text:
How Long (Ace song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see How Long (disambiguation).
"How Long"
Single by Ace
from the album Five-A-Side
B-side
"Sniffin' About"
Released
March 1975
Format
7" Vinyl
Genre
Soft rock[1][2]
Length
3:22
Label
Anchor
Songwriter(s)
Paul Carrack
Producer(s)
John Anthony
Ace singles chronology
"How Long"
(1975) "I Ain't Gonna Stand For This"
(1975)
"How Long"
(1974) "I Ain't Gonna Stand For This"
(1975)
"How Long" is a 1974 song by the British group Ace from their album Five-A-Side. It reached No. 3 in the US and Canadian charts, and No. 20 in the UK Singles Chart.[3]
Although widely interpreted as being about adultery, the song was in fact composed by lead singer Paul Carrack upon discovering that bassist Terry Comer had been secretly working with the Sutherland Brothers and Quiver.[4] Comer returned to Ace in time to play on the song.[5]
The guitar solo is by Alan "Bam" King.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Chart history
1.1 Weekly charts
1.2 Year-end charts
2 Covers
2.1 Charting versions
2.2 Other versions
3 References
Chart history[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1975)
Peak
position
Australia[7] 63
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[8] 3
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[9] 11
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[10] 20
US Billboard Hot 100[11] 3
US Billboard Adult Contemporary[12] 24
US Cash Box Top 100[13] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1975)
Rank
Canada [14] 42
US Billboard Hot 100[15] 57
US Cash Box [16] 47
Covers[edit]
Charting versions[edit]
Lipps Inc. recorded a cover in 1981 that reached No. 4 on the U.S. dance chart, No. 29 on the U.S. soul singles chart, and No. 42 in Canada.[17]
Rod Stewart, also in 1981, recorded a version that charted in the top 50 of the Billboard Hot 100.[18] It was included on his album Tonight I'm Yours.[19]
In 1993, British reggae group Aswad and singer Yazz covered the song which reached No. 31 in the UK Singles Chart,[20] from Yazz's 1994 album One on One.[21]
Composer and original vocalist Paul Carrack performed a new version of the song on his 1996 album Blue Views.[22] Carrack's solo version hit #32 on the UK charts.
Other versions[edit]
The following artists have also recorded cover versions of "How Long":
Bobby Womack, on the 1976 album Home Is Where the Heart Is[23]
Barbara Mandrell recorded a country/disco version on the 1977 album Love's Ups and Downs[24]
Barbara Dickson, on the 1989 album Coming Alive Again[25]
Smooth jazz artists Jeff Golub and Brian Auger, on their 2013 album Train Keeps A Rolling, with vocals by Christopher Cross[26]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Thomas, Stephen. "How Long - Ace : Listen, Appearances, Song Review". AllMusic. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "How Long - Ace |". Toponehitwonders.com. 21 May 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 13. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ "Ace | Biography, Albums, & Streaming Radio". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-06-11.
Jump up ^ "Classic Music Hits from the '50s through Today". Timelife.com. Retrieved 2016-06-11.
Jump up ^ Biography by Eugene Chadbourne (1946-09-18). "Alan "Bam" King | Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Forum - 1970 (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". Australian-charts.com. Archived from the original on 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 3969a." RPM. Library and Archives Canada.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Ace – How Long" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Ace: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ ""Ace – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Ace". Billboard.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 12.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box Top 100 5/31/75". Tropicalglen.com. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1975/Top 100 Songs of 1975". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1975". Tropicalglen.com. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Steve Huey. "Lipps, Inc. | Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-06-11.
Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine (1945-01-10). "Rod Stewart | Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-06-11.
Jump up ^ "Search Help". Google.com. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2016-06-11.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 613. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ "Yazz - One On One". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-06-11.
Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine. "Blue Views - Paul Carrack | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-06-11.
Jump up ^ Jason Ankeny. "Home Is Where the Heart Is - Bobby Womack | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-06-11.
Jump up ^ "Love's Ups and Downs - Barbara Mandrell | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-06-11.
Jump up ^ "Barbara Dickson - Coming Alive Again (CD, Album)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-06-11.
Jump up ^ Thom Jurek (2013-08-13). "Train Keeps a Rolling - Jeff Golub,Brian Auger | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-06-11.
[hide]
v
t
e
Lipps Inc.
Steven Greenberg
Cynthia Johnson
Melanie Rosales
Margaret Cox
Studio albums
Mouth to Mouth (1979)
Pucker Up (1980)
Designer Music (1981)
Singles
"Funkytown"
"How Long"
Book:Lipps Inc.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_Long_(Ace_song)&oldid=836489726"
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Stanley Cup playoffs
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the upcoming playoffs, see 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs.
The Stanley Cup playoffs (French: Les séries éliminatoires de la Coupe Stanley) is an elimination tournament in the National Hockey League consisting of four rounds of best-of-seven series. Eight teams from each of the two conferences qualify for the playoffs based on regular season points totals. The final round is commonly known as the Stanley Cup Finals, which sees the two conference champions play for the Stanley Cup.
The NHL has always used a playoff tournament to determine its champion. Its playoff system has changed over the years, from the league's inception in 1917 when ownership of the Stanley Cup was shared between different leagues, to when the NHL took over the Cup in 1926, to the current setup today.
Contents
[hide]
1 Current format
2 History
2.1 NHL takes control of Stanley Cup
2.2 Original Six era
2.3 Expansion era
2.4 NHL-WHA merger
2.5 Divisional playoffs
2.6 1994–1998
2.7 1999-2013
2.8 2014–present
3 Traditions and trends
4 Postseason appearances
4.1 Appearances by active teams
5 See also
6 References
Current format[edit]
See also: NHL Conference Finals
The Stanley Cup playoffs consists of four rounds of best-of-seven series. Each series is played in a 2–2–1–1–1 format, meaning the team with home-ice advantage hosts games one, two, five, and seven, while their opponent hosts games three, four, and six. Games five, six, and seven are only played if needed.
Eight teams in each conference qualify for the playoffs. In the playoff series format instituted in 2014, the first, second, and third place team in each of the four divisions qualify for the playoffs automatically. Two additional teams from each conference, regardless of divisional alignment, also qualify for the playoffs by having the highest point totals out of the remaining teams in the conference. These teams are referred to as the Wild Cards. Since there is no attention paid to divisional alignment with the wild cards, it is possible for a single division to produce both wild cards.
In the First Round,[1] the eight teams are split into two separate brackets by division. Each bracket consists of the top three divisional qualifiers and one of the wild cards. The lower seeded wild card plays against the division winner with the best record while the other wild card plays against the other division winner, and both wild cards are de facto #4 seeds. The other two series match the second and third place teams from the divisions.
The winners of both First Round series advance to the Second Round.[1] The reseeding in the previous format, which ensured the top seed would play the lowest remaining seed, was discarded. The winners of these series advance to the Conference Finals and the winners there move to the Stanley Cup Finals.[1]
In the first two rounds, the higher-seeded team has home-ice advantage (regardless of point record). Thereafter, it goes to the team with the better regular season record (regardless of seeding); in the case of a tie, the league's standard tiebreaking procedure is applied. The team with home-ice advantage hosts games one, two, five, and seven, while the opponent hosts games three, four, and six (games five through seven are played if necessary).
Any ties in the standings at the end of the regular season are broken using the following protocols:
The greater number of games won. Starting in the 2010–11 NHL season, shootout wins are not included in the tie-breaking procedure.
The greater number of points earned in games between the tied clubs.
If two clubs are tied, and have not played an equal number of home games against each other, the points earned in the first game played in the city that had the extra game are not included.
If more than two clubs are tied, the higher percentage of available points earned in games among those clubs, and not including any "odd" games, are used to determine the standing.
The greater differential between goals for and against during the entire regular season.
If two clubs are still tied on non-shootout wins, points earned between the tied clubs and regular season goal differential, a one-game playoff is played under Stanley Cup playoff rules.[2]
History[edit]
The National Hockey League has always used a playoff tournament to determine its champion, generally opening up its playoff games to a much larger number of teams, including those with a losing regular season record in some years (the most recent being the seventh and eighth seeded San Jose Sharks and Edmonton Oilers, respectively, in 1999).
From the NHL's inception to 1920, when ownership of the Stanley Cup was shared between the NHL and the Pacific Coast Hockey Association the regular season was divided into two halves, with the top team from each half moving on to the league finals, which was a two-game total goals series in 1918 and a best-of-seven series in 1919. In 1920, the Ottawa Senators were automatically declared the league champion when the team had won both halves of the regular season. The two halves format was abandoned the next year, and the top two teams faced off for the NHL championship in a two-game total goals series.
At the time, the NHL champion would later face the winners of the PCHA and, from 1921, the Western Canada Hockey League in further rounds in order to determine the Stanley Cup champion. During this time, as the rules of the NHL and those of the western leagues differ (the main difference being that NHL rules allowed five skaters while the western leagues allowed six), the rules for each game in the Stanley Cup Finals alternated between those of the NHL and the western leagues. Before the WCHL competed for the Stanley Cup, the Cup championship series a best-of-five series. Following the involvement of the WCHL, one league champion was given a bye straight to the finals (a best-of-three affair starting in 1922), while the other two competed in a best-of-three semifinal. As travel expenses were high during these times, it was often the case that the NHL champions were sent west to compete. In a dispute between the leagues in 1923 about whether to send one or both western league champions east, the winner of the PCHA/WCHL series would proceed to the Stanley Cup Finals, while the loser of the series would face the NHL champion, both series being best-of-three.
In 1924 the NHL playoffs expanded from two to three teams (with the top team getting a bye to the two-game total goal NHL finals), but because the first-place Hamilton Tigers refused to play under this format, the second and third place teams played for the NHL championship in a two-game total goals affair. The Stanley Cup Finals returned to a best-of-five format the same year.[3]
NHL takes control of Stanley Cup[edit]
With the merger of the PCHA and WCHL in 1925 and its collapse in 1926, the NHL took de facto control of the Stanley Cup. While the Cup would not be formally deeded to the league until 1947, from 1926 onward the NHL playoffs and the Stanley Cup playoffs are considered synonymous. The NHL was subsequently divided into the Canadian and American divisions until the 1927–28 season. For 1927, six teams qualified for the playoffs, three from each division, with the division semifinals and finals being a two-game total goals affair, and the Stanley Cup Finals becoming a best-of-five series. In 1928, the playoff format was changed so that the two teams with identical division ranking would face each other (i.e. the first place teams played each other, the second place teams play each other, and likewise for the third place teams). The first place series was a best-of-five affair, with the winner proceeding to the best-of-three Stanley Cup Finals, while the others were a two-game total goals series. The winner of the second and third place series played each other in a best-of-three series, with the winner earning the other berth to the Stanley Cup Finals. This format had a slight modification the following year, where the semifinal series became a two-game total goals affair and the Stanley Cup Finals became a best-of-five series. The two-game total goals format was abolished in 1937, with those series being changed to best-of-three affairs.[4]
Original Six era[edit]
The 1930s saw the reduction of teams from ten to seven, and with it an end to the Canadian and American divisions. The Stanley Cup playoffs saw the first- and second-place teams play against each other in a best-of-seven series for one berth in the Stanley Cup Finals, while the third- to sixth-place teams battled in a series of best-of-three matches for the other berth (with the third-place team taking on the fourth-place team, and the fifth-place team against the sixth-place team). In 1939, the Stanley Cup Finals became a best-of-seven series, the format still used today.[4]
The 1942–43 season saw the removal of the New York Americans, leaving six remaining teams (known today as the "Original Six"). Throughout this era, the first and third-place teams played in one best-of-seven semifinal, while the second and fourth-place teams played in the other best-of-seven semifinal. During this time, Detroit Red Wings fans often threw an octopus onto the ice as a good luck charm, as eight wins were required to win the Stanley Cup.[4]
Expansion era[edit]
The 1967 expansion saw the number of teams double from six to twelve in the 1967–68 season, and with it the creation of the Western and Eastern divisions. The playoff format remained largely the same, with all series remaining best-of-seven, and the division champions battling for the Stanley Cup. The 1970–71 season, because of fan demand, brought forth the first inter-conference playoff matchup outside of the Stanley Cup Finals since the pre-war expansion, which had the winner of the second-place versus fourth-place matchup in one conference take on the winner of the first- versus third-place matchup in the other conference for a berth in the Stanley Cup Finals. The following year had one minor change to its playoff format: a stronger team would face a weaker opponent. Thus, instead of a first-place versus third-place and a second versus fourth-place matchup in the first round, the first round had the first-place versus the fourth and the second versus the third-place. This practice of having stronger teams facing weaker opposition has continued to the present day.[4]
The 1974–75 season saw another change to its playoff system to accommodate the league of 18 teams, twelve of which qualified for the playoffs. The top team from each division would earn a bye to the quarterfinal, while the second- and third-place teams from each division started their playoff run from a best-of-three preliminary round. In each round of the playoffs, the teams remaining were seeded regardless of divisional or conference alignment, with the preliminary-round series being a best-of-three affair while the remainder of the series remained best-of-seven. The 1977–78 season had one minor change in its playoff format: although the second-place finishers from each division would qualify for the preliminary round, the four playoff spots reserved for the third-place teams were replaced by four wild-card spots—spots for the four teams with the highest regular-season point total that did not finish first or second in their divisions.[4]
NHL-WHA merger[edit]
With the absorption of four teams from the World Hockey Association in the 1979–1980 season, a new playoff system was introduced where 16 of the league's 21 teams would qualify for postseason play. The four division winners would qualify for the playoffs while twelve wildcard positions rounded out the sixteen teams. At the beginning of each round the teams were seeded based on their regular season point totals, with the preliminary round being a best-of-five series while all other playoff series were best-of-seven.[4]
Divisional playoffs[edit]
The 1981–1982 season brought forth the return of divisional matchups, with the top four teams from each division qualifying for the playoffs. Division champions would be determined, followed by the Conference champions, who would meet in the Stanley Cup Finals. The division semifinals was a best-of-five affair until the 1986–87 season, when it became a best-of-seven series, while all other series remained best-of seven.[4]
1994–1998[edit]
For the 1993–94 season, the league revamped its playoff structure to become conference-based rather than division-based. Eight teams in each conference qualified for the playoffs. The division first-place teams were seeded first (the team with the best record in the conference) and second in the conference playoffs and received home ice advantage for the first two rounds. The next six best teams in each conference also qualified and were seeded third through eighth. All teams played in the first round: first-place versus eighth, second versus seventh, third versus sixth and fourth versus fifth. All series were best-of-seven, but the arrangement of home games was changed for Central and Pacific division teams. Instead of the normal 2–2–1–1–1 rotation, a series involving teams from both divisions was 2–3–2, with the higher seeded team having the option of starting play at home or on the road (ALL teams with home-ice advantage chose to play the default 2-2-1-1-1 format, from 1995-1998). After each round, surviving teams were reseeded to play a conference semi-final, then a conference final. The conference winners then played each other in the Stanley Cup Finals. Home ice advantage was determined by higher seed in the first three rounds and by regular-season points of the two teams in the Stanley Cup Finals.[4]
1999-2013[edit]
In 1998–99, the league was re-organized into two conferences of three divisions apiece, resulting in the playoff format used through 2013. The qualifiers remained sixteen, but the seeding changed. The three first-place teams in each division qualified and were seeded first through third for the playoffs. Of the other teams in each conference, the top five finishers qualified for the fourth through eighth seedings. All teams played in the first round: first-place versus eighth, second versus seventh, third versus sixth and fourth versus fifth, by those criteria. After each round, surviving teams were reseeded to play a conference semi-final, then a conference final. Like the 1994–1998 system, the conference winners then played each other in the Stanley Cup Finals, and home ice advantage was determined by higher seed in the first three rounds and by regular-season points of the two teams in the Stanley Cup Finals.[4]
2014–present[edit]
The NHL realigned into a four-division, two-conference system for the 2013–14 season. Under the new postseason system, the top three teams in each division make the playoffs, with two wild-cards in each conference (for a total of eight playoff teams from each conference). The format is division-based, similar to the 1981–82 system. In the First Round, the top-ranked team in the conference plays against the lowest-ranked wild-card, while the other division winner plays against the higher ranked wild-card. The second and third place teams in each division then play each other. The first round winners then meet in the Second Round. The third round will still consist of the Western Conference and Eastern Conference Finals, with those conference winners advancing to the Stanley Cup Finals.[5]
Traditions and trends[edit]
Compared to other major professional sports leagues, playoff upsets are relatively common in the NHL.[6] According to NHL broadcaster Darren Eliot, this is because the style of competition in the playoffs is different from the regular season: instead of playing different teams every night, the goal is to advance through four best-of-seven playoff series.[7] The Presidents' Trophy winner may have to go through other playoff clubs who might have a hotter goaltender, a better defensive team, or other players that pose matchup problems. If the regular season champion's primary success was only outscoring others, they may be out of luck facing goaltenders that can shut them out.[7] And although rare, another aspect is that the NHL leads the other leagues in game seven comebacks. Only four instances has an NHL team been able to come back from being down 0–3 to win a seven-game series: the 1942 Toronto Maple Leafs, the 1975 New York Islanders, the 2010 Philadelphia Flyers, and the 2014 Los Angeles Kings. There has been only one such "reverse sweep" comeback in the MLB postseason (the 2004 Boston Red Sox) and none in the NBA playoffs.
It is the reality of the sport. If your particular strength happens to be that you're really good offensively, and you come up against a hot goaltender and a team that is stout defensively, it might not matter that you were good on a nightly basis scoring goals. And that one particular opponent: you'll have to beat them four times.
“
”
NHL broadcaster Darren Eliot explaining the lack of success of Presidents' Trophy winners winning the Stanley Cup.[7]
Despite having more American-based teams than Canadian-based ones throughout much of the NHL's existence (dating back to the Original Six era when it was two Canadian clubs to four American ones, and now 7 to 24 since 2017), there have been only two times in league history where none of the Canadian teams qualified for the postseason: 1970 and 2016.[8] However, the 1993 Montreal Canadiens remain the last Canadian club to go all the way and win the Stanley Cup.[9]
The Stanley Cup playoffs MVP award, the Conn Smythe Trophy is based on the entire NHL postseason instead of just the championship game or series, unlike the playoff MVP awards presented in the other major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada (the Super Bowl MVP, the NBA Finals MVP, and the World Series MVP), although in its history the trophy has never been given to someone that was not in the finals. Doug Gilmour and Peter Forsberg, in 1986 and 1999, respectively, are the only players who have topped the postseason in scoring without making it to the Finals.
NHL players have often grown beards when their team is in the playoffs, where they do not shave until their team is eliminated or wins the Stanley Cup. The tradition was started in the 1980s by the New York Islanders, and is often mirrored by the fans, as well.[10][11]
At the conclusion of a playoff series, players and coaches line up and exchange handshakes with their counterparts on the opposing team, and this has been described by commentators as "one of the great traditions in sports".[12] However, there have been rare occasions that individual players have refused to participate, such as Gerry Cheevers who left the ice without shaking hands with any of the Flyers in 1978,[13] and Billy Smith who avoided handshakes as he was particularly passionate about losses.[14] More recent examples of players refusing the handshake include the 1996 playoffs when several Detroit Red Wings players protested the dirty hit by the Colorado Avalanche's Claude Lemieux,[15] and in the 2008 playoffs when Martin Brodeur refused to shake Sean Avery's hand after Avery screened him in an earlier game.[14]
It is common among players to never touch or hoist the Prince of Wales Trophy (Eastern Conference champion) or Clarence S. Campbell Bowl (Western Conference champion) after they have won the conference finals; the players feel that the Stanley Cup is the true championship trophy and thus it should be the only trophy that they should be hoisting. There have been five recent exceptions to this – Scott Stevens of the Devils in 2000 and 2003 and Sidney Crosby of the Penguins in 2009, 2016, and 2017. In four of these occurrences, their teams went on to win the Stanley Cup. In recent years, the captain of the winning team poses (usually looking solemn) with the conference trophy, and sometimes, the entire team poses as well.[16]
There are many traditions and anecdotes associated with the championship trophy, the Stanley Cup.
Because the Ice Hockey World Championships are held in the same time period as the Stanley Cup playoffs, the only NHL players who can participate in the former are those on NHL teams that have been eliminated from Stanley Cup contention.[17] This policy has been in place since a 1977 agreement between the NHL and the International Ice Hockey Federation, which allowed Team Canada to field a team in the World Championships after an-eight year absence.[18][19]
Postseason appearances[edit]
Correct as of 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs
Appearances by active teams[edit]
Team
Appearances[20]
Montreal Canadiens 86 [A]
Boston Bruins 70
Toronto Maple Leafs 66
Detroit Red Wings 64
Chicago Blackhawks 62
New York Rangers 59
St. Louis Blues 41
Philadelphia Flyers 38
Pittsburgh Penguins 32
Dallas Stars 31 [B]
Buffalo Sabres 29
Los Angeles Kings 29
Calgary Flames 28 [C]
Vancouver Canucks 27
Washington Capitals 27
New York Islanders 24
Colorado Avalanche 22 [D][E]
New Jersey Devils 22 [F]
Edmonton Oilers 21 [D]
Arizona Coyotes 19 [D][G]
San Jose Sharks 18
Ottawa Senators 16 [H]
Carolina Hurricanes 13 [D][I]
Anaheim Ducks 13
Nashville Predators 10
Tampa Bay Lightning 9
Minnesota Wild 8
Florida Panthers 5
Columbus Blue Jackets 3
Winnipeg Jets 2 [J]
Jump up ^ Includes postseason appearances in the National Hockey Association prior to the formation of the NHL in 1917. The NHA, the predecessor league of the NHL, also competed for the Stanley Cup.
Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Minnesota North Stars (1967–68 through to 1992–93).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Atlanta Flames (1972–73 through to 1979–80).
^ Jump up to: a b c d Does not include appearances in the World Hockey Association/Avco Trophy playoffs. Per the conditions of the NHL–WHA merger, the NHL does not officially recognize the WHA history, playoffs and records. Furthermore, during its existence, no WHA champion competed for the Stanley Cup.
Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Quebec Nordiques (1979–80 through to 1994–95).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Colorado Rockies (1976–77 through to 1981–82).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances for the original Winnipeg Jets (1979–80 through to 1995–96).
Jump up ^ The modern Ottawa Senators (1992–present) are the namesake of the original Senators (1883–1934). The NHL officially treats them as two separate franchises.
Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Hartford Whalers (1979–80 through to 1996–97).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Atlanta Thrashers (1999–2000 through to 2010–11).
See also[edit]
List of NHL playoff series
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Stanley Cup Playoffs format, qualification system". NHL.com. March 24, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Stanley Cup Playoffs format, qualification system". NHL.com. April 6, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Stanley Cup Playoff Formats: 1917 to date". NHL.com. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i McCarthy, Dave (2008). The National Hockey League Official Guide & Record Book (2009 ed.). Dan Diamond Associates. p. 249. ISBN 978-1-894801-14-0.
Jump up ^ Dan Rosen (March 14, 2013). "Realignment plan approved by Board of Governors". NHL.com.
Jump up ^ Klein, Jeff Z.; Hackel, Stu (April 12, 2009). "First-Round Upsets Common in N.H.L". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b c Darren Eliot (April 7, 2010). Inside Report: Presidents' Trophy to curse Caps?. SI.com. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ Stubbs, Dave (March 31, 2016). "Woe Canada. No playoffs this year north of border". NHL.com. NHL Enterprises, L.P. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ Tim Warnsby (June 15, 2011). "Bruins win Stanley Cup". CBC Sports. Retrieved Feb 5, 2012. The Canucks weren't going to become the first Canadian-based team since the 1992-93 Montreal Canadiens to win the Stanley Cup with such little production.
Jump up ^ Ryan Kennedy (May 2, 2006). "Wooly Bullies". The Hockey News. Retrieved May 4, 2007. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Barbara Sullivan (April 28, 2007). "One team, one goal, no razors". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved May 4, 2007.
Jump up ^ Analyst (May 18, 2009). "NHL Playoff Traditions: Why the NHL Is the Most Celebrated League". Bleacher Report. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ DropYourGloves.com
^ Jump up to: a b Stephenson, Colin (March 30, 2009). "Sean Avery gets best of New Jersey Devils in New York Rangers' 3-0 victory". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Yes, it's tradition, but players should have a choice - NHL - ESPN". Sports.espn.go.com. April 26, 2007. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Coffey, Phil (June 2, 2006). "NHL.com – Ice Age: Having another trophy in mind". Retrieved July 25, 2006. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Podnieks, Andrew (Sep 4, 2012). Team Canada 1972: The Official 40th Anniversary Celebration of the Summit Series. McClelland & Stewart. Thus, the only professionals who could participate were those on NHL teams that did not make the playoffs or were eliminated quickly
Jump up ^ Barnes, John (2010). The Law of Hockey. Butterworths & Company. p. 83. Since 1977, Canada has competed at the annual IIHF competition mainly using players from teams that have been eliminated from the NHL play-offs
Jump up ^ Duplacey, James (1998). Total Hockey: The official encyclopedia of the National Hockey League. Total Sports. p. 506. ISBN 0-8362-7114-9.
Jump up ^ "Stanley Cup Record Book". NHL Official Guide & Record Book 2015. Triumph Books. October 2014. p. 244. ISBN 978-1629370118.
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Meteor Crater
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For meteorite-created craters in general, see Impact crater.
"Barringer Crater" redirects here. For the crater on the Moon, see Barringer (lunar crater).
Meteor Crater
Barringer Crater
Meteor Crater, also known as Barringer Crater
Impact crater/structure
Confidence
Confirmed[1]
Diameter
1.186 kilometers (0.737 mi)
Depth
170 meters (560 ft)
Rise
45 meters (148 ft)
Impactor diameter
50 meters (160 ft)
Age
50,000 years
Exposed
Yes
Drilled
Yes
Bolide type
Iron meteorite
Location
Location
Coconino County, Arizona
Coordinates
35°1′38″N 111°1′21″W / 35.02722°N 111.02250°W / 35.02722; -111.02250Coordinates: 35°1′38″N 111°1′21″W / 35.02722°N 111.02250°W / 35.02722; -111.02250
Country
United States
State
Arizona
Meteor Crater
Location of Meteor Crater in Arizona
Access
Interstate 40
U.S. National Natural Landmark
Designated
November 1967
The Holsinger meteorite is the largest discovered fragment of the meteorite that created Meteor Crater and it is exhibited in the crater visitor center.
The Barringer Meteor Crater from space. The Diablo Canyon arroyo is to the west (left). The ghost town of Diablo Canyon, for which the meteorite is named, is on the canyon just to the north and out of the picture.
The Meteor Crater from 36,000 feet
Meteor Crater is a meteorite impact crater approximately 37 miles (60 km) east of Flagstaff and 18 miles (29 km) west of Winslow in the northern Arizona desert of the United States. Because the United States Board on Geographic Names commonly recognizes names of natural features derived from the nearest post office, the feature acquired the name of "Meteor Crater" from the nearby post office named Meteor.[2] The site was formerly known as the Canyon Diablo Crater and fragments of the meteorite are officially called the Canyon Diablo Meteorite.[3] Scientists refer to the crater as Barringer Crater in honor of Daniel Barringer, who was first to suggest that it was produced by meteorite impact.[4] The crater is privately owned by the Barringer family through their Barringer Crater Company, which proclaims it to be the "best preserved meteorite crater on Earth".[5][6] Despite its importance as a geological site, the crater is not protected as a national monument, a status that would require federal ownership. It was designated a National Natural Landmark in November 1967.[7]
Meteor Crater lies at an elevation of about 1,740 m (5,710 ft) above sea level. It is about 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in diameter, some 170 m (560 ft) deep, and is surrounded by a rim that rises 45 m (148 ft) above the surrounding plains. The center of the crater is filled with 210–240 m (690–790 ft) of rubble lying above crater bedrock.[1] One of the interesting features of the crater is its squared-off outline, believed to be caused by existing regional jointing (cracks) in the strata at the impact site.[8]
Contents
1 Formation
2 Scientific discovery and investigation
2.1 Albert E. Foote
2.2 Grove Karl Gilbert
2.3 Daniel Barringer
2.4 Eugene M. Shoemaker
3 Geology
4 Today
4.1 Recent history
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links
Formation[edit]
The crater was created about 50,000 years ago during the Pleistocene epoch, when the local climate on the Colorado Plateau was much cooler and damper.[9][10] The area was an open grassland dotted with woodlands inhabited by woolly mammoths and giant ground sloths.[11][12]
The object that excavated the crater was a nickel-iron meteorite about 50 meters (160 feet) across. The speed of the impact has been a subject of some debate. Modeling initially suggested that the meteorite struck at up to 20 kilometers per second (12 miles per second) but more recent research suggests the impact was substantially slower, at 12.8 kilometers per second (8.0 miles per second). It is believed that about half of the impactor's bulk was vaporized during its descent through the atmosphere.[13] Impact energy has been estimated at about 10 megatons. The meteorite was mostly vaporized upon impact, leaving few remains in the crater.[14]
Since the crater's formation, the rim is thought to have lost 15–20 m (49–66 ft) of height at the rim crest as a result of natural erosion. Similarly, the basin of the crater is thought to have approximately 30 m (98 ft) of additional post-impact sedimentation from lake sediments and of alluvium.[15] These erosion processes are the reason that very few remaining craters are visible on Earth, since many have been erased by these geological processes. The relatively young age of Meteor Crater, paired with the dry Arizona climate, have allowed this crater to remain almost unchanged since its formation. The lack of erosion that preserved the crater's shape helped lead to this crater being the first crater recognized as an impact crater from a natural celestial body.[16]
Scientific discovery and investigation[edit]
The crater came to the attention of scientists after American settlers encountered it in the 19th century. Dubbed the Canyon Diablo crater – from Canyon Diablo, Arizona, the closest community to the crater in the late 19th century, 12 miles (19 km) north-west of the crater but now a ghost town – it had initially been ascribed to the actions of a volcano. This was not an unreasonable assumption, as the San Francisco volcanic field lies only about 40 miles (64 km) to the west.[17]
Aerial view of Arizona Meteor Crater, September 2010
Looking into the crater from the north rim. The rust colored area on the far (south) rim is where the last mining for the meteorite occurred in 1929 and was believed to be the site of the bulk of the meteorite. Rock around the south rim is uplifted.
Albert E. Foote[edit]
In 1891, the mineralogist Albert E. Foote presented the first scientific paper about the meteorites of Northern Arizona.[18] Several years earlier, Foote had received an iron rock for analysis from a railroad executive. Foote immediately recognized the rock as a meteorite and led an expedition to search and retrieve additional meteorite samples. The team collected samples ranging from small fragments to over 600 pounds. Foote identified several minerals in the meteorites, including diamond, albeit of little commercial value. His paper to the Association for the Advancement of Science provided the first geological description of the crater to a scientific community.[19]
Grove Karl Gilbert[edit]
In November 1891, Grove Karl Gilbert, chief geologist for the U.S. Geological Survey, investigated the crater and concluded that it was the result of a volcanic steam explosion.[19] Gilbert had assumed that if it were an impact crater then the volume of the crater, as well as meteoritic material, should be present on the rim. Gilbert also assumed a large portion of the meteorite should be buried in the crater and that this would generate a large magnetic anomaly. Gilbert's calculations showed that the volume of the crater and the debris on the rim were roughly equivalent, so that the mass of the hypothetical impactor was missing, nor were there any magnetic anomalies. Gilbert argued that the meteorite fragments found on the rim were coincidental. Gilbert publicized his conclusions in a series of lectures.[20] In 1892, however, Gilbert would be among the first to propose that the Moon's craters were caused by impact rather than volcanism.[21]
Daniel Barringer[edit]
In 1903, mining engineer and businessman Daniel M. Barringer suggested that the crater had been produced by the impact of a large iron-metallic meteorite. Barringer's company, the Standard Iron Company, staked a mining claim to the land and received a land patent signed by Theodore Roosevelt for 640 acres (2.6 km2) around the center of the crater in 1903.[22][23][24] The claim was divided into four quadrants coming from the center clockwise from north-west named Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. In 1906, Roosevelt authorized the establishment of a newly named Meteor, Arizona, post office (the closest post office before was 30 miles (48 km) away in Winslow, Arizona).[25]
Standard Iron Company conducted research on the crater's origins between 1903 and 1905. It concluded that the crater had indeed been caused by an impact. Barringer and his partner, the mathematician and physicist Benjamin Chew Tilghman, documented evidence for the impact theory in papers presented to the U.S. Geological Survey in 1906 and published in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia.[26]
Fragment of the Cañon Diablo Meteorite
Barringer's arguments were met with skepticism, as there was a reluctance at the time to consider the role of meteorites in terrestrial geology. He persisted and sought to bolster his theory by locating the remains of the meteorite. At the time of discovery, the surrounding plains were covered with about 30 tons of large oxidized iron meteorite fragments. This led Barringer to believe that the bulk of the impactor could still be found under the crater floor. Impact physics was poorly understood at the time and Barringer was unaware that most of the meteorite vaporized on impact. He spent 27 years trying to locate a large deposit of meteoric iron, and drilled to a depth of 419 m (1,375 ft) but no significant deposit was ever found.[27]
Barringer, who in 1894 was one of the investors who made $15 million in the Commonwealth silver mine in Pearce, Cochise County, Arizona, had ambitious plans for the iron ore.[28] He estimated from the size of the crater that the meteorite had a mass of 100 million tons.[20] The current estimate of 300,000 tons for the impactor is more than 300 times less (0.3 percent) of Barringer's estimate. Iron ore of the type found at the crater was valued at the time at $125/ton, so Barringer was searching for a lode he believed to be worth more than a billion 1903 dollars.[28]
Despite Barringer's findings and other excavations in the early 20th century, geologists' skepticism continued until the 1950s when planetary science gained in maturity and understanding of cratering processes increased.[29] Professor Herman Leroy Fairchild, an early promoter of impact cratering, argued Barringer's case in an article in Science in 1930.[13][30]
Eugene M. Shoemaker[edit]
Meteor Crater
It was not until 1960 that later research by Eugene Merle Shoemaker confirmed Barringer's hypothesis. The key discovery was the presence in the crater of the minerals coesite and stishovite, rare forms of silica found only where quartz-bearing rocks have been severely shocked by an instantaneous overpressure. It cannot be created by volcanic action; the only known mechanisms of creating it is naturally through an impact event, or artificially through a nuclear explosion.[22][31] In 1960, Edward C. T. Chao and Shoemaker identified (coesite) at Meteor Crater, proving the crater was formed from an impact generating extremely high temperatures and pressures. The impact would have disintegrated the main body of iron mass, while the pieces of Canyon Diablo meteorite found scattered around the site, had broken away from the main body before impact.[32]
Geologists used the nuclear detonation that created the Sedan crater, and other such craters from the era of atmospheric nuclear testing, to establish upper and lower limits on the potential energy of the meteor impactor.[33]
Geology[edit]
The impact created an inverted stratigraphy, so that the layers immediately exterior to the rim are stacked in the reverse order to which they normally occur; the impact overturned and inverted the layers to a distance of one to two kilometers outward from the crater's edge.[34][35] Specifically, climbing the rim of the crater from outside, one finds:
Coconino Sandstone (sandstone formed 265 million years ago) nearest the top of the rim
Toroweap Formation (limestone formed 255 million years ago)
Kaibab Formation (dolomite formed 250 million years ago)
Moenkopi Formation (mudstone formed 245 million years ago) nearest the outer foot of the rim
Panoramic view from upper deck
Panoramic from the lower viewing deck
Today[edit]
Closeup of old mine shaft at the bottom of the crater. Note astronaut cutout and flag attached to fence (inset) full size image
Meteor Crater is a popular tourist attraction privately owned by the Barringer family through the Barringer Crater Company, with an admission fee charged to see the crater. The Meteor Crater Visitor Center on the north rim features interactive exhibits and displays about meteorites and asteroids, space, the solar system and comets. It features the American Astronaut Wall of Fame and such artifacts on display as an Apollo boilerplate command module (BP-29), a 1,406 pound meteorite found in the area, and meteorite specimens from Meteor Crater that can be touched. Formerly known as the Museum of Astrogeology, the Visitor Center includes a movie theater, a gift shop, and observation areas with views inside the rim of the crater. Guided tours of the rim are offered daily, weather permitting.[36]
Recent history[edit]
Meteor Crater, 2010
During the 1960s and 1970s, NASA astronauts trained in the crater to prepare for the Apollo missions to the Moon.[37][38]
On August 8, 1964, a pair of commercial pilots in a Cessna 150 flew low over the crater. After crossing the rim, they could not maintain level flight. The pilot attempted to circle in the crater to climb over the rim. During the attempted climb out, the aircraft stalled, crashed and caught fire. It is commonly reported that the plane ran out of fuel, but this is incorrect. Both occupants were severely injured but survived their ordeal.[39] A small portion of the wreckage not removed from the crash site remains visible.[40]
In 2006, a project called METCRAX (for METeor CRAter eXperiment) investigated "the diurnal buildup and breakdown of basin temperature inversions or cold air pools and the associated physical and dynamical processes accounting for their evolving structure and morphology."[41][42]
See also[edit]
Barringer Medal
List of impact craters on Earth
Elugelab – a smaller-volume nuclear blast crater, despite being created by an object with an almost identical estimated energy release as the Barringer event, 10.4 megaton.
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Barringer". Earth Impact Database. University of New Brunswick. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
Jump up ^ "J. P. Barringer's acceptance speech." Meteoritics, vol. 28, p. 9 (1993). Retrieved on the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System.
Jump up ^ La Pas, L. (1943). "Remarks on four notes recently published by C. C. Wylie", Popular Astronomy, vol. 51, p. 341
Jump up ^ Grieve, R.A.F. (1990) "Impact Cratering on the Earth", Scientific American, 262 (4), 66–73.
Jump up ^ "Barringer Meteorite Crater * Meteorites Craters and Impacts". Barringercrater.com. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
Jump up ^ "Meteor Crater". Meteor Crater. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
Jump up ^ "Barringer Meteor Crater". US Dept of Interior, National Park Service. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Shoemaker, Eugene M.; Susan W. Kieffer (1979). Guidebook to the Geology of Meteor Crater, Arizona. Tempe, Arizona: Center for Meteorite Studies, Arizona State University. p. 45.
Jump up ^ Roddy, D. J.; E. M. Shoemaker (1995). "Meteor Crater (Barringer Meteorite Crater), Arizona: summary of impact conditions". Meteoritics. 30 (5): 567.
Jump up ^ Nishiizumi, K.; Kohl, C.P.; Shoemaker, E.M.; Arnold, J.R.; Klein, J.; Fink, D.; Middleton, R. (1991). "In situ 10Be-26Al exposure ages at Meteor Crater, Arizona". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 55 (9): 2699–2703. Bibcode:1991GeCoA..55.2699N. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(91)90388-L.
Jump up ^ Kring, David (1997). "Air blast produced by the Meteor Crater impact event and a reconstruction of the affected environment". Meteoritics and Planetary Science. 32 (4): 517–30. Bibcode:1997M&PS...32..517K. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1997.tb01297.x.
Jump up ^ Kring, David. "Barringer Meteor Crater and Its Environment". Lunar and Planetary Institute. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
^ Jump up to: a b Melosh HJ; Collins GS (2005). "Planetary science: Meteor Crater formed by low-velocity impact". Nature. 434 (7030): 157. Bibcode:2005Natur.434..157M. doi:10.1038/434157a. PMID 15758988.
Jump up ^ Schaber, Gerald G. "A Chronology of Activities from Conception through the End of Project Apollo (1960–1973)", 2005, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1190. (PDF)
Jump up ^ Poelchau, Michael; Kenkmann, Thomas; Kring, David (2009). "Rim uplift and crater shape in Meteor Crater: Effects of target heterogeneities and trajectory obliquity". Journal of Geophysical Research. AGU. 114 (E1). Bibcode:2009JGRE..114.1006P. doi:10.1029/2008JE003235. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Meteorite Crater – The shape of the land, Forces and changes, Spotlight on famous forms, For More Information". scienceclarified.com.
Jump up ^ McCall, Gerald Joseph Home; Bowden, A. J.; Howarth, Richard John (17 August 2017). "The History of Meteoritics and Key Meteorite Collections: Fireballs, Falls and Finds". Geological Society of London – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Foote, A. E (1891). "A new locality for meteoric iron with a preliminary notice of the discovery of diamonds in the iron". American Journal of Science (251): 413. doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-42.251.413.
^ Jump up to: a b Kring, David (2007). Guidebook to the Geology of Barringer Meteorite Crater. Houston, Texas: Lunar and Planetary Institute.
^ Jump up to: a b "Crater History: Investigating a Mystery". The Barringer Crater Company. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Burke, John G. (1986). Cosmic Debris: Meteorites in History. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 276. ISBN 0520056515.
^ Jump up to: a b Oldroyd, David Roger, ed. (2002). The Earth Inside and Out: Some Major Contributions to Geology in the Twentieth Century. Geological Society. pp. 28–32. ISBN 1-86239-096-7.
Jump up ^ McCall, G.J.H.; Bowden, A.J.; Howarth, R.J., eds. (2006). The History of Meteoritics and Key Meteorite Collections. Geological Society. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-86239-194-9.
Jump up ^ Barringer, B. (December 1964). "Daniel Moreau Barringer (1860–1929) and His Crater (the beginning of the Crater Branch of Meteoritics)". Meteoritics. Meteoritical Society. 2 (3): 186. Bibcode:1964Metic...2..183B. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1964.tb01428.x.
Jump up ^ "1983Metic..18..159H Page 162". articles.adsabs.harvard.edu. Bibcode:1983Metic..18..159H.
Jump up ^ Barringer, D.M. (1906). "Coon Mountain and its Crater." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia, 57:861–86. PDF
Jump up ^ Smith, Dean. The Meteor Crater Story. Meteor Crater Enterprises, Inc. pp. 17–25.
^ Jump up to: a b Southgate, Nancy; Barringer, Felicity (2002). A Grand Obsession: Daniel Moreau and His Crater. Barringer Crater Co.
Jump up ^ "Progress in Wide Search for Meteor". June 25, 1928. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
Jump up ^ Fairchild HL (1930). "Nature and fate of the Meteor Crater bolide". Science. 72 (1871): 463–66. Bibcode:1930Sci....72..463F. doi:10.1126/science.72.1871.463. PMID 17800007.
Jump up ^ Shoemaker, Eugene M. (1987). "Meteor Crater, Arizona", Geological Society of America Centennial Field Guide – Rocky Mountain Section.
Jump up ^ Levy, David (2002). Shoemaker by Levy: The man who made an impact. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 69,74–75,78–79,81–85,99–100. ISBN 9780691113258.
Jump up ^ "Keyah Math – Numerical Solutions for Culturally Diverse Geology". keyah.asu.edu.
Jump up ^ Kring, David (2007). Guidebook to the Geology of Barringer Meteorite Crater, Arizona. Houston, Texas: Lunar and Planetary Institute.
Jump up ^ "Basic Stratigraphy of Barringer Meteor Crater". Department of Planetary Science, University of Arizona. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "admissions - Meteor Crater". Meteor Crater. Retrieved 2018-01-16.
Jump up ^ "Apollo Lunar Training". nau.edu.
Jump up ^ Phinney, William (2015). Science Training History of the Apollo Astronauts. NASA SP -2015-626. p. 180,187,193,220,222,224,233-234,238,245.
Jump up ^ Harro Ranter. "ASN Aircraft accident 08-AUG-1964 Cessna 150 N6050T". aviation-safety.net.
Jump up ^ Plane Crash At Meteor Crater Revisited, September 1, 2008 Meteorite-times.com
Jump up ^ "University of Utah METCRAX page". Archived from the original on 2012-04-23.
Jump up ^ "METCRAX". utah.edu.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barringer Crater.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Meteor Crater.
Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Crater Mound, Arizona.
Barringer Crater official site
Meteor Crater Visitor Center – official site
USGS Meteor Crater Sample Collection – historical documents, interactive map and sample requests
Geographic data related to Meteor Crater at OpenStreetMap
Impact Meteor Crater Viewer Google Maps Page with Locations of Meteor Craters around the world
CNN: New computer analysis shows that the meteor may have been traveling more slowly than previously thought
Computer generated movie based on satellite imagery and topography data
Aerial Exploration of the Barringer Structure
Geologic Map of the Eastern Quarter of the Flagstaff 30ʹ x 60ʹ Quadrangle, Coconino County, Northern Arizona United States Geological Survey
Herman Leroy Fairchild: An Early Promoter and Defender of Meteorite Impact Cratering – includes details of early investigations into Meteor Crater
3 Dimensional stereoscopic image pair of the Barringer Crater by Volkan Yuksel (arranged for crossed-eye viewing technique)
Guidebook to the Geology of Barringer Meteorite Crater, Arizona (a.k.a. Meteor Crater)
"Mine Shaft is Sunk to Solve Meteor Mystery" Popular Mechanics, January 1930
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