text:
John Carpenter (game show contestant)
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John Carpenter
Born
1968 (age 49–50)
Education
Rutgers University
Occupation
IRS agent
Known for
First top prize winner on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire
Home town
Northampton, Massachusetts
John Carpenter (born c. 1968)[1] is an American game show contestant and IRS agent. He is best known for becoming the first top prize winner on the United States version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. He held the record for the largest single win in United States game show history, until it was broken by Rahim Oberholtzer who won $1.12 million on another U.S. quiz show, Twenty One.[2] Carpenter was also the first top prize winner among all international versions of the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? series.
On the November 19, 1999 episode of Millionaire, Carpenter proceeded to advance to the million-dollar question without using any lifelines. He then used his Phone-A-Friend to call his father not for help, but rather to tell him he was going to win the game. Carpenter answered the question correctly and became the show's first millionaire. His win gave him national recognition and led to multiple talk show appearances, as well as reappearances on Millionaire itself.
Contents
[hide]
1 Career and family
2 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire
3 Later work
3.1 Other game show appearances
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Career and family[edit]
Carpenter is from Northampton, Massachusetts. His father, Tom, worked as a computer program analyst for the Department of Veterans Affairs, while his mother, Gail, served as an administrative assistant for the Massachusetts Audubon Society.[3] In 1986, he enrolled at Rutgers University and graduated in 1990 with a degree in economics.[4] In January 1991, he joined the Internal Revenue Service after completing government exams and tests.[3] In November 1996, Carpenter met his future wife, Deborah, who was studying for a master's degree at Southern Connecticut State University and worked as a manager of a Fleet Bank branch in New Haven. They married in August 1998.[3] At the time of his appearance on Millionaire, he was 31 years old.[5] When he revealed his profession as an IRS officer on Millionaire, Carpenter was playfully booed by the audience.[6]
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire[edit]
$1 million (15 of 15) - no time limit
Which of these U.S. Presidents appeared on the television series "Laugh-In"?
• A: Lyndon Johnson • B: Richard Nixon
• C: Jimmy Carter • D: Gerald Ford
Carpenter was originally uninterested in Millionaire but eventually tuned in one night after dinner while having friends over at his house. When he found the show's higher-tier questions to not be, in his words, "any more difficult" than the lower-tier ones, he decided to call in to the show's hotline for a chance to become a contestant.[7] Carpenter answered all of the hotline questions correctly and was on the show within two days.[7]
Host Regis Philbin described Carpenter as having "cruised right through those first fourteen questions,"[7] he had proceeded to reach the final question without using any of his lifelines. The $1 million question was, "Which of these U.S. Presidents appeared on the television series 'Laugh-In'?", with the choices being A) Lyndon Johnson, B) Richard Nixon, C) Jimmy Carter, and D) Gerald Ford.[8] Carpenter used his Phone-A-Friend lifeline to call his father not for help, but rather to inform him that he knew the answer. Carpenter later explained, "I thought I'd look so cocky if I didn't use any lifelines, so I faked it."[8]
With his win, Carpenter became the first contestant in the worldwide Millionaire franchise to win the show's top prize.[9] He said that the only question that had flustered him was one which asked for the location of the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral. Carpenter eventually remembered that the film Tombstone included the gunfight, and he replied correctly with the answer 'Tombstone, Arizona'.[4] While taking a vacation after his win, Carpenter considered quitting his job with the IRS, but eventually decided against it. He explained to Kiplinger's Personal Finance that "after the taxes, it's not change-your-life kind of money if you want to eat every day."[10] Carpenter also described the fame as having a bigger impact on his life than the money, later stating: "The money doesn't change your life. What happens afterwards might."[11]
Later work[edit]
Shortly after winning on Millionaire, Carpenter played himself in a Saturday Night Live skit.[11] Donald Trump, played by Darrell Hammond, announced that Carpenter would be his running-mate in the presidential election. Afterward, Carpenter pretended to call his father, then shouted, "Live from New York, it's Saturday Night!" Carpenter also appeared on Good Morning America, Oprah Winfrey Show, Live with Regis and Kathie Lee, and Late Show with David Letterman.[11][12]
Carpenter appeared as himself in the second half of the fourth season of Oz.[11] He plays a contestant in a fictional TV game show called Up Your Ante that the prisoners in Em City are watching. The show within the show is hosted by Gordon Elliott, with Eartha Kitt and Didi Conn appearing as celebrity participants.[13]
With Rod L. Evans, Carpenter co-authored a trivia book titled Matching Wits With the Million-Dollar Mind: The World's Hardest Trivia Quizzes From America's First Quiz Show Millionaire. The book was published by Berkley Books in 2002.[14]
Other game show appearances[edit]
In 2000, Carpenter appeared in the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Champions Edition, in which previous contestants who won $250,000–$1,000,000 played again, with half of their additional winnings from the Champions Edition going to a charity of their choice.[15] Carpenter won $250,000,[16] bringing his total Millionaire winnings to $1,250,000. In 2004, Carpenter participated in Super Millionaire, as one of the "Three Wise Men" on the episode during which Robert "Bob-O" Essig won $1,000,000.[17]
He later participated as part of the Mob on NBC's 1 vs. 100 on October 27, 2006,[18] and as a contestant on the Game Show Network game show Grand Slam.[19] Carpenter appeared on the August 16, 2009 episode of Millionaire in prime time for its tenth anniversary.[20] In the audience with him were his father, his wife, and his son.[21] Additionally, he was also the first expert in the "Ask the Expert" lifeline for the eighth season of the syndicated series.[22]
See also[edit]
Biography portal
List of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? top prize winners
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Millionaire Makeovers!". People. Vol. 54 no. 20. Time Inc. November 13, 2000. Archived from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Petrozello, Donna (February 3, 2000). "Million-plu$ reply an educated guess". New York Daily News. p. 101.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jerome, Jim (December 6, 1999). "Many Happy Returns". People. Vol. 52 no. 22. Time Inc. Archived from the original on September 30, 2015. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Rosenthal, Phil (November 20, 1999). "Contestant wins $1 million". Chicago Sun Times. p. 30.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Frances Grandy (November 20, 1999). "Final answer? Quiz show: a million to 1 taxman". Hartford Courant. p. A1.
Jump up ^ Bianculli, David (November 22, 1999). "Cool million makes red-hot TV". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on September 11, 2009. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire". Gameshow Hall of Fame. GSN. January 21, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Vigoda, Arlene (November 22, 1999). "Million-dollar winner untaxed by celebrity". USA Today. Gannett Company. p. 1D.
Jump up ^ "Taxman scoops a million". BBC News. November 21, 1999. Archived from the original on June 21, 2015. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Davis, Kristin (November 2000). "I'm Rich! (Now what?)". Kiplinger's Personal Finance. pp. 93–94.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Duca, Lauren (August 15, 2014). "The Final Answer On Who Wants To Be A Millionaire?, 15 Years After It Premiered". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on August 22, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ de Moraes, Lisa (November 23, 1999). "Drab 'Millionaire' Winner Emerges as a Media Animal". The Washington Post. p. C07.
Jump up ^ Moore, Frazier (January 6, 2001). "Wizard of 'Oz' lives with permanent reminder of gritty show". The San Diego Union Tribune. p. E6.
Jump up ^ "Matching Wits with the Million-Dollar Mind : The World;s Hardest Trivia Quizzes from America's First Quiz Show Millionaire". The Book Depository. Archived from the original on October 25, 2015. Retrieved October 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Deggans, Eric (May 12, 2000). "Miami 'Millionaire' gets 2nd shot at final answer". St. Petersburg Times. Archived from the original on April 5, 2008. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bracht, Mel (May 26, 2000). "Money isn't the root of happiness: Tulsan has more fun in 2nd Millionaire gig". NewsOK. Oklahoma Publishing Company. Archived from the original on March 13, 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Super Millionaire. Season 1. Episode 2. February 23, 2004. ABC.
Jump up ^ 1 vs. 100. Season 1. Episode 3. October 27, 2006. NBC.
Jump up ^ Owen, Rob (August 2, 2007). "Dennis Miller rallies around game show all-stars". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. WE-33.
Jump up ^ Grosvenor, Carrie (July 27, 2009). "Millionaire Experts, Former Contestants Announced". About.com. About Entertainment. Archived from the original on August 2, 2009. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire: 10th Anniversary Celebration. Episode 6. August 16, 2009. ABC.
Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. Season 8. Episode 1. September 7, 2009. Syndicated.
External links[edit]
John Carpenter on IMDb
Honorary titles
Preceded by
First Millionaire Top prize winner on
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (U.S.)
November 19, 1999 Succeeded by
Dan Blonsky
Preceded by
Michael Shutterly All-time American game show winnings leader
1999–2000 Succeeded by
Rahim Oberholtzer
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text:
ENIAC
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see ENIAC (disambiguation).
ENIAC
Pennsylvania Historical Marker signification
Four ENIAC panels and one of its three function tables, on display at the School of Engineering and Applied Science at the University of Pennsylvania
Location within Philadelphia
Location
University of Pennsylvania Department of Computer and Information Science, 3330 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Coordinates
39°57′08″N 75°11′28″W / 39.9522012°N 75.1909932°W / 39.9522012; -75.1909932Coordinates: 39°57′08″N 75°11′28″W / 39.9522012°N 75.1909932°W / 39.9522012; -75.1909932
PA marker dedicated
Thursday, June 15, 2000
Glen Beck (background) and Betty Snyder (foreground) program ENIAC in BRL building 328. (U.S. Army photo)
ENIAC (/ˈiːniæk, ˈɛ-/; Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)[1][2] was amongst the earliest electronic general-purpose computers made. It was Turing-complete, digital and able to solve "a large class of numerical problems" through reprogramming.[3][4]
Although ENIAC was designed and primarily used to calculate artillery firing tables for the United States Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory,[5][6] its first programs included a study of the feasibility of the thermonuclear weapon.[7] In 1992, the Ballistic Research Laboratory became a part of the US Army Research Laboratory.
ENIAC was completed in 1945 and first put to work for practical purposes at the end of that year.[8]
ENIAC was formally dedicated at the University of Pennsylvania on February 15, 1946 and was heralded as a "Giant Brain" by the press.[9] It had a speed on the order of one thousand times faster than that of electro-mechanical machines; this computational power, coupled with general-purpose programmability, excited scientists and industrialists alike. The combination of speed and programmability allowed for thousands more calculations for problems, as ENIAC calculated a trajectory in 30 seconds that took a human 20 hours (allowing one ENIAC hour to displace 2400 human hours).[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Development and design
1.1 Components
1.2 Operation times
1.3 Reliability
2 Programming
2.1 Programmers
2.2 Role in the hydrogen bomb
2.3 Role in development of the Monte Carlo methods
3 Later developments
3.1 Role in the development of the EDVAC
3.2 Improvements
4 Comparison with other early computers
4.1 Public knowledge
4.2 Patent
5 Parts on display
6 Recognition
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Development and design[edit]
ENIAC's design and construction was financed by the United States Army, Ordnance Corps, Research and Development Command, led by Major General Gladeon M. Barnes. The total cost was about $487,000, equivalent to $6,887,000 in 2017.[11] The construction contract was signed on June 5, 1943; work on the computer began in secret at the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering[12] the following month, under the code name "Project PX", with John Grist Brainerd as principal investigator. Herman H. Goldstine persuaded the Army to fund the project, which put him in charge to oversee it for them.[13]
ENIAC was designed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert of the University of Pennsylvania, U.S.[14] The team of design engineers assisting the development included Robert F. Shaw (function tables), Jeffrey Chuan Chu (divider/square-rooter), Thomas Kite Sharpless (master programmer), Frank Mural (master programmer), Arthur Burks (multiplier), Harry Huskey (reader/printer) and Jack Davis (accumulators).[15] In 1946, the researchers resigned from the University of Pennsylvania and formed the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation.
ENIAC was a modular computer, composed of individual panels to perform different functions. Twenty of these modules were accumulators that could not only add and subtract, but hold a ten-digit decimal number in memory. Numbers were passed between these units across several general-purpose buses (or trays, as they were called). In order to achieve its high speed, the panels had to send and receive numbers, compute, save the answer and trigger the next operation, all without any moving parts. Key to its versatility was the ability to branch; it could trigger different operations, depending on the sign of a computed result.
Components[edit]
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By the end of its operation in 1956, ENIAC contained 20,000 vacuum tubes, 7200 crystal diodes, 1500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors and approximately 5,000,000 hand-soldered joints. It weighed more than 30 short tons (27 t), was roughly 2.4 m × 0.9 m × 30 m (7.9 ft × 3.0 ft × 98.4 ft) in size, occupied 167 m2 (1,800 sq ft) and consumed 150 kW of electricity.[16][17] This power requirement led to the rumor that whenever the computer was switched on, lights in Philadelphia dimmed.[18] Input was possible from an IBM card reader and an IBM card punch was used for output. These cards could be used to produce printed output offline using an IBM accounting machine, such as the IBM 405. While ENIAC had no system to store memory in its inception, these punch cards could be used for external memory storage.[19] In 1953, a 100-word magnetic-core memory built by the Burroughs Corporation was added to ENIAC.[20]
ENIAC used ten-position ring counters to store digits; each digit required 36 vacuum tubes, 10 of which were the dual triodes making up the flip-flops of the ring counter. Arithmetic was performed by "counting" pulses with the ring counters and generating carry pulses if the counter "wrapped around", the idea being to electronically emulate the operation of the digit wheels of a mechanical adding machine.
ENIAC had 20 ten-digit signed accumulators, which used ten's complement representation and could perform 5000 simple addition or subtraction operations between any of them and a source (e.g., another accumulator or a constant transmitter) every second. It was possible to connect several accumulators to run simultaneously, so the peak speed of operation was potentially much higher, due to parallel operation.
It was possible to wire the carry of one accumulator into another accumulator to perform double precision arithmetic, but the accumulator carry circuit timing prevented the wiring of 3+ for even higher precision. ENIAC used 4 of the accumulators (controlled by a special multiplier unit) to perform up to 385 multiplication operations/second; 5 of the accumulators were controlled by a special divider/square-rooter unit to perform up to 40 division operations/second or 3 square root operations/second.
The other 9 units in ENIAC were the Initiating Unit (started and stopped the machine), the Cycling Unit (used for synchronizing the other units), the Master Programmer (controlled "loop" sequencing), the Reader (controlled an IBM punch-card reader), the Printer (controlled an IBM card punch), the Constant Transmitter and 3 function tables.[clarification needed]
Cpl. Irwin Goldstein (foreground) sets the switches on one of ENIAC's function tables at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering. (U.S. Army photo)[21]
Operation times[edit]
The references by Rojas and Hashagen (or Wilkes)[14] give more details about the times for operations, which differ somewhat from those stated above.
The basic machine cycle was 200 microseconds (20 cycles of the 100 kHz clock in the cycling unit), or 5,000 cycles per second for operations on the 10-digit numbers. In one of these cycles, ENIAC could write a number to a register, read a number from a register, or add/subtract two numbers.
A multiplication of a 10-digit number by a d-digit number (for d up to 10) took d+4 cycles, so a 10- by 10-digit multiplication took 14 cycles, or 2800 microseconds—a rate of 357 per second. If one of the numbers had fewer than 10 digits, the operation was faster.
Division and square roots took 13(d+1) cycles, where d is the number of digits in the result (quotient or square root). So a division or square root took up to 143 cycles, or 28,600 microseconds—a rate of 35 per second. (Wilkes 1956:20[14] states that a division with a 10 digit quotient required 6 milliseconds.) If the result had fewer than ten digits, it was obtained faster.
Reliability[edit]
ENIAC used common octal-base radio tubes of the day; the decimal accumulators were made of 6SN7 flip-flops, while 6L7s, 6SJ7s, 6SA7s and 6AC7s were used in logic functions.[22] Numerous 6L6s and 6V6s served as line drivers to drive pulses through cables between rack assemblies.
Several tubes burned out almost every day, leaving ENIAC nonfunctional about half the time. Special high-reliability tubes were not available until 1948. Most of these failures, however, occurred during the warm-up and cool-down periods, when the tube heaters and cathodes were under the most thermal stress. Engineers reduced ENIAC's tube failures to the more acceptable rate of one tube every two days. According to a 1989 interview with Eckert, "We had a tube fail about every two days and we could locate the problem within 15 minutes."[23] In 1954, the longest continuous period of operation without a failure was 116 hours—close to five days.
Programming[edit]
ENIAC could be programmed to perform complex sequences of operations, including loops, branches, and subroutines. However, instead of the stored program computers that exist today, ENIAC was just a large collection of arithmetic machines,[24] which had programs hard coded into the machines with function tables that each contained 1200 ten way switches.[25] The task of taking a problem and mapping it onto the machine was complex, and usually took weeks. Due to the complexity of mapping programs onto the machine, programs were only changed after huge numbers of tests of the current program.[26] After the program was figured out on paper, the process of getting the program into ENIAC by manipulating its switches and cables could take days. This was followed by a period of verification and debugging, aided by the ability to execute the program step by step. A programming tutorial for the modulo function using an ENIAC simulator gives an impression of what a program on the ENIAC looked like.[27][dead link]
Programmers Betty Jean Jennings (left) and Fran Bilas (right) operate ENIAC's main control panel at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering. (U.S. Army photo from the archives of the ARL Technical Library)
ENIAC's six primary programmers, Kay McNulty, Betty Jennings, Betty Snyder, Marlyn Wescoff, Fran Bilas and Ruth Lichterman, not only determined how to input ENIAC programs, but also developed an understanding of ENIAC's inner workings.[28][29] The programmers debugged problems by crawling inside the massive structure to find bad joints and bad tubes.[30]
Programmers[edit]
Kay McNulty, Betty Jennings, Betty Snyder, Marlyn Meltzer, Fran Bilas, and Ruth Lichterman were the first programmers of the ENIAC, though their work was not widely recognized for over 50 years. Historians had at first mistaken them for "Refrigerator Ladies", i.e., models posing in front of the machine.[31] Most of the women did not receive recognition for their work on the ENIAC in their lifetimes.[32] 50 years after the invention of the ENIAC most of the female programmers were not invited to the 50th anniversary event.[31]
These early programmers were drawn from a group of about two hundred female computers who studied at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania. One of the few technical job categories available to women was computing the results of mathematical formulas for science and engineering, usually with a mechanical calculator.[33] Betty Holberton (née Snyder) continued on to help write the first generative programming system (SORT/MERGE) and help design the first commercial electronic computers, the UNIVAC and the BINAC, alongside Jean Jennings.[34]
Herman Goldstine selected the programmers, then called "operators", from the computers who had been calculating ballistics tables with desk calculators and a differential analyzer prior to and during the development of ENIAC.[32] Under Herman and Adele Goldstine's direction, the programmers studied ENIAC's blueprints and physical structure to determine how to manipulate its switches and cables, rather than learning a programming language. Though contemporaries considered programming a clerical task and did not publicly recognize the programmers' impact on the successful operation and announcement of ENIAC,[32] McNulty, Jennings, Snyder, Wescoff, Bilas, and Lichterman have since been recognized for their contributions to computing.[35][36][37]
The "programmer" and "operator" job titles were not originally considered professions suitable for women. The labor shortage created by World War II was what enabled the entry of women into the field.[38] However, the field was not viewed as prestigious, and bringing in women was viewed as a way to free men up for more skilled labor. For example, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics said in 1942, "It is felt that enough greater return is obtained by freeing the engineers from calculating detail to overcome any increased expenses in the computers' salaries. The engineers admit themselves that the girl computers do the work more rapidly and accurately than they would. This is due in large measure to the feeling among the engineers that their college and industrial experience is being wasted and thwarted by mere repetitive calculation".[38] Thus while women were integral to the programming of the ENIAC their contributions were often minimized and feminized.
Following the initial six programmers, an expanded team of a hundred scientists was recruited to continue work on the ENIAC. Among these were several women, including Gloria Ruth Gordon.[39] Adele Goldstine wrote the original technical description of the ENIAC.[40]
Role in the hydrogen bomb[edit]
Although the Ballistic Research Laboratory was the sponsor of ENIAC, one year into this three-year project John von Neumann, a mathematician working on the hydrogen bomb at Los Alamos National Laboratory, became aware of this computer.[41] Los Alamos subsequently became so involved with ENIAC that the first test problem run consisted of computations for the hydrogen bomb, not artillery tables.[6] The input/output for this test was one million cards.[42]
Role in development of the Monte Carlo methods[edit]
See also: History of Monte Carlo method
Related to ENIAC's role in the hydrogen bomb was its role in the Monte Carlo method becoming popular. Scientists involved in the original nuclear bomb development used massive groups of people doing huge numbers of calculations ("computers" in the terminology of the time) to investigate the distance that neutrons would likely travel through various materials. John von Neumann and Stanislaw Ulam realized the speed of ENIAC would allow these calculations to be done much more quickly. The success of this project showed the value of Monte Carlo methods in science.[43]
Later developments[edit]
A press conference was held on February 1, 1946,[44] and the completed machine was announced to the public the evening of February 14, 1946,[45] featuring demonstrations of its capabilities. Elizabeth Snyder and Betty Jean Jennings were responsible for developing the demonstration trajectory program, although Herman and Adele Goldstine took credit for it.[44] The machine was formally dedicated the next day[46] at the University of Pennsylvania.
The original contract amount was $61,700; the final cost was almost $500,000 (approximately $6,300,000 today). It was formally accepted by the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps in July 1946. ENIAC was shut down on November 9, 1946 for a refurbishment and a memory upgrade, and was transferred to Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland in 1947. There, on July 29, 1947, it was turned on and was in continuous operation until 11:45 p.m. on October 2, 1955.[2]
Role in the development of the EDVAC[edit]
A few months after ENIAC's unveiling in the summer of 1946, as part of "an extraordinary effort to jump-start research in the field",[47] the Pentagon invited "the top people in electronics and mathematics from the United States and Great Britain"[47] to a series of forty-eight lectures given in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; all together called The Theory and Techniques for Design of Digital Computers—more often named the Moore School Lectures.[47] Half of these lectures were given by the inventors of ENIAC.[48]
ENIAC was a one-of-a-kind design and was never repeated. The freeze on design in 1943 meant that the computer design would lack some innovations that soon became well-developed, notably the ability to store a program. Eckert and Mauchly started work on a new design, to be later called the EDVAC, which would be both simpler and more powerful. In particular, in 1944 Eckert wrote his description of a memory unit (the mercury delay line) which would hold both the data and the program. John von Neumann, who was consulting for the Moore School on the EDVAC, sat in on the Moore School meetings at which the stored program concept was elaborated. Von Neumann wrote up an incomplete set of notes (First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC) which were intended to be used as an internal memorandum—describing, elaborating, and couching in formal logical language the ideas developed in the meetings. ENIAC administrator and security officer Herman Goldstine distributed copies of this First Draft to a number of government and educational institutions, spurring widespread interest in the construction of a new generation of electronic computing machines, including Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) at Cambridge University, England and SEAC at the U.S. Bureau of Standards.
Improvements[edit]
A number of improvements were made to ENIAC after 1948, including a primitive read-only stored programming mechanism[49] using the Function Tables as program ROM, an idea included in the ENIAC patent and proposed independently by Richard Clippinger of BRL. Clippinger consulted with von Neumann on what instruction set to implement. Clippinger had thought of a 3-address architecture while von Neumann proposed a 1-address architecture because it was simpler to implement. Three digits of one accumulator (6) were used as the program counter, another accumulator (15) was used as the main accumulator, a third accumulator (8) was used as the address pointer for reading data from the function tables, and most of the other accumulators (1–5, 7, 9–14, 17–19) were used for data memory.
The programming of the stored program for ENIAC was done by Betty Jennings, Clippinger and Adele Goldstine.[50] It was first demonstrated as a stored-program computer on September 16, 1948, running a program by Adele Goldstine for John von Neumann. This modification reduced the speed of ENIAC by a factor of six and eliminated the ability of parallel computation, but as it also reduced the reprogramming time to hours instead of days, it was considered well worth the loss of performance. Also analysis had shown that due to differences between the electronic speed of computation and the electromechanical speed of input/output, almost any real-world problem was completely I/O bound, even without making use of the original machine's parallelism. Most computations would still be I/O bound, even after the speed reduction imposed by this modification.
Early in 1952, a high-speed shifter was added, which improved the speed for shifting by a factor of five. In July 1953, a 100-word expansion core memory was added to the system, using binary coded decimal, excess-3 number representation. To support this expansion memory, ENIAC was equipped with a new Function Table selector, a memory address selector, pulse-shaping circuits, and three new orders were added to the programming mechanism.
Comparison with other early computers[edit]
Main article: History of computing hardware
A function table from ENIAC on display at Aberdeen Proving Ground museum.
Mechanical and electrical computing machines have been around since the 19th century, but the 1930s and 1940s are considered the beginning of the modern computer era.
ENIAC was, like the IBM Harvard Mark I and the German Z3, able to run an arbitrary sequence of mathematical operations, but did not read them from a tape. Like the British Colossus, it was programmed by plugboard and switches. ENIAC combined full, Turing complete programmability with electronic speed. The Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC), ENIAC, and Colossus all used thermionic valves (vacuum tubes). ENIAC's registers performed decimal arithmetic, rather than binary arithmetic like the Z3, the ABC and Colossus.
Like the Colossus, ENIAC required rewiring to reprogram until September 1948. Three months earlier, in June 1948, the Manchester Baby ran its first program and earned the distinction of first electronic stored-program computer. Though the idea of a stored-program computer with combined memory for program and data was conceived during the development of ENIAC, it was not initially implemented in ENIAC because World War II priorities required the machine to be completed quickly, and ENIAC's 20 storage locations would be too small to hold data and programs.
Public knowledge[edit]
The Z3 and Colossus were developed independently of each other, and of the ABC and ENIAC during World War II. The Z3 was destroyed by the Allied bombing raids of Berlin in 1943. The ten Colossus machines were part of the UK's war effort. Their existence only became generally known in the 1970s, though knowledge of their capabilities remained among their UK staff and invited Americans. All but two of the machines were dismantled in 1945; the remaining two were used in GCHQ until the 1960s.[51] Work on the ABC at Iowa State University was stopped in 1942 after John Atanasoff was called to Washington, D.C., to do physics research for the U.S. Navy, and it was subsequently dismantled.[52]
ENIAC, by contrast, was put through its paces for the press in 1946, "and captured the world's imagination". Older histories of computing may therefore not be comprehensive in their coverage and analysis of this period. As the Colossus was used to decrypt Russian messages up until the 1960s, it was kept confidential for almost 40 years, only becoming public knowledge in the late 1970s.[citation needed]
Patent[edit]
Main article: Honeywell v. Sperry Rand
For a variety of reasons (including Mauchly's June 1941 examination of the Atanasoff–Berry Computer, prototyped in 1939 by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry), U.S. Patent 3,120,606 for ENIAC, applied for in 1947 and granted in 1964, was voided by the 1973 decision of the landmark federal court case Honeywell v. Sperry Rand, putting the invention of the electronic digital computer in the public domain and providing legal recognition to Atanasoff as the inventor of the first electronic digital computer.
Parts on display[edit]
Detail of the back of a section of ENIAC, showing vacuum tubes
Pieces of ENIAC are held by the following institutions:
The School of Engineering and Applied Science at the University of Pennsylvania has four of the original forty panels and one of the three function tables of ENIAC (on loan from the Smithsonian).
The Smithsonian has five panels in the National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C.
The Science Museum in London has a receiver unit on display.
The Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California has three panels and a function table on display (on loan from the Smithsonian Institution).
The University of Michigan in Ann Arbor has four panels, salvaged by Arthur Burks.
The United States Army Ordnance Museum at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, where ENIAC was used, has one of the function tables.
The U.S. Army Field Artillery Museum in Fort Sill, as of October 2014, had obtained seven panels of ENIAC that were previously housed by The Perot Group in Plano, Texas.[53]
The United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, has one of the data entry terminals from the ENIAC.
The Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum in Paderborn, Germany, has three panels (on loan from the Smithsonian Institution)
Recognition[edit]
ENIAC was named an IEEE Milestone in 1987.[54]
In 1996, in honor of the ENIAC's 50th anniversary, The University of Pennsylvania sponsored a project named, "ENIAC-on-a-Chip", where a very small silicon computer chip measuring 7.44 mm by 5.29 mm was built with the same functionality as ENIAC. Although this 20 MHz chip was many times faster than ENIAC, it had but a fraction of the speed of its contemporary microprocessors in the late 1990s.[55][56][57]
In 1997, the six women who did most of the programming of ENIAC were inducted into the Women in Technology International Hall of Fame.[35][58] The role of the ENIAC programmers is treated in a 2010 documentary film titled Top Secret Rosies: The Female "Computers" of WWII by LeAnn Erickson.[36] A 2014 documentary short, The Computers by Kate McMahon, tells of the story of the six programmers; this was the result of 20 years' research by Kathryn Kleiman and her team as part of the ENIAC Programmers Project.[37][59]
In 2011, in honor of the 65th anniversary of the ENIAC's unveiling, the city of Philadelphia declared February 15 as ENIAC Day.[60]
The ENIAC celebrated its 70th anniversary on February 15, 2016.[61]
See also[edit]
History of computing
History of computing hardware
List of vacuum tube computers
Military computers
Unisys Corporation
Kathleen Antonelli (Kay McNulty)
Arthur Burks
Betty Holberton
Marlyn Meltzer
Jean Jennings Bartik
Frances Bilas Spence
Ruth Lichterman Teitelbaum
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Eckert Jr., John Presper and Mauchly, John W.; Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, United States Patent Office, US Patent 3,120,606, filed 1947-06-26, issued 1964-02-04; invalidated 1973-10-19 after court ruling on Honeywell v. Sperry Rand.
^ Jump up to: a b Weik, Martin H. "The ENIAC Story". O R D N A N C E. 708 Mills Building - Washington, DC: American Ordnance Association (January–February 1961). Archived from the original on 2011-08-14. Retrieved 2015-03-29.
Jump up ^ Goldstine & Goldstine 1946, p. 97
Jump up ^ Shurkin, Joel (1996). Engines of the mind: the evolution of the computer from mainframes to microprocessors. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-31471-5.
Jump up ^ Moye, William T. (January 1996). "ENIAC: The Army-Sponsored Revolution". US Army Research Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2017-09-15. Retrieved 2015-03-29.
^ Jump up to: a b Goldstine 1972, p. 214
Jump up ^ Scott McCartney p.103 (1999): "ENIAC correctly showed that Teller's scheme would not work, but the results led Teller and Ulam to come up with another design together."
Jump up ^
"ENIAC on Trial – 1. Public Use". www.ushistory.org. Search for 1945. Retrieved 2018-05-16. The ENIAC machine […] was reduced to practice no later than the date of commencement of the use of the machine for the Los Alamos calculations, December 10, 1945.
About the court case (more sources): Honeywell, Inc. v. Sperry Rand Corp..
Jump up ^ Brain used in the press as a metaphor became common during the war years. Looking, for example, at Life magazine: 1937-08-16, p.45 Overseas Air Lines Rely on Magic Brain (RCA Radiocompass). 1942-03-09 p.55 the Magic Brain—is a development of RCA engineers (RCA Victrola). 1942-12-14 p.8 Blanket with a Brain does the rest! (GE Automatic Blanket). 1943-11-08 p.8 Mechanical brain sights gun (How to boss a BOFORS!)
Jump up ^ "ENIAC". ENIAC USA 1946. History of Computing Project. 2013-03-13. Retrieved 2016-05-18.
Jump up ^ Dalakov, Georgi. "ENIAC". History of Computers. Georgi Dalakov. Retrieved 2016-05-23.
Jump up ^ Goldstine & Goldstine 1946
Jump up ^ http://www.princeton.edu/mudd/finding_aids/mathoral/pmcxgoldstine.htm
^ Jump up to: a b c Wilkes, M. V. (1956). Automatic Digital Computers. New York: John Wiley & Sons. QA76.W5 1956.
Jump up ^ UShistory.org ENIAC Invetors Retrieved 2016-02-04 USHistory.org ENIAC Inventors.
Jump up ^ "ENIAC". The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 2015-03-29.
Jump up ^ Weik, Martin H. (December 1955). Ballistic Research Laboratories Report No. 971: A Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Department of Commerce Office of Technical Services. p. 41. Retrieved 2015-03-29.
Jump up ^ Farrington, Gregory (March 1996). ENIAC: Birth of the Information Age. Popular Science. Retrieved 2015-03-29.
Jump up ^ "ENIAC in Action: What it Was and How it Worked". ENIAC: Celebrating Penn Engineering History. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2016-05-17.
Jump up ^ Martin, Jason (1998-12-17). "Past and Future Developments in Memory Design". Past and Future Developments in Memory Design. University of Maryland. Retrieved 2016-05-17.
Jump up ^ The original photo can be seen in the article: Rose, Allen (April 1946). "Lightning Strikes Mathematics". Popular Science: 83–86. Retrieved 2015-03-29.
Jump up ^ Burks 1947, pp. 756–767
Jump up ^ Randall 5th, Alexander (2006-02-14). "A lost interview with ENIAC co-inventor J. Presper Eckert". Computer World. Retrieved 2015-03-29.
Jump up ^ Grier, David (July–September 2004). "From the Editor's Desk". Annals of the History of Computing, IEEE. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2004.9. Retrieved 2016-05-16.
Jump up ^ Cruz, Frank (2013-11-09). "Programming the ENIAC". Programming the ENIAC. Columbia University. Retrieved 2016-05-16.
Jump up ^ Alt, Franz (July 1972). "Archaelogy of computers: reminiscences, 1945-1947". Communications of the ACM. doi:10.1145/361454.361528. Retrieved 2016-05-16.
Jump up ^ Schapranow, Matthieu-P. (1 June 2006). "ENIAC tutorial - the modulo function". Retrieved 2017-03-04.
Jump up ^ "ENIAC Programmers Project". eniacprogrammers.org. Retrieved 2015-03-29.
Jump up ^ Donaldson James, Susan (2007-12-04). "First Computer Programmers Inspire Documentary". ABC News. Retrieved 2015-03-29.
Jump up ^ Fritz, W. Barkley (1996). "The Women of ENIAC" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 18 (3): 13–28. doi:10.1109/85.511940. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-04-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "Meet the 'Refrigerator Ladies' Who Programmed the ENIAC". Mental Floss. Retrieved 2016-06-16.
^ Jump up to: a b c Light, Jennifer S. (1999). "When Computers Were Women" (PDF). Technology and Culture. 40 (3): 455–483. doi:10.1353/tech.1999.0128. Retrieved 2015-03-09.
Jump up ^ Grier, David (2007). When Computers Were Human. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400849369. Retrieved 2016-11-24.
Jump up ^ Beyer, Kurt (2012). Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age. London, Cambridge: MIT Press. p. 198. ISBN 9780262517263.
^ Jump up to: a b "Invisible Computers: The Untold Story of the ENIAC Programmers". Witi.com. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
^ Jump up to: a b Gumbrecht, Jamie (February 2011). "Rediscovering WWII's female 'computers'". CNN. Retrieved 2011-02-15.
^ Jump up to: a b "Festival 2014: The Computers". SIFF. Retrieved 2015-03-12.
^ Jump up to: a b Light, Jennifer (July 1999). "When Computers were Women" (PDF). Technology and Culture. 40,3: 455–483.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, Patricia (2009-07-26). "Gloria Gordon Bolotsky, 87; Programmer Worked on Historic ENIAC Computer". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2015-08-19.
Jump up ^ https://www.arl.army.mil/www/default.cfm?page=148
Jump up ^ Goldstine 1972, p. 182
Jump up ^ Goldstine 1972, p. 226
Jump up ^ Kean, Sam (2010). The Disappearing Spoon. New York: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 109–111. ISBN 978-0-316-05163-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Light, Jennifer S. (July 1999). "When Computers Were Women". Technology and Culture. 40: 455–483.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Jr., T. R. (1946-02-15). "Electronic Computer Flashes Answers". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2015-07-10. Retrieved 2015-03-29.
Jump up ^ Honeywell, Inc. v. Sperry Rand Corp. , 180 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 673, p. 20, finding 1.1.3 (U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota, Fourth Division 1973) (“The ENIAC machine which embodied 'the invention' claimed by the ENIAC patent was in public use and non-experimental use for the following purposes, and at times prior to the critical date: ... Formal dedication use February 15, 1946 ...”).
^ Jump up to: a b c Scott McCartney p.140 (1999)
Jump up ^ Scott McCartney p.140 (1999): Eckert gave eleven lectures, Mauchly gave six, Goldstine gave six. von Neumann, who was to give one lecture, didn't show up; the other 24 were spread among various invited academics and military officials.
Jump up ^ "A Logical Coding System Applied to the ENIAC". Ftp.arl.mil. 1948-09-29. Archived from the original on 2010-01-03. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
Jump up ^ "Eniac". Epic Technology for Great Justice. Retrieved 2017-01-28.
Jump up ^ Copeland 2006, p. 2.
Jump up ^ Copeland 2006, p. 106.
Jump up ^ Meador, Mitch (2014-10-29). "ENIAC: First Generation Of Computation Should Be A Big Attraction At Sill". The Lawton Constitution. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
Jump up ^ "Milestones:Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, 1946". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. Retrieved 2011-08-03.
Jump up ^ Van Der Spiegel, Jan (March 1996). "ENIAC-on-a-Chip". PENNPRINTOUT. Retrieved 2009-09-04.
Jump up ^ Van Der Spiegel, Jan (1995-05-09). "ENIAC-on-a-Chip". University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2009-09-04.
Jump up ^ Van Der Spiegel, Jan (1996). "PENN PRINTOUT - The University of Pennsylvania's Online Computing Magazine". Retrieved 2016-10-17.
Jump up ^ Brown, Janelle (1997-05-08). "Wired: Women Proto-Programmers Get Their Just Reward". Retrieved 2015-03-10.
Jump up ^ "ENIAC Programmers Project". ENIAC Programmers Project. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
Jump up ^ "Resolution No. 110062: Declaring February 15 as "Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC) Day" in Philadelphia and honoring the University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Sciences" (PDF). 2011-02-10. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
Jump up ^ Kim, Meeri (2016-02-11). "70 years ago, six Philly women became the world's first digital computer programmers". Retrieved 2016-10-17 – via www.phillyvoice.com.
References[edit]
Burks, Arthur (1947), "Electronic Computing Circuits of the ENIAC", Proceedings of the I.R.E., 35 (8): 756–767, doi:10.1109/jrproc.1947.234265
Burks, Arthur; Burks, Alice R. (1981), "The ENIAC: The First General-Purpose Electronic Computer", Annals of the History of Computing, 3 (4): 310–389, doi:10.1109/mahc.1981.10043
Copeland, B. Jack, ed. (2006), Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-284055-4
Eckert, J. Presper, The ENIAC (in Nicholas Metropolis, J. Howlett, Gian-Carlo Rota, (editors), A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, Academic Press, New York, 1980, pp. 525–540)
Eckert, J. Presper and John Mauchly, 1946, Outline of plans for development of electronic computers, 6 pages. (The founding document in the electronic computer industry.)
Fritz, W. Barkley, The Women of ENIAC (in IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 18, 1996, pp. 13–28)
Goldstine, H. H.; Goldstine, Adele (1946). "The electronic numerical integrator and computer (ENIAC)". Mathematics of Computation. 2 (15): 97–110. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1946-0018977-0. ISSN 0025-5718. (also reprinted in The Origins of Digital Computers: Selected Papers, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982, pp. 359–373)
Goldstine, Herman H. (1972). The Computer: from Pascal to von Neumann. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02367-0.
Mauchly, John, The ENIAC (in Metropolis, Nicholas, Howlett, Jack; Rota, Gian-Carlo. 1980, A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, Academic Press, New York, ISBN 0-12-491650-3, pp. 541–550, "Original versions of these papers were presented at the International Research Conference on the History of Computing, held at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, 10–15 June 1976.")
Rojas, Raúl; Hashagen, Ulf, editors. The First Computers: History and Architectures, 2000, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-18197-5
McCartney, Scott (1999). ENIAC: The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World's First Computer. Walker & Co. ISBN 0-8027-1348-3.
Further reading[edit]
Berkeley, Edmund. GIANT BRAINS or machines that think. John Wiley & Sons, inc., 1949. Chapter 7 Speed – 5000 Additions a Second: Moore School's ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)
Dyson, George (2012). Turing's Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe. New York City: Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0-375-42277-5.
Hally, Mike. Electronic Brains: Stories from the Dawn of the Computer Age, Joseph Henry Press, 2005. ISBN 0-309-09630-8
Lukoff, Herman (1979). From Dits to Bits: A personal history of the electronic computer. Portland, Oregon, USA: Robotics Press. ISBN 0-89661-002-0. LCCN 79-90567.
Tompkins, C. B.; Wakelin, J. H.; High-Speed Computing Devices, McGraw-Hill, 1950.
Stern, Nancy (1981). From ENIAC to UNIVAC: An Appraisal of the Eckert-Mauchly Computers. Digital Press. ISBN 0-932376-14-2.
McCartney, Scott (1999). ENIAC: The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World's First Computer. Walker & Co. ISBN 0-8027-1348-3.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to ENIAC.
ENIAC simulation
Another ENIAC simulation
Yet another ENIAC simulator
Q&A: A lost interview with ENIAC co-inventor J. Presper Eckert
Interview with Eckert Transcript of a video interview with Eckert by David Allison for the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution on February 2, 1988. An in-depth, technical discussion on ENIAC, including the thought process behind the design.
Oral history interview with J. Presper Eckert, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Eckert, a co-inventor of ENIAC, discusses its development at the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering; describes difficulties in securing patent rights for ENIAC and the problems posed by the circulation of John von Neumann's 1945 First Draft of the Report on EDVAC, which placed the ENIAC inventions in the public domain. Interview by Nancy Stern, 28 October 1977.
Oral history interview with Carl Chambers, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Chambers discusses the initiation and progress of the ENIAC project at the University of Pennsylvania Moore School of Electrical Engineering (1941–46). Oral history interview by Nancy B. Stern, 30 November 1977.
Oral history interview with Irven A. Travis, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Travis describes the ENIAC project at the University of Pennsylvania (1941–46), the technical and leadership abilities of chief engineer Eckert, the working relations between John Mauchly and Eckert, the disputes over patent rights, and their resignation from the university. Oral history interview by Nancy B. Stern, 21 October 1977.
Oral history interview with S. Reid Warren, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Warren served as supervisor of the EDVAC project; central to his discussion are J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly and their disagreements with administrators over patent rights; discusses John von Neumann's 1945 draft report on the EDVAC, and its lack of proper acknowledgment of all the EDVAC contributors.
ENIAC Programmers Project
The women of ENIAC
Programming ENIAC
How ENIAC took a Square Root
Mike Muuss: Collected ENIAC documents
ENIAC chapter in Karl Kempf, Electronic Computers Within The Ordnance Corps, November 1961
The ENIAC Story, Martin H. Weik, Ordnance Ballistic Research Laboratories, 1961
ENIAC museum at the University of Pennsylvania
ENIAC specifications from Ballistic Research Laboratories Report No. 971 December 1955, (A Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems)
A Computer Is Born, Michael Kanellos, 60th anniversary news story, CNet, February 13, 2006
Gumbrecht, Jamie (8 February 2011). "Rediscovering WWII's 'computers'". CNN.com. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
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Hydrogen bomb

values: Edit section: Role in development of the Monte Carlo methods

values: Edit section: Role in the development of the EDVAC

values: Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator

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/wiki/Binary_coded_decimal
mw-redirect
Binary coded decimal

values: Edit section: Comparison with other early computers

values:
/wiki/Atanasoff%E2%80%93Berry_Computer
mw-redirect
Atanasoff–Berry Computer

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John Atanasoff

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/wiki/Honeywell_v._Sperry_Rand
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Honeywell v. Sperry Rand

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external text
//www.google.com/patents/US3120606

values: University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science

values: Top Secret Rosies: The Female "Computers" of WWII

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/wiki/Unisys_Corporation
mw-redirect
Unisys Corporation

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/wiki/Jean_Jennings_Bartik
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Jean Jennings Bartik

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Ruth Lichterman Teitelbaum

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external text
http://www.thocp.net/hardware/eniac.htm

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external text
//doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.2004.9

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//doi.org/10.1145%2F361454.361528

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external text
//doi.org/10.1109%2F85.511940

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external text
http://pcfly.info/doc/Computers/18.pdf

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external text
//doi.org/10.1353%2Ftech.1999.0128

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http://eniacprogrammers.org/
external text

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external text
//doi.org/10.1109%2Fjrproc.1947.234265

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external text
//doi.org/10.1109%2Fmahc.1981.10043

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//www.worldcat.org/issn/0025-5718

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Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory

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//lccn.loc.gov/79-90567

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Digital Press

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http://purl.umn.edu/107275

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http://purl.umn.edu/107216

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http://purl.umn.edu/107688

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external text
http://purl.umn.edu/107704

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external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4555162-5

values: Category:Pennsylvania state historical marker significations

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values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer – Alemannisch

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values: إينياك – Arabic

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: এনিয়াক – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values:
https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Bulgarian
bg
bg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Greek
el
el
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: एनिऐक – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: אניאק – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values:
https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Georgian
ka
ka
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Kazakh
kk
kk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values: ອີນິແອັກ – Lao

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lo
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Електронски нумерички интегратор и компјутер – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Mongolian
mn
mn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Japanese
ja
ja
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eniac
Eniac – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Simple English
simple
simple
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values:
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Serbian
sr
sr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: எனியாக் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: ఎలక్ట్రానిక్ న్యూమెరికల్ ఇంటిగ్రేటర్ అండ్ కంప్యూటర్ – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: อีนิแอก – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Ukrainian
uk
uk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
ENIAC – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: 電子數值積分計算機 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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display: none; font-size: 13px;

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