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Period (periodic table)
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For comparison, see Group (periodic table).
In the periodic table of the elements, each numbered row is a period.
A period in the periodic table is a horizontal row. All elements in a row have the same number of electron shells. Each next element in a period has one more proton and is less metallic than its predecessor. Arranged this way, groups of elements in the same column have similar chemical and physical properties, reflecting the periodic law. For example, the alkali metals lie in the first column (group 1) and share similar properties, such as high reactivity and the tendency to lose one electron to arrive at a noble-gas electronic configuration. As of 2016, a total of 118 elements have been discovered and confirmed.
The Madelung energy ordering rule describes the order in which orbitals are arranged by increasing energy according to the Madelung rule. Each diagonal corresponds to a different value of n + l.
Modern quantum mechanics explains these periodic trends in properties in terms of electron shells. As atomic number increases, shells fill with electrons in approximately the order shown at right. The filling of each shell corresponds to a row in the table.
In the s-block and p-block of the periodic table, elements within the same period generally do not exhibit trends and similarities in properties (vertical trends down groups are more significant). However, in the d-block, trends across periods become significant, and in the f-block elements show a high degree of similarity across periods.
Contents
1 Periods
1.1 Period 1
1.2 Period 2
1.3 Period 3
1.4 Period 4
1.5 Period 5
1.6 Period 6
1.7 Period 7
1.8 Period 8
2 See also
3 References
Periods[edit]
Seven periods of elements occur naturally on Earth. For period 8, which includes elements which may be synthesized after 2016, see the extended periodic table.
A group in chemistry means a family of objects with similarities like different families. There are 7 periods, going horizontally across the periodic table.
Period 1[edit]
Group
1
18
Atomic #
Name
1
H 2
He
The first period contains the least elements than any other, with only two, hydrogen and helium. They therefore do not follow the octet rule. Chemically, helium behaves like a noble gas, and thus is taken to be part of the group 18 elements. However, in terms of its nuclear structure it belongs to the s block, and is therefore sometimes classified as a group 2 element, or simultaneously both 2 and 18. Hydrogen readily loses and gains an electron, and so behaves chemically as both a group 1 and a group 17 element.
Hydrogen (H) is the most abundant of the chemical elements, constituting roughly 75% of the universe's elemental mass.[1] Ionized hydrogen is just a proton. Stars in the main sequence are mainly composed of hydrogen in its plasma state. Elemental hydrogen is relatively rare on Earth, and is industrially produced from hydrocarbons such as methane. Hydrogen can form compounds with most elements and is present in water and most organic compounds.[2]
Helium (He) exists only as a gas except in extreme conditions.[3] It is the second-lightest element and is the second-most abundant in the universe.[4] Most helium was formed during the Big Bang, but new helium is created through nuclear fusion of hydrogen in stars.[5] On Earth, helium is relatively rare, only occurring as a byproduct of the natural decay of some radioactive elements.[6] Such 'radiogenic' helium is trapped within natural gas in concentrations of up to seven percent by volume.[7]
Period 2[edit]
Group
1
2
13
14
15
16
17
18
Atomic #
Name
3
Li 4
Be 5
B 6
C 7
N 8
O 9
F 10
Ne
Period 2 elements involve the 2s and 2p orbitals. They include the biologically most essential elements besides hydrogen: carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.
Lithium (Li) is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element.[8] In its non-ionized state it is one of the most reactive elements, and so is only ever found naturally in compounds. It is the heaviest primordial element forged in large quantities during the Big Bang.
Beryllium (Be) has one of the highest melting points of all the light metals. Small amounts of beryllium were synthesised during the Big Bang, although most of it decayed or reacted further within stars to create larger nuclei, like carbon, nitrogen or oxygen. Beryllium is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a group 1 carcinogen.[9] Between 1% and 15% of people are sensitive to beryllium and may develop an inflammatory reaction in their respiratory system and skin, called chronic beryllium disease.[10]
Boron (B) does not occur naturally as a free element, but in compounds such as borates. It is an essential plant micronutrient, required for cell wall strength and development, cell division, seed and fruit development, sugar transport and hormone development,[11][12] though high levels are toxic.
Carbon (C) is the fourth-most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium and oxygen[13] and is the second-most abundant element in the human body by mass after oxygen,[14] the third-most abundant by number of atoms.[15] There are an almost infinite number of compounds that contain carbon due to carbon's ability to form long stable chains of C—C bonds.[16][17] All organic compounds, those essential for life, contain at least one atom of carbon;[16][17] combined with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, carbon is the basis of every important biological compound.[17]
Nitrogen (N) is found mainly as mostly inert diatomic gas, N2, which makes up 78% of the Earth's atmosphere by volume. It is an essential component of proteins and therefore of life.
Oxygen (O) comprising 21% of the atmosphere by volume and is required for respiration by all (or nearly all) animals, as well as being the principal component of water. Oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, and oxygen compounds dominate the Earth's crust.
Fluorine (F) is the most reactive element in its non-ionized state, and so is never found that way in nature.
Neon (Ne) is a noble gas used in neon lighting.
Period 3[edit]
Group
1
2
13
14
15
16
17
18
Atomic #
Name
11
Na 12
Mg 13
Al 14
Si 15
P 16
S 17
Cl 18
Ar
All period three elements occur in nature and have at least one stable isotope. All but the noble gas argon are essential to basic geology and biology.
Sodium (Na) is an alkali metal. It is present in Earth's oceans in large quantities in the form of sodium chloride (table salt).
Magnesium (Mg) is an alkaline earth metal. Magnesium ions are found in chlorophyll.
Aluminium (Al) is a post-transition metal. It is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust.
Silicon (Si) is a metalloid. It is a semiconductor, making it the principal component in many integrated circuits. Silicon dioxide is the principal constituent of sand. As Carbon is to Biology, Silicon is to Geology.
Phosphorus (P) is a nonmetal essential to DNA. It is highly reactive, and as such is never found in nature as a free element.
Sulfur (S) is a nonmetal. It is found in two amino acids: cysteine and methionine.
Chlorine (Cl) is a halogen. It is used as a disinfectant, especially in swimming pools.
Argon (Ar) is a noble gas, making it almost entirely nonreactive. Incandescent lamps are often filled with noble gases such as argon in order to preserve the filaments at high temperatures.
Period 4[edit]
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Atomic #
Name
19
K 20
Ca 21
Sc 22
Ti 23
V 24
Cr 25
Mn 26
Fe 27
Co 28
Ni 29
Cu 30
Zn 31
Ga 32
Ge 33
As 34
Se 35
Br 36
Kr
From left to right: aqueous solutions of: Co(NO3)2 (red); K2Cr2O7 (orange); K2CrO4 (yellow); NiCl2 (green); CuSO4 (blue); KMnO4 (purple).
Period 4 includes the biologically essential elements potassium and calcium, and is the first period in the d-block with the lighter transition metals. These include iron, the heaviest element forged in main-sequence stars and a principal component of the Earth, as well as other important metals such as cobalt, nickel, and copper. Almost all have biological roles.
Completing the fourth period are the post-transition metals zinc and gallium, the metalloids germanium and arsenic, and the nonmetals selenium, bromine, and krypton.
Period 5[edit]
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Atomic #
Name
37
Rb 38
Sr 39
Y 40
Zr 41
Nb 42
Mo 43
Tc 44
Ru 45
Rh 46
Pd 47
Ag 48
Cd 49
In 50
Sn 51
Sb 52
Te 53
I 54
Xe
Period 5 has the same number of elements as period 4 and follows the same general structure but with one more post transition metal and one fewer nonmetal. Of the three heaviest elements with biological roles, two (molybdenum and iodine) are in this period; tungsten, in period 6, is heavier, along with several of the early lanthanides. Period 5 also includes technetium, the lightest exclusively radioactive element.
Period 6[edit]
Group
1
2
3 (Lanthanides)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Atomic #
Name
55
Cs 56
Ba 57
La 58
Ce 59
Pr 60
Nd 61
Pm 62
Sm 63
Eu 64
Gd 65
Tb 66
Dy 67
Ho 68
Er 69
Tm 70
Yb 71
Lu 72
Hf 73
Ta 74
W 75
Re 76
Os 77
Ir 78
Pt 79
Au 80
Hg 81
Tl 82
Pb 83
Bi 84
Po 85
At 86
Rn
Period 6 is the first period to include the f-block, with the lanthanides (also known as the rare earth elements), and includes the heaviest stable elements. Many of these heavy metals are toxic and some are radioactive, but platinum and gold are largely inert.
Period 7[edit]
Group
1
2
3 (Actinides)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Atomic #
Name
87
Fr 88
Ra 89
Ac 90
Th 91
Pa 92
U 93
Np 94
Pu 95
Am 96
Cm 97
Bk 98
Cf 99
Es 100
Fm 101
Md 102
No 103
Lr 104
Rf 105
Db 106
Sg 107
Bh 108
Hs 109
Mt 110
Ds 111
Rg 112
Cn 113
Nh 114
Fl 115
Mc 116
Lv 117
Ts 118
Og
All elements of period 7 are radioactive. This period contains the heaviest element which occurs naturally on Earth, plutonium. All of the subsequent elements in the period have been synthesized artificially. Whilst five of these (from americium to einsteinium) are now available in macroscopic quantities, most are extremely rare, having only been prepared in microgram amounts or less. Some of the later elements have only ever been identified in laboratories in quantities of a few atoms at a time.
Although the rarity of many of these elements means that experimental results are not very extensive, periodic and group trends in behaviour appear to be less well defined for period 7 than for other periods. Whilst francium and radium do show typical properties of groups 1 and 2, respectively, the actinides display a much greater variety of behaviour and oxidation states than the lanthanides. These peculiarities of period 7 may be due to a variety of factors, including a large degree of spin-orbit coupling and relativistic effects, ultimately caused by the very high positive electrical charge from their massive atomic nuclei.
Period 8[edit]
Main article: Extended periodic table
No element of the eighth period has yet been synthesized. A g-block is predicted. It is not clear if all elements predicted for the eighth period are in fact physically possible. There may therefore be no eighth period.
Legend for the background color
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Background color shows subcategory in the metal–metalloid–nonmetal trend:
Metal Metalloid Nonmetal Unknown
chemical
properties
Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post-transition metal Reactive nonmetal Noble gas
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See also[edit]
Group (periodic table)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Palmer, David (November 13, 1997). "Hydrogen in the Universe". NASA. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
Jump up ^ "hydrogen". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Jump up ^ "Helium: physical properties". WebElements. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
Jump up ^ "Helium: geological information". WebElements. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
Jump up ^ Cox, Tony (1990-02-03). "Origin of the chemical elements". New Scientist. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
Jump up ^ "Helium supply deflated: production shortages mean some industries and partygoers must squeak by". Houston Chronicle. 2006-11-05.
Jump up ^ Brown, David (2008-02-02). "Helium a New Target in New Mexico". American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
Jump up ^ Lithium at WebElements.
Jump up ^ "IARC Monograph, Volume 58". International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1993. Retrieved 2008-09-18.
Jump up ^ Information about chronic beryllium disease.
Jump up ^ "Functions of Boron in Plant Nutrition" (PDF). U.S. Borax Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-20.
Jump up ^ Blevins, Dale G.; Lukaszewski, Krystyna M. (1998). "Functions of Boron in Plant Nutrition". Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 49: 481–500. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.49.1.481. PMID 15012243.
Jump up ^ Ten most abundant elements in the universe, taken from The Top 10 of Everything, 2006, Russell Ash, page 10. Retrieved October 15, 2008. Archived February 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Chang, Raymond (2007). Chemistry, Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill. p. 52. ISBN 0-07-110595-6.
Jump up ^ Freitas Jr., Robert A. (1999). Nanomedicine. Landes Bioscience. Tables 3-1 & 3-2. ISBN 1-57059-680-8.
^ Jump up to: a b "Structure and Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons". Purdue University. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
^ Jump up to: a b c Alberts, Bruce; Alexander Johnson; Julian Lewis; Martin Raff; Keith Roberts; Peter Walter. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Science.
show
v
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e
Periodic table
Periodic table forms
Standard
18-column
18-column, detailed cells
32-column, detailed cells
Alternative
Alternatives
Janet's left step table
Extended
Extension beyond the 7th period
Aufbau
Fricke
Pyykkö
Sets of elements
By periodic table structure
Groups
1 (Alkali metals)
2 (Alkaline earth metals)
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15 (Pnictogens)
16 (Chalcogens)
17 (Halogens)
18 (Noble gases)
Periods
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8+
Aufbau
Fricke
Pyykkö
Blocks
s-block
p-block
d-block
f-block
g-block
Aufbau principle
By metallicity
Metals
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Lanthanides
Actinides
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Post-transition metals
Metalloids
Lists of metalloids by source
Dividing line
Nonmetals
Reactive nonmetals
Noble gases
Other sets
Nutritional elements
Platinum-group metals (PGM)
Rare-earth elements
Refractory metals
Precious metals
Coinage metals
Noble metal
Heavy metals
Native metals
Transuranium elements
Transactinide elements
Major actinides
Minor actinides
Elements
Lists
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Atomic properties
Nuclear stability
Production
Symbol
Properties
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Electron affinity
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Pauling
Goldschmidt classification
Maximum valence
Data pages
Abundance
Atomic radius
Boiling point
Critical point
Density
Elasticity
Electrical resistivity
Electron affinity
Electron configuration
Electronegativity
Hardness
Heat capacity
Heat of fusion
Heat of vaporization
Ionization energy
Melting point
Oxidation state
Speed of sound
Thermal conductivity
Thermal expansion coefficient
Vapor pressure
History
Element discoveries
Mendeleev's predictions
Naming
etymology
controversies
for places
for people
in East Asia
See also
IUPAC
nomenclature
systematic element name
Trivial name
Dmitri Mendeleev
Book
Category
Chemistry Portal
hide
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Periodic table (Large cells)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1
H He
2
Li Be B C N O F Ne
3
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
4
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
5
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6
Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
7
Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post-transition metal Metalloid Reactive nonmetal Noble gas Unknown
chemical
properties
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Vikings (TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the 2012 BBC documentary series, see Vikings (TV documentary series).
It has been requested that the title of this article be changed to Vikings (2013 TV series). Please see the relevant discussion on the discussion page. Do not move the page until the discussion has reached consensus for the change and is closed.
Vikings
Genre
Historical period drama
Action-adventure
Created by
Michael Hirst
Written by
Michael Hirst
Starring
Travis Fimmel
Katheryn Winnick
Clive Standen
Jessalyn Gilsig
Gustaf Skarsgård
George Blagden
Gabriel Byrne
Alyssa Sutherland
Donal Logue
Alexander Ludwig
Linus Roache
Ben Robson
Kevin Durand
Lothaire Bluteau
John Kavanagh
Peter Franzén
Jasper Pääkkönen
Moe Dunford
Alex Høgh
Marco Ilsø
David Lindström
Jordan Patrick Smith
Jonathan Rhys Meyers
Opening theme
"If I Had a Heart"
by Fever Ray
Composer(s)
Trevor Morris
Country of origin
Canada
Ireland
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
5
No. of episodes
53 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Morgan O'Sullivan
Sheila Hockin
Sherry Marsh
Alan Gasmer
James Flynn
John Weber
Michael Hirst
Producer(s)
Steve Wakefield
Keith Thompson
Sanne Wohlenberg
Location(s)
Ashford Studios
County Wicklow
Cinematography
John Bartley
PJ Dillon
Owen McPolin
Editor(s)
Aaron Marshall
Michele Conroy
Don Cassidy
Tad Seaborn
Christopher Donaldson
Running time
45 minutes
Production company(s)
Shaw Media (seasons 1–4)
Corus Entertainment (season 4–present)
Octagon Films (seasons 1–4)
Take 5 Productions
MGM Television
History
Distributor
MGM Television
Release
Original network
History
Original release
March 3, 2013 (2013-03-03) – present (present)
External links
Official website
www.history.com/shows/vikings
Vikings is a historical drama television series written and created by Michael Hirst for the History channel. Filmed in Ireland, it premiered on March 3, 2013 in Canada.[1]
Vikings is inspired by the sagas of Viking Ragnar Lothbrok, one of the best-known legendary Norse heroes and notorious as the scourge of England and France. The show portrays Ragnar as a farmer who rises to fame by successful raids into England, and eventually becomes a Scandinavian king, with the support of his family and fellow warriors: his brother Rollo, his son Björn Ironside, and his wives—the shieldmaiden Lagertha and the princess Aslaug.
On March 17, 2016, History renewed Vikings for a fifth season of 20 episodes, which premiered on November 29, 2017. On September 12, 2017, ahead of its fifth-season premiere, the series was renewed for a sixth season, which will consist of 20 episodes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Season 1
3.2 Season 2
3.3 Season 3
3.4 Season 4
3.5 Season 5
3.6 Season 6
4 Broadcast
5 Reception
5.1 Reviews
5.2 Ratings
5.3 Historical accuracy
6 Related media
7 References
8 External links
Premise[edit]
The series is inspired by the tales of the Norsemen of early medieval Scandinavia. It broadly follows the exploits of the legendary Viking chieftain Ragnar Lothbrok and his crew, family and descendants, as notably laid down in the 13th-century sagas Ragnars saga Loðbrókar and Ragnarssona þáttr, as well as in Saxo Grammaticus's 12th-century work Gesta Danorum. Norse legendary sagas were partially fictional tales based in the Norse oral tradition, written down about 200 to 400 years after the events they describe. Further inspiration is taken from historical sources of the period, such as records of the Viking raid on Lindisfarne depicted in the second episode, or Ahmad ibn Fadlan's 10th-century account of the Volga Vikings. The series begins at the start of the Viking Age, marked by the Lindisfarne raid in 793.
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of Vikings characters
Travis Fimmel as Ragnar Lothbrok (seasons 1–4)
Katheryn Winnick as Lagertha
Clive Standen as Rollo[2]
Jessalyn Gilsig as Siggy (seasons 1–3)
Gustaf Skarsgård as Floki
George Blagden as Athelstan (main seasons 1–3, recurring season 4)
Gabriel Byrne as Earl Haraldson (season 1)
Alyssa Sutherland as Aslaug (seasons 1–4)[3]
Donal Logue as Horik of Denmark (seasons 1–2)
Alexander Ludwig as Bjorn Ironside (seasons 2–)
Linus Roache as Ecbert of Wessex (seasons 2–4)
Ben Robson as Kalf (seasons 3–4)
Kevin Durand as Harbard (seasons 3–4)
Lothaire Bluteau as Charles of West Francia (seasons 3–4)
John Kavanagh as The Seer (recurring seasons 1–3, main seasons 4–) and Pope Leo IV (guest season 4)
Peter Franzén as Harald Finehair (seasons 4–)[4]
Jasper Pääkkönen as Halfdan the Black (seasons 4–)[4]
Moe Dunford as Aethelwulf (recurring seasons 2–4, main seasons 4–)
Alex Høgh as Ivar the Boneless (seasons 4–)
Marco Ilsø as Hvitserk (seasons 4–)
David Lindström as Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye (season 4)
Jordan Patrick Smith as Ubbe (seasons 4–)
Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Bishop Heahmund (seasons 4–)
Production[edit]
Season 1[edit]
An Irish-Canadian co-production, Vikings was developed and produced by Octagon Films and Take 5 Productions.[1] Michael Hirst, Morgan O'Sullivan, John Weber, Sherry Marsh, Alan Gasmer, James Flynn and Sheila Hockin are credited as executive producers.[1] The first season's budget was reported as US$40 million.[5]
The series began filming in July 2012 at Ashford Studios, a newly built facility in Ireland,[6] chosen as a location for its tax advantages.[5] On August 16, 2012, longship scenes were filmed at Luggala, as well as on the Poulaphouca Reservoir in the Wicklow Mountains.[7] 70 percent of the first season was filmed outdoors.[5] Some additional background shots were done in western Norway.[8]
Johan Renck,[9] Ciarán Donnelly and Ken Girotti each directed three episodes. The production team included cinematographer John Bartley, costume designer Joan Bergin, production designer Tom Conroy, composer Trevor Morris and Irish choir Crux Vocal Ensemble, directed by Paul McGough.
Season 2[edit]
On April 5, 2013, History renewed Vikings for a ten-episode second season.[10] Jeff Woolnough[11] and Kari Skogland joined Ken Girotti and Ciaran Donnelly as directors of the second season.[12]
Two new series regulars were announced on June 11, 2013. Alexander Ludwig, portraying the teenage Björn, and Linus Roache, playing King Ecbert of Wessex.[13] The second season undergoes a jump in time, aging the young Björn (Nathan O'Toole) into an older swordsman portrayed by Ludwig. The older Björn has not seen his father, Ragnar, for "a long period of time". Lagertha remarries to a powerful jarl, a stepfather who provides harsh guidance to Björn.[14] Edvin Endre, son of Swedish actress Lena Endre,[15] and Anna Åström signed up for roles in the second season.[16] Endre had the role of Erlendur, one of King Horik's sons.
Season 3[edit]
Morgan O'Sullivan, Sheila Hockin, Sherry Marsh, Alan Gasmer, James Flynn, John Weber, and Michael Hirst are credited as executive producers.[17]
This season was produced by Steve Wakefield and Keith Thompson. Bill Goddard and Séamus McInerney act as co-producers. The production team for this season includes casting directors Frank and Nuala Moiselle, costume designer Joan Bergin, visual effects supervisors Julian Parry and Dominic Remane, stunt action designers Franklin Henson and Richard Ryan, composer Trevor Morris, production designer Mark Geraghty, editors Aaron Marshall for the first, third, fifth, seventh and ninth episodes, and Tad Seaborn for the second, fourth, sixth, eighth and tenth episodes, and cinematographer Pj Dillon.
Norwegian music group Wardruna provided much of the background music to the series. Wardruna's founder Einar Kvitrafn Selvik also appeared as an actor in the show during the third season as a shaman.[18]
Season 4[edit]
Michael Hirst announced plans for the fourth season before the third season had begun airing.[19] The fourth season began production around the Dublin area in April 2015.[20]
Finnish actors Peter Franzén and Jasper Pääkkönen, as well as Canadian actress Dianne Doan joined the cast of the fourth season. Franzén played Norwegian King Harald Finehair, a potential rival to Ragnar. Pääkkönen was cast as Halfdan the Black, Finehair's brother. Doan portrays Yidu, a Chinese character who has a major role in the first half of the fourth season.[21]
Season 5[edit]
At the same time that the series was renewed for a fifth season, it was announced that Irish actor Jonathan Rhys Meyers would be joining the cast,[22] as Heahmund, a "warrior bishop". Vikings creator Michael Hirst, explained: "I was looking at the history books, and I came across these warrior bishops. The antecedents of the Knights Templar: these are people who were absolutely religious, yet they put on armor and they fought. Don't let their priestly status fool you, either. 'They were crazy! They believed totally in Christianity and the message, and yet, on the battlefield, they were totally berserk.'" [23]
Former WWE star Adam Copeland, was cast in a recurring role for the fifth season, as Kjettil Flatnose, a violent and bold warrior. He is chosen by Floki to lead an expedition to Iceland to set up a colony.[24] Irish actor Darren Cahill will play the role of Aethelred in the fifth season.[25] Nigerian actor Stanley Amuzie told local media he had landed a small role in the fifth season.[26] The fifth season will also include Irish actor, musician and real-life police detective, Kieran O'Reilly, who will play the role of "White Hair".[27] In April 2017 it was announced that Danish actor Erik Madsen will join the cast for the fifth season, as King Hemmig.[28] He spent several months of 2016 on the set of The Last Kingdom, portraying a Viking.[29]
Season 6[edit]
Russian actor Danila Kozlovsky is set to join the series for the sixth season, as Oleg of Novgorod, the 10th century Varangian (east European Vikings) ruler of the Rus' people. Coincidentally, Kozlovsky headlined the big-budget 2016 Russian feature Viking, playing one of Oleg's successors, Vladimir the Great, Prince of Novgorod.[30]
Broadcast[edit]
Main article: List of Vikings episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 9 March 3, 2013 (2013-03-03) April 28, 2013 (2013-04-28)
2 10 February 27, 2014 (2014-02-27) May 1, 2014 (2014-05-01)
3 10 February 19, 2015 (2015-02-19) April 23, 2015 (2015-04-23)
4 20 10 February 18, 2016 (2016-02-18) April 21, 2016 (2016-04-21)
10 November 30, 2016 (2016-11-30) February 1, 2017 (2017-02-01)
5 20[31] 10[32] November 29, 2017 (2017-11-29) January 24, 2018 (2018-01-24)[33]
10[32] 2018 (2018)[32] 2018 (2018)[32]
Vikings premiered on March 3, 2013 in Canada[34] and the United States.[6] Vikings was renewed for a fourth season in March 2015 with an extended order of 20 episodes, which premiered on February 18, 2016.[35][36][37] On March 17, 2016, History renewed Vikings for a fifth season of 20 episodes, which premiered on November 29, 2017.[22][38] On September 12, 2017, ahead of its fifth-season premiere, the series was renewed for a sixth season of 20 episodes.[39]
In the UK, Vikings premiered on May 24, 2013 where it was exclusively available on the streaming video-on-demand service LoveFilm.[40] The second season premiered on March 24, 2015.[41] The third season began airing on February 20, 2015 on Amazon Video.[42]
In Australia, the series premiered on August 8, 2013 on SBS One.[43] It was later moved to FX, which debuted the second season on February 4, 2015.[44] Season three of Vikings began broadcasting in Australia on SBS One on March 19, 2015.[45] Season four of Vikings began broadcasting in Australia on SBS One on February 24, 2016.[46]
Reception[edit]
See also: List of awards and nominations received by Vikings
Reviews[edit]
Metacritic ratings per season
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Rating
71[47] 77[48] 81[49]
The first episode received favourable reviews, with an average rating of 71% according to Metacritic.[50] Alan Sepinwall of HitFix praised the casting, notably of Fimmel as Ragnar, and observed that Vikings "isn't complicated. It ... relies on the inherent appeal of the era and these characters to drive the story."[51] Nancy DeWolf Smith of The Wall Street Journal noted the "natural and authentic" setting and costumes, and appreciated that Vikings was (unlike, e.g., Spartacus) not a celebration of sex and violence, but "a study of character, stamina, power and ... of social, emotional and even intellectual awakening".[52] Hank Stuever, writing for the Washington Post, said that the "compelling and robust new drama series ... delivers all the expected gore and blood spatter", but that it successfully adapted the skills of cable television drama, with the care taken in acting, writing and sense of scope reminiscent of Rome, Sons of Anarchy and Game of Thrones. He also suggested that the way the series emphasized "a core pride and nobility in this tribe of thugs" reflected "just another iteration of Tony Soprano".[53] Neil Genzlinger, in The New York Times, praised the "arresting" cinematography and the actors' performances, notably Fimmel's, and favorably contrasted Vikings to Game of Thrones and Spartacus for the absence of gratuitous nudity.[54]
In TIME, James Poniewozik noted that the relatively simple generational conflict underlying Vikings "doesn't nearly have the narrative ambition of a Game of Thrones or the political subtleties of a Rome", nor these series' skill with dialogue, but that it held up pretty well compared to the "tabloid history" of The Tudors and The Borgias. He concluded that "Vikings' larger story arc is really more about historical forces" than about its not very complex characters.[55] Clark Collis of Entertainment Weekly appreciated the performances, but considered Vikings to be "kind of a mess", lacking the intrigue of The Tudors and Game of Thrones.[56] Brian Lowry criticized the series in Variety as an "unrelenting cheese-fest" and as a "more simpleminded version of Game of Thrones", but considered that it had "a level of atmosphere and momentum that makes it work as a mild diversion".[57] In the San Francisco Chronicle, David Wiegand was disappointed by the series's "glacial pace" and lack of action as well as the "flabby direction and a gassy script", while appreciating the performances and characters.[58]
The second season received a Metacritic rating of 77%, and a Rotten Tomatoes rating of 92% based on twelve professional critic reviews.
Ratings[edit]
According to Nielsen, the series premiere drew six million viewers in the U.S., topping all broadcast networks among viewers aged 18 to 49. An earlier claim of over eighteen million viewers was later retracted by the channel with an apology.[59][60]
In Canada, the premiere had 1.1 million viewers. The first season averaged 942,000 viewers.[61]
Historical accuracy[edit]
Some critics have pointed out historical inaccuracies in the series's depiction of Viking society. Lars Walker, in the magazine The American Spectator, criticized its portrayal of early Viking Age government (represented by Earl Haraldson) as autocratic rather than essentially democratic.[62] Joel Robert Thompson criticized depiction of the Scandinavians' supposed ignorance of the existence of Britain and Ireland, and of the death penalty rather than outlawry (skoggangr) as their most serious punishment.[63]
Monty Dobson, a historian at Central Michigan University, criticised the depiction of Viking Age clothing, but went on to say that fictional shows like Vikings could still be a useful teaching tool.[64] The Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten reported that the series incorrectly depicted the temple at Uppsala as a stave church in the mountains, whereas the historical temple was situated on flat land and stave churches were a hallmark of later Christian architecture.[65] On the other hand, the temple as depicted does have similarities with reconstructions of the Uppåkra hof.
Many characters are based on (or inspired by) real people from history or legend, and the major events portrayed are broadly drawn from history. However, events from over a hundred years have been condensed, so that people who could never have met are shown as of similar age, with the historical events amended for dramatic effect. For example, season one leads up to the attack on Lindisfarne Abbey of 793 (before the real Rollo was born), but in season three the same characters at roughly the same ages participate in the Siege of Paris of 845. By this time, Ecbert had been dead for over forty years, and King Alfred the Great was already king, yet he is still portrayed as a child in season four. Rollo is portrayed having his followers killed, and fighting his fellow Vikings, whereas in history they were granted what became Normandy and continued to co-operate with their Norse kinsmen. Furthermore, most of the principal characters are portrayed as being from Norway, while according to primary sources they would most likely have been Danes.
Little is known about Viking religious practice[66] and so its depiction is largely creative. When Katheryn Winnick was asked why she licked the seer's hand she answered: "It wasn't originally in the script and we just wanted to come up with something unique and different".[67] Regarding the historical differences and accuracy issues of the show, showrunner Michael Hirst said: "I especially had to take liberties with Vikings because no one knows for sure what happened in the Dark Ages ... we want people to watch it. A historical account of the Vikings would reach hundreds, occasionally thousands, of people. Here we've got to reach millions."[68]
Related media[edit]
Zenescope partnered with the History Channel to create a free Vikings comic book based on the series. It was first distributed at Comic-Con 2013 and by comiXology in February 2014.[69][70] The comic was written by Michael Hirst, features interior artwork by Dennis Calero (X-Men Noir), and is set before the events of season one. In addition to featuring Ragnar and Rollo battling alongside their father, the comic depicts the brothers' first encounter with Lagertha.[70]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "VIKINGS Tops The Ratings With 8.3 Million Viewers". Irish Film Board. March 5, 2013. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Turnbow, Tina (March 18, 2013). "Reflections of a Viking by Clive Standen". The Huffington Post. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, John (April 25, 2013). "'Vikings' season finale: Mysterious beauty tempts Ragnar". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "History's Hit Drama Series "Vikings" Returns for Season Four on Thursday, February 18 at 10 PM ET/PT". The Futon Critic. December 17, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Justin, Neal (March 2, 2013). "Meet the real Ragnar on History Channel's 'Vikings'". Star Tribune. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "The History Channel Announces 'Vikings' Broadcast DateThe Irish Film & Television Network". Irish Film and Television Network. December 20, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kelpie, Colm (August 17, 2012). "Viking hordes are back to make history". Irish Independent. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "FILMS SHOT IN NORWAY". Film commission Norway. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
Jump up ^ "Resumé: "Det är mörkt och dramatiskt"". Resume.se. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Vikings Renewed". Seat42f. April 5, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Selected Filmography". Marco Ciglia.
Jump up ^ "PJ Dillon" (PDF). Casarotto.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley. 'Vikings' Enlists 'Hunger Games', 'Law & Order' Actors for Season 2, The Hollywood Reporter, June 11, 2013. Accessed January 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick, Kevin (July 9, 2013). "'Vikings' Season 2 Spoilers: What Will the Time Jump Change?". ScreenCrush.
Jump up ^ "Edvin Endre klar för HBO-serie" [Edvin Endre ready for HBO series]. Aftonbladet (in Swedish). 2013-06-28.
Jump up ^ "Siktar på roll i Skarsgårds vikingaserie" [Aiming for role in Skarsgård's Viking series]. Aftonbladet (in Swedish). 2013-07-09.
Jump up ^ "VIKINGS Tops The Ratings With 8.3 Million Viewers". Irish Film Board. March 5, 2013. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Einar Kvitrafn Selvik (Wardruna) Appearing On History Channel's Vikings". Ghost Cult Magazine. February 15, 2015. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings Season 3 Trailer Details". screenrant.com. August 11, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Casting Call Announced History Channel Vikings". auditionsfree.com. March 19, 2015. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Vikings' Season 4 Spoilers". The Hollywood Reporter. May 5, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Lesley Goldberg (March 17, 2016). "'Vikings' Renewed for Fifth Season at History". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Vikings' Creator Talks Jonathan Rhys Meyers' New Character". 26 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "WWE Hall of Famer Adam Copeland on the Edge of TV Stardom".
Jump up ^ "'Red Rock' actor Darren Cahill joins 'Vikings' Season 5". The Irish Film & Television Network.
Jump up ^ Izuzu, Chidumga. "Stanley Aguzie: Nollywood actor lands role in "Vikings"". Pulse.ng.
Jump up ^ "How do we pitch Ireland as a movie location to Hollywood?". Irish Independent. 17 November 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (12 April 2017). "'UnReal' Casts Tracie Thoms; Erik Madsen Joins 'Vikings'".
Jump up ^ NRK. "Erik Madsen i ny høvdingrolle i «Vikings»".
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (12 September 2017). "'Vikings': Russian Actor Danila Kozlovsky To Star In Season 6 Of History Series".
Jump up ^ Lesley Goldberg (March 17, 2016). "'Vikings' Renewed for Fifth Season at History". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "History(R) Orders 20 Episode Sixth Season of Hit Drama Series "Vikings"". The Futon Critic. September 12, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings: Episode Guide". Zap2it. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ricthie, Kevin. "History to debut scripted series Vikings in March". Playback. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Nicholson, Max (March 26, 2015). "Vikings Renewed for Season 4". IGN. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mathew, Ilin (July 3, 2015). "'Vikings' Season 4 Spoilers: Queen Aslaug to be Leader; Will Rollo Follow Ragnar's Footsteps?". International Business Times. Retrieved July 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich. "Vikings Gets Supersized Season 4, Premiere Date, 'Last Supper'-y Poster – TVLine". TVLine.
Jump up ^ Greg Evans (July 22, 2017). "'Vikings' Gets Trailer & Season Premiere Date – Comic-Con". Deadline. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Franich, Darren (September 12, 2017). "Vikings renewed for sixth season". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Munn, Patrick (May 10, 2013). "LOVEFiLM Acquires Exclusive UK Rights To History's 'Vikings', Sets Premiere For May 24th". TV Wise. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
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Jump up ^ Munn, Patrick (February 3, 2015). "Amazon Prime Instant Video Picks Up UK Rights To 'Vikings' Season 3, Sets Premiere For February 20th". TV Wise. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Airdate: 'Vikings'". TV Tonight. July 31, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ Higgins, D (February 2, 2015). "New this week: Black Sails, Selling Houses Australia, Big Cat Week and Snowboarding World Cup". The Green Room. Foxtel. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Weatherall, Bryan (February 13, 2015). "Vikings Season 3 Australian Release Date". Resident Entertainment. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Weatherall, Bryan (January 16, 2016). "Vikings Season 4 Australian Release Date". Resident Entertainment. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
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Jump up ^ Vikings at Metacritic
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Jump up ^ DeWolf Smith, Nancy (March 1, 2013). "The Norse Code". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 10, 2013.
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Jump up ^ Genzlinger, Neil (March 1, 2013). "You Plunder, I'll Pillage, Maybe We'll Find England". The New York Times. Retrieved March 10, 2013.
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Jump up ^ de Moraes, Lisa (March 5, 2013). "History channel apologizes after boasting about 'Vikings' ratings". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Vikings' Has Number 1 Cable Series Premiere of the Year With 8.3 Million Total Viewers on the Night". TV by the Numbers.
Jump up ^ Wild, Diane (2013-04-05). "Vikings picked up for second season". TV, eh?.
Jump up ^ Walker, Lars (March 12, 2013). "History Channel Gets Vikings Precisely Wrong". The American Spectator. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Balar, Keya (March 14, 2013). "Historical Inaccuracies in 'Vikings'". Daily Targum. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Dobson, Monty (March 18, 2013) Obsessed with the Good and Bad of ‘Vikings’, LiveScience, retrieved April 17, 2013
Jump up ^ "TV-serie om vikinger skaper latter for historiske tabber". Aftenposten. April 24, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Viking Religion". BBC. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Ron (February 15, 2014). "The beauty and the beheading Toronto star returns in new season of Vikings". Post City Magazines.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Tom (February 22, 2013) "Vikings Come Ashore in a New Light", The New York Times, retrieved April 8, 2013
Jump up ^ "Vikings #1". comiXology. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hero Complex: Comic-Con: 'Vikings' will land with stars, free comic, boat races". Los Angeles Times. July 2, 2013.
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