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Battle of Lake Erie
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Battle of Lake Erie
Part of the War of 1812

Battle of Lake Erie by William Henry Powell, painted 1865, shows Oliver Hazard Perry transferring from Lawrence to Niagara[A]
Date
10 September 1813
Location
Lake Erie, near Put-in-Bay, Ohio
Coordinates: 41°39′44″N 82°49′30″W / 41.66222°N 82.82500°W / 41.66222; -82.82500
Result
Decisive American victory
Belligerents
United States United Kingdom
Commanders and leaders
Oliver Hazard Perry
Jesse Elliot Robert Heriot Barclay
Robert Finnis
Strength
5 schooners
3 brigs
1 sloop
2 ships
1 brig
2 schooners
1 sloop[2]
Casualties and losses
27 killed
96 wounded
1 brig severely damaged
41 killed
93 wounded
306 captured
entire squadron captured
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The Battle of Lake Erie, sometimes called the Battle of Put-in-Bay, was fought on 10 September 1813, on Lake Erie off the coast of Ohio during the War of 1812. Nine vessels of the United States Navy defeated and captured six vessels of the British Royal Navy. This ensured American control of the lake for the rest of the war, which in turn allowed the Americans to recover Detroit and win the Battle of the Thames to break the Indian confederation of Tecumseh. It was one of the biggest naval battles of the War of 1812.
Contents
1 Background
1.1 1812
1.2 1813
1.3 Blockades of Presque Isle and Amherstburg
2 Battle
3 Casualties
4 Aftermath
5 Reconstructions and memorials
6 Reasons for the American victory
7 Order of battle
8 Footnotes
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Background[edit]
1812[edit]
When the war broke out, the British immediately seized control of Lake Erie. They already had a small force of warships there: the sloop-of-war Queen Charlotte and the brig General Hunter. The schooner Lady Prevost was under construction and was put into service a few weeks after the outbreak of war. These vessels were controlled by the Provincial Marine, which was a military transport service and not a naval service. Nevertheless, the Americans lacked any counter to the British armed vessels. The only American warship on Lake Erie, the brig Adams, was not ready for service at the start of the war, and when the American army of Brigadier General William Hull abandoned its invasion of Canada, Adams was pinned down in Detroit by the British batteries at Sandwich on the Canadian side of the Detroit River. The British Major-General Isaac Brock used his control of the lake to defeat Hull's army at the Siege of Detroit, by cutting the American supply lines and rapidly transferring himself and some reinforcements to Amherstburg from where they launched a successful landing on the American side of the Detroit River.
The British took Adams when Detroit was surrendered, renaming her Detroit. Together with the brig Caledonia, which had been commandeered from the Canadian North West Company, she was boarded and captured near Fort Erie on 9 October, by American sailors and soldiers led by Lieutenant Jesse Elliot. Detroit ran aground on an island in the middle of the Niagara River and was set on fire to prevent her being recaptured. Caledonia was taken to the navy yard at Black Rock and commissioned into the United States Navy.[3] Also present at Black Rock were the schooners Somers and Ohio and the sloop-rigged Trippe, which had all been purchased by the United States Navy and were being converted into gunboats.[4] While the British held Fort Erie and the nearby batteries which dominated the Niagara River, all these vessels were pinned down and unable to leave Black Rock.
Late in 1812, Paul Hamilton, the United States Secretary of the Navy had received long-time American lake mariner Daniel Dobbins, who had escaped capture at Detroit and brought information on the British forces on Lake Erie. Dobbins recommended the bay of Presque Isle in Erie, Pennsylvania as a naval base on the lake. ("Presqu'isle" is French for "peninsula", literally "almost an island"). Dobbins was dispatched to build four gunboats there, although Lieutenant Elliot objected to the lack of facilities.[5] Commodore Isaac Chauncey had been appointed to command of the United States naval forces on the Great Lakes in September 1812. He made one brief visit to Erie on 1 January 1813[6] where he approved Dobbins's actions and recommended collecting materials for a larger vessel, but then returned to Lake Ontario where he afterwards concentrated his energies.
1813[edit]
In January 1813, William Jones (who had replaced Hamilton as the United States Secretary of the Navy) ordered the construction of two brig-rigged corvettes at Presque Isle, and transferred shipwright Noah Brown there from Sackets Harbor on Lake Ontario to take charge of construction. Other than their rig and crude construction (such as using wooden pegs instead of nails because of shortages of the latter), the two brigs were close copies of the contemporary USS Hornet. The heaviest armament for the ships came from foundries on Chesapeake Bay, and were moved to Presque Isle only with great difficulty. (The Americans were fortunate in that some of their largest cannon had been dispatched shortly before raiding parties under Rear-Admiral George Cockburn destroyed a foundry at Frenchtown on the eastern seaboard.[7]) However, the Americans could get other materials and fittings from Pittsburgh, which was expanding as a manufacturing center, and smaller guns were borrowed from the Army.
Master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry had earlier been appointed to command on Lake Erie, through lobbying by Jeremiah B. Howell, the Senior Senator from Rhode Island,[8] supplanting Lieutenant Elliot. He arrived at Presque Isle to take command at the end of March. Having arranged for the defense of Presque Isle, he proceeded to Lake Ontario to obtain reinforcements of seamen from Commodore Isaac Chauncey. After commanding the American schooners and gunboats at the Battle of Fort George, he then went to Black Rock where the American vessels had been released when the British abandoned Fort Erie at the end of May. Perry had them towed by draft oxen up the Niagara, an operation which took six days, and sailed with them along the shore to Presque Isle.[4]
Meanwhile, Commander Robert Heriot Barclay was appointed to command the British squadron on Lake Erie. Another British officer had already endangered his career by refusing the appointment as success appeared unlikely.[9] Barclay missed a rendezvous with Queen Charlotte at Point Abino and was forced to make the tedious journey to Amherstburg overland, arriving on 10 June. He brought with him only a handful of officers and seamen. When he took command of his squadron, the crews of his vessels numbered only seven British seamen, 108 officers and men of the Provincial Marine (whose quality Barclay disparaged), 54 men of the Royal Newfoundland Fencibles and 106 soldiers, effectively landsmen, from the 41st Foot.[10] Nevertheless, he immediately set out in Queen Charlotte and Lady Prevost. He first reconnoitred Perry's base at Presque Isle and determined that it was defended by 2,000 Pennsylvania militia, with batteries and redoubts. He then cruised the eastern end of Lake Erie, hoping to intercept the American vessels from Black Rock. The weather was hazy, and he missed them.[11]
During July and August, Barclay received two small vessels, the schooner Chippeway and the sloop Little Belt, which had been reconstructed at Chatham[12] on the Thames River and attempted to complete the ship-rigged corvette HMS Detroit at Amherstburg. Because the Americans controlled Lake Ontario and occupied the Niagara Peninsula in early 1813, supplies for Barclay had to be carried overland from York. The American victory earlier in the year at the Battle of York resulted in the guns (24-pounder carronades) intended for Detroit falling into American hands.[13] Detroit had to be completed with a miscellany of guns from the fortifications of Amherstburg. Barclay claimed at his court martial that these guns lacked flintlock firing mechanisms and matches, and that they could be fired only by snapping flintlock pistols over powder piled in the vent holes.
Barclay repeatedly requested men and supplies from Commodore James Lucas Yeo, commanding on Lake Ontario, but received very little. The commander of the British troops on the Detroit frontier, Major-General Henry Procter, was similarly starved of soldiers and munitions by his superiors. He declined to make an attack on Presque Isle unless he was reinforced, and instead he incurred heavy losses in an unsuccessful attack on Fort Stephenson, which he mounted at the urgings of some of his Indian warriors.[14]
Blockades of Presque Isle and Amherstburg[edit]
By mid-July, the American squadron was almost complete, although not yet fully manned (Perry claimed to have only 120 men fit for duty). The British squadron maintained a blockade of Presque Isle for ten days from 20 July to 29 July. The harbour had a sandbar across its mouth, with only 5 feet (1.5 m) of water over it, which prevented Barclay sailing in to attack the American ships (although Barclay briefly skirmished with the defending batteries on 21 July), but also prevented the Americans leaving in fighting order. Barclay had to lift the blockade on 29 July because of shortage of supplies and bad weather. It has also been suggested that Barclay left to attend a banquet in his honour, or that he wished the Americans to cross the bar and hoped to find them in disarray when he returned.[5] Perry immediately began to move his vessels across the sandbar. This was an exhausting task. The guns had to be removed from all the boats, and the largest of them had to be raised between "camels" (barges or lighters which were then emptied of ballast). When Barclay returned four days later, he found that Perry had nearly completed the task. Perry's two largest brigs were not ready for action, but the gunboats and smaller brigs formed a line so confidently that Barclay withdrew to await the completion of Detroit.
Chauncey had dispatched 130 extra sailors under Lieutenant Jesse Elliot to Presque Isle.[15] Although Perry described some of them as "wretched", at least 50 of them were experienced sailors drafted from USS Constitution, then undergoing a refit in Boston.[16] Perry also had a few volunteers from the Pennsylvania militia.
His vessels first proceeded to Sandusky, where they received further contingents of volunteers from Major General William Henry Harrison's Army of the Northwest.[17] After twice appearing off Amherstburg, Perry established an anchorage at Put-in-Bay, Ohio. For the next five weeks, Barclay was effectively blockaded and unable to move supplies to Amherstburg. His sailors, Procter's troops, and the very large numbers of Indian warriors and their families there quickly ran out of supplies. After receiving a last-minute reinforcement of two naval officers, three warrant officers and 36 sailors transferred from a transport temporarily laid up in Quebec[18] under Lieutenant George Bignall, Barclay had no choice but to put out again and seek battle with Perry.
In the days preceding the battle, Perry told his friend, Purser Samuel Hambleton, that he wanted a signal flag, or battle flag, to signal to his fleet when to engage the enemy. Hambleton suggested using the dying words of Perry's friend Captain James Lawrence of the frigate USS Chesapeake, "Don't Give up the Ship". Hambleton had the flag sewn by women of Erie, and presented it to Perry the day before the battle. The flag would become an icon in American naval history.
Battle[edit]
Movements of the squadrons of Perry and Barclay on the morning of 10 September
On the morning of 10 September, the Americans saw Barclay's vessels heading for them, and got under way from their anchorage at Put-in-Bay. The wind was light. Barclay initially held the weather gauge, but the wind shifted and allowed Perry to close and attack. Both squadrons were in line of battle, with their heaviest vessels near the centre of the line.
The first shot was fired, from Detroit, at 11:45.[19] Perry hoped to get his two largest brigs, his flagship Lawrence and Niagara, into carronade range quickly, but in the light wind his vessels were making very little speed and Lawrence was battered by the assortment of long guns mounted in Detroit for at least 20 minutes before being able to reply effectively. When Lawrence was finally within carronade range at 12:45, her fire was not as effective as Perry hoped, her gunners apparently having overloaded the carronades with shot.[20]
Astern of Lawrence, Niagara, under Elliot, was slow to come into action and remained far out of effective carronade range. It is possible that Elliott was under orders to engage his opposite number, Queen Charlotte, and that Niagara was obstructed by Caledonia, but Elliot's actions would become a matter of dispute between him and Perry for many years. Aboard Queen Charlotte, the British ship opposed to Niagara, the commander (Robert Finnis) and First Lieutenant were both killed. The next most senior officer, Lieutenant Irvine of the Provincial Marine, found that both Niagara and the American gunboats were far out of range, and passed the brig General Hunter to engage Lawrence at close range.[20]
Although the American gunboats at the rear of the American line of battle steadily pounded the British ships in the centre of the action with raking shots from their long guns from a distance, Lawrence was reduced by the two British ships to a wreck. Four-fifths of Lawrence's crew were killed or wounded. Both of the fleet's surgeons were sick with lake fever,[21] so the wounded were taken care of by the assistant, Usher Parsons. When the last gun on Lawrence became unusable, Perry decided to transfer his flag. He was rowed a half mile (1 km) through heavy gunfire to Niagara while Lawrence was surrendered. (It was later alleged that he left Lawrence after the surrender, but Perry had actually taken down only his personal pennant, in blue bearing the motto, "Don't give up the ship".)
When Lawrence surrendered, firing died away briefly.[22] Detroit collided with Queen Charlotte, both ships being almost unmanageable with damaged rigging and almost every officer killed or severely wounded. Barclay was severely wounded and his first lieutenant was killed, leaving Lieutenant Inglis in command. Most of the smaller British vessels were also disabled and drifting to leeward.[23] The British nevertheless expected Niagara to lead the American schooners away in retreat.[24] Instead, once aboard Niagara, Perry dispatched Elliot to bring the schooners into closer action, while he steered Niagara at Barclay's damaged ships, helped by the strengthening wind.
Niagara broke through the British line ahead of Detroit and Queen Charlotte and luffed up to fire raking broadsides from ahead of them, while Caledonia and the American gunboats fired from astern. Although the crews of Detroit and Queen Charlotte managed to untangle the two ships[25] they could no longer offer any effective resistance. Both ships surrendered at about 3:00 pm. The smaller British vessels tried to flee but were overtaken and also surrendered.[26]
Although Perry won the battle on Niagara, he received the British surrender on the deck of the recaptured Lawrence to allow the British to see the terrible price his men had paid.
Casualties[edit]
The British lost 41 killed and 94 wounded. The surviving crews, including the wounded, numbered 306. Captain Barclay, who had previously lost his left arm in 1809, lost a leg and part of his thigh in the action while his remaining arm was rendered "permanently motionless". The Americans lost 27 killed and 96 wounded, of whom 2 later died.[27] The heaviest American casualties were suffered aboard Lawrence, which had 2 officers and 20 men killed, and 6 officers and 55 men wounded.[25]
Of the vessels involved, the three most battered (the American brig Lawrence and the British ships Detroit and Queen Charlotte) were converted into hospital ships. A gale swept the lake on 13 September and dismasted Detroit and Queen Charlotte, further shattering the already battered ships. Once the wounded had been ferried to Erie, Lawrence was restored to service for 1814, but the two British ships were effectively reduced to hulks.[28]
Aftermath[edit]
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Perry's vessels and prizes were anchored and hasty repairs were underway near West Sister Island when Perry composed his now famous message to Harrison. Scrawled in pencil on the back of an old envelope, Perry wrote:
Dear General:
We have met the enemy and they are ours. Two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one sloop.
Yours with great respect and esteem,
O.H. Perry[B]
Perry next sent the following message to the Secretary of the Navy, William Jones:
Brig Niagara, off the Western Sister,
Head of Lake Erie, September 10, 1813, 4 P.M.
Sir:- It has pleased the Almighty to give to the arms of the United States a signal victory over their enemies on this lake. The British squadron, consisting of two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one sloop, have this moment surrendered to the force under my command after a sharp conflict.
I have the honor to be, Sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
O. H. Perry
Once his usable vessels and prizes were patched up, Perry ferried 2,500 American soldiers to Amherstburg, which was captured without opposition on 27 September. Meanwhile, 1,000 mounted troops led by Richard Mentor Johnson moved by land to Detroit, which also was recaptured without fighting on or about the same day. The British army under Procter had made preparations to abandon its positions even before Procter knew the result of the battle. In spite of exhortations from Tecumseh, who led the confederation of Indian tribes allied to Britain, Procter had already abandoned Amherstburg and Detroit and began to retreat up the Thames River on 27 September. Lacking supplies, Tecumseh's Indians had no option but to accompany him. Harrison caught up with Procter's retreating force and defeated them on 5 October at the Battle of the Thames, where Tecumseh was killed, as was his second-in command and most experienced warrior, Wyandot Chief Roundhead.
The victory on Lake Erie had disproportionate strategic import.[30] The Americans controlled Lake Erie for the remainder of the war. This accounted for much of the Americans' successes on the Niagara peninsula in 1814 and also removed the threat of a British attack on Ohio, Pennsylvania, or Western New York.
However, an expedition in 1814 to recover Mackinac Island on Lake Huron failed, and the Americans lost eight of their smaller vessels and prizes. (Four were destroyed when the British captured Black Rock, where they were laid up, following the Battle of Buffalo at the end of 1813, and four were boarded and captured in separate incidents on Lake Erie and Lake Huron.)
After the war, there was a bitter quarrel between Perry and Elliot over their respective parts in the action, mostly fought at second hand in the press. On the British side, Barclay was exonerated of any blame by a court-martial but was too badly injured to see service again for several years.
Reconstructions and memorials[edit]
In 1820 Lawrence and Niagara were intentionally sunk near Misery Bay in Lake Erie, as they had "went to rot."[31] In 1875, Lawrence was raised and moved to Philadelphia, where she was displayed at the 1876 Centennial Exposition. Later that year, the ship burned when the pavilion that housed it caught fire. Although Niagara was raised and restored in 1913, she subsequently fell into disrepair. She was eventually disassembled, and portions of her were used in a reconstructed Niagara, which is now on view in Erie, Pennsylvania.
The 352-foot (107 m) high Perry Monument within Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial now stands at Put-in-Bay, commemorating the men who fought in the battle.
Another 101-foot (31 m) high Perry Monument is located at the eastern end of Presque Isle in Erie Pennsylvania. It stands next to Presque Isle Bay, where Niagara and Lawrence were built, stationed along with the rest of the American Squadron, and then scuttled after the war.
Reasons for the American victory[edit]
Most historians attribute the American victory to what Theodore Roosevelt described as, "Superior heavy metal".[32] Perry's leadership, particularly in the latter stages of the action, is also mentioned as a factor. The British historian C.S. Forester commented, "...it was as fortunate for the Americans that the Lawrence still possessed a boat that would float, as it was that Perry was not hit."[22]
On the British side, William Bell served as constructor and built Detroit, which was the best-built ship on the lake. However, Detroit was built slowly, in part due to Bell's perfectionism, and indeed it was the only purpose-built British warship constructed on Lake Erie during the war. The guns intended for Detroit were seized by the Americans at the time of their raid on Fort York the year before. This building imbalance, given the fact that six American ships were built in the same time frame, was another important cause of the American victory (although it might be argued that, even if Barclay had possessed more hulls, he would have been unable to obtain armament and crews for them).
The court-martial of Captain Barclay and his surviving officers determined that the Captain, his officers and men had "conducted themselves in the most gallant manner" and found that the defeat was the result of American superiority, an insufficient number of able seamen and the early fall of superior officers in the action.[33]
Order of battle[edit]
Listed in order of sailing:[C]
Navy
Name
Rig
Tonnage
Crew
Armament
Commander
Notes
Royal Navy Chippeway Schooner 70 tons burthen 15 1 × 9-pounder long gun Master's Mate J. Campbell captured
Detroit Ship 490 tons 150 1 × 18-pounder (on swivel)
2 × 24-pounder long guns
6 × 12-pounder long guns
8 × 9-pounder long guns
1 × 24-pounder carronade
1 × 18-pounder carronade Commander Robert Heriot Barclay captured
General Hunter Brig 180 tons 45 4 × 6-pounder long guns
2 × 4-pounder long guns
2 × 2-pounder long guns
2 × 12-pounder carronades Lieutenant George Bignall captured
Queen Charlotte Ship 400 tons 126 1 × 12-pounder long gun
2 × 9-pounder long guns
12 × 24-pounder carronades Commander Robert Finnis captured
Lady Prevost Schooner[2] 230 tons 86 1 × 9-pounder long gun
2 × 6-pounder long guns
10 × 12-pounder carronades Lieutenant Edward Buchan captured (lost rudder)
Little Belt Sloop 90 tons 18 1 × 12-pounder long gun
2 × 6-pounder long guns Lieutenant John F. Breman captured
Total 6 warships 1,460 tons 450 330 lb shot from long guns
474 lb shot from carronades
United States Navy Scorpion Schooner 86 tons 35 1 × 32-pounder long gun
1 × 32-pounder carronade Sailing Master Stephen Champlin Long gun dismounted (overcharged)
Ariel Schooner 112 tons 36 4 × 12-pounder long guns Lieutenant John H. Packet One gun exploded (overcharged)
Lawrence Brig 480 tons 136 2 × 12-pounder long guns
18 × 32-pounder carronades Master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry surrendered but recaptured
Caledonia Brig 180 tons 53 2 × 24-pounder long guns
1 × 32-pounder carronade Lieutenant Daniel Turner captured from British 9 October 1812
Niagara Brig 480 tons 155 2 × 12-pounder long guns
18 × 32-pounder carronades Master Commandant Jesse Elliott
Somers Schooner 94 tons 30 1 × 24-pounder long gun
1 × 32-pounder carronade Lieutenant A. H. M. Conklin
Porcupine Schooner 83 tons 25 1 × 32-pounder long gun Acting Master George Serrat
Tigress Schooner 82 tons 35 1 × 32-pounder long gun Sailing Master Thomas C. Abny
Trippe Sloop 60 tons 35 1 × 24-pounder long gun Lieutenant Thomas Holdup Stevens
Total 9 warships 1,657 tons 540 288 lb shot from long guns
1,248 lb shot from carronades
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Perry's younger brother James Alexander Perry is the seated figure waving the hat. Hannibal Collins, a freed slave, is one of the oarsman.[1]
Jump up ^ The British order of battle was actually two ships, one brig, two schooners and one sloop.[2] "Perry's message was inaccurate." [29]
Jump up ^ Vessel tonnages, rig and armament taken from Roosevelt (2004), pp. 144−145. Vessels' commanders from the same source, p. 146.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Copes 1994, p. 63.
^ Jump up to: a b c Roosevelt 2004, pp. 260−261.
Jump up ^ Elliott to Hamiliton, Oct. 9th, 1812 in Dudley (ed.), William S. The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History. 1. pp. 327–331. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Roosevelt 2004, p. 141.
^ Jump up to: a b Elting 1995, p. 90.
Jump up ^ Malcomson 1998, p. 74.
Jump up ^ Forester 2005, p. 136.
Jump up ^ Forester 2005, p. 143.
Jump up ^ Forester 2005, p. 137.
Jump up ^ Hitsman 1999, p. 166.
Jump up ^ Ernest A. Cruikshank, The Contest for Command of Lake Erie in 1812–13, in Zaslow 1964, p. 93.
Jump up ^ Ernest A. Cruikshank, The Contest for Command of Lake Erie, 1812–13, in Zaslow 1964, p. 90.
Jump up ^ C.P.Stacey, Another look at the Battle of Lake Erie, in Zaslow 1964, p. 108.
Jump up ^ Hitsman 1999, pp. 167–168.
Jump up ^ Forester 2005, p. 140.
Jump up ^ NapoleonSeries.org, "Ironsides on the Lake".
Jump up ^ Elting 1995, p. 96.
Jump up ^ Hitsman 1999, p. 170.
Jump up ^ Ernest A. Cruikshank, The Contest for Command of Lake Erie, 1812–13, in Zaslow 1964, p. 98
^ Jump up to: a b Roosevelt 2004, p. 147.
Jump up ^ Archaic Medical Terms English List L.
^ Jump up to: a b Forester 2005, p. 146.
Jump up ^ Ernest A. Cruikshank, The Contest for Command of Lake Erie, 1812–13, in Zaslow 1964, p. 100.
Jump up ^ Forester 2005, p. 147.
^ Jump up to: a b Earnest A. Cruickshank, The contest for the command of Lake Erie in 1812–1813 in Zaslow 1964, p. 102.
Jump up ^ Roosevelt 2004, p. 148.
Jump up ^ Roosevelt 2004, pp. 148–149.
Jump up ^ Benjamin J. Lossing (1869). "Field Book of the War of 1812". Retrieved 20 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Altoff (1999) Note 129, p. 97.
Jump up ^ Symonds, Craig L.; Clipson, William J. (2001). The Naval Institute historical atlas of the U.S. Navy. Naval Institute Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-55750-984-0.
Jump up ^ Hickey, Donald R. Don't Give Up The Ship, p. 355.
Jump up ^ Roosevelt 2004, p. 152.
Jump up ^ William James The Naval History of Great Britain, from the Declaration of War by Trace in 1793, to the Accession of George IV. Volume 6 Richard Bentley 1847 Page 252
References[edit]
Altoff, Gerard T. (1999). Oliver Hazard Perry and the Battle of Lake Erie. Put-in-Bay, OH: The Perry Group. ISBN 978-1887794039.
Copes, Jan M. (Fall 1994). "The Perry Family: A Newport Naval Dynasty of the Early Republic". Newport History: Bulletin of the Newport Historical Society. Newport, RI: Newport Historical Society. 66, Part 2 (227): 49–77.
"The Dobbins Papers." Severance, Frank H. ed. Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society v. 3 (Buffalo, New York: Buffalo Historical Society, 1905)
Elting, John R. (1995). Amateurs to Arms: A military history of the War of 1812. New York: Da Capo. ISBN 0-306-80653-3.
Emerson, George D. (Compiled by) (1912). The Perry's Victory Centenary – Report of The Perry's Victory Centennial Commission, State of New York. Albany: J. B. Lyon Company.
Forester, C.S. (2005). The Age of Fighting Sail: The Story of the Naval War of 1812. New English Library. ISBN 0-939218-06-2. ; Forester was a famous novelist but this is his history book
Hitsman, J. Mackay; Donald E. Graves (1999). The Incredible War of 1812. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. ISBN 1-896941-13-3.
Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1840–1914)(1905) Sea Power in Its Relation to the War of 1812 (2 vols.) (Boston: Little Brown) American Library Association.
Malcomson, Robert (1998). Lords of the Lake: The Naval War on Lake Ontario 1812–1814. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. ISBN 1-896941-08-7.
Miller, Arthur P.; Miller, Marjorie L. (2000). Pennsylvania Battlefields and Military Landmarks. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-2876-5.
Roosevelt, Theodore (2004). The Naval War of 1812. New York: The Modern Library. ISBN 0-375-75419-9.
Skaggs, David; Atloff, Gerard (1997). A Signal Victory: The Lake Erie Campaign, 1812–13. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-892-5.
Symonds, Craig (2005). Decision at Sea. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517145-4.
Zaslow, Morris (ed). (1964). The Defended Border: Upper Canada and the War of 1812. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada. ISBN 0-7705-1242-9.
Further reading[edit]
Axelrod, Alen; Phillips, Charles. The MacMillan Dictionary of Military Biography (New York: MacMillan, 1998.) p. 343.]
Bancroft, George, 1800–1891;Dyer, Oliver, 1824–1907. (1891) History of the battle of Lake Erie: and miscellaneous papers (New York : R. Bonner's sons) 292 pp. at American Library Association.
Barnes, James, 1866–1936 (1898) The hero of Erie (Oliver Hazard Perry) (microform) (1898) New York: D. Appleton and here for other formats.
Burges, Tristam (1770–1853) (1839) Battle of Lake Erie, with notices of Commodore Elliot's conduct in that engagement (Providence, Brown & Cady) at Internet Archive.
Conners, William James, 1857–; Emerson, George Douglas. (1916) The Perrys victory centenary. Report of the Perry’s victory centennial commission, state of New York (Albany, J. B. Lyon Company, Printers).
Cooper, James Fenimore (1846) Lives of Distinguished American Naval Officers Google Books and here for American Library Association.
Jesse D. Elliot, Address of Com. Jesse D. Elliot, U.S.N., Delivered in Washington County, Maryland, to His Early Companions at Their Request, on 24 November 1843 (Philadelphia: G. B. Zeiber & co., 1844).
Galbreath, Charles Burleigh (1858-1934): The Battle of Lake Erie in Ballad and History, Ohio Archæological and Historical Society Publications: Volume 20 [1911], pp. 415–456.
Hickey, Donald R. (1990) The War of 1812: The Forgotten Conflict Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. National Historical Society Book Prize and American Military Institute Best Book Award. ISBN 0-252-06059-8; ISBN 978-0-252-06059-5.
Hickey, Donald R. (2006) Don't Give Up the Ship! Myths of the War of 1812. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press) ISBN 0-252-03179-2.
Downloadable resources regarding Oliver Hazard Perry, American Library Association.
Langguth, A. J. (2006). Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-2618-6.
Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell, 1803–1848. (1915) Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry : famous American naval hero, victor of the battle of Lake Erie, his life and achievements (Akron, Ohio: Superior Printing Co.)
Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell, 1803–1848 (1840) The life of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry. (New York, Harper) Volume 1, Volume 2.
Niles, John Milton (Bedford, Mass.: Applewood Books, 1830) The Life of Oliver Hazard Perry.
Reid, George. (1913) Perry at Erie:how Captain Dobbins, Benjamin Fleming and others assisted him. (Erie, Pennsylvania: Journal publishing company).
Skaggs, David Curtis. (October 2006) Oliver Hazard Perry: honor, courage, and patriotism in the early U.S. Navy. Annapolis, Maryland:Naval Institute Press, 302 pp. ISBN 978-1-59114-792-3; ISBN 1-59114-792-1.
Skaggs, David Curtis. Perry Triumphant (April 2009 Volume 23, Number 2) Naval History Magazine United States Naval Institute.
James T. White (1895) p. 288. National Cyclopaedia of American Biography.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Lake Erie.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Battle of Lake Erie
"Log of the Battle of Lake Erie" by Sailing Master William Taylor
US Brig Niagara
Barclay's court martial records and correspondence
Battle of Lake Erie Historical Sources
Animated history of the Battle of Lake Erie
"Erie, Lake, Battle of". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
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text:
Australian Federal Police
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Australian Federal Police
Abbreviation
AFP
Agency overview
Formed
1979; 39 years ago (1979)
Preceding agencies
Commonwealth Police
Australian Capital Territory Police
Australian Protective Service
Federal Bureau of Narcotics
Employees
6,300 (May 2018)[1]
Volunteers
Small numbers for non-operations related activity.
Annual budget
A$1.75 billion (2017–18)[1]
Jurisdictional structure
Federal agency
Australia
Operations jurisdiction
Australia
Constituting instrument
Australian Federal Police Act 1979
General nature
• Federal law enforcement• Local civilian agency
Headquarters
Edmund Barton Building, Canberra

Sworn members
4,009 (December 2017)[2]
Unsworn members
2,489 (December 2017)[2]
Minister responsible
Peter Dutton, Minister for Home Affairs
Agency executive
Andrew Colvin, Commissioner
Functions
11[show]
Counter Terrorism
Protection Operations
Organised Crime and Cyber
Crime Operations
International Operations
Border Investigations
Technology and Innovation
Specialist Operations
Support Capability
Australian Institute of Police Management
ACT Policing
Offices
9[show]
Adelaide Office
Brisbane Office
Darwin Office
Hobart Office
Melbourne Office
Perth Office
Sydney Office
Winchester Centre, ACT
Website
https://www.afp.gov.au
The Australian Federal Police, while a federal agency, provides policing to dependent Australian on and offshore Commonwealth Territories.
Former Australian Federal Police Headquarters
The Australian Federal Police (AFP) is the principal federal law enforcement agency of the Australian Government with the unique role of investigating crime and to protect the national security of the Commonwealth of Australia. The AFP is an independent agency of the Department of Home Affairs and is responsible to the Minister for Home Affairs and accountable to the Parliament of Australia.[3] Since October 2014 the Commissioner of the Australian Federal Police has been Andrew Colvin.[4]
The AFP has a focus on preventing, investigating and disrupting transnational, serious, complex and organised crime including terrorism and violent extremism, cybercrime, child exploitation, drug smuggling, and human trafficking. The AFP is also responsible for delivering community policing in the Australian Capital Territory through ACT Policing and to other dependent territories, providing protective security in major airports and close protection for dignities including the Prime Minister of Australia and foreign diplomatic missions, delivering law enforcement training for Asia-Pacific partner agencies, acting as Australia's international law enforcement and policing representative, and contributing to United Nations peacekeeping around the world. The AFP is also a member of the National Intelligence Community and works closely with the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation, the Australian Border Force, and the Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission.
Contents
1 History
2 Oversight
3 Roles and functions
3.1 National operations
3.2 Community policing
3.3 Uniform Protection
3.4 International peacekeeping
3.5 Ceremonial and Protocol
3.6 International liaison
4 Structure
4.1 Joint Counter Terrorism Teams
4.2 Australian Bomb Data Centre
4.3 Australian High Tech Crime Centre
4.4 Australian Federal Police College
5 Commissioners
6 Ranks
7 Criticisms
7.1 Haneef Affair
7.2 Martens Conviction
7.3 The Bali Nine
7.4 Harun Causevic
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
The AFP was formed on 19 October 1979 under the Australian Federal Police Act 1979[5] after the merging of the former Commonwealth Police and the Australian Capital Territory Police. This followed a review of Australia's anti-terrorism capacity by Sir Robert Mark, former Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police in the UK, which was commissioned by the Fraser Government following the 1978 Hilton bombing. In November 1979, the Federal Narcotics Bureau was transferred to the new agency.[6] In 1984 the protective service component of the AFP was separated forming the Australian Protective Service under the administrative service and later governed by Attorney-General's Department; that agency was transferred back to the AFP in 2004 and is now known as Australian Federal Police Uniform Protection.
Oversight[edit]
The AFP is overseen by the Australian Commission for Law Enforcement Integrity and the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Law Enforcement.[citation needed]
Roles and functions[edit]
The AFP's role is to enforce Australian criminal law, contribute to combating complex, transnational, serious and organised crime impacting Australia's national security and to protect Commonwealth interests from criminal activity in Australia and overseas.
The AFP is responsible to the Minister for Home Affairs, a ministerial position outside the federal cabinet and subordinate to the Attorney-General. Key priorities of the AFP are set by the Minister for Home Affairs, through a "ministerial direction" issued under the Australian Federal Police Act 1979.[7] Areas of operational emphasis include:
investigating complex, transnational, serious and organised crime
protecting Australians and Australian interests from terrorism and violent extremism
representing Australian police and law enforcement on an international level
developing unique capabilities and exploiting advanced technology to support Australia's national interests.
Continued responsibilities include providing:
community policing services under contracted arrangement, to the Australian Capital Territory and territories of Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Norfolk Island and Jervis Bay Territory.
a national protection capability to ensure the protection of specific individuals, establishments and events identified by the Australian Government as being at risk.
a national counter-terrorism first response capability focused on aviation security and protection of critical infrastructure.
National operations[edit]
Federal agents are based in each Australian state and territory capital city, internationally and form the largest component of the AFP staff, federal agents chiefly perform criminal investigative duties.
Current areas of focus for the AFP:
Illicit drug trafficking
Organised people smuggling;
Human Trafficking, including sexual servitude and human exploitation;
Serious major fraud against the government
High-tech crime involving information technology and communications
Prevention, countering and investigation of terrorism
Transnational and multi-jurisdictional crime
Money laundering
Organised crime
The AFP hosts a National Missing Persons Coordination Unit, the Australian Interpol National Central Bureau, and the Australian Bomb Data Centre.
Members of the AFP outside the ACT and other federal territory do not exercise the powers, obligations and liabilities of a constable at common law. Consequently, they are identified by each state as federal agents; that is, a member of a law enforcement agency, not a police service.
Assault rifle-armed AFP officers are situated in both chambers of the Australian Parliament as of 2015. It is the first time in Australian history that parliament has been guarded by armed personnel.[8]
Community policing[edit]
Main article: ACT Policing
A traffic operations vehicle, with traffic operations and other officers in ceremonial dress at the 2008 national Anzac Day service at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra.
The AFP provides community policing services to the ACT, under a contractual agreement between the Australian Government and the ACT government. This AFP portfolio, ACT Policing, is the successor of the ACT Police, one of the agencies that was merged to form the AFP in 1979. The mission of ACT Policing is to keep the peace and preserve public safety for the residents of the ACT. Key sections of ACT Policing include general duties, crime and safety management, criminal investigations, crime prevention, traffic operations and criminal intelligence. The head of ACT Policing is known as the chief police officer of the ACT.
The AFP provides community policing and counter terrorism first response duties at major Australian airports, and community policing in the Jervis Bay territory and in the external Australian territories of Norfolk Island, Christmas Island, and the Cocos Islands. The AFP provides a mix of United Nations peacekeeping, community policing and capacity development roles and services in a number of nations.[citation needed]
Uniform Protection[edit]
AFP providing uniform protection outside the Swedish Embassy in Canberra, Australia
AFP uniform protection provides physical protection for the Australian government at key locations throughout Australia and internationally. Uniform protection officers are firearms and defensive tactics trained, and perform duties which include armed escorts, bomb appraisals, bomb detection canines, visitor control, static guarding, alarm monitoring and response, mobile, foot and bicycle patrols, maintain civil order, security consultancy services, counter-terrorism first response at many Commonwealth establishments. Uniform protection officers have powers under Section 14 of the AFP Act 1979 to arrest, stop, search, and request identification in their jurisdiction. Uniform protection officers undertake an essential role in protecting Australia's critical infrastructure and assist in providing protection for Australian high office holders, diplomatic, consular personnel and other foreign nationals.
Uniform protection officers providing an armed uniform capability are located at federal establishments including Parliament House in Canberra; the residences of the prime minister and governor-general; foreign embassies and consulates in Canberra, Sydney, Melbourne and Perth; the Australian Nuclear Scientific Technology Organisation installation, Joint defence facilities such as the Australian Defence Force Headquarters in Canberra, Holsworthy Barracks, Garden Island Naval Base, Victoria Barracks, the Pine Gap US defence installation, and sensitive covert locations in Australia and internationally.
International peacekeeping[edit]
Since its inception, the AFP has had a long tradition of involvement in international peacekeeping, policing and capacity development. International Deployment Group (IDG) is an AFP portfolio that has increased rapidly in a short time since its inception in 2004. Since 1964, Australia has contributed police officers to the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus. AFP officers have also previously served with the United Nations in East Timor (Timor Leste) and South Sudan.
In recent years, Australian government efforts to assist neighbouring and remote countries with institutional capacity building has led to AFP deployments to Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands (Under the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands), Timor-Leste (Under the Timor-Leste Police Development Program TLPDP), Nauru, Tonga, Vanuatu, Afghanistan, Samoa and Vanuatu. Previous peacekeeping missions have included Haiti, Mozambique, Thailand, Namibia, and Somalia.
IDG uses the Specialist Response Group for particular medium and high risk planned operations or emergency incidents in addition to assisting with capacity building and force protection operations.
Ceremonial and Protocol[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The AFP Ceremonial Team conducts and participates in a variety of police and community functions and ceremonies.
Ceremonial events include the annual National Police Remembrance Day Service at the National Police Memorial in Canberra on 29 September, medal presentations, parades, police funerals, memorial services, official opening of police stations and policing facilities, AFP pipes and drums concerts, inauguration events and public relations events
The Ceremonial Team coordinates the AFP Ceremonial and Protocol Officer (CAPO) Network, the AFP Ceremonial Mounted Cadre and the AFP Pipes and Drums to perform ceremonial duties at these functions and ceremonies.
The AFP Ceremonial Mounted Cadre was raised on 29 September 2006 at the dedication of the National Police Memorial. The ceremonial uniform comprises linkages to former mounted policing units of the AFP's predecessor organisations, namely the Commonwealth Police and the Peace Officer guard, as well as mounted policing units from the NSW Police Force which patrolled the geographic area of the ACT.
The AFP Ceremonial and Protocol team currently provide drill instructor accreditation for both the AFP and the NSW Police Force, and ceremonial and protocol officer accreditation for all of Australia's policing jurisdictions.
International liaison[edit]
The AFP has an international network to assist with inquiries and liaison with police agencies around the world. The AFP represents Australian state/ territory police agencies internationally. AFP's International Liaison Officer Network has 85 AFP appointees in 30 countries around the world. AFP International Liaison Officers are the Australian Government's law enforcement representatives overseas.[9]
Structure[edit]
Joint Counter Terrorism Teams[edit]
The Joint Counter Terrorism Teams (JCTTs) in each state and territory jurisdiction consisting of AFP, state and territory police, and Australian Security Intelligence Organisation officers. JCTTs conduct investigations to prevent and disrupt terrorism and violent extremism. The JCTT model can be seen as the Australian version of the United States' Joint Terrorism Task Force, Canada's Integrated National Security Enforcement Teams, and the United Kingdom's National Counter Terrorism Policing Network.[10]
The National Disruption Group (NDG) is an AFP-led interagency team which consolidates the capabilities of participating agencies to prevent, disrupt and prosecute Australian nationals who travel or intend to travel offshore to engage in hostilities and/or undertake terrorism training and support to terrorist entities. The NDG brings together the AFP and its partner agencies to coordinate operational disruption activities nationally and internationally with the aim of countering the enduring threat posed by foreign fighters.[11][12]
Australian Bomb Data Centre[edit]
The Australian Bomb Data Centre (ABDC) is Australia's primary source of information and intelligence relating to the unlawful use of explosives. The ABDC officially began operations on 1 July 1978, and it is therefore one of the oldest bomb data centres in the world. The ABDC provides statistical reporting on all explosive incidents reported to the Centre by Australian policing and military agencies. This includes any minor incidents or acts of vandalism reported by the relevant agency. The ABDC is concerned both with criminals who use explosives for their own benefit and with those who use explosives and bombs for terrorism. It maintains records of all bomb-related incidents reported to it, regardless of design, target or motive. The ABDC is staffed by members of the AFP as well as members of the Australian Defence Force.[13][14]
Australian High Tech Crime Centre[edit]
The Australian High Tech Crime Centre (AHTCC) is a national cybercrime and cybersecurity initiative located within the AFP with staff also from the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation and Australian Signals Directorate. The primary role of the AHTCC is to coordinate the efforts of Australian law enforcement in combating serious, complex and multi-jurisdictional high tech crimes, especially those beyond the capability of single policing jurisdictions in Australia. Secondary roles include protecting the information infrastructure of Australia, and providing information to other law enforcement to help combat online crime.[citation needed]
Australian Federal Police College[edit]
The Australian Federal Police College is the training facility for the force. The college's residential area was home to then Prime Minister Tony Abbott when he was in Canberra as the Lodge was undergoing renovations.[15]
Commissioners[edit]
The senior AFP officer is the Commissioner of Police, appointed under Section 17 of the Australian Federal Police Act 1979.
Rank
Name
Post-nominals
Term began
Term ended
Time in appointment
Commissioner of the AFP
Commissioner Sir Colin Woods KCVO, CBE, QPM 1 August 1979 1 January 1982 7002805000000000000♠2 years, 74 days
Commissioner (Major General) Ronald Grey AO, DSO 1 January 1982 30 November 1988 7003252500000000000♠6 years, 334 days
Commissioner Peter McAulay AO, QPM 30 November 1988 1 June 1994 7003200900000000000♠5 years, 183 days
Commissioner Michael Palmer AO, APM 1 June 1994 2 April 2001 7003252700000000000♠6 years, 335 days
Commissioner Mick Keelty AO, APM 2 April 2001 2 September 2009 7003304500000000000♠8 years, 123 days
Commissioner Tony Negus APM 7 September 2009 30 September 2014 7003184900000000000♠5 years, 23 days
Commissioner Andrew Colvin APM, OAM 30 September 2014 Incumbent
7003148900000000000♠4 years, 28 days
Ranks[edit]
AFP members performing duties in ACT Policing, External Territories, Aviation, International Deployment Group (mission component) use uniform and community policing ranks. All other members use the title Federal Agent. Where applicable qualified members are also entitled to use Detective designation.
AFP Commissioner's Order 1 (Administration) states that every AFP Member holds a rank (as detailed below), with the corresponding title and role adopted.
Uniform and Community Policing Rank/Title
Broadband Rank
Role
National Operations Title
Constable/First Class Constable/Senior Constable/Leading Senior Constable Constable Team Member Federal Agent, Team Member
Sergeant/Senior Sergeant Sergeant Team Leader Federal Agent, Team Leader
Superintendent Superintendent Coordinator Federal Agent, Coordinator
Commander Commander Manager Commander, Manager
Assistant Commissioner Assistant Commissioner National Manager Assistant Commissioner, National Manager
Deputy Commissioner Deputy Commissioner Deputy Commissioner Deputy Commissioner
Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner
First Class Constable is a reflection of four years of service as a Member. Detective Leading Senior Constable is a reflection of at least six years of service as a Member and detective superintendent is at least 15 to 20 years of service
Criticisms[edit]
Haneef Affair[edit]
On 2 July 2007 Muhamed Haneef was arrested and held by the AFP for terror-related incidents. It was the longest detention without charge under recent anti-terror laws and was found to be unjustified.
Martens Conviction[edit]
In October 2006 a Cairns jury convicted pilot Frederic Arthur Martens under sex tourism laws of having intercourse with a 14-year-old girl in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. However, Martins was not in Port Moresby at the time, and flight records could prove this. The AFP refused to retrieve those records despite numerous requests, and Martins could not retrieve them as he was in jail. When the records were eventually retrieved by Martins' partner the convictions were quashed, with strong criticism of the AFP by Justice Chesterman. The AFP also froze all of Martin's funds while he was in custody, which prevented treatment for his daughter in Port Moresby who died as a result.[16]
The Bali Nine[edit]
The AFP were contacted by a member of the Bali Nine drug courier gang's father, and they said they would keep a watch on him. They could not stop them traveling to Indonesia to smuggle drugs. Instead, they contacted the Indonesian Police which led to their arrest in Indonesia rather than when returning to Australia. The leaders of the gang Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran were executed on 29 April 2015. [17]
Harun Causevic[edit]
Over 200 heavily armed police conducted raids at 3am at various houses in Victoria on 19 April 2015, and then held Harun Causevic on a Preventative Detention Order (PDO), before charging him with terrorist offences.[18] Victorian premier Daniel Andrews said this was the first time a PDO had been used, and validated their importance.[19]
However, after Causevic spent three months in jail awaiting trial the federal police decided to drop the terrorism charges. [20] Causevic's defense lawyer, Rob Stary, said there was never any real evidence against Causevic, and that this eroded confidence in the authorities. He was also critical of the earlier "grandstanding" of Prime Minister Tony Abbott and Premier Daniel Andrews. [21]
See also[edit]
AFP (TV series)
Australian Protective Service
List of Australian Federal Police killed in the line of duty
Specialist Response Group (AFP's Police Tactical Group)
Commonwealth Police
Australian Capital Territory Police
Australian Federal Police Association
Crime in Australia
Terrorism in Australia
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Australian Federal Police Budget Statement 2018-19" (PDF). Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "AFP Staff Statistics". Retrieved 21 September 2018.
Jump up ^ Agency, Digital Transformation. "Home Affairs | australia.gov.au". www.australia.gov.au. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
Jump up ^ Negus to be sworn in as top cop, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 7 September 2009.
Jump up ^ AFP governance framework Archived 29 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ National Archives of Australia, Documenting a Democracy, Australian Government, archived from the original on 16 July 2005
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-01. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
Jump up ^ Massola, James (9 February 2015). "Armed guards now stationed to protect Australian MPs and senators in both chambers of Federal Parliament". smh.com.au. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "International network". www.afp.gov.au. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-12-28. Retrieved 2015-01-02. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) AFP fighting terrorism information
Jump up ^ Fighting terrorism ► National efforts Australian Federal Police
Jump up ^ AFP plan to disrupt, divert The Point Magazine
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-01-02. Retrieved 2015-01-02. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) Australian Bomb Data Centre
Jump up ^ [1] Australian Federal Police Australian Bomb Data Centre 2011 Strategic Intelligence Report, Annual Statistics Report, and Five Year Summary
Jump up ^ Hurst, Daniel. "Tony Abbott opts for modest lodgings". smh.com.au. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "AFP blasted over rape evidence". theaustralian.com.au. 13 November 2009. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bali nine executions: AFP defends its role in arrests".
Jump up ^ "Victorian police granted order to hold man without charge following Melbourne raids".
Jump up ^ Alcorn, Gay (20 April 2015). "Victoria police defend force used during terrorist raids despite claims of injury". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Federal police drop Anzac Day terrorism charges against Harun Causevic".
Jump up ^ "'Terrible injustice': Lawyer calls for apology for teen terror accused Harun Causevic".
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