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2005 UEFA Champions League Final
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2005 UEFA Champions League Final
Event
2004–05 UEFA Champions League
Milan
Liverpool
3
3
After extra time
Liverpool won 3–2 on penalties
Date
25 May 2005
Venue
Atatürk Olympic Stadium, Istanbul
Man of the Match
Steven Gerrard (Liverpool)[1]
Referee
Manuel Mejuto González (Spain)
Attendance
69,600[2]
Weather
Clear night
18 °C (64 °F)
78% humidity[3]
← 2004
2006 →
The 2005 UEFA Champions League Final was the final match of the 2004–05 UEFA Champions League, Europe's primary club football competition. The showpiece event was contested between Liverpool of England and Milan of Italy at the Atatürk Stadium in Istanbul, Turkey on 25 May 2005. Liverpool, who had won the competition four times, were appearing in their sixth final, and their first since 1985. Milan, who had won the competition six times, were appearing in their second final in three years and tenth overall.
Each club needed to progress through the group stage and knockout rounds to reach the final, playing 12 matches in total. Liverpool finished second in their group behind 2004 runners-up AS Monaco and subsequently beat Bayer Leverkusen, Juventus and Chelsea to progress to the final. Milan won their group ahead of Barcelona and faced Manchester United, Internazionale and PSV Eindhoven before reaching the final.
Milan were regarded as favourites before the match and took the lead within the first minute through captain Paolo Maldini. Milan striker Hernán Crespo added two more goals before half-time to make it 3–0. In the second half Liverpool launched a comeback and scored three goals in a dramatic six-minute spell to level the scores at 3–3, with goals from Steven Gerrard, Vladimír Šmicer and Xabi Alonso. The scores remained the same during extra time, and a penalty shoot-out was required to decide the champions. The score was 3–2 to Liverpool when Andriy Shevchenko's penalty was saved by Liverpool goalkeeper Jerzy Dudek. Thus Liverpool won their fifth European Cup, were awarded the trophy permanently, and claimed a multiple-winner badge. Liverpool's comeback gave rise to the final being known as the Miracle of Istanbul, and is regarded as one of the greatest finals in the history of the tournament.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Route to the final
2 Build-up
3 Match
3.1 First half
3.2 Second half
3.3 Extra time
3.4 Penalties
3.5 Details
3.6 Statistics
4 Post-match events
5 References
6 External links
Route to the final[edit]
For more details on this topic, see 2004–05 UEFA Champions League.
Teams qualified for the Champions League group stage, either directly or through three preliminary rounds, based on both their position in the preceding domestic league and the strength of that league.[5] Each club needed to progress through the group stage and knockout rounds to reach the final, playing 12 matches in total. Liverpool finished second in their group behind 2004 Champions League runners-up AS Monaco and subsequently beat Bayer Leverkusen, Juventus and Chelsea to progress to the final. Milan won their group ahead of Barcelona and faced Manchester United, Internazionale and PSV Eindhoven before reaching the final.[6] Liverpool entered the competition in the third qualifying round after finishing fourth in the 2003–04 FA Premier League. They faced Austrian side Grazer AK and won the first leg 2–0 at Grazer after two goals from captain Steven Gerrard. They lost the second leg 1–0 at Anfield but progressed to the group stage by virtue of winning the tie 2–1 on aggregate. Milan entered the competition in the group stage after winning Serie A. The group stages were contested as eight double round-robin groups of four teams, the top two qualifying for the knockout stages.[7] Knockout ties were decided based on home and away matches.[8]
Milan
Round
Liverpool
Opponent Agg. 1st leg 2nd leg Qualifying phase Opponent Agg. 1st leg 2nd leg
Bye Third qualifying round Grazer AK 2–1 2–0 (A) 0–1 (H)
Opponent Result Group stage Opponent Result
Shakhtar Donetsk 1–0 (A) Matchday 1 Monaco 2–0 (H)
Celtic 3–1 (H) Matchday 2 Olympiacos 0–1 (A)
Barcelona 1–0 (H) Matchday 3 Deportivo La Coruña 0–0 (H)
Barcelona 1–2 (A) Matchday 4 Deportivo La Coruña 1–0 (A)
Shakhtar Donetsk 4–0 (H) Matchday 5 Monaco 0–1 (A)
Celtic 0–0 (A) Matchday 6 Olympiacos 3–1 (H)
Group F winner
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Milan 6 4 1 1 10 3 +7 13
Barcelona 6 3 1 2 9 6 +3 10
Shakhtar Donetsk 6 2 0 4 5 9 −4 6
Celtic 6 1 2 3 4 10 −6 5
Final standings Group A runners-up
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Monaco 6 4 0 2 10 4 +6 12
Liverpool 6 3 1 2 6 3 +3 10
Olympiacos 6 3 1 2 5 5 0 10
Deportivo La Coruña 6 0 2 4 0 9 −9 2
Opponent Agg. 1st leg 2nd leg Knockout stage Opponent Agg. 1st leg 2nd leg
Manchester United 2–0 1–0 (A) 1–0 (H) First knockout round Bayer Leverkusen 6–2 3–1 (H) 3–1 (A)
Internazionale 5–0 2–0 (H) 3–0 (A) Quarter-finals Juventus 2–1 2–1 (H) 0–0 (A)
PSV Eindhoven 3–3 (a) 2–0 (H) 1–3 (A) Semi-finals Chelsea 1–0 0–0 (A) 1–0 (H)
Build-up[edit]
The Atatürk Olympic Stadium held the final
The 2005 final was the sixth time Liverpool had reached the final and it was their first appearance since the 1985 European Cup Final, when they lost 1–0 to Juventus and were subsequently banned from European competition for an indefinite period due to the Heysel Stadium disaster. They had previously won the European Cup on four occasions in 1977, 1978, 1981 and 1984. The match was Milan's tenth appearance in the final. They had won on six occasions (1963, 1969, 1989, 1990, 1994, 2003), and lost three times (1958, 1993, 1995). In total the teams had participated in 14 finals between them.[9] Prior to the game, Milan were assured of entering the Champions League next season after finishing second in Serie A.[10] Liverpool meanwhile had failed to finish in the top four in the Premier League, and had to win the final to enter the competition the following season. Even if they did win the match, they were not assured of a place after UEFA failed to confirm whether they would allow Liverpool to defend the championship.[11] The Football Association supported Liverpool, stating, "We have already submitted a written request to have an additional place, should they win the Champions League".[12] Milan manager Carlo Ancelotti had his own view on the situation: "I think a team that wins should have the right to defend it but we may just do the English federation a favour and solve this."[13]
Each team was allocated 20,000 tickets for the final, out of a total of 69,500. UEFA auctioned 7,500 tickets for the final through its website, while another 14,500 were distributed to its "football family". The Turkish Football Federation also had 7,500 tickets available for fans from their country, but there were concerns these tickets would be sold on the black market. Hotel rooms in the city were scarce, with the 100,000 available quickly booked by travel agents and fans.[14] 30,000 Liverpool fans made the trip to Istanbul, but only 20,000 were expected to have tickets. The BBC reported early arrivals were lively but there was no violence and the mood between the two fans was friendly.[15]
Milan were regarded as favourites and their team included many players who had experienced success in the competition. The most notable was captain Paolo Maldini, who had won the competition four times previously, all with Milan, and Clarence Seedorf who had won the competition three times with three different clubs. Liverpool had been considered underdogs throughout the competition, but had beaten more favoured opposition, including Juventus and Chelsea, to reach the final. Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez acknowledged this: "Maybe Milan are favourites, but we have confidence, and we can win".[16] Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger felt Liverpool would win the match: "I fancy Liverpool as Milan look jaded physically and certainly mentally, by losing the [Serie A] title, I think they have never had a better chance than now to beat Milan." Liverpool defender Jamie Carragher was not so optimistic, stating that the Liverpool side were not as good as the one that had won the 2001 UEFA Cup Final: "No disrespect to the squad we have got now but it is obvious we are not as strong as we were when we won the UEFA Cup in 2001. Back then we had a settled team and that season when we went into games against Barcelona and Roma, we always felt we were as good as them."[17]
Milan were expected to field a 4–4–2 formation, and there was much speculation about who would partner Andriy Shevchenko in attack. Filippo Inzaghi and Jon Dahl Tomasson were touted, but it was expected that on-loan striker Hernán Crespo would be chosen. This was echoed by Milan manager Ancelotti: "I will not say if he will play from the start, but he will definitely play."[16] Liverpool were also expected to adopt a 4–4–2 formation. Dietmar Hamann was expected to start ahead of Igor Bišćan, and when questioned over whether Djibril Cissé or Milan Baroš would start as main striker, Benítez replied, "Both are good enough, maybe both can play, why not?"[16]
Match[edit]
First half[edit]
Milan captain Paolo Maldini scored in the first minute of the match
Liverpool fielded a 4–4–1–1 formation, with the surprise inclusion in the squad being Harry Kewell, who played just behind Milan Baroš, who himself had been picked ahead of Djibril Cissé. The inclusion of Kewell meant Dietmar Hamann was left on the substitutes' bench and Xabi Alonso and Steven Gerrard started in the centre of midfield. Milan fielded a 4–4–2 diamond formation, with Hernán Crespo preferred to Jon Dahl Tomasson and Filippo Inzaghi, who was not included in the match day squad. Liverpool lined up in their red home kit, whilst Milan wore a changed strip of all white. Liverpool won the toss and kicked off.[18][19]
Milan scored within the first minute of the match after captain Paolo Maldini volleyed in an Andrea Pirlo free kick that had been conceded by Djimi Traoré. The goal made Maldini the oldest scorer in the history of the competition.[19] Liverpool responded almost immediately; John Arne Riise, who was picked out by a corner kick from Steven Gerrard, hit a volley from the edge of the penalty box. His shot was cleared only for Gerrard to cross in from the right wing, which Sami Hyypiä headed towards goal producing a save out of Dida. Milan almost extended their lead in the 13th minute, after Crespo's header was cleared off the goal line by Luis García. A few minutes later, Liverpool made a substitution after Harry Kewell picked up a groin injury; he was replaced by Vladimír Šmicer. Soon after, Kaká passed through to Andriy Shevchenko who put his shot past Liverpool goalkeeper Jerzy Dudek, but Shevchenko was adjudged to have been in an offside position and the goal did not stand. Shevchenko had another chance to score a few minutes later; after being played onside by Traore, his shot was saved by Dudek after he came under pressure from the Liverpool defence. Luis García had two chances to score following Shevchenko's shot; the first shot from the edge of the penalty area went well over the crossbar and after he was headed through by Baroš his next shot went wide. Straight after this attack, Crespo went through on goal only to be flagged for offside. Almost immediately after this, Liverpool had a penalty claim turned down after Alessandro Nesta allegedly handballed. Milan countered and scored; Kaka dribbled the ball into the Liverpool half and passed to Shevchenko, who passed to Crespo at the far post to score and make it 2–0. Minutes later, Crespo extended Milan's lead with a chip over Dudek after Kaka provided the assist to make it 3–0. [18]
Second half[edit]
When you get homesick, nothing will stop you returning to the arms of those you love...
The European Cup didn't fancy Paolo. She wanted Steven, but it took a series of remarkable chat-up lines from the Liverpool manager to ensure his skipper got his wicked way.
The only reason Liverpool weren't fatally wounded by a first half blitz is the fortunate fact immortals can't be destroyed.
Gerrard and company have rewritten football "possibilities" throughout this campaign, but even the heroic efforts of Olympiakos, Juventus and Chelsea were rendered insignificant compared to this.
It shouldn't have happened. Some of us aren't convinced it did. Only the pinch marks confirm it. We thought it was all over. It wasn't.
“
”
The Liverpool Echo match report[20]
Steven Gerrard scored a goal and won a penalty as Liverpool came from behind to win the final
At the start of the second half, Liverpool made a substitution with Dietmar Hamann replacing Steve Finnan and also changed to a 3–5–2 formation to reduce the deficit, with Riise and Šmicer on the flanks, Alonso and Hamann as holding midfielders and Gerrard playing as an attacking midfielder. Liverpool had the best chance early on with Xabi Alonso sending an effort from 35 yards (32 m) narrowly past Milan's right hand post. Two minutes later, Shevchenko forced a save from Dudek with a strong free kick from just outside the Liverpool box.
A minute after this, Liverpool scored through captain Gerrard, who connected with Riise's cross and lofted a header past Dida. Soon afterwards, Liverpool scored again as Šmicer beat Dida with a long-range shot into the bottom left-hand corner to leave Liverpool a goal behind. Three minutes after Šmicer's goal, Liverpool were awarded a penalty, after Gerrard made a run into the Milan box for Baros' lay-off and was brought down by Gennaro Gattuso. Xabi Alonso's penalty was saved, but he scored from the rebound to equalise for Liverpool. Milan and Liverpool had chances to take the lead after this, but Clarence Seedorf and Riise failed to score.
Milan almost took the lead in the 70th minute, after Dudek dropped a low cross towards Shevchenko, whose effort was cleared off the line by Traore. Gerrard then had a chance to score but he sent his shot over the crossbar. About ten minutes later García could not control a pass from Gerrard which led to a Milan attack, Crespo played the ball back to Kaka, whose subsequent shot was blocked by Jamie Carragher. A number of substitutions were made before the end of full-time with Liverpool replacing Milan Baroš with Djibril Cissé, while Milan replaced Hernán Crespo and Clarence Seedorf with Jon Dahl Tomasson and Serginho respectively. Milan had the last chance before full-time but Kaka failed to direct Jaap Stam's header towards goal, meaning the final would go to extra time for the 13th time in the competition's history.[21]
Extra time[edit]
Liverpool kicked off the first half of extra time. Pirlo had a chance in the early stages, but he put his shot over the crossbar. Tomasson came close in the later stages of the first period of extra time, but he could not make contact with the ball. Vladimír Šmicer required treatment for cramp towards the end of the first period, as a number of Liverpool players felt fatigued. Liverpool had the most of the early exchanges after winning two corners, but could not score. Shortly afterwards, Milan make their final substitution replacing Gennaro Gattuso with Rui Costa. The best chance of the second half came near the end when Shevchenko shot at goal. Dudek saved only for it to rebound back out to Shevchenko, who again shot from under 6 yards (5.5 m), which Dudek again saved by pushing the shot over the bar. Liverpool had one last chance at the end of extra time, but John Arne Riise's free kick shot was blocked and following this the referee signalled the end of extra time, which meant a penalty shoot-out would decide the championship.[21]
Penalties[edit]
Liverpool and Milan had each won their last European Cups after winning penalty shoot-outs, and it was also the second time in three years that the final would be decided this way - previously, in the 2003 all-Italian final at Old Trafford, Milan had defeated Juventus 3–2.[19] Milan were first to take a penalty, but Serginho - who had taken Milan's first penalty in 2003 and scored - shot over the crossbar after attempts from Jerzy Dudek to distract him, which mimicked Bruce Grobbelaar's "spaghetti legs" antics during the shootout in the 1984 final against Roma. Dietmar Hamann took Liverpool's first penalty and, despite having a broken toe,[22] he scored to put Liverpool 1–0 up. Andrea Pirlo was next for Milan, and his penalty was saved by Dudek who dived low to his right. Cisse then scored his penalty to put Liverpool 2–0 up. Tomasson scored Milan's next penalty to make the score 2–1 in Liverpool's favour. Riise was next for Liverpool, but his penalty was saved by Dida. Kaká then scored the subsequent penalty to level the scores at 2–2. Vladimír Šmicer took the next Liverpool penalty, and he scored to give them a one-goal advantage.
Shevchenko, who had scored the decisive penalty against Juventus' Gianluigi Buffon in 2003, then had to score or Liverpool would win.[23] He hit his penalty straight down the middle of the goal. Dudek went down to his right, but blocked the shot with his left hand. Liverpool thus won the penalty shootout by a score of 3–2.[18][21]
Details[edit]
Milan v Liverpool
25 May 2005
21:45 EEST
Milan
3–3 (a.e.t.)
Liverpool
Maldini 1'
Crespo 39', 44' Report Gerrard 54'
Šmicer 56'
Alonso 60'
Penalties
Serginho
Pirlo
Tomasson
Kaká
Shevchenko
2–3
Hamann
Cissé
Riise
Šmicer
Atatürk Olympic Stadium, Istanbul
Attendance: 69,600[2]
Referee: Manuel Mejuto González (Spain)
Milan[24]
Liverpool[24]
GK 1 Dida
RB 2 Cafu
CB 31 Jaap Stam
CB 13 Alessandro Nesta
LB 3 Paolo Maldini (c)
DM 21 Andrea Pirlo
RM 8 Gennaro Gattuso 112'
LM 20 Clarence Seedorf 86'
AM 22 Kaká
CF 7 Andriy Shevchenko
CF 11 Hernán Crespo 85'
Substitutes:
GK 46 Christian Abbiati
DF 4 Kakha Kaladze
DF 5 Alessandro Costacurta
MF 10 Rui Costa 112'
MF 24 Vikash Dhorasoo
MF 27 Serginho 86'
FW 15 Jon Dahl Tomasson 85'
Manager:
Carlo Ancelotti
GK 1 Jerzy Dudek
RB 3 Steve Finnan 46'
CB 23 Jamie Carragher 75'
CB 4 Sami Hyypiä
LB 21 Djimi Traoré
DM 14 Xabi Alonso
RM 10 Luis García
CM 8 Steven Gerrard (c)
LM 6 John Arne Riise
SS 7 Harry Kewell 23'
CF 5 Milan Baroš 81' 85'
Substitutes:
GK 20 Scott Carson
DF 17 Josemi
MF 16 Dietmar Hamann 46'
MF 18 Antonio Núñez
MF 25 Igor Bišćan
FW 9 Djibril Cissé 85'
FW 11 Vladimír Šmicer 23'
Manager:
Rafael Benítez
Man of the Match:
Steven Gerrard (Liverpool)
Assistant referees:
Clemente Plou (Spain)
Oscar Samaniego (Spain)
Fourth official:
Arturo Dauden Ibáñez (Spain)
Match rules
90 minutes.
30 minutes of extra-time if necessary.
Penalty shoot-out if scores still level.
Seven named substitutes.
Maximum of three substitutions.
Statistics[edit]
First half[25]
Statistic
Milan
Liverpool
Goals scored
3 0
Total shots
7 5
Shots on target
5 1
Ball possession
56% 44%
Corner kicks
2 1
Fouls committed
8 7
Offsides
5 1
Yellow cards
0 0
Red cards
0 0
Second half and extra time[3]
Statistic
Milan
Liverpool
Goals scored
0 3
Total shots
15 10
Shots on target
5 6
Ball possession
54% 46%
Corner kicks
8 3
Fouls committed
8 16
Offsides
2 4
Yellow cards
0 2
Red cards
0 0
Overall[26]
Statistic
Milan
Liverpool
Goals scored
3 3
Total shots
22 15
Shots on target
10 7
Ball possession
55% 45%
Corner kicks
10 4
Fouls committed
16 23
Offsides
7 5
Yellow cards
0 2
Red cards
0 0
Post-match events[edit]
Liverpool's triumph marked their fifth European Cup and the first by an English team since Manchester United had defeated Bayern Munich in the 1999 final in Barcelona. By winning the European Cup for a fifth time, Liverpool earned the privilege of wearing a multiple-winner badge and the right to keep the trophy (under normal competition rules, the winning club can keep the trophy for only 10 months, as they must deliver it to UEFA two months before the next year's final). The 2005–06 participants competed for a new identical trophy.[27] The rule to keep the trophy, which had been in effect since the 1968–69 season,[28] was changed for the 2009–10 season, so that the actual trophy remained with UEFA at all times, thus Liverpool was the fifth and last club to accomplish the feat.[29]
The Liverpool team parading the Champions League trophy in Liverpool city centre after their victory.
Liverpool celebrated their victory by parading the trophy around Liverpool in an open-top double-decker bus the day after the final. They were cheered by approximately 1 million supporters, with an estimated 300,000 fans located around St George's Hall – the final destination of the parade. Business experts estimated that one in five workers took time off following the victory. It was also estimated that Liverpudlians drank around 10,000 bottles of champagne after the match, with supermarket chain Sainsbury's stating: "We've never seen anything like it. We would usually expect to sell this much champagne at Christmas".[30]
The European Champion Clubs' Cup trophy won by Liverpool in Istanbul, on display in the club's museum a few weeks after the match.
Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez admitted after the match that the manner of his side's victory had stunned him and he stated: "My problem is that I don't have words to express the things that I feel at this moment".[31] Praise for Liverpool also came from outside England, including from Argentine legend Diego Maradona, who said, "Even the Brazil team that won the 1970 World Cup could not have staged a comeback with Milan leading 3–0...The English club proved that miracles really do exist. I've now made Liverpool my English team. They showed that football is the most beautiful sport of all. You knew they could defend, but the team showed they could play too and wrote a page in the history books. The match will last forever. The Liverpool supporters didn't let me go to sleep the night before. There were 10 of them to every three Milan supporters. They showed their unconditional support at half-time when they were losing 3–0 and still they didn't stop singing."[32]
Benítez was also prepared to break up his winning side after the final with a number of players expected to leave the club to make way for new arrivals. One of those leaving was Vladimír Šmicer, who had scored Liverpool's second goal in Istanbul, and whose contract was known not to be renewed before the final, meaning he entered knowing the final was his last game for the club.
Milan were similarly astonished at the manner in which they had lost the final. Manager Carlo Ancelotti said, "We had six minutes of madness in which we threw away the position we had reached until then".[33] The result compounded Milan's failure to win Serie A a week before the match. Milan's vice-president, Adriano Galliani, played down the loss, asserting: "Even if we come second in the league, and second in the Champions League, this is not a disastrous season for us". Captain Paolo Maldini was less optimistic, stating that the reverse was a "huge disappointment", but he added that Milan would accept the defeat and "go out with their heads high".[33]
Much discussion after the final centered on the future of Liverpool captain Steven Gerrard who had been linked with a move to rivals Chelsea. Gerrard stated in the immediate aftermath of the victory, "How can I think of leaving Liverpool after a night like this?"[34] Media reports then quoted Gerrard as saying he wished to leave Liverpool, citing events that had occurred in the month after the Champions League victory as the reason. On 6 July, however, Liverpool chief executive Rick Parry released a statement confirming that Gerrard would remain at the club,[35] and Gerrard signed a new four-year contract on 8 July.[36]
Despite winning the competition, Liverpool's place in next season's Champions League was still in doubt. Prior to the 2005 Champions League Final, The Football Association had decided on 5 May that only the top four finishers in the Premier League would qualify and Liverpool ended their domestic season in fifth place behind Everton. UEFA initially maintained that each country could only have four Champions League spots and suggested that the FA could nominate Liverpool instead of Everton.[37] Liverpool faced a three-week wait to discover if they would be allowed to defend their title. UEFA came to a decision on 10 June, confirming that both Everton and Liverpool would be able to compete in the Champions League; however, Liverpool were entered into the first qualifying round, and were given no "country protection"; meaning they could face another English club at any stage of the competition.[38] The UEFA Executive Committee also amended the regulations for future competitions so that the holders would have the right to defend their title and therefore qualify automatically, though at the expense of the lowest placed team in those countries that had more than one qualifier.[27]
As champions, Liverpool faced CSKA Moscow (winners of the 2005 UEFA Cup Final) in the 2005 UEFA Super Cup, held on 26 August. Liverpool won the match 3–1 after extra time.[39] Liverpool's victory in Istanbul also meant they qualified for the 2005 FIFA Club World Championship. Liverpool beat Deportivo Saprissa 3–0 in the semi-final, and played Copa Libertadores champions São Paulo in the final, losing 1–0.[40]
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b "UEFA Champions League – Statistics Handbook 2012/13" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. p. 141. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
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Jump up ^ Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2006/07, p.38: Annex 1a: Access List for the 2006/07 UEFA Club Competitions
Jump up ^ Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2006/07, pp. 8–9: §§4.03–4.06: Group stage
Jump up ^ Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2006/07, pp. 9–10: §§4.07–4.10: First knock-out round / Quarter-finals / Semi-finals; §5.01: Away goals, extra time
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^ Jump up to: a b c "Minute by minute". UEFA. 25 May 2005. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
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Jump up ^ "São Paulo 1–0 Liverpool". BBC Sport. 18 December 2005. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
External links[edit]
2005 UEFA Champions League Final Official Site (Archived)
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Violin Sonata in G minor (Tartini)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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‹ The template Infobox musical composition is being considered for merging. ›
Devil's Trill Sonata
Violin sonata by Giuseppe Tartini
"Tartini's Dream," by Louis-Léopold Boilly (1824)
Key
G minor
Catalogue
Bg 5
Published
1799 (1799) in L'Art du Violon by Jean-Baptiste Cartier
Movements
4
The Violin Sonata in G minor, Bg.5, more familiarly known as the Devil's Trill Sonata (Italian: Il trillo del diavolo), is a work for solo violin (with figured bass accompaniment) by Giuseppe Tartini (1692–1770). It is the composer's best-known composition, notable for its technically difficult passages.[1][2] A typical performance lasts 15 minutes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Structure
2.1 Another sonata
3 In popular culture
4 See also
5 Source
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
Tartini allegedly told the French astronomer Jérôme Lalande that he had dreamed that the devil had appeared to him and had asked to be Tartini's servant. At the end of the lesson, Tartini handed the devil his violin to test his skill, which the devil began to play with virtuosity, delivering an intense and magnificent performance. So singularly beautiful and executed with such superior taste and precision, that the composer felt his breath taken away.[3] The complete story is told by Tartini himself in Lalande's Voyage d'un François en Italie:
One night, in the year 1713 I dreamed I had made a pact with the devil for my soul. Everything went as I wished: my new servant anticipated my every desire. Among other things, I gave him my violin to see if he could play. How great was my astonishment on hearing a sonata so wonderful and so beautiful, played with such great art and intelligence, as I had never even conceived in my boldest flights of fantasy. I felt enraptured, transported, enchanted: my breath failed me, and I awoke. I immediately grasped my violin in order to retain, in part at least, the impression of my dream. In vain! The music which I at this time composed is indeed the best that I ever wrote, and I still call it the "Devil's Trill", but the difference between it and that which so moved me is so great that I would have destroyed my instrument and have said farewell to music forever if it had been possible for me to live without the enjoyment it affords me.[4]
Mesmerized by the devil’s brilliant and awe-inspiring playing, Tartini attempted to recreate what he had heard. However, despite having said that the sonata was his favorite, Tartini later wrote that it was "so inferior to what I had heard, that if I could have subsisted on other means, I would have broken my violin and abandoned music forever."[5] While he claimed he composed the sonata in 1713, scholars think it was likely composed as late as the 1740s, due to its stylistic maturity. It was not published until 1798 or 1799, almost thirty years after the composer's death.[6]
The sonata would become the basis for Cesare Pugni's 1849 ballet Le violon du diable,[7] as well as Chopin's Prelude No. 27.[8]
Structure[edit]
The sonata, written for violin with basso continuo (figured bass), is written in four movements:
Larghetto affettuoso
Allegro moderato
Andante
Allegro assai — Andante — Allegro assai
The first movement, in 12
8 time, begins gently and reflectively, with languid double stops and a flowing violin melody line filled with tasteful embellishments.[9] The melody, which moves from the tonic to the mediant key in the middle of the movement includes several deceptive cadences, before returning once again to a tonic theme similar to the beginning.[10] A crisp, quick, highly decorated bravura follows, preceding a brief cantabile slow movement, said to signify Tartini's dream state.[3]
The last movement, technically difficult, begins fast, before dissolving into repeated, modular violin melody over an intensifying accompaniment. This leads to a slow chromatic theme, followed by more sequences of the two themes. The source of the sonata's nickname is a passage where the violinist trills while simultaneously playing arpeggiated triads. The bravura cadenza that is frequently played was composed by Fritz Kreisler. The accompaniment joins the violin again for the last few dramatic measures.[10] The trill in the last movement is one of the earliest examples of a trill illustrating a musical theme.[11]
Devil's trill at the foot of the bed
Another sonata[edit]
There is another sonata for violin and piano in G minor by Tartini.[12] Auer writes that "In Tartini's own day this sonata was called 'Didone abbandonata' ("Dido the Forsaken"). Of forty sonatas by Tartini, Auer says the two are "his two best-known and most deservedly popular works."
In popular culture[edit]
The Devil's Trill Sonata is the only musical composition that Dylan Dog, the main character of the eponymously named Italian comic, can play on the clarinet. The sonata also has an important role in the plot of "Sonata macabra" (English: "The Macabre Sonata"), the issue #235 of the comic.
See also[edit]
Deal with the Devil
Lipinski Stradivarius
Source[edit]
Auer, Leopold, 1925, Violin Master Works and Their Interpretation, Carl Fischer, New York, repub. Dover, 2012
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cramer, Marc. "The Devil's Trill and Other Violin Sonatas". Renaissance Magazine. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Beggerow, Alan. "Tartini - Violin Sonata in G Minor 'Devil's Trill'". Musical Musings. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Henken, John. "Sonata in G minor for Violin and Continuo ("The Devil's Trill")". LAPhil. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Holmen, Peter. "Sonata in G minor 'Il trillo del Diavolo', Bg5". Hyperion Records. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Gómez, Mario. "The legend of Tartini's "Devil's Trill Sonata"". Violinist.com. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Sminthe, C. "Giuseppe Tartini". A Violin's Life. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Latham, Alison (2004). The Oxford Dictionary of Musical Works. Oxford University Press. p. 40. ISBN 9780198610205.
Jump up ^ Rense, Rip (12 May 2002). "MUSIC; Deciphered: A Demonic Prelude by an Ailing Chopin". New York Times. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Schwarm, Besty. "The Devil's Trill". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Palmer, John. "Sonata for violin & continuo in G minor, B. g5 ("The Devil's Trill")". AllMusic. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Bachmann, Alberto (2013). An Encyclopedia of the Violin. Courier Corporation. p. 191. ISBN 9780486318240.
Jump up ^ Auer, 1925, p. 4
External links[edit]
Violin Sonata in G minor (Tartini): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
Performance of the Devil's Trill Sonata by Caroline Goulding (violin) and Shuai Wang (harpsichord) from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in MP3 format
Review of the Devil's Trill CD released on the Naim Label by Yuval Yaron (violin) and Jeremy Denk (piano)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violin_Sonata_in_G_minor_(Tartini)&oldid=830492377"
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The Devil in classical music
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text:
Ring a Ring o' Roses
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Ring a Ring o' Roses"
Musical variations of '"Ring a Ring o' Roses", Alice Gomme, 1898.[1]
Nursery rhyme
Published
1881
Audio samples
Play Marlborough (help·info)
Yorkshire (help·info)
Sporle A (help·info)
Sporle B (help·info)
"Ring a Ring o' Roses" or "Ring Around the Rosie" or "Ring a Ring o' Rosie" is a nursery rhyme or folksong and playground singing game. It first appeared in print in 1881, but it is reported that a version was already being sung to the current tune in the 1790s and similar rhymes are known from across Europe. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 7925. Urban legend says the song originally described the plague, specifically the Great Plague of London, or the Black Death, but folklorists reject this idea.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Lyrics
1.1 Early attestation
1.2 Other languages
2 Meaning
3 References
3.1 Sources
Lyrics[edit]
The cover of L. Leslie Brooke's Ring O' Roses (1922) shows nursery rhyme characters performing the game
It is unknown what the earliest version of the rhyme was or when it began. Many incarnations of the game have a group of children form a ring, dance in a circle around a person, and stoop or curtsy with the final line. The slowest child to do so is faced with a penalty or becomes the "rosie" (literally: rose tree) from the French rosier) and takes their place in the center of the ring.
Variations, corruptions, and vulgarized versions were noted to be in use long before the earliest printed publications. One such variation was dated to be in use in Connecticut in the 1840s.[3]
Common British versions include:
Ring-a-ring o' roses,
A pocket full of posies,
A-tishoo! A-tishoo!
We all fall down.[4]
Cows in the meadows
Eating buttercups
A-tishoo! A-tishoo!
We all jump up.
Common American versions include:
Ring-a-round the rosie,
A pocket full of posies,
Ashes! Ashes!
We all fall down.[4]
Children's Dances by Hans Thoma.
The last two lines are sometimes varied to:
Hush! Hush! Hush! Hush!
We've all tumbled down.[4]
The Indian version of the poem is:[5]
Ringa ringa roses,
Pocket full of poses,
Hush-sha bush-sha,
All fall down.[4]
Early attestation[edit]
Kate Greenaway's illustration from Mother Goose or the Old Nursery Rhymes (1881), showing children playing the game
A reference to a young children's game named Ring o' Roses occurs in an 1846 article from the Brooklyn Eagle. A group of young children (the eldest being about seven) form a ring, from which a boy takes out a girl and kisses her.[6]
An early version of the rhyme occurs in a novel of 1855, The Old Homestead by Ann S. Stephens:
A ring -- a ring of roses,
Laps full of posies;
Awake -- awake!
Now come and make
A ring -- a ring of roses.[7]
The novel goes on to describe a nineteenth-century Fourth of July celebration by children housed in a hospital in Roosevelt Island, New York (then known as "Blackwell's Island"): 'Then the little girls began to seek their own amusements. They played "hide and seek," "ring, ring a rosy," and a thousand wild and pretty games'. [8]
Another early printing of the rhyme was in Kate Greenaway's 1881 edition of Mother Goose; or, the Old Nursery Rhymes:
Ring-a-ring-a-roses,
A pocket full of posies;
Hush! hush! hush! hush!
We're all tumbled down.[9]
In 1882, Godey's Lady's Book has the following version:
Ring around a rosy
Pocket full of posies.
One, two, three—squat![10]
Before the last line, the children stop suddenly, then exclaim it together, "suiting the action to the word with unfailing hilarity and complete satisfaction".[10]
In his Games and Songs of American Children (1883), William Wells Newell reports several variants, one of which he provides with a melody and dates to New Bedford, Massachusetts around 1790:
Ring a ring a Rosie,
A bottle full of posie,
All the girls in our town
Ring for little Josie.[11]
Newell writes that '[a]t the end of the words the children suddenly stoop, and the last to get down undergoes some penalty, or has to take the place of the child in the centre, who represents the "rosie" (rose-tree; French, rosier).'[11]
An 1883 collection of Shropshire folk-lore includes the following version:
A ring, a ring o' roses,
A pocket-full o' posies;
One for Jack and one for Jim and one for little Moses!
A-tisha! a-tisha! a-tisha![12]
On the last line "they stand and imitate sneezing".[12]
A manuscript of rhymes collected in Lancashire at the same period gives three closely related versions, with the now familiar sneezing, for instance:
A ring, a ring o' roses,
A pocket full o' posies-
Atishoo atishoo we all fall down.[13]
In 1892, folklorist Alice Gomme could give twelve versions.[14]
Other languages[edit]
Illustration by Jessie Willcox Smith, from The Little Mother Goose (1912)
A German rhyme first printed in 1796 closely resembles "Ring a ring o'roses" in its first stanza[15] and accompanies the same actions (with sitting rather than falling as the concluding action):[16]
Ringel ringel reihen,
Wir sind der Kinder dreien,
sitzen unter'm Hollerbusch
Und machen alle Husch husch husch!
Loosely translated this says "Ringed, ringed row. We are three children, sitting under an elder bush. All of us going hush, hush, hush!" The rhyme is well known in Germany with the first line "Ringel, Ringel, Reihe" (as the popular collection Des Knaben Wunderhorn gave it); it has many local variants, often with "Husch, husch, husch" (which in German could mean "quick, quick") in the fourth line,[17] comparable to the "Hush! hush! hush! hush!" of the first printed English version. This popular variant is notable:[18]
Ringel, Ringel, Rosen,
Schöne Aprikosen,
Veilchen blau, Vergissmeinnicht,
Alle Kinder setzen sich!
The translation is "A ring, a ring of roses. Beautiful apricots. Blue violets, forget-me-nots. All children sit down."
Swiss versions have the children dancing round a rosebush.[19] Other European singing games with a strong resemblance include "Roze, roze, meie" ("Rose, rose, May") from The Netherlands with a similar tune to "Ring a ring o' roses"[20] and "Gira, gira rosa" ("Circle, circle, rose"), recorded in Venice in 1874, in which girls danced around the girl in the middle who skipped and curtsied as demanded by the verses and at the end kissed the one she liked best, so choosing her for the middle.[21]
In Croatian/Serbian/Bosnian language, there is a similar rhyme called "Ringe Ringe Raja":
Ringe-ringe-raja,
Doš'o čika Paja,
Pa pojeo jaja.
Jedno jaje muć,
A mi, djeco, ČUČ!
A rough translation is "Ringe Ringe Raya (doesn't mean anything, this is common in Croato-Serbian rhymes), uncle Ducky has came, and he ate all the eggs, one egg crashed, and we children DUCK!" On the last word, the children singing the rhyme jump or duck.
Meaning[edit]
Illustration by L. Leslie Brooke (1862–1940) for "All Tumble Down" from Anon, Ring O' Roses (1922)
The origins and meanings of the game have long been unknown and subject to speculation. In 1898, A Dictionary of British Folklore contained the belief that an explanation of the game was of pagan origin, based on the Sheffield Glossary comparison of Jacob Grimm's Deutsche Mythologie. The theory states that it is in reference to Pagan myths and cited a passage which states, "Gifted children of fortune have the power to laugh roses, as Treyja wept gold." Believing the first instance to be indicative of Pagan beings of light. Another suggestion is more literal, that it was making a "ring" around the roses and bowing with the all "fall down" as a curtsy.[22] In 1892, the American writer, Eugene Field wrote a poem titled Teeny-Weeny that specifically referred to fey folk playing ring-a-rosie.[23] According to Games and Songs of American Children, published in 1883, the "rosie" was a reference to the French word for rose tree and the children would dance and stoop to the person in the center.[3] Variations, especially more literal ones, were identified and noted with the literal falling down that would sever the connections to the game-rhyme. Addy's interpretation failed to account for the sneezing, which had not carried over to the United States and was losing ground in Britain, as another instance of the Pagan influence. Again in 1898, sneezing was then noted to be indicative of many superstitious and supernatural beliefs across differing cultures.[22]
Since the 20th century, the rhyme has often been associated with the Great Plague which happened in England in 1665, or with earlier outbreaks of the Black Death in England. Interpreters of the rhyme before the Second World War make no mention of this;[24] by 1951, however, it seems to have become well established as an explanation for the form of the rhyme that had become standard in the United Kingdom. Peter and Iona Opie, the leading authorities on nursery rhymes, remarked:
The invariable sneezing and falling down in modern English versions have given would-be origin finders the opportunity to say that the rhyme dates back to the Great Plague. A rosy rash, they allege, was a symptom of the plague, and posies of herbs were carried as protection and to ward off the smell of the disease. Sneezing or coughing was a final fatal symptom, and "all fall down" was exactly what happened.[25][26]
The line Ashes, Ashes in colonial versions of the rhyme is claimed to refer variously to cremation of the bodies, the burning of victims' houses, or blackening of their skin, and the theory has been adapted to be applied to other versions of the rhyme.[2] In its various forms, the interpretation has entered into popular culture and has been used elsewhere to make oblique reference to the plague.[27]
Folklore scholars regard the theory as baseless for several reasons:
The plague explanation did not appear until the mid-twentieth century.[21]
The symptoms described do not fit especially well with the Great Plague.[26][28]
The great variety of forms makes it unlikely that the modern form is the most ancient one, and the words on which the interpretation are based are not found in many of the earliest records of the rhyme (see above).[2][29]
European and 19th-century versions of the rhyme suggest that this "fall" was not a literal falling down, but a curtsy or other form of bending movement that was common in other dramatic singing games.[30]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gomme, The Traditional Games of England, Scotland, and Ireland, p. 108.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mikkelson, Barbara; Mikkelson, David P. (2007-07-12). "Ring Around the Rosie". Urban Legends Reference Pages. Snopes. Retrieved 2007-01-10.
^ Jump up to: a b Newell, William (1883). "Games and Songs of American Children". Harper and Brothers. pp. 127–128. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Delamar (2001), pp. 38-9.
Jump up ^ "Ringa Ringa Roses".
Jump up ^ "Gleanings from the Writings of the late Wm. B. Marsh IV: Twilight Musings". Brooklyn Eagle. 1846-03-17. p. 2.
Jump up ^ Stephens, Ann S. (1855). The Old Homestead. London: Sampson, Low, Son & Co. p. 213.
Jump up ^ Stephens, op. cit, pp. 215-216
Jump up ^ Greenaway, Kate (illustr.) (n.d.) [1881]. Mother Goose, or the Old Nursery Rhymes. London: Frederick Warne and Co. p. 52.
^ Jump up to: a b "Games". Godey's Lady's Book and Magazine. Philadelphia. cv (628): 379. October 1882.
^ Jump up to: a b Newell, William Wells (1884) [1883]. Games and Songs of American Children. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 127–8.
^ Jump up to: a b Burne, Charlotte Sophia (ed.) (1883). Shropshire Folk-Lore. London: Trübner & Co. pp. 511–512. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Opie and Opie (1985), p. 222.
Jump up ^ Opie and Opie (1951), p. 364.
Jump up ^ The one commonly sung according to Böhme (1897), p. 438.
Jump up ^ Böhme (1897), p. 438, Opie and Opie (1985), p. 225.
Jump up ^ Böhme (1897), pp. 438–41, Opie and Opie (1985), p. 227. Other rhymes for the same game have some similarity in the first line, e.g. "Ringel, ringel, Rosenkranz", less in other lines – see Böhme (1897), 442–5.
Jump up ^ "Deutsches Kinderlied und Kinderspiel. In Kassel aus Kindermund in Wort und Weise gesammelt von Johann Lewalter" (Kassel 1911), I Nr. 12. Hermann Dunger, "Kinderlieder und Kinderspiele aus dem Vogtlande" (Plauen 1874), p. 320. Böhme (1897)
Jump up ^ Böhme (1897), p. 439, Opie and Opie (1985), p. 225.
Jump up ^ Opie and Opie (1985), p. 227.
^ Jump up to: a b Opie and Opie (1985), p. 224.
^ Jump up to: a b Gomme, George Laurence (1898). A Dictionary of British Folklore. D. Nutt. pp. 110–111.
Jump up ^ "Children's Column". The Osage City Free Press (Osage City, Kansas). 25 August 1892. p. 6. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Opie and Opie (1985), pp. 221–2.
Jump up ^ Opie and Opie (1951), p. 365.
^ Jump up to: a b Compare Opie and Opie (1985), p. 221, where they note that neither cure nor symptoms (except for death) feature prominently in contemporary or near contemporary accounts of the plague.
Jump up ^ Opie and Opie (1985), p. 221, citing the use of the rhyme to headline an article on the plague village of Eyam in the Radio Times, 7 June 1973; title of "Ashes" in the New Scientist review.
Jump up ^ J. Simpson and S. Roud, A Dictionary of English Folklore (Oxford: OUP, 2000), p. 296.
Jump up ^ Opie and Opie (1985), pp. 222–3: "The following are the seven earliest reports known from in Britain ... In only four of these recordings is sneezing a feature". The point becomes stronger when American versions are also taken into account.
Jump up ^ See above, and Opie and Opie (1951), p. 365, citing Chants Populaire du Languedoc: "Branle, calandre, La Fille d'Alexandre, La pêche bien mûre, Le rosier tout fleuri, Coucou toupi – En disant 'coucou toupi', tous les enfants quie forment la ronde, s'accroupissent", roughly translated: "The peach well ripe, the rose all blooming, cuckoo humming - When 'cuckoo humming' is said, all the children forming the circle crouch down".
Sources[edit]
Böhme, F. M. (1897). Deutsches Kinderlied und Kinderspiel, Paperback (2011). Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel (Nabu Press). pp. 438–445. ISBN 978-1248081532.
Delamar, Gloria T. (1987). Mother Goose, From Nursery to Literature, Paperback, (2001). Lincoln, Nebraska. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-0595185771.
Gomme, Alice Bertha (1898). The Traditional Games of England, Scotland, and Ireland: With Tunes, Singing-Rhymes, and Methods of Playing According to the Variants Extant and Recorded in Different Parts of the Kingdom, Volume 1, Paperback (210). London (Charleston, South Carolina). p. 108. ISBN 978-1142538484.
Opie, Iona; Opie, Peter (1951). The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes, 2nd edition (1997). Oxford: Oxford University Press (Nabu Press). pp. 364–365. ISBN 978-0198600886.
Opie, Iona; Opie, Peter (1985). The Singing Game, Paperback edition (1888). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 221–225, 227. ISBN 978-0198600886.
Simpson, Jacqueline; Roud, Steve (2000). A Dictionary of English Folklore. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 296.
[hide]
v
t
e
Nursery rhymes (list)
"A-Tisket, A-Tasket"
"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep"
"Did You Ever See a Lassie?"
"Hey Diddle Diddle"
"Hickory Dickory Dock"
"Hot Cross Buns"
"Humpty Dumpty"
"I'm a Little Teapot"
"It's Raining, It's Pouring"
"Jack and Jill"
"Little Bo Peep"
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"Old King Cole"
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"Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe"
"Peter Piper"
"Polly Put the Kettle On"
"Poor Mary"
"Pop Goes the Weasel"
"Pussy Cat Pussy Cat"
"Rain Rain Go Away"
"Roses Are Red"
"Rub-a-dub-dub"
"Simple Simon"
"Sticks and Stones"
"The Grand Old Duke of York"
"The Queen of Hearts"
"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star"
"Two Little Dickie Birds"
Clapping
"A Sailor Went to Sea"
"Down Down Baby"
"Mary Mack"
"Miss Susie"
"Miss Lucy"
"Pat-a-cake"
"Pretty Little Dutch Girl"
"Pease Porridge Hot"
Counting
"Duck, duck, goose"
"Eeny, meeny, miny, moe"
"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe"
"One, Two, Three, Four, Five"
"This Old Man"
"Tinker, Tailor"
Finger-
plays
"Five Little Monkeys"
"Itsy Bitsy Spider"
"Little Robin Redbreast"
"Round and round the garden"
"This Little Piggy"
Games
"London Bridge"
"The Muffin Man"
"Mulberry Bush"
"Oranges and Lemons"
"Ring a Ring o' Roses"
"The Farmer in the Dell"
Riddle
"As I was going to St Ives"
Lullabies
"Hush, Little Baby"
"Rock-a-bye Baby"
Rounds
"Ding Dong Bell"
"Frère Jacques"
"Kookaburra"
"Row, Row, Row Your Boat"
"Scotland's Burning"
"Three Blind Mice"
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Solar eclipse of February 26, 1979
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Solar eclipse of February 26, 1979
Totality as seen from Bozeman, Montana
Map
Type of eclipse
Nature
Total
Gamma
0.8981
Magnitude
1.0391
Maximum eclipse
Duration
169 sec (2 m 49 s)
Coordinates
52°06′N 94°30′W / 52.1°N 94.5°W / 52.1; -94.5
Max. width of band
298 km (185 mi)
Times (UTC)
Greatest eclipse
16:55:06
References
Saros
120 (59 of 71)
Catalog # (SE5000)
9462
A total solar eclipse occurred in North America on Monday, February 26, 1979.
A solar eclipse is an astronomical phenomenon that occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.
The central shadow of the moon passed through the American states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana (where totality covered almost the entire state), and North Dakota, the Canadian provinces Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec, the Northwest Territories of Canada (the portion that is now Nunavut), and Greenland.
Contents
[hide]
1 Visibility
2 In literature
3 Related eclipses
3.1 Solar eclipses of 1979–1982
3.2 Saros 120
3.3 Metonic cycle
4 Notes
5 References
Visibility[edit]
Animation of eclipse path
Many visitors traveled to the Pacific Northwest to view the Monday morning eclipse,[1] as it was the last chance to view a total solar eclipse in the contiguous United States for almost four decades. The next opportunity was 38½ years later on August 21, 2017, also a Monday.
Although the path of totality passed through Portland shortly after sunrise (maximum at 8:14 am PST),[2] it was not directly observable due to overcast skies in northwestern Oregon.[3][4]
About a half hour later, the path of totality was in Manitoba and passed through cloudless Winnipeg in the late morning, maximum was at 10:48 am CST.[5] The greatest eclipse occurred seven minutes later at 10:55 am CST.
In literature[edit]
Writer Annie Dillard viewed the eclipse from the Yakima Valley, in central Washington State. She described her impressions of the eclipse in an essay, "Total Eclipse," first published in the magazine Antaeus and then in her collection, Teaching a Stone to Talk (1982). It was later selected for inclusion in The Best American Essays of the [20th] Century (2000).[6] Dillard describes a nearly overwhelming emotional experience, as suggested in this quotation: "I pray you will never see anything more awful in the sky." Describing the reactions of other onlookers, she relates "I heard screams."
The 1979 eclipse was also referenced in the opening pages of Douglas Coupland's novel, Generation X.
Rural yardlights automatically turned on during totality in Bozeman, Montana
Related eclipses[edit]
A partial lunar eclipse occurred on March 13, 1979, 15 days later, visible over Africa, Europe and Asia. A total lunar eclipse followed on September 6, 1979.
Solar eclipses of 1979–1982[edit]
Each member in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.
[show]Solar eclipse series sets from 1979 to 1982
Descending node
Ascending node
Saros
Map
Saros
Map
120
February 26, 1979
Total 125
August 22, 1979
Annular
130
February 16, 1980
Total 135
August 10, 1980
Annular
140
February 4, 1981
Annular 145
July 31, 1981
Total
150
January 25, 1982
Partial 155
July 20, 1982
Partial
Partial solar eclipses on June 21, 1982 and December 15, 1982 occur in the next lunar year eclipse set.
Saros 120[edit]
It is a part of Saros cycle 120, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, containing 71 events. The series started with partial solar eclipse on May 27, 933 AD, and reached an annular eclipse on August 11, 1059. It was a hybrid event for 3 dates: May 8, 1510, through May 29, 1546, and total eclipses from June 8, 1564, through March 30, 2033. The series ends at member 71 as a partial eclipse on July 7, 2195. The longest duration of totality was 2 minutes, 50 seconds on March 9, 1997.[7]
[show]Series members 55–65 occur between 1901 and 2100
55
56
57

January 14, 1907
January 24, 1925
February 4, 1943
58
59
60

February 15, 1961
February 26, 1979
March 9, 1997
61
62
63

March 20, 2015
March 30, 2033
April 11, 2051
64
65

April 21, 2069
May 2, 2087
Metonic cycle[edit]
The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days).
[show]21 events between July 22, 1971 and July 22, 2047
July 21-22
May 9-11
February 26-27
December 14-15
October 2-3
116
118
120
122
124

July 22, 1971
May 11, 1975
February 26, 1979
December 15, 1982
October 3, 1986
126
128
130
132
134

July 22, 1990
May 10, 1994
February 26, 1998
December 14, 2001
October 3, 2005
136
138
140
142
144

July 22, 2009
May 10, 2013
February 26, 2017
December 14, 2020
October 2, 2024
146
148
150
152
154

July 22, 2028
May 9, 2032
February 27, 2036
December 15, 2039
October 3, 2043
156

July 22, 2047
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Eclipse chased across Northwest". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. (Florida). (New York Times). February 27, 1979. p. 1A.
Jump up ^ "Total Eclipse". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). February 25, 1979. p. 6.
Jump up ^ "Thick clouds hide eclipse from many". Eugene Register-Guard. (Florida). Associated Press. February 26, 1979. p. 1A.
Jump up ^ "Sun gives a wink to Northwest U.S.". Spokane Daily Chronicle. (Washington). Associated Press. February 26, 1979. p. 1.
Jump up ^ Van, Jon (February 27, 1979). "Eclipse turns morning to night at 10:48 am". Chicago Tribune. p. 2, sec. 1.
Jump up ^ Atwan, Robert (2001-10-10). Oates, Joyce Carol, ed. The Best American Essays of the Century (Reprint ed.). Mariner Books. ISBN 9780618155873.
Jump up ^ http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsaros/SEsaros120.html
References[edit]
Earth visibility chart and eclipse statistics Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA/GSFC
Google interactive map
Besselian elements
eclipse.org.uk Total Eclipse of the Sun: 1979 February 26
Predictions for the 1979 solar eclipse Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Journal, vol. 72, June 1978, pp. 149–161 Fred Espenak
Photos/observations:
Eclipse Chaser's Journal: Part 1, My First Total Solar Eclipse: February 26. 1979, Jeffrey R. Charles
http://nicmosis.as.arizona.edu:8000/ECLIPSE_WEB/ECLIPSE_79/ECLIPSE_79.html
1979 Solar Eclipse – ABC News Coverage Excerpts from an ABC News Special Report that aired at 11:00–11:29 a.m. EST on Monday, Feb. 26, 1979
1979 Total Solar Eclipse Report on CBS News with Walter Cronkite The February 26, 1979 total solar eclipse story as reported on the CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite.
Solar Eclipse Photo Gallery 1, 1970 – 1984 Fred Espenak
Solar eclipse 1979, Manitoba, Canada
Portland, Oregon, February 26, 1979
[show]
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Solar eclipses
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By century
Antiquity
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Saros series
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
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135
136
137
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139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
Visibility
Australia
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Philippines
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Historical
Mursili's eclipse (1312 BC)
Assyrian eclipse (763 BC)
Eclipse of Thales (585 BC)

Total/hybrid eclipses

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next total/hybrid eclipse
1560 Aug 21
1598 Mar 7
1652 Apr 8
1654 Aug 12
1673 Aug 12
1699 Sep 23
1715 May 3
1724 May 22
1766 Feb 9
1778 Jun 24
1780 Oct 27
1806 Jun 16
1816 Nov 19
1824 Jun 26
1842 Jul 8
1851 Jul 28
1853 Nov 30
1857 Mar 25
1858 Sep 7
1860 Jul 18
1865 Apr 25
1867 Aug 29
1868 Aug 18
1869 Aug 7
1870 Dec 22
1871 Dec 12
1874 Apr 16
1875 Apr 6
1878 Jul 29
1882 May 17
1883 May 6
1885 Sep 8
1886 Aug 29
1887 Aug 19
1889 Jan 1
1889 Dec 22
1893 Apr 16
1896 Aug 9
1898 Jan 22
1900 May 28
1901 May 18
1903 Sep 21
1904 Sep 9
1905 Aug 30
1907 Jan 14
1908 Jan 3
1908 Dec 23
1909 Jun 17
1910 May 9
1911 Apr 28
1912 Apr 17
1912 Oct 10
1914 Aug 21
1916 Feb 3
1918 Jun 8
1919 May 29
1921 Oct 1
1922 Sep 21
1923 Sep 10
1925 Jan 24
1926 Jan 14
1927 Jun 29
1928 May 19
1929 May 9
1930 Apr 28
1930 Oct 21
1932 Aug 31
1934 Feb 14
1936 Jun 19
1937 Jun 8
1938 May 29
1939 Oct 12
1940 Oct 1
1941 Sep 21
1943 Feb 4
1944 Jan 25
1944 Jul 20
1945 Jul 9
1947 May 20
1948 Nov 1
1950 Sep 12
1952 Feb 25
1954 Jun 30
1955 Jun 20
1956 Jun 8
1957 Oct 23
1958 Oct 12
1959 Oct 2
1961 Feb 15
1962 Feb 5
1963 Jul 20
1965 May 30
1966 Nov 12
1967 Nov 2
1968 Sep 22
1970 Mar 7
1972 Jul 10
1973 Jun 30
1974 Jun 20
1976 Oct 23
1977 Oct 12
1979 Feb 26
1980 Feb 16
1981 Jul 31
1983 Jun 11
1984 Nov 22
1985 Nov 12
1986 Oct 3
1987 Mar 29
1988 Mar 18
1990 Jul 22
1991 Jul 11
1992 Jun 30
1994 Nov 3
1995 Oct 24
1997 Mar 9
1998 Feb 26
1999 Aug 11
2001 Jun 21
2002 Dec 4
2003 Nov 23
2005 Apr 8
2006 Mar 29
2008 Aug 1
2009 Jul 22
2010 Jul 11
2012 Nov 13
2013 Nov 3
2015 Mar 20
2016 Mar 9
2017 Aug 21
→ 2019 Jul 2
2020 Dec 14
2021 Dec 4
2023 Apr 20
2024 Apr 8
2026 Aug 12
2027 Aug 2
2028 Jul 22
2030 Nov 25
2031 Nov 14
2033 Mar 30
2034 Mar 20
2035 Sep 2
2037 Jul 13
2038 Dec 26
2039 Dec 15
2041 Apr 30
2042 Apr 20
2043 Apr 9
2044 Aug 23
2045 Aug 12
2046 Aug 2
2048 Dec 5
2049 Nov 25
2050 May 20
2052 Mar 30
2053 Sep 12
2055 Jul 24
2057 Jan 5
2057 Dec 26
2059 May 11
2060 Apr 30
2061 Apr 20
2063 Aug 24
2064 Aug 12
2066 Dec 17
2067 Dec 6
2068 May 31
2070 Apr 11
2071 Sep 23
2072 Sep 12
2073 Aug 3
2075 Jan 16
2076 Jan 6
2077 May 22
2078 May 11
2079 May 1
2081 Sep 3
2082 Aug 24
2084 Dec 27
2086 Jun 11
2088 Apr 21
2089 Oct 4
2090 Sep 23
2091 Aug 15
2093 Jan 27
2094 Jan 16
2095 Jun 2
2096 May 22
2097 May 11
2099 Sep 14
2100 Sep 4
2114 Jun 3
2132 Jun 13
2150 Jun 25
2168 Jul 5
2186 Jul 16

Annular eclipses

→ symbol denotes
next annular eclipse
1820 Sep 7
1854 May 26
1879 Jan 22
1889 Jun 28
1901 Nov 11
1903 Mar 29
1904 Mar 17
1905 Mar 6
1907 Jul 10
1908 Jun 28
1911 Oct 22
1914 Feb 25
1915 Feb 14
1915 Aug 10
1916 Jul 30
1917 Dec 14
1918 Dec 3
1919 Nov 22
1921 Apr 8
1922 Mar 28
1923 Mar 17
1925 Jul 20
1926 Jul 9
1927 Jan 3
1929 Nov 1
1932 Mar 7
1933 Feb 24
1933 Aug 21
1934 Aug 10
1935 Dec 25
1936 Dec 13
1937 Dec 2
1939 Apr 19
1940 Apr 7
1941 Mar 27
1943 Aug 1
1945 Jan 14
1947 Nov 12
1948 May 9
1950 Mar 18
1951 Mar 7
1951 Sep 1
1952 Aug 20
1954 Jan 5
1954 Dec 25
1955 Dec 14
1957 Apr 30
1958 Apr 19
1959 Apr 8
1961 Aug 11
1962 Jul 31
1963 Jan 25
1965 Nov 23
1966 May 20
1969 Mar 18
1969 Sep 11
1970 Aug 31
1972 Jan 16
1973 Jan 4
1973 Dec 24
1976 Apr 29
1977 Apr 18
1979 Aug 22
1980 Aug 10
1981 Feb 4
1983 Dec 4
1984 May 30
1987 Sep 23
1988 Sep 11
1990 Jan 26
1991 Jan 15
1992 Jan 4
1994 May 10
1995 Apr 29
1998 Aug 22
1999 Feb 16
2001 Dec 14
2002 Jun 10
2003 May 31
2005 Oct 3
2006 Sep 22
2008 Feb 7
2009 Jan 26
2010 Jan 15
2012 May 20
2013 May 10
2014 Apr 29
2016 Sep 1
2017 Feb 26
→ 2019 Dec 26
2020 Jun 21
2021 Jun 10
2023 Oct 14
2024 Oct 2
2026 Feb 17
2027 Feb 6
2028 Jan 26
2030 Jun 1
2031 May 21
2032 May 9
2034 Sep 12
2035 Mar 9
2038 Jan 5
2038 Jul 2
2039 Jun 21
2041 Oct 25
2042 Oct 14
2043 Oct 3
2044 Feb 28
2045 Feb 16
2046 Feb 5
2048 Jun 11
2049 May 31
2052 Sep 22
2053 Mar 20
2056 Jan 16
2056 Jul 12
2057 Jul 1
2059 Nov 5
2060 Oct 24
2061 Oct 13
2063 Feb 28
2064 Feb 17
2066 Jun 22
2067 Jun 11
2070 Oct 4
2071 Mar 31
2074 Jan 27
2074 Jul 24
2075 Jul 13
2077 Nov 15
2078 Nov 4
2079 Oct 24
2081 Mar 10
2082 Feb 27
2084 Jul 3
2085 Jun 22
2085 Dec 16
2088 Oct 14
2089 Apr 10
2092 Feb 7
2092 Aug 3
2093 Jul 23
2095 Nov 27
2096 Nov 15
2097 Nov 4
2099 Mar 21
2100 Mar 10

Partial eclipses

→ symbol denotes
next partial eclipse
1902 Apr 8
1902 May 7
1902 Oct 31
1906 Feb 23
1906 Jul 21
1906 Aug 20
1909 Dec 12
1910 Nov 2
1913 Apr 6
1913 Aug 31
1913 Sep 30
1916 Dec 24
1917 Jan 23
1917 Jun 19
1917 Jul 19
1920 May 18
1920 Nov 10
1924 Mar 5
1924 Jul 31
1924 Aug 30
1927 Dec 24
1928 Jun 17
1928 Nov 12
1931 Apr 18
1931 Sep 12
1931 Oct 11
1935 Jan 5
1935 Feb 3
1935 Jun 30
1935 Jul 30
1938 Nov 21
1942 Mar 16
1942 Aug 12
1942 Sep 10
1946 Jan 3
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1946 Jun 29
1946 Nov 23
1949 Apr 28
1949 Oct 21
1953 Feb 14
1953 Jul 11
1953 Aug 9
1956 Dec 2
1960 Mar 27
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1964 Jan 14
1964 Jun 10
1964 Jul 9
1964 Dec 4
1967 May 9
1968 Mar 28
1971 Feb 25
1971 Jul 22
1971 Aug 20
1974 Dec 13
1975 May 11
1975 Nov 3
1978 Apr 7
1978 Oct 2
1982 Jan 25
1982 Jun 21
1982 Jul 20
1982 Dec 15
1985 May 19
1986 Apr 9
1989 Mar 7
1989 Aug 31
1992 Dec 24
1993 May 21
1993 Nov 13
1996 Apr 17
1996 Oct 12
1997 Sep 2
2000 Feb 5
2000 Jul 1
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2000 Dec 25
2004 Apr 19
2004 Oct 14
2007 Mar 19
2011 Jan 4
2011 Jun 1
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2015 Sep 13
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2018 Aug 11
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2029 Jan 14
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2032 Nov 3
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2036 Feb 27
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2036 Aug 21
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2040 May 11
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2050 Nov 14
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2054 Mar 9
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2055 Jan 27
2058 May 22
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2062 Mar 11
2062 Sep 3
2065 Feb 5
2065 Jul 3
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2065 Dec 27
2068 Nov 24
2069 Apr 21
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2069 Oct 15
2072 Mar 19
2073 Feb 7
2076 Jun 1
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2076 Nov 26
2083 Feb 16
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