text:
List of rebellions in China
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
See also: Chinese Revolution (disambiguation)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This is an incomplete list of some of the rebellions, revolts and revolutions that have occurred in China.
Contents
[hide]
1 Zhou dynasty
2 Qin dynasty
3 Western Han dynasty
4 Xin dynasty
5 Eastern Han dynasty
6 Eastern Jin dynasty
7 Tang dynasty
8 Yuan dynasty
9 Ming dynasty
10 Qing dynasty
10.1 Revolt of the Three Feudatories
10.2 White Lotus Rebellion
10.3 Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
10.4 Taiping Rebellion
10.5 Nian Rebellion
10.6 Du Wenxiu Rebellion
10.7 Dungan revolts
10.8 Boxer Rebellion
10.9 Xinhai Revolution
11 Republic of China
12 See also
13 References
Zhou dynasty[edit]
Rebellion of the Three Guards (late 11th century BC) was a three-year rebellion of the Shang and three uncles of King Cheng of Zhou against their nephew and his regent, the Duke of Zhou.
Qin dynasty[edit]
The Dazexiang Uprising (simplified Chinese: 大泽乡起义; traditional Chinese: 大澤鄉起義; July – December 209 BC) was the first uprising against Qin rule following the death of Qin Shi Huang. Chen Sheng and Wu Guang were both army officers who were ordered to lead their bands of commoner soldiers north to participate in the defense of Yuyang (漁陽). However, they were stopped halfway in Dazexiang, Qixian (modern Suzhou, Anhui) by a severe rainstorm and flooding. Harsh Qin law stated that anyone who showed up late for a government job would be executed, regardless of the nature of the delay. Chen and Wu realized they could never make it on time, and decided to organize a band that would rebel against the government, and declared they would rather die fighting for their freedom than by execution. They became the center of armed uprisings all over China, and in a few months, their strength congregated to around ten thousand men, composed mostly of discontented peasants. However, on the battlefield, they were no match for the highly professional Qin soldiers, and the uprising was in trouble in less than a year.
Western Han dynasty[edit]
The Rebellion of the Seven States or Kingdoms (simplified Chinese: 七国之乱; traditional Chinese: 七國之亂, circa 154 BC) was a revolt by members of the Han imperial family against attempts to centralize the government under Emperor Jing.
At the beginning of the Han dynasty, Emperor Gao had made many of his relatives princes of certain sections, about one-third to one-half of the empire. This was an attempt to consolidate Liu family rule over the parts of China that were not ruled directly from the capital under the junxian (郡縣) commandery system. During the reign of Emperor Wen, these princes were still setting their own laws, but they were also casting their own coins (albeit with Emperor Wen's approval) and collecting their own taxes. Many princes were effectively ignoring the imperial government's authority within their own principalities. When Jing became emperor in 157 BC, the rich Principality of Wu was especially domineering. Liu Pi, therefore, started a rebellion. The princes participating were: Liu Pi, the Prince of Wu; Liu Wu, the Prince of Chu; Liu Ang, the Prince of Jiaoxi Xing; Liu Sui (劉遂), the Prince of Zhao; Liu Xiongqu (劉雄渠), the Prince of Jiaodong (roughly modern Qingdao, Shandong); Liu Xian (劉賢), the Prince of Zaichuan (roughly part of modern Weifang, Shandong); and Liu Piguang (劉辟光), the Prince of Jinan (roughly modern Jinan, Shandong)
Two other principalities agreed to join—Qi (modern central Shandong) and Jibei (modern northwestern Shandong)— but neither actually did. Liu Jianglü (劉將閭), the Prince of Qi, changed his mind at the last moment and chose to resist the rebellion forces. Liu Zhi (劉志), the Prince of Jibei, was put under house arrest by the commander of his guards and prevented from joining the rebellion. Three other princes were persuaded to join, but either refused, or did not actually agree to join Liu An (劉安), the Prince of Huainan (roughly modern Lu'an, Anhui).
Other participants included Liu Ci (劉賜), the Prince of Lujiang (roughly modern Chaohu, Anhui), and Liu Bo (劉勃), the Prince of Hengshan (roughly part of modern Lu'an, Anhui). The princes also requested help from the southern independent kingdoms of Donghai (modern Zhejiang) and Minyue (modern Fujian), and the powerful northern Xiongnu. Donghai and Minyue sent troops to participate in the campaign, but Xiongnu, after initially promising to do so as well, did not. The seven princes, as part of their political propaganda, claimed that Chao Cuo was aiming to wipe out the principalities, and that they would be satisfied if Chao were executed.
Xin dynasty[edit]
Lülin (綠林) or Lülin Force (綠林兵) refers, as an umbrella term, to one of the two major agrarian rebellion movements against Wang Mang's Xin dynasty in the modern southern Henan and northern Hubei region who banded together to pool their strengths, and whose collective strength eventually led to the downfall of the Xin dynasty and the establishment of a temporary reinstatement of the Han dynasty under Liu Xuan (Gengshi Emperor). Many Lülin leaders became important members of Gengshi Emperor's government, but infighting and incompetence (both of the emperor and his officials) in governing the empire led to the fall of the regime after only two years, paving the way for the eventual rise for Liu Xiu (Emperor Guangwu). The name Lülin came from the Lülin Mountains (in modern Yichang, Hubei), where the rebels had their stronghold for a while.
In AD 17, Jing Province (modern Hubei, Hunan, and southern Henan) was suffering from a famine that was greatly exacerbated by the corruption and incompetence of Xin officials. The victims of the famine were reduced to consuming wild plants, and even those were in short supply, causing the suffering people to attack each other. Two men named Wang Kuang (王匡) and Wang Feng (王鳳), both from Xinshi (新市, in modern Jingmen, Hubei), became arbiters in some of these disputes, and they became the leaders of the starving people. They were later joined by many others, including Ma Wu (馬武), Wang Chang (王常), and Cheng Dan (成丹). Within a few months, 7,000 to 8,000 men gathered together under their commands. They had their base at Lülin Mountain, and their modus operandi was to attack and pillage villages far from the cities for food. This carried on for several years, during which they grew to tens of thousands in size.
Wang sent messengers issuing pardons in hopes of causing these rebels to disband. Once the messengers returned to the Xin capital Chang'an, some honestly reported that the rebels gathered because the harsh laws made it impossible for them to make a living, and therefore they were forced to rebel. Some, in order to flatter Wang Mang, told him that these were simply evil resistors who needed to be killed, or that this was a temporary phenomenon. Wang listened to those who flattered him and generally relieved those who told the truth from their posts. Wang made no further attempts to pacify the rebels, but instead decided to suppress them by force. In reality, the rebels were forced into rebellion to survive, and they were hoping that eventually, when the famine was over, they could return home to farm. As a result, they never dared to attack cities.
In AD 21, the governor of Jing Province mobilized 20,000 soldiers to attack the Lülin rebels, and a battle was fought at Yundu (雲杜), a major victory for the rebels, who killed thousands of government soldiers and captured their food supply and arms. When the governor tried to retreat, his route was temporarily cut off by Ma Wu who allowed him to escape, not wanting to offend the government more than the rebels had done already. Instead, the Lülin rebels roved near the area, capturing many women, and then returning to the Lülin Mountain. By this point, they had 50,000 men.
Chimei (赤眉) refers, as an umbrella term, to one of the two major agrarian rebellion movements against Wang Mang's Xin dynasty, initially active in the modern Shandong and northern Jiangsu region, that eventually led to Wang Mang's downfall by draining his resources, allowing the leader of the other movement (the Lülin), Liu Xuan (Gengshi Emperor) to overthrow Wang and temporarily establish an incarnation of the Han dynasty under him. Eventually, Chimei forces overthrew Gengshi Emperor and placed their own puppet emperor, Liu Penzi, on the throne briefly, before the Chimei leaders' incompetence in ruling the territories under their control, which matched their brilliance on the battlefield, caused the people to rebel against them, forcing them to try to withdraw home. When their path was blocked by Liu Xiu (Emperor Guangwu)'s newly established Eastern Han regime, they surrendered to him.
Circa AD 17, due to Wang Mang's incompetence in ruling—particularly in the implementation of his land reform policy—and a major Yellow River flood affecting modern Shandong and northern Jiangsu regions, the people, who could no longer subsist on farming, were forced into rebellion to try to survive. The rebellions were numerous and fractured.
Eastern Han dynasty[edit]
The Yellow Turban Rebellion or Yellow Scarves Rebellion (t 黃巾之亂; s 黄巾之乱, Huángjīnzhī Luàn; AD 184) was a peasant rebellion against Emperor Ling. It is named for the scarves the rebels wrapped around their heads. They were associated with secret Taoist societies, and the rebellion marked an important point in the history of Taoism. The rebellion is the opening event in the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong.
A major cause of the Yellow Turban Rebellion was an agrarian crisis where famine forced many farmers and former military settlers in the north to seek employment in the south, whose large landowners took advantage of the labor surplus and amassed large fortunes. The situation was further aggravated by smaller floods along the lower course of the Yellow River. Further pressure was added on the peasants by high taxes imposed on them in order to build fortifications along the Silk Road, and garrisons against foreign infiltrations and invasions. From AD 170 on, landlords and peasants formed irregular armed bands, setting the stage for class conflict.
At the same time, the Han dynasty showed internal weakness. The power of the landowners had been a problem for a long time already (see Wang Mang), but in the run-up to the Yellow Turban Rebellion, the court eunuchs, in particular, gained considerable influence over the emperor, which they abused to enrich themselves. Ten of the most powerful eunuchs formed a group known as the Ten Regular Attendants and the emperor referred to one of them, Zhang Rang, as his "foster father." Consequently, the government was widely regarded as corrupt and incapable. Against this backdrop, the famines and floods were seen as an indication that a decadent emperor had lost his mandate of heaven.
The Yellow Turban Rebellion was led by Zhang Jiao (or Zhang Jue) and his two younger brothers Zhang Bao and Zhang Liang, who were born in Julu District, Ye Prefecture. The brothers had founded a Taoist religious sect in Shandong Province. They considered themselves followers of the "Way of Supreme Peace" and venerated the deity Huang-Lao, who according to Zhang Jiao had given him a sacred book called the Crucial Keys to the Way of Peace (Tai Ping Yao Shu). Zhang Jiao was said to be a sorcerer and styled himself as the Great Teacher. The sect propagated the principles of equal rights of all peoples and equal distribution of land; when the rebellion was proclaimed, the sixteen-word slogan was created by Zhang Jiao: 苍天已死，黄天当立，岁在甲子，天下大吉 ("The Blue Sky (ie. the Han dynasty) has perished, the Yellow Sky (ie. the rebellion) will soon rise; in this year of Jia Zi, let there be prosperity in the world!")
The Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion (AD 184) was a religious rebellion instigated by Zhang Lu, the grandson of the Taoist leader Zhang Daoling. The name of the rebellion derives from the name of his movement, the Way of the Five Pecks of Rice (五斗米道, Wǔdǒumǐdào), in turn, named for the amount of rice paid as dues or for cures.
Early in the 2nd century AD, Zhang Daoling used his popularity as a faith healer and religious leader to organize a theological movement against the Han dynasty from the widespread poverty and corruption that oppressed the peasants under its rule. He gathered many followers from the Sichuan area by not only providing a source of hope for the disparaged, but also by reforming religious practices into a more acceptable format. This created one of the first organized religious movements in China.
In AD 184, the successor of his son Zhang Heng, his grandson Zhang Lu, revolted against the Han dynasty and created his own state, Zhang Han. This state continued for over 30 years until Zhang Lu's defeat and surrender to the general Cao Cao. After Zhang Lu's surrender, he relocated to the Han court where he continued to live until the Han dynasty was replaced by the Cao Wei regime. Zhang Lu then used his own popularity as a religious leader to lend legitimacy to the new Wei court, proclaiming that the Wei court had inherited divine authority from the Tao church, as well as from Confucian laws.[citation needed]
Eastern Jin dynasty[edit]
The Sun En Rebellion (c. 399 – c. 403) was a rebellion led by Sun En, the nephew of an executed southern Taoist leader. The rebels planned to flee to Penglai Island after their success and the campaign was notable for its major naval battles and the government's dependence on Liu Laozhi, a general risen from among common stock.[1] Their discarded rafts are sometimes credited with the early formation of Chongming Island in northern Shanghai.[2]
Tang dynasty[edit]
The An Shi Rebellion (安史之亂, Ānshǐzhī Luàn; 756–763) was a rebellion by An Lushan and Shi Siming against the Tang dynasty. It was also known as the Tianbao Rebellion (天寶之亂, Tiānbǎozhī Luàn) from the name of the Chinese era during which it began.
The rebellion spanned the reigns of three emperors. The first, Emperor Xuanzong, escaped to Sichuan. Along the way, the his soldiers demanded the death of an official, Yang Guozhong, and his cousin, Consort Yang. Emperor Suzong, a son of Emperor Xuanzong, was proclaimed emperor by the Tang army and eunuchs, while another group of local officials and Confucian literati proclaimed another prince as the new emperor in Jinling (present-day Nanjing).
It was begun by An Lushan in the 14th year of Tianbao but, after the assassination of his son An Qingxu, the revolt was led by his former subordinate Shi Siming. The rebellion was suppressed during the reign of Emperor Daizong by generals Pugu Huai'en, Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi. Although successful at suppressing the rebellion, the Tang dynasty was badly weakened by it, and in its remaining years was troubled by persistent warlordism. The death toll of the rebellion according to various sources, including suppression and famine, is estimated to be about 36 million,[3] which was the highest death toll for any event for nearly 1200 years, until World War II surpassed it with over 62 million deaths.
Yuan dynasty[edit]
The Red Turban Rebellion (紅巾起義, Hóngjīn Qǐyì) was an uprising against the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. Since the 1340s, the Yuan dynasty was experiencing problems. The Yellow River flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. At the same time, the Yuan government required considerable military expenditure to maintain its vast empire. This was solved mostly through additional taxation that fell mainly on the Han Chinese population which constituted the lowest two of the four castes of people under Yuan rule — much influenced by the White Lotus Society members that targeted the ruling Yuan government.
Ming dynasty[edit]
Li Zicheng's rebellion was a peasant rebellion aimed at the overthrow of the Ming dynasty; it led to the establishment of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty. Li Zicheng began recruiting troops at Xi'an in Shaanxi province, and later went on to gain power throughout northeastern China. From 1620, towards the end of the Wanli Emperor's reign, social and economic conditions under Ming rule worsened drastically. Li Zicheng did not become the emperor, but he paved the way for the rising of the new Qing dynasty, after overthrowing the Ming emperor by capturing Beijing. The Qing troops, arriving from the northeast (originally from Manchuria) were allied with Wu Sangui, a former Ming general, an alliance which eventually led to the defeat of Li Zicheng, though the impact of his rebellion was tremendous.
Qing dynasty[edit]
Revolt of the Three Feudatories[edit]
The Revolt of the Three Feudatories was led by three territories (三藩, Sānfàn) in southern China bestowed by the early Manchu rulers on three Han Chinese generals — Wu Sangui, Geng Jingzhong, and Shang Zhixin. In the second half of the 17th century, they revolted against the Qing government. This rebellion came as the Qing rulers were establishing themselves after their conquest of China in 1644 and was the last serious threat to their imperium until the 19th-century conflicts that ultimately brought about the end of the dynasty in 1912. The revolt was followed by almost a decade of civil war which extended across the breadth of China.
In 1655, the Qing government granted Wu Sangui, a man to whom they were indebted for the conquest of China, both civil and military authority over the province of Yunnan. In 1662, after the execution of Zhu Youlang, the last claimant to the Ming throne, Wu was also given jurisdiction over Guizhou. In the next decade he consolidated his power, and by 1670 his influence had spread to include much of Hunan, Sichuan, Gansu and even Shaanxi. Two other powerful defected military leaders also developed similar powers: Shang Zhixin in Guangdong and Geng Jingzhong in Fujian. They ruled their feudatories (territories) as their own domains and the Qing government had virtually no control over the provinces in the south and southwest.
By 1672, the Kangxi Emperor had determined that these feudatories were a threat to the Qing regime. In 1673, Shang Zhixin submitted a memorial requesting permission to retire and in August of the same year, a similar request arrived from Wu Sangui, designed to test the court's intentions. The Kangxi Emperor went against the majority view in the Council of Princes and High Officials and accepted the request. News of Wu's rebellion reached Beijing in January 1674.
White Lotus Rebellion[edit]
The White Lotus Rebellion (1796–1804) was an anti-Qing uprising that occurred during the Qing dynasty.
It broke out among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecasted the advent of the Buddha Maitreya, advocated the restoration of the Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. At first, the Qing government, under the control of Heshen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. On assuming effective power in 1799, however, the Jiaqing Emperor (r. 1796-1820) overthrew Heshen's clique and gave support to the efforts of the more vigorous Qing commanders as a way of restoring discipline and morale. A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into a militia by the name of tuanlian. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Although the Qing finally crushed the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century.
Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813[edit]
The Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813 broke out in 1813.
Taiping Rebellion[edit]
The Taiping Rebellion (1851–1864), usually known in Chinese after the name of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (t 太平天國, s 太平天国, Tàipíng Tiānguó) proclaimed by the rebels, was a rebellion in southern China inspired by a Hakka named Hong Xiuquan, who had claimed that he was the brother of Jesus Christ. Most sources put the total deaths at about 20 million,[4] although some claim tolls as high as 50 million.[5] Altogether, "some historians have estimated that the combination of natural disasters combined with the political insurrections may have cost on the order of 200 million Chinese lives between 1850–1865."[6] The figure is unlikely, as it is approximately half the estimated population of China in 1851.[7]
Hong Xiuquan gathered his support in a time of considerable turmoil. The country had suffered a series of natural disasters, economic problems and defeats at the hands of the Western powers, problems that the ruling Qing dynasty did little to lessen. Anti-Qing sentiment was strongest in the south, and it was these disaffected that joined Hong. The sect extended into militarism in the 1840s, initially against banditry. The persecution of the sect was the spur for the struggle to develop into guerrilla warfare and then into full-blown war. The revolt began in Guangxi province. In early January 1851, a ten-thousand-strong rebel army routed Qing imperial forces at the town of Jintian in the Jintian Uprising. The Qing forces attacked but were driven back. In August 1851, Hong declared the establishment of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom with himself as absolute ruler. The revolt spread northwards with great rapidity. 500,000 Taiping soldiers took Nanjing in March 1853, killing 30,000 Qing soldiers and slaughtering thousands of civilians. The city became the movement's capital and was renamed Tianjing (lit. "Heavenly Capital"; not to be confused with Tianjin) until its recapture.
Nian Rebellion[edit]
The Nian Rebellion (t 捻軍起義, s 捻军起义, Niǎnjūn Qǐyì; 1851–1868) was a large armed uprising that took place in northern China. The rebellion failed to topple the Qing dynasty, but caused immense economic devastation and loss of life that became one of the major long-term factors in the collapse of the Qing regime.
The Nian movement was formed in the late 1840s by Zhang Lexing and, by 1851, numbered approximately 40,000. Unlike the Taiping Rebellion, though, the Nian movement initially had no clear goals or objectives aside from criticism of the Qing government. However, the Nian rebels were provoked into taking direct action against the Qing regime following a series of ecological disasters. In 1851, the Yellow River burst its banks, flooding hundreds of thousands of square miles and causing immense loss of life. The Qing government slowly began cleaning up after the disaster, but were unable to provide effective aid as government finances had been drained during the Opium War with the British, and the ongoing slaughter of the Taiping Rebellion. The damage created by the disaster had still not been repaired when, in 1855, the river burst its banks again, drowning thousands and devastating the fertile province of Jiangsu. At the time, the Qing government was trying to negotiate a deal with the Western powers, and as state finances had been so severely depleted, the regime was unable to provide effective relief aid. This enraged the Nian movement, who blamed the Westerners for contributing to China's troubles, and increasingly viewed the Qing government as incompetent and cowardly in the face of the Western powers.
In 1855, Zhang Lexing took direct action by launching attacks against government troops in central China. By the summer, the fast-moving Nian cavalry, well-trained and fully equipped with modern firearms, had cut the lines of communication between Beijing and the Qing armies fighting the Taiping rebels in the south. Qing forces were badly overstretched as rebellions broke out across China, allowing the Nian armies to conquer large tracts of land and gain control over economically vital areas. The Nian fortified their captured cities and used them as bases to launch cavalry attacks against Qing troops in the countryside, prompting local towns to fortify themselves against Nian raiding parties. This resulted in constant fighting which devastated the previously rich provinces of Jiangsu and Hunan.
In early 1856, the Qing government sent the Mongol general Sengge Rinchen, who had recently crushed a large Taiping rebel army, to defeat the Nian. Sengge Rinchen's army captured several fortified cities and destroyed most of the Nian infantry, and killed Zhang Lexing himself in an ambush. However, the Nian movement survived as Taiping commanders arrived to take control of the Nian forces, and the bulk of the Nian cavalry remained intact. Sengge Rinchen's infantry-based army could not stop the fast moving cavalry from devastating the countryside and launching surprise attacks on Qing troops. In 1865, Sengge Rinchen and his bodyguards were ambushed by Nian troops and killed, depriving the government of its best military commander. The Qing regime sent general Zeng Guofan to take command of Qing imperial forces, providing him with modern artillery and weapons, purchased from the Europeans at extortionate prices. Zeng's army set about building canals and trenches to hem in the Nian cavalry — an effective, but slow and expensive method. Zeng was removed from the post after the Nian rebels broke one of his defense fronts. Generals Li Hongzhang and Zuo Zongtang were put in charge of the suppression. In late 1866, the Nian movement split into two — east Nian stayed in central China and west Nian sneaked close to Beijing. By late 1867, Li and Zuo's troops had recaptured much territory from the Nian rebels, and in early 1868, the movement was crushed by the combined forces of imperial troops and the Ever Victorious Army.
Du Wenxiu Rebellion[edit]
The Du Wenxiu Rebellion (1856–1872) was a separatist movement of Muslim Hui in western Yunnan, led by Du Wenxiu (born Sulayman ibn `Abd ar-Rahman).
Du claimed the title of Qa´id Jami al-Muslimin ("Leader of the Community of Muslims"). He was known in English as the Sultan of Dali upon the city's capture. It became the base for the rebels, who declared themselves "Pingnan" (平南国, lit. "The Pacified South"). The rebels besieged the city of Kunming four times (1857, 1861, 1863, and 1868) and briefly held the city during the third attempt. Later, as Qing forces began to gain the upper hand against the rebellion, the rebels sent a letter to Queen Victoria, asking the British for formal recognition and for military assistance; the British demurred. The rebellion was eventually suppressed by Qing troops, who killed and posthumously decapitated Du. The brutal suppression led to many Hui people fleeing to neighboring countries bordering Yunnan. Surviving Huis escaped to Burma, Thailand and Laos, forming the basis of a minority Chinese Hui population in those nations. Hundreds of thousands of Hui people were massacred or died in these purges.
The rebellion had a significant negative impact on the Burmese Konbaung dynasty. After losing lower Burma to the British, Burma lost access to vast tracts of rice-growing land. Not wishing to upset China, the Burmese kingdom agreed to refuse trade with the Hui rebels in accordance with China's demands. Without the ability to import rice from China, Burma was forced to import rice from the British. In addition, the Burmese economy had relied heavily on cotton exports to China, and suddenly lost access to the vast Chinese market.
Dungan revolts[edit]
In the Jahriyya revolt sectarian violence between two suborders of the Naqshbandi Sufis, the Jahriyya Sufi Muslims and their rivals, the Khafiyya Sufi Muslims, led to a Jahriyya Sufi Muslim rebellion which the Qing dynasty in China crushed with the help of the Khafiyya Sufi Muslims.[8]
The First Dungan Revolt or Muslim Rebellion[9] ( 回變, 回变, Huíbiàn; 1862–1877), known in China as the Hui Minority War, was an uprising by members of the Muslim Hui community in Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia.
Chinese Muslims had been traveling to West Asia for many years prior to the Hui Minorities' War. Some of them had adopted radical Sufi Islamic teachings referred to as New Teachings. There had been attempted uprisings by followers of these New Teachings in 1781 and 1783. In 1862 the prestige of the Qing dynasty was low and their armies were busy elsewhere. In 1867 the Qing government sent one of their best officials, Zuo Zongtang, a hero of the suppression of the Taiping Rebellion, to Shaanxi. His forces were ordered to help put down the Nian Rebellion, and he was unable to deal with the Muslim rebels until December 1868. Zuo's approach was to rehabilitate the region by promoting agriculture, especially cotton and grain, as well as supporting orthodox Confucian education. Due to the poverty of the region, Zuo had to rely on financial support from outside the North-West. After building up enough grain reserves to feed his army, Zuo attacked the most important Muslim leader, Ma Hualong. Ma was besieged in the city of Jinjibao for sixteen months before surrendering in March 1871. Zuo sentenced Ma and over eighty of his officials to death by slicing. Thousands of Muslims were exiled to different parts of China. Despite repeated offers of amnesty, many Muslims continued to resist until the fall of Suzhou in Gansu. The failure of the uprising in 1873 led to some immigration of Hui people into Russia. The descendants of the immigrants continue to live in the border region of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan.
The Second Dungan Revolt (1895–1896), known in China as the Second Hui Minority War, was a second Muslim revolt against the Qing. They were defeated by loyalist Muslim troops.
Boxer Rebellion[edit]
Anti-Foreign pamphlet, c. 1899
Boxer forces, 1900 photograph
The Boxer Rebellion ( 義和團之亂, 义和团之乱, Yìhétuánzhī Luàn) or Uprising ( 義和團匪亂, 义和团起义, Yìhétuán Qǐyì; November 1899 –September 7, 1901) was a revolt against European commercial, political, religious, and technological influence in China. By August 1900, over 230 foreigners, thousands of Chinese Christians, an unknown number of rebels and sympathizers and other Chinese were killed in the revolt and its suppression.
In 1840, the First Opium War broke out, and China was defeated by Britain. In view of the weakness of the Qing government, Britain and other nations such as France, Russia and Japan started to exert influence over China. Due to their inferior army and navy, the Qing dynasty was forced to sign many agreements which became known as the Unequal Treaties. These include the Treaty of Nanking (1842), the Treaty of Aigun (1858), the Treaty of Tientsin (1858), the Convention of Peking (1860), the Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895), and the Second Convention of Peking (1898).
Such treaties were regarded as grossly unfair by many Chinese. They had always considered themselves to be superior to foreigners, but their prestige was sorely damaged by the treaties, as foreigners were perceived to receive special treatment compared to Chinese. Rumours circulated of foreigners committing crimes as a result of agreements between foreign and the Chinese governments over how foreigners in China should be prosecuted. In Guizhou, local officials were reportedly shocked to see a cardinal using a sedan chair decorated in the same manner as one reserved for the governor. The Catholic Church's prohibition on some Chinese rituals and traditions was another issue of contention. Thus in the late 19th century such feelings increasingly resulted in civil disobedience and violence towards both foreigners and Chinese Christians.
The rebellion was initiated by a society known as the Boxers (Chinese: Righteous Harmony Society), a group which initially opposed—but later reconciled itself to—the Qing dynasty. The Boxer Rebellion was concentrated in northern China where the European powers had begun to demand territorial, rail and mining concessions. Germany responded to the killing of two missionaries in Shandong province in November 1897 by seizing the port of Qingdao. A month later a Russian naval squadron took possession of Lushun, in southern Liaoning. Britain and France followed, taking possession of Weihai and Zhanjiang respectively.
Xinhai Revolution[edit]
Main article: Xinhai Revolution
The Xinhai Revolution (辛亥革命, Xīnhài Gémìng) was a republican revolution which overthrew the Qing dynasty and led to the establishment of the Republic of China. The revolution ended the monarchy which had a history for 4000 years in China and replaced it with a republic, with democratic ideals. The ensuing revolutionary war lasted from October 10, 1911, and ended upon the formation of the Republic of China on February 12, 1912. Since 1911 is a Xinhai Year in the sexagenary cycle of the Chinese calendar, this is how Xinhai Revolution had got its name.
The revolution began with the armed Wuchang Uprising and the spread of republican insurrection through the southern provinces, and culminated in the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor after lengthy negotiations between rival imperial and republican regimes based in Beijing and Nanjing respectively.
The revolution inaugurated a period of struggle over China's eventual constitutional form, which saw two brief monarchical restorations and successive periods of political fragmentation before the Republic's final establishment.
The Xinhai Revolution is commemorated as the National Day of the Republic of China, also known as Double Ten Day (雙十節). Today the National Day is mainly celebrated in Taiwan. In addition, numerous overseas Chinese also celebrate Double Ten Day and events are usually held in Chinatowns across the world.
Republic of China[edit]
Main articles: Chinese Civil War, Chinese Soviet Republic, and Chinese Revolution (1946−52)
After radical Western ideologies came to China during the May Fourth Movement, Li Dazhao and other communists established the Communist Party of China in 1921 with the support of the Comintern. Communist Party members are allowed to join the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party), which, under the leadership of Sun Yat-sen, was seeking an alliance to end the Warlord Era and unify China. As the new leader of the KMT, Chiang Kai-shek, launched the Northern Expedition to unify China in 1924. Conservatives within the KMT in Nanking grew hostile to the communists, while the leftists in Wuhan were in favour of the alliance with them. The first KMT-CCP alliance was broken when communists were arrested and executed in Shanghai in the April 12 Purge. The Communists, under the leadership of Zhou Enlai and Zhu De, rebelled against the National Revolutionary Army at the Nanchang Uprising on 1 August 1927, and consequently established the Chinese Soviet Republic which controlled the self-proclaimed "Soviet Area" in Jiangxi. The headquarters of the secessionist republic was recovered by the Nationalist Government in 1934 but the communists evaded the Nationalist Revolutionary Army in the Long March and retreated to Shaanxi.
There was a temporary cease-fire when the second KMT-CCP alliance was formed in 1937 to combat the Japanese invasion. The Chinese Soviet Republic was renamed Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region, and the communist-led Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army became the New Fourth Army and the Eighth Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army. All these changes were nominal, however, as the CCP expanded in power and its fighting with the government persisted in the course of the war. After the surrender of Japan in 1945, the Communists took over several regions formerly occupied by Japan. Full-scale war broke out amid the adoption of the Constitution of the Republic of China in 1947. By October 1949, the Communists occupied most of the Mainland China, and Mao Zedong of the CCP declared the People's Republic of China in Beijing. The Government of the Republic of China relocated to Taipei and has failed to retake the mainland since then. Taiwan and part of Fujian Province became known as the Free Area of the Republic of China, despite constant threats of communist invasion. The Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion remained in effect until 1991.
As a result of the civil war, the mainland is under a one-party rule of the Communist Party, while the Free Area of the Republic of China has enjoyed democracy and held five direct presidential elections since the termination of the Period of mobilization for the suppression of Communist rebellion.
See also[edit]
Chinese Revolution (disambiguation)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lewis, Mark Edward. China Between Empires: The Northern and Southern Dynasties, pp. 68 ff. Harvard University Press (Cambridge), 2009.
Jump up ^ Li, Jack. "Chongming Island". China Travel Depot, 17 August 2011. Accessed 18 Jan 2015.
Jump up ^ Users.erols.com
Jump up ^ Users.erols.com
Jump up ^ Powerkills"
Jump up ^ Shangri-La River Expeditions.com
Jump up ^ AFE
Jump up ^ Jonathan N. Lipman; Jonathan Neaman Lipman; Stevan Harrell (1990). Violence in China: Essays in Culture and Counterculture. SUNY Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-7914-0113-2.
Jump up ^ Although note that this name was also applied to the contemporaneous Du Wenxiu Rebellion as well.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rebellions_in_China&oldid=837948895"
Categories:
Rebellions in China
Revolutions in China
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from January 2018
All articles needing additional references
Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text
Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text
Articles containing Chinese-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
فارسی
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 April 2018, at 00:37 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: b

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Dazexiang_Uprising
mw-redirect
Dazexiang Uprising

values:
/wiki/Chaohu_City
mw-redirect
Chaohu City

values:
/wiki/Ten_Regular_Attendants
mw-redirect
Ten Regular Attendants

values:
/wiki/Mandate_of_heaven
mw-redirect
Mandate of heaven

values:
/wiki/Ye_(ancient_China)
mw-redirect
Ye (ancient China)

values:
/wiki/Chinese_Calendar
mw-redirect
Chinese Calendar

values:
/wiki/Five_Pecks_of_Rice_Rebellion
mw-redirect
Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Penglai_Island
mw-redirect
Penglai Island

values:
/wiki/An_Shi_Rebellion
mw-redirect
An Shi Rebellion

values: Edit section: Revolt of the Three Feudatories

values: Edit section: Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813

values:
/wiki/Jesus_Christ
mw-redirect
Jesus Christ

values:
/wiki/Western_powers
mw-redirect
Western powers

values:
/wiki/Du_Wenxiu_Rebellion
mw-redirect
Du Wenxiu Rebellion

values:
/wiki/Dungan_revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)
mw-redirect
Dungan revolt (1862–1877)

values:
/wiki/Slow_slicing
mw-redirect
Slow slicing

values:
/wiki/Dungan_revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)
mw-redirect
Dungan revolt (1895–1896)

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Unequal_Treaties
mw-redirect
Unequal Treaties

values:
/wiki/Second_Convention_of_Peking
mw-redirect
Second Convention of Peking

values:
/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)
mw-redirect
Cardinal (Catholicism)

values:
/wiki/Sedan_chair
mw-redirect
Sedan chair

values:
/wiki/Righteous_Harmony_Society
mw-redirect
Righteous Harmony Society

values:
/wiki/Xuantong_Emperor
mw-redirect
Xuantong Emperor

values:
/wiki/National_Day
mw-redirect
National Day

values:
/wiki/Double_Ten_Day
mw-redirect
Double Ten Day

values:
/wiki/Shanghai_massacre_of_1927
mw-redirect
Shanghai massacre of 1927

values:
/wiki/Nanchang_Uprising
mw-redirect
Nanchang Uprising

values:
/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China
mw-redirect
People's Republic of China

values:
/wiki/One-party_rule
mw-redirect
One-party rule

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2018

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text

values: Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/List_of_rebellions_in_China
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: فهرست شورش‌ها در تاریخ چین – Persian

values: 中国叛乱列表 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_rebellions_in_China rootpage-List_of_rebellions_in_China skin-vector action-view


text:
Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea
Emblem of Papua New Guinea
Incumbent
Peter O'Neill
since 3 August 2012
Appointer
Bob Dadae
Governor-General of Papua New Guinea
Term length
At the Governor-General's pleasure
Inaugural holder
Michael Somare
Formation
16 September 1975
Papua New Guinea
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Papua New Guinea
The Crown[show]
Monarch
Elizabeth II
Governor-General
Bob Dadae
Executive[show]
Cabinet
Prime Minister
Peter O'Neill
Legislature[show]
National Parliament
Speaker: Theo Zurenuoc
Political parties
Elections[show]
Recent elections
General: 2007
2012, 2017
Judiciary[show]
National Court
Supreme Court
Administrative divisions[show]
Administrative divisions
Provinces
Districts and LLGs
Related topics[show]
Foreign relations
2011–12 constitutional crisis
Corruption
Other countries
Atlas
v
t
e
The Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea, is Papua New Guinea's head of government, consequent on being the leader of the party or coalition with majority support in the National Parliament.
Contents
[hide]
1 2011–12 constitutional crisis
2 List of Prime Ministers of Papua New Guinea (1975–present)
3 See also
4 References
2011–12 constitutional crisis[edit]
Amidst the 2011–12 constitutional crisis, the office was disputed between Peter O'Neill of the People's National Congress Party and Sir Michael Somare of the National Alliance Party; the latter supported O'Neill as Prime Minister on 3 August 2012, thus the constitutional crisis came to an end.
List of Prime Ministers of Papua New Guinea (1975–present)[edit]
No.
Name
(Birth–Death)
Tenure
Political Affiliation
Took Office
Left Office
1
Michael Somare
(1936–) 16 September 1975 11 March 1980 Pangu Party[1][2][3]
2
Sir Julius Chan
(1939–) 11 March 1980 2 August 1982 People's Progress Party[1][2]
(1)
Michael Somare
(1936–) 2 August 1982 21 November 1985 Pangu Party[1][2][3]
3
Paias Wingti
(1951–) 21 November 1985 4 July 1988 People's Democratic Movement[1][2]
4
Sir Rabbie Namaliu
(1947–) 4 July 1988 17 July 1992 Pangu Party[1][2]
(3)
Paias Wingti
(1951–) 17 July 1992 30 August 1994 People's Democratic Movement[2]
(2)
Sir Julius Chan
(1939–) 30 August 1994 27 March 1997 People's Progress Party[2][3]
—
John Giheno
(1950–)
Acting Prime Minister 27 March 1997 2 June 1997 People's Progress Party
(2)
Sir Julius Chan
(1939–) 2 June 1997 22 July 1997 People's Progress Party[2][3]
5
Bill Skate
(1953–2006) 22 July 1997 14 July 1999 People's National Congress Party[2][3]
6
Sir Mekere Morauta
(1946–) 14 July 1999 5 August 2002 People's Democratic Movement[3]
(1)
Sir Michael Somare
(1936–) 5 August 2002 2 August 2011
Disputed from 14 December 2011
to 3 August 2012 National Alliance Party[1]
—
Sam Abal
(1958–)
Acting Prime Minister
(Acting for Somare) 13 December 2010 17 January 2011 National Alliance Party[1]
4 April 2011 2 August 2011
7
Peter O'Neill
(1965–) 2 August 2011
Disputed to 3 August 2012 Incumbent People's National Congress Party
See also[edit]
Governor-General of Papua New Guinea
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Background Note: Papua New Guinea". US State Department. April 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-14. External link in |publisher= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Dorney, Sean (2001). Papua New Guinea: people, politics and history since 1975. ABC Books. ISBN 0-7333-0945-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f May, R.J. (2001). State and society in Papua New Guinea: the first twenty five years. Crawford House Publishing. ISBN 1-86333-204-9.
[show]
v
t
e
Prime Ministers of Papua New Guinea
Michael Somare
Julius Chan
Michael Somare
Paias Wingti
Rabbie Namaliu
Paias Wingti
Julius Chan
John Giheno (acting)
Julius Chan
Bill Skate
Mekere Morauta
Michael Somare
Sam Abal (acting)
Michael Somare
Sam Abal (acting)
Peter O'Neill
[show]
v
t
e
Papua New Guinea articles
History
Headhunting
British New Guinea
German New Guinea
North Solomon Islands
New Guinea campaign
Bougainville campaign
Australian mandate
Territorial merger
Bougainville history
Geography
Cities and towns
Conservation
Deforestation
Earthquakes
Geology
Kuk Swamp
Lakes
Mount Wilhelm
New Guinea
Rivers
Volcanoes
Wildlife
Politics
Administrative divisions
regions
provinces
districts
Cabinet
Constitution
Elections
Foreign relations
Governor-General
Human rights
LGBT
LGBT history
Law
enforcement
Military
Monarchy
Parliament
Political parties
Prime Minister
Supreme Court
Economy
Agriculture
Kina (currency)
Mining
Postage and postal history
Telecommunications
Tourism
Transport
airports
Society
Anthem
Cinema
National emblem
Culture
Demographics
Education
Ethnic groups
Flag
International rankings
Languages
List of Papua New Guineans
Literature
Melanesia
Music
Religion
Sing-sing (gathering)
Sports
Visual art
Outline
Category
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Heads of state and government of Oceania
Heads of state
Sovereign states
Australia
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Federated States of Micronesia
Nauru
New Zealand
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Associated states of New Zealand
Cook Islands
Niue
Heads of government
Sovereign states
Australia
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Federated States of Micronesia
Nauru
New Zealand
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Associated states of New Zealand
Cook Islands
Niue
[show]
v
t
e
Prime minister
Prime Ministers
by country
Abkhazia
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Armenia
Artsakh
Aruba
Australia
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Bermuda
Bhutan
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo (Kinshasa)
Cook Islands
Croatia
Cuba
Curaçao
Northern Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
East Timor
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Estonia
Faroe Islands
Fiji
Finland
France
Ghana
Georgia
Greece
Greenland
Grenada
Guinea
Guyana
Haiti
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
North Korea
South Korea
Kosovo
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malaysia
Malta
Mauritius
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Myanmar (Burma)
Nagorno-Karabakh
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Niue
Norway
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
São Tomé and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Singapore
Sint Maarten
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
South Ossetia
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Swaziland
Sweden
Syria
Taiwan (Republic of China)
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkmenistan
Turkey
Turks and Caicos Islands
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Vietnam
Yemen
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Papua_New_Guinea&oldid=797759118"
Categories:
Lists of prime ministers
Prime Ministers of Papua New Guinea
Government of Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea politics-related lists
Hidden categories:
CS1 errors: external links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Español
Français
한국어
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
日本語
Polski
Русский
Svenska
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 August 2017, at 00:48.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href title

value: td

values: text-align:center;padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;

values: padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0px 0px 0.4em; text-align: left; display: none;

values: List of Speakers of the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea

values: List of political parties in Papua New Guinea

values: Papua New Guinean general election, 2007

values: Papua New Guinean general election, 2012

values: Papua New Guinean general election, 2017

values: National Court of Papua New Guinea (page does not exist)

values: Administrative divisions of Papua New Guinea

values: 2011–12 Papua New Guinean constitutional crisis

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;

values: Template talk:Politics of Papua New Guinea

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: Edit section: 2011–12 constitutional crisis

values: National Alliance Party (Papua New Guinea)

values: Edit section: List of Prime Ministers of Papua New Guinea (1975–present)

values:
nofollow
https://www.state.gov/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template talk:PNGPMs (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Bougainville_campaign
mw-redirect
Bougainville campaign

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: List of cities and towns in Papua New Guinea

values:
/wiki/Constitution_of_Papua_New_Guinea
mw-redirect
Constitution of Papua New Guinea

values: Category:Human rights in Papua New Guinea

values:
/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Papua_New_Guinea
mw-redirect
LGBT history in Papua New Guinea

values: Postage stamps and postal history of Papua New Guinea

values:
/wiki/List_of_Papua_New_Guinean_films
mw-redirect
List of Papua New Guinean films

values: Category:Ethnic groups in Papua New Guinea

values: International rankings of Papua New Guinea

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Heads of state and government of Oceania

values: Template talk:Heads of state and government of Oceania

values: President of the Federated States of Micronesia

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Belarus

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belize
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Belize

values:
/wiki/Premiers_of_Bermuda
mw-redirect
Premiers of Bermuda

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bhutan
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Bhutan

values: Prime Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Burkina_Faso
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Burkina Faso

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cape_Verde
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Cape Verde

values: Prime Minister of the Central African Republic

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Chad
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Chad

values: Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

values:
/wiki/Prime_ministers_of_Croatia
mw-redirect
Prime ministers of Croatia

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Djibouti
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Djibouti

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Grenada
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Grenada

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Guinea
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Guinea

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Guyana
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Guyana

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ha%C3%AFti
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Haïti

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kuwait
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Kuwait

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Lebanon

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Luxembourg
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Luxembourg

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Morocco
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Morocco

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Burma
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Burma

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Nepal

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Qatar
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Qatar

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saint_Lucia
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Saint Lucia

values: Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Solomon_Islands
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Solomon Islands

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Somalia
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Somalia

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sudan
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Sudan

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Swaziland
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Swaziland

values: Prime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

values: Category:Prime Ministers of Papua New Guinea

values: Category:Papua New Guinea politics-related lists

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Liste der Premierminister von Papua-Neuguinea – German

values: Primer ministro de Papúa Nueva Guinea – Spanish

values: Premier ministre de Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée – French

values: 파푸아뉴기니의 총리 – Korean

values: Listo di chefa ministri di Papua-Nova-Guinea – Ido

values: Perdana Menteri Papua Nugini – Indonesian

values: Pápua Új-Guinea miniszterelnökeinek listája – Hungarian

values: Perdana Menteri Papua New Guinea – Malay

values: パプアニューギニアの首相 – Japanese

values: Список премьер-министров Папуа — Новой Гвинеи – Russian

values: Papua Nya Guineas premiärminister – Swedish

values: Прем'єр-міністр Папуа Нової Гвінеї – Ukrainian

values: 巴布亚新几内亚总理 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Prime_Minister_of_Papua_New_Guinea rootpage-Prime_Minister_of_Papua_New_Guinea vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Three-strikes law
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the criminal justice law. For Internet disconnection policy, see Graduated response. For other uses of the term "Three Strikes", see Three Strikes (disambiguation).
In the United States, habitual offender laws[1] (commonly referred to as three-strikes laws) were first implemented on March 7, 1994[2] and are part of the United States Justice Department's Anti-Violence Strategy.[3][4] These laws require a person guilty of committing both a severe violent felony and two other previous convictions to serve a mandatory life sentence in prison.[5][6] The purpose of the laws is to drastically increase the punishment of those convicted of more than two serious crimes.[2]
Twenty-eight states have some form of a "three-strikes" law. A person accused under such laws is referred to in a few states (notably Connecticut and Kansas) as a "persistent offender", while Missouri uses the unique term "prior and persistent offender". In most jurisdictions, only crimes at the felony level qualify as serious offenses; however, misdemeanor offenses can qualify for application of the three-strikes law in California, whose harsh application has been the subject of controversy.
The three-strikes law significantly increases the prison sentences of persons convicted of a felony who have been previously convicted of two or more violent crimes or serious felonies, and limits the ability of these offenders to receive a punishment other than a life sentence.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Enactment by states
3 Application
4 Effects
5 See also
6 References
History[edit]
The practice of imposing longer prison sentences on repeat offenders (versus first-time offenders who commit the same crime) is nothing new, as judges often take into consideration prior offenses when sentencing. However, there is a more recent history of mandatory prison sentences for repeat offenders.[7] For example, New York State had a long-standing Persistent Felony Offender law dating back to the early 20th century[8] (partially ruled unconstitutional in 2010,[9][10] but reaffirmed en banc shortly after[11][12]). But such sentences were not compulsory in each case, and judges had much more discretion as to what term of incarceration should be imposed.
The first true "three-strikes" law was passed in 1993, when Washington voters approved Initiative 593. California passed its own in 1994, when their voters passed Proposition 184[13] by an overwhelming majority, with 72% in favor and 28% against. The initiative proposed to the voters had the title of Three Strikes and You're Out, referring to de facto life imprisonment after being convicted of three violent or serious felonies which are listed under California Penal Code section 1192.7.[14]
The concept swiftly spread to other states, but none of them chose to adopt a law as sweeping as California's. By 2004, twenty-six states and the federal government had laws that satisfy the general criteria for designation as "three-strikes" statutes—namely, that a third felony conviction brings a sentence of 20 to life where 20 years must be served before becoming parole eligible. After the hype leading to the institution of these laws across the country, it soon became apparent that they were not bringing the results the public expected. Data shows that the laws didn't necessarily reduce violent crime, but instead, in states such as California where a "strike" did not have to be a violent felony, put away more "criminals" for non-violent and petty crimes, dramatically raising the prison population.[15] This led to the drastic reduction of the power of the Three-Strikes Law in California in 2012 by approval of Proposition 36.
Enactment by states[edit]
The following states have enacted three-strikes laws:
New York has employed a habitual felon statute since 1797.[16]
Texas has had a three-strikes with mandatory life sentence since at least 1952.[17]
In Rummel v. Estelle (1980), the US Supreme Court upheld Texas' statute, which arose from a case involving a refusal to repay $120.75 paid for air conditioning repair that was, depending on the source cited, either considered unsatisfactory[18] or not performed at all,[19] where the defendant had been convicted of two prior felony convictions, and where the total amount involved from all three felonies was around $230.[20][21]
In 1993: Washington
In 1994: California,[22] Colorado, Connecticut, Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, New Mexico, North Carolina, Virginia, Louisiana, Wisconsin, Tennessee, and Georgia[23]
In 1995: Arkansas, Florida, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Utah, and Vermont[24]
In 2006: Arizona
In 2012: Massachusetts[25]
Application[edit]
The exact application of the three-strikes laws varies considerably from state to state, but the laws call for life sentences for at least 25 years on their third strike.
Most states require one or more of the three felony convictions to be for violent crimes in order for the mandatory sentence to be pronounced. Crimes that fall under the category of "violent" include: murder, kidnapping, sexual abuse, rape, aggravated robbery, and aggravated assault.[26]
Some states include additional, lesser offenses that one would not normally see as violent.[27] For example, the list of crimes that count as serious or violent in the state of California is much longer than that of other states, and consists of many lesser offenses that include: firearm violations, burglary, simple robbery, arson, and providing hard drugs to a minor, and drug possession.[28] As another example, Texas does not require any of the three felony convictions to be violent, but specifically excludes certain "state jail felonies" from being counted for enhancement purposes.[29]
One application of the Three- strikes Law was the Leonardo Andrade Case in California that took place in 2009. In this case, Leandro Andrade attempted to rob $153 in videotapes from two San Bernardino K-Mart stores. He was charged under California's Three- strikes Law because of his criminal history concerning drugs and other burglaries. Because of his past criminal records, he was sentenced 50 years in prison with no parole after this last burglary of K- Mart. Although this sentencing was disputed by Erwin Chemerinsky, who represented Andrade, as cruel and unusual punishment under the 8th Amendment, the Supreme Court ruled in support for the life sentencing.[30]
In 1995, Sioux City, Iowa native Tommy Lee Farmer, a professional criminal who had served 43 years in prison for murder and armed robbery was the first person in the United States to be convicted under the Three-Strikes Law when he was sentenced to life in prison for an attempted robbery at an eastern Iowa convenience store. The sentencing was considered so significant that President Bill Clinton interrupted a vacation to make a press statement about it.[31]
Another example of the three-strikes law involves Timothy L. Tyler who, in 1992 at age 24, was sentenced to life in prison without parole when his third conviction (a federal offense) triggered the federal three-strikes law, even though his two prior convictions were not considered violent, and neither conviction resulted in any prison time served.
Effects[edit]
Some states, such as California, have seen dramatic drops in their crime rates since the enactment of the Three- Strikes Law. In 2011, Los Angeles, California reported crime had decreased by half of the current amount since 1994, which is the same year the Three- Strikes Law was put into place. Although this decrease in crime might be attributed to the enactment of stricter sentences, Los Angeles officials speculate the drop in crime might also be related to better relationships within the community and better crime- predicting tools.[32]
In 2004, The Effect of Three- Strikes Legislation on Serious Crime in California study analyzed the effect of the Three- Strikes legislation as a means of deterrence and incapacitation. The study found that the Three- Strikes Law did not have a very significant effect on deterrence of crime, but also that this[33] ineffectiveness may be due to the diminishing marginal returns associated with having pre-existing repeat offender laws in place.[34]
A study, Does Three Strikes Deter? A Non-Parametric Estimation, published by researches at George Mason University found that arrest rates in California were up to 20% lower for the group of offenders convicted of two-strike eligible offenses, compared to those convicted of one-strike eligible offenses. The study concluded that the three-strikes policy was deterring recidivists from committing crimes.[35]
A study written by Robert Parker, director of the Presley Center for Crime and Justice Studies at UC Riverside, states that, violent crime began falling almost two years before California's three-strikes law was enacted in 1994. The study argues that the decrease in crime is linked to lower alcohol consumption and unemployment.[36]
A 2007 study from the Vera Institute of Justice in New York examined the effectiveness of incapacitation under all forms of sentencing. The study estimated that if US incarceration rates were increased by 10 per cent, the crime rate would decrease by at least 2%. However, this action would be extremely costly to implement.[37]
Another study, I'd rather be Hanged for a Sheep than a Lamb: The Unintended Consequences of 'Three-Strikes' Laws, released by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that Three-strikes Laws discourages criminals from committing misdemeanors in fear of getting sentenced to life in prison. Although this deters crime and contributes to lower crime rates, the laws also have the possibility to push previously convicted criminals to commit more serious offenses. The study's author argues that this is so because under such laws, felons realize that they could face a long jail sentence for their next crime, and therefore they have little to lose by committing serious crimes rather than minor offenses. Through these findings, the study weighs both the pros and cons for the law.[38]
A 2015 study found that three-strikes laws were associated with a 33% increase in the risk of fatal assaults on law enforcement officers.[39]
See also[edit]
10-20-Life
Armed Career Criminal Act
Baumes law, 1926 four strike law
Deterrence
Habitual offender laws, a comparison of similar laws in several countries
HADOPI law
Incapacitation (penology)
Indefinite prison sentence
Mandatory sentencing
One strike, you're out
Prison-industrial complex
Recidivism
Stanford Law School Criminal Defense Clinic
United States Federal Sentencing Guidelines
References[edit]
Jump up ^ White, Ahmed A. (Spring 2006). "The Juridical Structure Of Habitual Offender Laws And The Jurisprudence Of Authoritarian Social Control". The University of Toledo Law Review. 37 (3): 705.
^ Jump up to: a b "Three Strikes Law - A General Summary". www.sandiegocounty.gov. Retrieved 2017-03-23.
Jump up ^ "Anti-Violence Strategy | USAO | Department of Justice". www.justice.gov. Retrieved 2017-03-23.
Jump up ^ https://www.justice.gov/usam/criminal-resource-manual-1032-sentencing-enhancement-three-strikes-law
Jump up ^ "1032. Sentencing Enhancement—"Three Strikes" Law | USAM | Department of Justice". www.justice.gov. Retrieved 2017-03-23.
Jump up ^ Meese, Edwin (1994-01-01). "Three-Strikes Laws Punish and Protect". Federal Sentencing Reporter. 7 (2): 58–60. doi:10.2307/20639746.
Jump up ^ Zimring, Franklin E.; Hawkins, Gordon; Kamin, Sam (2001). Punishment and Democracy: Three Strikes and You're Out in California. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 4. ISBN 0-19-513686-1.
Jump up ^ Katkin, Daniel (1971–1972). "Habitual Offender Laws: A Reconsideration". Buffalo Law Review. 21 (3): 99–120. Retrieved May 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Portalatin v. Graham , 478 F.Supp.2d 69 (E.D.N.Y. 2007).
Jump up ^ Bessler v. Walsh , 601 F.3d 163 (2nd Cir 2010).
Jump up ^ Clarke, Matt (2015-03-15). "Second Circuit: New York's Persistent Felony Offender Statute Held Constitutional in En Banc Ruling". Prison Legal News.
Jump up ^ Portalatin v. Graham , 624 F.3d 69 (2d Cir 2010).
Jump up ^ proposition 184 at Ballotpedia
Jump up ^ The substantive provisions of Proposition 184 are codified in California Penal Code Sections 667(e)(2)(A)(ii) and 1170.12(c)(2)(A)(ii).
Jump up ^ Stolzenberg, Lisa; Stewart J. D'Alessio (1997). ""Three Strikes and You're Out": The Impact of California's New Mandatory Sentencing Law on Serious Crime Rates". Crime and Delinquency. 43 (4): 457–69. doi:10.1177/0011128797043004004. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Arrigo, Bruce A. (2014). Encyclopedia of Criminal Justice Ethics.
Jump up ^ Spencer v. Texas , 385 U.S. 554 (1967) (“Article 63 provides: "Whoever shall have been three times convicted of a felony less than capital shall on such third conviction be imprisoned for life in the penitentiary."”).
Jump up ^ Brauchli, Christopher (7 August 2009). "Legal Absurdities". CounterPunch.
Jump up ^ FindLaw | Cases and Codes
Jump up ^ Rummel was released a few months later, after successfully challenging his sentence for ineffective assistance of counsel and pleading guilty in a subsequent plea bargain.Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277 Footnote 8, 28 June 1983
Jump up ^ Texas would later amend its Penal Code to remove the mandatory life requirement for a habitual offender, changing the sentence to 25-99 years or life Texas Penal Code Section 12.42(d).
Jump up ^ Brown, Brian; Jolivette, Greg (October 2005). "A Primer: Three Strikes – The Impact After More Than a Decade". California Legislative Analyst's Office. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Mike. "States That Have Some Form of Three-Strikes Law". Retrieved May 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Austin, James (2000). "Three Strikes and You're Out: The Implementation and Impart of Strike Laws" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Glen Johnson; Brian R. Ballou (August 2, 2012). "Deval Patrick signs repeat offender crime bill in private State House ceremony". The Boston Globe. Retrieved October 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ California, State of. "Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation". www.cdcr.ca.gov. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
Jump up ^ Marvell, Thomas B.; Carlisle E. Moody (2001). "The Lethal Effects of the Three Strikes Laws". The Journal of Legal Studies. 3. (1): 89. Retrieved May 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Males, Mike; Dan Macallair (1999). "Striking Out: The Failure of California's "Three-Strikes You're Out" Law". Stanford Law and Policy Review. 11 (1): 65. Retrieved May 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Texas Penal Code Section 12.42(d)
Jump up ^ "Cases Show Disparity Of California's 3 Strikes Law". NPR.org. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
Jump up ^ Butterfield, Fox (11 September 1995). "In for Life: The Three-Strikes Law – A special report.; First Federal 3-Strikes Conviction Ends a Criminal's 25-Year Career". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "L.A.'s Homicide Rate Lowest In Four Decades". NPR.org. Retrieved 2017-05-11.
Jump up ^ Worrall, John L. (2004). "The Effect of Three-Strikes Legislation on Serious Crime in California". Journal of Criminal Justice. 32 (4): 283–96. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2004.04.001.
Jump up ^ Stolzenberg, Lisa; Stewart J. D' Alessio (1997). ""Three Strikes and You're Out": The Impact of California's New Mandatory Sentencing Law on Serious Crime Rates". Crime & Delinquency. 43 (4): 457–69. doi:10.1177/0011128797043004004.
Jump up ^ Helland, Eric; Tabarrok, Alexander (2007). "Does Three Strikes Deter?". Journal of Human Resources. XLII (2): 309–30. doi:10.3368/jhr.XLII.2.309.
Jump up ^ Miller, Bettye (28 February 2012). "Three-strikes Law Fails to Reduce Crime". UCR Today. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Stemen, Don (January 2007). "Reconsidering Incarceration: New Directions for Reducing Crime" (PDF). Vera Institute of Justice. p. 2. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
Jump up ^ I'd rather be Hanged for a Sheep than a Lamb: The Unintended Consequences of 'Three-Strikes' Laws
Jump up ^ Crifasi, Cassandra K.; Pollack, Keshia M.; Webster, Daniel W. (2015-12-30). "Effects of state-level policy changes on homicide and nonfatal shootings of law enforcement officers". Injury Prevention. 22: injuryprev–2015–041825. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2015-041825. ISSN 1475-5785. PMID 26718550.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three-strikes_law&oldid=815166174"
Categories:
U.S. state criminal law
Sentencing (law)
California law
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Čeština
Deutsch
Français
Nederlands
日本語
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 December 2017, at 04:45.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Three_Strikes_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Three Strikes (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: sup

values:
/wiki/Mandatory_prison_sentences
mw-redirect
Mandatory prison sentences

values:
/wiki/New_York_State
mw-redirect
New York State

values: List of Washington initiatives to the people

values:
/wiki/California_Proposition_36_(2012)
mw-redirect
California Proposition 36 (2012)

values:
/wiki/Diminishing_marginal_returns
mw-redirect
Diminishing marginal returns

values:
/wiki/Indefinite_prison_sentence
mw-redirect
Indefinite prison sentence

values:
/wiki/Prison-industrial_complex
mw-redirect
Prison-industrial complex

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-3

values: -moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/20639746

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F20639746

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3368%2Fjhr.XLII.2.309

values:
nofollow
external text
http://ucrtoday.ucr.edu/3557

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nber.org/papers/w13784

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1475-5785

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26718550

values: -moz-column-width: 33em; -webkit-column-width: 33em; column-width: 33em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Three-strikes_law
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: Закон трёх ошибок – Russian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Three-strikes_law rootpage-Three-strikes_law skin-vector action-view


text:
Vacation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Vacation (disambiguation).
Vacationers at the beach in Broadstairs, Kent, UK
A vacation or holiday is a leave of absence from a regular occupation, or a specific trip or journey, usually for the purpose of recreation or tourism. People often take a vacation during specific holiday observances, or for specific festivals or celebrations. Vacations are often spent with friends or family[1].
A person may take a longer break from work, such as a sabbatical, gap year, or career break.
The concept of taking a vacation is a recent invention, and has developed through the last two centuries. Historically, the idea of travel for recreation was a luxury that only wealthy people could afford (see Grand Tour). In the Puritan culture of early America, taking a break from work for reasons other than weekly observance of the Sabbath was frowned upon. However, the modern concept of vacation was led by a later religious movement encouraging spiritual retreat and recreation. The notion of breaking from work periodically took root among the middle and working class.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Impact of digital communications
3 Regional meaning
4 Family vacation
5 Vacation policy
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Etymology[edit]
In the United Kingdom, vacation once specifically referred to the long summer break taken by the law courts and then later the term was applied to universities.[3] The custom was introduced by William the Conqueror from Normandy where it facilitated the grape harvest.[citation needed] In the past, many upper-class families moved to a summer home for part of the year, leaving their usual home vacant.[citation needed]
Impact of digital communications[edit]
This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Recent developments in communication technology—internet, mobile, instant messaging, presence tracking, etc.— have begun to change the nature of vacation. Vacation today means absence from the workplace rather than temporary cession of work. It is now the norm in North America and the United Kingdom to carry on working or remain on call while on vacation rather than abandon work altogether. Office employees telecommute whilst on vacation. Workers may choose to unplug for a portion of a day and thus create the feeling of a "vacation" by simply separating themselves from the demands of constant digital communications. Antithetically, workers may take time out of the office to go on vacation, but remain plugged-in to work-related communications networks. While remaining plugged-in over vacation may generate short-term business benefits, the long-term psychological impacts of these developments are only beginning to be understood.[4]
Regional meaning[edit]
See also: Tourism
Vacation, in English-speaking North America, describes recreational travel, such as a short pleasure trip, or a journey abroad. People in Commonwealth countries use the term holiday to describe absence from work as well as to describe a vacation or journey. Vacation can mean either staying home or going somewhere.
Canadians often use vacation and holiday interchangeably referring to a trip away from home or time off work. In Australia and the UK, holiday can refer to a vacation or a public holiday.
The Vanderbilts, Rockefellers, Carnegies, Huntingtons and other fabulously wealthy industrialists built their own spectacular “great camps” in the Adirondacks of upstate New York where they could spend time with their families in private luxury. The scions of New York City took to declaring that they would “vacate” their city homes for their lakeside summer retreats, and the term “vacation” replaced the British “holiday” in common parlance.
In Hungarian, the word vakáció can mean both a recreational trip, an officially granted absence from work (generally in warmer months), and the summer (longest) school break. For absence from work, the word szabadság (freedom/liberty) can be used, possibly as betegszabadság (sickness freedom/sickness liberty) when the reason of absence is medical in nature.
Family vacation[edit]
Family vacation refers to recreation taken together by the family. The intended purpose of family vacation is for family to get away from day-to-day chores and to devote time specifically for the relaxation and unity of family members. Family vacation can be ritual—for example, annually around the same time—or it can be a one-time event. It can involve travel to a far-flung spot or, for families on a tight budget, a stay-at-home staycation.[5] Some examples of favorite family vacations might include family cruises, trips to popular theme parks, ski vacations, beach vacations, food vacations[6] or similar types of family trips.
Vacation policy[edit]
In nearly all countries worldwide, there are minimum requirements as to the annual leave that must be afforded to an employee (see also List of minimum annual leave by country).
Even in the United States, where no federal requirements as to minimum annual leave exist, many large corporations have generous vacation policies, some allowing employees to take weeks off and some even allowing unlimited vacation.[7] Unlimited vacation arrangements may nonetheless come with implicit expectations, for instance, it may be implied that an employee should not take more than about the average number of vacation days taken by others. They normally also have the consequence that employees who leave the company receive no monetary compensation for leave days not taken.
According to the U.S. Travel Association, Americans collectively did not use 662 million vacation days in 2016. More than half of all working people in the United States forfeited paid time off at the end of the year.[8] Two-thirds of people still do work while they are on vacation. [9]
In popular culture[edit]
Family vacation and vacation in general has become a common theme in many books, films and movies. Writers often draw on common occurrences that take place during a vacation such as bonding and disasters.
See also[edit]
Active vacation
Adventure travel
Annual leave
Bank holiday
Family reunion
Mancation
Paid time off
Summer vacation
Work–life balance
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Harpaz, Emily Swanson and Beth J. "This is the No. 1 thing Americans want to do on vacation". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
Jump up ^ All Things Considered (17 June 2009). "The History Of The Vacation Examined". NPR. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "United Kingdom University Term Times and Vacations". Retrieved 2016-01-05.
Jump up ^ Williams, Ray (6 May 2012). "Why It's so Hard to Unplug From the Digital World". Psychology Today. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Making the most of your Stress-free, Budget Staycation". Traveling Mom. 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Destination Food Towns In America, Suzy Strutner". Traveling Mom. 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Vanderkam, Laura (3 October 2015). "Here's why unlimited vacation may be too good to be true". Fortune. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Zillman, Claire (2017-05-23). "Americans Are Still Terrible at Taking Vacations". Fortune. Retrieved 2017-05-24.
Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/kateashford/2017/05/31/vacation/#21a65804726a
External links[edit]
Look up vacation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Quotations related to Vacation at Wikiquote
[show]
v
t
e
Tourism
Types
Accessible
Adventure
Agritourism
Alternative
Atomic
Birth
Business
Culinary
Enotourism
Cultural
Archaeological
Bookstore
Heritage
Militarism heritage
Literary
Tolkien
Music
Pop-culture
Dark
Holocaust
Disaster
Domestic
Drug
Ecotourism
Shark
Extreme
Factory Tourism
Garden
Genealogy
Geotourism
Honeymoon
Jihadi
Jungle
Justice
LGBT
Medical
Dental
Moon
Nautical
Rail
Religious
Christian
Halal
Kosher
Rural
Sacred
Safaris
Sex
Child sex
Female sex
Slum
Space
Sports
Stag party
Suicide
Sustainable
Vacation
Volunteer travel
War
Water
Wellness
Wildlife
Hospitality
industry
Bed and breakfast
Boutique hotel
Conference and resort hotels
Convention center
Destination spa
Front desk
General manager
Homestay
Hospitality management studies
Hospitality services
Hostel
Hotel
Hotel manager
Inn
Island resort
Motel
Referral chain
Resort
Resort town
Restaurant
Seaside resort
Ski resort
Terminology
Campus tour
Convention (meeting)
Gift shop
Grand Tour
Holiday (vacation)
Hypermobility
Package tour
Passport
Perpetual traveler
Road trip
Roadside attraction
Souvenir
Staycation
Sunday drive
Tour guide
Tour operator
Tourism geography
Tourism minister
Tourism region
Tourist attraction
Tourist gateway
Tourist trap
Touron
Transport
Travel
Travel agency
Travel behavior
Travel document
Travel insurance
Travel literature
Travel medicine
Travel survey
Travel technology
Travel warning
Travel website
Trip planner
Visa
Visitor center
Industry organizations,
rankings and events
American Bus Association
American Hotel and Lodging Association
American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute
BEST Education Network
Caribbean Tourism Organization
Destination marketing organization
European Travel Commission
Historical archive on tourism
South-East Asian Tourism Organisation
Tourism Radio
Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report
Wikivoyage
World Federation of Travel Journalists and Writers
World Tourism Day
World Tourism Organization
World Tourism rankings
World Travel and Tourism Council
World Travel Monitor
Lists
Adjectival tourisms
Attractions
Bibliography
Casino hotels
Casinos
Convention and exhibition centers
Hotels
Largest hotels in the world
Motels
Travel magazines
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists
World Heritage Sites by country
Category
Commons
Portal
WikiProject
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vacation&oldid=838822527"
Categories:
Holidays
Tourist activities
Types of travel
Seasonal traditions
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014
Articles that may contain original research from April 2015
All articles that may contain original research
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
עברית
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Polski
Română
Русский
Slovenščina
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Svenska
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
23 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 April 2018, at 14:23.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Vacation_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Vacation (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values: /wiki/UK mw-redirect UK

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Spiritual_retreat
mw-redirect
Spiritual retreat

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Summer_home
mw-redirect
Summer home

values: Edit section: Impact of digital communications

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research

values: -moz-column-width: 22em; -webkit-column-width: 22em; column-width: 22em;

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Drug_tourism
mw-redirect
Drug tourism

values:
/wiki/Volunteer_travel
mw-redirect
Volunteer travel

values:
/wiki/Water_tourism
mw-redirect
Water tourism

values:
/wiki/Visa_(document)
mw-redirect
Visa (document)

values: Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report

values: List of convention and exhibition centers

values: UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists

values: Table of World Heritage Sites by country

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Travel and Tourism

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014

values: Category:Articles that may contain original research from April 2015

values: Category:All articles that may contain original research

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Vacation
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Vacation&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacances
Vacances – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferie
Ferie – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urlaub
Urlaub – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferio
Ferio – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: تعطیلات – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacances
Vacances – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlof
Orlof – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values: חופשה – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atostogos
Atostogos – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakantie
Vakantie – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferie
Ferie – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferie
Ferie – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferie
Ferie – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Отпуск – Russian

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopust
Dopust – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: Відпустка – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Vacation rootpage-Vacation skin-vector action-view