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Battle of Brandywine
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Battle of Brandywine
Part of the American Revolutionary War

Hessian map of the Philadelphia campaign
Date
September 11, 1777
Location
Chadds Ford Township,
Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States
39°52′19″N 75°35′24″W / 39.872°N 75.590°W / 39.872; -75.590 (Battlefield Park)Coordinates: 39°52′19″N 75°35′24″W / 39.872°N 75.590°W / 39.872; -75.590 (Battlefield Park)
Result
British victory[1]
Belligerents
United States
Canadian auxiliaries
Great Britain
Hesse-Kassel
Commanders and leaders
George Washington
Nathanael Greene
John Sullivan
Lord Stirling
Adam Stephen
Anthony Wayne
Casimir Pulaski
Moses Hazen Sir William Howe
Charles Cornwallis
Wilhelm Knyphausen
Strength
14,600[2] 15,500 and 47 guns[2]
Casualties and losses
Total: 1,300
300 killed
600 wounded
400 captured[3] Total: 587
93 killed
488 wounded
6 missing[3]
Pennsylvania Historical Marker
Designated
March 18, 1952[4]
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The Battle of Brandywine, also known as the Battle of Brandywine Creek, was fought between the American army of General George Washington and the British army of General Sir William Howe on September 11, 1777. The British Army defeated the American Army and forced them to withdraw toward the American capital of Philadelphia. The engagement occurred near Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania during Howe's campaign to take Philadelphia, part of the American Revolutionary War. More troops fought at Brandywine than any other battle of the American Revolution.[5] It was also the longest single-day battle of the war, with continuous fighting for 11 hours.[5]
Howe's army departed from Sandy Hook, New Jersey, on July 23, 1777, and landed near Elkton, Maryland, in northern Chesapeake Bay.[6] Marching north, the British Army brushed aside American light forces in a few skirmishes. Washington offered battle with his army posted behind Brandywine Creek. While part of his army demonstrated in front of Chadds Ford, Howe took the bulk of his troops on a long march that crossed the Brandywine beyond Washington's right flank. Due to poor scouting, the Americans did not detect Howe's column until it reached a position in rear of their right flank. Belatedly, three divisions were shifted to block the British flanking force at Birmingham Friends Meetinghouse and School, a Quaker meeting house.
After a stiff fight, Howe's wing broke through the newly formed American right wing which was deployed on several hills. At this point Lieutenant General Wilhelm von Knyphausen attacked Chadds Ford and crumpled the American left wing. As Washington's army streamed away in retreat, he brought up elements of Nathanael Greene's division which held off Howe's column long enough for his army to escape to the northeast. Polish General Casimir Pulaski defended Washington's rear assisting in his escape.[7] The defeat and subsequent maneuvers left Philadelphia vulnerable. The British captured the city on September 26, beginning an occupation that would last until June 1778.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Battle
2.1 British advance
2.2 Washington and Greene arrive near Dilworth
2.2.1 Knyphausen's final attack
3 Losses
4 Aftermath
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Background[edit]
Main article: Philadelphia campaign
In late August 1777, after a distressing 34-day journey from Sandy Hook on the coast of New Jersey, a Royal Navy fleet of more than 260 ships carrying some 17,000 British troops under the command of British General Sir William Howe landed at the head of the Elk River, on the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay near present-day Elkton, Maryland (then known as Head of Elk), approximately 40–50 miles (60–80 km) southwest of Philadelphia. Unloading the ships proved to be a logistical problem because the narrow river neck was shallow and muddy.
General George Washington had situated the American forces, about 20,300-strong, between Head of Elk and Philadelphia. His forces were able to reconnoiter the British landing from Iron Hill near Newark, Delaware, about 9 miles (14 km) to the northeast. Because of the delay disembarking from the ships, Howe did not set up a typical camp but quickly moved forward with the troops. As a result, Washington was not able to accurately gauge the strength of the opposing forces.
After a skirmish at Cooch's Bridge south of Newark, the British troops moved north and Washington abandoned a defensive encampment along the Red Clay Creek near Newport, Delaware to deploy against the British at Chadds Ford. This site was important as it was the most direct passage across the Brandywine River on the road from Baltimore to Philadelphia. On September 9, Washington positioned detachments to guard other fords above and below Chadds Ford, hoping to force the battle there. Washington employed General John Armstrong, commanding about 1,000 Pennsylvania militia, to cover Pyle's Ford, 5.8 miles south of Chadds Ford, which was covered by Major Generals Anthony Wayne's and Nathanael Greene's divisions. Major General John Sullivan's division extended northward along the Brandywine's east banks, covering the high ground north of Chadds Ford along with Major General Adam Stephen's division and Major General Lord Stirling's divisions. Further upstream was a brigade under Colonel Moses Hazen covering Buffington's Ford and Wistar's Ford. Washington was confident that the area was secure.
The British grouped forces at nearby Kennett Square.[8] Howe, who had better information about the area than Washington, had no intention of mounting a full-scale frontal attack against the prepared American defenses. He instead employed a flanking maneuver, similar to that used in the Battle of Long Island. About 6,800 men under the command of Wilhelm von Knyphausen advanced to meet Washington's troops at Chadds Ford. The remainder of Howe's troops, about 9,000 men, under the command of Charles, Lord Cornwallis, marched north to Trimble's Ford across the West Branch of the Brandywine Creek, then east to Jefferies Ford across the East Branch (two fords that Washington had overlooked), and then south to flank the American forces.[9]
Battle[edit]
See Brandywine order of battle for a detailed list of the regiments and organizations of both armies.
British advance[edit]
Map of the Brandywine battlefield (1830 engraving)
The Battle of Brandywine, September 11, 1777
September 11 began with a heavy fog, which provided cover for the British troops. Washington received contradictory reports about the British troop movements and continued to believe that the main force was moving to attack at Chadds Ford.
Knyphausen's Column
At 5:30 a.m. the British and Hessian troops began marching east along the "Great Road" (now Route 1) from Kennett Square, advancing on the American troops positioned where the road crossed Brandywine Creek. The first shots of the battle took place about 4 miles west of Chadds Ford, at Welch's Tavern. Element's of Maxwell's continental light infantry skirmished with the British vanguard (primarily the Queen's Rangers – a battalion of loyalists). The British continued to advance and encountered a greater force of continentals behind the stone walls on the Old Kennett Meetinghouse grounds. The battle was fought at mid-morning around the meeting house while the pacifist Quakers continued to hold their midweek service. One of the Quakers later wrote, "While there was much noise and confusion without, all was quiet and peaceful within."[10]
From the Meetinghouse grounds, the battle continued for three miles to the Brandywine Creek, at Chadds Ford. Eventually the British pushed the Americans back but not before suffering heavy losses.
Cornwallis's Column
The main British column under General Cornwallis (and accompanied by General Howe) set out from Kennett Square at 5:00 a.m.. Local loyalist sources had provided Howe with knowledge of two unguarded fords, above the forks of the Brandywine. The 17 mile flank march took approximately 9 hours to complete. The British appeared on the Americans' right flank at around 2 p.m. and took a much needed rest on Osbourne's Hill, a commanding position North of the Continental army. Having received intelligence from Colonel Bland's scouts, Washington ordered Sullivan to take overall command of Stirling and Stephen's divisions (in addition to his own) and quickly march North to meet the British flank attack. As they were forming their lines north of Dilworth, Howe launched his attack. Having taken overall command of the right-wing of the army, Sullivan left his division to confer with the other generals. His own division he left under the command of Preudhomme de Borre, with orders to shift to the right in order to link up with Stirling and Stephen's divisions (from left to right the divisions were arranged as Sullivan, Stirling, Stephen). As the British lines advanced the Hessian Jaegers threatened to flank the American right forcing Stephen and Stirling to shift right. Howe was slow to attack, which bought time for the Americans to position some of their men on high ground near Birmingham Meetinghouse, about a mile (1.6 km) north of Chadds Ford.[11] By 4 p.m., the British attacked. The British Brigade of Guards caught de Borre by surprise on the American left, before de Borre had time to fully form, and immediately sent them in to disarray, causing the entire division to rout. Initially, Stephen's and Stirling's divisions held firm, aided by a battery of artillery on a knoll between their divisions. However, the British light infantry battalions, aided by the Jaegers, eventually caused Stephen's division to fall back. A bayonet charge by the British grenadier battalions, in the center, similarly forced Stirling to retreat. Lafayette had only just arrived, joining Stirling's division, when he received a wound while trying to rally the retreating troops.
Washington and Greene arrive near Dilworth[edit]
Around 6 p.m., Washington and Greene arrived with reinforcements to try to hold off the British, who now occupied Meeting House Hill. Washington conferred with Greene and Knox, the latter of whom was head of artillery, in the yard of the William Brinton house.[12] The 2nd Battalion of Grenadiers was nearing their position, and was joined by a fresh reserve brigade (the 4th British Brigade). It was determined that Knox would deploy artillery to slow the British advance. Greene's reinforcements, combined with the remnants of Sullivan's, Stephen's, and Stirling's divisions, formed south of Dilworth and stopped the pursuing British for nearly an hour, letting the rest of the army retreat. When darkness fell, Greene's division finally began the march to Chester along with the rest of the army. The British army was not able to pursue due to the onset of night. The Americans were also forced to leave behind many of their cannons on Meeting House Hill because almost all of their artillery horses were killed.
Knyphausen's final attack[edit]
Location of Stirling's Division on the ridge (i.e. Birmingham Hill) just west of Birmingham road (looking west). The British Grenadier battalions attacked from right to left, ultimately forcing Stirling to fall back with a bayonet charge.
Upon hearing the attack of Cornwallis's column, Knyphausen launched an attack against the weakened American center across Chadds Ford, breaking through the divisions commanded by Wayne and William Maxwell and forcing them to retreat and leave behind most of their cannon. Armstrong's militia, never engaged in the fighting, also decided to retreat from their positions. Further north, Greene sent Brigadier General George Weedon's troops to cover the road just outside the town of Dilworth to hold off the British long enough for the rest of the Continental Army to retreat. Darkness brought the British pursuit to a standstill, which then allowed Weedon's force to retreat. The defeated Americans retreated to Chester where most of them arrived at midnight, with stragglers arriving until morning. The American retreat was well-organized, largely due to the efforts of Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, who, although wounded, created a rally point that allowed for a more orderly retreat before being treated for his wound.[13]
Losses[edit]
Nation Makers by Howard Pyle depicts a scene from the battle. The painting hangs in the Brandywine River Museum.
The official British casualty list detailed 587 casualties: 93 killed (eight officers, seven sergeants and 78 rank and file); 488 wounded (49 officers, 40 sergeants, four drummers and 395 rank and file); and six rank and file missing unaccounted for.[3] Only 40 of the British Army's casualties were Hessians.[14] Historian Thomas J. McGuire writes that, "American estimates of British losses run as high as 2,000, based on distant observation and sketchy, unreliable reports".[3]
7th Pennsylvania Regiment's historic Brandywine flag
Most accounts of the American loss were from the British. One initial report by a British officer recorded American casualties at over 200 killed, around 750 wounded, and 400 prisoners taken, many of them wounded. A member of General Howe's staff claimed that 400 rebels were buried on the field by the victors.[15] Another British officer wrote that, "The Enemy had 502 dead in the field".[3] General Howe's report to the British colonial secretary, Lord George Germain, said that the Americans, "had about 300 men killed, 600 wounded, and near 400 made prisoners".[3]
No casualty return for the American army at Brandywine survives and no figures, official or otherwise, were ever released. The nearest thing to a hard figure from the American side was by Major General Nathanael Greene, who estimated that Washington's army had lost between 1,200 and 1,300 men.[16] On September 14, 350 wounded Americans were taken from the British camp at Dilworth to a newly established hospital at Wilmington, Delaware.[17] This would suggest that of the "near 400" prisoners reported by Howe, only about 50 had surrendered unwounded. If General Greene's estimate of the total American loss was accurate, then they had between 1,160 and 1,260 killed, wounded or deserted during the battle. The British also captured 11 out of 14 of the American artillery pieces. Among the American wounded was the Marquis de Lafayette.
In addition to losses in battle, 315 men were posted as deserters from Washington's camp during this stage of the campaign.[18]
Aftermath[edit]
Although Howe had defeated the American army, his lack of cavalry prevented its total destruction. Washington had committed a serious error in leaving his right flank wide open and nearly brought about his army's annihilation had it not been for Sullivan, Stirling and Stephen's divisions, which fought for time. Evening was approaching and, in spite of the early start Cornwallis had made in the flanking maneuver, most of the American army was able to escape. In his report to the Continental Congress detailing the battle, Washington stated: "despite the day's misfortune, I am pleased to announce that most of my men are in good spirits and still have the courage to fight the enemy another day".
British and American forces maneuvered around each other for the next several days with only a few encounters such as the Battle of Paoli on the night of September 20–21.
The Continental Congress abandoned Philadelphia, moving first to Lancaster, Pennsylvania for one day and then to York, Pennsylvania. Military supplies were moved out of the city to Reading, Pennsylvania. On 26 September 1777, British forces marched into Philadelphia unopposed.
Eight Army National Guard units (103rd Eng Bn,[19] A/1-104th Cav,[20] 109th FA,[21] 111th Inf,[22] 113th Inf,[23] 116th Inf,[24] 1-175th Inf[25] and 198th Sig Bn[26]) and one active Regular Army Field Artillery battalion (1–5th FA[27]) are derived from American units that participated in the Battle of Brandywine. There are only thirty currently existing units in the U.S. Army with lineages that go back to the colonial era.
Birmingham Meetinghouse in 1974
The battlefield today, south of Meeting House Hill
View from the top of Osborne's Hill looking southeast toward the American positions
George Washington's headquarters
Monument to Lafayette and Pulaski at Birmingham Cemetery
Stone Wall at Birmingham Meetinghouse. Forward defenses of the American right-wing.
Hill overlooking Sandy Hollow, where Gen. Stephen's Division deployed on the far right flank of the Continental Army. The Jagers attacked from the right side of the photograph, while the light infantry attacked from the current-day tree line, at the left and center.
Mass grave containing the remains of soldiers from both armies at Birmingham Meetinghouse
See also[edit]
American Revolutionary War portal
Philadelphia portal
List of American Revolutionary War battles
Continental Army Encampment Site
Brandywine Battlefield
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Robert Middlekauff (5 January 2005). The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789. Oxford University Press. p. 566. ISBN 978-0-19-974092-5. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Philadelphia 1777: Taking the Capital, Clement, p. 23
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f McGuire, Thomas J.; The Philadelphia Campaign: Volume 1: Brandywine and the Fall of Philadelphia; Stackpole Books; Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania; 2006; ISBN 978-0-8117-0178-5; ISBN 0-8117-0178-6, p. 269
Jump up ^ "PHMC Historical Markers Search" (Searchable database). Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
^ Jump up to: a b Harris, Michael (2014). Brandywine. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie. p. x. ISBN 978-1-61121-162-7.
Jump up ^ Harris, Michael (2014). Brandywine: A Military History of the Battle that Lost Philadelphia but Saved America, September 11, 1777. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-61121-162-7.
Jump up ^ "Historical Marker Battle of Brandywine".
Jump up ^ 39°50′39″N 75°42′38″W / 39.84417°N 75.71056°W / 39.84417; -75.71056 (Kennett Square)
Jump up ^ "Cornwallis's March: Driving Tour of the Brandywine Battlefield Region". Brandywine Battlefield Historic Site. Archived from the original on October 21, 2009. Retrieved September 4, 2009. Trimble's Ford is located at 39°55′23″N 75°41′13″W / 39.923°N 75.687°W / 39.923; -75.687 (Trimble's Ford). Jefferis Ford is located at 39°56′20″N 75°38′10″W / 39.939°N 75.636°W / 39.939; -75.636 (Jefferis Ford)
Jump up ^ Harris, Michael (2014). Brandywine. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-61121-162-7.
Jump up ^ Birmingham Meetinghouse is located at 39°54′20″N 75°35′42″W / 39.90556°N 75.59500°W / 39.90556; -75.59500 (Birmingham Friends Meetinghouse and School)
Jump up ^ Ebenreiter, John. "Battle of Brandywine". Brandywine Battlefield. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Gaines, James (September 2007). "Washington & Lafayette". Smithsonian Magazine Online. Smithsonian. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
Jump up ^ Martin, David G.; The Philadelphia Campaign June 1777 – July 1778; Combined Books; Conshohocken, Pennsylvania; 1993; ISBN 0-938289-19-5, p. 76
Jump up ^ Martin, p. 76
Jump up ^ Boatner, Mark Mayo, Cassell's Biographical Dictionary of the American War of Independence 1763–1783, Cassell, London, 1966, ISBN 0-304-29296-6, p. 109
Jump up ^ McGuire, p. 278
Jump up ^ Martin, p. 76. Edgar, Philadelphia Campaign, p. 39, incorrectly states that these 315 men deserted during the battle of September 11.
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 103rd Engineer Battalion.
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, Troop A/1st Squadron/104th Cavalry.
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 109th Field Artillery.
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 111th Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1981. pp. 217–219.
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 113th Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1981, pp. 221–223.
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 116th Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1981, pp. 227–229.
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 175th Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1982, pp. 343–345.
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 198th Signal Battalion.
Jump up ^ "1st Battalion, 5th Field Artillery Regiment". US Army Center of Military History. February 17, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
Further reading[edit]
Harris, Michael. Brandywine. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2014. ISBN 978-1-61121-162-7
Edgar, Gregory T. (1966). The Philadelphia Campaign, 1777–1778. Westminster, MD: Heritage Books. ISBN 0-7884-0921-2.
Fortescue, John. History of the British Army.
McGuire, Thomas J. Brandywine Battlefield Park: Pennsylvania Trail of History Guide. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001. ISBN 0811726053.
McGuire, Thomas J. The Philadelphia Campaign, Vol. I: Brandywine and the Fall of Philadelphia. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2006. ISBN 0811701786.
Martin, David G., The Philadelphia Campaign: June 1777 – July 1778. Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Combined Books, 1993. ISBN 0-938289-19-5. 2003 Da Capo reprint, ISBN 0-306-81258-4.
Mowday, Bruce. September 11, 1777: Washington's Defeat at Brandywine Dooms Philadelphia. Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishers, 2002. ISBN 1572493283.
Ward, Christopher. The War of the Revolution. New York, NY: Skyhorse Publishing, 2011. ISBN 1616080809.
Sawicki, James A. Infantry Regiments of the US Army. Dumfries, VA: Wyvern Publications, 1981. ISBN 978-0-9602404-3-2.
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List of largest cities throughout history
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article lists the largest cities or urban areas by estimated population in history. Many of the figures are uncertain, especially in ancient times.
Contents
1 List of the most populous cities or urban areas in history
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
List of the most populous cities or urban areas in history[edit]
The following is a table of the most populous cities or urban areas by estimated population in history according to four sources. City names are in bold where all four sources agree.
Year
Morris (2010)[1]
Modelski (2003)[2]
Chandler (1987)[3]
Chandler & Fox (1974)[4]
Population
Name
Present
Location
Population
Name
Present
Location
Population
Name
Present
Location
Population
Name
Present
Location
8000 BC [5] 500 Mureybet Syria
7000 BC [6] 1,000 Beidha Jordan [7] 1,000–2,000 Jericho West Bank
Basta[8] Jordan
Çatalhöyük Turkey
6500 BC [7][9] 5,000–10,000 Çatalhöyük Turkey
6000 BC [10] 3,000 Çatalhöyük Turkey
5000 BC [5] 4,000 Tell Brak Syria
4000 BC 5,000 Uruk Iraq [7] 4,000 Eridu Iraq
Tell Brak Syria
3800 to
3700 BC [11] < 10,000 Dobrovody Ukraine
3700 BC 6,000–10,000 Eridu Iraq
3600 to
3500 BC [11] < 10,000 Maydanets Ukraine
[11] < 10,000 Talianki Ukraine
3500 BC [5] 8,000 Uruk Iraq 14,000 Uruk Iraq 20,000 Abydos Egypt
Susa Iran
Tell Brak Syria
3300 BC 40,000 Uruk Iraq Abydos Egypt
3200 BC 20,000 Abydos Egypt Abydos Egypt
3100 BC 20,000 Memphis Egypt 20,000 Memphis Egypt
3000 BC [12] 45,000 Uruk Iraq 40,000 Uruk Iraq 30,000 Memphis Egypt 40,000 Memphis Egypt
2800 BC 80,000 Uruk Iraq Memphis Egypt Memphis Egypt
2500 BC [5] 50,000 Uruk Iraq [13] 60,000 Lagash[14] Iraq Memphis Egypt Memphis Egypt
[13] 20,000 Nippur Iraq
2400 BC [15] 50,000 Mari Syria Memphis Egypt Memphis Egypt
[15] 40,000 Umma Iraq
Girsu[14] Iraq
Mohenjo-daro Sindh
2300 BC [16] 80,000 Girsu Iraq Memphis Egypt Memphis Egypt
[16] 50,000 Mari Syria
2250 BC [5] 35,000 Akkad[17] Iraq > 30,000 Memphis Egypt Memphis Egypt
Memphis Egypt
2240 BC Akkad[17] Iraq Akkad[17] Iraq
2200 BC 50,000 Girsu Iraq Akkad Iraq Akkad Iraq
2100 BC 100,000 Ur Iraq Akkad Iraq 100,000 Girsu[14] Iraq
2075 BC 50,000 Girsu[14] Iraq Girsu Iraq
2059 BC Girsu Iraq Thebes Egypt
2030 BC Ur Iraq Thebes Egypt
2000 BC [18] 60,000 Memphis Egypt [19] 40,000 Isin Iraq 65,000 Ur Iraq Thebes Egypt
Larsa Iraq
Ur Iraq Girsu Iraq
1991 BC Ur Iraq 100,000 Memphis Egypt
1980 BC Thebes Egypt Memphis Egypt
1900 BC 40,000 Isin Iraq Thebes Egypt Memphis Egypt
Larsa Iraq
1800 BC 60,000 Mari Syria > 25,000 Thebes Egypt Memphis Egypt
[20]65,000
1770 BC 60,000 Babylon Iraq Babylon Iraq
1750 BC [5] 65,000 Babylon Iraq
1700 BC 60,000 Babylon Iraq Babylon Iraq Babylon Iraq
1670 BC Avaris[21] Egypt Babylon Iraq
1650 BC [22] 100,000 Avaris Egypt Babylon Iraq
1600 BC 50,000–100,000 Avaris[21] Egypt 100,000 Avaris Egypt Babylon Iraq
1595 BC Avaris Egypt Avaris[21] Egypt
1580 BC Avaris Egypt Memphis Egypt
1557 BC Memphis Egypt Memphis Egypt
1500 BC 75,000 Uruk Iraq 60,000 Thebes Egypt Memphis Egypt Memphis Egypt
Thebes Egypt
1400 BC [5] 80,000 Thebes Egypt 80,000 Thebes Egypt Thebes Egypt Thebes Egypt
1375 BC [22] 100,000 Thebes Egypt Thebes Egypt
1360 BC 80,000 Thebes Egypt 100,000 Thebes Egypt
1350 BC Thebes Egypt Memphis Egypt
1300 BC [5] 80,000 Thebes Egypt 120,000 Yinxu
(Anyang) China Thebes Egypt Memphis Egypt
1205 BC Memphis[23] Egypt Memphis Egypt
1200 BC 80,000 Babylon Iraq 160,000 Pi-Ramses[21] Egypt [23] 50,000 Memphis Egypt > 50,000 Memphis Egypt
Thebes Egypt
1188 BC Thebes Egypt Memphis Egypt
1184 BC 120,000 Thebes Egypt Memphis Egypt
1100 BC [5] 50,000 Memphis Egypt 120,000 Pi-Ramses Egypt Thebes Egypt Memphis Egypt
Thebes Egypt
Tanis Egypt
Yinxu
(Anyang) China
1000 BC [24] 50,000 Thebes Egypt [25] 120,000 Thebes Egypt [26] > 50,000 Thebes Egypt Memphis Egypt
[20] 60,000
[24] 35,000 Haojing
(Xi'an)[27] China [25] 100,000 Haojing
(Xi'an)[27] China [26] > 50,000 Haojing
(Xi'an)[27] China
[20] 55,000
Chengzhou
(Luoyang)[28] China Memphis Egypt [26] 50,000 Chengzhou
(Luoyang)[28] China
Babylon Iraq [22] 100,000
900 BC [5] 50,000 Thebes Egypt 125,000 Haojing China Thebes Egypt Memphis Egypt
800 BC [5] 75,000 Nimrud
(Calah) Iraq 125,000 Haojing China > 50,000 Thebes Egypt Memphis Egypt
[20]60,000
700 BC [5] 100,000 Nineveh Iraq 100,000 Thebes Egypt Thebes Egypt Memphis Egypt
Memphis Egypt
Nineveh Iraq
Babylon[29] Iraq
Luoyi
(Luoyang)[28] China
Linzi China
668 BC [22] 100,000 Nineveh Iraq Nineveh Iraq
650 BC 120,000 Nineveh Iraq 120,000 Nineveh Iraq
612 BC Babylon Iraq Babylon Iraq
600 BC [5] 125,000 Babylon Iraq 200,000 Babylon Iraq [22] 100,000 Babylon Iraq 200,000 Babylon Iraq
Luoyi China
562 BC 200,000 Babylon Iraq 200,000 Babylon Iraq
500 BC 150,000 Babylon Iraq [30] 200,000 Babylon Iraq Babylon Iraq Babylon Iraq
Luoyi China
Linzi China
479 BC Babylon Iraq Sravasti India
460 BC Babylon Iraq Rajagriha
(Rajgir)[31] India
440 BC Babylon Iraq Babylon Iraq
430 BC 200,000 Babylon Iraq 250,000 Babylon Iraq
400 BC [5]150,000 Babylon Iraq 320,000 Xiadu China Babylon Iraq Babylon Iraq
320 BC > 300,000 Alexandria Egypt > 300,000 Alexandria Egypt
300 BC [5] 150,000 Babylon Iraq 500,000 Carthage Tunisia Pataliputra
(Patna) India Pataliputra India
Alexandria Egypt
220 BC Pataliputra India Xianyang China
206 BC Pataliputra India Pataliputra India
200 BC 300,000 Alexandria Egypt 600,000 Alexandria Egypt [32] 350,000 Pataliputra India 350,000 Pataliputra India
400,000 Chang'an
(Xi'an)[27][32] China
195 BC Chang'an China Pataliputra India
190 BC Chang'an China Chang'an[27] China
170 BC Chang'an China Seleucia[33][34] Iraq
160 BC Chang'an China Chang'an[34] China
100 BC [5] 400,000 Alexandria Egypt 1,000,000 Alexandria Egypt Chang'an China Chang'an China
Rome Italy
25 BC Rome Italy Chang'an China
1 AD 1,000,000 Rome Italy 800,000 Rome Italy Rome Italy Rome Italy
100 [5] 1,000,000 Rome Italy 1,000,000 Rome Italy 450,000 Rome Italy 650,000 Rome Italy
180 600,000 Rome Italy 800,000 Rome Italy
200 [35] 1,000,000 Rome Italy 1,200,000 Rome Italy Rome Italy Rome Italy
280 500,000 Rome Italy 650,000 Rome Italy
300 [5] 800,000 Rome Italy 1,000,000 Rome Italy Rome Italy Rome Italy
340 Constantinople Turkey Rome Italy
350 Constantinople Turkey Constantinople Turkey
361 300,000 Constantinople Turkey 350,000 Constantinople Turkey
400 [36] 800,000 Rome Italy 800,000 Rome Italy Constantinople Turkey Constantinople Turkey
410 Constantinople Turkey Pataliputra India
450 Constantinople Turkey 500,000 Constantinople Turkey
500 [5] 450,000 Constantinople Turkey 500,000 Constantinople Turkey 400,000 Constantinople Turkey 500,000 Constantinople Turkey
Jiankang
(Nanjing)[37] China
Luoyang[28] China
570 Ctesiphon[33] Iraq 500,000 Constantinople Turkey
575 500,000 Ctesiphon Iraq 500,000 Constantinople Turkey
600 [38] 600,000 Daxing
(Chang'an)[27] China 600,000 Constantinople Turkey 500,000 Ctesiphon Iraq 500,000 Constantinople Turkey
622 500,000 Ctesiphon Iraq 500,000 Constantinople Turkey
637 400,000 Chang'an[27] China 500,000 Constantinople Turkey
650 Chang'an China 500,000 Chang'an[27] China
700 [5] 1,000,000 Chang'an[27] China 1,000,000 Chang'an[27] China 800,000 Chang'an China 1,000,000 Chang'an China
750 800,000 Chang'an China > 1,000,000 Chang'an China
775 600,000 Baghdad Iraq Baghdad[39] Iraq
800 1,000,000 Chang'an China 800,000 Chang'an China 700,000 Baghdad Iraq [39] 800,000 Chang'an China
[39] 700,000 Baghdad Iraq
833 900,000 Baghdad Iraq 900,000 Baghdad Iraq
900 [1] 750,000 Chang'an China 900,000 Baghdad Iraq 900,000 Baghdad Iraq 900,000 Baghdad Iraq
925 1,100,000 Baghdad Iraq Baghdad Iraq
932 1,100,000 Baghdad Iraq 1,100,000 Baghdad Iraq
935 450,000 Cordova Spain 450,000 Cordova Spain
1000 1,000,000 Kaifeng China [40] 1,200,000 Baghdad Iraq 450,000 Cordova Spain 450,000 Cordova Spain
1013 400,000 Kaifeng China 450,000 Constantinople Turkey
1050 400,000 Kaifeng China 500,000 Constantinople Turkey
1071 400,000 Kaifeng China 400,000 Kaifeng China
1100 [5] 1,000,000 Kaifeng China 1,200,000 Baghdad Iraq 442,000 Kaifeng China 442,000 Kaifeng China
1102 442,000 Kaifeng China 442,000 Kaifeng China
1126 420,000 Kaifeng China 420,000 Kaifeng China
1127 200,000 Constantinople Turkey [41] 300,000 Constantinople Turkey
1145 200,000 Merv Turkmenistan [41] 300,000 Constantinople Turkey
1150 200,000 Merv Turkmenistan [41] 300,000 Constantinople Turkey
1153 200,000 Constantinople Turkey [41] 300,000 Constantinople Turkey
1160 200,000 Constantinople Turkey 250,000 Fez Morocco
1170 200,000 Fez Morocco 250,000 Fez Morocco
1180 200,000 Hangzhou China 250,000 Polonnaruwa Sri Lanka
1200 [42] 1,000,000 Hangzhou China 1,000,000 Baghdad Iraq 255,000 Hangzhou China 255,000 Hangzhou China
Hangzhou China
Kaifeng China
1210 600,000 Gurganj Turkmenistan 500,000 Merv Turkmenistan 260,000 Hangzhou China 260,000 Hangzhou China
1250 320,000 Hangzhou China 320,000 Hangzhou China
1273 432,000 Hangzhou China 432,000 Hangzhou China
1300 [5] 800,000 Hangzhou China 1,500,000 Hangzhou China 432,000 Hangzhou China 432,000 Hangzhou China
1315 432,000 Cairo Egypt Hangzhou China
1325 500,000 Cairo Egypt 500,000 Cairo Egypt
1348 432,000 Hangzhou China 500,000 Cairo Egypt
1350 432,000 Hangzhou China 450,000 Cairo Egypt
1358 Jinling
(Nanjing) China Cairo Egypt
1391 473,000 Jinling China Cairo Egypt
1400 500,000 Jinling
(Nanjing) China 1,000,000 Jinling
(Nanjing) China 487,000 Jinling China 473,000 Jinling
(Nanjing) China
1420 Jinling China 450,000 Beijing China
1425 Beijing China Beijing China
1450 600,000 Beijing China 600,000 Beijing China
1492 669,000 Beijing China 669,000 Beijing China
1500 [43] 678,000 Beijing China 1,000,000 Beijing China 672,000 Beijing China 672,000 Beijing China
1550 690,000 Beijing China 690,000 Beijing China
1575 706,000 Beijing China 706,000 Beijing China
1579 706,000 Beijing China 706,000 Beijing China
1600 700,000 Beijing China 1,000,000 Beijing China 706,000 Beijing China 706,000 Beijing China
1635 Beijing China 660,000 Agra India
1637 Beijing China 700,000 Constantinople
(Istanbul)[44] Turkey
1650 700,000 Constantinople[44] Turkey 700,000 Constantinople Turkey
1670 Constantinople Turkey 500,000 Delhi India
1675 750,000 Constantinople Turkey 500,000 Delhi India
1684 Constantinople Turkey 540,000 Paris France
1685 Constantinople Turkey Constantinople Turkey
1690 700-800,000 Constantinople Turkey 700-800,000 Constantinople Turkey
1700 650,000 Beijing China 1,000,000 Ayutthaya Thailand 700,000 Constantinople Turkey 700,000 Constantinople Turkey
600-700,000 Beijing China
1710 Beijing China Beijing China
1720 Edo[45] Japan Beijing China Beijing China
1750 900,000 Beijing China 900,000 Beijing China
1775 1,000,000 Beijing China Beijing China
1800 1,100,000 Beijing China 1,100,000 Beijing China 1,100,000 Beijing China 1,100,000 Beijing China
1821 1,300,000 Beijing China 1,300,000 Beijing China
1825 1,350,000 Beijing China 1,350,000 Beijing China
1,335,000 London
(urban area) United Kingdom 1,335,000 London
(urban area) United Kingdom
1841 1,948,000 London United Kingdom 2,235,000 London United Kingdom
1850 2,320,000 London United Kingdom 2,320,000 London United Kingdom
1851 2,362,000 London United Kingdom 2,362,000 London United Kingdom
1861 2,803,000 London United Kingdom London United Kingdom
1875 4,241,000 London United Kingdom 4,241,000 London United Kingdom
1900 6,600,000 London United Kingdom 6,500,000 London United Kingdom 6,480,000 London United Kingdom 6,480,000 London United Kingdom
1914 7,419,000 London United Kingdom London United Kingdom
1925 7,774,000 New York
(urban area) United States 7,774,000 New York
(urban area) United States
1936 10,150,000 New York United States New York United States
1950 12,463,000 New York United States 12,500,000 New York United States
1962 [46] 15,755,000 New York United States New York United States
1965 15,000,000 Tokyo
(urban area) Japan 15,000,000 Tokyo
(urban area) Japan
1968 [46] 20,500,000 Tokyo Japan [46] 20,500,000 Tokyo Japan
1970 [46] 20,450,000 Tokyo Japan [46] 21,000,000 Tokyo Japan
1975 20,500,000 Tokyo Japan
2000 [47]26,400,000 Tokyo Japan
See also[edit]
Historical urban community sizes
List of metropolitan areas by population
List of urban agglomerations by population
List of cities by population
List of largest European cities in history
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b (a) [1]Ian Morris, Social Development, Stanford University, October 2010. This contains supporting materials for the following book: (b) Ian Morris, Why the West Rules—For Now, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010. ISBN 978-0-374-29002-3.
Jump up ^ George Modelski, World Cities: –3000 to 2000, Washington DC: FAROS 2000, 2003. ISBN 0-9676230-1-4. Figures in main tables are preferentially cited. Part of former estimates can be read at Evolutionary World Politics Homepage Archived 2008-12-28 at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Tertius Chandler, Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census, Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1987. ISBN 0-88946-207-0. Figures in main tables are preferentially cited. Part of Chandler's estimates are summarized or modified at The Institute for Research on World-Systems; Largest Cities Through History by Matt T. Rosenberg; or The Etext Archives Archived 2008-02-11 at the Wayback Machine.. Chandler defined a city as a continuously built-up area (urban) with suburbs but without farmland inside the municipality.
Jump up ^ Tertius Chandler and Gerald Fox, 3000 Years of Urban Growth, New York, NY: Academic Press, 1974. ISBN 0-12-785109-7. Figures in main tables are preferentially cited.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Summarized in the supporting material on the website, but not given in Morris's published text (p. 632).
Jump up ^ The date that the population of Beidha, Basta and Çatalhöyük is estimated to be 1,000 is given as 7500 BC in Morris's published text (p. 632).
^ Jump up to: a b c Suggested to be the largest cities in Modelski's text, but not given constantly prior to 3700 BC (p. 3, p. 17, and p. 20). No entry is suggested for the Halafian and Ubaid periods.
Jump up ^ A Pre-Pottery Neolithic B settlement located ca. 25 km north of Petra.
Jump up ^ The rough year that Çatalhöyük was supposed to be the largest is not given in Modelski's text which cites Ian Hodder's report (p. 3 and p. 17). The year 6500 BC is based on the recent report by Hodder (Inhabiting Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 1995-99 Seasons (Çatalhöyük Research Project), Cambridge, UK: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2005.) where less inhabitants (1,500 to 2,000) are suggested by Craig Cessford (pp. 323-326).
Jump up ^ The date that the population of Çatalhöyük is estimated to be 3,000 is given as 6500 BC in Morris's published text (p. 632).
^ Jump up to: a b c Suggested to be housing up to 10,000 people in Modelski's text (pp. 24–25), but only Eridu is listed as the largest city in Table 2 (a) (p. 22). The estimate is based on the author's personal communication with Mikhail Videiko, Institute of Archaeology, Kiev, October 2002 (p. 75). The previous estimates by S. I. Kruts for Maydanets and Talianki are 8,000 (1,575 housed within 270 ha) and 14,000 (2,700 houses within 450 ha), respectively (Pitskhelauri, K. N., and Chernykh, E. N. Eds., Kavkaz v sisteme paleometallicheskikh kultur Evrazii, Metsniereba, Tbilisi, 1989, pp. 146–156.).
Jump up ^ Suggested to be more than 45,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632).
^ Jump up to: a b According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218), Nippur shares the top with Lagash with 60,000 inhabitants in 2500 BC, though Table 2 (b) suggests that the population of Nippur is 20,000, the value of which is even lower than those estimated for Mari (50,000); Uruk and Umma (40,000); Memphis, Ebla, Urkesh, and Shuruppak (30,000) (p. 28).
^ Jump up to: a b c d Girsu (Telloh), the later capital of the state of Lagash, was situated 25 km NW of Lagash (Tell al Hiba), though both sites are frequently referred as Lagash.
^ Jump up to: a b According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218), Girsu shares the top with Mari with 50,000 inhabitants, though Table 2 (b) suggests that the population of Girsu as well as Umma and Mohenjo-daro is 40,000 (p. 28).
^ Jump up to: a b According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218), the population of Girsu for 2300 BC is estimated as 50,000, which is less than that appears in Table 2 (b) and is the same value with that estimated for Mari (p. 28).
^ Jump up to: a b c Location uncertain. Maybe west of Sippar.
Jump up ^ Morris's list of the largest settlements excludes Ur for 2000 BC (p. 632), though the supporting material lists Ur sharing the top with Memphis with 60,000 inhabitants.
Jump up ^ Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218) excludes Girsu for 2000 BC, though Table 2 (b) lists Girsu with 40,000 inhabitants (p. 28), sharing the top with Isin and Larsa.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Interpolated values given by Christopher Chase-Dunn (citypop5.xls) or Chase-Dunn and Willard (oct2k1.xls). These numbers are not given in Chandler's original lists.
^ Jump up to: a b c d The palace of Pi-Ramses (Qantir) was founded 2 km NE of Avaris (or Hawaret, Tell el-Dab'a), the residential area of which overlaps.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e When the city first passed 100,000, suggested by Richard Forstall (pp. 541-542).
^ Jump up to: a b According to Chandler's list of the largest cities (pp. 523-527), Thebes was the largest for 1400-668 BC, but Memphis was also supposed to be somewhat larger during 1205-1188 (p. 94, p. 460).
^ Jump up to: a b Qiyi (Qi) is listed as the largest settlement with 35,000 inhabitants in the Morris's published list (p. 632). On the other hand, the supporting material lists Thebes as the maximum settlement with 50,000 inhabitants, while both Luoyang (Luoyi) and Haojing (Feng) are listed as the mamximum settlements in the East with 35,000 inhabitants.
^ Jump up to: a b Modelski's list of the world's largest cities treats Thebes and Haojing as the top cities with 100,000 inhabitants (p. 218), though the same list on the next page (p. 219) as well as Table 2 (c) place the population of Thebes at 120,000, while that for Haojing as well as Memphis and Babylon at 100,000 (pp. 33-34).
^ Jump up to: a b c Chandler listed Thebes, Haojing, and Chengzhou (Luoyang) as the largest, second-largest, and third-largest cities (p. 460), though Luoyang is supposed to pass 100,000 in 1000 BC (p. 541).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Haojing, which formed the capital of Western Zhou together with Fenghao, was located 15 km SW of Chang'an, the capital of Tang Dynasty as well as the present center of Xi'an. Han capital was located 5 km NW of the center of modern Xi'an. All these sites are now within the sub-provincial city of Xi'an.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Chengzhou was founded on the east side of the Luo river with Wangzheng on the west side. Both cities were later annexed to form Luoyi (Luoyang), the center of which has often shifted.
Jump up ^ According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 219), the population of Babylon for 700 BC is estimated as 120,000, which makes Babylon the only city to appear as the largest, while Table 8 (a) shows that Babylon has 100,000 inhabitants in 700 BC (p. 55).
Jump up ^ Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 219) excludes Linzi for 500 BC, though Table 5 (a) lists Linzi with 200,000 inhabitants (p. 41).
Jump up ^ The estimated year Sravasti was surpassed by Rajagriha is not given in Chandler and Fox's list (pp. 362-364).
^ Jump up to: a b According to Chandler's list of the largest cities (pp. 523-527), Pataliputra was the largest for 300 to 195 BC, but Chang'an is listed as the largest already in 200 BC (p. 462).
^ Jump up to: a b Seleucia was founded on the right bank of Tigris opposite to Ctesiphon. Figures for Seleucia include the population of Ctesiphon as a suburb during the Seleucid era and vice versa during the Sassanid era.
^ Jump up to: a b Seleucia was supposed to stand first briefly just after Antiochus IV overran part of Egypt in 170 BC, though the precise year Chang'an recovered the lead is not given in Chandler and Fox's list (pp. 362-364).
Jump up ^ The population of Rome in AD 200 is estimated at 800,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 1,000,000.
Jump up ^ The population of Rome in AD 400 is estimated at 500,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 800,000.
Jump up ^ Based on historical documents, in Eastern Jin dynasty, Jiankang (Nanjing) had 280,000 registered households, and assuming an average Nanjing household had about 5.1 people at that time, the city had more than 1.4 million residents. (Shufen Liu, "Jiankang and the Commercial Empire of the Southern Dynasties", in Pearce, Spiro, Ebrey eds. Culture and Power, 2001:35.)
Jump up ^ The population of Daxing (Chang'an) in AD 600 is estimated at 250,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 600,000.
^ Jump up to: a b c Although Chandler and Fox presumed that Baghdad was the world's largest city from 775 to 935 (p. 363), Chang'an is still listed as the largest in the year 800 (p. 306).
Jump up ^ Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 219) estimates the population of Baghdad for AD 1000 as 1,500,000, which is much higher than the value listed in Table 8 (b) (1,200,000 inhabitants) (p. 55).
^ Jump up to: a b c d Although Kaifeng is obscurely treated as the most populous city until 1160 (p. 363), Kaifeng is ranked as the fifth-largest city with 175,000 people in 1150, while Constantinople is listed as the largest city (p. 310). Surely Chandler and Fox have mistakenly omitted the statement that Constantinople is briefly the largest after the fall of Kaifeng to the Jurchens.
Jump up ^ The population of Hangzhou in AD 1200 is estimated at 800,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 1,000,000.
Jump up ^ The population of Hangzhou in AD 1500 is estimated at 600,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 678,000.
^ Jump up to: a b Includes Üsküdar in Asia Minor as a suburb.
Jump up ^ According to Morris (p. 483), Edo grew into the world's biggest city by 1720, but the estimated population for Edo is not given.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Data from Richard Forstall's table for Rand McNally & Co.
Jump up ^ The population of Tokyo in AD 2000 is estimated at 26,7000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 26,400,000.
External links[edit]
Top Ten Cities Through History, animation showing the ten largest cities throughout history according to Chandler
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