text:
Eiffel Tower
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the landmark in Paris, France. For Other uses, see Eiffel Tower (disambiguation).
The Eiffel Tower
Tour Eiffel
Seen from the Champ de Mars
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
Record height
Tallest in the world from 1889 to 1930[I]
General information
Type
Observation tower
Broadcasting tower
Location
7th arrondissement, Paris, France
Coordinates
48°51′29.6″N 2°17′40.2″E / 48.858222°N 2.294500°E / 48.858222; 2.294500Coordinates: 48°51′29.6″N 2°17′40.2″E / 48.858222°N 2.294500°E / 48.858222; 2.294500
Construction started
28 January 1887
Completed
15 March 1889
Opening
31 March 1889 (129 years ago)
Owner
City of Paris, France
Management
Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel (SETE)
Height
Architectural
300 m (984 ft)[1]
Tip
324 m (1,063 ft)[1]
Top floor
276 m (906 ft)[1]
Technical details
Floor count
3[2]
Lifts/elevators
8[2]
Design and construction
Architect
Stephen Sauvestre
Structural engineer
Maurice Koechlin
Émile Nouguier
Main contractor
Compagnie des Etablissements Eiffel
Website
toureiffel.paris/en
References
I. ^ Eiffel Tower at Emporis
The Eiffel Tower (/ˈaɪfəl/ EYE-fəl; French: Tour Eiffel [tuʁ‿ɛfɛl] ( listen)) is a wrought iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France. It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower.
Constructed from 1887–1889 as the entrance to the 1889 World's Fair, it was initially criticized by some of France's leading artists and intellectuals for its design, but it has become a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world.[3] The Eiffel Tower is the most-visited paid monument in the world; 6.91 million people ascended it in 2015.
The tower is 324 metres (1,063 ft) tall, about the same height as an 81-storey building, and the tallest structure in Paris. Its base is square, measuring 125 metres (410 ft) on each side. During its construction, the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to become the tallest man-made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years until the Chrysler Building in New York City was finished in 1930. Due to the addition of a broadcasting aerial at the top of the tower in 1957, it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by 5.2 metres (17 ft). Excluding transmitters, the Eiffel Tower is the second tallest free-standing structure in France after the Millau Viaduct.
The tower has three levels for visitors, with restaurants on the first and second levels. The top level's upper platform is 276 m (906 ft) above the ground – the highest observation deck accessible to the public in the European Union. Tickets can be purchased to ascend by stairs or lift to the first and second levels. The climb from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the climb from the first level to the second. Although there is a staircase to the top level, it is usually accessible only by lift.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Origin
1.2 Artists' protest
1.3 Construction
1.3.1 Lifts
1.4 Inauguration and the 1889 exposition
1.5 Subsequent events
2 Design
2.1 Material
2.2 Wind considerations
2.3 Accommodation
2.4 Passenger lifts
2.5 Engraved names
2.6 Aesthetics
2.7 Maintenance
3 Tourism
3.1 Transport
3.2 Popularity
3.3 Restaurants
4 Replicas
5 Communications
5.1 FM radio
5.2 Digital television
6 Illumination copyright
7 Taller structures
7.1 Lattice towers taller than the Eiffel Tower
7.2 Structures in France taller than the Eiffel Tower
8 See also
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
History
Origin
The design of the Eiffel Tower is attributed to Maurice Koechlin and Émile Nouguier, two senior engineers working for the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel. It was envisioned after discussion about a suitable centrepiece for the proposed 1889 Exposition Universelle, a world's fair to celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution. Eiffel openly acknowledged that inspiration for a tower came from the Latting Observatory built in New York City in 1853.[4] In May 1884, working at home, Koechlin made a sketch of their idea, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top, joined together by metal trusses at regular intervals".[5] Eiffel initially showed little enthusiasm, but he did approve further study, and the two engineers then asked Stephen Sauvestre, the head of company's architectural department, to contribute to the design. Sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower, a glass pavilion to the first level, and other embellishments.
First drawing of the Eiffel Tower by Maurice Koechlin including size comparison with other Parisian landmarks such as Notre Dame de Paris, the Statue of Liberty and the Vendôme Column
The new version gained Eiffel's support: he bought the rights to the patent on the design which Koechlin, Nougier, and Sauvestre had taken out, and the design was exhibited at the Exhibition of Decorative Arts in the autumn of 1884 under the company name. On 30 March 1885, Eiffel presented his plans to the Société des Ingénieurs Civils; after discussing the technical problems and emphasising the practical uses of the tower, he finished his talk by saying the tower would symbolise,
Not only the art of the modern engineer, but also the century of Industry and Science in which we are living, and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument will be built as an expression of France's gratitude.[6]
Little progress was made until 1886, when Jules Grévy was re-elected as president of France and Édouard Lockroy was appointed as minister for trade. A budget for the exposition was passed and, on 1 May, Lockroy announced an alteration to the terms of the open competition being held for a centrepiece to the exposition, which effectively made the selection of Eiffel's design a foregone conclusion, as entries had to include a study for a 300 m (980 ft) four-sided metal tower on the Champ de Mars.[6] (A 300-meter tower was then considered a herculean engineering effort). On 12 May, a commission was set up to examine Eiffel's scheme and its rivals, which, a month later, decided that all the proposals except Eiffel's were either impractical or lacking in details.
After some debate about the exact location of the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. This was signed by Eiffel acting in his own capacity rather than as the representative of his company, and granted him 1.5 million francs toward the construction costs: less than a quarter of the estimated 6.5 million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition and for the next 20 years. He later established a separate company to manage the tower, putting up half the necessary capital himself.[7]
Artists' protest
Caricature of Gustave Eiffel comparing the Eiffel tower to the Pyramids
The proposed tower had been a subject of controversy, drawing criticism from those who did not believe it was feasible and those who objected on artistic grounds. These objections were an expression of a long-standing debate in France about the relationship between architecture and engineering. It came to a head as work began at the Champ de Mars: a "Committee of Three Hundred" (one member for each metre of the tower's height) was formed, led by the prominent architect Charles Garnier and including some of the most important figures of the arts, such as Adolphe Bouguereau, Guy de Maupassant, Charles Gounod and Jules Massenet. A petition called "Artists against the Eiffel Tower" was sent to the Minister of Works and Commissioner for the Exposition, Charles Alphand, and it was published by Le Temps on 14 February 1887:
We, writers, painters, sculptors, architects and passionate devotees of the hitherto untouched beauty of Paris, protest with all our strength, with all our indignation in the name of slighted French taste, against the erection … of this useless and monstrous Eiffel Tower … To bring our arguments home, imagine for a moment a giddy, ridiculous tower dominating Paris like a gigantic black smokestack, crushing under its barbaric bulk Notre Dame, the Tour Saint-Jacques, the Louvre, the Dome of les Invalides, the Arc de Triomphe, all of our humiliated monuments will disappear in this ghastly dream. And for twenty years … we shall see stretching like a blot of ink the hateful shadow of the hateful column of bolted sheet metal.[8]
A calligram by Guillaume Apollinaire
Gustave Eiffel responded to these criticisms by comparing his tower to the Egyptian pyramids: "My tower will be the tallest edifice ever erected by man. Will it not also be grandiose in its way? And why would something admirable in Egypt become hideous and ridiculous in Paris?"[9] These criticisms were also dealt with by Édouard Lockroy in a letter of support written to Alphand, ironically saying,[10] "Judging by the stately swell of the rhythms, the beauty of the metaphors, the elegance of its delicate and precise style, one can tell this protest is the result of collaboration of the most famous writers and poets of our time", and he explained that the protest was irrelevant since the project had been decided upon months before, and construction on the tower was already under way.
Indeed, Garnier was a member of the Tower Commission that had examined the various proposals, and had raised no objection. Eiffel was similarly unworried, pointing out to a journalist that it was premature to judge the effect of the tower solely on the basis of the drawings, that the Champ de Mars was distant enough from the monuments mentioned in the protest for there to be little risk of the tower overwhelming them, and putting the aesthetic argument for the tower: "Do not the laws of natural forces always conform to the secret laws of harmony?"[11]
Some of the protesters changed their minds when the tower was built; others remained unconvinced.[12] Guy de Maupassant supposedly ate lunch in the tower's restaurant every day because it was the one place in Paris where the tower was not visible.[13]
By 1918, it had become a symbol of Paris and of France after Guillaume Apollinaire wrote a nationalist poem in the shape of the tower (a calligram) to express his feelings about the war against Germany.[14] Today, it is widely considered to be a remarkable piece of structural art, and is often featured in films and literature.
Construction
Foundations of the Eiffel Tower
Work on the foundations started on 28 January 1887.[15] Those for the east and south legs were straightforward, with each leg resting on four 2 m (6.6 ft) concrete slabs, one for each of the principal girders of each leg. The west and north legs, being closer to the river Seine, were more complicated: each slab needed two piles installed by using compressed-air caissons 15 m (49 ft) long and 6 m (20 ft) in diameter driven to a depth of 22 m (72 ft)[16] to support the concrete slabs, which were 6 m (20 ft) thick. Each of these slabs supported a block of limestone with an inclined top to bear a supporting shoe for the ironwork.
Each shoe was anchored to the stonework by a pair of bolts 10 cm (4 in) in diameter and 7.5 m (25 ft) long. The foundations were completed on 30 June, and the erection of the ironwork began. The visible work on-site was complemented by the enormous amount of exacting preparatory work that took place behind the scenes: the drawing office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detailed drawings of the 18,038 different parts needed.[17] The task of drawing the components was complicated by the complex angles involved in the design and the degree of precision required: the position of rivet holes was specified to within 0.1 mm (0.0039 in) and angles worked out to one second of arc. The finished components, some already riveted together into sub-assemblies, arrived on horse-drawn carts from a factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois-Perret and were first bolted together, with the bolts being replaced with rivets as construction progressed. No drilling or shaping was done on site: if any part did not fit, it was sent back to the factory for alteration. In all, 18,038 pieces were joined together using 2.5 million rivets.[15]
At first the legs were constructed as cantilevers, but about halfway to the first level, construction was paused in order to create a substantial timber scaffold. This renewed concerns about the structural integrity of the tower, and sensational headlines such as "Eiffel Suicide!" and "Gustave Eiffel Has Gone Mad: He Has Been Confined in an Asylum" appeared in the tabloid press.[18] At this stage, a small "creeper" crane designed to move up the tower was installed in each leg. They made use of the guides for the lifts which were to be fitted in the four legs. The critical stage of joining the legs at the first level was completed by the end of March 1888.[15] Although the metalwork had been prepared with the utmost attention to detail, provision had been made to carry out small adjustments in order to precisely align the legs; hydraulic jacks were fitted to the shoes at the base of each leg, capable of exerting a force of 800 tonnes, and the legs were intentionally constructed at a slightly steeper angle than necessary, being supported by sandboxes on the scaffold. Although construction involved 300 on-site employees,[15] only one person died, due to Eiffel's safety precautions and the use of movable gangways, guardrails and screens.[19]
The start of the erection of the metalwork.
7 December 1887: Construction of the legs with scaffolding.
20 March 1888: Completion of the first level.
15 May 1888: Start of construction on the second stage.
21 August 1888: Completion of the second level.
26 December 1888: Construction of the upper stage.
15 March 1889: Construction of the cupola.
Lifts
The Roux, Combaluzier & Lepape lifts during construction. Note the drive sprockets and chain in the foreground
Equipping the tower with adequate and safe passenger lifts was a major concern of the government commission overseeing the Exposition. Although some visitors could be expected to climb to the first level, or even the second, lifts clearly had to be the main means of ascent.[20]
Constructing lifts to reach the first level was relatively straightforward: the legs were wide enough at the bottom and so nearly straight that they could contain a straight track, and a contract was given to the French company Roux, Combaluzier & Lepape for two lifts to be fitted in the east and west legs.[21] Roux, Combaluzier & Lepape used a pair of endless chains with rigid, articulated links to which the car was attached. Lead weights on some links of the upper or return sections of the chains counterbalanced most of the car's weight. The car was pushed up from below, not pulled up from above: to prevent the chain buckling, it was enclosed in a conduit. At the bottom of the run, the chains passed around 3.9 m (12 ft 10 in) diameter sprockets. Smaller sprockets at the top guided the chains.[21]
The Otis lifts originally fitted in the north and south legs
Installing lifts to the second level was more of a challenge because a straight track was impossible. No French company wanted to undertake the work. The European branch of Otis Brothers & Company submitted a proposal but this was rejected: the fair's charter ruled out the use of any foreign material in the construction of the tower. The deadline for bids was extended but still no French companies put themselves forward, and eventually the contract was given to Otis in July 1887.[22] Otis were confident they would eventually be given the contract and had already started creating designs.
The car was divided into two superimposed compartments, each holding 25 passengers, with the lift operator occupying an exterior platform on the first level. Motive power was provided by an inclined hydraulic ram 12.67 m (41 ft 7 in) long and 96.5 cm (38.0 in) in diameter in the tower leg with a stroke of 10.83 m (35 ft 6 in): this moved a carriage carrying six sheaves. Five fixed sheaves were mounted higher up the leg, producing an arrangement similar to a block and tackle but acting in reverse, multiplying the stroke of the piston rather than the force generated. The hydraulic pressure in the driving cylinder was produced by a large open reservoir on the second level. After being exhausted from the cylinder, the water was pumped back up to the reservoir by two pumps in the machinery room at the base of the south leg. This reservoir also provided power to the lifts to the first level.
The original lifts for the journey between the second and third levels were supplied by Léon Edoux. A pair of 81 m (266 ft) hydraulic rams were mounted on the second level, reaching nearly halfway up to the third level. One lift car was mounted on top of these rams: cables ran from the top of this car up to sheaves on the third level and back down to a second car. Each car only travelled half the distance between the second and third levels and passengers were required to change lifts halfway by means of a short gangway. The 10-ton cars each held 65 passengers.[23]
Inauguration and the 1889 exposition
General view of the Exposition Universelle
The main structural work was completed at the end of March 1889 and, on 31 March, Eiffel celebrated by leading a group of government officials, accompanied by representatives of the press, to the top of the tower.[12] Because the lifts were not yet in operation, the ascent was made by foot, and took over an hour, with Eiffel stopping frequently to explain various features. Most of the party chose to stop at the lower levels, but a few, including the structural engineer, Émile Nouguier, the head of construction, Jean Compagnon, the President of the City Council, and reporters from Le Figaro and Le Monde Illustré, completed the ascent. At 2:35 pm, Eiffel hoisted a large Tricolour to the accompaniment of a 25-gun salute fired at the first level.[24]
There was still work to be done, particularly on the lifts and facilities, and the tower was not opened to the public until nine days after the opening of the exposition on 6 May; even then, the lifts had not been completed. The tower was an instant success with the public, and nearly 30,000 visitors made the 1,710-step climb to the top before the lifts entered service on 26 May.[25] Tickets cost 2 francs for the first level, 3 for the second, and 5 for the top, with half-price admission on Sundays,[26] and by the end of the exhibition there had been 1,896,987 visitors.[3]
After dark, the tower was lit by hundreds of gas lamps, and a beacon sent out three beams of red, white and blue light. Two searchlights mounted on a circular rail were used to illuminate various buildings of the exposition. The daily opening and closing of the exposition were announced by a cannon at the top.
Illumination of the tower at night during the exposition
On the second level, the French newspaper Le Figaro had an office and a printing press, where a special souvenir edition, Le Figaro de la Tour, was made. There was also a pâtisserie.
At the top, there was a post office where visitors could send letters and postcards as a memento of their visit. Graffitists were also catered for: sheets of paper were mounted on the walls each day for visitors to record their impressions of the tower. Gustave Eiffel described some of the responses as vraiment curieuse ("truly curious").[27]
Famous visitors to the tower included the Prince of Wales, Sarah Bernhardt, "Buffalo Bill" Cody (his Wild West show was an attraction at the exposition) and Thomas Edison.[25] Eiffel invited Edison to his private apartment at the top of the tower, where Edison presented him with one of his phonographs, a new invention and one of the many highlights of the exposition.[28] Edison signed the guestbook with this message:
To M Eiffel the Engineer the brave builder of so gigantic and original specimen of modern Engineering from one who has the greatest respect and admiration for all Engineers including the Great Engineer the Bon Dieu, Thomas Edison.
Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years. It was to be dismantled in 1909, when its ownership would revert to the City of Paris. The City had planned to tear it down (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it should be easy to dismantle) but as the tower proved to be valuable for communication purposes, it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit.
Eiffel made use of his apartment at the top of the tower to carry out meteorological observations, and also used the tower to perform experiments on the action of air resistance on falling bodies.[29]
Subsequent events
Play media
Panoramic view during ascent of the Eiffel Tower by the Lumière brothers, 1898
Play media
Franz Reichelt's preparations and jump from the Eiffel Tower
Tour Eiffel, 1926, one of the Eiffel Tower series by Robert Delaunay
For the 1900 Exposition Universelle, the lifts in the east and west legs were replaced by lifts running as far as the second level constructed by the French firm Fives-Lille. These had a compensating mechanism to keep the floor level as the angle of ascent changed at the first level, and were driven by a similar hydraulic mechanism to the Otis lifts, although this was situated at the base of the tower. Hydraulic pressure was provided by pressurised accumulators located near this mechanism.[22] At the same time the lift in the north pillar was removed and replaced by a staircase to the first level. The layout of both first and second levels was modified, with the space available for visitors on the second level. The original lift in the south pillar was removed 13 years later.
On 19 October 1901, Alberto Santos-Dumont, flying his No.6 airship, won a 100,000-franc prize offered by Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe for the first person to make a flight from St. Cloud to the Eiffel Tower and back in less than half an hour.[30]
Many innovations took place at the Eiffel Tower in the early 20th century. In 1910, Father Theodor Wulf measured radiant energy at the top and bottom of the tower. He found more at the top than expected, incidentally discovering what are known today as cosmic rays.[31] Just two years later, on 4 February 1912, Austrian tailor Franz Reichelt died after jumping from the first level of the tower (a height of 57 metres) to demonstrate his parachute design.[32] In 1914, at the outbreak of World War I, a radio transmitter located in the tower jammed German radio communications, seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne.[33] From 1925 to 1934, illuminated signs for Citroën adorned three of the tower's sides, making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time.[citation needed] In April 1935, the tower was used to make experimental low-resolution television transmissions, using a shortwave transmitter of 200 watts power. On 17 November, an improved 180-line transmitter was installed.[34]
On two separate but related occasions in 1925, the con artist Victor Lustig "sold" the tower for scrap metal.[35] A year later, in February 1926, pilot Leon Collet was killed trying to fly under the tower. His aircraft became entangled in an aerial belonging to a wireless station.[36] A bust of Gustave Eiffel by Antoine Bourdelle was unveiled at the base of the north leg on 2 May 1929.[37] In 1930, the tower lost the title of the world's tallest structure when the Chrysler Building in New York City was completed.[38] In 1938, the decorative arcade around the first level was removed.[39]
American soldiers watch the French flag flying on the Eiffel Tower, c. 25 August 1944
Upon the German occupation of Paris in 1940, the lift cables were cut by the French. The tower was closed to the public during the occupation and the lifts were not repaired until 1946.[40] In 1940, German soldiers had to climb the tower to hoist a swastika-centered Reichskriegsflagge,[41] but the flag was so large it blew away just a few hours later, and was replaced by a smaller one.[42] When visiting Paris, Hitler chose to stay on the ground. When the Allies were nearing Paris in August 1944, Hitler ordered General Dietrich von Choltitz, the military governor of Paris, to demolish the tower along with the rest of the city. Von Choltitz disobeyed the order.[43] On 25 June, before the Germans had been driven out of Paris, the German flag was replaced with a Tricolour by two men from the French Naval Museum, who narrowly beat three men led by Lucien Sarniguet, who had lowered the Tricolour on 13 June 1940 when Paris fell to the Germans.[40]
A fire started in the television transmitter on 3 January 1956, damaging the top of the tower. Repairs took a year, and in 1957, the present radio aerial was added to the top.[44] In 1964, the Eiffel Tower was officially declared to be a historical monument by the Minister of Cultural Affairs, André Malraux.[45] A year later, an additional lift system was installed in the north pillar.[46]
According to interviews, in 1967, Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau negotiated a secret agreement with Charles de Gaulle for the tower to be dismantled and temporarily relocated to Montreal to serve as a landmark and tourist attraction during Expo 67. The plan was allegedly vetoed by the company operating the tower out of fear that the French government could refuse permission for the tower to be restored in its original location.[47]
Base of the Eiffel Tower
In 1982, the original lifts between the second and third levels were replaced after 97 years in service. These had been closed to the public between November and March because the water in the hydraulic drive tended to freeze. The new cars operate in pairs, with one counterbalancing the other, and perform the journey in one stage, reducing the journey time from eight minutes to less than two minutes. At the same time, two new emergency staircases were installed, replacing the original spiral staircases. In 1983, the south pillar was fitted with an electrically driven Otis lift to serve the Jules Verne restaurant.[citation needed] The Fives-Lille lifts in the east and west legs, fitted in 1899, were extensively refurbished in 1986. The cars were replaced, and a computer system was installed to completely automate the lifts. The motive power was moved from the water hydraulic system to a new electrically driven oil-filled hydraulic system, and the original water hydraulics were retained solely as a counterbalance system.[46] A service lift was added to the south pillar for moving small loads and maintenance personnel three years later.
Robert Moriarty flew a Beechcraft Bonanza under the tower on 31 March 1984.[48] In 1987, A.J. Hackett made one of his first bungee jumps from the top of the Eiffel Tower, using a special cord he had helped develop. Hackett was arrested by the police.[49] On 27 October 1991, Thierry Devaux, along with mountain guide Hervé Calvayrac, performed a series of acrobatic figures while bungee jumping from the second floor of the tower.[50] Facing the Champ de Mars, Devaux used an electric winch between figures to go back up to the second floor. When firemen arrived, he stopped after the sixth jump.[citation needed]
The tower is the focal point of New Year's Eve and Bastille Day (14 July) celebrations in Paris.
For its "Countdown to the Year 2000" celebration on 31 December 1999, flashing lights and high-powered searchlights were installed on the tower. Fireworks were set off all over it. An exhibition above a cafeteria on the first floor commemorates this event. The searchlights on top of the tower made it a beacon in Paris's night sky, and 20,000 flashing bulbs gave the tower a sparkly appearance for five minutes every hour on the hour.[51]
The lights sparkled blue for several nights to herald the new millennium On 31 December 2000. The sparkly lighting continued for 18 months until July 2001. The sparkling lights were turned on again on 21 June 2003, and the display was planned to last for 10 years before they needed replacing.[52]
The tower received its 200,000,000th guest on 28 November 2002.[53] The tower has operated at its maximum capacity of about 7 million visitors since 2003.[54] In 2004, the Eiffel Tower began hosting a seasonal ice rink on the first level.[55] A glass floor was installed on the first level during the 2014 refurbishment.[56]
Design
Material
The Eiffel Tower from below
The puddled iron (wrought iron) of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tons,[57] and the addition of lifts, shops and antennae have brought the total weight to approximately 10,100 tons.[58] As a demonstration of the economy of design, if the 7,300 tons of metal in the structure were melted down, it would fill the square base, 125 metres (410 ft) on each side, to a depth of only 6.25 cm (2.46 in) assuming the density of the metal to be 7.8 tons per cubic metre.[59] Additionally, a cubic box surrounding the tower (324 m x 125 m x 125 m) would contain 6,200 tons of air, weighing almost as much as the iron itself. Depending on the ambient temperature, the top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm (7 in) due to thermal expansion of the metal on the side facing the sun.[60]
Wind considerations
When it was built, many were shocked by the tower's daring form. Eiffel was accused of trying to create something artistic with no regard to the principles of engineering. However, Eiffel and his team – experienced bridge builders – understood the importance of wind forces, and knew that if they were going to build the tallest structure in the world, they had to be sure it could withstand them. In an interview with the newspaper Le Temps published on 14 February 1887, Eiffel said:
Is it not true that the very conditions which give strength also conform to the hidden rules of harmony? … Now to what phenomenon did I have to give primary concern in designing the Tower? It was wind resistance. Well then! I hold that the curvature of the monument's four outer edges, which is as mathematical calculation dictated it should be … will give a great impression of strength and beauty, for it will reveal to the eyes of the observer the boldness of the design as a whole.[61]
He used graphical methods to determine the strength of the tower and empirical evidence to account for the effects of wind, rather than a mathematical formula. Close examination of the tower reveals a basically exponential shape.[62] All parts of the tower were over-designed to ensure maximum resistance to wind forces. The top half was even assumed to have no gaps in the latticework.[63] In the years since it was completed, engineers have put forward various mathematical hypotheses in an attempt to explain the success of the design. The most recent, devised in 2004 after letters sent by Eiffel to the French Society of Civil Engineers in 1885 were translated into English, is described as a non-linear integral equation based on counteracting the wind pressure on any point of the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that point.[62]
The Eiffel Tower sways by up to 9 centimetres (3.5 in) in the wind.[64]
Accommodation
Gustave Eiffel's apartment
When originally built, the first level contained three restaurants—one French, one Russian and one Flemish—and an "Anglo-American Bar". After the exposition closed, the Flemish restaurant was converted to a 250-seat theatre. A promenade 2.6-metre (8 ft 6 in) wide ran around the outside of the first level. At the top, there were laboratories for various experiments, and a small apartment reserved for Gustave Eiffel to entertain guests, which is now open to the public, complete with period decorations and lifelike mannequins of Eiffel and some of his notable guests.[65]
In May 2016, an apartment was created on the first level to accommodate four competition winners during the UEFA Euro 2016 football tournament in Paris in June. The apartment has a kitchen, two bedrooms, a lounge, and views of Paris landmarks including the Seine, the Sacre Coeur, and the Arc de Triomphe.[66]
Passenger lifts
The arrangement of the lifts has been changed several times during the tower's history. Given the elasticity of the cables and the time taken to align the cars with the landings, each lift, in normal service, takes an average of 8 minutes and 50 seconds to do the round trip, spending an average of 1 minute and 15 seconds at each level. The average journey time between levels is 1 minute. The original hydraulic mechanism is on public display in a small museum at the base of the east and west legs. Because the mechanism requires frequent lubrication and maintenance, public access is often restricted. The rope mechanism of the north tower can be seen as visitors exit the lift.[citation needed]
Engraved names
Main article: List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower
Names engraved on the tower
Gustave Eiffel engraved on the tower the names of 72 French scientists, engineers and mathematicians in recognition of their contributions to the building of the tower. Eiffel chose this "invocation of science" because of his concern over the artists' protest. At the beginning of the 20th century, the engravings were painted over, but they were restored in 1986–87 by the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel, a company operating the tower.[67]
Aesthetics
The tower is painted in three shades: lighter at the top, getting progressively darker towards the bottom to complement the Parisian sky.[68] It was originally reddish brown; this changed in 1968 to a bronze colour known as "Eiffel Tower Brown".[69]
The only non-structural elements are the four decorative grill-work arches, added in Sauvestre's sketches, which served to make the tower look more substantial and to make a more impressive entrance to the exposition.[70]
A pop-culture movie cliché is that the view from a Parisian window always includes the tower.[71] In reality, since zoning restrictions limit the height of most buildings in Paris to seven storeys, only a small number of tall buildings have a clear view of the tower.[citation needed]
Maintenance
Maintenance of the tower includes applying 60 tons of paint every seven years to prevent it from rusting. The tower has been completely repainted at least 19 times since it was built. Lead paint was still being used as recently as 2001 when the practice was stopped out of concern for the environment.[52]
Panorama of Paris and its suburbs from the top of the Eiffel Tower
Tourism
Transport
The nearest Paris Métro station is Bir-Hakeim and the nearest RER station is Champ de Mars-Tour Eiffel.[72] The tower itself is located at the intersection of the quai Branly and the Pont d'Iéna.
Popularity
Number of visitors per year between 1889 and 2004
More than 250 million people have visited the tower since it was completed in 1889.[3] In 2015, there were 6.91 million visitors.[73] The tower is the most-visited paid monument in the world.[74] An average of 25,000 people ascend the tower every day which can result in long queues.[75]
Restaurants
The tower has two restaurants: Le 58 Tour Eiffel on the first level, and Le Jules Verne, a gourmet restaurant with its own lift on the second level. This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide. It was run by the multi-Michelin star chef Alain Ducasse from 2007 to 2017.[76] Starting May 2019, it will be managed by three star chef Frédéric Anton.[77] It owes its name to the famous science-fiction writer Jules Verne. Additionally, there is a champagne bar at the top of the Eiffel Tower.
Replicas
Replica at the Paris Las Vegas Hotel, Nevada, United States
Main article: List of Eiffel Tower replicas
As one of the most iconic landmarks in the world, the Eiffel Tower has been the inspiration for the creation of many replicas and similar towers. An early example is Blackpool Tower in England. The mayor of Blackpool, Sir John Bickerstaffe, was so impressed on seeing the Eiffel Tower at the 1889 exposition that he commissioned a similar tower to be built in his town. It opened in 1894 and is 158.1 metres (518 ft) tall.[78] Tokyo Tower in Japan, built as a communications tower in 1958, was also inspired by the Eiffel Tower.[79]
There are various scale models of the tower in the United States, including a half-scale version at the Paris Las Vegas, Nevada, one in Paris, Texas built in 1993, and two 1:3 scale models at Kings Island, Ohio, and Kings Dominion, Virginia, amusement parks opened in 1972 and 1975 respectively. Two 1:3 scale models can be found in China, one in Durango, Mexico that was donated by the local French community, and several across Europe.[80]
In 2011, the TV show Pricing the Priceless on the National Geographic Channel speculated that a full-size replica of the tower would cost approximately US$480 million to build.[81] Ironically, if accurate, that means that the replica would cost more than ten times that of the original (with the original costing nearly 8 million in 1890 Francs; ~US$40 million in 2018 dollars).
Communications
Top of the Eiffel Tower
The tower has been used for making radio transmissions since the beginning of the 20th century. Until the 1950s, sets of aerial wires ran from the cupola to anchors on the Avenue de Suffren and Champ de Mars. These were connected to longwave transmitters in small bunkers. In 1909, a permanent underground radio centre was built near the south pillar, which still exists today. On 20 November 1913, the Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an aerial, exchanged wireless signals with the United States Naval Observatory, which used an aerial in Arlington, Virginia. The object of the transmissions was to measure the difference in longitude between Paris and Washington, D.C.[82] Today, radio and digital television signals are transmitted from the Eiffel Tower.
FM radio
Frequency
kW
Service
87.8 MHz 10 France Inter
89.0 MHz 10 RFI Paris
89.9 MHz 6 TSF Jazz
90.4 MHz 10 Nostalgie
90.9 MHz 4 Chante France
Digital television
A television antenna was first installed on the tower in 1957, increasing its height by 18.7 m (61.4 ft). Work carried out in 2000 added a further 5.3 m (17.4 ft), giving the current height of 324 m (1,063 ft).[52] Analogue television signals from the Eiffel Tower ceased on 8 March 2011.
Frequency
VHF
UHF
kW
Service
182.25 MHz 6 — 100 Canal+
479.25 MHz — 22 500 France 2
503.25 MHz — 25 500 TF1
527.25 MHz — 28 500 France 3
543.25 MHz — 30 100 France 5
567.25 MHz — 33 100 M6
Illumination copyright
The Eiffel Tower illuminated in 2015
The tower and its image have long been in the public domain.[83] In June 1990 a French court ruled that a special lighting display on the tower in 1989 to mark the tower's 100th anniversary was an "original visual creation" protected by copyright. The Court of Cassation, France's judicial court of last resort, upheld the ruling in March 1992.[84] The Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel (SETE) now considers any illumination of the tower to be a separate work of art that falls under copyright.[85] As a result, the SNTE alleges that it is illegal to publish contemporary photographs of the lit tower at night without permission in France and some other countries for commercial use.[86][87]
The imposition of copyright has been controversial. The Director of Documentation for what was then called the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel (SNTE), Stéphane Dieu, commented in 2005: "It is really just a way to manage commercial use of the image, so that it isn't used in ways [of which] we don't approve".[88] SNTE made over €1 million from copyright fees in 2002.[89] However, it could also be used to restrict the publication of tourist photographs of the tower at night, as well as hindering non-profit and semi-commercial publication of images of the illuminated tower.[83]
French doctrine and jurisprudence allows pictures incorporating a copyrighted work as long as their presence is incidental or accessory to the subject being represented,[90] a reasoning akin to the de minimis rule. Therefore, SETE may be unable to claim copyright on photographs of Paris which happen to include the lit tower.
Taller structures
The Eiffel Tower was the world's tallest structure when completed in 1889, a distinction it retained until 1929 when the Chrysler Building in New York City was topped out.[91] The tower has lost its standing both as the world's tallest structure and the world's tallest lattice tower but retains its status as the tallest freestanding (non-guyed) structure in France.
Lattice towers taller than the Eiffel Tower
Further information: List of tallest towers in the world and Observation deck
Name
Pinnacle height
Year
Country
Town
Remarks
Tokyo Skytree 634 m (2,080 ft) 2011 Japan Tokyo
Kiev TV Tower 385 m (1,263 ft) 1973 Ukraine Kiev
Dragon Tower 336 m (1,102 ft) 2000 China Harbin
Tokyo Tower 333 m (1,093 ft) 1958 Japan Tokyo
Structures in France taller than the Eiffel Tower
Further information: List of tallest structures in France
Name
Pinnacle height
Year
Structure type
Town
Remarks
Longwave transmitter Allouis 350 m (1,150 ft) 1974 Guyed mast Allouis
HWU transmitter 350 m (1,150 ft) ? Guyed mast Rosnay Military VLF transmitter; multiple masts
Viaduc de Millau 343 m (1,125 ft) 2004 Bridge pillar Millau
TV Mast Niort-Maisonnay 330 m (1,080 ft) 1978 Guyed mast Niort
Transmitter Le Mans-Mayet 342 m (1,122 ft) 1993 Guyed mast Mayet
La Regine transmitter 330 m (1,080 ft) 1973 Guyed mast Saissac Military VLF transmitter
Transmitter Roumoules 330 m (1,080 ft) 1974 Guyed mast Roumoules Spare transmission mast for longwave; insulated against ground
See also
Eiffel Tower in popular culture
List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region
List of tallest buildings and structures in the world
List of tallest freestanding structures in the world
List of tallest towers in the world
Eiffel Tower, 1909-1928 painting series by Robert Delaunay
Paris portal
References
^ Jump up to: a b c "Eiffel Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Database.
^ Jump up to: a b Eiffel Tower at Emporis
^ Jump up to: a b c SETE. "The Eiffel Tower at a glance". Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Engineering News and American Railway Journal. 22. G. H. Frost. 1889. p. 482.
Jump up ^ Harvie, p. 78.
^ Jump up to: a b Loyrette, p. 116.
Jump up ^ Loyrette, p. 121.
Jump up ^ Loyrette, p. 174.
Jump up ^ Paul Souriau; Manon Souriau (1983). The Aesthetics of Movement. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 100. ISBN 0-87023-412-9.
Jump up ^ Harvie, p. 99.
Jump up ^ Loyrette, p. 176.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Eiffel Tower". News. The Times (32661). London. 1 April 1889. col B, p. 5. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Jill Jonnes (2009). Eiffel's Tower: And the World's Fair where Buffalo Bill Beguiled Paris, the Artists Quarreled, and Thomas Edison Became a Count. Viking. pp. 163–64. ISBN 978-0-670-02060-7.
Jump up ^ Guillaume Apollinaire (1980). Anne Hyde Greet, ed. Calligrammes: Poems of Peace and War (1913–1916). University of California Press. pp. 411–414. ISBN 978-0-520-01968-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d SETE. "Origins and construction of the Eiffel Tower". Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 31 July 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Loyrette, p. 123.
Jump up ^ Loyrette, p. 148.
Jump up ^ Harvie, p. 110.
Jump up ^ "Construction of the Eiffel Tower". wonders-of-the-world.net.
Jump up ^ Vogel, pp. 20–21.
^ Jump up to: a b Vogel, p. 28.
^ Jump up to: a b Vogel, pp. 23–24.
Jump up ^ Eiffel, Gustave (1900). La Tour de Trois Cents Mètres (in French). Paris: Société des imprimeries Lemercier. pp. 171–3.
Jump up ^ Harvie, pp. 122–23.
^ Jump up to: a b SETE. "The Eiffel Tower during the 1889 Exposition Universelle". Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Harvie, pp. 144–45.
Jump up ^ Eiffel, Gustave (1900). La Tour de Trois Cents Mètres. Paris: Lemercier. p. 335.
Jump up ^ Jill Jonnes. "Thomas Edison at the Eiffel Tower". Wonders and Marvels. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Watson, p. 829.
Jump up ^ "M. Santos Dumont's Balloon". News. The Times (36591). London. 21 October 1901. col A, p. 4.
Jump up ^ Theodor Wulf. Physikalische Zeitschrift. Contains results of the four-day-long observation done by Theodor Wulf at the top of the Eiffel Tower in 1910.
Jump up ^ "L'inventeur d'un parachute se lance de le tour Eiffel et s'écrase sur le sol". Le Petit Parisien (in French). 5 February 1912. p. 1. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Barbara Wertheim Tuchman (1994). August 1914. Papermac. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-333-30516-4.
Jump up ^ Stephen Herbert (2004). A History of Early Television. 2. Taylor & Francis. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-415-32667-4.
Jump up ^ Piers Letcher (2003). Eccentric France: The Bradt Guide to Mad, Magical and Marvellous France. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-84162-068-8.
Jump up ^ "An air tragedy". The Sunday Times. Perth, WA. 28 February 1926. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Harriss, p. 178.
Jump up ^ Claudia Roth Pierpont (18 November 2002). "The Silver Spire: How two men's dreams changed the skyline of New York". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Harriss, p. 195.
^ Jump up to: a b Harriss, pp. 180–84.
Jump up ^ "HD Stock Video Footage - The Germans unfurl Nazi flags at the captured Palace of Versailles and Eiffel Tower during the Battle of France". www.criticalpast.com.
Jump up ^ Smith, Oliver (4 February 2016). "Eiffel Tower: 40 fascinating facts" – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
Jump up ^ Carlo D'Este (2003). Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life. Henry Holt and Company. p. 574. ISBN 978-0-8050-5687-7.
Jump up ^ SETE. "The major events". Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Harriss, p. 215.
^ Jump up to: a b SETE. "The Eiffel Tower's lifts". Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Nick Auf der Maur (15 September 1980). "How this city nearly got the Eiffel Tower". The Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Robert J. Moriarty. "A Bonanza in Paris". Air & Space Magazine. Retrieved 4 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Jano Gibson (27 February 2007). "Extreme bid to stretch bungy record". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Thierry Devaux. "Eiffel Tower 1991". Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
Jump up ^ SETE. "The Eiffel Tower's illuminations". Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c SETE. "All you need to know about the Eiffel Tower" (PDF). Official Eiffel Tower website. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Eiffel Tower". France.com. 23 October 2003. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Denis Cosnard (21 April 2014). "Eiffel Tower renovation work aims to take profits to new heights". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Darwin Porter; Danforth Prince; G. McDonald; H. Mastrini; S. Marker; A. Princz; C. Bánfalvy; A. Kutor; N. Lakos; S. Rowan Kelleher (2006). Frommer's Europe (9th ed.). Wiley. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-471-92265-0.
Jump up ^ "Eiffel Tower gets glass floor in refurbishment project". BBC News. 6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ David A. Hanser (2006). Architecture of France. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-313-31902-0.
Jump up ^ DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Europe. Dorling Kindersley. 2012. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-4093-8577-6.
Jump up ^ Harriss, p. 60.
Jump up ^ Harriss, p. 231.
Jump up ^ SETE. "Debate and controversy surrounding the Eiffel Tower". Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Elegant shape of Eiffel Tower solved mathematically by University of Colorado professor". Science Daily. 7 January 2005. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Watson, p. 807.
Jump up ^ SETE. "FAQ: History/Technical". Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Caitlin Morton (31 May 2015). "There is a secret apartment at the top of the Eiffel Tower". Architectural Digest. Conde Nast. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Mary Papenfuss (20 May 2016). "Tourists have the chance to get an Eiffel of the view by staying in the Tower for a night". International Business Times. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
Jump up ^ SETE (2010). "The Eiffel Tower Laboratory". Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 12 February 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
Jump up ^ SETE. "The Eiffel Tower gets beautified" (PDF). Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ SETE. "Painting the Eiffel Tower". Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "History: Development of clear span buildings – Exhibition buildings". Architectural Teaching Resource. Tata Steel Europe, Ltd. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Eiffel Tower". France.com. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
Jump up ^ SETE. "Getting to the Eiffel Tower". Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Number of Eiffel Tower visitors falls in wake of Paris attacks". France 24. 20 January 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Jean-Michel Normand (23 July 2007). "Tour Eiffel et souvenirs de Paris". Le Monde. France. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Eiffel Tower reopens to tourists after rare closure for 2-day strike". Associated Press. Fox News. 27 June 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Dali Wiederhoft. "Eiffel Tower: Sightseeing, restaurants, links, transit". Bonjour Paris. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Eiffel Tower in Paris". Paris Digest. 2018. Retrieved 2018-09-14.
Jump up ^ "The Blackpool Tower". History Extra. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "The red and white Eiffel Tower of Tokyo". KLM. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Todd van Luling (19 August 2013). "The most legit Eiffel Tower replicas you didn't know existed". Huffpost Travel. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Eiffel Tower". Pricing the Priceless. Season 1. Episode 3. 9 May 2011. National Geographic Channel (Australia).
Jump up ^ "Paris time by wireless". The New York Times. 22 November 1913. p. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b Steve Schlackman (16 November 2014). "Do night photos of the Eiffel Tower violate copyright?". Art Law Journal. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Cour de cassation 3 mars 1992, Jus Luminum n°J523975" (in French). Jus Luminum. Archived from the original on 16 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Jimmy Wales (3 July 2015). "If you want to keep sharing photos for free, read this". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Eiffel Tower image rights". Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel.
Jump up ^ Hugh Morris (24 June 2015). "Freedom of panorama: EU proposal could mean holiday snaps breach copyright". The Telegraph. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Eiffel Tower: Repossessed". Fast Company. 2 February 2005. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
Jump up ^ James Arnold (16 May 2003). "Are things looking up for the Eiffel Tower?". BBC News. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Notions Fondamentales Du Droit D'auteur (in French). World Intellectual Property Organization. 2002. p. 277. ISBN 978-92-805-1013-3. La représentation d'une œuvre située dans un lieu public n'est licite que lorsqu'elle est accessoire par rapport au sujet principal représenté ou traité
Jump up ^ "Chrysler Building - Piercing the Sky". CBS Forum. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
Bibliography
Chanson, Hubert (2009). "Hydraulic engineering legends Listed on the Eiffel Tower". In Jerry R. Rogers. Great Rivers History: Proceedings and Invited Papers for the EWRI Congress and Great Rivers History Symposium. American Society of Civil Engineers. ISBN 978-0-7844-1032-5.
Frémy, Dominique (1989). Quid de la tour Eiffel. R. Laffont. ISBN 978-2-221-06488-7.
The Engineer: The Paris Exhibition. XLVII. London: Office for Advertisements and Publication. 3 May 1889.
Harriss, Joseph (1975). The Eiffel Tower: Symbol of an Age. London: Paul Elek. ISBN 0236400363.
Harvie, David I. (2006). Eiffel: The Genius Who Reinvented Himself. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN 0-7509-3309-7.
Jonnes, Jill (2009). Eiffel's Tower: The Thrilling Story Behind Paris's Beloved Monument …. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-05251-8.
Loyrette, Henri (1985). Eiffel, un Ingenieur et Son Oeuvre. Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-0631-7.
Musée d'Orsay (1989). 1889: la Tour Eiffel et l'Exposition Universelle. Editions de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux, Ministère de la Culture, de la Communication, des Grands Travaux et du Bicentenaire. ISBN 978-2-7118-2244-7.
Vogel, Robert M. (1961). "Elevator Systems of the Eiffel Tower, 1889". United States National Museum Bulletin. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. 228: 20–21.
Watson, William (1892). Paris Universal Exposition: Civil Engineering, Public Works, and Architecture. Washington, D.C.: Government Publishing Office.
External links
Find more aboutEiffel Towerat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
Texts from Wikisource
Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Data from Wikidata
Official website
Eiffel Tower at Structurae
Sketches and plans of the tower's construction at MailOnline
Images of the 2014 refurbishment at ArchDaily
History of transmitters at the Eiffel Tower by Pierre Dessapt (in French)
Records
Preceded by
Washington Monument World's tallest structure
1889–1931
300.24 m Succeeded by
Chrysler Building
show
v
t
e
7th arrondissement of Paris
Neighbourhoods
Faubourg Saint-Germain
Quartier du Gros-Caillou
Primary and secondary schools
Lycée et collège Victor Duruy
Établissement La Rochefoucauld
Institut de l'Alma
Lycée-collège Paul-Claudel
Lycée d'Hulst
Lycée Sainte-Jeanne Elisabeth
Lycée Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin
Lycée Thérèse-Chappuis
Istituto Statale Italiano Leonardo Da Vinci
Colleges and universities
American University of Paris
Sciences Po
Landmarks
American Church in Paris
Eiffel Tower
Hôtel de Boisgelin
Hôtel Matignon
Les Invalides
Musée de l'Armée
Musée des Plans-Reliefs
Musée d'Histoire Contemporaine
Musée Maillol
Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération
Musée du quai Branly
Musée Rodin
Musée Valentin Haüy
Pont de l'Alma
Pont des Invalides
Taipei Representative Office in France
Paris Métro stations
Assemblée Nationale
Champ de Mars
Duroc
École Militaire
Invalides
La Tour-Maubourg
Rue du Bac
Saint-François-Xavier
Ségur
Sèvres – Babylone
Solférino
Vaneau
Varenne
Paris RER stations
Invalides
show
v
t
e
Tourism in Paris
Landmarks
Arc de Triomphe
Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel
Arènes de Lutèce
Bourse
Catacombs
Conciergerie
Eiffel Tower
Flame of Liberty
Gare d'Austerlitz
Gare de l'Est
Gare de Lyon
Gare du Nord
Gare Montparnasse
Gare Saint-Lazare
Grand Palais and Petit Palais
Institut de France
Jeanne d'Arc
Les Invalides
Louvre Pyramid
Luxor Obelisk
Odéon
Opéra Bastille
Opéra Garnier
Panthéon
Philharmonie de Paris
Porte Saint-Denis
Porte Saint-Martin
Sorbonne
Tour Montparnasse

Museums
Bibliothèque nationale
Carnavalet
Centre Georges Pompidou
Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie
Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume
Louis Vuitton Foundation
Musée des Arts Décoratifs
Musée des Arts et Métiers
Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme
Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris
Maison de Balzac
Musée Cognacq-Jay
Musée Grévin
Musée Guimet
Maison de Victor Hugo
Musée Jacquemart-André
Musée du Louvre
Musée Marmottan Monet
Musée de Montmartre
Musée National d'Art Moderne
Musée national Eugène Delacroix
Musée national Gustave Moreau
Musée national des Monuments Français
Muséum national d'histoire naturelle
Musée national du Moyen Âge
Musée de l'Orangerie
Musée d'Orsay
Musée Pasteur
Musée Picasso
Musée du quai Branly
Musée Rodin
Palais de la Légion d'Honneur
Musée de la Légion d'honneur
Musée de la Vie Romantique
Religious buildings
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral
American Cathedral
American Church
Chapelle expiatoire
Grand Mosque
Grand Synagogue
La Madeleine
Notre-Dame de Paris
Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle
Notre-Dame-de-Lorette
Notre-Dame-des-Victoires
Sacré-Cœur
Saint Ambroise
Saint-Augustin
Saint-Étienne-du-Mont
Saint-Eustache
Saint-François-Xavier
Saint-Germain-des-Prés
Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois
Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais
Saint-Jacques Tower
Saint-Jean-de-Montmartre
Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis
Saint-Pierre de Montmartre
Saint-Roch
Saint-Sulpice
Saint-Vincent-de-Paul
Sainte-Chapelle
Sainte-Clotilde
Sainte-Trinité
Temple du Marais
Val-de-Grâce
Hôtels particuliers
and palaces
Élysée Palace
Hôtel de Beauvais
Hôtel de Charost
Hôtel de Crillon
Hôtel d'Estrées
Hôtel de la Païva
Hôtel de Pontalba
Hôtel de Sens
Hôtel de Soubise
Hôtel de Sully
Hôtel de Ville
Hôtel Lambert
Hôtel Matignon
Luxembourg Palace
Petit Luxembourg
Palais Bourbon
Palais de Justice
Palais-Royal
Bridges, streets,
areas, squares
and waterways
Avenue de l'Opéra
Avenue Foch
Avenue George V
Boulevard de la Madeleine
Boulevard de Sébastopol
Canal de l'Ourcq
Canal Saint-Martin
Champ de Mars
Champs-Élysées
Covered passages
Galerie Véro-Dodat
Choiseul
Panoramas
Galerie Vivienne
Havre
Jouffroy
Brady
Latin Quarter
Le Marais
Montmartre
Montparnasse
Place Dauphine
Place de la Bastille
Place de la Concorde
Place de la Nation
Place de la République
Place Denfert-Rochereau
Place des États-Unis
Place des Pyramides
Place des Victoires
Place des Vosges
Place du Carrousel
Place du Châtelet
Place du Tertre
Place Saint-Michel
Place Vendôme
Pont Alexandre III
Pont d'Iéna
Pont de Bir-Hakeim
Pont des Arts
Pont Neuf
Port du Louvre
Rive Gauche
Rue Basse
Rue Bonaparte
Rue Charlemagne
Rue d'Argenteuil
Rue de la Ferronnerie
Rue de la Paix
Rue de la Sourdière
Rue de Montmorency
Rue de Richelieu
Rue de Rivoli
Rue de Vaugirard
Rue des Francs-Bourgeois
Rue des Lombards
Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré
Rue Elzévir
Rue Molière
Rue Montorgueil
Rue Radziwill
Rue Rambuteau
Rue Mondétour
Rue Pastourelle
Rue des Rosiers
Rue Saint-Honoré
Rue Saint-Denis
Rue Sainte-Anne
Saint-Germain-des-Prés
Trocadéro
Viaduc d'Austerlitz
Parks and gardens
Bois de Boulogne
Jardin d'Acclimatation
Bois de Vincennes
Parc floral
Jardin du Luxembourg
Parc André Citroën
Parc Clichy-Batignolles
Parc de Belleville
Parc de Bercy
Parc de la Butte-du-Chapeau-Rouge
Parc des Buttes Chaumont
Parc Georges-Brassens
Parc Monceau
Parc Montsouris
Tuileries Garden
Coulée verte René-Dumont
Sport venues
AccorHotels Arena
Auteuil Hippodrome
Halle Georges Carpentier
Longchamp Hippodrome
Parc des Princes
Piscine Molitor
Stade Jean Bouin
Stade Pershing
Stade Pierre de Coubertin
Stade Roland Garros
Stade Sébastien Charléty
Vélodrome de Vincennes
Vincennes Hippodrome
Cemeteries
Montmartre Cemetery
Montparnasse Cemetery
Passy Cemetery
Père Lachaise Cemetery
Picpus Cemetery
Région parisienne
Basilica of Saint-Denis
Château d'Écouen
Château de Chantilly
Château de Fontainebleau
Château de Malmaison
Château de Rambouillet
Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Château de Sceaux
Château and Gardens of Versailles
Château de Vincennes
La Défense
Grande Arche
Paris La Défense Arena
Disneyland Paris
Disneyland Park
Walt Disney Studios Park
Exploradôme
Fort Mont-Valérien
Mémorial de la France combattante
Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial
France Miniature
Musée de l’air et de l’espace
Musée Fragonard d'Alfort
Parc Astérix
Parc de Saint-Cloud
Provins
La Roche-Guyon
Sèvres – Cité de la céramique
Stade de France
Vaux-le-Vicomte
Culture and events
Bastille Day military parade
Fête de la Musique
Nuit Blanche
Paris Air Show
Paris-Plages
Republican Guard
Solidays
Other
Axe historique
Bateaux Mouches
Le Bateau-Lavoir
La Ruche
Café des 2 Moulins
Café Procope
Les Deux Magots
Fountains in Paris
Maxim's
Moulin de la Galette
Moulin Rouge
Paris Métro
entrances
Montmartre Funicular
Paris Musées
show
v
t
e
Supertall structures
Italics indicate structures under construction
Towers
Almaty Tower
Aspire Tower
Bailong Elevator
Baku TV Tower
Berliner Fernsehturm
Canton Tower
China Central Radio & TV Tower
CN Tower
Colombo Lotus Tower
Dragon Tower
Eiffel Tower
Emley Moor transmitting station
Europaturm
Fazilka TV Tower
Gerbrandy Tower
Jaisalmer TV Tower
Jiangsu Nanjing Broadcast Television Tower
Katanga TV Tower
KCTV Tower
Kiev TV Tower
Kuala Lumpur Tower
Liaoning Broadcast and TV Tower
Liberation Tower
Macau Tower
Milad Tower
Mumbai Television Tower
Oriental Pearl Tower
Ostankino Tower
Pitampura TV Tower
Rameswaram TV Tower
Riga Radio and TV Tower
Saint Petersburg TV Tower
Samatra TV Tower
Sint-Pieters-Leeuw Tower
Sky Tower
Stratosphere Las Vegas
Sydney Tower
Taipei 101
Tallinn TV Tower
Tashkent Tower
Tbilisi TV Broadcasting Tower
Tianjin Radio and Television Tower
Tokyo Skytree
Tokyo Tower
Torreta de Guardamar
Tortoise Mountain TV Tower
Turner Broadcasting tower
Vilnius TV Tower
Vinnytsia TV Mast
West Pearl Tower
WHDH-TV tower
WITI TV Tower
WSB-TV tower
Yerevan TV Tower
Zhongyuan Tower
Bridges
Millau Viaduct (343 m)
Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge (322 m)
Russky Bridge (321 m)
Sutong Yangtze River Bridge (306 m)
Dams
Shuangjiangkou Dam (312 m)
Jinping-I Dam (305 m)
Nurek Dam (300 m)
Electricity pylons
Zhoushan Island Overhead Powerline Tie (370 m)
Yangtze River power line crossings (346.5 m)
Oil platforms
Petronius (610 m)
Baldpate Platform (579.7 m)
Bullwinkle (529.1 m)
Pompano (477 m)
Troll A platform (472 m)
BBLT (390m)
Gullfaks C (380 m)
Tallest structures
Tallest buildings and structures
Tallest freestanding structures
show
v
t
e
Venues of the 2024 Summer Olympics (Paris)
Grand Paris Zone
Stade de France
Seine-Saint-Denis
Water Polo Arena (Piscine de Marville)
Le Bourget
Paris La Défense Arena, Nanterre
Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir, Colombes
Le Zénith
Paris Centre Zone
Champ de Mars
Eiffel Tower and river Seine
Champs Elysees
Grand Palais
Les Invalides
Jardins des Tuileries
Paris expo Porte de Versailles
Halle Georges Carpentier
Stade Charlety
Stade Jean-Bouin
Stade Roland Garros
Court Philippe Chatrier
Court Suzanne Lenglen
Court des Serres
Parc des Princes
Stade Pierre de Coubertin (Paris)
Palais des sports Marcel-Cerdan
Bercy Arena
Versailles Zone
Le Golf National
Vélodrome de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
Château de Versailles
Élancourt Hill
Football stadia
Stade Vélodrome
Parc des Princes
Parc Olympique Lyonnais
Stade Pierre-Mauroy
Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux
Stade de la Beaujoire, Nantes (renovated)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNE: XX4850635
BNF: cb11941003z (data)
GND: 4102872-7
LCCN: sh85136247
NDL: 01193444
SUDOC: 027348857
VIAF: 236835198
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eiffel_Tower&oldid=865857578"
Categories:
Eiffel Tower
Buildings and structures in the 7th arrondissement of Paris
Former world's tallest buildings
Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
Landmarks in France
Michelin Guide starred restaurants in France
Observation towers in France
Skyscrapers in Paris
Towers completed in 1889
Tourist attractions in Paris
Restaurant towers
2024 Summer Olympic venues
Hidden categories:
Skyscraper Center ID same as Wikidata
Pages containing links to subscription-only content
CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
CS1 French-language sources (fr)
Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
Use dmy dates from July 2013
Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata
Coordinates on Wikidata
Articles containing French-language text
Articles with hAudio microformats
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016
Structurae ID different from Wikidata
Articles with French-language external links
Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Articles containing video clips
Pages with maps
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikisource
Languages
Afrikaans
Alemannisch
አማርኛ
Ænglisc
العربية
Aragonés
অসমীয়া
Asturianu
Avañe'ẽ
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Bikol Central
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Davvisámegiella
Deutsch
ދިވެހިބަސް
Dolnoserbski
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Fiji Hindi
Føroyskt
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Gàidhlig
Galego
ગુજરાતી
𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺
गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hornjoserbsce
Hrvatski
Ido
Ilokano
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Kurdî
Кыргызча
ລາວ
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Ligure
Limburgs
Lumbaart
Magyar
मैथिली
Македонски
മലയാളം
Malti
मराठी
მარგალური
مصرى
مازِرونی
Bahasa Melayu
Mirandés
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
Nedersaksies
नेपाली
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Нохчийн
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Piemontèis
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Саха тыла
Scots
Seeltersk
Shqip
Sicilianu
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Twi
Українська
اردو
Vèneto
Tiếng Việt
West-Vlams
Winaray
吴语
ייִדיש
粵語
Zazaki
Zeêuws
Žemaitėška
中文
Kabɩyɛ
Lingua Franca Nova
131 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 October 2018, at 17:00 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Eiffel_Tower_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Eiffel Tower (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: p

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

attrs: class lang

values: nickname fr

attrs: colspan style

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Tour Eiffel Wikimedia Commons (cropped).jpg

values:
/wiki/Champ_de_Mars,_Paris
mw-redirect
Champ de Mars, Paris

attrs: class role title tabindex aria-disabled rel

values:
oo-ui-buttonElement-button
button
Show in full screen
0
false
nofollow

values: oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-framed oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget

attrs: class mw-data data-style data-width data-height data-zoom data-lat data-lon data-overlays style href

values: mw-kartographer-map mw-kartographer-container center mw-kartographer-link

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values:
nofollow
external text
http://toureiffel.paris/en

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values: List of tallest freestanding structures in the world

values:
/wiki/Aerial_(radio)
mw-redirect
Aerial (radio)

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris
mw-redirect
Notre Dame de Paris

values:
/wiki/Vend%C3%B4me_Column
mw-redirect
Vendôme Column

values:
/wiki/Adolphe_Bouguereau
mw-redirect
Adolphe Bouguereau

values:
/wiki/Jean-Charles_Alphand
mw-redirect
Jean-Charles Alphand

values:
/wiki/Le_Monde_Illustr%C3%A9
mw-redirect
Le Monde Illustré

values:
/wiki/William_Cody
mw-redirect
William Cody

values: File:Vue Lumière No 992 - Panorama pendant l'ascension de la Tour Eiffel (1898).ogv

values: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Vue_Lumi%C3%A8re_No_992_-_Panorama_pendant_l%27ascension_de_la_Tour_Eiffel_%281898%29.ogv/400px--Vue_Lumi%C3%A8re_No_992_-_Panorama_pendant_l%27ascension_de_la_Tour_Eiffel_%281898%29.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:400px;height:300px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="42.84" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Vue_Lumière_No_992_-_Panorama_pendant_l'ascension_de_la_Tour_Eiffel_(1898).ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Vue_Lumi%C3%A8re_No_992_-_Panorama_pendant_l%27ascension_de_la_Tour_Eiffel_%281898%29.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 400 × 300 (470 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="400" data-height="300" data-bandwidth="469972" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Vue_Lumi%C3%A8re_No_992_-_Panorama_pendant_l%27ascension_de_la_Tour_Eiffel_%281898%29.ogv/Vue_Lumi%C3%A8re_No_992_-_Panorama_pendant_l%27ascension_de_la_Tour_Eiffel_%281898%29.ogv.120p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Lowest bandwidth VP9 (120P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 120P" data-transcodekey="120p.vp9.webm" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-bandwidth="121168" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Vue_Lumi%C3%A8re_No_992_-_Panorama_pendant_l%27ascension_de_la_Tour_Eiffel_%281898%29.ogv/Vue_Lumi%C3%A8re_No_992_-_Panorama_pendant_l%27ascension_de_la_Tour_Eiffel_%281898%29.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="126560" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Vue_Lumi%C3%A8re_No_992_-_Panorama_pendant_l%27ascension_de_la_Tour_Eiffel_%281898%29.ogv/Vue_Lumi%C3%A8re_No_992_-_Panorama_pendant_l%27ascension_de_la_Tour_Eiffel_%281898%29.ogv.180p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Low bandwidth VP9 (180P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 180P" data-transcodekey="180p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="180" data-bandwidth="200920" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Vue_Lumi%C3%A8re_No_992_-_Panorama_pendant_l%27ascension_de_la_Tour_Eiffel_%281898%29.ogv/Vue_Lumi%C3%A8re_No_992_-_Panorama_pendant_l%27ascension_de_la_Tour_Eiffel_%281898%29.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="253304" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Vue_Lumi%C3%A8re_No_992_-_Panorama_pendant_l%27ascension_de_la_Tour_Eiffel_%281898%29.ogv/Vue_Lumi%C3%A8re_No_992_-_Panorama_pendant_l%27ascension_de_la_Tour_Eiffel_%281898%29.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Small VP9 (240P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="287192" data-framerate="25"/></video>

values: <video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Reichelt.ogv/320px--Reichelt.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:320px;height:240px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="20.958217270195" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Reichelt.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Reichelt.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 320 × 240 (235 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="234853" data-framerate="29.916666666667"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Reichelt.ogv/Reichelt.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="256520" data-framerate="29.916666666667"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Reichelt.ogv/Reichelt.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Small VP9 (240P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="263864" data-framerate="29.916666666667"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Reichelt.ogv/Reichelt.ogv.120p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Lowest bandwidth VP9 (120P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 120P" data-transcodekey="120p.vp9.webm" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-bandwidth="112240" data-framerate="29.916666666667"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Reichelt.ogv/Reichelt.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="128600" data-framerate="29.916666666667"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Reichelt.ogv/Reichelt.ogv.180p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Low bandwidth VP9 (180P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 180P" data-transcodekey="180p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="180" data-bandwidth="191424" data-framerate="29.916666666667"/></video>

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Military Administration in France (Nazi Germany)

values:
/wiki/Jules_Verne_(restaurant)
mw-redirect
Jules Verne (restaurant)

values:
/wiki/Robert_Moriarty
mw-redirect
Robert Moriarty

values:
/wiki/A.J._Hackett
mw-redirect
A.J. Hackett

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)

values: List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower

values: margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto; overflow:hidden; width: -moz-min-content; width: -webkit-min-content; width: min-content; max-width: 100%;

values:
/wiki/Michelin_star
mw-redirect
Michelin star

values:
/wiki/List_of_Eiffel_Tower_replicas
mw-redirect
List of Eiffel Tower replicas

values:
/wiki/Durango,_Durango
mw-redirect
Durango, Durango

values:
/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel
mw-redirect
National Geographic Channel

values:
/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia
mw-redirect
Arlington, Virginia

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Longwave_transmitter_Allouis
mw-redirect
Longwave transmitter Allouis

values:
/wiki/Viaduc_de_Millau
mw-redirect
Viaduc de Millau

values: La Regine transmitter (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Transmitter_Roumoules
mw-redirect
Transmitter Roumoules

values: List of tallest buildings and structures in the world

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat

values: The site requires a paid subscription to access this page.

values:
nofollow
external text
http://proairshow.com/Eiffel.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.historyextra.com/blackpool

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;

values: border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;

values: metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small

values: border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.toureiffel.paris

values:
/wiki/World%27s_tallest_structure
mw-redirect
World's tallest structure

values: Template talk:7th arrondissement of Paris

values: Istituto Statale Italiano Leonardo Da Vinci

values: Hôtel de Boisgelin (Rue de Varenne, Paris)

values:
/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly
mw-redirect
Musée du quai Branly

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Template talk:Visitor attractions in Paris

values:
navbox-image
11
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris

values: National Museum of Natural History (France)

values: Basilica of Notre-Dame-des-Victoires, Paris

values: Parc Clichy-Batignolles – Martin-Luther-King

values:
/wiki/Colombo_Lotus_Tower
mw-redirect
Colombo Lotus Tower

values: Jiangsu Nanjing Broadcast Television Tower

values: List of tallest buildings and structures

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Template talk:2024 Summer Olympic Venues

values: Venues of the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics

values:
/wiki/Le_Z%C3%A9nith_(Paris,_France)
mw-redirect
Le Zénith (Paris, France)

values:
/wiki/Champs_Elysees
mw-redirect
Champs Elysees

values:
/wiki/Jardins_des_Tuileries
mw-redirect
Jardins des Tuileries

values:
/wiki/Stade_Charlety
mw-redirect
Stade Charlety

values:
/wiki/Court_Philippe_Chatrier
mw-redirect
Court Philippe Chatrier

values:
/wiki/Court_Suzanne_Lenglen
mw-redirect
Court Suzanne Lenglen

values:
/wiki/Bercy_Arena
mw-redirect
Bercy Arena

values:
/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles
mw-redirect
Château de Versailles

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4102872-7

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/027348857

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/236835198

values: Category:Buildings and structures in the 7th arrondissement of Paris

values: Category:Former world's tallest buildings

values: Category:Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks

values: Category:Michelin Guide starred restaurants in France

values: Category:Skyscraper Center ID same as Wikidata

values: Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content

values: Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages

values: Category:Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata

values: Category:Articles containing French-language text

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016

values: Category:Structurae ID different from Wikidata

values: Category:Articles with French-language external links

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Articles containing video clips

values:
/wiki/Eiffel_Tower
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-am
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ang
display: none;

values: برج إيفل – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values: আইফেল টাৱাৰ – Assamese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-as
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: আইফেল টাওয়ার – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Эйфель башняһы – Bashkir

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values: Эйфелева вежа – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Эйфэлева вежа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl
display: none;

values: Айфелова кула – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Эйфел турулĕ – Chuvash

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-se
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: އެއިފެލް ޓަވަރު – Divehi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Πύργος του Άιφελ – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: برج ایفل – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hif
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: ઍફીલ ટાવર – Gujarati

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gu
display: none;

values: 𐌰𐌹𐌾𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌻 𐌺𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌺𐌽 – Gothic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-got
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gom
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hak
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Էյֆելյան աշտարակ – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: एफिल टॉवर – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-id
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: מגדל אייפל – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: ಐಫೆಲ್ ಗೋಪುರ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: ეიფელის კოშკი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Эйфель мұнарасы – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: Эйфель мунарасы – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values: ຫໍແອບແຟນ – Lao

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lij
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: आइफिल टावर – Maithili

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mai
display: none;

values: Ајфелова кула – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: ഈഫൽ ഗോപുരം – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mt
display: none;

values: आयफेल टॉवर – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values: ეიფელიშ ჸორში – Mingrelian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ms
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl
display: none;

values: Эйфелийн цамхаг – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values: အီဖယ်လ် မျှော်စင် – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl
display: none;

values: आइफिल टावर – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values: आइफेल टावर – Newari

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-new
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: Эйфелин бӀов – Chechen

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ce
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: ਆਈਫ਼ਲ ਟਾਵਰ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pms
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Эйфелева башня – Russian

values: Эйфель башнята – Sakha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-stq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values: අයිෆල් කුළුණ – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Ајфелова кула – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: ஈபெல் கோபுரம் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Эйфель манарасы – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: ఈఫిల్ టవర్ – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: หอไอเฟล – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tw
display: none;

values: Ейфелева вежа – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: ایفل ٹاور – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vls
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values: אייפל טורעם – Yiddish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-diq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zea
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg
display: none;

values: Eiffel Kuduyuu Sɔsɔʋ (Tour Eiffel) – Kabiye

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Eiffel_Tower rootpage-Eiffel_Tower skin-vector action-view