
George Martin
Billy J. Kramer with the Dakotas singles chronology
"Do You Want to Know a Secret?"
(1963) "Bad to Me"
(1963)
"Do You Want to Know a Secret?"
(1963) "Bad to Me"
(1963)
The Beatles' version was never released as a single in the UK, where a cover version by Billy J. Kramer with the Dakotas (released b/w "I'll Be on My Way", Parlophone R5023, 26 April 1963)[15] reached number two in the Record Retailer chart, and hit number one in the NME chart (used by Radio Luxembourg) and the BBC's Pick of the Pops chart, which were more widely recognised at the time. It appeared on his album, Little Children. It reached number eight in the Irish Singles Chart.
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1963)
Peak
position
United Kingdom (Record Retailer) 2[16]
United Kingdom (NME) 1[17]
Other covers[edit]
Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 1964 album The Chipmunks Sing the Beatles Hits.[18]
The song reached the No. 1 position on Billboard in 1981 and No. 2 in the United Kingdom in a cover version by Stars on 45 as part of a medley.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Lewisohn, Mark. The Beatles: All These Years, Volume One – Tune In. Crown Archetype, 2013, ISBN 978-1-4000-8305-3, pp. 733-734
Jump up ^ Distant Melody 2007.
Jump up ^ Harry, p. 209.
^ Jump up to: a b Sheff 2000, p. 165.
Jump up ^ Miles 1997, p. 95.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn, Mark. The Beatles: All These Years, Volume One – Tune In. Crown Archetype, 2013, ISBN 978-1-4000-8305-3, p. 873
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 24.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 53.
Jump up ^ Everett 2001, p. 151.
Jump up ^ Winn 2009, p. 32.
Jump up ^ "Offizielle Deutsche Charts" (Enter "Beatles" in the search box) (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Beatles Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Hoffmann, Frank (1983). The Cash Box Singles Charts, 1950-1981. Metuchen, NJ & London: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 32–34.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – The Beatles – Do You Want To Know a Secret". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 15 May 2016. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ Calkin 2009.
Jump up ^ "Artist Chart History Details: Billy J. Kramer & the Dakotas". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Rees, Lazell & Osborne 1995, p. 127.
Jump up ^ Lindsay Planer. "The Chipmunks Sing the Beatles Hits - The Chipmunks | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
References[edit]
Calkin, Graham (2009). "Do You Want to Know a Secret?". Graham Calkin's Beatles Pages. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
Rees, Dafydd; Lazell, Barry; Osborne, Roger (1995). 40 Years of "NME" Charts (2nd ed.). Pan Macmillan. ISBN 0-7522-0829-2.
"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)". Distant Melody. 2007. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
Harry, Bill. The Ultimate Beatles Encyclopedia.
Lewisohn, Mark (1988). The Beatles Recording Sessions. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-57066-1.
Miles, Barry (1997). Paul McCartney: Many Years From Now. New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-5249-6.
Sheff, David (2000). All We Are Saying: The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-25464-4.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Please Please Me
Alan W. Pollack's Notes on "Do You Want to Know a Secret"
[show]
v
t
e
Please Please Me
Songs
Side one
"I Saw Her Standing There"
"Misery"
"Anna (Go to Him)"
"Chains"
"Boys"
"Ask Me Why"
"Please Please Me"
Side two
"Love Me Do"
"P.S. I Love You"
"Baby It's You"
"Do You Want to Know a Secret"
"A Taste of Honey"
"There's a Place"
"Twist and Shout"
Non-album tracks
"From Me to You"
"Thank You Girl"
Outtakes
"How Do You Do It?"
"Tip of My Tongue"
"Hold Me Tight"
"Bésame Mucho"
Related articles
The Beatles discography
Please Please Me
With the Beatles
A Hard Day's Night
Beatles for Sale
Help!
Rubber Soul
Revolver
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Magical Mystery Tour
The Beatles (White Album)
Yellow Submarine
Abbey Road
Let It Be
Past Masters
[show]
v
t
e
The Beatles singles discography
UK and US
(all labels)
1963
"Please Please Me" / "Ask Me Why"
"From Me to You" / "Thank You Girl"
"She Loves You" / "I'll Get You"
1964
"Can't Buy Me Love" / "You Can't Do That"
"I Feel Fine" / "She's a Woman"
1965
"Ticket to Ride" / "Yes It Is"
"Help!" / "I'm Down"
"We Can Work It Out" / "Day Tripper"
1966
"Paperback Writer" / "Rain"
"Yellow Submarine" / "Eleanor Rigby"
1967
"Penny Lane" / "Strawberry Fields Forever"
"All You Need Is Love" / "Baby, You're a Rich Man"
"Hello, Goodbye" / "I Am the Walrus"
1968
"Lady Madonna" / "The Inner Light"
"Hey Jude" / "Revolution"
1969
"Get Back" / "Don't Let Me Down"
"The Ballad of John and Yoko" / "Old Brown Shoe"
"Something" / "Come Together"
1970
"Let It Be" / "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)"
1978
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band/With a Little Help from My Friends" / "A Day in the Life"
1982
"The Beatles Movie Medley" / "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You"
1995
"Free as a Bird" / "Christmas Time (Is Here Again)"
1996
"Real Love" / "Baby's in Black"
UK only
(Parlophone,
Apple)
1962
"My Bonnie" / "The Saints"
"Love Me Do" / "P.S. I Love You"
1963
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" / "This Boy"
1964
"Ain't She Sweet" / "If You Love Me, Baby"
"A Hard Day's Night" / "Things We Said Today"
1976
"Yesterday" / "I Should Have Known Better"
"Back in the U.S.S.R." / "Twist and Shout"
US only
(Vee-Jay,
Swan,
Tollie,
Capitol,
Apple)
1963
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" / "I Saw Her Standing There"
1964
"Twist and Shout" / "There's a Place"
"Do You Want to Know a Secret" / "Thank You Girl"
"Love Me Do" / "P.S. I Love You"
"Sie liebt dich" / "I'll Get You"
"I'll Cry Instead" / "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You"
"And I Love Her" / "If I Fell"
"A Hard Day's Night" / "I Should Have Known Better"
"Matchbox" / "Slow Down"
1965
"Eight Days a Week" / "I Don't Want to Spoil the Party"
"Yesterday" / "Act Naturally"
1966
"Nowhere Man" / "What Goes On"
1970
"The Long and Winding Road" / "For You Blue"
1976
"Got to Get You into My Life" / "Helter Skelter"
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "Julia"
Other
countries
(Odeon,
Parlophone,
Apple)
1963
"All My Loving" / "This Boy" (Canada)
1964
"Komm, gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich" (Germany)
1966
"Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" / "Nowhere Man" (Australia)
1968
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" (Europe, Japan, Australia)
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "I Will" (Philippines)
"Back in the U.S.S.R." / "Don't Pass Me By" (Sweden)
1969
"You're Going to Lose That Girl" / "Tell Me What You See" (Japan)
1970
"Oh! Darling" / "Here Comes the Sun" (Japan)
1972
"All Together Now" / "Hey Bulldog" (Europe)
1978
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band/With a Little Help from My Friends" / "Within You Without You" (Germany)
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Categories:
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text:
Tank Man
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Coordinates: 39°54′23.5″N 116°23′59.8″E / 39.906528°N 116.399944°E / 39.906528; 116.399944
"Tank Man"
"Tank Man" temporarily stops the advance of a column of tanks on June 5, 1989, in Beijing, in what is widely considered one of the most iconic images of the 20th century.[1][2][3] This photograph (one of four similar versions) was taken by Jeff Widener of the Associated Press.
Born
unknown
China (presumably)
Nationality
Chinese
Other names
Unknown Protester
Unknown Rebel
Wang Weilin (allegedly)
Known for
Iconic photo of his protest during the Tiananmen Square Protests
Tank Man (also known as the Unknown Protester or Unknown Rebel) is the nickname of an unidentified man who stood in front of a column of tanks on June 5, 1989, the morning after the Chinese military had suppressed the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 by force. As the lead tank maneuvered to pass by the man, he repeatedly shifted his position in order to obstruct the tank's attempted path around him. The incident was filmed and seen worldwide. There were only a few sources who caught the incident on tape.
More than 29 years after the incident, there is no reliable information about the identity or fate of the man; the story of what happened to the tank crew is also unknown.[4] At least one witness has stated that "Tank Man" was not the only person who had opposed the tanks during the protest. Shao Jiang, who was a student leader, said: "I witnessed a lot of the people standing up, blocking the tanks."[5] Tank Man is unique in that he is the only one who was photographed and recorded on video.
Contents
1 Incident
2 Identity and fate
3 International notability and censorship
4 Photographic versions
5 Legacy
6 See also
7 References
7.1 Notes
8 Further reading
9 External links
Incident[edit]
The incident took place at the north edge of Tiananmen Square, along Chang'an Avenue, on June 5, 1989, one day after the Chinese government's violent crackdown on the Tiananmen protests.[6] The man stood in the middle of the wide avenue, directly in the path of a column of approaching Type 59 tanks. Stuart Franklin, who was on assignment for TIME magazine, told the New York Times, "At some point, shots were fired and the tanks carried on down the road toward us, leaving Tiananmen Square behind, until blocked by a lone protester."[1] He wore a white shirt and black trousers, and he held two shopping bags.[7] As the tanks came to a stop, the man gestured towards the tanks with one of the bags. In response, the lead tank attempted to drive around the man, but the man repeatedly stepped into the path of the tank in a show of nonviolent action.[8] After repeatedly attempting to go around rather than crush the man, the lead tank stopped its engines, and the armored vehicles behind it seemed to follow suit. There was a short pause with the man and the tanks having reached a quiet, still impasse.
Having successfully brought the column to a halt, the man climbed onto the hull of the buttoned-up lead tank and, after briefly stopping at the driver's hatch, appeared in video footage of the incident to call into various ports in the tank's turret. He then climbed atop the turret and seemed to have a short conversation with a crew member at the gunner's hatch. After ending the conversation, the man descended from the tank. The tank commander briefly emerged from his hatch, and the tanks restarted their engines, ready to continue on. At that point, the man, who was still standing within a meter or two from the side of the lead tank, leapt in front of the vehicle once again and quickly re-established the man–tank standoff.
Video footage shows two figures in blue pulling the man away and disappearing with him into a nearby crowd; the tanks continued on their way.[8] Eyewitnesses are unsure who pulled him aside. Charlie Cole, who was there for Newsweek, said it was the Chinese government PSB (the police),[9] while Jan Wong, who was there for The Globe and Mail, thought that the men who pulled him away were concerned bystanders. In April 1998, Time included the "Unknown Rebel" in a feature titled "Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century".[10] In November 2016, Time included Jeff Widener's photograph in "Time 100: The Most Influential Images of All Time".[11]
Identity and fate[edit]
Little is publicly known of the man's identity or that of the commander of the lead tank. Shortly after the incident, the British tabloid Sunday Express named him as Wang Weilin (王维林), a 19-year-old student[12] who was later charged with "political hooliganism" and "attempting to subvert members of the People's Liberation Army."[13] However, this claim has been rejected by internal Communist Party of China documents, which reported that they could not find the man, according to the Hong Kong-based Information Center for Human Rights.[14] One party member was quoted as saying, "We can’t find him. We got his name from journalists. We have checked through computers but can’t find him among the dead or among those in prison."[14] Numerous theories have sprung up as to the man's identity and current whereabouts.[15]
There are several conflicting stories about what happened to him after the demonstration. In a speech to the President's Club in 1999, Bruce Herschensohn, former deputy special assistant to President Richard Nixon, reported that he was executed 14 days later; other sources say he was executed by firing squad a few months after the Tiananmen Square protests.[8] In Red China Blues: My Long March from Mao to Now, Jan Wong writes that she believes from her interactions with the government press that they have "no idea who he was either" and that he's still alive somewhere on the mainland. Another theory is that he escaped to Taiwan and remains employed there as an archaeologist in the National Palace Museum. This was first reported by the Yonhap news agency in South Korea.[16]
The government of the People's Republic of China has made few statements about the incident or the people involved. In a 1990 interview with Barbara Walters, then-CPC General Secretary Jiang Zemin was asked what became of the man. Jiang first stated (through an interpreter), "I can't confirm whether this young man you mentioned was arrested or not," and then replied in English, "I think never killed" [sic].[17] The government also argued that the incident evidenced the "humanity" of the country's military.[18]
In a 2000 interview with Mike Wallace, Jiang Zemin said, "He was never arrested." He then stated, "I don't know where he is now." He also emphasized that the tank stopped and did not run the young man down.[19]
International notability and censorship[edit]
The intersection in 2014, viewed from a different angle
Internationally, the image of the lone man in front of the tank has come to symbolize the events at Tiananmen Square in 1989[14][20] and is widely considered one of the most iconic images of the 20th century.[1][2][3]
A PBS interview of six experts noted that the memory of the Tiananmen Square protests appears to have faded in China, especially among younger Chinese people, due to government censorship.[21] Images of the protest on the Internet have been censored in China.[14] When undergraduate students at Peking University, which was at the center of the incident, were shown copies of the iconic photograph 16 years afterwards, they were "genuinely mystified."[22] One of the students said that the image was "artwork." It is noted in the documentary Frontline: The Tank Man that he whispered to the student next to him "89," which led the interviewer to surmise that the student may have concealed his knowledge of the event.
It has been suggested that the "Unknown Rebel," if still alive, never made himself known as he is unaware of his international recognition due to Chinese media suppression of events relating to government protest.[14]
At and after the events in the square, the PSB treated members of the international press roughly, confiscating and destroying all the film they could find, and forced the signing of confessions to offences such as photography during martial law, punishable by long imprisonment.[23]
Photographic versions[edit]
Five photographers (one of whom did not share his material for 20 years) managed to capture the event on film that was not later confiscated by the PSB.[24] On June 4, 2009, the fifth photographer released an image of the scene taken from ground level.[20]
The widest coverage of the event and one of the best-known photographs of the event appearing in both Time and Life magazines, was documented by Stuart Franklin. He was on the same balcony as Charlie Cole, and his roll of film was smuggled out of the country by a French student, concealed in a box of tea.[24]
The most-used photograph of the event was taken by Jeff Widener of the Associated Press, from a sixth-floor balcony of the Beijing Hotel, about half a mile (800 meters) away from the scene. Widener was injured and suffering from the flu. The image was taken using a Nikon FE2 camera through a Nikkor 400mm 5.6 ED-IF lens and TC-301 teleconverter.[25] With Widener running out of film, a friend (by the name of Kirk) hastily obtained a roll of Fuji 100 ASA color negative film, allowing him to make the shot.[1] Though he was concerned that his shots were no good, his image was syndicated to many newspapers around the world[24] and was said to have appeared on the front page of all European papers.[26] He was also nominated for the Pulitzer prize but did not win. Nevertheless, his photograph has widely been known as one of the most iconic photographs of the 20th century.[1][2][3]
Wider shot by Stuart Franklin showing column of tanks approaching Tank Man, who is shown near the lower-left corner.
Charlie Cole, working for Newsweek and on the same balcony as Stuart Franklin, hid his roll of film containing Tank Man in a Beijing Hotel toilet, sacrificing an unused roll of film and undeveloped images of wounded protesters after the PSB raided his room, destroyed the two aforementioned rolls of film and forced him to sign a confession to photography during martial law, an imprisonable offence. Cole was able to retrieve the roll and have it sent to Newsweek.[24] He was awarded the 1990 World Press Photo of the Year[27] and the picture was featured in Life's "100 Photographs That Changed the World" in 2003.
On June 4, 2009, in connection with the 20th anniversary of the protests, Associated Press reporter, Terril Jones, revealed a photo he had taken showing the Tank Man from ground level, a different angle from all of the other known photos of the Tank Man. Jones wrote that he was not aware of what he had captured until a month later when printing his photos.[28]
Arthur Tsang Hin Wah of Reuters took several shots from room 1111 of the Beijing Hotel,[29] but only the shot of Tank Man climbing the tank was chosen.[24] It was not until several hours later that the photo of the man standing in front of the tank was finally chosen. When the staff noticed Widener's work, they re-checked Tsang's negative to see if it was of the same moment as Widener's. On March 20, 2013, in an interview by the Hong Kong Press Photographers Association (HKPPA), Wah told the story and added further detail. He told HKPPA that on the night of June 3, 1989, he was beaten by students while taking photos and was bleeding. A "foreign" photographer accompanying him suddenly said, "I am not gonna die for your country," and left. Wah returned to the hotel. When he decided to go out again, the public security stopped him, so he stayed in his room, stood next to the window and eventually witnessed the Tank Man and took several shots of the event.[29]
In addition to the photography, video footage of the scene was recorded and transmitted across the globe. Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) cameraman Willie Phua, CNN cameraman Jonathan Schaer and NBC cameraman Tony Wasserman appear to be the only television cameramen who captured the scene.[30][31][32] ABC correspondents Max Uechtritz and Peter Cave were the journalists reporting from the balcony.[33]
After seeing Chinese tanks crush vehicles and people on June 3, many journalists and photographers believed the protests had already reached their peak, causing many to leave the area before the "tank man" incident occurred.[23][34]
Legacy[edit]
In Tom Clancy's 2000 novel The Bear and the Dragon, the Chinese authorities apprehend and execute Tank Man, then bill the surviving family for the cost of the pistol round expended to shoot him in the back of the head.
A similar scene is depicted in the music video for Club Foot (2004) by the English rock band Kasabian.[35]
Tank Man is briefly referenced in the 2007 film Superbad.
A fictionalized version of the fates of both the Tank Man and a soldier in the tank is told in Lucy Kirkwood's 2013 play Chimerica, which premiered at the Almeida Theatre from May 20, 2013 to July 6, 2013.[36]
On June 4, 2013, Sina Weibo, China's most popular microblog, blocked terms whose English translations are "today", "tonight", "June 4", and "big yellow duck". If these were searched for, a message appeared stating that, in accordance with relevant laws, statutes, and policies, the results of the search could not be shown. The censorship occurred because a photoshopped version of Tank Man, in which rubber ducks replaced the tanks, had been circulating around Twitter[37]—a reference to Florentijn Hofman's Rubber Duck sculpture, which at that time was floating in Hong Kong's Victoria Harbour.[38]
See also[edit]
Chinese democracy movement
History of the People's Republic of China
Human rights in the People's Republic of China
List of peace activists
August Landmesser
China portal
Film portal
Human rights portal
Photography portal
Social movements portal
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Witty, Patrick (June 3, 2009). "Behind the Scenes: Tank Man of Tiananmen". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pelosi, Nancy Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (June 3, 2009). "Floor Speech on Tiananmen Square Resolution". U.S. House of Representatives. Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c Corless, Kieron (May 24, 2006). "Time In – Plugged In – Tank Man". Time Out.
Jump up ^ "Photographer Jeff Widener". BBC interview (Video ed.). 2014.
Jump up ^ "Shao Jiang interview". Amnesty International (Video posted for 25th anniversary ed.). Retrieved May 28, 2014. Those interviewed include photographer Stuart Franklin with Magnum for TIME, who was on the 5th floor balcony of the Beijing Hotel.
Jump up ^ Makinen, Julie (4 June 2014). "Tiananmen Square mystery: Who was 'Tank Man'?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Langely, Andrew (2009). Tiananmen Square: Massacre Crushes China's Democracy Movement. Compass Point Books. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-7565-4101-9.
^ Jump up to: a b c The Unknown Rebel Time Magazine profile, 13 April 1998. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Picture Power:Tiananmen Standoff BBC News. Last updated October 7, 2005.
Jump up ^ Iyer, Pico (13 April 1998). "The Unknown Rebel". Time. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Time 100: The Most Influential Images of All Time". Time. 6 November 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Man who defied tanks may be dead", Los Angeles Times, June 3, 1990.
Jump up ^ Munro, Robin; Spiegel, Mickey (1994). Detained in China and Tibet: a directory of political and religious prisoners. Asia Watch Committee. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-56432-105-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Macartney, Jane (May 30, 2009). "Identity of Tank Man of Tiananmen Square remains a mystery". The Times. London.
Jump up ^ (in Chinese) Wang Weilin by tank file, Apple Daily, June 2, 2006, p. A1. Archived February 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Tiananmen Square 25th anniversary: What happened to Tank Man?". The Independent. 2014-06-04. Retrieved 2017-12-11.
Jump up ^ "Frontline: The Tank Man transcript". Frontline. PBS. April 11, 2006. Retrieved June 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ Higgins, Andrew (January 20, 2012). "Tycoon prods Taiwan closer to China". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "China's Leader Talks To 60 Minutes". cbsnews.com. August 31, 2000.
^ Jump up to: a b Witty, Patrick (June 4, 2009). Behind the Scenes: A New Angle on History The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Legacy of June Fourth".
Jump up ^ "The Tank Man: Interview: Jan Wong". Frontline. PBS. April 11, 2006. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Picture Power: Tiananmen Standoff. BBC News. October 7, 2005.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Witty, Patrick (June 3, 2009). Behind the Scenes: Tank Man of Tiananmen, New York Times
Jump up ^ Alfano, Sean (June 4, 2009). ""Tank Man": The Picture That Almost Wasn't". CBS News.
Jump up ^ Patrick Witty (June 3, 2009). "Behind the Scenes: Tank Man of Tiananmen". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 12, 2010. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ [1] World Press Photo
Jump up ^ Jones, Terril (2009). "Tank Man". Pomona College Magazine. 41 (1). Archived from the original on March 6, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Arthur Tsang Hin Wah interview, March 20, 2013". google.com.hk.
Jump up ^ "Capturing Asia". Books and Essays by Bob Wurth on the Asia Pacific Region. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Willie Phua on Australia Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) 7.30 Report. ABC. November 29, 1996.
Jump up ^ Lewis, George (2009-06-04). "Recalling the spirit of Tiananmen". Retrieved 2016-11-15.
Jump up ^ "Timeline: ABC marks 40 years of reporting from China". ABC News. 31 October 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Photojournalist on Tiananmen Square tank standoff. CNN. May 19, 2001.
Jump up ^ Kasabian. "Club Foot feat. Dinara Drukarova". Vimeo.
Jump up ^ Hitchings, Henry (29 May 2013). "Chimerica, Almeida Theatre – theatre review". London Evening Standard. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Didi Kirsten Tatlow (June 4, 2013). "Censored in China: 'Today,' 'Tonight' and 'Big Yellow Duck'". International New York Times IHT Rendezvous.
Jump up ^ "Fool's Errand: Why China Censors Rubber Duckies On Tiananmen Anniversary". The Washington Post. June 4, 2013.
Further reading[edit]
June Fourth: The True Story, Tian'anmen Papers/Zhongguo Liusi Zhenxiang Volumes 1–2 (Chinese edition), Zhang Liang, ISBN 962-8744-36-4.
Red China Blues: My Long March from Mao to Now, Jan Wong, Doubleday, 1997, trade paperback, 416 pages, ISBN 0-385-48232-9 (Contains, besides extensive autobiographical material, an eyewitness account of the Tiananmen crackdown and the basis for an estimate of the number of casualties.)
The Tiananmen Papers, The Chinese Leadership's Decision to Use Force Against their Own People—In their Own Words, Compiled by Zhang Liang, Edited by Andrew J. Nathan and Perry Link, with an afterword by Orville Schell, PublicAffairs, New York, 2001, hardback, 514 pages, ISBN 1-58648-012-X (An extensive review and synopsis of The Tiananmen papers in the journal Foreign Affairs may be found at Review and synopsis in the journal Foreign Affairs.)
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Tank Man
Raw video of the Tank Man incident (CNN on YouTube)
"Behind the scenes: Tank Man of Tiananmen" (New York Times), with link to video of the incident.
The Stuart Franklin photo at Life magazine 100 photos that changed the world.
(in Chinese) Professor disclosed heroic Wang Weilin still in world, dajiyuan.com. Retrieved June 1, 2006.
PBS Frontline documentary "The Tank Man", 2006, Program viewable online. Last Retrieved July 29, 2008.
Time 100: The Unknown Rebel, Time, 1999
The photos that defined a massacre, BBC
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values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: رجل الدبابة – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: ট্যাঙ্ক ম্যান – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values: Неизвестен бунтар – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_Man
Tank Man – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: Διαδηλωτής απέναντι στο τανκ – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: مرد تانکی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Անհայտ խռովարարը – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: टैंक मैन – Hindi

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_Man
Tank Man – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: המורד האלמוני – Hebrew

values:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_Man
Tank Man – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
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values: ടാങ്ക് മാൻ – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankman
Tankman – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
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values: Неизвестный бунтарь – Russian

values: Непознати демонстрант – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
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values: பீரங்கி வண்டி மனிதன் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
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values: ట్యాంక్ మ్యాన్ – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: แทงค์แมน – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Невідомий бунтар – Ukrainian

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values:
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