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Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
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Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel
Awarded for
Outstanding contributions in Economic Sciences
Location
Stockholm, Sweden
Presented by
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Reward(s)
9 Million SEK (2017)[1]
First awarded
1969
Currently held by
Richard H. Thaler (2017)
Website
nobelprize.org
← 2016
The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (officially Swedish: Sveriges riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne, or the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel), commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Economics,[2] is an award for outstanding contributions to the field of economics, and generally regarded as the most prestigious award for that field.[3]
The prize was established in 1968 by a donation from Sweden's central bank Sveriges Riksbank on the bank's 300th anniversary.[3][4][5][6] Although it is not one of the prizes that Alfred Nobel established in his will in 1895, it is referred to along with the other Nobel Prizes by the Nobel Foundation.[7] Laureates are announced with the other Nobel Prize laureates, and receive the award at the same ceremony.[3]
Laureates in the Memorial Prize in Economics are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.[8][9] It was first awarded in 1969 to the Dutch and Norwegian economists Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch, "for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes".[6][10][11]
Contents
1 Creation and funding
1.1 Relation to the Nobel Prizes
2 Award nomination and selection process
3 Laureates
4 Awards to non-economists
5 Controversies and criticisms
6 Alternative names
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Creation and funding[edit]
An endowment "in perpetuity" from Sveriges Riksbank pays the Nobel Foundation's administrative expenses associated with the prize and funds the monetary component of the award.[8]
Since 2012, the monetary portion of the Prize in Economics has totaled 8 million Swedish kronor. This is equivalent to the amount given for the original Nobel Prizes.[12][13][14] Since 2006, Sveriges Riksbank has given the Nobel Foundation an annual grant of 6.5 million Swedish kronor (in January 2008, approx. US$1 million; 0.7 million Euro) for its administrative expenses associated with the prize as well as 1 million Swedish kronor (until the end of 2008) to include information about the prize in the Nobel Foundation's internet webpage.[15]
Relation to the Nobel Prizes[edit]
The Prize in Economics is not one of the original Nobel Prizes created by Alfred Nobel's will.[3][16][17] However, the nomination process, selection criteria, and awards presentation of the Prize in Economic Sciences are performed in a manner similar to that of the Nobel Prizes.[8][13][18]
Laureates are announced with the Nobel Prize laureates, and receive the award at the same ceremony.[3] The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the prize "in accordance with the rules governing the award of the Nobel Prizes instituted through his [Alfred Nobel's] will,"[8] which stipulate that the prize be awarded annually to "those who ... shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind."[19]
Award nomination and selection process[edit]
Main article: Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel
Announcement of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 2008
According to its official website, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences "administers a researcher exchange with academies in other countries and publishes six scientific journals. Every year the Academy awards the Nobel Prizes in Physics and in Chemistry, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, the Crafoord Prize and a number of other large prizes".[9]
Each September the Academy's Economics Prize Committee, which consists of five elected members, "sends invitations to thousands of scientists, members of academies and university professors in numerous countries, asking them to nominate candidates for the Prize in Economics for the coming year. Members of the Academy and former laureates are also authorised to nominate candidates."[8][9][20] All proposals and their supporting evidence must be received before February 1.[17] The proposals are reviewed by the Prize Committee and specially appointed experts. Before the end of September, the committee chooses potential laureates. If there is a tie, the chairman of the committee casts the deciding vote. Next, the potential laureates must be approved by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Members of the Ninth Class (the social sciences division) of the Academy vote in mid-October to determine the next laureate or laureates of the Prize in Economics.[8][9][21] As with the Nobel Prizes, no more than three people can share the prize for a given year; they must still be living at the time of the Prize announcement in October; and information about Prize nominations cannot be disclosed publicly for 50 years.[17]
Like the Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and literature, each laureate in Economics receives a diploma, gold medal, and monetary grant award document from the King of Sweden at the annual Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm, on the anniversary of Nobel's death (December 10).[3][22]
Laureates[edit]
Main article: List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics
The first prize in economics was awarded in 1969 to Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen "for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes".[23] In 2009, Elinor Ostrom became the first woman awarded the prize.
Awards to non-economists[edit]
Sylvia Nasar wrote in her book A Beautiful Mind that in February 1995, after acrimony pertaining to the awarding of the 1994 Prize in Economics to John Forbes Nash, the Prize in Economics was redefined as a prize in social sciences. This makes it available to researchers in such topics as political science, psychology, and sociology.[24][25] Moreover, the composition of the Economics Prize Committee changed to include two non-economists. This has not been confirmed by the Economics Prize Committee. The members of the 2007 Economics Prize Committee are still dominated by economists, as the secretary and four of the five members are professors of economics.[26] In 1978, Herbert A. Simon, whose PhD was in political science, became the first non-economist to win the prize,[citation needed] while Daniel Kahneman, a professor of psychology and international relations at Princeton University is the first non-economist by profession to win the prize.
Controversies and criticisms[edit]
Some critics argue that the prestige of the Prize in Economics derives in part from its association with the Nobel Prizes, an association that has often been a source of controversy. Among them is the Swedish human rights lawyer Peter Nobel, a great-grandson of Ludvig Nobel.[27] Nobel criticizes the awarding institution of misusing his family's name, and states that no member of the Nobel family has ever had the intention of establishing a prize in economics.[28] He explained that "Nobel despised people who cared more about profits than society's well-being", saying that "There is nothing to indicate that he would have wanted such a prize", and that the association with the Nobel prizes is "a PR coup by economists to improve their reputation".[27]
According to Samuel Brittan of the Financial Times, both of the former Swedish ministers of finance, Kjell-Olof Feldt and Gunnar Myrdal, wanted the prize abolished, saying, "Myrdal rather less graciously wanted the prize abolished because it had been given to such reactionaries as Hayek (and afterwards Milton Friedman)."[25] Relatedly, it has been noted that several members of the awarding committee have been affiliated with the Mont Pelerin Society.[29]
In his speech at the 1974 Nobel Prize banquet, Friedrich Hayek stated that had he been consulted on the establishment of a Nobel Prize in economics, he would "have decidedly advised against it"[25][30] primarily because, "The Nobel Prize confers on an individual an authority which in economics no man ought to possess.... This does not matter in the natural sciences. Here the influence exercised by an individual is chiefly an influence on his fellow experts; and they will soon cut him down to size if he exceeds his competence. But the influence of the economist that mainly matters is an influence over laymen: politicians, journalists, civil servants and the public generally."[30]
Critics cite the apparent snub of Joan Robinson as evidence of the committee's bias towards mainstream economics,[31][32] though heterodox economists like Friedrich Hayek (Austrian School) and Ronald Coase (associated with new institutional economics) have won.
Milton Friedman was awarded the 1976 prize in part for his work on monetarism. Awarding the prize to Friedman caused international protests.[33] Friedman was accused of supporting the military dictatorship in Chile because of the relation of economists of the University of Chicago to Pinochet, and a controversial six-day trip[34] he took to Chile during March 1975 (less than two years after the coup that deposed President Salvador Allende). Friedman himself answered that he never was an adviser to the dictatorship, but only gave some lectures and seminars on inflation and met with officials, including Augusto Pinochet, in Chile.[35]
Four Nobel Prize laureates – George Wald, Linus Pauling, David Baltimore and Salvador Luria – wrote letters in October 1976 to the New York Times protesting Friedman's award.[36][37]
The 1994 prize to John Forbes Nash caused controversy within the selection committee because of Nash's history of mental illness and alleged anti-Semitism.[38][39] The controversy resulted in a change to the rules governing the committee during 1994: Prize Committee members are now limited to serve for three years.[24]
The 2005 prize to Robert Aumann was criticized by European press[who?] for his alleged use of game theory to justify his stance against the dismantling of Israeli settlements in occupied territories.[40]
Alternative names[edit]
The award's official Swedish name is Sveriges riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne. The Nobel Foundation's translations of the Swedish name into English have varied since 1969:
Years
English translations
1969–1970 Prize in Economic Science dedicated to the memory of Alfred Nobel[41][42]
1971 Prize in Economic Science[43]
1972 Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel[44]
1973–1975 Prize in Economic Science in Memory of Alfred Nobel[45][46]
1976–1977 Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel[47][48]
1978–1981 Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences[49][50]
1982 Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science[51]
1983 Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel[52]
1984–1990 Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences[53][54]
1991 Sveriges Riksbank (Bank of Sweden) Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel[55]
1992–2005 Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel[56][57]
2006–present The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel[58][59]
See also[edit]
List of Nobel laureates by country
List of prizes known as the Nobel of a field
List of science and technology awards
List of prizes named after people
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Nobel Prize amount is raised by SEK 1 million". Nobelprize.org.
Jump up ^ Hird., John A. (2005). Power, Knowledge, and Politics. American governance and public policy. Georgetown University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-58901-048-2. OCLC 231997210. the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Economics
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Nobel Prize". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Retrieved 14 November 2007. An additional award, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, was established in 1968 by the Bank of Sweden with a grant to the Nobel Foundation, and was first awarded in 1970. Thus, its laureates are announced with the Nobel Prize recipients, and the Prize in Economic Sciences is presented at the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony.
Jump up ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel". Sveriges Riksbank. Retrieved 12 December 2012. Sveriges Riksbank’s Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was established with a donation to the Nobel Foundation in connection with the Riksbank’s 300th anniversary in 1968.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize". The Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 7 November 2007. In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank established The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel". The Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 7 November 2007. In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) established this Prize in memory of Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize.
Jump up ^ "Organization Structure: Spreading Information About the Nobel Prize". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2014-11-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Statutes for The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel approved by the Crown on the 19th day of December 1968". The Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 16 November 2007. In celebration of the Tercentenary of Sveriges Riksbank, the Bank has instituted a prize in economic sciences in memory of Alfred Nobel. ... The Prize shall be awarded annually to a person who has written a work on economic sciences of the eminent significance expressed in the will of Alfred Nobel drawn up on November 27, 1895. ... The Prize shall be awarded by the Royal Academy of Sciences in accordance with the rules governing the award of the Nobel Prizes instituted through his will.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Nominating and awarding", in "Prize in Economic Sciences", Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Retrieved July 04, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jan Tinbergen" (2007), in Encyclopædia Britannica, accessed November 16, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9380801>.
Jump up ^ "Ragnar Frisch" (2007), in Encyclopædia Britannica, accessed November 16, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9364984>.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize Amounts". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2016-04-26.
^ Jump up to: a b Assar Lindbeck, "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1969–2006", nobelprize.org, April 18, 1999. Retrieved November 11, 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Prize in Economic Sciences 2007", press release, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, October 15, 2007. Retrieved November 16, 2007. Archived November 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Årsredovidning 2006" (PDF). Sveriges Riksbank. 29 March 2007. Retrieved 15 September 2013. I posten ekonomipris ingår prissumman om 10 miljoner kronor samt administrationskostnader för detta pris om 6,5 miljoner kronor. Dessutom har bidrag givits till det interaktiva Internetmuseum som Nobelstiftelsen byggt upp. Bidraget avser täckande av kostnaden för information om ekonomipriset. Bidraget ska enligt avtal utbetalas årligen med 1 miljon kronor till och med 2008.
Jump up ^ Rampell, Catherine (15 October 2012). "2 From U.S. Win Nobel in Economics". New York Times. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Nomination of the Laureates in Economics". The Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Prize in Economic Sciences", Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Retrieved July 4, 2017. Archived October 8, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Excerpt from the Will of Alfred Nobel". The Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 7 November 2007.
Jump up ^ "Nomination and Selection of the Laureates in Economics". The Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 18 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "Members". Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on May 4, 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies and Banquets". The Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 7 November 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1969". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Nasar, A Beautiful Mind, p. 372
^ Jump up to: a b c Brittan, Samuel (19 December 2003). "The not so noble Nobel Prize". Financial Times. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Economics Prize Committee". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 8 January 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nobel descendant slams Economics prize". The Local. 28 September 2005. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Alfred Nobels familie tar avstand fra økonomiprisen". Aftenposten. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
Jump up ^ Offer, Avner; Söderberg, Gabriel (2016). The Nobel Factor: The Prize in Economics, Social Democracy, and the Market Turn (1st ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. 104–105. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b von Hayek, Friedrich (10 December 1974). "Friedrich von Hayek: Banquet Speech". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Nasar, Sylvia (13 October 2001). "The Sometimes Dismal Nobel Prize in Economics". New York Times. Retrieved 13 September 2011. [Ms. Robinson] did not win the prize because [the committee] feared that she would either refuse it or, worse, use the Nobel limelight to attack mainstream economics.
Jump up ^ Millmow, Alex (2 May 2002). "An IgNobel Scandal". Post-Autistic Economics Review. Retrieved 18 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Feldman, Burton (2000). "Chapter 9: The Economics Memorial Prize". The Nobel Prize: A History of Genius, Controversy, and Prestige. New York: Arcade Publishing. p. 350. ISBN 1-55970-537-X.
Jump up ^ O'Shaughnessy, Hugh (11 December 2006). "General Augusto Pinochet". The Independent.
Jump up ^ Friedman, Milton; Friedman, Rose D. "Two Lucky People: One Week in Stockholm". Hoover Digest: Research and Opinion on Public Policy. 1998 (4).
Jump up ^ Wald, George; Pauling, Linus (24 October 1976). "Letters to the Editor: The Laureate". New York Times. p. 166.
Jump up ^ Baltimore, David; Luria, S.E. (24 October 1976). "Letters to the Editor: The Laureate". New York Times. p. 166.
Jump up ^ Nasar, A Beautiful Mind, p. 356–373
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Nobel Prize Controversies: John Forbes Nash". Time. October 7, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "EJP | News | Western Europe | Anti-Israel protests against Nobel prize award". Ejpress.org. 11 December 2005. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Lundberg, Erik (10 December 1969). "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1969: Presentation Speech". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Lindbeck, Assar (10 December 1970). "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1970: Presentation Speech". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Ohlin, Bertil (10 December 1971). "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1971: Presentation Speech". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1972: Press Release". Nobel Foundation. 25 October 1972. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1973: Press Release". Nobel Foundation. 18 October 1973. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1975: Press Release". Nobel Foundation. 14 October 1975. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1976: Press Release". Nobel Foundation. 14 October 1976. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1977: Press Release". Nobel Foundation. 14 October 1977. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1978: Press Release". Nobel Foundation. 16 October 1978. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1981: Press Release". Nobel Foundation. 13 October 1981. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1982: Press Release". Nobel Foundation. 20 October 1982. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1983: Press Release". Nobel Foundation. 17 October 1983. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1984: Press Release". Nobel Foundation. 18 October 1984. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1990: Press Release". Nobel Foundation. 16 October 1990. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1991: Press Release". Nobel Foundation. 15 October 1991. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1992: Press Release". Nobel Foundation. 13 October 1992. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2005: Press Release". Nobel Foundation. 10 October 2005. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2006: Press Release". Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2006. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2007: Press Release". Nobel Foundation. 15 October 2007. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
References[edit]
Nasar, Sylvia (1998). A Beautiful Mind. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-81906-6.
External links[edit]
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Nobel Perspectives website - documentary interviews with past laureates of the Nobel Prize for Economics
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Laureates of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
1969–1975
1969 Ragnar Frisch / Jan Tinbergen
1970 Paul A. Samuelson
1971 Simon Kuznets
1972 John R. Hicks / Kenneth J. Arrow
1973 Wassily Leontief
1974 Gunnar Myrdal / Friedrich August von Hayek
1975 Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich / Tjalling C. Koopmans
1976–2000
1976 Milton Friedman
1977 Bertil Ohlin / James E. Meade
1978 Herbert A. Simon
1979 Theodore W. Schultz / Sir Arthur Lewis
1980 Lawrence R. Klein
1981 James Tobin
1982 George J. Stigler
1983 Gérard Debreu
1984 Richard Stone
1985 Franco Modigliani
1986 James M. Buchanan Jr.
1987 Robert M. Solow
1988 Maurice Allais
1989 Trygve Haavelmo
1990 Harry M. Markowitz / Merton H. Miller / William F. Sharpe
1991 Ronald H. Coase
1992 Gary S. Becker
1993 Robert W. Fogel / Douglass C. North
1994 John C. Harsanyi / John F. Nash Jr. / Reinhard Selten
1995 Robert E. Lucas Jr.
1996 James A. Mirrlees / William Vickrey
1997 Robert C. Merton / Myron S. Scholes
1998 Amartya Sen
1999 Robert A. Mundell
2000 James J. Heckman / Daniel L. McFadden
2001–present
2001 George A. Akerlof / A. Michael Spence / Joseph E. Stiglitz
2002 Daniel Kahneman / Vernon L. Smith
2003 Robert F. Engle III / Clive W.J. Granger
2004 Finn E. Kydland / Edward C. Prescott
2005 Robert J. Aumann / Thomas C. Schelling
2006 Edmund S. Phelps
2007 Leonid Hurwicz / Eric S. Maskin / Roger B. Myerson
2008 Paul Krugman
2009 Elinor Ostrom / Oliver E. Williamson
2010 Peter A. Diamond / Dale T. Mortensen / Christopher A. Pissarides
2011 Thomas J. Sargent / Christopher A. Sims
2012 Alvin E. Roth / Lloyd S. Shapley
2013 Eugene F. Fama / Lars Peter Hansen / Robert J. Shiller
2014 Jean Tirole
2015 Angus Deaton
2016 Oliver Hart / Bengt Holmström
2017 Richard H. Thaler
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The Bar-Kays
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with The Mar-Keys, a 1950s/1960s studio session band.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Bar-Kays
Origin
Memphis, Tennessee, United States
Genres
R&B, soul, funk
Years active
1966–1989, 1991–present
Labels
Stax, Mercury, Rhino, Island Records
Associated acts
Otis Redding, Albert King
Members
James Alexander
Larry Dodson
Willie Hall
Past members
Ben Cauley (deceased)
Ronnie Caldwell (deceased)
Carl Cunningham (deceased)
Phalon Jones (deceased)
Jimmy King (deceased)
Marcus Price (murdered)
Vernon Burch
Ronnie Gorden
Michael Toles
Winston Stewart
Charles "Scoops" Allen
Alvin Hunter
Barry Wilkins
Lloyd Smith
Mike Beard
Frank Thompson
Sherman Guy
Larry "LJ" Johnson
Harvey Henderson
Tony Gentry
Archie Love
Bryan Smith
Carl Sims
The Bar-Kays are an American soul, R&B, and funk group formed in 1966. The group had dozens of charting singles from the 1960s to the 1980s, including "Soul Finger" (US Billboard Hot 100 number 17, R&B number 3) in 1967, "Son of Shaft" (R&B number 10) in 1972, and "Boogie Body Land" (R&B number 7) in 1980.
Contents
1 History: Black rock years
2 Career: Funk years
3 In popular culture
4 Discography
4.1 Albums
4.2 Singles
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History: Black rock years[edit]
The Bar-Kays began in Memphis, Tennessee, as a studio session group, backing major artists at Stax Records. In 1967 they were chosen by Otis Redding to play as his backing band and were tutored for that role by Al Jackson, Jr., Booker T. Jones, and the other members of Booker T. & the M.G.'s.[1] Their first single, "Soul Finger", was issued on April 14, 1967, reaching number 3 on the US Billboard R&B Singles chart and number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100. On December 10, 1967, Redding and four members of the band—Jimmy King (born June 8, 1949; guitar), Ronnie Caldwell (born December 27, 1948; electric organ), Phalon Jones (born 1948; saxophone), and Carl Cunningham (born 1948; drums)—and their partner, Matthew Kelly, died when their airplane crashed into Lake Monona, near Madison, Wisconsin, while attempting to land at Truax Field. Redding and the band were scheduled to play their next concerts in Madison. Trumpeter Ben Cauley was the only survivor of the crash. Bassist James Alexander was on another plane, as the plane carrying Redding held only seven passengers. Cauley and Alexander rebuilt the group.
The re-formed band consisted of Cauley; Alexander; Harvey Henderson, saxophone; Michael Toles, guitar; Ronnie Gorden, organ; Willie Hall, drums; and later Larry Dodson (formerly of fellow Stax act the Temprees), lead vocals. The group backed dozens of major Stax artists on recordings, including Isaac Hayes on his album Hot Buttered Soul.
Cauley left the group in 1971, leaving Alexander, Dodson (vocals, vibes), Barry Wilkins (guitar), Winston Stewart (keyboards), Henderson (tenor sax, flute), Charles "Scoops" Allen (trumpet), and Alvin Hunter (drums) to create the album Black Rock.[2] Lloyd Smith joined in 1973, and the band changed musical direction during the 1970s, forging a successful career in funk music. With the Stax/Volt label folding in 1975, the group signed with Mercury Records.[3]
Career: Funk years[edit]
In 1976, Dodson (vocals), Alexander (bass), Lloyd Smith (guitar), Allen (trumpet), Henderson (saxophone), Frank Thompson (trombone), Stewart (keyboards), and Mike Beard (drums) brought their "Shake Your Rump to the Funk" track into the R&B Top Five.[3] In autumn 1977, the group came out with Flying High on Your Love, an album that featured "Shut the Funk Up", a "near-perfect disco song punctuated by the funky horn triumvirate of Charles 'Scoop' Allen, Harvey 'Joe' Henderson, and Frank 'Captain Disaster' Thompson and dominated by vocalist Larry 'D' Dodson's call to 'get on up or just shut the funk up.'"[4]. Group peaked as funk band from late 70s to late 80s. They released funk single such as "Move Your Boogie Body[5]"(79), "Hit and Run"(81), "Freak Show on the Dance Floor"(84), Satisfied True"(87), "Struck by You"(89).
In 1983, Sherman Guy left the group, and Larry (LJ) Johnson took his place on vocals and percussion. Charles Allen left the group just before it took a more commercial direction.[6] The Bar-Kays continued to have hits on R&B charts well into the 1980s.
Guitarist Marcus Price, a member of the band, was murdered after leaving a rehearsal in 1984; the crime has never been solved by the Memphis police.
The band took an extended break in the late 1980s but regrouped in 1991, with Alexander once again being the only original member. Since 1991, Larry Dodson, Archie Love, Bryan Smith, and Tony Gentry have been added to the group.
Alexander's son is the award-winning rapper and record producer Phalon "Jazze Pha" Alexander, named after Phalon Jones, who died in the 1967 plane crash. In 2013, the group was inducted into the Memphis Music Hall of Fame.[7] On June 6, 2015, the Bar-Kays were inducted into the Official Rhythm & Blues Music Hall of Fame in Clarksdale, Mississippi.
Trumpeter Ben Cauley died in Memphis on September 21, 2015, at the age of 67.[8]
In popular culture[edit]
The Bar-Kays appeared in the 1973 film documentary, Wattstax.
"Freakshow On The Dance Floor" was featured in the first breakdance scene in the 1984 movie, Breaking'".
In the 1985 movie, Spies Like Us, starring Dan Aykroyd and Chevy Chase, The Bar-Kays' hit "Soul Finger" was being played by the crew of a Soviet mobile ICBM platform on patrol in the Tajik S.S.R. Their songs "Too Hot To Stop" and "Soul Finger" are featured in the 2007 comedy film, Superbad. "Soul Finger" is also featured in the 2012 remake of "Sparkle".
The Sugar Hill Gang's 1979 single "Rapper's Delight" contains multiple references to the Bar-Kays.
Discography[edit]
Albums[edit]
1967 Soul Finger (Volt S417)
1969 Gotta Groove (Volt VOS-6004)
1969 Hot Buttered Soul (Isaac Hayes) (the band backs Hayes on his 2nd album)
1971 Black Rock (Volt VOS-6011)
1972 Do You See What I See?
1974 Coldblooded (Volt VOS-6023) reissued as (Volt VOS-9504)
1976 Too Hot to Stop (Mercury Records)
1977 Flying High on Your Love
1978 Money Talks
1978 Light of Life
1979 Injoy
1980 As One
1981 Nightcruising
1982 Propositions
1984 Dangerous
1985 Banging the Wall
1987 Contagious
1989 Animal
1994 48 Hours
2012 Grown Folks
Singles[edit]
1967 – "Soul Finger" (number 17 pop, number 3 R&B, number 13 Canada)
1967 – "Knucklehead" (number 76 pop, number 28 R&B)
1967 – "Give Everybody Some" (number 91 pop, number 36 R&B)
1972 – "Son of Shaft" (number 53 pop, number 10 R&B)
1976 – "Shake Your Rump to the Funk" (number 23 pop, number 5 R&B)
1977 – "Too Hot to Stop" (number 74 pop, number 8 R&B)
1977 – "Spellbound" (number 29 R&B)
1978 – "Let's Have Some Fun" (number 11 R&B)
1978 – "Attitudes" (number 22 R&B)
1979 – "Holy Ghost" (number 9 R&B)
1979 – "I'll Dance" (number 26 R&B)
1979 – "Are You Being Real" (number 61 R&B)
1979 – "Shine" (number 14 R&B)
1979 – "Move Your Boogie Body" (number 53 pop, number 90 dance, number 3 R&B)
1979 – "Today Is the Day" (number 60 pop, number 25 R&B)
1980 – "Boogie Body Land" (number 73 dance, number 7 R&B)
1980 – "Body Fever" (number 42 R&B)
1981 – "Hit & Run" (number 5 R&B)
1982 – "Freaky Behavior" (number 60 dance, number 27 R&B)
1982 – "Hit & Run/Freaky Behavior" (number 49 dance)
1982 – "Do It (Let Me See You Shake)" (number 9 R&B)
1983 – "She Talks to Me With Her Body" (number 62 dance, number 13 R&B)
1984 – "Freak Show on the Dance Floor" (number 73 pop, number 2 R&B)
1984 – "Sexomatic" (number 12 R&B)
1984 – "Dirty Dancer" (number 17 R&B)
1985 – "Your Place or Mine" (number 44 dance, number 12 R&B)
1985 – "Banging the Walls" (number 67 R&B)
1987 – "Certified True" (number 9 R&B)
1989 – "Struck by You" (number 11 R&B)
1994 – "Old School Megamix" (number 44 rap)
1995 – "Mega Mix" (number 96 R&B)
1995 – "The Slide" (number 82 R&B)
See also[edit]
Funk
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Bar-Kays on iTunes". Itunes.apple.com. 1967-12-10. Retrieved 2015-10-14.
Jump up ^ Strong, Martin Charles (2002). The great rock discography. The National Academies. p. 144. ISBN 1841953121. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Thompson, Dave (2001). Funk. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 74. ISBN 0879306297. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bogdanov, Vladimir (2003). All music guide to soul: the definitive guide to R&B and soul. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 35. ISBN 0879307447. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "AllMusic - Record Reviews, Streaming Songs, Genres & Bands". AllMusic. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Bogdanov, p. 34
Jump up ^ Bacle, Ariana (2015-09-23). "Stax Records trumpeter Ben Cauley dies". EW.com. Retrieved 2015-10-14.
Jump up ^ "Ben Cauley, Sole Survivor of Otis Redding Crash, Dies at 67". The New York Times, September 24, 2015. Accessed May 10, 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bar-Kays.
Official website
The Bar-Kays at AllMusic
The Bar-Kays discography at Discogs
James Alexander NAMM Oral History Interview (2015)
show
v
t
e
The Bar-Kays
James Alexander
Larry Dodson
Vernon Burch
Ronnie Caldwell
Ben Cauley
Carl Cunningham
Ronnie Gorden
Willie Hall
Harvey Henderson
Phalon Jones
Larry Smith
Charles "Scoops" Allen
Jimmie King
Lloyd Smith
Michael Toles
Marcus Price
Angelo Earl
Winston Stewart
Frank Thompson
Studio albums
Soul Finger (1967)
Coldblooded (1974)
Too Hot to Stop (1976)
Flying High on Your Love (1977)
Money Talks (1978)
Light of Life (1978)
Injoy (1979)
As One (1980)
Nightcruising (1981)
Propositions (1982)
Dangerous (1984)
Singles
"Soul Finger"
"Boogie Body Land"
Related albums
Hot Buttered Soul (1969)
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Stax/Volt Records
Major figures
Jim Stewart
Estelle Axton
Al Bell
Steve Cropper
Booker T. Jones
Donald "Duck" Dunn
Al Jackson Jr.
Isaac Hayes
David Porter
Related articles
Wattstax
Stax Museum of American Soul Music
Soulsville
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WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb13958585p (data)
GND: 10279359-1
ISNI: 0000 0001 2358 6946
LCCN: n92005843
MusicBrainz: 919ac2b3-aa04-4732-93f8-742ebb7a03f2
VIAF: 122769079
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bar-Kays&oldid=843540089"
Categories:
Accidental deaths in Wisconsin
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