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Ted (film)
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Ted
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Seth MacFarlane
Produced by
Scott Stuber
Seth MacFarlane
John Jacobs
Jason Clark
Screenplay by
Seth MacFarlane
Alec Sulkin
Wellesley Wild
Story by
Seth MacFarlane
Starring
Mark Wahlberg
Mila Kunis
Seth MacFarlane
Narrated by
Patrick Stewart
Music by
Walter Murphy
Cinematography
Michael Barrett
Edited by
Jeff Freeman
Production
companies
Media Rights Capital
Fuzzy Door Productions
Bluegrass Films
Smart Entertainment
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
June 29, 2012 (2012-06-29)
Running time
106 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$51 million[1]
Box office
$549.4 million[1]
Ted is a 2012 American buddy comedy film directed by Seth MacFarlane in his feature film directorial debut. The screenplay by MacFarlane, Alec Sulkin, and Wellesley Wild is from MacFarlane's story. The film stars MacFarlane, Mark Wahlberg, Mila Kunis, and with Joel McHale and Giovanni Ribisi in supporting roles, with MacFarlane providing the voice of the title character. The film tells the story of John Bennett, a Boston native whose childhood wish brings his teddy bear friend Ted to life. However, in adulthood, Ted prevents John and his love interest Lori Collins from moving on with their lives.
The film is MacFarlane's feature-length directorial debut,[2] produced by Media Rights Capital and distributed by Universal Pictures. It was the twelfth-highest-grossing film of 2012 and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song.
A sequel, Ted 2, was released on June 26, 2015.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Soundtrack
5 Marketing
6 Release
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical reception
6.3 Accolades
6.4 Home media
7 Sequel
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1985, 8-year-old John Bennett is a lonely child living in Norwood, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston, who wished for his new Christmas gift—a jumbo teddy bear named Ted—to come to life and become his friend. The wish coincides with a shooting star and comes true; word spread and Ted was briefly a celebrity.
27 years later, John (now 35) and Ted are still living in Boston, and are still staunch companions enjoying a hedonistic life. John is dating Lori Collins, who is from Philadelphia. As their anniversary approaches, Lori hopes to marry John but feels he could not move forward with Ted around. John is hesitant about making Ted leave, but he is persuaded to act when they find Ted at home with four prostitutes.
John finds Ted his own apartment and a job at a grocery store, where Ted begins dating his coworker Tami-Lynn. Lori learns that John has been skipping work, using her as an excuse, to continue to spend most of his time with Ted. John and Lori are invited to a party put on by Lori's womanizing manager Rex, but Ted lures John away to a party at his apartment with the offer to meet Sam J. Jones, the star of their favorite film, Flash Gordon. John intends to stay only a few minutes but gets caught up in the occasion. Lori finds John there and breaks up with him. John blames Ted for ruining his life and tells him to stay away.
John and Ted confront each other about their ruined friendship and they fight but manage to reconcile after a violent brawl in their hotel room. To repair John's relationship with Lori, Ted arranges for an old lover, singer Norah Jones, to help by having John express his love for Lori with a song during her concert. He does an off-key rendition of Octopussy theme song, All Time High, by Rita Coolidge and is booed offstage. Lori is touched by the attempt and returns to her apartment where Ted confesses about his role in John's relapse and offers to leave them alone forever if she talks to John.
Lori is persuaded, but Ted is kidnapped by Donny, an obsessive stalker who idolized Ted as a child. Donny plans to make Ted his brutish son Robert's new toy. Ted manages to reach a phone to contact John but is immediately recaptured. Realizing Ted is in danger, John and Lori locate Donny's residence and track him to rescue Ted. The chase leads to Fenway Park, where John punches Robert, but during the chase, Ted is damaged and falls onto the field ripped entirely in half. A police car arrives, forcing Donny to flee. John and Lori gather Ted's stuffing and Ted relays his wish that John be happy with Lori before dying from his injuries.
Unable to accept Ted's death, a distraught John and Lori attempt to repair Ted, which proves useless. Feeling guilty about the incident, Lori makes a wish on a shooting star. The next morning, John hangs his head while looking over Ted's dead body. Fortunately, Ted is magically restored and reconciles with John and Lori, encouraging them to resume their relationship. John and Lori are married (with Sam Jones as the presiding minister), and Ted comfortably accepts having a life of his own as he and Tami-Lynn continued their love affair. Sam Jones attempts to restart his career and moves into a studio apartment with Brandon Routh. Rex gives up his pursuit of Lori, goes into a deep depression, and dies of Lou Gehrig's disease. Donny gets arrested by the Boston Police Department for kidnapping a plush toy, but charges are dropped because they couldn't charge him with kidnapping a stuffed teddy bear. Robert hires a personal trainer, loses a significant amount of weight, and goes on to become Taylor Lautner.
Cast[edit]
Seth MacFarlane as Ted (voice and motion capture), John's teddy bear and best friend
Zane Cowans as young Ted's voice.[3][full citation needed]
Tara Strong (uncredited) as Ted's "I Love You" function[3]
Mark Wahlberg as John Bennett, Ted's best friend
Colton Shires as teenage John Bennett
Bretton Manley as young John Bennett
Mila Kunis as Lori Collins, John's girlfriend
Joel McHale as Rex, Lori's boss
Giovanni Ribisi as Donny, Ted's stalker
Aedin Mincks as Robert, Donny's son
Patrick Warburton as Guy, John's co-worker
Laura Vandervoort as Tanya, John's co-worker
Matt Walsh as Thomas Murphy, John's boss
Jessica Barth as Tami-Lynn McCafferty, Ted's girlfriend and co-worker
Bill Smitrovich as Frank Stevens, Ted's boss
Alex Borstein as Helen Bennett, John's mother
Ralph Garman as Steve Bennett, John's father
Jessica Stroup as Tracy, Lori's co-worker
Sam J. Jones as himself
Ryan Reynolds (uncredited) as Jared, Guy's boyfriend
Norah Jones as herself
Tom Skerritt as himself
Mike Henry as a Southern newscaster
Robert Wu as Quan Ming/Ming the Merciless
Ted Danson (uncredited) as himself
Patrick Stewart as Narrator[3]
Production[edit]
Seth MacFarlane wrote, produced, and directed the film, and provided the motion capture and the voice for the title character.
Seth MacFarlane's directorial debut is a live-action effort, with computer animation handled by visual effects facilities Tippett Studio and Iloura. MacFarlane wrote the screenplay with his Family Guy colleagues Alec Sulkin and Wellesley Wild.[4] Filming began in May 2011 in Boston, Norwood and other locations in Massachusetts.[5]
The film's North American release was scheduled for July 13, 2012, but it was moved up to June 29, both to avoid competition with Ice Age: Continental Drift and following the delay of G.I. Joe: Retaliation.[6] The film was released in Australia on July 5, 2012,[7] and on August 1, 2012 in the United Kingdom and Ireland.[8]
In a "behind the scenes" video[which?], it was revealed that MacFarlane originally wanted to make Ted into an animated TV show, much like his previous works Family Guy and American Dad!.
Soundtrack[edit]
Ted: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by Walter Murphy and Various Artists
Released
June 26, 2012 (2012-06-26)
Genre
Film score, jazz, rock
Length
56:24
Label
Universal Republic
Producer
Hans Zimmer
Walter Murphy and Various Artists chronology
Ted: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
(2012) Ted 2: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
(2015)Ted 2: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack2015
The film's soundtrack was released by Universal Republic Records on June 26, 2012. It features the score by Walter Murphy and songs by various artists such as Norah Jones and Queen. Seth MacFarlane co-wrote the opening theme "Everybody Needs a Best Friend" with Murphy.[9] The song was later nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 85th Academy Awards.[10]
Track listing
All tracks by Walter Murphy except where indicated.
[show]Track listing
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length
1. "Everybody Needs a Best Friend" Seth MacFarlane and Walter Murphy Norah Jones 2:28
2. "The Power of Love" 3:11
3. "Thunder Buddies for Life" 1:56
4. "John & Lori at Work / A Walk in the Park" 1:36
5. "Magical Wish" 0:51
6. "Rex's Party (Everybody Needs a Best Friend)" 2:30
7. "The Breakup" 1:01
8. "Never be Scared of Thunder Again" 1:06
9. "Ted is Captured" 3:48
10. "The Car Chase / Fenway Pursuit" 3:27
11. "Climbing the Tower / She's Your Thunder Buddy Now" 3:59
12. "Saving Ted / Lori's Wish" 3:39
13. "The Proposal / The Wedding" 2:56
14. "End Titles" 5:14
15. "Flash's Theme" Brian May Queen 2:31
16. "Sin" Mike Burdge, Scott Garapolo & Tim Mercer Daphne 2:23
17. "Only Wanna Be with You" Mark Bryan, Everett Felber, Darius Rucker & James Sonfeld Hootie & The Blowfish 3:48
18. "Come Away with Me" Norah Jones Norah Jones 3:07
19. "All Time High" John Barry Rita Coolidge 3:03
20. "I Think We're Alone Now" Ritchie Cordell Tiffany 3:46
21. "Thunder Buddies for Life" Walter Murphy Seth MacFarlane & Mark Wahlberg 0:14
Total length: 56:34
Other songs which do not appear on the soundtrack but are featured in the film include songs from Queen's Flash Gordon soundtrack: "Football Fight", "Battle Theme", and "The Hero", as well as the "Knight Rider Theme" by Stu Phillips, "Stayin' Alive" by "Bee Gees", "Kiss Kiss" by "Chris Brown" and "The Imperial March" by John Williams. The film trailers used the songs "Best Friend" by Harry Nilsson and "How You Like Me Now?" by The Heavy.
Marketing[edit]
To promote the film, Universal Pictures teamed up with Axe in a marketing campaign that involved the title character and the brand's hair care product Axe Hair.[11] In one commercial, Ted takes a woman on a date to a fancy restaurant, where he brings her to orgasm under the table before handing another man a box of Axe Hair gel.[12]
In February 2013, Wahlberg and Ted made an appearance at the 85th Academy Awards, which MacFarlane hosted.[13]
Release[edit]
Box office[edit]
Ted grossed $218.8 million in North America and $330.6 million overseas for a total gross of $549.4 million, against a budget of $50 million.[1] It was Universal's highest-grossing film in 2012, ahead of Snow White and the Huntsman and Battleship[14] (the only one to pass the $400 million mark[15]), and the 12th-highest-grossing film of 2012.
Asia
Ted debuted in first place in Taiwan and got the best comedy opening ever there.[16] It also debuted in Hong Kong, with $1.4 million, and grossed $571,000 in its first week in South Korea,[17] eventually grossing $8 million, $3.8 million and $1.8 million respectively.[18] It also grossed $2.1 million in both Indonesia and Singapore, and $1.4 million in Thailand.[18]
In January 2013, the film opened at number one in Japan, its final market, with $4.5 million, the best start ever for an R-rated comedy there. In comparison, it grossed more in its opening weekend than The Hangover Part II made in its entire run.[19] The following weekend, it retained the No. 1 spot for the second consecutive frame, grossing $3.6 million at 137 dates, for a 10-day market cumulative total of $11.2 million.[20] By its third weekend, the film stayed at the No. 1 spot for a third week, with earning down less than 10%, pushing Ted's overseas total past the $300 million mark, and making it the top grossing R-rated comedy of all time in Japan.[21] It then had its fourth consecutive weekend at No. 1, drawing another $3 million at 354 locations in the country.[22] Its cumulative total stands at $44 million grossed.[23]
Europe
Ted debuted with $14.3 million in the United Kingdom, making it the third-best debut ever for a Universal film behind Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason and King Kong,[24] eventually grossing over $48.9 million in the country. Ted was released in cinemas across the United Kingdom on August 3.[18]
The film had a $7.4 million launch in Germany,[24] holding #1 spot for three-straight weeks,[25] eventually grossing over $31.4 million.[18]
In Spain, it opened with $2.3 million, which is the highest ever for an original R-rated comedy there,[26] eventually grossing over $14.3 million.[18]
The film also had the best Hollywood comedy debut ever in Russia, grossing $5.5 million,[24] eventually grossing $17 million.[18]
Ted spent its first 4 weeks atop the weekend box office in both the Netherlands,[27] and Austria,[28] eventually grossing $8.4 million, and $6.2 million in those countries respectively.[18] The movie also opened at No. 1 in Belgium, with $587,000, eventually grossing $4.4 million.[18]
In Italy, the film had a second place start, grossing $3.3 million in its opening weekend there,[29] moving up to no. 1 on its second week, with $4.2 million grossed.[30] It has since grossed $14.1 million there.[18]
In France, the film debuted at No. 2, grossing $3 million in 348 theatres during its opening weekend,[31] eventually grossing $11.5 million in the country.[18]
North America
Ted earned $2.6 million in midnight showings in the United States and Canada.[32] For its opening day, Ted scored one of the best R-rated comedy debuts ever since The Hangover with an estimated $20.2 million.[1][33] The film earned a total of $54.4 million in its opening weekend, well over second-place R-rated Magic Mike's $39.2 million.[34] Its overall weekend gross set a record for the highest original R-rated comedy opening in history.[35] It was the first time two R-rated films grossed more than $21 million each during a weekend.[36]
In Mexico, the film debuted in first place with $2.1 million,[15] grossing $13.4 million.[18]
Oceania
Ted also debuted at #1 in Australia and New Zealand, grossing over $35.5 million and $3.5 million respectively.[18] Its $13.1 million opening in Australia, of which $4.5 million were from previews, was Universal's biggest opening ever in the country.[16] In Australia, Ted was rated MA 15+,[37] whereas in New Zealand, it was rated R13 for its theatrical release and R16 for the DVD/Blu-ray release.
South America
In Brazil, the film opened with $1.4 million at 273 sites,[38] moving up to 1st place in the country on its third week of release.[39] It has since grossed $8.8 million there.[18]
The film also grossed $4.6 million in Argentina, 2 million in Chile, 1.9 million in Peru, and 1.7 million in Colombia.[18]
Critical reception[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 67% based on 204 reviews with an average rating of 6.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Ted's "romance versus bromance" plot is familiar, but the film's held aloft by the high-concept central premise and a very funny (albeit inconsistent) script."[40] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 62 out of 100 based on 37 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[41] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[42]
Roger Ebert gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four, citing the film as "the best comedy screenplay so far [this year]," also praising the film on the fact that it "doesn't run out of steam."[43]
Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club gave the film a "B" grade.[44] Brent McNight of Beyond Hollywood commented on the jokes: "Some of these jokes hit, some jokes miss."[45] On the other hand, A. O. Scott of The New York Times called Ted "boring, lazy and wildly unoriginal."[46]
Accolades[edit]
List of awards and nominations
Award / Film Festival
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
Teen Choice Award
(2012)
Choice Summer Movie: Comedy Ted Nominated [47]
Choice Movie: Voice Seth MacFarlane as Ted Nominated
Choice Movie: Chemistry Seth MacFarlane and Mark Wahlberg Nominated
International Film Music Critics Association Award
(2012)
Best Original Score for a Comedy Film Walter Murphy Won [48]
Phoenix Film Critics Society Award
(2012)
Breakthrough Performance Behind the Camera Seth MacFarlane Nominated [49]
Jupiter Award
(2012)
Best International Film Seth MacFarlane Won [50]
St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award
(2012)
Best Comedy Ted Won [51]
People's Choice Award
(39th)
Favorite Comedy Movie Ted Won [52]
Favorite Movie Actress Mila Kunis Nominated
Favorite Comedic Movie Actress Mila Kunis Nominated
Critics' Choice Movie Award
(18th)
Best Comedy Ted Nominated [53]
Best Actor in a Comedy Mark Wahlberg Nominated
Best Actress in a Comedy Mila Kunis Nominated
American Cinema Editor Award
(2012)
Best Edited Feature Film – Comedy or Musical Jeff Freeman Nominated [54]
Georgia Film Critics Association Award
(2013)
Best Original Song "Everybody Needs a Best Friend" — Seth MacFarlane and Walter Murphy Nominated [55]
Academy Award
(85th)
Best Original Song "Everybody Needs a Best Friend" — Seth MacFarlane and Walter Murphy Nominated [56]
Empire Award
(18th)
Best Comedy Ted Won [57]
MTV Movie Award
(2013)
Movie of the Year Ted Nominated [58]
Best Female Performance Mila Kunis Nominated
Best Shirtless Performance Seth MacFarlane Nominated
Best Kiss Mila Kunis and Mark Wahlberg Nominated
Best Fight Seth MacFarlane and Mark Wahlberg Nominated
Best On-Screen Duo Seth MacFarlane and Mark Wahlberg Won
Best WTF Moment Seth MacFarlane Nominated
Saturn Award
(39th)
Best Fantasy Film Ted Nominated [59]
ASCAP Award
(2013)
Top Box Office Films Seth MacFarlane and Walter Murphy Won [60]
Spike Guy's Choice Award
(2012/2013)
Guy Movie of the Year Ted Won [61]
Best Fight Scene Mark Wahlberg Won
Home media[edit]
The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United States on December 11, 2012 by Universal Studios Home Entertainment. Both formats featured an unrated version of the film (112 minutes) and were also released in Australia on November 21, 2012, in an "Extended Edition".[62] It was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on November 26, 2012.
On May 3, 2016, Ted vs. Flash Gordon: The Ultimate Collection was released on Blu-ray plus Digital HD, featuring Flash Gordon and the unrated versions of Ted and Ted 2.[63]
Sequel[edit]
Main article: Ted 2
During the 2012 American Dad! Comic-Con panel, MacFarlane stated that he would be open to a sequel to Ted.[64] In September 2012, chief executive Steve Burke said that the studio would be looking to make a sequel to Ted "as soon as possible".[65]
On Anderson Live, Wahlberg confirmed that a sequel was in the works and that it would be the first sequel in his career, while also revealing that he and Ted (as voiced by MacFarlane) would appear at the 85th Academy Awards.[66]
In February 2014, Deadline reported that Amanda Seyfried had been cast as the female lead, and that Kunis would not return.[67] On July 8, MacFarlane announced that work had officially begun on the sequel.[68] Ted 2 was released in the US on June 26, 2015.[69]
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Ted (film)
Official website
Ted on IMDb
Ted at Box Office Mojo
Ted at Rotten Tomatoes
Ted at Metacritic
[show]
v
t
e
Seth MacFarlane
Filmography
Awards
Series created
Family Guy
American Dad!
Seth MacFarlane's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy
The Cleveland Show
The Orville
Films directed
Ted
A Million Ways to Die in the West
Ted 2
Studio albums
Music Is Better Than Words
Holiday for Swing
No One Ever Tells You
Novels
A Million Ways to Die in the West
Characters
Peter Griffin
Brian Griffin
Stewie Griffin
Glenn Quagmire
Stan Smith
Roger
See also
Fuzzy Door Productions
The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve
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"Everybody Needs a Best Friend"
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Lovebug
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Lovebug (disambiguation).
Lovebug
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Bibionidae
Genus: Plecia
Species: P. nearctica
Binomial name
Plecia nearctica
Hardy, 1940[1]
The lovebug (Plecia nearctica) is a species of march fly found in parts of Central America and the southeastern United States, especially along the Gulf Coast.[2] It is also known as the honeymoon fly or double-headed bug. During and after mating, adult pairs remain coupled, even in flight, for up to several days.[3]
The species was first described in 1940 by D. E. Hardy, but was seen in Louisiana as early as 1911.[4] At that time, he reported the incidence of lovebugs to be widespread, but most common in Texas, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.[2] However, by the end of the 20th century the species had spread heavily to all areas bordering the Gulf of Mexico, as well as Georgia and South Carolina. L. A. Hetrick, writing in 1970, found the bug was also widespread in central and northern Florida and described its flights as reaching altitudes of 300 to 450 metres (980 to 1,480 ft) and extending several kilometers over the Gulf.[5] In 2006, it was reported as far north as Topsail Beach, North Carolina.[6]
Lovebugs' larvae feed on partially decayed vegetation in the landscape and, in this respect, are beneficial to humans. Adults primarily feed on nectar from various plants, particularly sweet clover, goldenrod, and Brazilian pepper.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Semi-annual pest status
2 Folklore
3 Management
4 Life cycle
5 Notes
Semi-annual pest status[edit]
Localized lovebug flights can number in the hundreds of thousands. The slow, drifting movement of the insects is almost reminiscent of snow fall except that the flies also rise in the air. Two major flights occur each year, first in late spring, then again in late summer. In south Florida, a third (but smaller) flight can occur in December.[2] The spring flight occurs during late April and May, and in the summer during late August and September. Flights extend over periods of four to five weeks.[5] Mating takes place almost immediately after emergence of the females. Adult females live only three to four days, while males live a little longer. They have to stick to each other at all times.[2]
Lovebugs covering a bus stop at Walt Disney World in September 2006
This species' reputation as a public nuisance is due not to any bite or sting (it is incapable of either), but to its slightly acidic body chemistry. Because airborne lovebugs can exist in enormous numbers near highways, they die in large numbers on automobile windshields, hoods, and radiator grills when the vehicles travel at high speeds. If left for more than an hour or two, the remains become extremely difficult to remove. Their body chemistry has a nearly neutral 6.5 pH but may become acidic at 4.25 pH if left on the car for a day.[2] In the past, the acidity of the dead adult body, especially the female's egg masses, often resulted in pits and etches in automotive paint and chrome if not quickly removed.[7] However, advances in automotive paints and protective coatings have reduced this threat significantly. Now the greatest concern is excessive clogging of vehicle radiator air passages with the bodies of the adults, with the reduction of the cooling effect on engines, and the obstruction of windshields when the remains of the adults and egg masses are smeared on the glass.[2]
Lovebug adults are attracted to light-colored surfaces, especially if they are freshly painted, but adults congregate almost anywhere apparently reacting to the effects of sunlight on automobile fumes, asphalt, and other products affected by environmental factors still not completely understood.[2]
Folklore[edit]
Urban legend holds that lovebugs are synthetic—the result of a University of Florida genetics experiment gone wrong.[3]
Much speculation about the lovebug still thrives. This is partly because the larval form of this insect is seldom seen, as it lives and feeds in the thatch of grasses for most of the year. While various fungi are suspected of being natural controls for this species,[2] biological control of these non-pest flies is not a priority for funding.
Research by L.L. Buschman showed that migration explained the introduction of the lovebug into Florida and other southeastern states, contrary to the urban myth that the University of Florida created them by manipulating DNA to control mosquito populations.[3]
Management[edit]
Lovebugs are subject to some significant natural controls, such as various parasitic fungi,[2] and dry weather—which dries out the thatch resulting in a higher mortality rate for the immatures. As the lovebug migrated around the Gulf Coast, first to Texas, then Louisiana, then further eastward, the linitial populations for many years were so excessive that they caused public concern and initiated rumors of their origin. However, as pest populations migrate naturally, their natural controls are usually not far behind. While it often took decades, lovebug flights are no longer present in the huge numbers that once existed simply because their natural controls (mostly fungi) caught up with established populations. In many areas, local lovebug flights may only be present in excessively large numbers due to occasional local conditions that may not be repeated in successive years.
While lovebugs are not a favored food of most insectivores due to their acidic taste, lovebug larvae—and some adults—are food for birds such as quail and robins. Arthropod predators include spiders, some predatory insects such as earwigs, at least two species of beetle larvae, and centipedes.[7]
Life cycle[edit]
The lovebug has been recorded to have two flights that occur each year in which the lovebug will have a total lifespan of about 4–9 months depending on flight season. The first flight occurs during the months of April and May and the second flight occurs in August and September.[8] The flights generally last about 4–5 weeks each time.[9] Female lovebugs can lay as many as 100-350 eggs and will regularly lay these eggs around decaying material on the top layer of ground soil.[10] Lovebug eggs generally hatch after 2–4 days depending flight season. Once the eggs have hatched, the larvae will start feeding on the decaying material around them such as decaying plants on the soil and other decaying organic material and will live and remain in the soil until they develop to the pupa stage.[10] During the warmer months the lovebug larva will remain in the larvae phase for approximately 120 days and approximately 240 days during the cooler months.[11] Lovebugs typically stay in the pupa stage about 7–9 days before reaching the adult phase in which they can start reproducing.[12] Once adults, lovebugs are ready to mate and will start copulating to begin reproducing. Adult male love bugs will emerge first from the pupal stage and will hover around until female lovebugs emerge.[13] Mating between love bugs takes place immediately after emergence of the adult females.[14] Male lovebugs will copulate with a female and will remain paired up until the female has been fully fertilized. Copulation takes place for 2–3 days before the female detaches and lays her eggs and dies. Adult females have been recorded to live up to seven days while adult males may live up to two to five days but on average lovebugs will live three to four days.[15] However, Thornhill (1976c) recorded recapture data that showed males lived longer in the field than females.[2]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Hardy, D. Elmo (1940). "Studies in New World Plecia (Bibionidae: Diptera)". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. Kansas: Kansas (Central States) Entomological Society. 13 (1): 15–27. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Denmark, Harold; Mead, Frank; Fasulo, Thomas (April 2010). "Lovebug, Plecia nearctica Hardy". Featured Creatures. University of Florida/IFAS. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Leppla, Norman (September 2009). "Living with lovebugs". Electronic Data Information Source of UF/IFAS Extension. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Buschman, Lawrent L. (June 1976). "Invasion of Florida by the "Lovebug" Plecia Nearctica (Diptera: Bibionidae)" (PDF). Florida Entomologist. Florida Entomological Society. pp. 191–194. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Hetrick, L. (March 1970). "Biology of the 'love-bug', (Diptera: Bibionidae)" (PDF). Florida Entomologist. Entomological Society of Florida. Retrieved 23 September 2008.
Jump up ^ Mousseau, Timothy (July 2009). "Lovebugs on the move". University of South Carolina. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Short, Donald (May 2003). "Lovebugs in Florida". Electronic Data Information Source of UF/IFAS Extension. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Retrieved 17 July 2008.
Jump up ^ Cherry, R., and Raid, R. 2000. Seasonal flight of Plecia nearctica (Diptera: Bibionidae) in southern Florida. Florida Entomol. 83: 94–96.
Jump up ^ Denmark, H. A., and F. W. Mead. "Lovebug - Plecia Nearctica Hardy." Lovebug – Plecia Nearctica Hardy. DPI Entomology Circular 350, 15 Aug. 1998. Web. 24 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Wenston, J., D. E. Short, and M. Pfiester. "Lovebugs in Florida1." EDIS New Publications RSS. University of Florida, 2013. Web. 25 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Leppla, Norman C. "Living With Lovebugs." EDIS New Publications RSS. University of Florida/IFAS Extension, 15 Jan. 2007. Web. 24 July 2014
Jump up ^ Hetrick LA. 1970a. Biology of the "love-bug," Plecia nearctica (Diptera: Bibionidae). Florida Entomologist 53: 23-26.
Jump up ^ Thornhill, Randy. "Dispersal of Plecia Nearctica (Diptera: Bibionidae)." The Florida Entomologist 57.1 (1980): 45. ProQuest. Web. 24 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Thornhill, R. 1976c. Reproductive behavior of the lovebug, Plecia nearctica (Diptera: Bibionidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 69:843-847
Jump up ^ Hieber, C., J. Cohen. 1983. Sexual Selection in the Lovebug, *Plecia nearctica*: The role of male choice. Evolution,, 37(5): 987-992.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lovebug&oldid=802875511"
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United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
United Nations Office at Vienna,
location of UNOOSA since 1993
Abbreviation
UNOOSA
Formation
1962
(56 years ago) (1962)
Type
Office of the Secretariat
Legal status
Active
Head
Simonetta Di Pippo, Director of the Office for Outer Space Affairs
Website
www.unoosa.org
The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) is a part of the United Nations Secretariat, located at the United Nations Office in Vienna. It is tasked with implementing the decisions of the United Nations General Assembly and of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Mandate
3 Structure
4 Staff
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
History[edit]
This section needs expansion with: history milestones since 1990s founding should be detailed. You can help by adding to it. (October 2016)
On 13 December 1958 (59 years ago) (1958-12-13), the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) was initially created as a small expert unit within the United Nations Secretariat in New York to assist the ad hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space established by the General Assembly in its resolution 1348 (XIII).[1]
In 1962, the unit became positioned within the Department of Political and Security Council Affairs (DPSCA), when the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space met for the first time.[citation needed]
In 1968, the unit was transformed into the Outer Space Affairs Division of DPSCA.[citation needed]
In 1992, the Division was transformed into the Office for Outer Space Affairs within the Department for Political Affairs, relocating to the United Nations Office at Vienna the following year, in 1993.[citation needed]
In 2005, the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG) was established under the umbrella of the United Nations.[2]
In 2006, the UN-SPIDER programme was established to "provide universal access to all countries and all relevant international and regional organizations to all types of space-based information and services relevant to disaster management to support the full disaster management cycle".[3][4]
In 2009, Takao Doi became Chief of Space Applications.[citation needed]
In 2010, the Human Space Initiative was launched.[5]
In March 2014, the Secretary-General appointed Simonetta Di Pippo (Italy) as the new Director of the Office, having previously served as the Director of Human Spaceflight at the European Space Agency.[citation needed]
In September 2016, UNOOSA announced the first-ever United Nations space mission, partnering with the Sierra Nevada Corporation (SNC). Using the SNC Dream Chaser spaceplane, UNOOSA will enable developing nations to send microgravity payloads into low-Earth orbit, with a target launch in 2021.[6][7]
Mandate[edit]
The Office implements the decisions of the United Nations General Assembly and of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. The office has the dual objective of supporting the intergovernmental discussions in the Committee and its Scientific and Technical Subcommittee[8] and Legal Subcommittee,[9] and of assisting developing countries in using space technology for development.[citation needed]
The mandate has been adjusted a number of times to allow the Office to undertake, among other tasks, the coordination of the inter-agency cooperation within the United Nations on the use of space technology - UN-Space[10] (resolution 3234 (XXIX)),[11] implementing the United Nations Programme on Space Applications[12] (resolution 2601A (XXIV))[13] and the UN-SPIDER[3] Programme for disaster risk management and emergency response (resolution 61/110).[14]
The Office also coördinates and coöperates with space agencies and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations involved in space-related activities and, on behalf of the United Nations Secretary-General, the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space. The office also helps poor nations suffering from climate change related problems by helping them access satellite images for free.[citation needed]
Structure[edit]
The Office is composed of the Committee, Policy, and Legal Affairs (CPLA) section, headed by Niklas Hedman, and the Space Applications Section (SAS), headed by Luc St- Pierre. These are coordinated by the Office of the Director managed by Simonetta Di Pippo.[citation needed]
The Committee, Policy, and Legal Affairs Section provides substantive secretariat services to the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, its Subcommittees, and working groups, as well as contributing to the implementation of the recommendations of UN global conferences. The section further convenes and services the Inter Agency Meeting on Outer Space Activities – UN-Space,[10] which is the central inter-agency coordination mechanisms in the UN system on overarching space matters, and which meets annually to discuss current and future activities, emergent technologies of interest, and other related matters, in particular in relation to the global development agenda.[citation needed]
Furthermore, the section is concerned with the establishment of a legal and regulatory framework governing space activities, and the office is actively fostering capacity-building in the area of space law and policy. In order to keep track of all objects in earth orbit, the office manages a searchable online register of objects launched into outer space, mandated under the Registration Convention.[citation needed]
The Space Applications Section works on building capacities in the practical application of space technology and space-derived information for development. The Programme concentrates its efforts on ensuring the equal access of all countries to new space-based technologies, especially developing nations. To facilitate the capacity building with focus on developing countries, the office provides three initiatives:[citation needed]
The Human Space Initiative focuses on the public outreach to promote increased awareness among Member States to the benefits of space technology and its applications.[5]
The Basic Space Technology Initiative enhances access to space application tools for sustainable development through building capacity in basic space technology.[15]
The Basic Space Science Initiative supports the growth of small research groups in universities and research institutions in the developing countries in the fields of astronomy and space science.[16]
The Programme also focuses efforts on the potential of space-based information for disaster management and emergency response. The UN-SPIDER programme (established 2006) helps to achieve this objective by being a gateway to space information for disaster management support, serving as a bridge to connect the disaster management and space communities and being a facilitator of capacity-building and institutional strengthening, in particular for developing countries.[3][4]
The International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG) promotes voluntary cooperation on matters of mutual interest related to civil satellite-based positioning, navigation, timing, and value-added services. To support the work of ICG, the Office was designated as the Executive Secretariat of ICG. In that capacity, UNOOSA is organizing regional workshops, training courses, and international meetings focusing on capacity-building in the use of GNSS-related technologies in various rapidly growing fields of science and industry.[2]
Staff[edit]
Citizens of more than 50 countries have served as staff members, consultants, and interns.[citation needed]
Staff members of the Office have a wide range of educational backgrounds, including space science (including interdisciplinary fields), physics, engineering, computer science, political science, international affairs, and law (including public international law and space law).[citation needed]
Before Simonetta Di Pippo became Director of the Office (2014), she was Director of Human Spaceflight at the European Space Agency. Mr. Niklas Hedman serves as Chief of the Committee, Policy and Legal Affairs Section Mr Luc St-Pierre as Chief of the Space Applications Section.[citation needed]
At different times, a number of other distinguished people, including Adigun Ade Abiodun, Vladimír Kopal, Mazlan Binti Othman, Luboš Perek, Nandasiri Jasentuliyana, and Takao Doi served at various positions.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
United Nations Fourth Committee
United Nations Secretariat
Space law
List of space agencies
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-07-03. Retrieved 2014-10-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG)".
^ Jump up to: a b c "UN-SPIDER Knowledge Portal".
^ Jump up to: a b General Assembly resolution 61/110 Archived 2015-07-03 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b "Human Space Technology Initiative (HSTI)".
Jump up ^ Williams, Weston (2016-09-29). "Why the United Nations is launching a space mission". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ "The United Nations and Sierra Nevada Corporation Announce First Ever Dedicated United Nations―Dream Chaser Space Mission". UNOOSA. 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ "STSC 2015".
Jump up ^ "LSC 2015".
^ Jump up to: a b "United Nations Coordination of Outer Space Activities".
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-07-03. Retrieved 2014-10-08.
Jump up ^ "UN Programme on Space Applications".
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-07-03. Retrieved 2014-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-07-03. Retrieved 2014-10-08.
Jump up ^ "BSTI".
Jump up ^ "BSSI".
Bibliography[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1962
"Interview with Mazlan Othman, Director of the Office for Outer Space Affairs". News Centre. UN. Oct 4, 2011.
External links[edit]
Official website
International Space Law
United Nations Treaties and Principles on Space Law
United Nations Coordination of Outer Space Activities (COSA)
Journal of Space Law (JSL)
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