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du (Unix)
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example screenshot of du in a terminal
du (abbreviated from disk usage) is a standard Unix program used to estimate file space usage—space used under a particular directory or files on a file system.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Specification
3 Usage
4 Examples
5 See also
6 External links
6.1 Manual pages
History[edit]
The du utility first appeared in version 1 of AT&T UNIX.
Specification[edit]
By default, the Single UNIX Specification (SUS) specifies that du is to display the file space allocated to each file and directory contained in the current directory. Links will be displayed as the size of the link file, not what is being linked to; the size of the content of directories is displayed, as expected.
As du reports allocation space and not absolute file space, the amount of space on a file system shown by du may vary from that shown by df if files have been deleted but their blocks not yet freed. Also the minfree setting that allocates datablocks for the filesystem and the super user processes creates a discrepancy between total blocks and the sum of used and available blocks. The minfree setting is usually set to about 5% of the total filesystem size. For more info see core utils faq.
Usage[edit]
du takes a single argument, specifying a pathname for du to work; if it is not specified, the current directory is used. The SUS mandates for du the following options:
-a, In addition to the default output, include information for each non-directory entry
-c, display a grand total of the disk usage found by the other arguments
-d #, the depth at which summing should occur. -d 0 sums at the current level, -d 1 sums at the subdirectory, -d 2 at sub-subdirectories, etc.
-H, calculate disk usage for link references specified on the command line
-k, show sizes as multiples of 1024 bytes, not 512-byte
-L, calculate disk usage for link references anywhere
-s, report only the sum of the usage in the current directory, not for each directory therein contained
-x, only traverse files and directories on the device on which the pathname argument is specified.
Other Unix and Unix-like operating systems may add extra options. For example, BSD and GNU du specify a -h option, displaying disk usage in a format easier to read by the user, adding units with the appropriate SI prefix (e.g. 10 MB)..
Examples[edit]
Sum of directories (-s) in kilobytes (-k):
$ du -sk * 152304 directoryOne 1856548 directoryTwo
Sum of directories (-s) in human-readable format (-h : Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte and Petabyte):
$ du -sh * 149M directoryOne 1.8G directoryTwo
disk usage of all subdirectories and files including hidden files within the current directory (sorted by filesize) :
 $ du -sk .[!.]* *| sort -n
disk usage of all subdirectories and files including hidden files within the current directory (sorted by reverse filesize) :
 $ du -sk .[!.]* *| sort -nr
The weight (size) of each subdirectory under the current directory (-d 1) with a sum total at the end (-c) all displayed in human-readable format (-h):
 $ du -d 1 -c -h
or with du from GNU:
 $ du --max-depth=1 -c -h
The weight (size) of subdirectories under the root directory (-d 1, trailing /) with a sum total at the end (-c), all displayed in human-readable format (-h) without traversing into other filesystems (-x). Useful when /var /tmp or other directories are on separate storage from the root directory:
 $ du -d 1 -c -h -x /
or with du from GNU:
 $ du --max-depth=1 -c -h -x /
See also[edit]
List of Unix programs
Filelight
Disk Usage Analyzer
ncdu
External links[edit]
du: estimate file space usage – Commands & Utilities Reference, The Single UNIX Specification, Issue 7 from The Open Group
Manual pages[edit]
du(1) – Linux User Commands Manual
du(1) – OpenBSD General Commands Manual
du(1) – FreeBSD General Commands Manual
du(1) – NetBSD General Commands Manual
du(1) – DragonFly BSD General Commands Manual
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text:
Rationing in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Di Natale ration stamps printed, but not used, as a result of the 1973 oil crisis
Rationing is the controlled distribution of scarce resources, goods, or services, or an artificial restriction of demand. Rationing controls the size of the ration, which is one's allotted portion of the resources being distributed on a particular day or at a particular time.
Rationing in the US was introduced in stages during World War II.
Contents
1 World War I
2 World War II
3 Gallery
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
World War I[edit]
Although the United States did not have food rationing in World War I, it relied heavily on propaganda campaigns to persuade people to curb their food consumption.
Through slogans such as "Food Will Win the War", "Meatless Meals", and "Wheatless Wednesdays", the United States Food Administration under Herbert Hoover reduced national consumption by 15%.[1]
World War II[edit]
In summer 1941 the British appealed to Americans to conserve food to provide more to go to Britons fighting in World War II. The Office of Price Administration warned Americans of potential gasoline, steel, aluminum, and electricity shortages.[2] It believed that with factories converting to military production and consuming many critical supplies, rationing would become necessary if the country entered the war. It established a rationing system after the attack on Pearl Harbor.[3]:133
Tires were the first item to be rationed by the OPA, which ordered the temporary end of sales on 11 December 1941 while it created 7,500 unpaid, volunteer three-person tire ration boards around the country. By 5 January 1942 the boards were ready. Each received a monthly allotment of tires based on the number of local vehicle registrations, and allocated them to applicants based on OPA rules.[3]:133 There was a shortage of rubber for tires since the Japanese quickly conquered the rubber-producing regions of Southeast Asia. Although synthetic rubber had been invented before the war, it had been unable to compete with natural rubber commercially, so the US did not have enough manufacturing capacity at the start of the war to make synthetic rubber. Throughout the war, rationing of gasoline was motivated by a desire to conserve rubber as much as by a desire to conserve gasoline.[4]
The War Production Board (WPB) ordered the temporary end of all civilian automobile sales on 1 January 1942, leaving dealers with one half million unsold cars. Ration boards grew in size as they began evaluating automobile sales in February (only certain professions, such as doctors and clergymen, qualified to purchase the remaining inventory of new automobiles), typewriters in March, and bicycles in May.[3]:124,133–135 Automobile factories stopped manufacturing civilian models by early February 1942 and converted to producing tanks, aircraft, weapons, and other military products, with the United States government as the only customer.[5] As of 1 March 1942, dog food could no longer be sold in tin cans, and manufacturers switched to dehydrated versions. As of 1 April 1942, anyone wishing to purchase a new toothpaste tube, then made from metal, had to turn in an empty one.[3]:129–130 By June 1942 companies also stopped manufacturing metal office furniture, radios, phonographs, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, washing machines, and sewing machines for civilians.[3]:118,124,126–127
Henry Segerstrom in front of an automobile with "A" sticker in windshield showing lowest priority of gasoline rationing and entitled the car owner to 3 to 4 US gallons of gasoline per week.
Civilians first received ration books—War Ration Book Number One, or the "Sugar Book"—on 4 May 1942,[6] through more than 100,000 schoolteachers, PTA groups, and other volunteers.[3]:137 A national speed limit of 35 miles per hour (56 km/h) was imposed to save fuel and rubber for tires.[4] Later that month volunteers again helped distribute gasoline cards in 17 Atlantic and Pacific Northwest states.[3]:138 To get a classification and rationing stamps, one had to appear before a local War Price and Rationing Board which reported to the OPA (which was jokingly said to stand for "Only a Puny A-card"). Each person in a household received a ration book, including babies and small children who qualified for canned milk not available to others. To receive a gasoline ration card, a person had to certify a need for gasoline and ownership of no more than five tires. All tires in excess of five per driver were confiscated by the government, because of rubber shortages. An "A" sticker on a car was the lowest priority of gasoline rationing and entitled the car owner to 3 to 4 US gallons (11 to 15 l; 2.5 to 3.3 imp gal) of gasoline per week. B stickers were issued to workers in the military industry, entitling their holder up to 8 US gallons (30 l; 6.7 imp gal) of gasoline per week. C stickers were granted to persons deemed very essential to the war effort, such as doctors. T rations were made available for truckers. Lastly, X stickers on cars entitled the holder to unlimited supplies and were the highest priority in the system. Clergy, police, firemen, and civil defense workers were in this category.[7] A scandal erupted when 200 Congressmen received these X stickers.[8]
An American child purchases a can of V8, handing the grocer his ration book.
Sugar was the first consumer commodity rationed, with all sales ended on 27 April 1942 and resumed on 5 May with a ration of .5 pounds (0.23 kg) per person per week, half of normal consumption. Bakeries, ice cream makers, and other commercial users received rations of about 70% of normal usage.[6] Coffee was rationed nationally on 29 November 1942 to 1 pound (0.45 kg) every five weeks, about half of normal consumption, in part because of German U-boat attacks on shipping from Brazil.[9] By the end of 1942, ration coupons were used for nine other items.[3]:138 Typewriters, gasoline, bicycles, footwear, silk, nylon, fuel oil, stoves, meat, lard, shortening and food oils, cheese, butter, margarine, processed foods (canned, bottled, and frozen), dried fruits, canned milk, firewood and coal, jams, jellies, and fruit butter were rationed by November 1943.[10] Many retailers welcomed rationing because they were already experiencing shortages of many items due to rumors and panics, such as flashlights and batteries after Pearl Harbor.[3]:133
Scarce medicines such as penicillin were rationed by triage officers in the US military during World War II.[11] Civilian hospitals received only small amounts of penicillin during the war, because it was not mass-produced for civilian use until after the war. A triage panel at each hospital decided which patients would receive the penicillin.
The work of issuing ration books and exchanging used stamps for certificates was handled by some 5,500 local ration boards of mostly volunteer workers selected by local officials. Many levels of rationing went into effect. Some items, such as sugar, were distributed evenly based on the number of people in a household. Other items, like gasoline or fuel oil, were rationed only to those who could justify a need. Restaurant owners and other merchants were accorded more availability, but had to collect ration stamps to restock their supplies. In exchange for used ration stamps, ration boards delivered certificates to restaurants and merchants to authorize procurement of more products.
Each ration stamp had a generic drawing of an airplane, gun, tank, aircraft carrier, ear of wheat, fruit, etc. and a serial number. Some stamps also had alphabetic lettering. The kind and amount of rationed commodities were not specified on most of the stamps and were not defined until later when local newspapers published, for example, that beginning on a specified date, one airplane stamp was required (in addition to cash) to buy one pair of shoes and one stamp number 30 from ration book four was required to buy 5 pounds (2.3 kg) of sugar. The commodity amounts changed from time to time depending on availability. Red stamps were used to ration meat and butter, and blue stamps were used to ration processed foods.
To enable making change for ration stamps, the government issued "red point" tokens to be given in change for red stamps, and "blue point" tokens in change for blue stamps. The red and blue tokens were about the size of dimes (16 millimetres (0.63 in)) and were made of thin compressed wood fiber material, because metals were in short supply.[12]
There was a black market in stamps. To prevent this, the OPA ordered vendors not to accept stamps that they themselves did not tear out of books. Buyers, however, circumvented this by saying (sometimes accurately, as the books were not well-made) that the stamps had "fallen out." In actuality, they may have acquired stamps from other family members or friends, or the black market.[13]
As a result of the gasoline rationing, all forms of automobile racing, including the Indianapolis 500, were banned. Sightseeing driving was also banned. In some regions breaking the gas rationing was so prevalent that night courts were set up to supplement the number of violators caught; the first gasoline-ration night court was created at Pittsburgh's Fulton Building on May 26, 1943.[14]
With the pending capitulation of Japan, the printing of ration books for 1946 was halted by the OPA on August 13, 1945. It was thought that "even if Japan does not fold now, the war will certainly be over before the books can be used."[15]
On August 15, 1945, World War II gas rationing was ended on the West Coast of the United States.[16][17] Most other rationing restrictions also ended in August of 1945 except for sugar rationing, which lasted until 1947 in some parts of the country.[18]
Gallery[edit]
World War II Ration Book, United States, ca 1943
USA Ration Book No. 3 circa 1943, front
Back of ration book
Fighter plane ration stamp
Artillery ration stamp
Tank ration stamp
Aircraft Carrier ration stamp
Basic mileage ration stamps for 1934 Plymouth
Back of mileage stamps
"How to Shop With Ration Book Two", 1943 poster
See also[edit]
Rationing
Rationing in the United Kingdom
Ration stamp
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "U.S. Food Administrator". Biographical Sketch of Herbert Hoover, 1874-1964. Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum, National National Archives and Records Administration. 2001-06-20. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ ""Creamless Days?" / The Pinch". Life. 1941-06-09. p. 38. Retrieved December 5, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Kennett, Lee (1985). For the duration... : the United States goes to war, Pearl Harbor-1942. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0-684-18239-4.
^ Jump up to: a b World War II on the Home Front
Jump up ^ "U.S. Auto Plants are Cleared for War". Life. p. 19. Retrieved November 16, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sugar: U. S. consumers register for first ration books". Life. 1942-05-11. p. 19. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ fuel ration stickers Archived 2014-02-10 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Maddox, Robert James. The United States and World War II. Page 193
Jump up ^ "Coffee Rationing". Life. 1942-11-30. p. 64. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ rationed items Archived 2014-10-10 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Kenneth V. Iverson and John C. Moskop, "Triage in Medicine, Part I", in Health Policy and Clinical Practice/Concepts, Volume 49, Num 3, March 2007, page 277, doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed,2006,05,019
Jump up ^ Joseph A. Lowande, U.S. Ration Currency & Tokens 1942-1945.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/chronology/chronology_driver.pl?q=&year=&month=5&day=26&start_line=0&searchtype=single&page=sim
Jump up ^ Associated Press, "Government Halts Printing Of Ration Books For 1946", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Tuesday 14 August 1945, Volume 51, page 2.
Jump up ^ A History of the Petroleum Administration for War, 1941-1945: U.S. Petroleum Administration for War, Washington, 1946. Washington: U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 1946. Page 289
Jump up ^ Loicano, Martin. National World War II Museum
Jump up ^ World War Ii Rationing On The U.S. Homefront
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rationing in the United States.
Look up ration or rationing in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Are You Ready?: An In-depth Guide to Citizen Preparedness - FEMA
Ration Coupons on the Home Front, 1942-1945 - Duke University Libraries Digital Collections
World War II Rationing on the U.S. homefront, illustrated - Ames Historical Society
Links to 1940s newspaper clippings on rationing, primarily World War II War Ration Books - Genealogy Today
Tax Rationing
Recipe for Victory:Food and Cooking in Wartime
Point Rationing of Foods - An animated illustration of the World War II point rationing system.
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Tapestry (album)
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This article is about the Carole King album. For other albums called Tapestry, see Tapestry (disambiguation), § Album.
Tapestry
Studio album by Carole King
Released
February 10, 1971 (1971-02-10)
Recorded
January 1971
Studio
A&M Recording Studios, Studio B
Genre
Soft rock[1]
pop[2]
Length
44:31
Label
Ode
Producer
Lou Adler
Carole King chronology
Writer
(1970)Writer1970 Tapestry
(1971) Music
(1971)Music1971
Singles from Tapestry
"It's Too Late"/"I Feel the Earth Move"
Released: April 1971
"So Far Away"/"Smackwater Jack"
Released: March 1971
"It's Too Late"
Carole King's "It's Too Late" from Tapestry
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Tapestry is the second album by American singer-songwriter Carole King, released in 1971 on Ode Records and produced by Lou Adler. It is one of the best-selling albums of all time, with over 25 million copies sold worldwide. In the United States, it has been certified Diamond by the RIAA with more than 10 million copies sold.[3] It received four Grammy Awards in 1972, including Album of the Year. The lead single from the album — "It's Too Late"/"I Feel the Earth Move" — spent five weeks at number one on both the Billboard Hot 100[4] and Easy Listening[5] charts. In 2003, Tapestry was ranked number 36 on Rolling Stone list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Production
2 Critical reception
2.1 Awards
3 Commercial performance
4 Legacy
5 Track listing
6 Personnel
6.1 Additional musicians
6.2 Technical
7 Charts and certifications
7.1 Weekly charts
7.2 Year-end charts
7.3 Certifications
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Production[edit]
King wrote or co-wrote all of the songs on the album, several of which had already been hits for other artists such as Aretha Franklin's "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" and The Shirelles' "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" (in 1960). Three songs were co-written with King's ex-husband Gerry Goffin. James Taylor, who encouraged King to sing her own songs and who also played on Tapestry, would later have a number one hit with "You've Got a Friend". Two songs were co-written with Toni Stern: "It's Too Late" and "Where You Lead".
The album was recorded at Studio B, A&M Recording Studios during January 1971 with the support of Joni Mitchell and James Taylor, plus various experienced session musicians. Several of the musicians worked simultaneously on Taylor's Mud Slide Slim album.
The cover photograph was taken by A&M staff photographer Jim McCrary at King's Laurel Canyon home.[7] It shows her sitting in a window frame, holding a tapestry she hand-stitched herself, with her cat Telemachus at her feet.[8]
Critical reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [9]
Robert Christgau A−[10]
Okayplayer (96/100; 2008 Legacy Edition)[11]
Q Magazine
Rolling Stone (positive)[12]
Uncut [13]
The album was well received by critics; Robert Christgau felt that her voice, raw and imperfect, free of "technical decorum", would liberate female singers[10] while Jon Landau in Rolling Stone felt that King was one of the most creative pop music figures and had created an album of "surpassing personal-intimacy and musical accomplishment".[12]
Awards[edit]
Along with being selected Album of the Year, it also received Grammys for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, Record of the Year ("It's Too Late"), and Song of the Year ("You've Got a Friend"), making King the first solo female artist to win the Grammy Award for Record of the Year, and the first woman to win the Grammy Award for Song of the Year.
The album remained on the Billboard charts for 313 weeks (second only to Pink Floyd's 724 weeks with The Dark Side of the Moon).[14]
Grammy Awards
Year
Winner
Category
1972 Tapestry Album of the Year
1972 "It's Too Late" Record of the Year
1972 "You've Got a Friend" Song of the Year
1972 Tapestry Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female
Commercial performance[edit]
Tapestry was number one on the Billboard 200 for 15 consecutive weeks,[15] and held the record for most weeks at number one by a female solo artist for over 20 years until surpassed by Whitney Houston's The Bodyguard: Original Soundtrack Album in 1993, which spent 20 weeks at number one.[16] It still holds the record for most consecutive weeks at number one by a female solo artist.[17] The album was listed on the Billboard 200 for over 300 weeks between 1971 and 2011, the longest by a female solo artist until Adele's 21 surpassed it in 2017.[18][19][20] In terms of time on the charts, it ranks fifth overall,[21] and in terms of length on the charts for solo musical acts it ranks second.[21] Of all the albums by female artists to be certified Diamond, it was the first released, although it was not the first being certified.[22] In Canada, the album was number one for 9 weeks beginning July 3, 1971[23]
Legacy[edit]
Several of the songs on Tapestry were recorded by other artists and became hit singles while the album was still on the charts: James Taylor's 1971 recording of "You've Got a Friend" hit number one in the US[24] and number four in the UK,[25] and Barbra Streisand's 1971 studio recording of "Where You Lead" reached number 40[26] while a live recording of a medley in which Streisand paired the song with the Sweet Inspirations hit "Sweet Inspiration" reached number 37 the following year.[26]
Various artists combined to re-record all the original tracks for more than one tribute album; the first, released in 1995, entitled Tapestry Revisited: A Tribute to Carole King, which was certified gold, and the second, released in 2003, entitled A New Tapestry — Carole King Tribute. In 2010 Australian recording artist Marcia Hines recorded a tribute album, Marcia Sings Tapestry.
In 2003, Tapestry was named number 36 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time,[6] was listed by VH1 as number 39 on their list of 100 Greatest Albums,[27] and was one of 50 recordings chosen to be added to the National Recording Registry.[28] Recordings added to the National Recording Registry are picked to be preserved in the Library of Congress as they are "culturally, historically, or aesthetically important."[28]
In March 2016 it was announced that Carole King would perform the album live in its entirety for the first time at the British Summer Time Festival in Hyde Park, London on 3 July 2016.[29]. The performance was released the next year as Tapestry: Live at Hyde Park.[30]
Track listing[edit]
All songs written by Carole King except where noted.
Side 1
"I Feel the Earth Move" – 3:00
"So Far Away" – 3:55
"It's Too Late" (lyrics by Toni Stern) – 3:54
"Home Again" – 2:29
"Beautiful" – 3:08
"Way Over Yonder" – 4:49
Side 2
"You've Got a Friend" – 5:09
"Where You Lead" (lyrics by Toni Stern) – 3:20
"Will You Love Me Tomorrow?" (Gerry Goffin, King) – 4:13
"Smackwater Jack" (Goffin, King) – 3:42
"Tapestry" – 3:15
"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" (Goffin, King, Jerry Wexler) – 3:59
1999 CD reissue
The album was reissued in 1999 on CD, with two previously unreleased bonus tracks.
"Out in the Cold" (bonus track) – 2:44
"Smackwater Jack" (Live in Boston, May 21, 1973) (bonus track) – 3:21
2008 "Legacy Edition"
In 2008, Sony/BMG, Epic, and Ode released a 2-disc "Legacy Edition". One disc is the original album remastered; the second disc is live performances of 11 of the 12 songs, recorded in 1973 at Boston, Columbia, Maryland, and Central Park, New York; and in 1976 at the San Francisco Opera House. "Where You Lead" is the song not included on the live disc.
Live disc track listing
"I Feel the Earth Move" – 4:17
"So Far Away" – 4:44
"It's Too Late" – 5:06
"Home Again" – 3:33
"Beautiful" – 3:39
"Way Over Yonder" – 5:35
"You've Got a Friend" – 6:00
"Will You Love Me Tomorrow?" – 4:31
"Smackwater Jack" – 4:18
"Tapestry" – 4:13
"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" – 5:11
Personnel[edit]
Carole King – piano, keyboards, vocals, background vocals
Additional musicians[edit]
Curtis Amy – flute; baritone, soprano, and tenor saxophone; string quartet
Tim Powers – drums
David Campbell – cello, viola
Merry Clayton – background vocals
Terry King – cello, tenor saxophone, string quartet
Danny "Kootch" Kortchmar – acoustic guitar, conga, electric guitar, vocals
Russ Kunkel – drums
Charles "Charlie" Larkey – bass guitar, string bass, string quartet
Joni Mitchell – background vocals
Joel O'Brien – drums
Ralph Schuckett – electric piano
Barry Socher – violin, tenor saxophone, viola, string quartet
Perry Steinberg – bass guitar, violin, tenor saxophone, string bass
James Taylor – acoustic guitar, backing vocals
Julia Tillman – background vocals
Technical[edit]
Lou Adler – production
Vic Anesini – mastering
Chuck Beeson – design
Hank Cicalo – engineering
Bob Irwin – production on 1999 re-release
Jessica Killorin – packaging manager
Jim McCrary – photography
Michael Putland – artwork[clarification needed]
Smay Vision – design
Roland Young – art direction
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Original release
Chart (1971)
Position
Australian Kent Music Report[31] 3
Canadian RPM Albums Chart[32] 1
Japanese Oricon LPs Chart[33] 29
Norwegian Albums Chart[34] 8
Spanish Albums Chart[35] 1
UK Albums Chart[36] 4
US Billboard 200[37] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1971)
Position
Australian Albums Chart[31] 10
UK Albums Chart[38] 7
US Billboard 200[39] 2
Chart (1972)
Position
US Billboard 200[40] 2
Chart (1973)
Position
US Billboard 200[41] 22
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Japan (RIAJ)[42]
1991 reissue
Million 1,000,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[43]
Platinum 15,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[44]
2× Platinum 600,000 ^
United States (RIAA)[45]
Diamond 10,000,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
BPI certification awarded only for sales since 1994.
See also[edit]
List of best-selling albums
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Richie Unterberger (April 29, 1999). The Rough Guide to Music USA. Rough Guides. p. 396. ISBN 978-1-85828-421-7.
Jump up ^ Mendelsohn, Jason; Klinger, Eric (January 27, 2012). "Counterbalance No. 66: Carole King's 'Tapestry'". PopMatters. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ RIAA Gold and Platinum: Tapestry (Retrieved 2017-03-13.)
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2009). Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles, 1955-2008. Record Research. p. 534.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2007). Joel Whitburn Presents Billboard Top Adult Songs, 1961-2006. Record Research. p. 149.
^ Jump up to: a b Levy, Joe; Steven Van Zandt (2006) [2005]. "36 | Tapestry – Carole King". Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time (3rd ed.). London: Turnaround. ISBN 1-932958-61-4. OCLC 70672814. Retrieved August 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ Valerie J. Nelson (May 6, 2012). "Jim McCrary obituary: Rock photographer dies at 72 - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 19, 2012. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Helen Brown (April 22, 2009). "Carole King interview". The Daily Telegraph. London.
Jump up ^ Ankeny, Jason. Tapestry at AllMusic
^ Jump up to: a b Christgau, Robert. "Carole King: Tapestry > Consumer Guide Review". Robert Christgau. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Book, John (June 5, 2008). "Carole King Tapestry (Legacy Ed.) > Review". Okayplayer. Archived from the original on June 7, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Landau, Jon (April 29, 1971). "Carole King Tapestry > Review". Rolling Stone (81). Archived from the original on April 18, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ David Cavanagh Uncut magazine, September 2008.
Jump up ^ Menconi, David. "Carole King's all-Star Greatest-Hits Dream Album." News & Observer: 0. July 17, 2005. Web.
Jump up ^ Bronson, Fred (March 5, 2009). "Chart Beat: Miley Cyrus, Billy Ray Cyrus, Taylor Swift : Billboard.com". Archived from the original on June 6, 2010. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2010). Joel Whitburn Presents Top Pop Albums, Seventh Edition. Record Research. p. 365.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2010). Joel Whitburn Presents Top Pop Albums, Seventh Edition. Record Research. pp. 974–982.
Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield. "Adele's '21' Breaks Record for Longest-Charting Album by a Woman on the Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved 2017-04-08.
Jump up ^ "Adele remains at No. 1; 'Idol' boosts Crystal Bowersox, Carole King". USA Today. May 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Music Albums, Top 200 Albums & Music Album Charts". Billboard.com. Retrieved December 26, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Whitburn, Joel (2010). Joel Whitburn Presents Top Pop Albums, Seventh Edition. Record Research. p. 969.
Jump up ^ "Recording Industry Association of America". RIAA. Retrieved December 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ "RPM Top 100 Albums - July 3, 1971". Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Music: Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 50 - Official Charts Company".
^ Jump up to: a b Whitburn, Joel (2009). Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles, 1955-2008. Record Research. p. 943.
Jump up ^ VH1: 100 Greatest Albums. MTV. September 1, 2003. ISBN 978-0743448765.
^ Jump up to: a b The National Recording Registry 2003 National Recording Board of the Library of Congress
Jump up ^ music, Guardian (March 8, 2016). "Carole King to perform Tapestry in its entirety for the first time – in London" – via The Guardian.
Jump up ^ "Carole King's "Tapestry: Live at Hyde Park" to be released September 1". Legacy Recordings. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Top Albums/CDs - Volume 15, No. 21" (PHP). RPM. July 10, 1971. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Oricon Album Chart Book: Complete Edition 1970-2005. Roppongi, Tokyo: Oricon Entertainment. 2006. ISBN 4-87131-077-9.
Jump up ^ "norwegiancharts.com Carole King – Tapestry" (ASP). Retrieved March 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
Jump up ^ "Carole King > Artists > Official Charts". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved March 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Allmusic: Tapestry : Charts & Awards : Billboard Albums". allmusic.com. Retrieved March 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Official UK Charts Company : ALBUM CHART HISTORY". Archived from the original on December 17, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Billboard.BIZ Top Pop Albums of 1971". billboard.biz. Archived from the original on December 31, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Billboard.BIZ Top Pop Albums of 1972". billboard.biz. Archived from the original on December 6, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Billboard.BIZ Top Pop Albums of 1973". billboard.biz. Archived from the original on December 31, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "RIAJ > The Record > February 1996 > Page 5 > Certified Awards (December 1995)" (PDF). Recording Industry Association of Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved March 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand album certifications – Carole King – Tapestry". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved March 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "British album certifications – Carole King – Tapestry". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved March 9, 2014. Enter Tapestry in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Carole King – Tapestry". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved March 9, 2014. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
Tapestry (Adobe Flash) at Radio3Net (streamed copy where licensed)
Tapestry at AllMusic. Retrieved 2017-03-13.
Preceded by
Sticky Fingers by The Rolling Stones Billboard 200 number-one album
June 19 – October 1, 1971 Succeeded by
Every Picture Tells a Story by Rod Stewart
[show]
v
t
e
Carole King
Studio albums
Writer
Tapestry
Music
Rhymes & Reasons
Fantasy
Wrap Around Joy
Thoroughbred
Simple Things
Welcome Home
Touch the Sky
Pearls: Songs of Goffin and King
One to One
Speeding Time
City Streets
Colour of Your Dreams
Love Makes the World
Compilations
Her Greatest Hits: Songs of Long Ago
The Legendary Demos
Live albums
In Concert
The Carnegie Hall Concert: June 18, 1971
The Living Room Tour
Live at the Troubadour
Other albums
A Holiday Carole
Singles
"It Might as Well Rain Until September"
"It's Too Late"/"I Feel the Earth Move"
"So Far Away"/"Smackwater Jack"
"You've Got a Friend"/"Beautiful" (Scandinavia only)
"Sweet Seasons"
"Been to Canaan"
"Jazzman"
"Nightingale"
"Only Love Is Real"
"One Fine Day"
"Now and Forever"
Other songs
"Goin' Back
"I Can't Hear You No More"
"Up on the Roof"
"Where You Lead"
"Will You Love Me Tomorrow"
"It's Going to Take Some Time"
"Some Kind of Wonderful"
"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman"
Related articles
Discography
Troubadour Reunion Tour
A Natural Woman: A Memoir
Tapestry Revisited: A Tribute to Carole King
Beautiful: The Carole King Musical
Book
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Grammy Award for Album of the Year
1959–1979
The Music from Peter Gunn – Henry Mancini (1959)
Come Dance with Me! – Frank Sinatra (1960)
The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart – Bob Newhart (1961)
Judy at Carnegie Hall – Judy Garland (1962)
The First Family – Vaughn Meader (1963)
The Barbra Streisand Album – Barbra Streisand (1964)
Getz/Gilberto – Stan Getz, João Gilberto (1965)
September of My Years – Frank Sinatra (1966)
A Man and His Music – Frank Sinatra (1967)
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band – The Beatles (1968)
By the Time I Get to Phoenix – Glen Campbell (1969)
Blood, Sweat & Tears – Blood, Sweat & Tears (1970)
Bridge over Troubled Water – Simon & Garfunkel (1971)
Tapestry – Carole King (1972)
The Concert for Bangladesh – Various (1973)
Innervisions – Stevie Wonder (1974)
Fulfillingness' First Finale – Stevie Wonder (1975)
Still Crazy After All These Years – Paul Simon (1976)
Songs in the Key of Life – Stevie Wonder (1977)
Rumours – Fleetwood Mac (1978)
Saturday Night Fever – Bee Gees/Various (1979)
1980–2000
52nd Street – Billy Joel (1980)
Christopher Cross – Christopher Cross (1981)
Double Fantasy – John Lennon and Yoko Ono (1982)
Toto IV – Toto (1983)
Thriller – Michael Jackson (1984)
Can't Slow Down – Lionel Richie (1985)
No Jacket Required – Phil Collins (1986)
Graceland – Paul Simon (1987)
The Joshua Tree – U2 (1988)
Faith – George Michael (1989)
Nick of Time – Bonnie Raitt (1990)
Back on the Block – Quincy Jones and various artists (1991)
Unforgettable... with Love – Natalie Cole (1992)
Unplugged – Eric Clapton (1993)
The Bodyguard – Whitney Houston (1994)
MTV Unplugged – Tony Bennett (1995)
Jagged Little Pill – Alanis Morissette (1996)
Falling into You – Celine Dion (1997)
Time Out of Mind – Bob Dylan (1998)
The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill – Lauryn Hill (1999)
Supernatural – Santana (2000)
2001–present
Two Against Nature – Steely Dan (2001)
O Brother, Where Art Thou? Soundtrack (2002)
Come Away with Me – Norah Jones (2003)
Speakerboxxx/The Love Below – Outkast (2004)
Genius Loves Company – Ray Charles and various artists (2005)
How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb – U2 (2006)
Taking the Long Way – Dixie Chicks (2007)
River: The Joni Letters – Herbie Hancock (2008)
Raising Sand – Robert Plant & Alison Krauss (2009)
Fearless – Taylor Swift (2010)
The Suburbs – Arcade Fire (2011)
21 – Adele (2012)
Babel – Mumford & Sons (2013)
Random Access Memories – Daft Punk (2014)
Morning Phase – Beck (2015)
1989 – Taylor Swift (2016)
25 – Adele (2017)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tapestry_(album)&oldid=802268528"
Categories:
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Binocular vision
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Principle of binocular vision with horopter shown
In biology, binocular vision is a type of vision in which an animal having two eyes is able to perceive a single three-dimensional image of its surroundings. Neurological researcher Manfred Fahle has stated six specific advantages of having two eyes rather than just one:[1]
It gives a creature a spare eye in case one is damaged.
It gives a wider field of view. For example, humans have a maximum horizontal field of view of approximately 190 degrees with two eyes, approximately 120 degrees of which makes up the binocular field of view (seen by both eyes) flanked by two uniocular fields (seen by only one eye) of approximately 40 degrees.[2]
It can give stereopsis in which binocular disparity (or parallax) provided by the two eyes' different positions on the head gives precise depth perception. This also allows a creature to break the camouflage of another creature.
It allows the angles of the eyes' lines of sight, relative to each other (vergence), and those lines relative to a particular object (gaze angle) to be determined from the images in the two eyes.[3] These properties are necessary for the third advantage.
It allows a creature to see more of, or all of, an object behind an obstacle. This advantage was pointed out by Leonardo da Vinci, who noted that a vertical column closer to the eyes than an object at which a creature is looking might block some of the object from the left eye but that part of the object might be visible to the right eye.
It gives binocular summation in which the ability to detect faint objects is enhanced.[4]
Other phenomena of binocular vision include utrocular discrimination (the ability to tell which of two eyes has been stimulated by light),[5] eye dominance (the habit of using one eye when aiming something, even if both eyes are open),[6] allelotropia (the averaging of the visual direction of objects viewed by each eye when both eyes are open),[7] binocular fusion or singleness of vision (seeing one object with both eyes despite each eye's having its own image of the object),[8] and binocular rivalry (seeing one eye's image alternating randomly with the other when each eye views images that are so different they cannot be fused).[9]
Binocular vision helps with performance skills such as catching, grasping, and locomotion.[10] It also allows humans to walk over and around obstacles at greater speed and with more assurance.[11] Optometrists and/or orthoptists are eyecare professionals who fix binocular vision problems.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Field of view and eye movements
3 Binocular summation
4 Binocular interaction
5 Singleness of vision
6 Eye dominance
7 Stereopsis
8 Allelotropia
9 Binocular rivalry
10 Disorders
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
Etymology[edit]
The term binocular comes from two Latin roots, bini for double, and oculus for eye.[12]
Field of view and eye movements[edit]
The field of view of a pigeon compared to that of an owl.
Some animals, usually, but not always, prey animals, have their two eyes positioned on opposite sides of their heads to give the widest possible field of view. Examples include rabbits, buffaloes, and antelopes. In such animals, the eyes often move independently to increase the field of view. Even without moving their eyes, some birds have a 360-degree field of view.
Some other animals, usually, but not always, predatory animals, have their two eyes positioned on the front of their heads, thereby allowing for binocular vision and reducing their field of view in favor of stereopsis. However, eyes on the front is a highly evolved trait in vertebrates, and there are only three extant groups of vertebrates with truly forward-facing eyes: primates, carnivorous mammals, and birds of prey.
Some predator animals, particularly large ones such as sperm whales and killer whales, have their two eyes positioned on opposite sides of their heads, although it is possible they have some binocular visual field. [13] Other animals that are not necessarily predators, such as fruit bats and a number of primates also have forward-facing eyes. These are usually animals that need fine depth discrimination/perception; for instance, binocular vision improves the ability to pick a chosen fruit or to find and grasp a particular branch.
The direction of a point relative to the head (the angle between the straight ahead position and the apparent position of the point, from the egocenter) is called visual direction, or version. The angle between the line of sight of the two eyes when fixating a point is called the absolute disparity, binocular parallax, or vergence demand (usually just vergence). The relation between the position of the two eyes, version and vergence is described by Hering's law of visual direction.
In animals with forward-facing eyes, the eyes usually move together.
The grey-crowned crane, an animal that has laterally-placed eyes which can also face forward.
Eye movements are either conjunctive (in the same direction), version eye movements, usually described by their type: saccades or smooth pursuit (also nystagmus and vestibulo-ocular reflex). Or they are disjunctive (in opposite direction), vergence eye movements. The relation between version and vergence eye movements in humans (and most animals) is described by Hering's law of equal innervation.
Some animals use both of the above strategies. A starling, for example, has laterally placed eyes to cover a wide field of view, but can also move them together to point to the front so their fields overlap giving stereopsis. A remarkable example is the chameleon, whose eyes appear as if mounted on turrets, each moving independently of the other, up or down, left or right. Nevertheless, the chameleon can bring both of its eyes to bear on a single object when it is hunting, showing vergence and stereopsis.
Binocular summation[edit]
Binocular summation is the process by which the detection threshold for a stimulus is lower with two eyes than with one.[14] There are various types of possibilities when comparing binocular performance to monocular.[14] Neural binocular summation occurs when the binocular response is greater than the probability summation. Probability summation assumes complete independence between the eyes and predicts a ratio ranging between 9-25%. Binocular inhibition occurs when binocular performance is less than monocular performance. This suggests that a weak eye affects a good eye and causes overall combined vision.[14] Maximum binocular summation occurs when monocular sensitivities are equal. Unequal monocular sensitivities decrease binocular summation. There are unequal sensitivities of vision disorders such as unilateral cataract and amblyopia.[14] Other factors that can affect binocular summation include are, spatial frequency, stimulated retinal points, and temporal separation.[14]
Binocular interaction[edit]
Apart from binocular summation, the two eyes can influence each other in at least three ways.
Pupillary diameter. Light falling in one eye affects the diameter of the pupils in both eyes. One can easily see this by looking at a friend's eye while he or she closes the other: when the other eye is open, the pupil of the first eye is small; when the other eye is closed, the pupil of the first eye is large.
Accommodation and vergence. Accommodation is the state of focus of the eye. If one eye is open and the other closed, and one focuses on something close, the accommodation of the closed eye will become the same as that of the open eye. Moreover, the closed eye will tend to converge to point at the object. Accommodation and convergence are linked by a reflex, so that one evokes the other.
Interocular transfer. The state of adaptation of one eye can have a small effect on the state of light adaptation of the other. Aftereffects induced through one eye can be measured through the other.
Singleness of vision[edit]
Once the fields of view overlap, there is a potential for confusion between the left and right eye's image of the same object. This can be dealt with in two ways: one image can be suppressed, so that only the other is seen, or the two images can be fused. If two images of a single object are seen, this is known as double vision or diplopia.
Fusion of images (commonly referred to as 'binocular fusion') occurs only in a small volume of visual space around where the eyes are fixating. Running through the fixation point in the horizontal plane is a curved line for which objects there fall on corresponding retinal points in the two eyes. This line is called the empirical horizontal horopter. There is also an empirical vertical horopter, which is effectively tilted away from the eyes above the fixation point and towards the eyes below the fixation point. The horizontal and vertical horopters mark the centre of the volume of singleness of vision. Within this thin, curved volume, objects nearer and farther than the horopters are seen as single. The volume is known as Panum's fusional area (it's presumably called an area because it was measured by Panum only in the horizontal plane). Outside of Panum's fusional area (volume), double vision occurs.
Eye dominance[edit]
Main article: Ocular dominance
When each eye has its own image of objects, it becomes impossible to align images outside of Panum's fusional area with an image inside the area.[15] This happens when one has to point to a distant object with one's finger. When one looks at one's fingertip, it is single but there are two images of the distant object. When one looks at the distant object it is single but there are two images of one's fingertip. To point successfully, one of the double images has to take precedence and one be ignored or suppressed (termed "eye dominance"). The eye that can both move faster to the object and stay fixated on it is more likely to be termed as the dominant eye.[15]
Stereopsis[edit]
Main article: Stereopsis
The overlapping of vision occurs due to the position of the eyes on the head (eyes are located on the front of the head, not on the sides). This overlap allows each eye to view objects with a slightly different viewpoint. As a result of this overlap of vision, binocular vision provides depth.[16] Stereopsis (from stereo- meaning "solid" or "three-dimensional", and opsis meaning “appearance” or “sight”) is the impression of depth that is perceived when a scene is viewed with both eyes by someone with normal binocular vision.[16] Binocular viewing of a scene creates two slightly different images of the scene in the two eyes due to the eyes' different positions on the head. These differences, referred to as binocular disparity, provide information that the brain can use to calculate depth in the visual scene, providing a major means of depth perception.[16] There are two aspects of stereopsis: the nature of the stimulus information specifying stereopsis, and the nature of the brain processes responsible for registering that information.[16] The distance between the two eyes on an adult is almost always 6.5 cm and that is the same distance in shift of an image when viewing with only one eye.[16] Retinal disparity is the separation between objects as seen by the left eye and the right eye and helps to provide depth perception.[16] Retinal disparity provides relative depth between two objects, but not exact or absolute depth. The closer objects are to each other, the retinal disparity will be small. If the objects are farther away from each other, then the retinal disparity will be larger. When objects are at equal distances, the two eyes view the objects as the same and there is zero disparity.[16]
Allelotropia[edit]
Because the eyes are in different positions on the head, any object away from fixation and off the plane of the horopter has a different visual direction in each eye. Yet when the two monocular images of the object are fused, creating a Cyclopean image, the object has a new visual direction, essentially the average of the two monocular visual directions. This is called allelotropia.[7] The origin of the new visual direction is a point approximately between the two eyes, the so-called cyclopean eye. The position of the cyclopean eye is not usually exactly centered between the eyes, but tends to be closer to the dominant eye.
Binocular rivalry[edit]
Main article: Binocular rivalry
When very different images are shown to the same retinal regions of the two eyes, perception settles on one for a few moments, then the other, then the first, and so on, for as long as one cares to look. This alternation of perception between the images of the two eyes is called binocular rivalry.[17] Humans have limited capacity to process an image fully at one time. That is why the binocular rivalry occurs. Several factors can influence the duration of gaze on one of the two images. These factors include context, increasing of contrast, motion, spatial frequency, and inverted images.[17] Recent studies have even shown that facial expressions can cause longer attention to a particular image.[17] When an emotional facial expression is presented to one eye, and a neutral expression is presented to the other eye, the emotional face dominates the neutral face and even causes the neutral face to not been seen.[17]
Disorders[edit]
To maintain stereopsis and singleness of vision, the eyes need to be pointed accurately. The position of each eye in its orbit is controlled by six extraocular muscles. Slight differences in the length or insertion position or strength of the same muscles in the two eyes can lead to a tendency for one eye to drift to a different position in its orbit from the other, especially when one is tired. This is known as phoria. One way to reveal it is with the cover-uncover test. To do this test, look at a cooperative person's eyes. Cover one eye of that person with a card. Have the person look at your finger tip. Move the finger around; this is to break the reflex that normally holds a covered eye in the correct vergence position. Hold your finger steady and then uncover the person's eye. Look at the uncovered eye. You may see it flick quickly from being wall-eyed or cross-eyed to its correct position. If the uncovered eye moved from out to in, the person has exophoria. If it moved from in to out, the person has esophoria. If the eye did not move at all, the person has orthophoria. Most people have some amount of exophoria or esophoria; it is quite normal. If the uncovered eye also moved vertically, the person has hyperphoria (if the eye moved from up to down) or hypophoria (if the eye moved from down to up). Such vertical phorias are quite rare. It is also possible for the covered eye to rotate in its orbit. Such cyclophorias cannot be seen with the cover-uncover test;[citation needed] they are rarer than vertical phorias.
The cover-uncover test can also be used for more problematic disorders of binocular vision, the tropias. In the cover part of the test, the examiner looks at the first eye as he or she covers the second. If the eye moves from out to in, the person has exotropia. If it moved from in to out, the person has esotropia. People with exotropia or esotropia are wall-eyed or cross-eyed respectively. These are forms of strabismus that can be accompanied by amblyopia. There are numerous definitions of amblyopia.[14] A definition that incorporates all of these defines amblyopia as a unilateral condition in which vision in worse than 20/20 in the absence of any obvious structural or pathologic anomalies, but with one or more of the following conditions occurring before the age of six: amblyogenic anisometropia, constant unilateral esotropia or exotropia, amblyogenic bilateral isometropia, amblyogenic unilateral or bilateral astigmatism, image degradation.[14] When the covered eye is the non-amblyopic eye, the amblyopic eye suddenly becomes the person's only means of seeing. The strabismus is revealed by the movement of that eye to fixate on the examiner's finger. There are also vertical tropias (hypertropia and hypotropia) and cyclotropias.
Binocular vision anomalies include: diplopia (double vision), visual confusion (the perception of two different images superimposed onto the same space), suppression (where the brain ignores all or part of one eye's visual field), horror fusionis (an active avoidance of fusion by eye misalignment), and anomalous retinal correspondence (where the brain associates of the fovea of one eye with an extrafoveal area of the other eye).
Binocular vision anomalies are among the most common visual disorders. They are usually associated with symptoms such as headaches, asthenopia, eye pain, blurred vision, and occasional diplopia.[18] About 20% of patients who come to optometry clinics will have binocular vision anomalies.[18] The most effective way to diagnosis vision anomalies is with the near point of convergence test.[18] During the NPC test, a target, such as a finger, is brought towards the face until the examiner notices that one eye has turned outward and/or the person has experienced diplopia or doubled vision.[18]
Up to a certain extent, binocular disparities can be compensated for by adjustments of the visual system. If, however, defects of binocular vision are too great – for example if they would require the visual system to adapt to overly large horizontal, vertical, torsional or aniseikonic deviations – the eyes tend to avoid binocular vision, ultimately causing or worsening a condition of strabismus.
See also[edit]
Binocular rivalry
Diplopia
Eye dominance
Field of view
Monocular vision
Stereoblindness
Stereopsis
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fahle, M (1987). "Wozu zwei Augen? [Why two eyes?]". Naturwissenschaften. 74: 383–385. Bibcode:1987NW.....74..383F. doi:10.1007/BF00405466.
Jump up ^ Henson, D.B. (1993). Visual Fields. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ Longuet-Higgins, H. C. (1982). "The role of the vertical dimension in stereoscopic vision". Perception. 11: 377–386. doi:10.1068/p110377.
Jump up ^ Blake, Randolph; Fox, Robert (August 1973). "The psychophysical inquiry into binocular summation". Perception & Psychophysics. 14 (1): 161–85. doi:10.3758/BF03198631.
Jump up ^ Blake, R.; Cormack, R. H. (1979). "On utrocular discrimination". Perception & Psychophysics. 26: 53–68. doi:10.3758/BF03199861.
Jump up ^ Miles, W. R. (1930). "Ocular dominance in human adults". Journal of General Psychology. 3: 412–430. doi:10.1080/00221309.1930.9918218.
^ Jump up to: a b Hariharan-Vilupuru, S.; Bedell, H. E. (2009). "The perceived visual direction of monocular objects in random-dot stereograms is influenced by perceived depth and allelotropia". Vision Research. 49: 190–201. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2008.10.009. PMID 18992271.
Jump up ^ Panum, P. L. (1858). Über die einheitliche Verschmelzung verschiedenartiger Netzhauteindrucke beim Sehen mit zwei Augen. Kiel.
Jump up ^ Wheatstone, C (1838). "Contributions to the physiology of vision.—Part the First. On some remarkable, and hitherto unobserved, phænomena of binocular vision". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 128: 371–394. doi:10.1098/rstl.1838.0019.
Jump up ^ Heinen, T., & Vinken, P. M. (2011). Monocular and binocular vision in the performance of a complex skill. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine 10(3), 520-527. Retrieved from: http://www.jssm.org/
Jump up ^ Hayhoe M, Gillam B, Chajka K, Vecellio E (2009). "The role of binocular vision in walking". Visual Neuroscience. 26 (1): 73–80. doi:10.1017/S0952523808080838. PMC 2857785  . PMID 19152718.
Jump up ^ Harper, D. (2001). Online etymological dictionary. Retrieved April 2, 2008, from http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=binocular
Jump up ^ Fristrup, K. M.; Harbison, G. R. (2002). "How do sperm whales catch squids?". Marine Mammal Science. 18: 42–54. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2002.tb01017.x.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Pardhan, S.; Whitaker, A. (2000). "Binocular summation in the fovea and peripheral field of anisometropicamblyopes". Current Eye Research. 20 (1): 35–44. doi:10.1076/0271-3683(200001)20:1;1-h;ft035.
^ Jump up to: a b Bingushi, K.; Yukumatsu, S. (2005). "Disappearance of a monocular image in Panum's limiting case". Japanese Psychological Research. 47 (3): 223–229. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5884.2005.00291.x.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Blake, R., & Sekuler, R. (2006) Perception (5th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bannerman, R. L.; Milders, M.; De Gelder, B.; Sahraie, A. (2008). "Influence of emotional facial expressions on binocular rivalry". Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics. 28 (4): 317–326. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00568.x.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hamed, M.; Goss, D. A.; Marzieh, E. (2013). "The relationship between binocular vision symptoms and near point of convergence. Indian". Journal of Ophthalmology. 61 (7): 325–328. doi:10.4103/0301-4738.97553.
Further reading[edit]
Blake, Randolph; Wilson, Hugh (2011). "Binocular vision". Vision Research. 51 (7): 754–770. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2010.10.009.
Scott B. Steinman, Barbara A. Steinman and Ralph Philip Garzia. (2000). Foundations of Binocular Vision: A Clinical perspective. McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 0-8385-2670-5.
External links[edit]
Look up binocular vision in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Rahul Bhola: Binocular Vision, EyeRounds.org, University of Iowa Healthcare (updated Jan. 23, 2006)
Livingstone, MS; Conway, BR (Sep 2004). "Was Rembrandt stereoblind?". The New England Journal of Medicine. 351 (12): 1264–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM200409163511224. ISSN 0028-4793. PMC 2634283  . PMID 15371590.
"Disparity sensitivity in man and owl: Psychophysical evidence for equivalent perception of shape-from-stereo" (PDF).
Gaining Binocular Vision - No Longer Stereoblind - People Tell Their Stories
VisionSimulations.com |Images and vision simulators of various diseases and conditions of the eye
Binocular Vision at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Vision2 - Open source Java program for binocular vision examination using shutter glasses
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Solomon Hochoy
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His Excellency
Sir
Solomon Hochoy
GCMG GCVO OBE
Governor General of Trinidad and Tobago
In office
31 August 1962 – 15 September 1972
Monarch
Elizabeth II
Prime Minister
Eric Williams
Succeeded by
Ellis Clarke
Personal details
Born
(1905-04-20)20 April 1905
British Jamaica
Died
15 November 1983(1983-11-15) (aged 78)
Blanchisseuse, Trinidad and Tobago
Nationality
Trinidadian
Spouse(s)
Thelma Huggins
HE Sir Solomon Hochoy GCMG GCVO OBE (20 April 1905 – 15 November 1983) was a Trinidadian politician. He was the last British governor of Trinidad and Tobago and the first governor-general upon the country's independence in 1962. He was the first non-white governor of a British crown colony and the first ethnically Chinese and nationally Caribbean person to become governor-general in the Commonwealth.
Contents
[hide]
1 Life and career
2 Family
3 Legacy
4 References
5 External links
Life and career[edit]
Of Hakka Chinese background, his family emigrated to Trinidad when he was two years old and he grew up in Blanchisseuse. After rising through the civil service, Hochoy was appointed the first non-white Governor in the entire British Empire in 1960 (the first West Indian to be Governor).
When Trinidad and Tobago became independent in 1962 Hochoy was appointed Governor General. He retired from that position in 1972 and was succeeded by Ellis Clarke. After retirement he returned to Blanchisseuse where he spent the remainder of his life.
Family[edit]
He was married to Thelma Huggins, a social activist.
Legacy[edit]
The Sir Solomon Hochoy Highway and the Solomon Hochoy Trophy (for football) are named in his honour.
References[edit]
Anthony, Michael (2001). Historical Dictionary of Trinidad and Tobago. Lanham, Maryland, US & London, UK: Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 0-8108-3173-2.
Sinaswee, Sonja (17 September 2000). "Lady Thelma Hochoy: First and always ... a lady". The Sunday Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2017 – via National Library and Information System.
"The Hochoys: Sir Solomon and Lady Thelma Hochoy". Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago: Campus Libraries, University of the West Indies. Archived from the original on 30 April 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
External links[edit]
Sir Solomon Hochoy Independence Feature (brief film) on YouTube
Government offices
Preceded by
Sir Edward Betham Beetham Governor of Trinidad and Tobago
1960–1962 Succeeded by
—
Preceded by
— Governor-General of Trinidad and Tobago
1962–1972 Succeeded by
Ellis Clarke
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President (from 1976)
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Weekes (Elect)
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon_Hochoy&oldid=823978796"
Categories:
1905 births
1983 deaths
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Governors-General of Trinidad and Tobago
Governors of Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago people of Chinese descent
Trinidad and Tobago people of Hakka descent
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the Trinity Cross
People from Tunapuna-Piarco Regional Corporation
Trinidad and Tobago politicians of Hakka descent
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