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United States special operations forces
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United States special operations forces (SOF) are components of the Department of Defense's United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM).
The U.S. military definition of Special Operations Forces according to the Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms is "Those Active and Reserve Component forces of the Military Services designated by the Secretary of Defense and specifically organized, trained, and equipped to conduct and support special operations. Also called SOF".[1] The definition in the DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms references Joint Publication 3-05.1 - Joint Special Operations Task Force Operations (JP 3-05.1) as its source.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition
1.1 Joint Special Operations Command
1.2 United States Air Force
1.3 United States Army
1.4 United States Marine Corps
1.5 United States Navy
2 SOF career fields
2.1 United States Army
2.2 United States Marine Corps
2.3 United States Navy
2.4 United States Air Force
3 U.S. Special Operations centers, schools, and courses
4 References
5 External links
Composition[edit]
Component commands
United States Special Operations Command (SOCOM)[3]
Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC)[3]
United States Army Special Operations Command (USASOC)[3]
United States Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command (MARSOC)[3]
United States Naval Special Warfare Command (NSWC)[3]
United States Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC)[3]
Special Operations Command – Joint Capabilities (SOC-JC)
Theater Special Operations Commands
Special Operations Command Africa (SOCAFRICA)[3]
Special Operations Command Central (SOCCENT)[3]
Special Operations Command Europe (SOCEUR)[3]
Joint Special Operations Air Component Europe
Special Operations Command Pacific (SOCPAC)[3]
Special Operations Command South (SOCSOUTH)[3][4]
Special Operations Command North (SOCNORTH)[5][3]
Special Operations Command Korea (SOCKOR)[3]
★★★ Represents a unit led by a Lieutenant General or Vice Admiral
★★ Represents a unit led by a Major General or Rear Admiral (upper half)
★ Represents a unit led by a Brigadier General or Rear Admiral (lower half)
Joint Special Operations Command[edit]
Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) ★★★[6]
1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (Airborne) (USA)
24th Special Tactics Squadron (USAF)
427th Special Operations Squadron[citation needed] (USAF)
Flight Concepts Division[citation needed] (USA)
Intelligence Support Activity (USA)
Joint Communications Unit[citation needed] (Joint Service)
Naval Special Warfare Development Group (USN)
Regimental Reconnaissance Company (USA)
United States Air Force[edit]
Note: nonoperations-related squadrons are not included for a condensed list of units
Air Force Special Tactics Commandos training in Jordan
Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) ★★★[6]
1st Special Operations Wing[6]
1st Special Operations Group[7]
4th Special Operations Squadron[7]
8th Special Operations Squadron[7]
9th Special Operations Squadron[7]
15th Special Operations Squadron[7]
23d Weather Squadron[7]
34th Special Operations Squadron[7]
319th Special Operations Squadron[7]
24th Special Operations Wing[6]
720th Special Tactics Group[8]
17th Special Tactics Squadron[8]
21st Special Tactics Squadron[8]
22d Special Tactics Squadron[8]
23d Special Tactics Squadron[8]
26th Special Tactics Squadron[8]
724th Special Tactics Group[8]
24th Special Tactics Squadron[8]
724th Intelligence Squadron[8]
27th Special Operations Wing[6]
27th Special Operations Group[9]
3rd Special Operations Squadron[9]
9th Special Operations Squadron[9]
16th Special Operations Squadron[9]
20th Special Operations Squadron[9]
33rd Special Operations Squadron[9]
56th Special Operations Intelligence Squadron[9]
73rd Special Operations Squadron[9]
318th Special Operations Squadron[9]
524th Special Operations Squadron[9]
193d Special Operations Wing (Air National Guard)[6]
193d Special Operations Squadron
919th Special Operations Wing (Air Force Reserve)[6]
919th Special Operations Group[10]
2d Special Operations Squadron[10]
5th Special Operations Squadron[10]
711th Special Operations Squadron[10]
352d Special Operations Wing (Provisional)[6]
7th Special Operations Squadron[11]
67th Special Operations Squadron[11]
321st Special Tactics Squadron[11]
353rd Special Operations Group[6]
1st Special Operations Squadron[12]
17th Special Operations Squadron[12]
Detachment 1, 43rd Intelligence Squadron[12]
320th Special Tactics Squadron[12]
Air Force Special Operations Air Warfare Center ★★[6]
19th Special Operations Squadron[13]
5th Special Operations Squadron (Air Force Reserve)[13]
6th Special Operations Squadron[13]
18th Flight Test Squadron[13]
280th Combat Communications Squadron[13]
371st Special Operations Combat Training Squadron[13]
551st Special Operations Squadron[13]
United States Air Force Special Operations School[13]
United States Army[edit]
Army Rangers during a training operation.
United States Army Special Operations Command (USASOC) ★★★[6]
1st Special Forces Command (Airborne) ★★[6]
1st Special Forces Regiment[6]
1st Special Forces Group (Airborne)[6]
3rd Special Forces Group (Airborne)[6]
5th Special Forces Group (Airborne)[6]
7th Special Forces Group (Airborne)[6]
10th Special Forces Group (Airborne)[6]
19th Special Forces Group (Airborne) (Army National Guard)[6]
20th Special Forces Group (Airborne) (Army National Guard)[6]
Military Information Support Operations[6]
4th Military Information Support Group (Airborne)[6]
8th Military Information Support Group (Airborne)[6]
95th Civil Affairs Brigade (Airborne)[6]
91st Civil Affairs Battalion[6]
92nd Civil Affairs Battalion[6]
96th Civil Affairs Battalion[6]
97th Civil Affairs Battalion[6]
98th Civil Affairs Battalion[6]
528th Sustainment Brigade, Special Operations (Airborne)[6]
112th Signal Battalion[6]
Special Troops Battalion[6]
195th Support Company (Army National Guard)[6]
197th Support Company[6]
75th Ranger Regiment[6]
1st Ranger Battalion[6]
2nd Ranger Battalion[6]
3rd Ranger Battalion[6]
Special Troops Battalion[6]
Regimental Reconnaissance Company
Special Operations Aviation Command (USASOAC) ★[6]
160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne)[6]
Special Operations Aviation Training Battalion[6]
United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School (USAJFKSWCS) ★★[6]
1st Special Warfare Training Group (Airborne)[6]
Special Warfare Education Group (Airborne)[6]
Special Warfare Medical Group (Airborne[6]
United States Marine Corps[edit]
Marine Raiders fine-tune Visit, Board, Search and Seizure skills.
United States Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command (MARSOC) ★★[6]
Marine Raider Regiment[6]
1st Marine Raider Battalion[6]
2d Marine Raider Battalion[6]
3d Marine Raider Battalion[6]
Marine Raider Support Group[6]
1st Marine Raider Support Battalion[6]
2d Marine Raider Support Battalion[6]
3d Marine Raider Support Battalion[6]
Marine Special Operations School[6]
United States Navy[edit]
Navy SEALs during night operation in Afghanistan.
Naval Special Warfare Command (NAVSPECWARCOM) ★★[6]
Naval Special Warfare Group ONE[6]
SEAL Team 1[6]
SEAL Team 3[6]
SEAL Team 5[6]
SEAL Team 7[6]
Logistics Support Unit 1[6]
Naval Special Warfare (NSW) Unit 1[6]
Naval Special Warfare (NSW) Unit 3[6]
Naval Special Warfare Group TWO[6]
SEAL Team 2[6]
SEAL Team 4[6]
SEAL Team 8[6]
SEAL Team 10[6]
Logistics Support Unit 2[6]
Naval Special Warfare (NSW) Unit 2[6]
Naval Special Warfare (NSW) Unit 4[6]
Naval Special Warfare Unit (NSW) 10[6]
Naval Special Warfare Group THREE[6]
SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team 1 (SDVT-1)[6]
Logistics Support Unit 3[6]
SEAL Delivery Vehicle Detachment 1[6]
Naval Special Warfare Group FOUR[6]
Special Boat Team 12 (SBT-12)[6]
Special Boat Team 20 (SBT-20)[6]
Special Boat Team 22 (SBT-22)[6]
Naval Small Craft Instruction and Technical Training School (NAVSCIATTS)[6]
Naval Special Warfare Group TEN[6]
Support Activity 1[6]
Support Activity 2[6]
Mission Support Center[6]
Cultural Engagement Unit[6]
Naval Special Warfare Group ELEVEN[6]
SEAL Team 17 (Navy Reserve)[6]
SEAL Team 18 (Navy Reserve)[6]
Naval Special Warfare Center[6]
Basic Training Command[6]
Advanced Training Command[6]
SOF career fields[edit]
United States Army[edit]
Special Forces
Rangers
Military Information Support Operators (Psychological Operations)
Civil Affairs Soldiers
Enablers[3]
Sustainers
Army Special Operations Aviators
Military Intelligence and other Special Operations/Support with enlisted Special Qualification (SQI) Identifier "S" or "K9" for Officers.
United States Marine Corps[edit]
United States Marine Corps Critical Skills Operator (CSO)
Enablers[3]
Special Operations Capabilities Specialist
Combat Services Specialist
United States Navy[edit]
Navy SEALs
Special warfare combatant-craft crewmen (SWCC)
Special amphibious reconnaissance corpsman (SARC)
Enablers[3]
United States Navy EOD
Mobile Communications Team
United States Air Force[edit]
Combat Control (CCT)
Special Operations Weather Technician (SOWT)
Special Tactics Officer (STO)
Special Operations Surgical Team (SOST)
Pararescuemen (ST PJ) *
Combat Rescue Officer (ST CRO) *
Tactical Air Control Party (ST TACP) - enlisted *
Air Liaison Officer (ST ALO) *

* Note: CRO/PJ and ALO/TACP Airmen are not inherently designated SOF; those belonging to Special Tactics Squadrons fall under AFSOC. The vast majority are assigned to conventional rescue squadrons or Air Support Operations Squadrons as part of Air Combat Command.[14][15][16]
U.S. Special Operations centers, schools, and courses[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
International Special Training Center (ISTC) - Pfullendorf, Federal Republic of Germany
Joint Special Operations University – Hurlburt Field
Advanced Special Operations Techniques Course (ASOTC) - Fort Bragg
John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School – Fort Bragg
Military Free Fall Advanced Tactical Infiltration Course (ATIC) - Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona
Naval Special Warfare Center – Coronado, California
Naval Special Warfare Advanced Training Command, Imperial Beach, CA
Recon and Surveillance Leaders Course (RSLC) - Fort Benning, Georgia
Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat (SFAUC) - Fort Bragg
Special Forces Combat Diver Qualification Course - Key West, Florida
Special Forces Sniper Course (SFSC) - Fort Bragg
Special Forces Advanced Targeting Reconnaissance Target Analysis Exploitation Techniques (SFARTAETC)
Special Forces Physical Surveillance Course
SOF Sensitive Site Exploitation, Technical Exploitation Course
SOF Sensitive Site Exploitation, Operator Advanced Course
Special Forces Master Mountaineering Course (Level 1)
Special Forces Senior Mountaineering Course (Level 2)
Winter Warfare, Mountain and Cold Weather Operations
Special Forces Technical Surveillance (SFTSC)
Marine Special Operations School – Camp Lejeune
Marine Corps Special Operations Training Group
US Army Ranger Assessment and Selection Program (RASP) – Fort Benning, Georgia
US Army Small Unit Ranger Tactics (SURT) – Fort Benning, Georgia
USAF Combat Dive Course - NDSTC Panama City, Florida
USAF Combat Control School – Pope Field, North Carolina
USAF Pararescue Recovery Specialist Course - Kirtland AFB, NM
USAF Special Operations School – Hurlburt Field, FL
Special Tactics Training Squadron
Special Operations Terminal Attack Control Course (SOTACC), Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona[17]
JTAC Advanced Instructor Course – Nellis AFB, NV[18]
Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center, Naval Air Station Fallon, NV
US Navy Rescue Swimmer school, Pensacola, Florida
US Coast Guard Special Mission Training Center, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b special operations forces. Dtic.mil. Retrieved on 2014-05-24.
Jump up ^ "Joint Special Operations Task Force Operations" (PDF). 26 April 2007. p. GP-15 (Glossary page). Retrieved 2013-09-19.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "SOCOM 2014 Factbook" (PDF). 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Special Operations Command South
Jump up ^ U.S. Special Operations Command, North (Provisional Command) > U.S. Northern Command > Article View. Northcom.mil (2013-05-16). Retrieved on 2014-05-24.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp SOCOM Public Affairs (2015). SOCOM Fact Book 2015 (PDF). SOCOM Public Affairs.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "1st Special Operations Group fact sheet". July 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "24th Special Operations Wing fact sheet". July 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "27th Special Operations Wing fact sheet". July 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "919th Special Operations Wing fact sheet". July 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "352d Special Operations Wing fact sheet". July 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "353rd Special Operations Group fact sheet". July 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Air Force Special Operations Air Warfare Center". July 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ https://www.pararescue.com/unit-info
Jump up ^ http://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/858167/policy-changes-allow-airmen-to-retrain-into-special-ops/
Jump up ^ https://fas.org/irp/doddir/usaf/afdd2-7.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.yumasun.com/news/military_news/air-force-becomes-newest-ypg-tenant/article_86301f97-82f9-57a8-8f72-c741ed862483.html
Jump up ^ "Enlisted heroes receive graduate-level education at Weapons School". 6 February 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
United States Department of Defense (5 June 2003). "US DOD Dictionary of Military Terms: Joint Acronyms and Abbreviations". United States Department of Defense. United States of America. Retrieved 11 January 2004.
CSM Eric Haney (retired, former Delta Force operator and founding member) (2002). Inside Delta Force: The Story of America's Elite Counterterrorist Unit. Delacorte Press. ISBN 0-385-33603-9.
Linda Robinson (2004). Masters of Chaos: The Secret History of the Special Forces. PublicAffairs. ISBN 1-58648-249-1.
Mark Bowden (1999). Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern Warfare. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 0-87113-738-0.
Sean Naylor (2005). Not a Good Day to Die: The Untold Story of Operation Anaconda. The Berkeley Publishing Group. ISBN 0-425-19609-7.
"Special Forces Units". Retrieved 8 October 2006.
External links[edit]
David Ignatius: Learning to Fight a War - Washington Post, 2008-02-10
US Special Operation Forces – 2009 SOCOM Factbook
American Special Operations Forces
[hide]
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United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM)
Portal:Military of the United States
United States Army
USASOC
Units
U.S. Army Special Forces Command
U.S. Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School
75th Ranger Regiment
160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment
4th Military Information Support Group
8th Military Information Support Group
95th Civil Affairs Brigade
528th Sustainment Brigade
Types
Special Forces
Rangers
Psychological Operations
United States Marine Corps
MARSOC
Units
Marine Raiders
Marine Raider Support Group
Marine Special Operations School
Types
United States Marine Corps Critical Skills Operator
United States Navy
NAVSPECWARCOM
Units
Naval Special Warfare Group 1
Naval Special Warfare Group 2
Naval Special Warfare Group 3
Naval Special Warfare Group 4
Naval Special Warfare Group 10
Naval Special Warfare Group 11
Naval Special Warfare Center
Types
Navy SEALs
Special warfare combatant-craft crewmen
United States Air Force
AFSOC
Units
1st Special Operations Wing
24th Special Operations Wing
27th Special Operations Wing
352d Special Operations Wing
353d Special Operations Group
Types
Pararescue
Combat Control Team
Special Operations Weather Technician
Combat Rescue Officer
Special Tactics Officer
Special Mission Units
JSOC
DoD
Joint Communications Unit
Army
1st SFOD - Delta (Delta Force)
Intelligence Support Activity
Regimental Reconnaissance Company
Navy
Naval Special Warfare Development Group (DEVGRU / SEAL Team Six)
Air Force
24th Special Tactics Squadron
Theater Special
Operations Commands
SOCAFRICA
SOCCENT
SOCEUR
SOCKOR
SOCPAC
SOCNORTH
SOCSOUTH
SOCJFCOM
Source: SOCOM 2013 Fact Book
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Sinai Peninsula
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"Sinai" redirects here. For other uses, see Sinai (disambiguation).
Relief map of the Sinai Peninsula
The Sinai Peninsula or simply Sinai (now usually /ˈsaɪnaɪ/) is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia. It is situated between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south, and is a land bridge between Asia and Africa. Sinai has a land area of about 60,000 km2 (23,000 sq mi) and a population of approximately 1,400,000 people. Administratively, the Sinai Peninsula is divided into two governorates: the South Sinai Governorate and the North Sinai Governorate. Three other governorates span the Suez Canal, crossing into African Egypt: Suez Governorate on the southern end of the Suez Canal, Ismailia Governorate in the center, and Port Said Governorate in the north.
The Sinai Peninsula has been a part of Egypt from the First Dynasty of ancient Egypt (c. 3100 BC). This comes in stark contrast to the region north of it, the Levant (present-day territories of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and Palestine), which, due largely to its strategic geopolitical location and cultural convergences, has historically been the center of conflict between Egypt and various states of Mesopotamia and Asia Minor. In periods of foreign occupation, the Sinai was, like the rest of Egypt, also occupied and controlled by foreign empires, in more recent history the Ottoman Empire (1517–1867) and the United Kingdom (1882–1956). Israel invaded and occupied Sinai during the Suez Crisis (known in Egypt as the Tripartite Aggression due to the simultaneous coordinated attack by the UK, France and Israel) of 1956, and during the Six-Day War of 1967. On 6 October 1973, Egypt launched the Yom Kippur War to retake the peninsula, which was unsuccessful. In 1982, as a result of the Israel–Egypt Peace Treaty of 1979, Israel withdrew from all of the Sinai Peninsula except the contentious territory of Taba, which was returned after a ruling by a commission of arbitration in 1989.
Today, Sinai has become a tourist destination due to its natural setting, rich coral reefs, and biblical history. Mount Sinai is one of the most religiously significant places in the Abrahamic faiths.
Contents
1 Name
2 Geography
2.1 Climate
3 History
3.1 Ancient Egypt
3.2 Achaemenid Persian Period
3.3 Roman and Byzantine Periods
3.4 Ayyubid Period
3.5 Mamluk and Ottoman Periods
3.6 British control
3.7 Wars with Israel (1948, 56, 67, 67–70, 73)
3.8 1979 Peace Treaty with Israel and aftermath
3.9 Early 21st Century security issues
4 Demographics
5 Economy
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Name[edit]
Mount Sinai (Gabal Musa)
The name Sinai (Hebrew: סִינַי, Classical Syriac: ܣܝܢܝ) may have been derived from the ancient moon-god Sin[1] or from the Hebrew word Seneh (Hebrew: סֶ֫נֶּה Senneh)[2] The peninsula acquired the name due to the assumption that a mountain near Saint Catherine's Monastery is the Biblical Mount Sinai. However this assumption is contested.[3]
Its modern Arabic name is سِينَاء Sīnāʼ (Egyptian Arabic سينا Sīna; IPA: [ˈsiːnæ]). The modern Arabic is an adoption of the biblical name, the 19th-century Arabic designation of Sinai was Jebel el-Tûr.[4] In addition to its formal name, Egyptians also refer to it as Arḍ ul-Fairūz (أرض الفيروز 'the land of turquoise'). The ancient Egyptians called it Ta Mefkat, or 'land of turquoise'.[5]
In English, the name is now usually pronounced /ˈsaɪnaɪ/.[6][7] The traditional pronunciation is /ˈsaɪneɪ/ or /ˈsaɪneɪaɪ/.[8][9]
Geography[edit]
Image from Gemini 11 spacecraft, featuring part of Egypt and the Sinai Peninsula in the foreground and the Levant in the background
Sinai is triangular in shape, with northern shore lying on the southern Mediterranean Sea, and southwest and southeast shores on Gulf of Suez and Gulf of Aqaba of the Red Sea. It is linked to the African continent by the Isthmus of Suez, 125 kilometres (78 mi) wide strip of land, containing the Suez Canal. The eastern isthmus, linking it to the Asian mainland, is around 200 kilometres (120 mi) wide. The peninsula's eastern shore separates the Arabian plate from the African plate.[10]
The southernmost tip is the Ras Muhammad National Park.
Most of the Sinai Peninsula is divided among the two governorates of Egypt: South Sinai (Ganub Sina) and North Sinai (Shamal Sina).[11] Together, they comprise around 60,000 square kilometres (23,000 sq mi) and have a population (January 2013) of 597,000. Three more governates span the Suez Canal, crossing into African Egypt: Suez (el-Sewais) is on the southern end of the Suez Canal, Ismailia (el-Isma'ileyyah) in the centre, and Port Said in the north.
The largest city of Sinai is Arish, capital of the North Sinai, with around 160,000 residents. Other larger settlements include Sharm el-Sheikh and El-Tor, on the southern coast. Inland Sinai is arid (effectively a desert), mountainous and sparsely populated, the largest settlements being Saint Catherine and Nekhel.[11]
Climate[edit]
Sinai is one of the coldest provinces in Egypt because of its high altitudes and mountainous topographies. Winter temperatures in some of Sinai's cities and towns reach −16 °C (3 °F).[citation needed]
History[edit]
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Sinai Peninsula in hieroglyphs

Biau
Bj3w[12]
'Mining country'[12]
Ancient Egypt[edit]
Sinai was called Mafkat or 'country of turquoise' by the ancient Egyptians[13][14] From the time of the First Dynasty or before, the Egyptians mined turquoise in Sinai at two locations, now called by their Egyptian Arabic names Wadi Magharah and Serabit El Khadim. The mines were worked intermittently and on a seasonal basis for thousands of years. Modern attempts to exploit the deposits have been unprofitable. These may be the first historically attested mines.[citation needed]
Achaemenid Persian Period[edit]
At the end of the time of Darius I, the Great (521–486 BCE) Sinai was part of the Persian province of Abar-Nahra, which means 'beyond the river [Euphrates]'.[15]
Cambyses successfully managed the crossing of the hostile Sinai Desert, traditionally Egypt's first and strongest line of defence, and brought the Egyptians under Psamtik III, son and successor of Ahmose, to battle at Pelusium. The Egyptians lost and retired to Memphis; the city fell to the Persian control and the Pharaoh was carried off in captivity to Susa in mainland Persia.
Roman and Byzantine Periods[edit]
St. Catherine's Monastery is the oldest working Christian monastery in the world and the most popular tourist attraction on the peninsula.
After the death of the last Nabatean king, Rabbel II Soter, in 106,[16] the Roman emperor Trajan faced practically no resistance and conquered the kingdom on 22 March 106. With this conquest, the Roman Empire went on to control all shores of the Mediterranean Sea. The Sinai Peninsula became part of the Roman province of Arabia Petraea.[17]
Saint Catherine's Monastery on the foot of Mount Sinai was constructed by order of the Emperor Justinian between 527 and 565. Most of the Sinai Peninsula became part of the province of Palaestina Salutaris in the 6th century.
Ayyubid Period[edit]
During the Crusades it was under the control of Fatimid Caliphate. Later, Saladin abolished the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt and took this region under his control too. It was the military route from Cairo to Damascus during the Crusades. And in order to secure this route, he built a citadel on the island of Pharaoh in Taba known by his name 'Saladin's citadel'.[citation needed]
Mamluk and Ottoman Periods[edit]
The peninsula was governed as part of Egypt under the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt from 1260 until 1517, when the Ottoman Sultan, Selim the Grim, defeated the Egyptians at the Battles of Marj Dabiq and al-Raydaniyya, and incorporated Egypt into the Ottoman Empire. From then until 1906, Sinai was administered by the Ottoman provincial government of the Pashalik of Egypt, even following the establishment of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty's rule over the rest of Egypt in 1805.
The wilderness of Sinai, 1862
British control[edit]
In 1906, the Ottoman Porte formally transferred administration of Sinai to the Egyptian government, which essentially meant that it fell under the control of the United Kingdom, who had occupied and largely controlled Egypt since 1882. The border imposed by the British runs in an almost straight line from Rafah on the Mediterranean shore to Taba on the Gulf of Aqaba. This line has served as the eastern border of Egypt ever since.
Wars with Israel (1948, 56, 67, 67–70, 73)[edit]
Canadian and Panamanian UNEF UN peacekeepers in Sinai, 1974
At the beginning of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Egyptian forces entered the former British Mandate of Palestine from Sinai to support Palestinian and other Arab forces against the newly declared State of Israel. For a period during the war, Israeli forces entered the north-eastern corner of Sinai.[18] With the exception of Palestine's Gaza Strip, which came under the administration of the All-Palestine Government,[19] the western frontier of the former Mandate of Palestine became the Egyptian–Israeli frontier under the 1949 Armistice Agreement. In 1958, the Gaza Strip came under direct Egyptian military administration, though it was governed separately from Sinai, and was never annexed by Egypt. The Egyptian government maintained that Egyptian administration would be terminated upon the end of the conflict with Israel.
In 1956, Egypt nationalised the Suez Canal,[20] a waterway marking the boundary between Egyptian territory in Africa and the Sinai Peninsula. Thereafter, Israeli ships were prohibited from using the Canal,[21] owing to the state of war between the two states. Egypt also prohibited ships from using Egyptian territorial waters on the eastern side of the peninsula to travel to and from Israel, effectively imposing a blockade on the Israeli port of Eilat. In October 1956, in what is known in Egypt as the Tripartite Aggression, Israeli forces, aided by Britain, and France (which sought to reverse the nationalization and regain control over the Suez Canal), invaded Sinai and occupied much of the peninsula within a few days. In March 1957, Israel withdrew its forces from Sinai, following strong pressure from the United States and the Soviet Union. Thereafter, the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) was stationed in Sinai to prevent any further conflict in the Sinai.
On 16 May 1967, Egypt ordered the UNEF out of Sinai[22] and reoccupied it militarily. Secretary-General U Thant eventually complied and ordered the withdrawal without Security Council authorisation. In the course of the Six-Day War that broke out shortly thereafter, Israel captured the entire Sinai Peninsula, and Gaza Strip from Egypt, the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) from Jordan (which Jordan had controlled since 1949), and the Golan Heights from Syria. The Suez Canal, the east bank of which was now occupied by Israel, was closed. Israel commenced efforts at large scale Israeli settlement in the Sinai Peninsula.
Following the Israeli conquest of Sinai, Egypt launched the War of Attrition (1967–70) aimed at forcing Israel to withdraw from the Sinai. The war saw protracted conflict in the Suez Canal Zone, ranging from limited to large scale combat. Israeli shelling of the cities of Port Said, Ismailia, and Suez on the west bank of the canal, led to high civilian casualties (including the virtual destruction of Suez), and contributed to the flight of 700,000[23] Egyptian internal refugees. Ultimately, the war concluded in 1970 with no change in the front line.[24]
On 6 October 1973, Egypt commenced Operation Badr to retake the Sinai, while Syria launched a simultaneous operation to retake the Golan Heights,[citation needed] thereby beginning the Yom Kippur War (known in Egypt and much of Europe as the October War). Egyptian engineering forces built pontoon bridges to cross the Suez Canal, and stormed the Bar-Lev Line, Israel's defensive line along the Suez Canal's east bank. Though the Egyptians maintained control of most of the east bank of the Suez Canal, in the later stages of the war, the Israeli military crossed the southern section of the Suez Canal, cutting off the Egyptian 3rd Army, and occupied a section of the Suez Canal's west bank. The war ended following a mutually agreed-upon ceasefire. After the war, as part of the subsequent Sinai Disengagement Agreements, Israel withdrew from immediate proximity with the Suez Canal, with Egypt agreeing to permit passage of Israeli ships. The canal was reopened in 1975, with President Sadat leading the first convoy through the canal aboard an Egyptian destroyer.
1979 Peace Treaty with Israel and aftermath[edit]
Egypt-Israel border. Looking north from the Eilat Mountains
In 1979, Egypt and Israel signed a peace treaty in which Israel agreed to withdraw from the entirety of the Sinai Peninsula. Israel subsequently withdrew in several stages, ending in 1982. The Israeli pull-out involved dismantling almost all Israeli settlements, including the settlement of Yamit in north-eastern Sinai. The exception was that the coastal city of Sharm el-Sheikh (which the Israelis had founded as Ofira during their occupation of the Sinai Peninsula) was not dismantled. The Treaty allows monitoring of Sinai by the Multinational Force and Observers, and limits the number of Egyptian military forces in the peninsula.
Early 21st Century security issues[edit]
Since the early 2000s, Sinai has been the site of several terror attacks against tourists, the majority of whom are Egyptian. Investigations have shown that these were mainly motivated by a resentment of the poverty faced by many Bedouin in the area. Attacking the tourist industry was viewed as a method of damaging the industry so that the government would pay more attention to their situation.[25] (See 2004 Sinai bombings, 2005 Sharm El Sheikh bombings and 2006 Dahab bombings). Since the 2011 Egyptian Revolution, unrest has become more prevalent in the area including the 2012 Egyptian-Israeli border attack in which 16 Egyptian soldiers were killed by militants. (See Sinai insurgency).
Also on the rise are kidnappings of refugees. According to Meron Estifanos, Eritrean refugees are often kidnapped by Bedouin in the northern Sinai, tortured, raped, and only released after receiving a large ransom.[26][27]
Under President el-Sisi, Egypt has implemented a rigorous policy of controlling the border to the Gaza Strip, including the dismantling of tunnels between Gaza and Sinai.[28]
Demographics[edit]
Two young Bedouins making bread in the desert
The two governorates of North and South Sinai have a total population of 597,000 (January 2013). This figure rises to 1,400,000 by including Western Sinai, the parts of the Port Said, Ismailia and Suez Governorates lying east of the Suez Canal. Port Said alone has a population of roughly 500,000 people (January 2013). Portions of the populations of Ismailia and Suez live in west Sinai, while the rest live on the western side of the Suez Canal.
Population of Sinai has largely consisted of desert-dwelling Bedouins with their colourful traditional costumes and significant culture.[29] Large numbers of Egyptians from the Nile Valley and Delta moved to the area to work in tourism, but development adversely affected the native Bedouin population.[citation needed] In order to help alleviate their problems, various NGOs began to operate in the region, including the Makhad Trust, a UK charity that assists the Bedouin in developing a sustainable income while protecting Sinai's natural environment, heritage and culture.[citation needed]
Economy[edit]
Dahab in Southern Sinai is a popular beach and diving resort
See also: Tourism in Egypt
Since the Israeli–Egyptian peace treaty, Sinai's scenic spots (including coral reefs offshore) and religious structures have become important to the tourism industry. The most popular tourist destination in Sinai are Mount Sinai (Jabal Musa) and St Catherine's Monastery, which is considered to be the oldest working Christian monastery in the world, and the beach resorts of Sharm el-Sheikh, Dahab, Nuweiba and Taba. Most tourists arrive at Sharm el-Sheikh International Airport, through Eilat, Israel and the Taba Border Crossing, by road from Cairo or by ferry from Aqaba in Jordan.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Isthmus of Suez
Operation Eagle
Multinational Force and Observers
Negev Bedouin
Natural places
Biblical Mount Sinai
Desert of Paran
Mitla Pass
Manmade structures
Nawamis
Wildlife
Sinai leopard
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Sinai Peninsula (peninsula, Egypt) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sinai, Mount". JewishEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
Jump up ^ See Biblical Mount Sinai for a fuller discussion.
Jump up ^ J. W. Parker, The Bible Cyclopaedia vol. 2 (1843), p. 1143. Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, Sinai and Palestine: In Connection with Their History (1877), p. 29.
Jump up ^ "Étude de la turquoise : de ses traitements et imitations" Archived 15 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine., thesis by Claire Salanne, Université de Nantes, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Definition of Sinai". The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sinai". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
Jump up ^ John FARRAR (Classical Tutor at the Wesleyan Theological Institution, Richmond.) (1839). The Proper Names of the Bible; Their Orthography, Pronunciation, and Signification, Etc. p. 227.
Jump up ^ A Pronouncing Dictionary of the Holy Bible: Being a Concordance of Subjects and Complete Index to the Holy Scriptures. Virtue and Yorston. 1869. p. 215.
Jump up ^ Homberg, Catherine and Martina Bachmann, Evolution of the Levant Margin and Western Arabia Platform Since the Mesozoic, The Geological Society of London, 2010, p 65 ISBN 978-1862393066
^ Jump up to: a b Ned Greenwood (1 January 2010). The Sinai: A Physical Geography. University of Texas Press. pp. 4–. ISBN 978-0-292-77909-9.
^ Jump up to: a b The translation 'mining country' is not certain, see also Rainer Hannig: Großes Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch-Deutsch : (2800 - 950 v. Chr.). p. 1135.
Jump up ^ http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=print_topic;f=8;t=008397
Jump up ^ Joseph Davidovits and Ralph Davidovits (2007). "Why Djoser's blue Egyptian faience tiles are not blue? Manufacturing Djoser's faience tiles at temperatures as low as 250 °C?". In Jean Claude Goyon, Christine Cardin. Proceedings of the ninth International Congress of Egyptologists (PDF). 1. Louvain/Paris/Dudley. p. 375.
Jump up ^ Iranchamber
Jump up ^ Schürer, Emil; Millar, Fergus; Vermes, Geza (26 March 2015). The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 583. ISBN 978-0-567-50161-5.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Jane: Petra And the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans. I. B. Tauris 2001, ISBN 1860645089, p. 73-74 (online copy, p. 73, at Google Books)
Jump up ^ Rogan, Eugene L. and Avi Shlaim, eds. The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, p. 99, 2007
Jump up ^ Shlaim, Avi (2001). Israel and the Arab Coalition. In Eugene Rogan and Avi Shlaim (eds.). The War for Palestine (pp. 97). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79476-3
Jump up ^ http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/egypt-nationalizes-the-suez-canal
Jump up ^ "1956: Egypt Seizes Suez Canal". BBC. 26 July 1956.
Jump up ^ Samir A. Mutawi (18 July 2002). Jordan in the 1967 War. Cambridge University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-521-52858-0. Although Eshkol denounced the Egyptians, his response to this development was a model of moderation. His speech on 21 May demanded that Nasser withdraw his forces from Sinai but made no mention of the removal of UNEF from the Straits nor of what Israel would do if they were closed to Israeli shipping. The next day Nasser announced to an astonished world that henceforth the Straits were, indeed, closed to all Israeli ships
Jump up ^ Spencer, Tucker. Encyclopedia or the Arab-Israeli Conflict. p. 175.
Jump up ^ "War of Attrition".
Jump up ^ Serene Assir (23 July 2005). "Shock in Sharm". Al-Ahram Weekly. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Meron Stefanos on the torture houses in north Sinai
Jump up ^ Sound of Torture documentary
Jump up ^ http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/04/egypt-sinai-gaza-tunnels-sanctions-sisi-terrorist.html#
Jump up ^ Leonard, William R. and Michael H. Crawford, The Human Biology of Pastoral Populations, Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 67 ISBN 978-0521780162
Further reading[edit]
Gardner, Ann. "At Home in South Sinai". Nomadic Peoples 2000. Vol. 4, Iss. 2; pp. 48–67. Detailed account of Bedouin women
H. J. L. Beadnell (May 1926). "Central Sinai". Geographical Journal. 67 (5): 385–398. doi:10.2307/1782203. JSTOR 1782203.
C. W. Wilson (1873). "Recent Surveys in Sinai and Palestine". Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 43: 206–240. doi:10.2307/1798627. JSTOR 1798627.
Jacobs, Jessica (2006). "Tourist Places and Negotiating Modernity: European Women and Romance Tourism in the Sinai". In Minca, Claudio; Oakes, Tim. Travels in Paradox: Remapping Tourism. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-2876-5. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
Teague, Matthew; Moyer, Matt (March 2009). "The Sinai's Separate Peace". National Geographic Magazine. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. 215 (3): 99–121. ISSN 0027-9358. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
Jarvis, C.S.,Yesterday and To-day in Sinai (Edinburgh/London: W. Blackwood & Sons, 1931).
New terrorist challenges in the Sinai peninsula, prominent jihadists organisations, Strategic Impact (52), issue: 3 / 2014, pp. 39-47
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sinai Peninsula.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Sinai Peninsula.
Guide to Sinai, covering background information on history, flora, fauna, desert, Bedouin, safaris and geology of Sinai
Sinai Local Magazine
The Complete Guide To: The Sinai, The Independent, 15 March 2008.
Sinai in ancient Egypt
Broadcasting videos from Sinai
Images of the Sinai Desert
IRIN humanitarian news: EU grant to tackle rural poverty in South Sinai
Sinai trekking and safari: route maps and photo archive
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Lūṭ (Lot)
Ṣāliḥ
Shu‘ayb (Jethro, Reuel or Hobab?)
Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd (Solomon son of David)
‘Uzair (Ezra?)
Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā (John the Baptist the son of Zechariah)
Ya‘qūb (Jacob)
Isrā’īl (Israel)
Yūnus (Jonah)
Dhūn-Nūn ("He of the Fish (or Whale)" or "Owner of the Fish (or Whale)")
Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt ("Companion of the Whale")
Yūsuf ibn Ya‘qūb (Joseph son of Jacob)
Zakariyyā (Zechariah)
Ulu-l-‘Azm
Muḥammad
Aḥmad
Other names and titles of Muhammad
ʿĪsā (Jesus)
Al-Masīḥ (The Messiah)
Ibn Maryam (Son of Mary)
Mūsā Kalīmullāh (Moses He who spoke to God)
Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh (Abraham Friend of God)
Nūḥ (Noah)
Debatable ones
Dhūl-Qarnain (Cyrus the Great?)
Luqmān
Maryam (Mary)
Ṭālūt (Saul or Gideon?)
Implied
Irmiyā (Jeremiah)
Ṣamū’īl (Samuel)
Yūsha‘ ibn Nūn (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)
People of Prophets
Evil ones
Āzar (possibly Terah)
Fir‘awn (Pharaoh of Moses' time)
Hāmān
Jālūt (Goliath)
Qārūn (Korah, cousin of Moses)
As-Sāmirī
Abī Lahab
Slayers of Saleh's she-camel (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)
Good ones
Adam's immediate relatives
Martyred son
Wife
Believer of Ya-Sin
Family of Noah
Father Lamech
Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos
Luqman's son
People of Aaron and Moses
Believer of Fir'aun Family (Hizbil/Hizqil ibn Sabura)
Imra’at Fir‘awn (Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim or Bithiah)
Khidr
Magicians of the Pharaoh
Moses' wife
Moses' sister-in-law
Mother
Sister
People of Abraham
Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo
Ishmael's mother
Isaac's mother
People of Jesus
Disciples (including Peter)
Mary's mother
Zechariah's wife
People of Joseph
Brothers (including Binyāmin (Benjamin) and Simeon)
Egyptians
‘Azīz (Potiphar, Qatafir or Qittin)
Malik (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))
Wife of ‘Azīz (Zulaykhah)
Mother
People of Solomon
Mother
Queen of Sheba
Vizier
Zayd
Implied or not specified
Abrahah
Bal'am/Balaam
Barsisa
Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua
Luqman's son
Nebuchadnezzar II
Nimrod
Rahmah the wife of Ayyub
Shaddad
Groups
Mentioned
Aṣḥāb al-Jannah
People of Paradise
People of the Burnt Garden
Aṣḥāb as-Sabt (Companions of the Sabbath)
Christian apostles
Ḥawāriyyūn (Disciples of Jesus)
Companions of Noah's Ark
Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm (Companions of the Cave and Al-Raqaim?
Companions of the Elephant
People of al-Ukhdūd
People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin
People of Yathrib or Medina
Qawm Lūṭ (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)
Nation of Noah
Tribes, ethnicities or families
A‘rāb (Arabs or Bedouins)
ʿĀd (people of Hud)
Companions of the Rass
Qawm Tubba‘ (People of Tubba)
People of Saba’ or Sheba
Quraysh
Thamūd (people of Saleh)
Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr ("Companions of the Stoneland")
‘Ajam
Ar-Rūm (literally "The Romans")
Banī Isrā’īl (Children of Israel)
Mu’tafikāt (The overthrown cities of Sodom and Gomorrah)
People of Ibrahim
People of Ilyas
People of Nuh
People of Shuaib
Ahl Madyan People of Madyan)
Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ("Companions of the Wood")
Qawm Yūnus (People of Jonah)
Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog
Ahl al-Bayt ("People of the Household")
Household of Abraham
Brothers of Yūsuf
Daughters of Abraham's nephew Lot (Ritha, Za'ura, et al.)
Progeny of Imran
Household of Moses
Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim
Daughters of Muhammad
Wives of Muhammad
Household of Salih
People of Fir'aun
Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)
Aṣḥāb Muḥammad (Companions of Muhammad)
Anṣār (Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers, literally 'Helpers')
Muhajirun (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)
People of Mecca
Umm Jamil (wife of Abu Lahab)
Children of Ayyub
Dead son of Sulaiman
Qabil/Cain (son of Adam)
Wali'ah or Wa'ilah/Waala (wife of Nuh)
Walihah or Wahilah (wife of Lut)
Ya’jūj wa Ma’jūj (Gog and Magog)
Yam or Kan'an (son of Nuh)
Implicitly
mentioned
Amalek
Ahl as-Suffa (People of the Verandah)
Banu Nadir
Banu Qaynuqa
Banu Qurayza
Iranian people
Umayyad Dynasty
Aus & Khazraj
People of Quba
Religious groups
Ahl al-dhimmah (Dhimmi)
Kāfirūn (Infidels)
Zoroastrians
Munāfiqūn (Hypocrites)
Muslims
People of the Book (Ahl al-Kitāb)
Naṣārā (Christian(s) or People of the Injil)
Ruhban (Christian monks)
Qissis (Christian priest)
Yahūd (Jews)
Ahbār (Jewish scholars)
Rabbani/Rabbi
Sabians
Polytheists
Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad
Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot
Locations
Mentioned
Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah ("The Holy Land")
'Blessed' Land
In the Arabian Peninsula (excluding Madyan)
Al-Aḥqāf ("The Sandy Plains," or "the Wind-curved Sand-hills")
Iram dhāt al-‘Imād (Iram of the Pillars)
Al-Madīnah (formerly Yathrib)
‘Arafāt
Al-Ḥijr (Hegra)
Badr
Ḥunayn
Makkah (Mecca)
Bakkah
Ḥaraman Āminan ("Sanctuary (which is) Secure")
Ka‘bah (Kaaba)
Maqām Ibrāhīm (Station of Abraham)
Safa and Marwah
Saba’ (Sheba)
‘Arim Saba’ (Dam of Sheba)
Rass
Al-Jannah (Paradise, literally "The Garden")
Jahannam (Hell)
In Mesopotamia:
Al-Jūdiyy
Munzalanm-Mubārakan ("Place-of-Landing Blessed")
Bābil (Babylon)
Qaryat Yūnus ("Township of Jonah," that is Nineveh)
Door of Hittah
Madyan (Midian)
Majma‘ al-Baḥrayn
Miṣr (Mainland Egypt)
Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)
Sinai Region or Tīh Desert
Al-Wād Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan (The Holy Valley of Tuwa)
Al-Wādil-Ayman (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai)
Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor
Religious locations
Bay'a (Church)
Miḥrāb
Monastery
Masjid (Mosque, literally "Place of Prostration")
Al-Mash‘ar Al-Ḥarām ("The Sacred Grove")
Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā (Al-Aqsa Mosque, literally "The Farthest Place-of-Prostration")
Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred Mosque of Mecca)
Masjid al-Dirar
A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly:
Masjid Qubā’ (Quba Mosque)
The Prophet's Mosque
Salat (Synagogue)
Implied
Antioch
Antakya
Arabia
Ayla
Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn
Bayt al-Muqaddas & 'Ariha
Bilād ar-Rāfidayn (Mesopotamia)
Canaan
Cave of Seven Sleepers
Dār an-Nadwa
Al-Ḥijāz (literally "The Barrier")
Black Stone (Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad) & Al-Hijr of Isma'il
Cave of Hira & Ghar al-Thawr (Cave of the Bull)
Ta'if
Hudaybiyyah
Jordan River
Nile River
Palestine River
Paradise of Shaddad
Plant matter
Baṣal (Onion)
Fūm (Garlic or wheat)
Shaṭ’ (Shoot)
Sūq (Plant stem)
Zar‘ (Seed)
Fruits
‘Adas (Lentil)
Baql (Herb)
Ḥabb dhul-‘aṣf (Corn of the husk)
Qith-thā’ (Cucumber)
Rummān (Pomegranate)
Tīn (Fig)
Ukul khamṭ (Bitter fruit or food of Sheba)
Zaytūn (Olive)
In Paradise
Forbidden fruit of Adam
Bushes, trees or plants
Plants of Sheba
Athl (Tamarisk)
Sidr (Lote-tree)
Līnah (Tender Palm tree)
Nakhl (Date palm)
Rayḥān (Scented plant)
Sidrat al-Muntahā
Zaqqūm
Islamic holy books
Al-Injīl (The Gospel of Jesus)
Al-Qur’ān (The Book of Muhammad)
Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm (Scroll(s) of Abraham)
At-Tawrāt (The Torah)
Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā (Scroll(s) of Moses)
Tablets of Stone
Az-Zabūr (The Psalms of David)
Umm al-Kitāb ("Mother of the Book(s)")
Objects of people or beings
Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles
Noah's Ark
Staff of Musa
Tābūt as-Sakīnah (Casket of Shekhinah)
Throne of Bilqis
Trumpet of Israfil
Mentioned idols
(cult images)
'Ansāb
Idols of Israelites:
Baal
The ‘ijl (golden calf statue) of Israelites
Idols of Noah's people:
Nasr
Suwā‘
Wadd
Yaghūth
Ya‘ūq
Idols of Quraysh:
Al-Lāt
Al-‘Uzzá
Manāt
Jibt and Ṭāghūt
Celestial bodies
Maṣābīḥ (literally 'lamps'):
Al-Qamar (The Moon)
Kawākib (Planets)
Al-Arḍ (The Earth)
Nujūm (Stars)
Ash-Shams (The Sun)
Liquids
Mā’ (Water or fluid)
Nahr (River)
Yamm (River or sea)
Sharāb (Drink)
Events, incidents, occasions or times
Incident of Ifk
Laylat al-Qadr
Mubahalah
Sayl al-‘Arim (Flood of the Great Dam of Marib in Sheba)
The Farewell Pilgrimage
Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
Battles or military expeditions
Battle of al-Aḥzāb ("the Confederates")
Battle of Badr
Battle of Hunayn
Battle of Khaybar
Battle of Tabouk
Battle of Uhud
Conquest of Mecca
Days
Al-Jumu‘ah (The Friday)
As-Sabt (The Sabbath or Saturday)
Days of battles
Days of Hajj
Doomsday
Months of the Islamic calendar
Four holy months
Ramaḍān
Pilgrimages
Al-Ḥajj (literally "The Pilgrimage", the Greater Pilgrimage)
Al-‘Umrah (The Lesser Pilgrimage)
Times for Prayer or Remembrance
Times for Duʿāʾ ('Invocation'), Ṣalāh and Dhikr ('Remembrance', including Taḥmīd ('Praising'), Takbīr and Tasbīḥ):
Al-‘Ashiyy (The Afternoon or the Night)
Al-Ghuduww ("The Mornings")
Al-Bukrah ("The Morning")
Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ ("The Morning")
Al-Layl ("The Night")
Al-‘Ishā’ ("The Late-Night")
Aẓ-Ẓuhr ("The Noon")
Dulūk ash-Shams ("Decline of the Sun")
Al-Masā’ ("The Evening")
Qabl al-Ghurūb ("Before the Setting (of the Sun)")
Al-Aṣīl ("The Afternoon")
Al-Aṣr ("The Afternoon")
Qabl ṭulū‘ ash-Shams ("Before the rising of the Sun")
Al-Fajr ("The Dawn")
Implied
Event of Ghadir Khumm
Laylat al-Mabit
The first pilgrimage
Note: The names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
GND: 4104369-8
NARA: 10046260
NDL: 00628596
VIAF: 162783451
Coordinates: 29°30′N 33°50′E / 29.500°N 33.833°E / 29.500; 33.833
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinai_Peninsula&oldid=856154589"
Categories:
Sinai Peninsula
Peninsulas of Asia
Peninsulas of Egypt
Geography of Western Asia
Landforms of the Middle East
Landforms of Western Asia
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History of the Middle East
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Sinai (disambiguation)

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Egyptian people

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Nabatean Kingdom

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1949 Armistice Agreement

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Bar-Lev Line

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Israeli military

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Egyptian military

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2011 Egyptian Revolution

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History of Ptolemaic Egypt

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‘Urabi revolt

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text:
Comparison of management accounting and financial accounting
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The structure of accounting as documented by the International Federation of Accountants
The differences between management accounting and financial accounting include:[1]
Management accounting provides information to people within an organization while financial accounting is mainly for those outside it, such as shareholders
Financial accounting is required by law while management accounting is not. Specific standards and formats may be required for statutory accounts such as in the I.A.S International Accounting Standard within Europe.
Financial accounting covers the entire organization while management accounting may be concerned with particular products or cost centres.
Managerial accounting is used primarily by those within a company or organization. Reports can be generated for any period of time such as daily, weekly or monthly. Reports are considered to be "future looking" and have forecasting value to those within the company.
Financial accounting is used primarily by those outside of a company or organization. Financial reports are usually created for a set period of time, such as a financial year or period. Financial reports are historically factual and have predictive value to those who wish to make financial decisions or investments in a company. Management Accounting is the branch of Accounting that deals primarily with confidential financial reports for the exclusive use of top management within an organization. These reports are prepared utilizing scientific and statistical methods to arrive at certain monetary values which are then used for decision making. Such reports may include:
Sales Forecasting reports
Budget analysis and comparative analysis
Feasibility studies
Merger and consolidation reports
Financial Accounting, on the other hand, concentrates on the production of financial reports, including the basic reporting requirements of profitability, liquidity, solvency and stability. Reports of this nature can be accessed by internal and external users such as the shareholders, the banks and the creditors.
Regulation and standardization[edit]
While financial accountants follow Generally Accepted Accounting Principles set by professional bodies in each country or International Financial Reporting Standards, managerial accountants make use of procedures and processes that are not regulated by standard-setting bodies.
Multinational companies prefer to employ managerial accountants who have a widely recognised certification such as CGMA, Chartered Global Management Accountant certified by the AICPA and CIMA, ACMA certified by the Institute of Cost Accountants of India [1], Chartered Management Accountant certified by the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants, or CMA, Certified Management Accountant certified by the Institute of Management Accountants.
Time Period[edit]
Managerial Accounting provides top management with reports that are future-oriented, while Financial Accounting provides reports based on historical information. There is no time span for producing managerial accounting statements but financial accounting statements are generally required to be produced for the period of 12 previous months.
Legal differences in the United States
There is no legal requirement for an organization to use management accounting, but publicly traded firms (limited companies or whose shares are bought and sold on an open market) must, by law, prepare financial account statements.
In management accounting systems there is no requirement for an independent external review but financial accounting annual statements must be audited by an independent CPA firm.
In management accounting systems, management may be concerned about how reports will affect employees behavior whereas financial management concerns are about the adequacy of disclosure in financial statements.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Colin Drury (2007), "Differences between management accounting and financial accounting", Management and Cost Accounting, p. 7, ISBN 9781844805662
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_management_accounting_and_financial_accounting&oldid=813762697"
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