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Indian Premier League
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Indian Premier League (IPL)
Official IPL logo
Countries
India
Administrator
BCCI
Format
Twenty20
First tournament
2008
Last tournament
2017
Next tournament
2018
Tournament format
Double round-robin league and Playoffs
Number of teams
8
Current champion
Mumbai Indians (3rd title)
Most successful
Mumbai Indians (3 titles)
Most runs
Suresh Raina (4658)[1]
Most wickets
Lasith Malinga (154)[2]
TV
List of broadcasters
Website
iplt20.com
2018 IPL season
The Indian Premier League (IPL), officially Vivo Indian Premier League for sponsorship reasons, is a professional Twenty20 cricket league in India contested during April and May of every year by teams representing Indian cities and some states. The league was founded by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in 2008, and is regarded as the brainchild of Lalit Modi, the founder and former commissioner of the league.[3] IPL has an exclusive window in ICC Future Tours Programme.[4]
The IPL is the most-attended cricket league in the world and in 2014 ranked sixth by average attendance among all sports leagues.[5] In 2010, the IPL became the first sporting event in the world to be broadcast live on YouTube.[6][7] The brand value of IPL in 2017 was US$5.3 billion, according to Duff & Phelps.[8] According to BCCI, the 2015 IPL season contributed ₹11.5 billion (US$182 million) to the GDP of the Indian economy.[9]
There have been ten seasons of the IPL tournament. The current IPL title holders are the Mumbai Indians, who won the 2017 season.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Background
1.2 Foundation
1.3 Expansions and terminations
2 Organization
2.1 Tournament format
2.2 Player acquisition, squad composition and salaries
2.3 Prize money
2.4 Rules
3 Teams
3.1 Current teams
3.2 Former teams
4 Tournament seasons and results
4.1 Team's performances
5 Awards
5.1 Orange Cap
5.2 Purple Cap
6 Financials
6.1 Title sponsorship
6.2 Brand value
7 Broadcasting
7.1 International broadcasters
8 IPL Governing Council
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History
Background
The Indian Cricket League (ICL) was founded in 2007, with funding provided by Zee Entertainment Enterprises.[11] The ICL was not recognised by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) or the International Cricket Council (ICC) and the BCCI were not pleased with its committee members joining the ICL executive board.[12] To prevent players from joining the ICL, the BCCI increased the prize money in their own domestic tournaments and also imposed lifetime bans on players joining the ICL, which was considered a rebel league by the board.[13][14]
Foundation
"The IPL has been designed to entice an entire new generation of sports fans into the grounds throughout the country. The dynamic Twenty20 format has been designed to attract a young fan base, which also includes women and children."
“
”
— Modi during the launch of the IPL.[15]
On 13 September 2007, the BCCI announced the launch of a franchise-based Twenty20 cricket competition called Indian Premier League whose first season was slated to start in April 2008, in a "high-profile ceremony" in New Delhi. BCCI vice-president Lalit Modi, said to be the mastermind behind the idea of IPL, spelled out the details of the tournament including its format, the prize money, franchise revenue system and squad composition rules. It was also revealed that the IPL would be run by a seven-man governing council composed of former India players and BCCI officials, and that the top two teams of the IPL would qualify for that year's Champions League Twenty20. Modi also clarified that they had been working on the idea for two years and that IPL was not started as a "knee-jerk reaction" to the ICL.[15] The league's format was similar to that of the Premier League of England and the NBA in the United States.[14]
In order to decide the owners for the new league, an auction was held on 24 January 2008 with the total base prices of the franchises costing around $400 million.[14] At the end of the auction, the winning bidders were announced, as well as the cities the teams would be based in: Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kolkata, Mohali, and Mumbai.[14] In the end, the franchises were all sold for a total of $723.59 million.[16] The Indian Cricket League soon folded in 2008.
Expansions and terminations
Crowd during a match of the 2015 IPL season in Hyderabad, India.
On 21 March 2010, it was announced that two new franchises – Pune Warriors India and Kochi Tuskers Kerala – would join the league before the fourth season in 2011.[17] Sahara Adventure Sports Group bought the Pune franchise for $370 million while Rendezvous Sports World bought the Kochi franchise for $333.3 million.[17] However, one year later, on 11 November 2011, it was announced that the Kochi Tuskers Kerala side would be terminated following the side breaching the BCCI's terms of conditions.[18]
Then, on 14 September 2012, following the team not being able to find new owners, the BCCI announced that the 2009 champions, the Deccan Chargers, would be terminated.[19] The next month, on 25 October, an auction was held to see who would be the owner of the replacement franchise, with Sun TV Network winning the bid for the Hyderabad franchise.[20] The team would be named Sunrisers Hyderabad.[21]
Pune Warriors India withdrew from the IPL on 21 May 2013 over financial differences with the BCCI.[22] The franchise was officially terminated by the BCCI, on 26 October 2013, on account of the franchise failing to provide the necessary bank guarantee.[23]
On 14 June 2015, it was announced that two-time champions, Chennai Super Kings, and the inaugural season champions, Rajasthan Royals, would be suspended for two seasons following their role in a match-fixing and betting scandal.[24] Then, on 8 December 2015, following an auction, it was revealed that Pune and Rajkot would replace Chennai and Rajasthan for two seasons.[25] The two teams were the Rising Pune Supergiant and the Gujarat Lions.
Organization
Tournament format
Currently, with eight teams, each team plays each other twice in a home-and-away round-robin format in the league phase. At the conclusion of the league stage, the top four teams will qualify for the playoffs. The top two teams from the league phase will play against each other in the first Qualifying match, with the winner going straight to the IPL final and the loser getting another chance to qualify for the IPL final by playing the second Qualifying match. Meanwhile, the third and fourth place teams from league phase play against each other in an eliminator match and the winner from that match will play the loser from the first Qualifying match. The winner of the second Qualifying match will move onto the final to play the winner of the first Qualifying match in the IPL Final match, where the winner will be crowned the Indian Premier League champions.
Player acquisition, squad composition and salaries
A team can acquire players through any of the three ways: the annual player auction, trading players with other teams during the trading windows, and signing replacements for unavailable players. Players sign up for the auction and also set their base price, and are bought by the franchise that bids the highest for them. Unsold players at the auction are eligible to be signed up as replacement signings. In the trading windows, a player can only be traded with his consent, with the franchise paying the difference if any between the old and new contract. If the new contract is worth more than the older one, the difference is shared between the player and the franchise selling the player. There are generally three trading windows–two before the auction, and one after the auction but before the start of the tournament. Players can not be traded outside the trading windows or during the tournament, whereas replacements can be signed before or during the tournament.
Some of the team composition rules (as of 2018 season) are as follows:
The squad strength must be between 18 and 25 players, with a maximum of 8 overseas players.
Salary cap of the entire squad must not exceed ₹80 crore.[26]
Under-19 players can not be picked unless they have previously played first-class or List A cricket.
A team can play a maximum of 4 overseas players in their playing eleven but there are some instances in IPL when a team have been played with less than 4 overseas players.[27]
The term of a player contract is one year, with the franchise having the option to extend the contract by one or two years. Since the 2014 season, the player contracts are denominated in the Indian rupee, before which the contracts were in U.S. dollars. Overseas players can be remunerated in the currency of the player's choice at the exchange rate on either the contract due date or the actual date of payment.[28] Prior to the 2014 season, Indian domestic players were not included in the player auction pool and could be signed up by the franchises at a discrete amount while a fixed sum of ₹10 to 30 lakh would get deducted per signing from the franchise's salary purse. This received significant opposition from franchise owners who complained that richer franchises were "luring players with under-the-table deals" following which the IPL decided to include domestic players in the player auction.[29]
According to a 2015 survey by Sporting Intelligence and ESPN The Magazine, the average IPL salary when pro-rated is US$4.33 million per year, the second highest among all sport leagues in the world. Since the players in IPL are only contracted for the duration of the tournament (less than two months), the weekly IPL salaries are extrapolated pro rata to obtain average annual salary, unlike other sport leagues in which players are contracted by a single team for the entire year.[30]
Prize money
The 2015 season of the IPL offered a total prize money of ₹40 crore (US$6.1 million), with the winning team netting ₹15 crore (US$2.3 million).[31] The first and second runners up received 10 and 7.5 crores, respectively, with the fourth placed team also winning 7.5 crores. The others teams are not awarded any prize money. The IPL rules mandate that half of the prize money must be distributed among the players.[32]
Rules
IPL games utilise television timeouts and hence there is no time limit in which teams must complete their innings. However, a penalty may be imposed if the umpires find teams misusing this privilege. Each team is given a two-and-a-half-minute "strategic timeout" during each innings; one must be taken by the bowling team between the ends of the 6th and 9th overs, and one by the batting team between the ends of the 13th and 16th overs.[33]
Teams
Current teams
Team
City
Home ground
Debut
Current Coach
Current Captain
Chennai Super Kings Chennai, Tamil Nadu M. A. Chidambaram Stadium 2008 Stephen Fleming MS Dhoni
Delhi Daredevils Delhi Feroz Shah Kotla Ground 2008 Ricky Ponting Gautam Gambhir
Kings XI Punjab Mohali, Punjab PCA Stadium 2008 Brad Hodge Ravichandran Ashwin
Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata, West Bengal Eden Gardens 2008 Jacques Kallis Dinesh Karthik
Mumbai Indians Mumbai, Maharashtra Wankhede Stadium 2008 Mahela Jayawardene Rohit Sharma
Rajasthan Royals Jaipur, Rajasthan Sawai Mansingh Stadium 2008 Paddy Upton Ajinkya Rahane
Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore, Karnataka M. Chinnaswamy Stadium 2008 Daniel Vettori Virat Kohli
Sunrisers Hyderabad Hyderabad, Telangana Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium 2013 Tom Moody Kane Williamson
Former teams
Team
City
Home ground
Debut
Dissolved
Deccan Chargers Hyderabad, Telangana Rajiv Gandhi Cricket Stadium 2008 2012
Gujarat Lions Rajkot, Gujarat SCA Stadium 2016 2017
Kochi Tuskers Kerala Kochi, Kerala Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium 2011 2011
Pune Warriors India Pune, Maharashtra MCA Stadium 2011 2013
Rising Pune Supergiant Pune, Maharashtra MCA Stadium 2016 2017
Timeline of IPL Teams[show]

Tournament seasons and results
Main articles: List of Indian Premier League seasons and results and List of Indian Premier League records and statistics
Out of the thirteen teams that have played in the Indian Premier League since its inception, one team has won the competition three times, two teams have won the competition twice each and three other teams have won it once each. The Mumbai Indians are the most successful team in league's history in terms of the number of titles won. The Chennai Super Kings and Kolkata Knight Riders have won two titles each, and the other three teams who have won the tournament are the Deccan Chargers, Rajasthan Royals and Sunrisers Hyderabad. The current champions are Mumbai Indians who beat Rising Pune Supergiant in the final of the 2017 season to secure their third title and thus became the most successful team in IPL history ever.
IPL season results[34][35]
Season
Final
Final venue
Number of teams
Player of the series
Winner
Winning margin
Runner-up
2008
Details
Rajasthan Royals[36]
164/7 (20 overs) Won by 3 wickets
(Scorecard) Chennai Super Kings[36]
163/5 (20 overs) DY Patil Stadium[36] 8[37] Shane Watson[36]
2009
Details
Deccan Chargers[38]
143/6 (20 overs) Won by 6 runs
(Scorecard) Royal Challengers Bangalore[38]
137/9 (20 overs) Wanderers Stadium[38]
(South Africa) 8[39] Adam Gilchrist[38]
2010
Details
Chennai Super Kings[40]
168/5 (20 overs) Won by 22 runs
(Scorecard) Mumbai Indians[40]
146/9 (20 overs) DY Patil Stadium[40] 8[41] Sachin Tendulkar[40]
2011
Details
Chennai Super Kings[42]
205/5 (20 overs) Won by 58 runs
(Scorecard) Royal Challengers Bangalore[42]
147/8 (20 overs) M. A. Chidambaram Stadium[42] 10[43] Chris Gayle[42]
2012
Details
Kolkata Knight Riders[44]
192/5 (19.4 overs) Won by 5 wickets
(Scorecard) Chennai Super Kings[44]
190/3 (20 overs) M. A. Chidambaram Stadium[44] 9[45] Sunil Narine[44]
2013
Details
Mumbai Indians[46]
148/9 (20 overs) Won by 23 runs
(Scorecard) Chennai Super Kings[46]
125/9 (20 overs) Eden Gardens[46] 9[47] Shane Watson[46]
2014
Details
Kolkata Knight Riders[48]
200/7 (19.3 overs) Won by 3 wickets
(Scorecard) Kings XI Punjab[48]
199/4 (20 overs) M. Chinnaswamy Stadium[48] 8[49] Glenn Maxwell[48]
2015
Details
Mumbai Indians[50]
202/5 (20 overs) Won by 41 runs
(Scorecard) Chennai Super Kings[50]
161/8 (20 overs) Eden Gardens[50] 8[51] Andre Russell[50]
2016
Details
Sunrisers Hyderabad[52]
208/7 (20 overs) Won by 8 runs
(Scorecard) Royal Challengers Bangalore[52]
200/7 (20 overs) M. Chinnaswamy Stadium[52] 8[53] Virat Kohli[52]
2017
Details
Mumbai Indians[54]
129/8 (20 overs) Won by 1 run
(Scorecard) Rising Pune Supergiant[54]
128/6 (20 overs) Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium[54] 8[55] Ben Stokes[54]
Team's performances
Team \ Host
2008
(8)
2009
(8)
2010
(8)
2011
(10)
2012
(9)
2013
(9)
2014
(8)
2015
(8)
2016
(8)
2017
(8)
2018
(8)

Chennai Super Kings 2nd SF 1st 1st 2nd 2nd 3rd 2nd Sus. Sus.
Delhi Daredevils SF SF 5th 10th 3rd 9th 8th 7th 6th 6th
Deccan Chargers† 8th 1st 4th 7th 8th
Gujarat Lions† 3rd 7th
Kings XI Punjab SF 5th 8th 5th 6th 6th 2nd 8th 8th 5th
Kochi Tuskers Kerala† 8th
Kolkata Knight Riders 6th 8th 6th 4th 1st 7th 1st 5th 4th 3rd
Mumbai Indians 5th 7th 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 4th 1st 5th 1st
Pune Warriors India† 9th 9th 8th
Rajasthan Royals 1st 6th 7th 6th 7th 3rd 5th 4th Sus. Sus.
Rising Pune Supergiant† 7th 2nd
Royal Challengers Bangalore 7th 2nd 3rd 2nd 5th 5th 7th 3rd 2nd 8th
Sunrisers Hyderabad 4th 6th 6th 1st 4th
†No longer exists.
Awards
Main article: List of Indian Premier League awards
Orange Cap
Main article: Orange Cap
The Orange Cap is awarded to the top run-scorer in the IPL during a season. It is an ongoing competition with the leader wearing the cap throughout the tournament until the final game, with the eventual winner keeping the cap for the season.[56]
Purple Cap
Main article: Purple Cap
The Purple Cap is awarded to the top wicket-taker in the IPL. It is an ongoing competition with the leader wearing the cap throughout the tournament until the final game, with the eventual winner keeping the cap for the season.[57]
Financials
Title sponsorship
From 2008 to 2012, the title sponsor was DLF, India's largest real estate developer, who had secured the rights with a bid of ₹200 crore for five seasons.[58] After the conclusion of the 2012 season, PepsiCo bought the title sponsorship rights for ₹396.8 crore for the subsequent five seasons.[59] However, the company terminated the deal in October 2015 two years before the expiry of the contract, reportedly due to the two-season suspension of Chennai and Rajasthan franchises from the league.[60] The BCCI then transferred the title sponsorship rights for the remaining two seasons of the contract to Chinese smartphone manufacturer Vivo for ₹190 crore.[61] In June 2017, Vivo retained the rights for the next five seasons (2018–2022) with a winning bid of ₹2199 crore, in a deal more expensive than Barclays' Premier League title sponsorship contract between 2013 and 2016.[62][63]
Title sponsor
Period
Sponsorship fee (per year)
DLF 2008–2012 ₹40 crores
Pepsi 2013–2015 ₹79.2 crores
Vivo 2016–2017 ₹95 crores
2018–2022 ₹439.8 crores
Brand value
The IPL has seen a spike in its brand valuation to US$5.3 billion after the 10th edition, according to global valuation and corporate finance advisor Duff & Phelps.[64] The brand value of IPL was estimated to be US$5.3 billion in 2017 by American Appraisal, a Division of Duff & Phelps.[65] Duff & Phelps added that the value of brand IPL has jumped to $4.16 billion after the 2016 edition, against $3.54 billion in 2015. The 19% jump is despite the fact that the US dollar to Indian rupee currency has depreciated by nearly 10%.[66]
Team Valuation as on 2017[67],
Team
Brand Value in US$
Kolkata Knight Riders 99 million
Mumbai Indians 106 million
Sunrisers Hyderabad 56 million
Royal Challengers Bangalore 88 million
Delhi Daredevils 44 million
Kings XI Punjab 41 million
Chennai Super Kings Not Calculated1
Rajasthan Royals Not Calculated1
1As they were suspended from IPL in 2016 and 2017 versions.
Broadcasting
The IPL's broadcast rights were originally held by a partnership between Sony Pictures Networks and World Sport Group, under a ten-year contract valued at US$1.026 billion. Sony would be responsible for domestic television, while WSG would handle international distribution.[68][69] The initial plan was for 20% of these proceeds to go to the IPL, 8% as prize money and 72% would be distributed to the franchisees from 2008 until 2012, after which the IPL would go public and list its shares.[70] However, in March 2010, IPL decided not to go public and list its shares.[citation needed] As of the 2016 season, Sony MAX, Sony SIX, and Sony ESPN served as the domestic broadcasters of the IPL; MAX and SIX aired broadcasts in Hindi, while SIX also aired broadcasts in the Bengali, Tamil, and Telugu languages. Sony ESPN broadcast English-language feeds.[71]
The IPL became a major television property within India; Sony MAX typically became the most-watched television channel in the country during the tournament,[72] and by 2016, annual advertising revenue surpassed ₹1,200 crore. Viewership numbers were expected to increase further during the 2016 season due to the industry adoption of the new BARC ratings system, which also calculates rural viewership rather than only urban markets.[73][71] In the 2016 season, Sony's broadcasts achieved just over 1 billion impressions (television viewership in thousands), jumping to 1.25 billion the following year.[72] Sony also broadcast a companion talk show, Extraaa Innings T20.[74]
On 4 September 2017, it was announced that the then-current digital rightsholder, Star India (a subsidiary of 21st Century Fox), had acquired the global media rights to the IPL under a five-year contract beginning in 2018. Valued at ₹16,347.5 crore (₹163.475 billion, US$2.55 billion, £1.97 billion), it is a 158% increase over the previous deal, and the most expensive broadcast rights deal in the history of cricket. The IPL sold the rights in packages for domestic television, domestic digital, and international rights; although Sony held the highest bid for domestic television, and Facebook had made a US$600 million bid for domestic digital rights (which U.S. media interpreted as a sign that the social network was interested in pursuing professional sports rights),[75][76] Star was the only bidder out of the shortlist of 14 to make bids in all three categories.[77][78][79]
Star CEO Uday Shankar stated that the IPL was a "very powerful property", and that Star would "remain very committed to make sure that the growth of sports in this country continues to be driven by the power of cricket". He went on to say that "whoever puts in that money, they put in that money because they believe in the fans of the sport. The universe of cricket fans, it tells you, continues to very healthy, continues to grow. What was paid in 2008, that was 2008. India and cricket and IPL—all three have changed dramatically in the last 10 years. It is a reflection of that."[78][77][79] The deal led to concerns that Star India now held a monopoly on cricket rights in the country, as it is also the rightsholder of ICC competitions and the Indian national team.[80]
For its inaugural season, Star aimed to put a larger focus on widening the IPL's appeal with a "core" cricket audience. The network aimed to broadcast at least two hours of IPL-related programming daily from January until the start of the season, having organized televised announcements of player retention selections and new team captains. Viewership of the player auction, which featured pre- and post-auction reactions and analysis, increased six-fold to 46.5 million. In March, Star Sports broadcast Game Plan: In Your City specials from the home city of each of the IPL's franchises. Star Sports stated that its in-season coverage and studio programming would focus more on the game itself and behind-the-scenes coverage of the IPL's teams, rather than trying to incorporate irrelevant entertainment elements. The network introduced a new studio program known as The Dugout, which broadcasts coverage of matches with analysis from a panel of experts.[81]
International broadcasters
Territory
Network
Afghanistan Lemar TV (2017-present)
Africa (Sub-Sahara) SuperSport (2008–present)[82]
Australia Network Ten (2008)
One HD (2009–2010)
Fox Sports Australia (2018–present)[83]
Bangladesh Maasranga (2014–2016)
Channel 9 (2016–present)[84]
Bhutan Sony (2008–2017)[84]
Star Sports (2018–present)
Brunei Astro (2008–present)[84]
Canada Rogers Media (Sportsnet, Omni Television) (2011–2014)[85]Ethnic Channels Group, CricketGateway[86]
Caribbean SportsMax (2008–present)[68]
Hong Kong PCCW (2010–present)[84]
India Sony (2008–2017)[68]
Star Sports (2018–present)
Malaysia Astro (2008–present)[84]
Arab world OSN Sports (2015–present)[84]
Nepal Sony (2008–2017)[84]
Star Sports (2018–present)
New Zealand Sky Sport (2012–present)[84]
Pakistan Geo Super (2008–present)[84]
Singapore StarHub (2008–2017)[84]
Singtel (2015–2017)[84]
YuppTV (2018)[84]
United Kingdom ITV4 (2011–2014)[87]
Sky Sports (2015–present)[88]
United States Willow.tv (2017–present)[89]
Worldwide internet rights Times Internet (2011–2014)[90]
Hotstar (2015–present)[91]
IPL Governing Council
The IPL Governing Council is responsible for all the functions of the tournament. The members are Rajeev Shukla, Ajay Shirke, Sourav Ganguly, Anurag Thakur and Anirudh Chaudhary. In January 2016, the Supreme Court appointed Lodha Committee to recommend separate governing bodies for the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) and the Indian Premier League (IPL), where Justice RM Lodha suggested a One State-One Member pattern for the board.[92]
See also
India portal
Cricket portal
Indian Premier League portal
List of Indian Premier League players
List of current Indian Premier League team rosters
Controversies involving the Indian Premier League
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^ Jump up to: a b c d "2017 IPL Final scorecard, venue and MVP details". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "IPL 2017 Squads". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "IPLT20.com – Indian Premier League Official Website". IPLT20 – 2015 Orange Cap Final Leaderboard. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
Jump up ^ "IPLT20.com – 2015 Purple Cap Final Leaderboard". IPLT20. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
Jump up ^ Bhat, Varada; Kamath, Raghavendra (27 April 2012). "DLF unlikely to continue with IPL title sponsorship". Business Standard. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Gollapudi, Nagraj (21 November 2012). "IPL sells title rights to PepsiCo for $71m". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "PepsiCo set to end IPL sponsorship two years early". ESPNcricinfo. 9 October 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Title sponsorship: Mobile companies gear up for IPL Innings". The Economic Times. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Venugopal, Arun (27 June 2017). "Vivo retains IPL title rights till 2022 after massive bid". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Choudhary, Vidhi (28 June 2017). "Vivo sponsorship may make IPL world's richest sports league". Livemint. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "IPL 2017 Valuation". TOI. Retrieved 2017-08-23.
Jump up ^ Laghate, Gaurav (2017-08-24). "Brand IPL gets stronger, valuation soars to $5.3 billion". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2018-04-11.
Jump up ^ "IPL 2016 brand valuation". Economic Times. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Laghate, Gaurav (2017-08-24). "Brand IPL gets stronger, valuation soars to $5.3 billion". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2018-04-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Sony and World Sports Group bag IPL television rights". ESPNcricinfo. 14 January 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Billion dollar rights deal for IPL". The Australian. 15 January 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2008.
Jump up ^ IndranilBasu (27 January 2008). "Does the IPL model make sense?". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "IPL viewership may touch 500 million this year: Sony". The Hindu. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
^ Jump up to: a b Ahluwalia, Harveen (2017-06-01). "IPL viewership jumped 22.5% in 2017: BARC". Livemint. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
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Jump up ^ "Anchoring the innings off the field". DNAIndia.com. 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2017-09-08.
Jump up ^ Kafka, Peter (2017-09-04). "Facebook just bid $600 million to stream Indian cricket matches. Will it try NFL games next?". Recode. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
Jump up ^ Madhok, Diksha. "Facebook may have failed with its $600 million bid for cricket, but this is only the beginning". Quartz. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b "Star India wins IPL rights for US $2.55 billion". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
^ Jump up to: a b Reuters (2017-09-04). "IPL television and broadcast rights sold for massive £1.97bn to Star India". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
^ Jump up to: a b "Five stand-out numbers from the IPL media rights sale". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
Jump up ^ "Star Sports mega deal: How buying IPL media rights will change sports broadcasting?". The Indian Express. 2017-09-05. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
Jump up ^ Vaidya, Jaideep. "No more 'Thoko taali': Inside Star Sports' major rebranding of the Indian Premier League". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2018-04-07.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l "List of broadcasters in Pepsi IPL 2014". IPLT20.com. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
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Jump up ^ "Lodha Committee recommends separate governing bodies for BCCI, IPL". mid-day. Retrieved 2016-03-22.
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text:
Hill Valley (Back to the Future)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Hill Valley
The set of the Hill Valley courthouse at the Universal Studios backlot (Courthouse Square)
Type
City
Notable characters
Marty McFly
Emmett Brown
Biff Tannen
First appearance
Back to the Future
(1985)
Hill Valley, California, is the fictional town in Northern California that serves as the setting of the Back to the Future trilogy and its animated spin-off series. In the trilogy, Hill Valley is seen in four different time periods (1885, 1955, 1985 and 2015) as well as in a dystopian alternate 1985. The films contain many sight gags, verbal innuendos and detailed set design elements, from which a detailed and consistent history of the area can be derived.
The name "Hill Valley" is itself a joke, being an oxymoron. However, an early script for Back to the Future Part II mentioned that Hill Valley was named after its founder, William "Bill" Hill.
Contents
[hide]
1 Production
1.1 Real-life locations
2 Location
3 Fictional history
3.1 Early settlement
3.2 Town square
3.3 Alternate history
3.4 Back to the Future: The Game alternate history
4 Places
4.1 Unique places
4.1.1 1885
4.1.2 1955
4.1.3 1985
4.1.4 Alternate 1985
4.1.5 2015
4.2 Twin Pines Mall (Lone Pine Mall)
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Production[edit]
For Back to the Future, the producers considered filming the town square scenes in the real city of Petaluma, California, but soon realized it would be prohibitively expensive and impractical to alter a real place to suit the different eras.[1] Instead they filmed it on the Universal Studios backlot, where they had more control.[2] The main location, once called Mockingbird Square after the 1962 film To Kill a Mockingbird but now known as Courthouse Square, had been used for many films and television shows. One notable example is the very first episode of the sci-fi series The Twilight Zone, called "Where Is Everybody?" in 1959.[3] The Hill Valley courthouse can also be found in the movies Bruce Almighty, Gremlins, Bye Bye Birdie, Sneakers, The Offspring's music video "Why Don't You Get a Job?", an episode of Major Dad entitled "Who's That Blonde" and even in an episode of Buffy The Vampire Slayer. The clock tower itself was a removable addition, one of many ways in which the Courthouse building has been redressed over the years to suit the needs of a production.
Many of the cars that appear in the 2015 scenes are either modified for the film or concept cars. Examples include Ford Probe, Saab EV-1, Citroën DS 21, Pontiac Banshee Concept, Pontiac Fiero and Volkswagen Beetle. Cars reused from other science fiction films include the "Star Car" from The Last Starfighter (1984) and a "Spinner" from Blade Runner (1982). Griff's car is a modified BMW convertible.[4]
For Back to the Future Part III, Hill Valley 1885 was filmed in Sonora, California. The producers were able to use the land rent-free as long as they left the buildings there. They agreed to leave everything except the Clock Tower. Interestingly, on August 10, 1996, a lightning bolt struck the town and it burned down[citation needed]. An arson fire on the Universal Studios Hollywood backlot on November 6, 1990, had previously destroyed much of Courthouse Square, the setting in which all the other time periods were filmed. However, the Courthouse itself survived the devastation.[5] Another backlot fire on September 6, 1997. again damaged Courthouse Square. In both cases, the backlot facades were then rebuilt. The Sonora location was not rebuilt. In addition, a February 14, 1999 fire at Whittier High School, California, where some (mostly exterior) scenes were filmed,[6] destroyed the men's gym there. On June 1, 2008, yet another fire destroyed part of the rebuilt Courthouse Square backlot and damaged the clock tower.[7][8]
Real-life locations[edit]
Other real-life shooting locations of Hill Valley landmarks include:[6]
Doc's house in 1955 is the Gamble House in Pasadena, California. Doc's garage in 1985 was a façade set up next to a Burger King on North Victory Boulevard in Burbank, California.[9]
Twin Pines/Lone Pine Mall is actually the Puente Hills Mall in Industry, California.
Marty's Lyon Estates house in 1985 is actually on Roslyndale Avenue in Arleta, California.
Peabody's Twin Pines Ranch is really at Golden Oak Ranch, which is owned by The Walt Disney Company and used in many Disney productions.
The houses of George McFly, Lorraine Baines, and Biff Tannen in 1955 are all in South Pasadena, California.
The train that hit the De Lorean and the Futuristic Train was parked in Port Hueneme, California.
John F. Kennedy Drive is actually Victory Boulevard in Burbank, California.
The River Road Tunnel is actually Observatory Tunnel at Griffith Park in Los Angeles. The actual tunnel is only a fraction of the length of the one depicted in Part II.
The Pohatchee Drive-In Theater where Marty initially travels from 1955 back to 1885 was not a real theater. It was constructed full-scale for the third film in Monument Valley, Utah (near the Arizona/Utah border) and was torn down after that portion of filming was completed.
Location[edit]
According to an 1885 railroad map in Back to the Future Part III, Hill Valley is located in Northern California in the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
Fictional history[edit]
The following information is taken directly from places and events shown or mentioned in the three films:
Early settlement[edit]
The town of Hill Valley is depicted as having been first settled in 1850 and incorporated in 1865. By the 1880s, it was connected by railroad to San Francisco. Construction of a new county courthouse was well underway in 1885, the setting of Back to the Future Part III, in which a new clock was dedicated for the building. The Shonash Ravine Bridge was completed in the summer of 1886, around the same time the ravine was renamed Clayton Ravine in memory of Clara Clayton, a school teacher who died from falling into the chasm. However, in a revised timeline where Doc Brown saved Clara's life, the town renamed it Eastwood Ravine after Marty McFly's persona.
Town square[edit]
By 1955, as seen in the first two Back to the Future films, the area around the courthouse has developed into the downtown of Hill Valley. In front of the courthouse is a grass-covered town square, with stores, two movie theaters (Essex and Town), and cafés on the surrounding streets. A key moment in the town's fictional history takes place on Saturday, November 12, 1955, at 10:04 p.m. PST, when lightning strikes the courthouse's clock tower, freezing the clock at 10:04. The clock is never repaired and becomes a local landmark, left in its non-functional state at the behest of the Hill Valley Preservation Society. The broken piece of ledge from Doc Brown's successful attempt to channel lightning from the clock tower is likewise never repaired, as can be seen when Marty returns to 1985 and in 2015, but not in the Alternate 1985.
In Marty's original timeline, many of the town square businesses have moved or closed down by 1985. The new businesses which replaced them include a second-hand shop, a yoga studio, and an adult book store. The Essex movie theater now shows porno movies while the Town Theater is used for church services, and the courthouse is in a state of disrepair, and at night at least one homeless person (called "Red" by Marty) sleeps on the town square park benches. The grassy park outside of the courthouse has been converted into a parking lot. "That was always one of the major elements of the story even in its earliest incarnation," screenwriter Bob Gale says in The Making of Back to the Future, "was to take a place and show what happens to it over a period of thirty years. What happened to everybody's home town is obviously the same thing. They built the mall out in the boonies, and killed all the business downtown, and everything changed."[10]
By the 21st century, the downtown area has experienced a revival as the courthouse has been converted into the Courthouse Mall. Businesses have begun to move back into and around the town square and the parking lot has been replaced by a pond. The clock on top of the courthouse is still preserved at 10:04, and the mall's logo is an illustration of a lightning bolt striking the clock tower. The Town Theater/Assembly of Christ building has been converted to an art museum with a mural painted on the front side of the building above the marquee.
Signs that say "Welcome to Hill Valley" are seen in 1955, 1985 and 2015. Both 1955 and 2015 signs have symbols representing the Rotary, Kiwanis and Lions clubs. In addition, the 1955 sign has the logos of the YMCA, Jaycees, and Future Farmers of America while the 2015 sign has those of the Neighborhood Crime Watch eye logo and the 4-H Club clover logo. The "Welcome to Hill Valley" sign in 1985 does not contain any signage representing any clubs and mentions the name of the Mayor, Goldie Wilson. In the alternate 1985 Marty is seen walking over the sign, which has been knocked down and an 'E' has been spray painted over the 'I' in HILL VALLEY making the name HELL VALLEY. This sign does not display the name of the mayor but instead the words "A Nice Place to Live" as also seen in 1955.
Alternate history[edit]
In Back to the Future Part II, a nightmarish alternate version of Hill Valley is depicted complete with a partial history. Due to the influence of the powerful and corrupt Biff Tannen, gambling was legalized in 1979. Tannen's toxic waste reclamation plants were built downtown, polluting the air and leading to pollution alerts to be issued. All of the local businesses in the downtown area closed or relocated and were replaced with strip clubs, porn theaters, and brothels. Tannen also bought off the police. Consequently, crime increased and biker gangs settled in the city. Hill Valley's public schools burned down and the courthouse was converted into Biff Tannen's Pleasure Paradise Casino and Hotel. The clock on the courthouse still remains at 10:04 although despite the damage the Doc did to the tower's platform in 1955, for whatever reason, it now seems to have disappeared. Biff also murdered George McFly (Marty's dad) in 1973 so that he could marry George's wife Lorraine (Marty's mom) therefore making him a corrupt family man as well as town ruler.
According to the original script for Back to the Future Part II a partial view of the alternate 2015 was also to be depicted. By this time Biff now owns half the state of California with his influence having gained his son, Biff Jr., the seat of governor and they uphold their power and corruption with an army of large, powerful cyborg police officers.
Back to the Future: The Game alternate history[edit]
Another timeline, branching off the events of Back to the Future: The Game, sees Irving Kid Tannen, the father of Biff Tannen and a prohibitionism era mafioso, avoid his lengthy arrest for illegal consumption and sale of alcohol. As such, in the alternate 1986 Biff Tannen has two brothers, and the Tannen family is a recognized crime family, ruling over Hill Valley with an iron grip.[11]
In yet another alternate history, still branching off the events of Back to the Future: The Game, a teen Emmett Brown, in 1931, fell in love with the young journalist Edna Strickland: as a result she married Emmett, convincing him to pursue sociological and political goals. She managed to win him over by keeping him interested in science, but in a manner that his scientific skills could be used to control people instead of using science to understand mysteries and for the betterment of humanity. As such, under "Citizen Brown"'s influence by 1985 Hill Valley is a technological dystopia, where Emmett Brown oversees a fascist regime, controlling every single activity of his citizens, routinely brainwashed and spied over. In this new Hill Valley, in a reversal of their usual roles, Marty McFly is a square, serious and devoted to Emmett Brown to a fault (as the "original" McFly is dismayed to discover) and Jennifer is a rebellious rocker, a wild child with an unpredictable streak. Also Lorraine is again a mildly obese, inebriated sad woman, George has reverted to be the loser he is in the first, original timeline (although his oppressor is big government instead of Biff). Biff Tannen is now one part of the Citizen Plus program, brainwashed into obedience. Hill Valley now looks as a technological advanced marvel, owned by a now rich and powerful Emmett Brown, with even the iconic Town Hall replaced by a huge pane with the E. Brown Industries symbol. As a side note, since in this timeline Emmett Brown never developed time-travel technology, thus the events of the original series never took place, the Eastwood Ravine is still known as the Clayton Ravine, as no one saved Clara from her death.[12]
The last attempt to fix the damages involved with the events of Back to the Future: The Game ends with even a more radical change, with Edna Strickland traveling under an assumed name to 1876 to act as a moral guide of the newly founded Hill Valley: however, after a failed confrontation with Beauregard Tannen, a Confederate soldier who built and founded the Palace Saloon, she accidentally causes a conflagration that consumes Hill Valley, turning it into a ghost town with herself as the only resident. Again, Marty and Doc manage to restore the continuity, that now however sports minor alterations (Arthur and Silvia, Marty's grandparents, prepone their marriage to 1931 (it was 1936 in the original timeline), Doc Brown spends more time in 1986 and less traveling through time, Kid Tannen is now reformed, married to Edna Strickland and having a better influence over Biff).[13]
Places[edit]
Many family businesses are passed down from generation to generation in Hill Valley. As a result, the city changes but remains similar from one generation to the next, as businesses are updated but rarely change. These recurring elements were a deliberate choice on the part of the filmmakers. The production designer of Back to the Future Part II, Rick Carter, is quoted in a DVD extra as saying, "The future is built on the present." Director Robert Zemeckis adds that the continuity between the different eras in Hill Valley's history is an example of the adage, "the more things change, the more they stay the same".[14]
The following is a list of such places. When a place is not seen or mentioned in a movie, it is marked unknown. Some buildings shown in 1885 scenes are actually located further down the street in an area not shown in the first two movies.
place №
1885
1955
1985
Alternate 1985
2015
1 Hill Valley Courthouse and Clock Tower (under construction) Hill Valley Courthouse Department of Social Services Biff Tannen's Pleasure Paradise Casino & Hotel
The Biff Tannen Museum Hill Valley Courthouse Mall
2 Nothing Town Theater Town Theater (as a church) Biffco Toxic Waste Reclamation Plant Hill Valley Museum of Art
A Bellman Retrospective
3 Nothing Holt's Diner Elmo's Rib Cafe Unknown (part of the Hill Valley Museum)
4 Honest Joe Statler's Fine Horses (in different location — this spot actually empty) Statler Studebaker Statler Toyota PIG Mart Pontiac Sales and Hover Conversions
5 Nothing Ruth's Frock Shop Goodwill Industries Tanya Exotic Sex Goddess Hyatas All Natural Earth-Grown Fruits
6 Nothing Jacobson & Field Attorneys at Law Loans Bad Rap Bail Bonds Simulex
7 Building under construction Western Auto Stores Empty Store (displaying Re-Elect Mayor Goldie Wilson signage) Bondage Hill Valley Gifts / The Hydroponic Gardner
8 Wells Fargo & Co Bluebird Motel Al's Tattoo Art
(out of business, for sale) Video Nude Hardcore Movies
Pawn Shop Sight Sound and Mind
9 Nothing Elite Barber Shop Empty Store (Sign on window saying "We Moved to Twin Pines Mall") Bangkok Sauna & Asian Massage Mr. Perfect All-Natural Steroids
10 Nothing Hill Valley Stationers Cupid's Adult Book Store Hell Hole XXX Eclipse — Contemporary & Traditional Lighting Store
11 Nothing Zale's Jewelers Abrams Brokerage Corporation Hardcore X Pizza Hut
12 Unknown J.D. Armstrong Realty Loans Peeparama True Blues
13 Unknown Ask Mr. Foster Travel Service Ask Mr. Foster Travel Service Naughty and Naked Uniglobe Travel
14 Marshal's Office Bank of America Bank of America Naughty XXX Hill Valley Transit bus stop (Second floor advertising Goldie Wilson Hover Conversions)
15 Palace Saloon (setting before Lou's Cafe) Lou's Cafe Lou's Fitness Aerobics Center (originally Lou's Cafe in 1955) War Zone Bar Cafe 80's (originally Lou's Cafe in 1955 and Lou's Fitness Center in 1985)
16 Barber shop Roy's Record Store The Third Eye Time to Shoot Photo Store Blast From The Past Antique Store
17 Docs Blacksmith shop (different building) Texaco full-service station Texaco gas station/food mart (area cluttered with piles of junk furniture and other garbage) 7-Eleven (first floor) and Texaco automated Havoline station (second floor)
18 Unknown Hal's Bike Shop Hog Heaven French fantasies The Bot Shoppe
19 Livery and Feed Stable Lawrence Building Broadway Florist French fantasies Hill Valley Surrogate Parenting Center
20 Building under construction Essex Theater (as a mainstream movie house) Essex Theater (as an adult movie house showing Orgy, American Style XXX) Hill Valley Theater of Live Sex Acts Holomax Theater (Now showing) Jaws 19 "this time its really really personal"
21 Hill Valley Telegraph Building with Sherwin-Williams Paint billboard sign Building with Sherwin-Williams Paint billboard sign Toxic Waste Reclamation Plant Unknown (office building displaying Skyway Information)
22 Nothing Lyon Estates (under development) Lyon Estates (middle-class neighborhood) Lyon Estates (rough neighborhood) Lyon Estates Parkland
23 (empty land near ravine) (farmland near Clayton Ravine) Hilldale (new housing development with 1980s-style homes and described as being a rather affluent part of Hill Valley.) Unknown Hilldale (now a rough neighborhood)
24 Hill Valley School (in different building than later schools) Hill Valley High School Hill Valley High School Remains of Hill Valley High School (burned down six years earlier) Hill Valley High School
25 Unknown Gaynor's Hideaway Bar Gaynor's Hideaway Bar Dee Dee's Delight Bar Fusion Bar
26 McFly Farm Twin Pines Ranch Twin Pines Mall
(Lone Pine Mall upon return from the timeline of events Marty McFly created in 1955) Lone Pine Mall Unknown
27 Nothing Brown Mansion Doc Brown's garage/Burger King Doc Brown's garage Unknown
Unique places[edit]
Despite Hill Valley's notable consistency, many businesses do appear and disappear over the years, as their services begin being needed or become obsolete. The following is a list of businesses that have no known equivalent in other time periods.
1885[edit]
Wells Fargo & Co.
Marshal's office
General Mercantile
Gunsmith
Bath House
Cabinet Maker
Meat Market
Blacksmith
1955[edit]
Hill Valley Stationers
Armstrong Realty
Louis Watch Maker
Gaynor's Hideaway
Roy's Records
Elite Barber
Blue Bird Motel
Western Auto
Hal's Bike Shop
Pohatchee Drive-In Theater (outside of town)
1985[edit]
Dept. of Social Services
Cupid's Adult Book Store
The Third Eye
Hog Heaven
Broadway Florist
Robinson's (in the mall)
Fox Photo (mall parking lot)
Alternate 1985[edit]
Biffco Realty
Biff Tannen's Pleasure Paradise Casino & Hotel
The Biff Tannen Museum
2015[edit]
Blast From the Past
Simulex
True Blues
Eclipse — Contemporary & Traditional Lighting Store
Flying High — A Kite Store
Hill Valley Surrogate Parenting Center
Bottoms Up: A Plastic Surgery Franchise
The Bot Shoppe
Mr. Perfect All Natural Steroids
Luxor Taxi Cab Co.
Hill Valley Transit
Hill Valley Gifts
Hyatas All-Natural Fruits
USA Today Hill Valley Edition
Wilson Hover Conversions
Domino's Hardware
Fusion Bar
Ice Cream Clone

Twin Pines Mall (Lone Pine Mall)[edit]
Twin Pines Mall is the name of the shopping center located outside Hill Valley, where Doctor Emmett Brown first tests his time machine, making his dog Einstein the first time traveler in the world. (The site where the mall was filmed for the movie is actually Puente Hills Mall, located in City of Industry, California. The J.C. Penney location seen in the movie has been shut down, and is now occupied by a 24 Hour Fitness center.)
When Marty McFly returns from 1955 to 1985, the mall can be seen to have changed its name to Lone Pine Mall, as upon arriving in 1955 and crashing into Old Man Peabody's barn at Twin Pines Ranch, named for Peabody's two prized baby pine trees. Marty was shot at by Peabody, forcing Marty to flee in the DeLorean, and accidentally run over and destroy one of the twin pines.
See also[edit]
Back to the Future (franchise)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bob Gale (2002). Production Design: Back to the Future Part II (DVD special feature). MCA Universal.
Jump up ^ Robert Zemickis and Bob Gale, Q&A, Back to the Future [DVD], recorded at the University of Southern California
Jump up ^ "Gallery". Universal Studios Hollywood Studio Tour. Universal Studios Inc. Retrieved 2006-12-01.
Jump up ^ Universal (2002). Universal Animated Anecdotes: Back to the Future Part II (DVD special feature). MCA Universal.
Jump up ^ "Universal Studios Hollywood History File: November 6, 1990". thestudiotour.com. www.theatrecrafts.com/. Retrieved 2006-12-01.
^ Jump up to: a b Gordon, Bruce (1995). "Back to the Future — For Real!". www.BTTF.com, reprinted from Hill Valley Telegraph #16. To Be Continued... Retrieved 2006-12-03.
Jump up ^ "Huge fire burns movie sets at Universal Studios". www.msnbc.msn.com/. www.msnbc.msn.com/. Retrieved 2008-06-01.
Jump up ^ "Courthouse Square". thestudiotour.com. www.theatrecrafts.com/. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
Jump up ^ "Back to the Future Locations — Doc Brown's 1985 Burger King House". BTTFtour.
Jump up ^ Les Mayfield, Director (1985). The Making of Back to the Future (TV special, DVD extra). MCA Universal.
Jump up ^ Back to the Future: The Game, Get Tannen
Jump up ^ Back to the Future: The Game, Citizen Brown
Jump up ^ Back to the Future: The Game, Outtatime
Jump up ^ Universal (2002). Production Notes: Back to the Future Part II (DVD special feature). MCA Universal.
External links[edit]
The Back to the Future Tour
Movie Locations Guide.com: Back to the Future filming locations
Back to Hill Valley - Back to the Future
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