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IG Farben
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I.G. Farbenindustrie AG
Former type
Public
Industry
Chemicals
Fate
Liquidated
Predecessor
BASF, Bayer, Hoechst, Agfa, Griesheim-Elektron, Weiler Ter Meer
Successor
AGFA Gevaert, BASF, Bayer, Sanofi
Founded
December 2, 1925
Defunct
1952 (liquidation started)
31 October 2012 (liquidation accomplished)
Headquarters
Frankfurt am Main
IG Farben headquarters in Frankfurt am Main, now used by the University of Frankfurt
IG Farben was a German chemical and pharmaceutical industry conglomerate. Its name was taken from Interessen-Gemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AktienGesellschaft (Plc Syndicate [literally, "community of interests"] of dye-making corporations). The company was formed in 1925 from a number of major chemical companies that had been working together closely since World War I; as a monopoly-seeking conglomerate it was largely modeled after the American company Standard Oil, and it was closely connected to Standard Oil's successor companies. During its heyday, IG Farben was both the largest company in Europe overall and the largest chemical and pharmaceutical company in the world.[1]
IG Farben scientists made fundamental contributions to all areas of chemistry and the pharmaceutical industry. Notably IG Farben scientists discovered the first sulfa antibiotic, fundamentally reformed medical research and "opened a new era in medicine."[1] Otto Bayer discovered the polyaddition for the synthesis of polyurethane in 1937. Several IG Farben scientists were awarded Nobel Prizes. Carl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1931 "in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods". Gerhard Domagk was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1939 "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil". Kurt Alder was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1950 for his "discovery and development of the diene synthesis".
The company played a role in German politics from its establishment. During the 1920s, it had ties to the liberal German People's Party[2] and was reviled by the Nazis who accused it of being an "international capitalist Jewish company."[2] The company later became a donor to the Nazi Party in the 1930s, and was a large government contractor after the Nazi takeover of Germany, providing significant material for the German war effort and becoming embroiled in regime policy including the use of slave labor at Farben's Buna Werke facility at Auschwitz, and the use of its minority-owned subsidiary's Zyklon B poison gas in the Holocaust. The company resumed operations after the Second World War, but in 1951 it was split into its four largest original constituent companies, which remain some of the world's largest chemical and pharmaceutical companies. These companies initially had the same owners, continued to operate as an informal cartel and played a major role in the West German Wirtschaftswunder. Following several later mergers the main successor companies are Agfa, BASF, Bayer and Sanofi.
Contents
[hide]
1 Founding members
2 History
2.1 Predecessors of IG Farben
2.2 Foundation of IG Farben
2.3 World War II overview
2.3.1 Facilities during World War II
2.4 Break-up and liquidation
2.5 IG Farben Trial
3 Products
4 IG Farben in media
4.1 Film
4.2 Games
4.3 Literature
4.4 Television
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Founding members[edit]
The IG Farben supervisory board, commonly known as the "Council of Gods", in 1926, with Arthur von Weinberg, Carl Müller, Edmund ter Meer, Adolf Haeuser, Franz Oppenheim, Theodor Plieninger, Ernst von Simson, Carl Bosch, Walther vom Rath, Wilhelm Kalle, Carl von Weinberg and Carl Duisberg
IG Farben was founded on 9 December 1925, as a merger of the following six companies:[3]
BASF
Bayer
Hoechst (including Cassella and Chemische Fabrik Kalle)
Agfa
Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron
Chemische Fabrik vorm. Weiler Ter Meer
The supervisory board members became widely known as, and were said to jokingly call themselves, the "Council of Gods" (Rat der Götter);[4] the designation was later used as the title of a 1950 East German movie.
History[edit]
Predecessors of IG Farben[edit]
At the beginning of the 20th century, the German chemical industry dominated the world market for synthetic dyes. The three major firms BASF, Bayer and Hoechst produced several hundred different dyes, along with the five smaller firms Agfa, Cassella, Chemische Fabrik Kalle, Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron and Chemische Fabrik vorm. Weiler-ter Meer concentrated on high-quality specialty dyes. In 1913, these eight firms produced almost 90% of the world supply of dyestuffs and sold about 80% of their production abroad.[5] The three major firms had also integrated upstream into the production of essential raw materials, and they began to expand into other areas of chemistry such as pharmaceuticals, photographic film, agricultural chemicals and electrochemicals. Contrary to other industries, the founders and their families had little influence on the top-level decision-making of the leading German chemical firms, which was in the hands of professional salaried managers. Because of this unique situation, the economic historian Alfred Chandler called the German dye companies "the world's first truly managerial industrial enterprises".[6]
Indigo production at BASF in 1890
With the world market for synthetic dyes and other chemical products dominated by the German industry, German firms competed vigorously for market shares. Although cartels were attempted, they lasted at most for a few years. Others argued for the formation of a profit pool or Interessen-Gemeinschaft (abbr. IG, lit. Community of interest).[7] In contrast, the chairman of Bayer, Carl Duisberg, argued for a merger. During a trip to the United States in the spring of 1903 he had visited several of the large American trusts such as Standard Oil, U.S. Steel, International Paper and Alcoa.[8] In 1904, after having returned to Germany he proposed a nationwide merger of the producers of dye and pharmaceuticals in a memorandum to Gustav von Brüning, the senior manager at Hoechst.[9] Hoechst and several pharmaceutical firms refused to join. Instead, Hoechst and Cassella made an alliance based on mutual equity stakes in 1904. This prompted Duisberg and Heinrich von Brunck, chairman of BASF, to accelerate their negotiations. In October 1904, an Interessen-Gemeinschaft between Bayer, BASF and Agfa was formed, also known as the Dreibund or little IG. Profits of the three firms were pooled, with BASF and Bayer getting 43 % and Agfa 14 % of all profits.[10] The two alliances were loosely connected with each other through an agreement between BASF and Hoechst to jointly exploit the patent on the Heumann-Pfleger indigo synthesis.[11]
Within the Dreibund, Bayer and BASF concentrated on dye, whereas Agfa increasingly concentrated on photographic film. Although there was some cooperation between the technical staff in production and accounting, there was little cooperation between the firms in other areas. Neither were production or distribution facilities consolidated nor did the commercial staff cooperate.[12] In 1908, Hoechst and Cassella acquired 88 % of the shares of Chemische Fabrik Kalle. As Hoechst, Cassella and Kalle were connected by mutual equity shares and were located close to each other in the Frankfurt area, this allowed them to cooperate more successfully than the Dreibund, although they also did not rationalize or consolidate their production facilities.[12]
Foundation of IG Farben[edit]
IG Farben was founded on 2 December 1925 as a merger of six companies: BASF (27.4 % of equity capital), Bayer (27.4 %), Hoechst including Cassella and Chemische Fabrik Kalle (27.4 %), Agfa (9.0 %), Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron (6.9 %) and Chemische Fabrik vorm. Weiler Ter Meer (1.9 %). In 1926, IG Farben had a market capitalization of 1.4 billion Reichsmark and a workforce of 100,000 people, of which 2.6 % were university educated, 18.2 % were salaried professionals and 79.2 % were workers.[3] BASF was the nominal survivor; all shares were exchanged for BASF shares.
Similar mergers took place in other countries. In the United Kingdom Brunner Mond, Nobel Industries, United Alkali Company and British Dyestuffs merged to form Imperial Chemical Industries in September 1926. In France Établissements Poulenc Frères and Société Chimique des Usines du Rhône merged to form Rhône-Poulenc in 1928.[13]
The IG Farben Building, headquarters for the conglomerate in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, was completed in 1931.
In 1938, the company had 218,000 employees.[14]
IG Farben was controversial both on the far left and on the far right, partially for the same reasons, related to the size and the international nature of the conglomerate, and the Jewish background of several of its key leaders and major shareholders. Far-right newspapers of the 1920s and early 1930s accused it of being an "international capitalist Jewish company".[2] The liberal and business-friendly German People's Party was the most pronounced supporter of the new company, whereas not a single member of the management of IG Farben before 1933 supported the Nazi Party.[2] Four members, or a third, of the IG Farben supervisory board were themselves Jewish.[15]
There is some evidence of "secret contributions to the Nazi war chest" in 1931 and 1932. [16] I.G. Farben ended up being the "largest single contribution" to the successful Nazi election campaign of 1933. [17]
World War II overview[edit]
IG Farben factory in Monowitz (near Auschwitz) 1941 50°02′10″N 19°16′32″E / 50.036094°N 19.275534°E / 50.036094; 19.275534 (Site of Buna Werke plant approximately 10km or 6.2 miles from Auschwitz)
Woman with OST-Arbeiter badge at the IG Farben plant in Auschwitz concentration camp.
Zyklon B labels
During the planning of the occupation of Czechoslovakia and the invasion of Poland, IG Farben cooperated closely with Nazi officials and directed which chemical plants should be secured and delivered to IG Farben.
In 1941, an investigation exposed a "marriage" cartel between John D. Rockefeller's United States-based Standard Oil Co. and I.G. Farben.[18][19][20][21] It also brought new evidence concerning complex price and marketing agreements between DuPont,[citation needed] a major investor in and producer of leaded gasoline, United States Industrial Alcohol Company and its subsidiary, Cuba Distilling Co. The investigation was eventually dropped, like dozens of others in many different kinds of industries, due to the need to enlist industry support in the war effort.[citation needed] However, the top directors of many oil companies agreed to resign, and oil industry stocks in molasses companies were sold off as part of a compromise worked out.[22][23][24]
IG Farben had bought the patent for the cyanide-based pesticide Zyklon B, which had been invented in Germany in the early 1920s and which originally saw use as an insecticide, especially as a fumigant in grain stores. IG Farben licensed the pesticide to various companies, including the American Cyanamid Company for use, for example, in de-lousing incoming Mexican immigrants in the 1930s, and to the German company Degesch (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung), founded by Fritz Haber, and whose products were used in Holocaust gas chambers. IG Farben owned 42.2 % of the shares of Degesch and was represented in its supervisory board. Pesticides similar to Zyklon B remain in production by other companies, and are used e.g. as insecticides.
Of the 24 directors of IG Farben indicted in the so-called IG Farben Trial (1947–1948) before a U.S. military tribunal at the subsequent Nuremberg Trials, 13 were sentenced to prison terms between one and eight years, but most were quickly released and several became senior industry executives in the post-war companies that split off from IG Farben and other companies.
Some of the people who served prison sentences but later became leaders in post war-companies include:
Hermann Schmitz, who became a member of the supervisory board for the Deutsche Bank in Berlin and honorary chairman of the supervisory board of Rheinische Stahlwerke AG [25]
Georg von Schnitzler, serving as president of the Deutsch-Ibero-Amerikanische Gesellschaft [26]
Fritz ter Meer, becoming chairman of the supervisory board of Bayer AG and a supervisory board member of several firms [27]
Otto Ambros, holding seats on supervisory boards Chemie Grünenthal (being active during the Contergan scandal), Feldmühle, and Telefunken, and working as an economic consultant in Mannheim [28]
Heinrich Bütefisch, becoming a member of the supervisory boards for Deutsche Gasolin AG, Feldmühle, and Papier- und Zellstoffwerke AG, and consulting with Ruhrchemie AG Oberhausen and subsequently joining its supervisory board.[29]
Max Ilgner, becoming the chairman of the executive board of a chemistry firm in Zug [30]
Heinrich Oster, becoming a member of the supervisory board of Gelsenberg AG.[31]
Some of the people who were acquitted and later became leaders in post war-companies include:
Fritz Gajewski, becoming chairman of the board of Dynamit Nobel.[32]
Christian Schneider (chemist), becoming a member of the supervisory boards of Süddeutsche Kalkstickstoff-Werke AG Trostberg and Rheinauer Holzhydrolyse-GmbH, Mannheim [33]
Hans Kühne, taking a position at Bayer Elberfeld.[34]
Carl Lautenschläger, becoming a research associate at Bayer Elberfeld.[35]
Wilhelm Rudolf Mann, resuming his position as head of pharmaceutical sales at Bayer. He also presided over the GfK, Society for Consumer Research, and the Foreign Trade Committee of the BDI, Federation of German Industry.[36]
Carl Wurster, resuming his position of chairman of the managing board, and was the major force behind the reestablishment of BASF. After retiring, he continued to be active as a member and chairman of supervisory boards in companies such as Bosch, Degussa (later being acquired by RAG [37]), and Allianz.[38]
Heinrich Gattineau, becoming a member of the board and supervisory council of WASAG Chemie-AG, and Mitteldeutsche Sprengstoff-Werke GmbH [39]
Ruins of the synthetic petrol plant (Hydrierwerke Pölitz – Aktiengeselschaft) in Police, Poland
53°33′32″N 14°33′09″E / 53.558887°N 14.552432°E / 53.558887; 14.552432 (Site of Hydrierwerke Pölitz AG synthetic fuel plant)
Facilities during World War II[edit]
IG Farben facilities were bombing targets of the Oil Campaign of World War II, and up to 1941, there were 5 Nazi Germany Buna plants that produced Buna N by the Lebedev process.[40]:15
Dwory
The Buna Chemical Plant at Dwory was under construction by 1943,[41] after a March 2, 1942 contract with "IG Farbenindustrie AG Auschwitz."[42] At its peak in 1944, this factory made use of 83,000 slave laborers.[43] Today, the plant operates as "Dwory S.A."[citation needed]
Frankfurt
In addition to the "cavernous" IG Farben building at Frankfurt, a Hoechst AG chemical factory in Frankfurt was bombed by the RAF on 26 September 1944.
Ludwigshafen and Oppau
The I.G. Farbenindustrie, A. G., Works, Ludwigshafen and Oppau had several chemical plants.
Pölitz, North Germany (today Police, Poland)
In 1937, IG Farben, Rhenania-Ossag, and Deutsch-Amerikanische Petroleum Gesellschaft founded the Hydrierwerke Pölitz AG synthetic fuel plant.[44]:193ff By 1943, the plant produced 15% of Nazi Germany's synthetic fuels, 577,000 tons.[44]:196
Waldenburg
An IG Farben plant was at Waldenburg[45]:6
Break-up and liquidation[edit]
Due to the company's entanglement with the Nazi regime, it was considered by the Allies to be too morally corrupt to be allowed to continue to exist. The Soviet Union seized most of IG Farben's assets located in the Soviet occupation zone, as part of their reparation payments. In the western occupation zone, however, the idea of destroying the company was very quickly abandoned as the policy of denazification evolved[46], in part due to the need for productive industry to support reconstruction, and in part because of the company's large entanglement with American companies, notably with the successors of Standard Oil which IG Farben was modelled after and which had itself been broken up into several companies. In the late 1940s, IG Farben was being rebuilt in the western zones and continuing doing business. In 1951, the company was split into its original constituent companies. The four largest quickly bought the smaller ones.
Today Agfa, BASF and Bayer remain, Hoechst having in 1999 spun off its chemical business as Celanese AG before merging with Rhône-Poulenc to form Aventis, which later merged with Sanofi-Synthélabo to form Sanofi. Two years earlier, another part of Hoechst was sold in 1997 to the chemical spin-off of Sandoz, the Muttenz (Switzerland) based Clariant. The successor companies remain some of the world's largest chemical and pharmaceutical companies.
Though IG Farben was officially put into liquidation in 1952, this did not end the company's legal existence. The purpose of a corporation's continuing existence, being "in liquidation", is to ensure an orderly wind-down of its affairs. As almost all its assets and all its activities had been transferred to the original constituent companies, IG Farben was from 1952 largely a shell company with no real activity.
In 2001, IG Farben announced it would formally wind up its affairs in 2003. It had been continually criticised over the years for failing to pay any compensation to the former laborers, the stated reason for its continued existence after 1952 being to administer its claims and pay its debts. The company, in turn, blamed ongoing legal disputes with the former captive labourers as being the reason it could not be legally dissolved and the remaining assets distributed as reparations.[47] On November 10, 2003, its liquidators filed for insolvency,[48] but again, this does not affect the existence of the company as a legal entity. While it did not join a national compensation fund set up in 2001 to pay the victims, it contributed 500,000 DM (£160,000 or €255,646) towards a foundation for former captive labourers under the Nazi regime. The remaining property, worth DM 21 million (£6.7 million or €10.7 million), went to a buyer.[49] Each year, the company's annual meeting in Frankfurt was the site of demonstrations by hundreds of protesters.[47] Its stock (denominated in Reichsmarks) traded on German markets until early 2012. As of 2012, it still existed as a corporation in liquidation.[50]
IG Farben Trial[edit]
The defendants in the dock on the first day of the IG Farben trial.
The United States of America vs. Carl Krauch, et al., also known as the IG Farben Trial, was the sixth of the twelve trials for war crimes the U.S. authorities held in their occupation zone in Germany (Nuremberg) after the end of World War II, against leading industrialists of Nazi Germany for their conduct during the Nazi regime. The defendants in this case had all been directors of IG Farben. Of the 24 defendants arraigned, 13 were found guilty. The indictment was filed on 3 May 1947; the trial lasted from 27 August 1947 until 30 July 1948.
All defendants who were sentenced to prison received early release. Most were quickly restored to their directorships, and some were awarded the Federal Cross of Merit.[51]
Products[edit]
The products produced by IG Farben include synthetic dyes, nitrile rubber, polyurethane, Prontosil, and Resochin, among others. The nerve agent Sarin was first discovered by IG Farben.[52] The company also made the poison gas Zyklon B, which was used to murder prisoners at Auschwitz concentration camp in World War II. One product crucial to the operations of the Wehrmacht was synthetic fuel, made from lignite using the coal liquefaction process.
IG Farben scientists made fundamental contributions to all areas of chemistry. Otto Bayer discovered the polyaddition for the synthesis of polyurethane in 1937.[53] Several IG Farben scientists were awarded a Nobel Prize. Carl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1931 "in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods".[54] Gerhard Domagk was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1939 "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil".[55] Kurt Alder was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (together with Otto Diels) in 1950 "for his [their] discovery and development of the diene synthesis".[56]
IG Farben in media[edit]
Film[edit]
The Council of the Gods (1951), produced by (DEFA director Kurt Maetzig), is an East German film about IG Farben's role in World War II and the subsequent trial
IG Farben is the company said to be supporting German terror activities and research of uranium ores in Brazil after World War II in Alfred Hitchcock's film noir Notorious (1946)
Games[edit]
In the Hearts of Iron computer game series by "Paradox Interactive", IG Farben is a "tech team" that excels at developing industrial technologies for Germany.
Literature[edit]
IG Farben is the German consortium which buys Du Pont in Kurt Vonnegut's novel Hocus Pocus.
IG Farben plays a prominent role in Thomas Pynchon's novel, Gravity's Rainbow, primarily as the manufacturer of the elusive and mysterious plastic product "Imipolex G."
IG Farben plays a prominent role in Philip K. Dick's alternative history novel The Man in the High Castle.
Television[edit]
In Foyle's War series eight, episode 1 ("High Castle"), Foyle tours Monowitz as part of his investigation of the murder of a London University professor, who as a translator for the Nuremberg Trials becomes involved with an American industrialist who owns a petroleum company, and a German war criminal named Linz, who also turns up dead, in his cell. Linz's firm, IG Farben, had hired from the SS forced laborers incarcerated at Moskowitz.
See also[edit]
Otto Ambros
Heinrich Bütefisch
Carl Krauch
Fritz ter Meer
Bernard Bernstein
IG Farben Building
IG Farben Trial
Monowitz concentration camp
Research Materials: Max Planck Society Archive
American IG
References[edit]
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b Thomas Hager, The Demon under the Microscope, p. 74, Harmony Books, 2006, ISBN 1-4000-8214-5
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ernst Bäumler, Die Rotfabriker – Familiengeschichte eines Weltunternehmens (Hoechst), Piper 1988, p. 277 f., Geschichte der Chemie in Frankfurt.
^ Jump up to: a b Tammen 1978, p. 195
Jump up ^ Die Weltmarktführer von gestern, 2015
Jump up ^ Aftalion & Benfey 1991, p. 104, Chandler 2004, p. 475
Jump up ^ Chandler 2004, pp. 474–485
Jump up ^ Chandler 2004, p. 479
Jump up ^ Beer 1981, pp. 124–125
Jump up ^ Duisberg, Carl, Denkschrift über die Vereinigung der deutschen Farbenfabriken (in German) (Abhandlungen, Vorträge und Reden aus den Jahren 1882–1921 ed.), Berlin, pp. 343–369
Jump up ^ Beer 1981, pp. 125–134
Jump up ^ Tammen 1978, p. 11
^ Jump up to: a b Chandler 2004, p. 480
Jump up ^ Aftalion & Benfey 1991, pp. 140, 143
Jump up ^ Fiedler, Martin (1999), "Die 100 größten Unternehmen in Deutschland – nach der Zahl ihrer Beschäftigten – 1907, 1938, 1973 und 1995", Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte (in German), Munich: Verlag C.H. Beck, 1: 32–66
Jump up ^ Bäumler, Ernst (1988). Die Rotfabriker. Familiengeschichte eines Weltunternehmens (in German). Munich: Piper. ISBN 3-492-10669-2.
Jump up ^ I. G. Farben, Richard Sasuly, New York: Boni & Gaer, 1947, p.66
Jump up ^ The Crime and Punishment of I.G. Farben, Joseph Borkin, 1978, Andre Deutsch, p. 71
Jump up ^ Trading With the Enemy (1983), Charles Higham: Delacorte Press, New York NY; Pp. 32 – 62 ISBN 0-440-09064-4
Jump up ^ Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler (2000) By Antony C. Sutton]
Jump up ^ Facts and Fascism (1943) by George Seldes
Jump up ^ The Senate Military Affairs Subcommittee on War Mobilization (Kilgore Committee), headed by Senator Harley M. Kilgore, held several hearings throughout the second half of 1945 that focused on German economic penetration of neutral countries, elimination of German resources for war, German's resources for a third world war, etc. Archives are at NARA's Center for Legislative Archives in the Archives I building. See the National Archives finding aid for Holocaust research.
Jump up ^ World Without Cancer: The Story of Vitamin B17 (Laetrile) (1974–1975) by G. Edward Griffen
Jump up ^ I.G. Farben (1947) by Richard Sasuly
Jump up ^ Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler (2000) By Antony C. Sutton, a book that describes in detail the money trail from its roots to the bank accounts of the Nazi SS.
Jump up ^ "Wollheim Memorial". Wollheim-memorial.de. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
Jump up ^ "Wollheim Memorial". Wollheim-memorial.de. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
Jump up ^ "Wollheim Memorial". Wollheim-memorial.de. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
Jump up ^ "Wollheim Memorial". Wollheim-memorial.de. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
Jump up ^ "Wollheim Memorial". Wollheim-memorial.de. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
Jump up ^ "Wollheim Memorial". Wollheim-memorial.de. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
Jump up ^ "Wollheim Memorial". Wollheim-memorial.de. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
Jump up ^ "Wollheim Memorial". Wollheim-memorial.de. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
Jump up ^ "Wollheim Memorial". Wollheim-memorial.de. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
Jump up ^ "Wollheim Memorial". Wollheim-memorial.de. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
Jump up ^ "Wollheim Memorial". Wollheim-memorial.de. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
Jump up ^ "Wollheim Memorial". Wollheim-memorial.de. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
Jump up ^ "Chemical & Engineering News: Latest News-RAG To Take Over Degussa". Pubs.acs.org. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
Jump up ^ "Wollheim Memorial". Wollheim-memorial.de. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
Jump up ^ "Wollheim Memorial". Wollheim-memorial.de. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
Jump up ^ "Summaries: Microfilm 2, U.S. Government Technical Oil Mission" (PDF). pp. 15 pdf pages (last numbered 14). Retrieved 2009-05-21. Table of Contents
Jump up ^ HQ. U.S.S.T.A.F. (5 March 1944), "Appendix F", Plan for Completion of Combined Bomber Offensive, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library: SMITH, WALTER BEDELL: Collection of World War II Documents, 1941–1945; Box No.: 48: HQ, U.S.S.T.A.F, MOST SECRET ... DECLASSIFIED ... 4/4/74
Jump up ^ "Ptak Science Books: Abbreviating Auschwitz in a Monstrous Document: the Construction Contract for the Building of Auschwitz III". Longstreet.typepad.com. 2008-09-23. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
Jump up ^ IG Farben Trial Documents
^ Jump up to: a b Karlsch, Rainer; Stokes, Raymond G (2003), Faktor Öl: die Mineralölwirtschaft in Deutschland 1859–1974 (in German), C.H.Beck, pp. 193ff,196, ISBN 3-406-50276-8
Jump up ^ "Summaries: Microfilm 2, U.S. Government Technical Oil Mission" (PDF). fischer-tropsch.org. pp. 15 pdf pages. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
Jump up ^ John J. Michalczyk (28 December 2017). Nazi Law: From Nuremberg to Nuremberg. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 233–. ISBN 978-1-350-00724-6. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b IG Farben to be dissolved BBC News Online September 17, 2001. Accessed March 27, 2008.
Jump up ^ "I.G.-Farben-Insolvenz: Ehemalige Zwangsarbeiter gehen leer aus – SPIEGEL ONLINE – Nachrichten – Wirtschaft". Spiegel.de. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
Jump up ^ Former Zyklon-B maker goes bust BBC News Online November 10, 2003. Accessed March 27, 2008.
Jump up ^ Deutsche Welle (German) (2012-11-20). "Norbert Wollheim gegen IG Farben". Retrieved 2013-12-07.
Jump up ^ Diarmuid Jeffreys, Hell's Cartel: IG Farben and the Making of Hitler's War Machine, Bloomsbury, 2009, pp. 321–341
Jump up ^ Richard J. Evans (2008). The Third Reich at War. Penguin. p. 669. ISBN 978-1-59420-206-3.
Jump up ^ Nicholson, John W. (2006), The Chemistry of Polymers, London: Royal Society of Chemistry, p. 61, ISBN 0-85404-684-4
Jump up ^ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931, Nobel Foundation, retrieved 2008-10-27
Jump up ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939, Nobel Foundation, retrieved 2008-10-27
Jump up ^ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950, Nobel Foundation, retrieved 2008-10-27
Bibliography
Aftalion, Fred; Benfey, Otto Theodor (1991), A History of the International Chemical Industry, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 0-8122-8207-8
Beer, John Joseph (1981), The Emergence of the German Dye Industry, Manchester, NH: Ayer Company Publishers, ISBN 0-405-13835-0
Borkin, Joseph (1978), The Crime and Punishment of I.G. Farben, New York, London: The Free Press, division of Macmillan Publishing Co., ISBN 0-02-904630-0
Borkin, Joseph (1990), Die unheilige Allianz der IG Farben. Eine Interessengemeinschaft im Dritten Reich (in German), Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag, ISBN 3-593-34251-0
Chandler, Alfred DuPont (2004), Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-78995-4
Dubois Jr., Josiah E. (1952), The Devil's Chemists (PDF), Boston, MA: Beacon Press, ASIN B000ENNDV6
Hayes, Peter (1987), Industry and Ideology IG Farben in the Nazi Era, Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-32948-5
Jeffreys, Diarmuid (2008), Hell's Cartel-IG Farben and the making of Hitlers War Machine, New York: Metropolitan Books-Henry Holt and Company, ISBN 978-0-8050-9143-4
Kreikamp, Hans-Dieter (1977), "Die Entflechtung der I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G. und die Gründung der Nachfolgegesellschaften" (PDF), Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte (in German), Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag, 25 (2): 220–251, retrieved 2008-10-27
Plumpe, Gottfried (1990), Die I.G. Farbenindustrie AG: Wirtschaft, Technik und Politik 1904–1945 (in German) (Schriften zur Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte ed.), Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, ISBN 3-428-06892-0
Tammen, Helmuth (1978), Die I.G. Farbenindustrie Aktiengesellschaft (1925–1933): Ein Chemiekonzern in der Weimarer Republik (in German), Berlin: H. Tammen, ISBN 3-88344-001-9
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to IG Farben.
Official homepage of the IG Farben successor BASF
Official homepage of the IG Farben successor Bayer
Official homepage of the IG Farben successor Hoechst (now Sanofi-Aventis)
Stock Market Prices of IG Farben
Documents and clippings about IG Farben in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics (ZBW).

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IG Farben
Predecessors
AGFA
BASF
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text:
Big Mac Index
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A McDonald's Big Mac.
How many burgers do you get for $50 USD? (Jan 2012)
The Big Mac Index is published by The Economist as an informal way of measuring the purchasing power parity (PPP) between two currencies and provides a test of the extent to which market exchange rates result in goods costing the same in different countries. It "seeks to make exchange-rate theory a bit more digestible".[1]
The index, created in 1986, takes its name from the Big Mac, a hamburger sold at McDonald's restaurants.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
1.1 Variants
1.2 Limitations
1.3 Manipulation
1.4 Comparison issues
2 Figures
3 See also
4 Notes
5 External links
Overview[edit]
The Big Mac index was introduced in The Economist in September 1986 by Pam Woodall[2] as a semi-humorous illustration of PPP and has been published by that paper annually since then. The index also gave rise to the word burgernomics.[3]
One suggested method of predicting exchange rate movements is that the rate between two currencies should naturally adjust so that a sample basket of goods and services should cost the same in both currencies. In the Big Mac Index, the basket in question is a single Big Mac burger as sold by the McDonald's fast food restaurant chain. The Big Mac was chosen because it is available to a common specification in many countries around the world as local McDonald's franchisees at least in theory have significant responsibility for negotiating input prices. For these reasons, the index enables a comparison between many countries' currencies.
The Big Mac PPP exchange rate between two countries is obtained by dividing the price of a Big Mac in one country (in its currency) by the price of a Big Mac in another country (in its currency). This value is then compared with the actual exchange rate; if it is lower, then the first currency is under-valued (according to PPP theory) compared with the second, and conversely, if it is higher, then the first currency is over-valued.
For example, using figures in July 2008:[4]
the price of a Big Mac was $3.57 in the United States (varies by store)
the price of a Big Mac was £2.29 in the United Kingdom (varies by region)
the implied purchasing power parity was $1.56 to £1, that is $3.57/£2.29 = 1.56
this compares with an actual exchange rate of $2.00 to £1 at the time
(2.00-1.56)/1.56 = 28%
the pound was thus overvalued against the dollar by 28%
The Eurozone is mixed, as prices differ widely in the EU area. As of April 2009, the Big Mac is trading in Germany at €2.99, which translates into US$3.96, which would imply that the euro is slightly trading above the PPP, with the difference being 10.9%.
Variants[edit]
The Economist sometimes produces variants on the theme. For example, in January 2004, it showed a Tall Latte index with the Big Mac replaced by a cup of Starbucks coffee.[5]
In 2007, an Australian bank tried a variation the Big Mac index, being an "iPod index": since the iPod is manufactured at a single place, the value of iPods should be more consistent globally. However, this theory can be criticised for ignoring shipping costs, which will vary depending on how far the product is delivered from its "single place" of manufacture in China.[6]
Bloomberg L.P. introduced the Billy index where they convert local prices of IKEA's Billy bookshelf into US dollars and compare the prices.[7][8][9][10]
Gold-Mac-Index: The value of the purchasing power for 1 g of gold (Gold.de[11]: calculation of the gold price average of the corresponding year), how many burgers one got for 1 g gold.
A Swiss bank has expanded the idea of the Big Mac index to include the amount of time that an average local worker in a given country must work to earn enough to buy a Big Mac.[12]
In 2017, the comparison platform Versus did a version called The Chai Latte Global Index, comparing Starbucks Chai Latte prices worldwide, by first converting the local prices into USD. [13]
Limitations[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
While economists widely cite the Big Mac index as a reasonable real-world measurement of purchasing power parity,[14][15] the burger methodology has some limitations. In many countries, eating at international fast-food chain restaurants such as McDonald's is relatively expensive in comparison to eating at a local restaurant, and the demand for Big Macs is not as large in countries such as India as in the United States. Social status of eating at fast food restaurants such as McDonald's in a local market, what proportion of sales might be to expatriates, local taxes, levels of competition, and import duties on selected items may not be representative of the country's economy as a whole.
In addition, there is no theoretical reason why non-tradable goods and services such as property costs should be equal in different countries: this is the theoretical reason for PPPs being different from market exchange rates over time. The relative cost of high-margin products, such as essential pharmaceutical products, or cellular telephony might compare local capacity and willingness to pay, as much as relative currency values.
Nevertheless, McDonald's is also using different commercial strategies which can result in huge differences for a product. Overall, the price of a Big Mac will be a reflection of its local production and delivery cost, the cost of advertising (considerable in some areas), and most importantly what the local market will bear — quite different from country to country, and not all a reflection of relative currency values.
In some markets, a high-volume and low-margin approach makes most sense to maximize profit, while in others a higher margin will generate more profit. Thus the relative prices reflect more than currency values. For example, a hamburger costs only €1 in France, and €1.50 in Belgium, but overall, McDonald's restaurants are cheaper in Belgium.[citation needed] Prices of Big Macs can also vary greatly between different areas within a country. For example, a Big Mac sold in New York City will be more expensive than one sold at a McDonald's located in a rural area.
One other example is that Russia has one of the cheapest Big Macs, even though Moscow is usually near the top on lists of costs for visiting business people. Standard food ingredients are cheap in Russia, while restaurants suitable for business dinners with English speaking staff are expensive.
Another limitation of the Big Mac Index is the geographical coverage. This is due to the presence of the McDonald's franchise. For example, in Africa McDonald's is only present in Morocco, Egypt and South Africa. There has been a similar index created solely for Africa called the KFC Index. As the name suggests, instead of using a Big Mac, this index uses KFC´s Original 12/15 pc. bucket to compile its data.
Manipulation[edit]
Critics of the presidency of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner in Argentina and many economists believe that the government has for years falsified consumer price data to understate the country's true inflation rate.[16] The Economist stated in January 2011 that Big Mac index "does support claims that Argentina’s government is cooking the books. The gap between its average annual rate of burger inflation (19%) and its official rate (10%) is far bigger than in any other country."[15] That year the press began reporting on unusual behavior by the more than 200 Argentinean McDonald's restaurants. They no longer prominently advertised Big Macs for sale and the sandwich, both individually and as part of value meals, was being sold for an unusually low price compared to other items. Guillermo Moreno, Secretary of Commerce in the Kirchner government, reportedly forced McDonald's to sell the Big Mac at an artificially low price to manipulate the country's performance on the Big Mac index.[17][16] In June 2012, the price of the Big Mac value meal suddenly rose by 26%, closer to that of other meals, after The Economist, The New York Times, and other media reported on the unusual pricing. A Buenos Aires newspaper stated "Moreno loses the battle".[17]
Comparison issues[edit]
The Big Mac (and virtually all sandwiches) vary from country to country with differing nutritional values, weights and even nominal size differences.
Not all Big Mac burgers offered by the chain are exclusively beef. In India — which is a predominantly Hindu country — beef burgers are not available at any McDonald's outlets. The Chicken Maharaja Mac serves as a substitute for the Big Mac.
There is a lot of variance with the exclusively beef "Big Mac": the Australian version of the Big Mac has 22% fewer Calories than the Canadian version, and is 8% lighter than the version sold in Mexico.[18]
On 1 November 2009, all three of the McDonald's in Iceland closed, primarily due to the chain's high cost of importing most of the chain's meat and vegetables, by McDonald's demands and standards, from the Eurozone. At the time, a Big Mac in Iceland cost 650 krona ($5.29), and the 20% price increase that would have been needed to stay in business would have increased that cost to 780 krona ($6.36).[19][20] Fish, lamb and beef meat is produced in Iceland, while beef is often imported (but also exported).
Figures[edit]
Six most expensive (January 17, 2018)[21]
Switzerland – $6.76 (6.50 CHF)
Norway – $6.24 (49 NOK)
Sweden – $6.12 (49.10 SEK)
United States – $5.28 (5.28 USD)
Canada – $5.26 (6.55 CAD)
Brazil – $5.11 (16.50 BRL)
Six cheapest (January 17, 2018)[21]
Ukraine – $1.64 (47 UAH)
Egypt – $1.93 (34.21 EGP)
Malaysia – $2.28 (9 MYR)
Russia – $2.29 (130 RUB)
Taiwan – $2.33 (69 TWD)
South Africa – $2.45 (30 ZAR)
Six fastest earned (July 2015) This statistic shows the average working time required to buy one Big Mac in selected cities around the world in 2015.[22]
Hong Kong - 8.7 min
Luxembourg - 10.3 min
Japan, Tokyo - 10.4 min
Switzerland, Zurich - 10.6 min
United States, Miami - 10.7 min
Switzerland, Geneva - 10.8 min
Six slowest earned (July 2015) This statistic shows the average working time required to buy one Big Mac in selected cities around the world in 2015.[22]
Kenya, Nairobi - 172.6 min
Philippines, Manila - 87.5 min
Mexico, Mexico City - 78.4 min
Indonesia, Jakarta - 66.7 min
Egypt, Cairo - 62.5 min
Ukraine, Kiev - 54.7 min
See also[edit]
KFC Index
Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention
Christmas Price Index
Recession index
List of unusual units of measurement
List of humorous units of measurement
Banana equivalent dose
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Big MacCurrencies". The Economist. 9 April 1998.
Jump up ^ "Pam Woodall". The Economist. 9 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Daley, James (6 September 2008). "Burgernomics: Why the price of a Big Mac may hold the key to better investment returns". The Independent. London.
Jump up ^ "Sandwiched (Burgernomics says currencies are very dear in Europe but very cheap in Asia)". The Big Mac Index. The Economist. 24 July 2008. Archived from the original on 1 November 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
Jump up ^ Max, Sarah (30 January 2004). "The price of latte in Lucerne". CNN/Money. Archived from the original on 6 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
Jump up ^ "iPod Index trumps the BigMac one". Sydney Morning Herald. 18 January 2007. Archived from the original on 19 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-19.
Jump up ^ SvD: IKEA-Billy utmanar Big Mac [1]
Jump up ^ The Local: Billy bookshelf does battle with Big Mac Index
Jump up ^ Dagens Handel: Billy-index utmanar Big Mac Archived 12 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ IKEA Billy Bookshelf Index Shows Lowest Price in U.A.E. (Table) Archived 10 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Big Mac Index? Hier kommt der Gold Mac Index: Der GMI von Gold.de". Gold.de (in German). Retrieved 2017-08-15.
Jump up ^ Hoefert, Andreas; Hofer, Simone (2006). "Prices and Earnings: A Comparison of Purchasing Power Around the Globe" (PDF). 2006 Edition. UBS AG, Wealth Management Research: 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-16. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
Jump up ^ Chai Latte: Origin, economic implications and global index
Jump up ^ McConnell, Campbell; Brue, Stanley (2004). Microeconomics, 16th ed. McGraw Hill. p. 473. ISBN 0-07-287561-5.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lies, flame-grilled lies and statistics". The Economist. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Politi, Daniel (24 November 2011). "Argentina's Big Mac Attack". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Sanguinetti, Andrew (8 June 2012). "Moreno pierde la batalla: el Big Mac sale del freezer y aumenta 26% su precio". El Cronista (in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Big Mac? Not really, as Australian version of burger downsized". The Advertiser (Adelaide). 13 June 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Iceland Says Bye to the Big Mac, CBS News, 26 October 2009
Jump up ^ McDonalds leaves Iceland. Golden arch removed from Reykjavik restaurant. - YouTube
^ Jump up to: a b "The Economist Big Mac index, January 2018". The Economist. Economist Group. 2018-01-17. Retrieved 2018-05-21.
^ Jump up to: a b "Prices and earnings 2015". UBS. September 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-06-21. Retrieved 2017-06-21.
External links[edit]
The Big Mac Index index page — contains Big Mac Index data dating back to 1997 (Economist.com subscription required for detail)
Big Mac versus iTunes Aplia
Big Mac Index in text format for analysis
Global Investor Article on Big Mac Index – Discusses origins & significance to international investors – 9 February 2007
"Prices and Earnings: A Comparison of Purchasing Power Around the Globe -2009," UBS AG, Wealth Management Research Good report on purchasing power containing a Big Mac index (in minutes) as well as for staples such as bread and rice for 71 world cities.
UBS Prices and Earnings Report 2006: Dublin is 8th most expensive city but 3rd highest for net earnings Very thorough article on the time-based Big Mac index.
The Big Mac Index Converter - Currency conversion calculator that uses the Big Mac Index.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Mac_Index&oldid=843009559"
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text:
Would I Lie to You? (Charles & Eddie song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Would I Lie to You?"
Single by Charles & Eddie
from the album Duophonic
B-side
"Remix"
Released
August 4, 1992
Format
7" single
CD single
CD maxi
Genre
R&B
soul
Length
4:38 (Album Version)
3:41 (Radio Version)
Label
Capitol
Songwriter(s)
Mike Leeson
Peter Vale
Producer(s)
Josh Deutsch
Charles & Eddie singles chronology
"Would I Lie to You?"
(1992) "NYC (Can You Believe This City?)"
(1993)
"Would I Lie to You?"
(1992) "NYC (Can You Believe This City?)"
(1993)
Music video
"Would I Lie to You?" on YouTube
"Would I Lie to You?" is an R&B song by American duo Charles & Eddie. Written by Mike Leeson and Peter Vale and produced by Josh Deutsch, "Would I Lie to You?" was the debut single by the pop-soul duo, and it proved to be their biggest hit. A major international success, it reached number one on the UK Singles Chart for two weeks in November 1992,[1] and was also number one in New Zealand, Germany, Austria and Zimbabwe. It was a top five hit in several other European countries while in Australia and Canada it went to number 3. The single became a Top 20 hit in the US, peaking at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 and it enjoyed award-winning sales, earning a platinum record in the UK, a gold record in both Germany and Austria and silver record award in France.
The songwriters, Leeson and Vale, received the 1992 Ivor Novello award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically.[2]
Contents
1 Critical reception
2 Track listings
3 Charts and sales
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
3.3 Certifications
4 John Gibbons version
4.1 Charts
5 David Guetta, Cedric Gervais and Chris Willis version
5.1 Weekly charts
5.2 Year-end charts
5.3 Certifications
5.4 Release history
6 References
Critical reception[edit]
Billboard wrote about the song: "Male duo is quickly picking up pop radio adds with this delightful twirl into retro-R&B territory. Rich lead vocals are supported by Motown-styled harmonies, rumbling Hammond organ fills, and an insinuating, live drum beat."[3]
Track listings[edit]
CD single
"Would I Lie to You?" (Radio Edit) – 3:41
"Would I Lie to You?" (Club House Mix) – 5:04
CD maxi single
"Would I Lie to You?" (Radio Edit) – 3:41
"Would I Lie to You?" (Club House Mix) – 5:04
"Would I Lie to You?" (Truth and Soul Mix) – 3:57
"Would I Lie to You?" (Explicit Lyrics Version) – 5:01
7" single
"Would I Lie to You?" (Radio Edit) – 3:41
"Would I Lie to You?" (Club House Mix) – 5:04
Charts and sales[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1992–93)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[4] 3
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[5] 1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[6] 1
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[7] 3
Denmark (IFPI)[8] 2
Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)[9] 2
France (SNEP)[10] 2
Germany (Official German Charts)[11] 1
Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)[12] 14
Ireland (IRMA)[13] 2
Italy (FIMI)[14] 9
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[15] 2
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[16] 2
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[17] 1
Norway (VG-lista)[18] 3
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[19] 3
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[20] 2
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[21] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[22] 6
US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks[22] 15
US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles Sales[22] 59
US Billboard Rhythmic Top 40[22] 27
US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream[22] 6
US Cash Box Top 100 11
Zimbabwe (ZIMA)[23] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1992)
Position
Australian Singles Chart[24] 30
Dutch Top 40[25] 98
New Zealand[26] 28
UK Official Singles Chart 3
US Billboard Hot 100[27] 90
Chart (1993)
Position
Austrian Singles Chart[28] 6
Dutch Top 40[29] 41
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[30] 36
Swiss Singles Chart[31] 23
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Austria[32] Gold 15,000
France[33] Silver 125,000
Germany[34] Gold 250,000
United Kingdom[35] Platinum 600,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
John Gibbons version[edit]
"Would I Lie to You"
Single by John Gibbons
Released
August 12, 2016
Format
Digital download
Genre
House[36]
Length
3:20
Label
Blindsided (label)
Sony
Warner
Songwriter(s)
Mike Leeson
Peter Vale
Producer(s)
John Gibbons
Colin Hanley
John Gibbons singles chronology
"Your Love"
(2015) "Would I Lie to You"
(2016) "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)"
(2017)
"Your Love"
(2015) "Would I Lie to You"
(2016) "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)"
(2017)
Irish DJ and producer John Gibbons released a cover of the song titled "Would I Lie to You".[36] Gibbons co-produced the song with Colin Hanley, while Wez Clarke mixed the track with mastering from Nick Bennett.[37] It was released for digital download on August 12, 2016.[38]
Charts[edit]
Chart (2016)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[39]
34
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[40]
46
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[41]
53
David Guetta, Cedric Gervais and Chris Willis version[edit]
"Would I Lie to You"
Single by David Guetta, Cedric Gervais and Chris Willis
Released
September 30, 2016
Format
Digital download
Genre
EDM
electro house
progressive house[42]
deep house (Cash Cash remix)
Length
3:17
Label
Jack Back
Parlophone
Warner
Songwriter(s)
Mike Leeson
Peter Vale
Producer(s)
David Guetta
Cedric Gervais
Junkx
David Guetta singles chronology
"All the Way Up (EDM remix)"
(2016) "Would I Lie to You"
(2016) "Shed a Light"
(2016)
"All the Way Up (EDM remix)"
(2016) "Would I Lie to You"
(2016) "Shed a Light"
(2016)
Cedric Gervais singles chronology
"Skin On Skin"
(2016) Skin On Skin2016 "Would I Lie to You"
(2016) Would I Lie to You2016 "Somebody New"
(2017) Somebody New2017
Chris Willis singles chronology
"Don't Cry (Remember My Name)"
(2015) Don't Cry (Remember My Name)2015 "Would I Lie to You"
(2016) Would I Lie to You2016
French DJs David Guetta and Cedric Gervais, and American singer Chris Willis released a cover of the song titled "Would I Lie to You".[43] It was released to digital download through Jack Back Records, Parlophone, and Warner Music Group on September 30, 2016.[44]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2016–17)
Peak
position
Argentina (Monitor Latino)[45]
6
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[46]
2
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[47]
34
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[48]
23
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[49]
3
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[50]
28
France (SNEP)[51]
20
Germany (Official German Charts)[52]
2
Hungary (Dance Top 40)[53]
4
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[54]
4
Hungary (Single Top 40)[55]
9
Israel (Media Forest)[56]
4
Italy (FIMI)[57]
71
Latvia (Latvijas Top 40)[58]
8
Mexico Airplay (Billboard)[59]
10
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[60]
9
Poland (Dance Top 50)[61]
1
Russia Airplay (Tophit)[62]
7
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[63]
20
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[64]
14
Slovenia (SloTop50)[65]
3
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[66]
31
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[67]
80
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[68]
24
US Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard)[69]
32
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2016)
Position
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[70]
62
Chart (2017)
Position
Argentina (Monitor Latino)[71]
36
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[72]
11
Hungary (Single Top 40)[73]
60
Poland (ZPAV)[74]
47
Slovenia (SloTop50)[75]
16
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Austria (IFPI Austria)[76]
Gold 15,000*
France (SNEP)[77]
Gold 75,000*
Germany (BVMI)[78]
Platinum 400,000^
Italy (FIMI)[79]
Gold 25,000
Poland (ZPAV)[80]
Platinum 20,000*
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Format
Label
Ref.
Worldwide
September 30, 2016 Digital download
Jack Back
Parlophone
Warner
[81]
Italy
Contemporary hit radio Warner [82]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 547. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ Lister, David, Pop ballads bite back in lyrical fashion, The Independent, 28 May 1994
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e Billboard Allmusic.com (Retrieved August 6, 2008)
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Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts 1993". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
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Jump up ^ Austrian certifications ifpi.at Archived July 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved August 6, 2008)
Jump up ^ French certifications See: "Les Ventes" => "Toutes les certifications depuis 1973" => "CHARLES & EDDY" Infodisc.fr Archived March 7, 2012, at WebCite (Retrieved August 6, 2008)
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank ('Would+I+Lie+to+You%3F')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved August 6, 2008.
Jump up ^ UK certifications Bpi.co.uk (Retrieved August 6, 2008)
^ Jump up to: a b Aaron, Charles (August 15, 2016). "GEEKED UP: Not-So-Young Heart Runs Free". MTV News. MTV. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Byrne, Niall (August 19, 2016). "Nialler9's New Irish Music: Susie Blue, All Tvvins, September Girls and more". The Irish Times. Irish Times Trust. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ ""Would I Lie to You" from Would I Lie to You - Single by John Gibbons on Apple Music". iTunes. Apple Music. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 37, 2016". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
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Jump up ^ "David Guetta, Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis - Would I Lie to You". EDM Sauce. September 30, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wicks, Amanda (September 30, 2016). "David Guetta and Cedric Gervais Remix 1992 Jam 'Would I Lie to You'". Radio.com. CBS Radio. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Would I Lie to You - EP by David Guetta, Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis on Apple Music". iTunes. Apple Music. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 20 Argentina – Del 9 al 16 de Enero, 2017" (in Spanish). Monitor Latino. 9 January 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
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Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – David Guetta, Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis – Would I Lie to You" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
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Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – David Guetta, Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis – Would I Lie to You". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
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Jump up ^ "Austrian single certifications – David Guetta, Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis – Would I Lie to You" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved 8 November 2017. Enter David Guetta, Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis in the field Interpret. Enter Would I Lie to You in the field Titel. Select single in the field Format. Click Suchen.
Jump up ^ "French single certifications – David Guetta – Would I Lie to You" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (David Guetta & Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis; 'Would I Lie to You')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – David Guetta, Cedric Gervais and Chris Willis – Would I Lie to You" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Polish single certifications – David Guetta, Cedric Gervais and Chris Willis – Would I Lie to You" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Worldwide releases for digital single of "Would I Lie to You":
For Brazil: "Would I Lie to You - EP by David Guetta, Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis on Apple Music". iTunes Store (BR) (in Portuguese). Apple Inc. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
For Japan: "Would I Lie to You - EP by David Guetta, Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis on Apple Music". iTunes Store (JP) (in Japanese). Apple Inc. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
For New Zealand: "Would I Lie to You - EP by David Guetta, Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis on Apple Music". iTunes Store (NZ). Apple Inc. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
For the UK: "Would I Lie to You - EP by David Guetta, Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis on Apple Music". iTunes Store (UK). Apple Inc. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
For the US: "Would I Lie to You - EP by David Guetta, Cedric Gervais & Chris Willis on Apple Music". iTunes Store (US). Apple Inc. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "DAVID GUETTA & CEDRIC GERVAIS & CHRIS WILLIS "Would I Lie to You" (Radio Date: 30/09/2016)". radiodate.it. Radio Airplay S.R.L. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
show
v
t
e
David Guetta singles
Discography
Production discography
Just a Little More Love
"Just a Little More Love"
"Love Don't Let Me Go"
"People Come People Go"
"Give Me Something"
Guetta Blaster
"Money"
"Stay"
"The World Is Mine"
"In Love with Myself"
Pop Life
"Love Is Gone"
"Baby When the Light"
"Delirious"
"Tomorrow Can Wait"
"Everytime We Touch"
One Love
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2.0
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Listen
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7
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Fuck Me I'm Famous series
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Featured singles
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"Crank It Up"
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Chris Willis
Singles
"Love Is Gone"
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"Everytime We Touch"
"Gettin' Over You"
"Louder (Put Your Hands Up)"
"Would I Lie to You"
Featured singles
"Just a Little More Love"
"Love Don't Let Me Go"
"People Come People Go"
"Money"
"Stay"
"Give It All You Got"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Would_I_Lie_to_You%3F_(Charles_%26_Eddie_song)&oldid=863744685"
Categories:
1992 songs
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