text:
Lists of fastest-selling albums
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A fast-selling album is defined as one with high sales in its first chart week following release.[1][2] The highest sales achieved in any country in an album's debut week are 3.38 million for 25 by Adele in the United States in the week ending 26 November 2015.[3] This passed the previous record of 3.00 million set by the album Distance by Hikaru Utada in Japan in 2001.[4]
Contents
1 Canada
2 Germany
3 Ireland
4 Japan
5 New Zealand
6 United Kingdom
7 United States
7.1 Additional records
7.1.1 Pre-SoundScan era
7.1.2 SoundScan era
8 See also
9 References
Canada[edit]
This is a list of the fastest-selling albums in Canada since Nielsen SoundScan tracking began in 1995.
Rank
Year
Title
Artist
Sales
Reference
1 2015 25 Adele 305,928 [5]
2 1997 Let's Talk About Love Céline Dion 230,212 [6][7]
3 1999 Millennium Backstreet Boys 191,791 [8][9]
4 2003 Star Académie Star Académie 173,000 [10]
5 2000 Black & Blue Backstreet Boys 156,307 [8]
6 2002 A New Day Has Come Céline Dion 151,600 [11]
7 2002 Up! Shania Twain 150,000 [12]
8 2008 Black Ice AC/DC 119,000 [13]
9 2006 I Think of You Gregory Charles 109,000 [14]
10 2014 1989 Taylor Swift 107,000 [15]
Germany[edit]
This is a list of the fastest-selling albums in Germany
Rank
Year
Title
Artist
Sales
Reference
1 2007 12 Herbert Grönemeyer More than 263,000 [16]
2 2015 25 Adele 263,000 [16]
Ireland[edit]
The fastest-selling album is The Best of 1980–1990 by U2 in November 1998.[17]
Japan[edit]
This is a list of the fastest-selling albums in Japan since Oricon was founded in November 1967. The top two sales records were achieved in the same week, on 28 March 2001, as both albums were promoted as a direct competition between J-pop singers Hikaru Utada and Ayumi Hamasaki.[18]
Rank
Year
Title
Artist
Sales
Reference
1 2001 Distance Hikaru Utada 3,002,720 [19][20]
2 2001 A Best Ayumi Hamasaki 2,874,870 [19][20]
3 1998 The Best "Pleasure" B'z 2,709,530 [20][21]
4 1998 The Best "Treasure" B'z 2,500,120 [20][22]
5 2002 Deep River Hikaru Utada 2,350,170 [20][23]
6 2000 Delicious Way Mai Kuraki 2,218,640 [20][24]
7 1999 First Love Hikaru Utada 2,026,870 [20][25]
8 1997 Review Glay 2,003,150 [20][26]
9 1996 Sweet 19 Blues Namie Amuro 1,921,850 [20][27]
10 2002 I Am... Ayumi Hamasaki 1,751,360 [20][28]
New Zealand[edit]
This is a list of the fastest-selling albums in New Zealand since the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand, later renamed as Recorded Music NZ, was founded in 1972.
Rank
Year
Title
Artist
Sales
Reference
1 2015 25 Adele 18,766 [29]
2 2009 I Dreamed a Dream Susan Boyle 17,435 [29]
United Kingdom[edit]
This is a list of the fastest-selling albums in the United Kingdom. 25 by Adele is the current fastest-selling album in the UK with over 803,000 copies sold in its first week.
Rank
Year
Title
Artist
Sales
Reference
1 2015 25 Adele 803,000 [30][31]
2 1997 Be Here Now Oasis 695,761 [32]
3 2017 ÷ Ed Sheeran 672,000 [33]
4 2010 Progress Take That 518,601 [34]
5 2005 X&Y Coldplay 464,471 [35]
6 2008 The Circus Take That 432,490 [36]
7 2009 I Dreamed a Dream Susan Boyle 411,820 [37]
8 2003 Life for Rent Dido 400,351 [38]
9 2007 Spirit Leona Lewis 375,872 [39]
Notes:
^ I Be Here Now was unconventionally released on a Thursday and debuted at number one based on three-day sales of 695,761. Sales from its first full week of availability, which went from Thursday to Wednesday were 813,000.[40]
The second week's sales for 25 were 439,000.[41]
The fifth week's sales for 25 were 450,000.[42]
United States[edit]
This is a list of the fastest-selling albums (pure sales) in the United States since Nielsen SoundScan tracking began on March 1, 1991.
Rank
Year
Title
Artist
Sales
Reference
1 2015 25 Adele 3,378,000 [43]
2 2000 No Strings Attached *NSYNC 2,416,000 [43]
3 2001 Celebrity *NSYNC 1,880,000 [43]
4 2000 The Marshall Mathers LP Eminem 1,760,000 [43]
5 2000 Black & Blue Backstreet Boys 1,591,000 [43]
6 2002 The Eminem Show Eminem 1,322,000 [43]
7 2000 Oops!... I Did It Again Britney Spears 1,319,000 [43]
8 2014 1989 Taylor Swift 1,287,000 [43]
9 2017 reputation Taylor Swift 1,216,000 [44]
10 2012 Red Taylor Swift 1,208,000 [43]
11 2005 The Massacre[I] 50 Cent 1,141,000 [43]
12 1999 Millennium Backstreet Boys 1,134,000 [43]
13 2011 Born This Way Lady Gaga 1,108,000 [43]
14 2004 Confessions Usher 1,096,000 [43]
15 1998 Double Live Garth Brooks 1,095,000 [43]
16 2000 Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water Limp Bizkit 1,055,000 [43]
17 2010 Speak Now Taylor Swift 1,047,000 [43]
18 2004 Feels Like Home Norah Jones 1,022,000 [43]
19 2008 Tha Carter III Lil Wayne 1,006,000 [45]
Notes: ^ I The opening number denotes sales from the first four days of availability as The Massacre was unconventionally released in the middle of the week.
Additional records[edit]
Pre-SoundScan era[edit]
John Fitzgerald Kennedy—A Memorial Album, recorded on the day of John F. Kennedy's assassination, sold 4 million copies at 99 cents each within six days of its release.[46]
The Beatles' Rubber Soul sold 1,200,000 copies in "just the first nine days".[47]
The Beatles' Let it Be allegedly had "a sale of 3,700,000 in just over 2 weeks".[48]
Carole King's Music reportedly sold "1,300,000 copies on the day of its release in the U.S."[48]
Elton John's Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy, the first album to debut at number one on the Billboard 200, sold "1,400,000 in the U.S. in the first 4 days on the market".[48]
The Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band soundtrack reportedly sold "4 million double sets" "within 2 weeks of release".[48]
Led Zeppelin's In Through the Out Door allegedly sold "1,700,000 within days of release".[48]
Prince's Purple Rain sold 1.5 million copies in its debut week.[49]
In 1986, Bruce Springsteen's Live/1975–85 sold over 1.5 million copies during its first ten days.[50]
SoundScan era[edit]
Although not in its opening week, Whitney Houston's The Bodyguard: Original Soundtrack Album moved 1,061,000 units during Christmas week 1992.[51]
Although not in its opening week, The Beatles' compilation 1 moved 1,258,667 units during Christmas week 2000.[52]
25 by Adele sold 1.11 million and 1.16 million copies in its second and fifth weeks of availability, respectively.
Taylor Swift is the first artist to have four consecutive albums sell over 1 million copies in its first week.[53]
See also[edit]
List of best-selling albums
List of best-selling albums in Canada
List of best-selling albums in Japan
List of best-selling albums in the United Kingdom
Lists of fastest-selling UK debuts albums
List of best-selling albums in the United States
Best-selling albums in the United States since Nielsen SoundScan tracking began
Lists of albums
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Lady Gaga's 'Born This Way' headed toward 1 million-plus first week sales, Billboard says", LA Times, May 30, 2011
Jump up ^ "50 fastest selling albums ever", NME, Apr 27, 2011
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith (28 November 2015). "Adele's '25' Official First Week U.S. Sales: 3.38 Million". Billboard. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "ADELE SHATTERS WORLD RECORDS SET BY UTADA HIKARU & AYUMI HAMASAKI". Arama Japan. 27 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Chart News (25 November 2015). "Adele's 25 Sells 260,000 in 5 Days in Canada". Chart News. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Toronto Star (23 November 1997). "Dion's latest CD shatters sales records". Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Williams, John (28 November 2007). "Celine is queen of Cdn. charts". Canoe Jam!. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Cantin, Paul (29 November 2000). "Backstreet falls short of record". Canoe Jam!. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
Jump up ^ All Pop (29 March 2000). "*Nsync album smashes sales record". Canoe Jam!. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Williams, John (9 April 2003). "Celine ousted from top of charts". Canoe Jam!. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Cantin, Paul (4 April 2002). "Celine Debuts at No. 1". Jam!. Canoe.ca. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Williams, John (27 November 2002). "Shania debuts at No. 1". Canoe Jam!. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Williams, John (29 October 2008). "AC/DC's 'Ice' has rock solid debut". Canoe Jam!. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Williams, John (25 October 2006). "Charles beats The Hip, Sarah to No. 1". Canoe Jam!. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Cross, Alan (November 5, 2015). "Weekly Music Sales and Analysis: 05 November 2014". A Journal of Musical Things. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b ""Neues Album "25": Adele gelingt das Triple in Deutschland"". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "25 to 1!". GfK Chart-Track. 27 November 2015.
Jump up ^ True, Chris. "Ayumi Hamasaki". Allmusic. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Oricon (9 April 2001). "Japan's Top Selling Albums" (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 October 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Oricon. 歴代アルバム初動ランキング (in Japanese). Music TV. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Oricon (1 June 1998). "Japan's Top Selling Albums" (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Oricon (28 September 1998). "Japan's Top Selling Albums" (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Oricon (1 July 2002). "Japan's Top Selling Albums" (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Oricon (10 July 2000). "Japan's Top Selling Albums" (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Oricon (22 March 1999). "Japan's Top Selling Albums" (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Oricon (13 October 1997). "Japan's Top Selling Albums" (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Oricon (5 August 1996). "Japan's Top Selling Albums" (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Oricon (14 January 2002). "Japan's Top Selling Albums" (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 October 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b New Zealand Herald (27 November 2015). "Adele breaks NZ record with new album". Retrieved 27 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel (29 November 2015). "Adele's '25' Sells Over Three Million Copies in First Week". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ "Adele has (sort of) scrubbed Oasis's Be Here Now from UK record books. But it's complicated". Music Business Worldwide. 27 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Myers, Justin (21 October 2016). "Oasis' Be Here Now is Number 1 on the Official Vinyl Albums Chart". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ed Sheeran smashes Official Chart records as ÷ is the fastest-selling album by a male artist ever". Official Charts Company. 10 March 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
Jump up ^ NME (27 April 2011). "50 fastest-selling albums ever". Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ NME (27 April 2011). "50 fastest-selling albums ever". Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ NME (27 April 2011). "50 fastest-selling albums ever". Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ NME (27 April 2011). "50 fastest-selling albums ever". Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ NME (27 April 2011). "50 fastest-selling albums ever". Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ NME (27 April 2011). "50 fastest-selling albums ever". Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Ingham, Tim (27 November 2015). "ADELE HAS (SORT OF) SCRUBBED OASIS'S BE HERE NOW FROM UK RECORD BOOKS. BUT IT'S COMPLICATED". Music Business Worldwide. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Copsey, Rob (4 December 2015). "Adele's 25 logs a second week at Number 1 with bumper sales". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Adele scores the biggest selling album of Christmas 2015". Official Charts Company.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Billboard Staff. "Albums That Sold 1 Million in One Week". Billboard. Billboard Music. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith. "Official: Taylor Swift's 'Reputation' Album Sells 1.2M Copies in US During First Week". billboard.com. Billboard. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lil Wayne's 'Tha Carter III' Sells 1 Million". billboard.com. Billboard Music. 18 June 2008. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
Jump up ^ McWhirter, Alan R. (1975). Guinness Book of World Records 1975. Sterling. p. 241. Retrieved 2013-02-21.
Jump up ^ Staff writer (15 January 1966). "Rubber+Soul"+%22nine+days%22 "Teen Market Is Album Market". Billboard. p. 36. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Murrells, Joseph (1978). The Book of Golden Discs (2, illustrated ed.). Barrie & Jenkins. ISBN 0-214-20480-4.
Jump up ^ Palmer, Robert (July 22, 1984). "PRINCE CREATES A WINNER WITH 'PURPLE RAIN'". The New York Times. New York City: The New York Times Company. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Mary (December 27, 1986). "A look back at the year's events in music". The Sumter Daily Item. Google News. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Geoff Mayfield (December 5, 1998). Between the Bullets: The New Champ. Billboard. Retrieved September 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ Crandall, Bill (27 December 2000). "Beatles Move One Million "1"s in One Week". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Grein, Paul. "Chart Watch: Taylor Swift sells more than 1 million copies for the fourth time". Yahoo Music. Yahoo. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
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text:
Law of the instrument
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The concept known as the law of the instrument, otherwise known as the law of the hammer,[1] Maslow's hammer (or gavel), or the golden hammer,[a] is a cognitive bias that involves an over-reliance on a familiar tool. As Abraham Maslow said in 1966, "I suppose it is tempting, if the only tool you have is a hammer, to treat everything as if it were a nail."[2]
The concept is attributed both to Maslow[3] and to Abraham Kaplan,[4][5] although the hammer and nail line may not be original to either of them. It has in fact been attributed "to everyone from Buddha to Bernard Baruch". Mark Twain has sometimes been credited with it, though it cannot be found in Twain's published writings.[6] Under the name of "Baruch's Observation", it has also been attributed to the stock market speculator and author Bernard M. Baruch.[7]
Sharlyn Lauby has drawn the following lesson from the law: "We need choose the tools we work with carefully." Some tools are adaptable, while others should be employed "only for their intended purpose".[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Abraham Kaplan
3 Tomkins and Colby
4 Abraham Maslow
5 Robert Kagan
6 Lee Loevinger
7 Manifestations
7.1 Psychiatry
7.2 Computer programming
7.3 Education
8 Related concepts
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
History[edit]
The English expression "a Birmingham screwdriver" meaning a hammer, references the habit of using the one tool for all purposes, and predates both Kaplan and Maslow by at least a century.[9]
In 1868, a London periodical, Once a Week, contained this observation: "Give a boy a hammer and chisel; show him how to use them; at once he begins to hack the doorposts, to take off the corners of shutter and window frames, until you teach him a better use for them, and how to keep his activity within bounds."[10]
Abraham Kaplan[edit]
The first recorded statement of the concept was Abraham Kaplan's, in 1964: "I call it the law of the instrument, and it may be formulated as follows: Give a small boy a hammer, and he will find that everything he encounters needs pounding."[11]
In February 1962, Abraham Kaplan, then a Professor of Philosophy, gave a banquet speech at a conference of the American Educational Research Association that was being held at UCLA. An article in the June 1962 issue of the Journal of Medical Education stated that "the highlight of the 3-day meeting ... was to be found in Kaplan's comment on the choice of methods for research. He urged that scientists exercise good judgment in the selection of appropriate methods for their research. Because certain methods happen to be handy, or a given individual has been trained to use a specific method, is no assurance that the method is appropriate for all problems. He cited Kaplan’s Law of the Instrument: 'Give a boy a hammer and everything he meets has to be pounded.'"
In The Conduct of Inquiry: Methodology for Behavioral Science (1964), Kaplan again mentioned the law of the instrument saying, "It comes as no particular surprise to discover that a scientist formulates problems in a way which requires for their solution just those techniques in which he himself is especially skilled." And in a 1964 article for The Library Quarterly, he again cited the law and commented: "We tend to formulate our problems in such a way as to make it seem that the solutions to those problems demand precisely what we already happen to have at hand."[10]
Tomkins and Colby[edit]
In a 1963 essay collection, Computer Simulation of Personality: Frontier of Psychological Theory, Silvan Tomkins wrote about "the tendency of jobs to be adapted to tools, rather than adapting tools to jobs". He wrote: "If one has a hammer one tends to look for nails, and if one has a computer with a storage capacity, but no feelings, one is more likely to concern oneself with remembering and with problem solving than with loving and hating." In the same book, Kenneth Mark Colby explicitly cited the law, writing: "The First Law of the Instrument states that if you give a boy a hammer, he suddenly finds that everything needs pounding. The computer program may be our current hammer, but it must be tried. One cannot decide from purely armchair considerations whether or not it will be of any value."[10]
Abraham Maslow[edit]
Maslow's hammer, popularly phrased as "if all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail" and variants thereof, is from Abraham Maslow's The Psychology of Science, published in 1966. Abraham Maslow wrote: "I remember seeing an elaborate and complicated automatic washing machine for automobiles that did a beautiful job of washing them. But it could do only that, and everything else that got into its clutches was treated as if it were an automobile to be washed. I suppose it is tempting, if the only tool you have is a hammer, to treat everything as if it were a nail."[10][2]
Robert Kagan[edit]
In his 2003 book, Of Paradise and Power, historian Robert Kagan suggested a corollary to the law: "When you don't have a hammer, you don't want anything to look like a nail." According to Kagan, the corollary explains the difference in views on the use of military force the United States and Europe have held since the end of World War II.[12]
Lee Loevinger[edit]
In 1967, Lee Loevinger of the Federal Communications Commission dubbed the law "Loevinger's law of irresistible use", and applied it to government: "The political science analogue is that if there is a government agency, this proves something needs regulating."
In 1984, investor Warren Buffett criticized academic studies of financial markets that made use of inappropriate mathematical approaches: "It isn't necessarily because such studies have any utility; it's simply that the data are there and academicians have worked hard to learn the mathematical skills needed to manipulate them. Once these skills are acquired, it seems sinful not to use them, even if the usage has no utility or negative utility. As a friend said, to a man with a hammer, everything looks like a nail."[10]
Manifestations[edit]
Psychiatry[edit]
One application the law of the instrument has been observed in is the prescribing usage of anti-psychotic drugs. During Maslow's era, the only medicines available for psychiatric patients were the anti-psychotics stelazine and thorazine, so it was often the case that other mental illnesses were treated as if they were psychoses.[citation needed]
Computer programming[edit]
The notion of a golden hammer, "a familiar technology or concept applied obsessively to many software problems", was introduced into information technology literature in 1998 as an anti-pattern: a programming practice to be avoided.[13]
Software developer José M. Gilgado has written that the law is still relevant in the 21st century and is highly applicable to software development. Many times software developers, he observed, "tend to use the same known tools to do a completely new different project with new constraints". He blamed this on "the comfort zone state where you don't change anything to avoid risk. The problem with using the same tools every time you can is that you don't have enough arguments to make a choice because you have nothing to compare to and is limiting your knowledge." The solution is "to keep looking for the best possible choice, even if we aren't very familiar with it". This includes using a computer language with which one is unfamiliar. He noted that the product RubyMotion enables developers to "wrap" unknown computer languages in a familiar computer language and thus avoid having to learn them. But Gilgado found this approach inadvisable, because it reinforces the habit of avoiding new tools.[14]
Education[edit]
One observer stated in 2016 that the law of the instrument may be "the least discussed law when talking about education", but is "the most important to warn for in educational discussions". He asked: "How many times do you read: this tool will change everything in education? We know that it won’t, but most of the time the person expressing this is really convinced of his hammer." Some educators say: "let’s teach all children how to code".[15]
Related concepts[edit]
Other forms of narrow-minded instrumentalism[16] include: déformation professionnelle, a French term for "looking at things from the point of view of one's profession", and regulatory capture, the tendency for regulators to look at things from the point of view of the profession they are regulating.
See also[edit]
Confirmation bias
Einstellung effect
Panacea
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ By analogy with silver bullet.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Richard W. Brislin (1980). "Cross-Cultural Research Methods: Strategies, Problems, Applications". In Irwin Altman; Amos Rapoport; Joachim F. Wohlwill. Environment and Culture. Springer. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-306-40367-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Abraham H. Maslow (1966). The Psychology of Science. p. 15.
Jump up ^ Bruce Klatt (1999). The ultimate training workshop handbook. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-07-038201-5.
Jump up ^ Timothy J. Cartwright (1990). The management of human settlements in developing countries: case studies in the application of microcomputers. Taylor & Francis. p. 230. ISBN 978-0-415-03124-0.
Jump up ^ Winther, Rasmus Grønfeldt (2014). James and Dewey on Abstraction. The Pluralist 9 (2), p. 20 http://philpapers.org/archive/WINJAD.pdf
Jump up ^ Thomas J. McQuade (2006). "Science and Markets as Adaptive Classifying Systems". In Elisabeth Krecké; Carine Krecké; Roger Koppl. Cognition and Economics. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-7623-1378-5.
Jump up ^ Fortunes files - freebsd
Jump up ^ Lauby, Sharlyn. "The Law of the Instrument – Friday Distraction". HR Bartender. HR Bartender. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Green, Jonathon (1998). Dictionary of Slang. Cassell.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "If Your Only Tool Is a Hammer Then Every Problem Looks Like a Nail". Quote Investigator. Quote Investigator. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Abraham Kaplan (1964). The Conduct of Inquiry: Methodology for Behavioral Science. San Francisco: Chandler Publishing Co. p. 28.
Jump up ^ Kagan, Robert (January 2004). Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order. Vintage Books. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
Jump up ^ William J. Brown; Raphael C. Malveau; Hays W. "Skip" McCormick; Thomas J. Mowbray (1998). AntiPatterns: Refactoring Software, Architectures, and Projects in Crisis. Wiley. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-471-19713-3.
Jump up ^ Gilgado, José. "Avoiding the law of the instrument". Jose M Dev. Jose M Dev. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "The "Law of the instrument"". The Economy of Meaning. The Economy of Meaning. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Managing the complexity of human/machine interactions in computerized learning environments: guiding students' command process through instrumental orchestrations". International Journal of Computers for Mathematical Learning. 9: 281–307. 2004.
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Taylor Creek (Lake Tahoe)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Taylor Creek (Dawgašašíwa (Washoe))
stream
Beaver dams on Taylor Creek are breached by the Forest Service in anticipation of the October Kokanee salmon spawning run.
Country
United States
State
California
Region
El Dorado County
Source
Fallen Leaf Lake
- elevation 6,337 ft (1,932 m)
- coordinates 38°55′14″N 120°03′39″W / 38.92056°N 120.06083°W / 38.92056; -120.06083 [1]
Mouth
Lake Tahoe
- elevation 6,237 ft (1,901 m) [1]
- coordinates 38°56′26″N 120°03′28″W / 38.94056°N 120.05778°W / 38.94056; -120.05778Coordinates: 38°56′26″N 120°03′28″W / 38.94056°N 120.05778°W / 38.94056; -120.05778 [1]
Taylor Creek is a 2.2-mile-long (3.5 km)[2] northward-flowing stream originating in the Fallen Leaf Lake and culminating at Baldwin Beach at Lake Tahoe, about 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Camp Richardson in El Dorado County, California.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Watershed and course
3 Habitat and wildlife
4 Recreation
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
To the Washoe people, Taylor Creek was known as Dawgašašíwa[3] It was a significant Washoe Indian camping and fishing site. Taylor Creek is probably named for Elijah W. Taylor, who homesteaded 160 acres near the creek in 1864.[4]
Watershed and course[edit]
Taylor Creek is the only outflow for Fallen Leaf Lake, and begins at a spillway on the Fallen Leaf Lake dam on the north side of the lake. From here it winds its way northwards, entering the Tallac & Taylor Creek wetland before entering Lake Tahoe.
Habitat and wildlife[edit]
Taylor and Tallack Creeks form an important wetland complex separate from Lake Tahoe by Baldwin Beach. Historically, these two wetland complexes provided approximately 400 acres of wetland and meadow habitat. The valley between Taylor and Tallac creeks is dissected by a series of east-west historic lagoons (or swales) that created wetland habitat for a variety of native animal and plant species. From historic aerial photos, it appears that these swales may have hydrologically connected Taylor and Tallac creeks and follow topographic features such as historic beaches/lake levels. In addition to man-made alterations, such as an access road that runs north-south in the middle of the wetland, the influx of aquatic invasive species, such as Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum), bull frogs and warm-water fishes have invaded both Tallac and Taylor creeks, which now compete with native species such as Lahontan tui chub (Gila bicolor pectinifer), Lahontan redside shiner (Richardsonius egregius), Tahoe sucker (Catostomus tahoensis) and Tahoe yellowcress (Rorippa subumbellata).[5] The wetland is also historic habitat for Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frog, as well as Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi), a threatened species listed on the Endangered Species Act.[6]
Lahontan cutthroat trout (LCT) is the only trout species native to Fallen Leaf Lake, Lake Tahoe and the Truckee River Basin but were extirpated by introduction of predatory non-native lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), other competing non-native salmonids, and overfishing. Re-introduction into Fallen Leaf Lake of the Pilot Peak strain of Lahontan cutthroat trout (LCT), established as the LCT strain native to the watershed, began in 2006.[7]
Each autumn, from late September through mid-October, mature kokanee salmon (Oncorhyncus nerka), transform from silver-blue color to a fiery vermilion, and run up Taylor Creek, near South Lake Tahoe. As spawning season approaches the fish acquire a humpback and protuberant jaw. After spawning they die and their carcasses provide a feast for gatherings of mink (Neovison vison), black bears (Ursus americanus), and bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). These non-native salmon were translocated from the North Pacific to Lake Tahoe in 1944, and Taylor Creek is their primary spawning stream in the Tahoe basin.[8] Kokanee appear to compete for forage with the recently established threatened Lahontan cutthroat trout in Fallen Leaf Lake.[9]
All of the beaver dams in Taylor Creek, which flows from Fallen Leaf Lake to Lake Tahoe, are destroyed annually each fall by the U. S. Forest Service in order for Kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) to spawn. A recent study of Taylor Creek showed that the beaver dam removal decreased wetland habitat, increased stream flow, and increased total phosphorus pollutants entering Lake Tahoe - all factors which negatively impact the clarity of the lake's water.[10] In addition, beaver dams located in Ward Creek, located on the west shore of Lake Tahoe, were also shown to decrease nutrients and sediments traveling downstream.[10] Recently novel physical evidence has demonstrated that beaver were native to the Sierra until at least the mid-nineteenth century, via radiocarbon dating of buried beaver dam wood uncovered by deep channel incision in the Feather River watershed.[11] That report was supported by a summary of indirect evidence of beaver including reliable observer accounts of beaver in multiple watersheds from the northern to the southern Sierra Nevada, including its eastern slope.[12] Deep water created by beaver dams may provide critical refugia from winter ice for native cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki).[13][14] Importantly a 2013 study showed that cutthroat trout move easily across beaver dams in both directions.[15]
Beaver dam and pond on Taylor Creek taken Sept. 23, 2012.
Beaver dam removed in anticipation of Kokanee salmon run by Forest Service on Sept. 28, 2012.
Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), the same species as Kokanee salmon, jumping 5 feet (1.5 m) beaver dam in Alaska.
North American beaver (Castor canadensis) dam re-built at same site on Taylor Creek, tributary to Lake Tahoe, in winter Nov. 25, 2013.
Beaver dams provide critical deep water refugia for native cutthroat trout beneath winter ice Dec. 11, 2013.
Beaver dam site after removal by US Forest Service on Dec. 12, 2013.
Recreation[edit]
From Memorial Day weekend through October, the Stream Profile Chamber at the Taylor Creek Visitor Center is an opportunity to see the trout and Kokanee salmon of Lake Tahoe up close.[16] It is located on Highway 89 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Camp Richardson on the south shore of Lake Tahoe.
See also[edit]
Lake Tahoe
Rivers of California
Beaver in the Sierra Nevada
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Taylor Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed September 30, 2012
Jump up ^ "The Washo Project". University of Chicago. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
Jump up ^ Barbara Lekisch (1988). Tahoe Place Names: The Origin and History of Names in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Great West Books. p. 135. ISBN 9780944220016. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
Jump up ^ Taylor-Tallac Restoration Project (PDF) (Report). U. S. Forest Service. 2011. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
Jump up ^ Taylor-Tallac Restoration Project (PDF) (Report). U. S. Forest Servic. 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
Jump up ^ Jennifer L. Nielsen and George K. Sage (2002). "Population Genetic Structure in Lahontan Cutthroat Trout" (PDF). Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 131: 376–388. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0376:pgsilc>2.0.co;2. Retrieved 2013-01-27. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Marcia Williamson (Oct 1992). "Tahoe's drama of the kokanee". Sunset Magazine. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
Jump up ^ Robert Al-Chokhacy and Mary Peacock (2009). "Evaluating the Reintroduction Potential of Lahontan Cutthroat Trout in Fallen Leaf Lake, California" (PDF). North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 29: 1296–1313. doi:10.1577/m08-087.1. Retrieved 2013-01-27. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Sarah Muskopf (October 2007). The Effect of Beaver (Castor canadensis) Dam Removal on Total Phosphorus Concentration in Taylor Creek and Wetland, South Lake Tahoe, California (Thesis). Humboldt State University, Natural Resources. Retrieved 2012-09-39. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ James, C. D., Lanman, R. B. (Spring 2012). "Novel physical evidence that beaver historically were native to the Sierra Nevada". California Fish and Game. 98 (2): 129–132. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ R. B. Lanman, H. Perryman, B. Dolman, Charles D. James (Spring 2012). "The historical range of beaver in the Sierra Nevada: a review of the evidence". California Fish and Game. 98 (2): 65–80. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Cunjak, R. A. (1996). "Winter habitat of selected stream fishes and potential impacts from land-use activity". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 53(Supplement 1): 267–282. doi:10.1139/f95-275.
Jump up ^ Lindstrom, J. W., and W. A. Hubert (2004). "Ice processes affect habitat use and movements of adult Cutthroat Trout and Brook Trout in a Wyoming foothills stream". North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 24: 1341–1352. doi:10.1577/m03-223.1. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Ryan L. Lokteff , Brett B. Roper & Joseph M. Wheaton (2013). "Do Beaver Dams Impede the Movement of Trout?". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 142 (4): 1114–1125. doi:10.1080/00028487.2013.797497. Retrieved 2013-12-28. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ "Taylor Creek Visitor Center". United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
External links[edit]
"Taylor Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
Kokanee salmon spawning in Taylor Creek
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taylor_Creek_(Lake_Tahoe)&oldid=800764312"
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Rivers of El Dorado County, California
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Oncorhynchus nerka

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text:
pBR322
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
A schematic representation of the pBR322 vector with restriction sites indicated in blue.
pBR322 is a plasmid and was one of the first widely used E. coli cloning vectors. Created in 1977 in the laboratory of Herbert Boyer at the University of California, San Francisco, it was named after the postdoctoral researchers who constructed it. The p stands for "plasmid," and BR for "Bolivar" and "Rodriguez."
pBR322 is 4361 base pairs in length[1] and has two antibiotic resistance genes – the gene bla encoding the ampicillin resistance (AmpR) protein, and the gene tetA encoding the tetracycline resistance (TetR) protein. It contains the origin of replication of pMB1, and the rop gene, which encodes a restrictor of plasmid copy number. The plasmid has unique restriction sites for more than forty restriction enzymes. Eleven of these forty sites lie within the TetR gene. There are two sites for restriction enzymes HindIII and ClaI within the promoter of the TetR gene. There are six key restriction sites inside the AmpR gene.[2]
The circular sequence is numbered such that 0 is the middle of the unique EcoRI site and the count increases through the TetR gene. The AmpR gene is penicillin beta-lactamase. Promoters P1 and P3 are for the beta-lactamase gene. P3 is the natural promoter, and P1 is artificially created by the ligation of two different DNA fragments to create pBR322. P2 is in the same region as P1, but it is on the opposite strand and initiates transcription in the direction of the tetracycline resistance gene.[3]
Contents
1 Background
2 DNA sequence
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Background[edit]
Early cloning experiments may be conducted using natural plasmids such the ColE1 and pSC101. Each of these plasmids may have its advantages and disadvantages. For example, the ColE1 plasmid and its derivatives have the advantage of higher copy number and allow for chloramphenicol amplification of plasmid to produce a high yield of plasmid, however screening for immunity to colicin E1 is not technically simple.[4] The plasmid pSC101, a natural plasmid from Salmonella panama,[5] confers tetracycline resistance which allows for simpler screening process with antibiotic selection, but it is a low copy number plasmid which does not give a high yield of plasmid. Another plasmid, RSF 2124, which is a derivative of ColE1, confers ampicillin resistance but is larger.
Many other plasmids were artificially constructed to create one that would be ideal for cloning purpose, and pBR322 was found to be most versatile by many and was therefore the one most popularly used.[4] It has two antibiotic resistance genes, as selectable markers, and a number of convenient unique restriction sites that made it suitable as a cloning vector. The plasmid was constructed with genetic material from 3 main sources – the tetracycline resistance gene of pSC101, the ampicillin resistance gene of RSF 2124, and the replication elements of pMB1, a close relative of the ColE1 plasmid.[6][7]
A large number of other plasmids based on pBR322 have since been constructed specifically designed for a wide variety of purposes.[8][9] Examples include the pUC series of plasmids.[10] Most expression vectors for extrachromosomal protein expression and shuttle vectors contain the pBR322 origin of replication, and fragments of pBR322 are very popular in the construction of intraspecies shuttle or binary vectors and vectors for targeted integration and excision of DNA from chromosome.[11]
DNA sequence[edit]
The sequence in pBR322 is[3]
pBR322
       1 ttctcatgtt tgacagctta tcatcgataa gctttaatgc ggtagtttat cacagttaaa
      61 ttgctaacgc agtcaggcac cgtgtatgaa atctaacaat gcgctcatcg tcatcctcgg
     121 caccgtcacc ctggatgctg taggcatagg cttggttatg ccggtactgc cgggcctctt
     181 gcgggatatc gtccattccg acagcatcgc cagtcactat ggcgtgctgc tagcgctata
     241 tgcgttgatg caatttctat gcgcacccgt tctcggagca ctgtccgacc gctttggccg
     301 ccgcccagtc ctgctcgctt cgctacttgg agccactatc gactacgcga tcatggcgac
     361 cacacccgtc ctgtggatcc tctacgccgg acgcatcgtg gccggcatca ccggcgccac
     421 aggtgcggtt gctggcgcct atatcgccga catcaccgat ggggaagatc gggctcgcca
     481 cttcgggctc atgagcgctt gtttcggcgt gggtatggtg gcaggccccg tggccggggg
     541 actgttgggc gccatctcct tgcatgcacc attccttgcg gcggcggtgc tcaacggcct
     601 caacctacta ctgggctgct tcctaatgca ggagtcgcat aagggagagc gtcgaccgat
     661 gcccttgaga gccttcaacc cagtcagctc cttccggtgg gcgcggggca tgactatcgt
     721 cgccgcactt atgactgtct tctttatcat gcaactcgta ggacaggtgc cggcagcgct
     781 ctgggtcatt ttcggcgagg accgctttcg ctggagcgcg acgatgatcg gcctgtcgct
     841 tgcggtattc ggaatcttgc acgccctcgc tcaagccttc gtcactggtc ccgccaccaa
     901 acgtttcggc gagaagcagg ccattatcgc cggcatggcg gccgacgcgc tgggctacgt
     961 cttgctggcg ttcgcgacgc gaggctggat ggccttcccc attatgattc ttctcgcttc
    1021 cggcggcatc gggatgcccg cgttgcaggc catgctgtcc aggcaggtag atgacgacca
    1081 tcagggacag cttcaaggat cgctcgcggc tcttaccagc ctaacttcga tcactggacc
    1141 gctgatcgtc acggcgattt atgccgcctc ggcgagcaca tggaacgggt tggcatggat
    1201 tgtaggcgcc gccctatacc ttgtctgcct ccccgcgttg cgtcgcggtg catggagccg
    1261 ggccacctcg acctgaatgg aagccggcgg cacctcgcta acggattcac cactccaaga
    1321 attggagcca atcaattctt gcggagaact gtgaatgcgc aaaccaaccc ttggcagaac
    1381 atatccatcg cgtccgccat ctccagcagc cgcacgcggc gcatctcggg cagcgttggg
    1441 tcctggccac gggtgcgcat gatcgtgctc ctgtcgttga ggacccggct aggctggcgg
    1501 ggttgcctta ctggttagca gaatgaatca ccgatacgcg agcgaacgtg aagcgactgc
    1561 tgctgcaaaa cgtctgcgac ctgagcaaca acatgaatgg tcttcggttt ccgtgtttcg
    1621 taaagtctgg aaacgcggaa gtcagcgccc tgcaccatta tgttccggat ctgcatcgca
    1681 ggatgctgct ggctaccctg tggaacacct acatctgtat taacgaagcg ctggcattga
    1741 ccctgagtga tttttctctg gtcccgccgc atccataccg ccagttgttt accctcacaa
    1801 cgttccagta accgggcatg ttcatcatca gtaacccgta tcgtgagcat cctctctcgt
    1861 ttcatcggta tcattacccc catgaacaga aatccccctt acacggaggc atcagtgacc
    1921 aaacaggaaa aaaccgccct taacatggcc cgctttatca gaagccagac attaacgctt
    1981 ctggagaaac tcaacgagct ggacgcggat gaacaggcag acatctgtga atcgcttcac
    2041 gaccacgctg atgagcttta ccgcagctgc ctcgcgcgtt tcggtgatga cggtgaaaac
    2101 ctctgacaca tgcagctccc ggagacggtc acagcttgtc tgtaagcgga tgccgggagc
    2161 agacaagccc gtcagggcgc gtcagcgggt gttggcgggt gtcggggcgc agccatgacc
    2221 cagtcacgta gcgatagcgg agtgtatact ggcttaacta tgcggcatca gagcagattg
    2281 tactgagagt gcaccatatg cggtgtgaaa taccgcacag atgcgtaagg agaaaatacc
    2341 gcatcaggcg ctcttccgct tcctcgctca ctgactcgct gcgctcggtc gttcggctgc
    2401 ggcgagcggt atcagctcac tcaaaggcgg taatacggtt atccacagaa tcaggggata
    2461 acgcaggaaa gaacatgtga gcaaaaggcc agcaaaaggc caggaaccgt aaaaaggccg
    2521 cgttgctggc gtttttccat aggctccgcc cccctgacga gcatcacaaa aatcgacgct
    2581 caagtcagag gtggcgaaac ccgacaggac tataaagata ccaggcgttt ccccctggaa
    2641 gctccctcgt gcgctctcct gttccgaccc tgccgcttac cggatacctg tccgcctttc
    2701 tcccttcggg aagcgtggcg ctttctcata gctcacgctg taggtatctc agttcggtgt
    2761 aggtcgttcg ctccaagctg ggctgtgtgc acgaaccccc cgttcagccc gaccgctgcg
    2821 ccttatccgg taactatcgt cttgagtcca acccggtaag acacgactta tcgccactgg
    2881 cagcagccac tggtaacagg attagcagag cgaggtatgt aggcggtgct acagagttct
    2941 tgaagtggtg gcctaactac ggctacacta gaaggacagt atttggtatc tgcgctctgc
    3001 tgaagccagt taccttcgga aaaagagttg gtagctcttg atccggcaaa caaaccaccg
    3061 ctggtagcgg tggttttttt gtttgcaagc agcagattac gcgcagaaaa aaaggatctc
    3121 aagaagatcc tttgatcttt tctacggggt ctgacgctca gtggaacgaa aactcacgtt
    3181 aagggatttt ggtcatgaga ttatcaaaaa ggatcttcac ctagatcctt ttaaattaaa
    3241 aatgaagttt taaatcaatc taaagtatat atgagtaaac ttggtctgac agttaccaat
    3301 gcttaatcag tgaggcacct atctcagcga tctgtctatt tcgttcatcc atagttgcct
    3361 gactccccgt cgtgtagata actacgatac gggagggctt accatctggc cccagtgctg
    3421 caatgatacc gcgagaccca cgctcaccgg ctccagattt atcagcaata aaccagccag
    3481 ccggaagggc cgagcgcaga agtggtcctg caactttatc cgcctccatc cagtctatta
    3541 attgttgccg ggaagctaga gtaagtagtt cgccagttaa tagtttgcgc aacgttgttg
    3601 ccattgctgc aggcatcgtg gtgtcacgct cgtcgtttgg tatggcttca ttcagctccg
    3661 gttcccaacg atcaaggcga gttacatgat cccccatgtt gtgcaaaaaa gcggttagct
    3721 ccttcggtcc tccgatcgtt gtcagaagta agttggccgc agtgttatca ctcatggtta
    3781 tggcagcact gcataattct cttactgtca tgccatccgt aagatgcttt tctgtgactg
    3841 gtgagtactc aaccaagtca ttctgagaat agtgtatgcg gcgaccgagt tgctcttgcc
    3901 cggcgtcaac acgggataat accgcgccac atagcagaac tttaaaagtg ctcatcattg
    3961 gaaaacgttc ttcggggcga aaactctcaa ggatcttacc gctgttgaga tccagttcga
    4021 tgtaacccac tcgtgcaccc aactgatctt cagcatcttt tactttcacc agcgtttctg
    4081 ggtgagcaaa aacaggaagg caaaatgccg caaaaaaggg aataagggcg acacggaaat
    4141 gttgaatact catactcttc ctttttcaat attattgaag catttatcag ggttattgtc
    4201 tcatgagcgg atacatattt gaatgtattt agaaaaataa acaaataggg gttccgcgca
    4261 catttccccg aaaagtgcca cctgacgtct aagaaaccat tattatcatg acattaacct
    4321 ataaaaatag gcgtatcacg aggccctttc gtcttcaaga a

See also[edit]
List of restriction enzyme cutting sites
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Watson, N. (1988). "A new revision of the sequence of plasmid pBR322". Gene. 70 (2): 399–403. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(88)90212-0. PMID 3063608.
Jump up ^ Balbás P, Soberón X, Merino E, Zurita M, Lomeli H, Valle F, Flores N, Bolivar F (1986). "Plasmid vector pBR322 and its special-purpose derivatives--a review". Gene. 50 (1-3): 3–40. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(86)90307-0. PMID 3034735.
^ Jump up to: a b "pBR322 Nucleotide Sequences, NCBI Sequence Viewer v2.0".
^ Jump up to: a b R.W. Old & S.B. Primrose. Principles of Gene Manipulation (5th ed.). pp. 53–61.
Jump up ^ Manen D, Caro L (February 1991). "The replication of plasmid pSC101". Mol. Microbiol. 5 (2): 233–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1991.tb02103.x. PMID 2041467.
Jump up ^ Bolivar F, Rodriguez RL, Betlach MC, Boyer HW (1977). "Construction and characterization of new cloning vehicles. I. Ampicillin-resistant derivatives of the plasmid pMB9". Gene. 2 (2): 75–93. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(77)90074-9. PMID 344136.
Jump up ^ Bolivar F, Rodriguez RL, Greene PJ, Betlach MC, Heyneker HL, Boyer HW, Crosa JH, Falkow S (1977). "Construction and characterization of new cloning vehicles. II. A multipurpose cloning system". Gene. 2 (2): 95–113. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(77)90000-2. PMID 344137.
Jump up ^ S.B. Primrose & R.M Twyman (17 January 2006). Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics (PDF) (7th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-1405135443.
Jump up ^ Balbás P, Soberón X, Merino E, Zurita M, Lomeli H, Valle F, Flores N, Bolivar F (1986). "Plasmid vector pBR322 and its special-purpose derivatives--a review". Gene. 50 (1-3): 3–40. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(86)90307-0. PMID 3034735.
Jump up ^ Yanisch-Perron C, Vieira J, Messing J (1985). "Improved M13 phage cloning vectors and host strains: nucleotide sequences of the M13mp18 and pUC19 vectors". Gene. 33 (1): 103–19. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(85)90120-9. PMID 2985470.
Jump up ^ Paulina Balbás; Argelia Lorence, eds. (April 2004). Recombinant Gene Expression: Reviews and Protocols (2nd ed.). Humana Press Inc. pp. 77–85. ISBN 978-1592597741.
External links[edit]
pBR322 Map
pBR322 Features
pBR322 DNA
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text:
List of equipment of the United States Army
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Contents
[hide]
1 Small arms
2 Artillery
3 Vehicles
3.1 MRAP vehicles
3.2 Vehicle-mounted weapons
4 Aircraft
5 Vessels
6 Attire
7 Field equipment
7.1 Modular sleep system
8 See also
9 References
Small arms[edit]
Model
Image
Caliber
Type
Origin
Details
Pistols
M9 9 x 19mm NATO Pistol Italy To be replaced by the Modular Handgun System[1][2]
M11 9 x 19mm NATO Pistol Germany
Switzerland To be replaced through the Modular Handgun System program.[1][2]
M17 9 x 19mm NATO Pistol Germany Won the Modular Handgun System competition[3]
Submachine guns
MP5 9 x 19mm NATO Submachine gun Germany Used in night operations, close quarters, hostage rescue, and escort
Rifles/carbine
M16 5.56×45mm NATO Assault rifle United States Replaced in active duty by the M4, though still in service in large numbers with the National Guard.[4][5]
M4 5.56×45mm NATO Carbine United States Standard service rifle.[6][7]
HK416 5.56×45mm NATO Assault rifle Germany Used by Joint Special Operations Command
Shotguns
500 MILLS 12-gauge Shotgun United States
M1014 12-gauge Shotgun Italy
M26 MASS 12-gauge Modular Accessory Shotgun System, Attaches to M4 or standalone United States
Machine guns
M249 5.56×45mm NATO Light machine gun United States Belt-fed, but can be used with STANAG magazines[8][9]
M240 7.62×51mm NATO General purpose machine gun United States Belt-fed[10][11]
Browning M2 .50 BMG Heavy machine gun United States Mounted on vehicles or tripods.[12]
DMRs and sniper rifles
Mk 14 Enhanced Battle Rifle 7.62×51mm NATO Designated marksman rifle United States
M110 7.62×51mm NATO Sniper rifle United States To be replaced by a version of the Heckler & Koch G28.[13]
M2010 .300 Winchester Magnum Sniper rifle United States
M107 .50 BMG Anti-materiel rifle, sniper rifle United States
Mk 20 SSR 7.62×51mm Sniper rifle Belgium
United States
Grenade-based weapons
Mk 19 40mm Automatic grenade launcher United States Belt-fed.[14][15]
Mk 47 Striker 40mm Automatic grenade launcher United States Fire-control system
M203 40mm Grenade launcher United States Single-shot underbarrel grenade launcher[16][17]
M320 40mm Grenade launcher Germany Single-shot underbarrel or stand-alone grenade launcher
M67 Fragmentation grenade United States
M18 Smoke grenade United States
M84 Flashbang United States
Portable anti-materiel weapons
AT4 84mm Anti-tank weapon Sweden
M141 83.5mm Anti-fortification United States Single-shot shoulder-launched weapon designed to defeat hardened structures. Based on the SMAW.
M72 LAW 66mm Anti-tank weapon United States
M3 MAAWS[18] 84x246mm R Anti-tank recoilless rifle Sweden
BGM-71 TOW Guided anti-tank missile United States
FGM-148 Javelin Fire-and-forget anti-tank missile United States
FIM-92 Stinger Anti-aircraft missile United States
Artillery[edit]
Model
Image
Caliber
Origin
Numbers
Details
Mortars
M224[19][20] 60 mm United States Unknown
M252[21][22] 81 mm United Kingdom Unknown
M120[23][24] 120 mm Israel Unknown
Howitzers
M109 155 mm self-propelled howitzer United States 950[25] [26]
M777 155 mm gun-howitzer United Kingdom ~403[27]
M119 105 mm howitzer United Kingdom 392[citation needed]
Rocket artillery
M270 United States 857[28] Armored, self-propelled, multiple rocket launcher
M142[29] United States 340[citation needed] M270 pod mounted on a standard Army Medium Tactical Vehicle (MTV) truck frame
Air defense
C-RAM United States Unknown Trailer-mounted version of the Phalanx CIWS
AN/TWQ-1 Avenger United States ~800[30] Self-propelled surface-to-air missile system mounted on a HMMWV
MIM-104 United States 1,100[31] Mobile, long-range(by US standards) surface-to-air missile with anti-ballistic missile capability
Vehicles[edit]
Name
Image
Origin
Quantity
Notes
MWV
HMMWV United States 160,000 (all services)[32][33] Around 40% of those remaining in service are armored. The armored HMMWVs in service are to be replaced by the JLTV.
Light Strike Vehicle United States Unknown
Oshkosh L-ATV United States 53,582 (procurement objective) Will part-replace the Humvee. Oshkosh Defense was awarded JLTV contract on 25 August 2015 for up to 16,901 JLTVs. Procurement objective is 53,582, 49,099 for the U.S. Army and 4,483 for the U.S. Marine Corps.[34]
RSOV United Kingdom 60 (delivered)
Trucks
M939 Truck
United States 25,000[35] Intention is to replace with the Oshkosh FMTV. Figures include National Guard and Air Force.
FMTV United States 108,800 (delivered; FMTV trucks and companion trailers) Oshkosh Defense - >23,400 trucks/>11,400 trailers (current manufacturer). 74,000 trucks and trailers by legacy manufacturers. Figures include National Guard and Air Force.[35]
HEMTT United States >27,000 (new build and remanufactured)[36] Figures include National Guard and Air Force
Oshkosh HET
United States 4,079 (delivered; not all remain in service)[37] 2,488 M1070A0 tractors and >2,600 M1000 trailers delivered of which at least 1,009 tractors and >1000 trailers have been Reset. 1,591 M1070A1 delivered. Figures include National Guard and Air Force.
Armoured vehicles
M1 Abrams
United States 2,384 active service[38] Main battle tank. 1,593 M1A2SEPv2 and 791 M1A1 in active service. 3,500 M1 in storage.[38]
M1120 Series
Canada 4,466[39] Armored personnel carrier
M113
United States 1,568 active duty[citation needed] Armored personnel carrier
M1117
United States 2,900[40] Armored car
M2 Bradley
United States 1,199 active
639 in reserve[41] Infantry fighting vehicle
M3 Bradley
United States 453 active
259 in reserve[41] Infantry fighting vehicle
M88 Hercules
United States 748[42] Armored recovery vehicle
M9
United States ~490[43] Combat engineering vehicle
MRAPs
M-ATV United States 8,722 (delivered; all services) Around 7,000 M-ATV are being retained, 5,651 of these (inc. 250 for SOCOM) by the Army. Oshkosh currently has a Reset contract in place.[44]
Cougar H
Cougar HE United States 4,400 (est.)[45] Post-Afghanistan/Iraq the U.S. Army is not retaining any Cougar MRAPs.[45]
International MaxxPro United States 8,780 (all services)[45] Army to retain 2,934 MaxxPro post-Afghanistan/Iraq.
RG-31 South Africa 2,300 (est.) (all services)[45] 1,679 under MRAP procurement and 570 ONS Army; at least 894 Mk5E are required for conversion into MMPV Type II by the Army[45]
RG-33
RG-33L South Africa 2,386 (all services)[45] 712 will be retained by the Army as MMPV Type 1.[45]
Buffalo United States 750[46]
MRAP vehicles[edit]
The Pentagon bought 25,000 MRAP vehicles since 2007 in 25 variants through rapid acquisition with no long-term plans for the platforms. The Army plans to divest 7,456 vehicles and retain 8,585. Of the total number of vehicles the Army is to keep, 5,036 are to be put in storage, 1,073 used for training and the remainder spread across the active force. The Oshkosh M-ATV will be kept the most at 5,681 vehicles, as it is smaller and lighter than other MRAPs for off-road mobility. The other most retained vehicle will be the Navistar MaxxPro Dash with 2,633 vehicles and 301 Maxxpro ambulances. Other MRAPs such as the Cougar, BAE Caiman, and larger MaxxPros will be disposed.[47]
Vehicle-mounted weapons[edit]
The M240, MK 19, and M2 machine guns can be mounted on vehicles.
The M134 Minigun, fires 7.62mm ammunition at 3,000 to 4,000 rpm.
The M3P Machine Gun, an M2 variant with a higher rate of fire mounted on the Avenger Humvee.
The GAU-19, a rotary gun that fires .50 caliber ammunition. Mounted on Humvees and helicopters.
The M230 Autocannon fires 30×113mm ammunition at a rate of 625 rounds per minute. It is mounted on the AH-64 Apache and UH-60 Black Hawk Direct Action Penetrator helicopters.[48]
The M242 Autocannon fires 25×137mm ammunition at a rate of 200 rounds per minute. It is one of the primary armaments of the Bradley Fighting Vehicle, and is one of a variety of anti-air and anti-surface naval armaments.[49]
Aircraft[edit]
The U.S. Army operates some fixed-wing aircraft and many helicopters.[50]
See also: United States Army
Aircraft
Photo
Origin
Role
Version
Quantity
Note
Fixed-wing aircraft
C-12 Huron USA Cargo/Transport C-12C
C-12D
C-12F
MC-12W 17
14
17
11[51]
C-26 Metroliner USA Cargo/Transport C-26E 11
C-31 Troopship Netherlands Cargo/Transport C-31A 2
Gulfstream C-37 USA Cargo/Transport C-37A
C-37B 2
1
EO-5 Canada Reconnaissance EO-5C 5[52] Previously designated as RC-7B
RC-12 Huron USA Reconnaissance RC-12D
RC-12H
RC-12K
RC-12X 12
6
18
14[53]
Cessna UC-35 USA Utility aircraft UC-35A
UC-35B 20
7
Helicopters
AH-6 Little Bird USA Attack helicopter MH/AH-6M 47
AH-64 Apache USA Attack helicopter AH-64D
AH-64E 756
CH-47 Chinook USA Cargo helicopter CH-47D
CH-47F 394
48
EH-60 Black Hawk USA Electronic-warfare helicopter EH-60A 64
MH-47 Chinook USA Multi-mission helicopter MH-47G 27
MH-60 Black Hawk USA Multi-mission helicopter MH-60K
MH-60L 23
35
TH-67 Creek USA
Canada Trainer helicopter TH-67 180 To be retired by 2020[54]
UH-60 Black Hawk USA Utility helicopter UH-60A
UH-60L
UH-60M 751
592
100[55][56]

1227 planned
UH-72 Lakota USA
Europe Utility helicopter UH-72A 250 345 planned[57]
STOL
DHC-6 Twin Otter Canada Utility STOL aircraft UV-18A 6
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)
AeroVironment Switchblade Attack UAV
RQ-11B Raven Hand-launched UAV
Prioria Robotics Maveric Hand-launched UAV 36 [58]
RQ-20A Puma Hand-launched UAV
RQ-7B Shadow Reconnaissance UAV
MQ-1C Warrior Extended-Range Multi-Purpose (ERMP) UAV 132
Notes
Vessels[edit]
The Army still operates several vessels.[59]
Name
Image
Type
Versions
Quantity
Watercraft
General Frank S. Besson Class Logistics Support Vessel 2 8
Stalwart Class Ocean Surveillance Ship 1
Runnymede Class Landing Craft Utility 35
MGen. Nathanael Greene Class Large Tug 6
Attire[edit]
Main article: Uniforms of the United States Army
Current attire
Name
Pattern name(s)
Pattern
Image
Notes
Army Combat Uniform (ACU) Universal Camouflage Pattern
or
MultiCam

The ACU uses a new military camouflage pattern called the Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP), which blends green, tan, and gray to work effectively in desert, woodland, and urban environments. The color scheme of the Army Combat Uniform is composed of a slate gray, desert sand and foliage green pixel pattern, which becomes darker or lighter depending on exposure to sunlight.
Soldiers operating in Afghanistan are issued an ACU with the more appropriate "MultiCam" pattern. In June 2015, the Army announced to replace its UCP pattern with the Operational Camouflage Pattern, which is a modified version of the Multicam. The UCP will eventually be phased out by September 2019.[60]
Army Aircrew Combat Uniform (A2CU) Universal Camouflage Pattern

A2CU replaces the Improved Aviation Battle Dress Uniform.
Physical Fitness Uniform
The standard garrison service uniform is known as "Army Greens" or "Class-As". The "Army Blue" uniform, is currently the Army's formal dress uniform, but in 2009 it will replace the Army Green and the Army White uniforms (a uniform similar to the Army Green uniform, but worn in tropical postings) and will become the new Army Service Uniform, which will function as both a garrison uniform (when worn with a white shirt and necktie) and a dress uniform (when worn with a white shirt and either a necktie for parades or a bow tie for "after six" or "black tie" events). The Patrol Cap is worn with the ACU for garrison duty; and the beret with the Army Service Uniform for non-ceremonial functions. The Army Blue Service Cap, is allowed for wear by any soldier ranked CPL or above at the discretion of the commander.
Body armor in all units is the Improved Outer Tactical Vest, which is now being supplemented with the lightweight Modular Body Armor Vest and Soldier Plate Carrier System. Head protection is provided by the Advanced Combat Helmet and Modular Integrated Communications Helmet, which are being replaced in deployed units by the Enhanced Combat Helmet.
Field equipment[edit]
Modular sleep system[edit]
A Modular Sleep System in use
The Modular Sleep System (MSS) is a sleeping bag kit used by the United States Army and manufactured by Tennier Industries. It consists of a camouflaged, waterproof, breathable bivy cover, a lightweight patrol sleeping bag, and an intermediate cold-weather sleeping bag (note that the color differs depending on the vintage of the gear). Compression sacks are included to store and carry the system. The MSS is available in a variety of camouflage patterns. The patrol bag provides weather protection from 35–50 °F (2–10 °C). The intermediate bag provides cold weather protection from −5–35 °F (−21–2 °C). Combining the patrol bag and intermediate bags provides extreme cold weather protection in temperatures as low as −30 °F (−34 °C). The bivy cover can be used with each of three MSS configurations (patrol, intermediate, or combined) to provide environmental protection from wind and water. The sleeping bags are made of ripstop nylon fabrics and continuous-filament polyester insulation; the camouflage bivy cover is made with waterproof, breathable, coated or laminated nylon fabric; the compression sacks are made with water-resistant and durable nylon fabrics.[61]
This section incorporates work from https://peosoldier.army.mil/newpeo/Equipment/Temp.asp?id=CIE_SS, which is in the public domain as it is a work of the United States Military.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Army equipment.
Equipment of the United States Armed Forces
Equipment of the United States Air Force
Equipment of the United States Coast Guard
Equipment of the United States Marine Corps
Equipment of the United States Navy
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b M9 Pistol, U.S. Army Fact Files.
^ Jump up to: a b John Pike. "M9 9 mm Beretta Pistol". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
Jump up ^ [1], Fox News Tech
Jump up ^ M16 Rifle, U.S. Army Fact Files.
Jump up ^ John Pike (22 December 2010). "M16 5.56mm Rifle". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
Jump up ^ M4 Carbine, U.S. Army Fact Files.
Jump up ^ John Pike (21 December 2010). "M4 / M4A1 5.56mm Carbine". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
Jump up ^ M249 Machine Gun, U.S. Army Fact Files.
Jump up ^ John Pike. "M249 Squad Automatic Weapon". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
Jump up ^ M240 Machine Gun, U.S. Army Fact Files.
Jump up ^ John Pike. "M240 7.62mm Machine Gun". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
Jump up ^ John Pike (24 February 2011). "M2 .50 Caliber Machine Gun". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Jahner, Kyle (8 April 2016). "H&K confirms: This is the Army's new and improved sniper rifle". Army Times. Retrieved 9 June 2016. The gun will replace the M110 made by Knight's Armament as a culmination of the Army's desire for a shorter, lighter rifle that didn't sacrifice accuracy or performance.
Jump up ^ Mk193 Grenade Machine Gun, U.S. Army Fact Files.
Jump up ^ John Pike (13 January 2011). "Mk 19 Grenade Machine Gun". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
Jump up ^ M203 Grenade Launcher, U.S. Army Fact Files.
Jump up ^ John Pike. "M203 40mm Grenade Launcher". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Carl Gustaf Selected as Standard Equipment for US Army Light Infantry Units - Deagel.com, 20 February 2014
Jump up ^ M224 Mortar, U.S. Army Fact Files.
Jump up ^ John Pike (27 November 2005). "M224 60 mm Lightweight Mortar". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
Jump up ^ M252 Mortar, U.S. Army Fact Files.
Jump up ^ John Pike. "M252 81 mm Medium Extended Range Mortar". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
Jump up ^ M120 Mortar, U.S. Army Fact Files.
Jump up ^ John Pike. "M120 120 mm Mortar". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "M109A6 Paladin". Military Today. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Self-propelled howitzer M109A7 and M992A3 carrier ammunition enter in service with U.S. Army". May 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ "M777 155mm Ultralightweight Field Howitzer, United Kingdom". army-technology.com. Retrieved 28 April 2015. [unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ "Multiple Launch Rocket System M270". Lockheed Martin. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Saint-Gobain Crystals delivers transparent armor for M142 HIMARS windshields and door windows". November 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Avenger Low Level Air Defence System, United States of America". army-technology.com. Retrieved 14 August 2015. [unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ "MIM-104 Patriot - History, Specs and Pictures - Military Armor". Retrieved 2015-08-24.
Jump up ^ "AM General High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) (Dec)". IHS Jane's. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
Jump up ^ "AM General Secures Six-Year, $428.3 Million Contact To Provide The Army With M997A3 HMMWV Configured Ambulances". AM General. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lockheed Martin Protests JLTV contract award to Oshkosh". 8 September 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV) (Nov)". IHS Jane's. Retrieved 2015-10-30.
Jump up ^ "Oshkosh M977 heavy expanded mobility tactical truck (HEMTT) and M989A1 heavy expanded mobility ammunition trailer (HEMAT)". IHS Jane's Shaun C Connors & Christopher F Foss. 2015-06-14. Retrieved 2015-06-14.
Jump up ^ "Oshkosh M1070 and M1070A1 (8 × 8) Heavy Equipment Transporters (HETs) and M1000 semi-trailer". IHS Jane's Shaun C Connors & Christopher F Foss. 2015-08-27. Retrieved 2015-09-22.
^ Jump up to: a b The Military Balance 2016 p.40-43
Jump up ^ "Iraq Seeks Up to 30 General Dynamics Stryker Vehicles". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2015-09-30.
Jump up ^ "The Military Balance 2017". www.iiss.org. Retrieved 2017-12-20. [unreliable source?]
^ Jump up to: a b Feickert, A. (5 April 2016). "The Army's M-1 Abrams, M-2/M-3 Bradley, and M-1126 Stryker: Background and Issues for Congress" (PDF). Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "M88A2 HERCULES Armoured Recovery Vehicle - Army Technology". www.army-technology.com. Retrieved 2015-08-24. [unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ "The US M9 Armored Combat Earthmover aka M9 ACE". Retrieved 2015-08-24.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Army Awards Additional M-ATV Reset Contract to Oshkosh Defense". 3 June 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Retasking MRAP: Life after Afghanistan". Jane's International Defence Review. 2 April 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Buffalo MRAP". www.tanks-encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2015-08-24.
Jump up ^ "Majority of MRAPs to be scrapped or stored". Military Times, 5 January 2014
Jump up ^ John Pike. "M230 Automatic Gun". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
Jump up ^ John Pike (25 January 2006). "M242 Bushmaster 25 mm Automatic Gun". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Aviation Week & Space Technology 2009, 26 JAN 2009 240. Web.28 Aug 2009. <http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/sourcebook/content.jsp?channelName=pro&story=xml/sourcebook_xml/2009/01/26/AW_01_26_2009_p0240-112924-158.xml&headline=World%20Military%20Aircraft%20Inventory%20-%20United+States[permanent dead link]>.
Jump up ^ Drew, James (25 September 2015). "Beale AFB farewells MC-12 as spy plane moves to Army and SOCOM". Flight Global. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
Jump up ^ WebCite query result
Jump up ^ http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/up-to-462m-for-rc-12-guardrail-modernization-03756/
Jump up ^ Huber, Mark (28 January 2016). "Flight Training Begins for First Class of Lakota Pilots". Aviation International News. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sikorsky Aircraft Delivers 100th New Production UH-60M BLACK HAWK Helicopter to U.S". Reuters. 25 March 2009. Archived from the original on 5 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sikorsky to deliver 102 new tactical multirole helicopters to US armed forces". November 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "News – Feature story – The UH-72A "comes home" to its new Army assignment in Mississippi". UH-72A. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Army purchases Maveric bird camouflage UAS Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. - Armyrecognition.com, 26 November 2013
Jump up ^ hazegray.org – World Navies Today: US Army
Jump up ^ Lopez, C. (20 February 2010). "Soldiers to get new cammo pattern for wear in Afghanistan". US Army. US Army. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
Jump up ^ US Army (13 August 2011). "Sleep Systems". PEO Soldier. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
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