text:
Name of Australia
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Look up Australia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
1570 map by Abraham Ortelius depicting Terra Australis Nondum Cognita as a large continent on the bottom of the map and also an Arctic continent
The name "Austrialia" was used for the first time by Quiros – on 1 May 1606. Tridentine Calendar[1][2][3] or 3 May Roman Calendar
Austrialia was altered or 'corrected' to Australia over time (one example shown).[4]
The name Australia was specifically applied to the continent for the first time in 1794.[5]
The name Australia (pronounced [əˈstɹæɪljə, -liə] in Australian English,[6]) is derived from the Latin australis, meaning "southern", and specifically from the hypothetical Terra Australis postulated in pre-modern geography. The name was popularised by the explorer Matthew Flinders from 1804, and it has been in official use since 1817, replacing "New Holland" as the name for the continent.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Oz
3 Other epithets and nicknames
4 References
History[edit]
A Terra Australis "land of the south" appeared on world maps from the 15th century, although it was not based on any actual surveying of such a landmass but rather on the hypothesis that continents in the Northern Hemisphere should be balanced by land in the south.[7] This theory of balancing land is on record as early as the 5th century on maps by Macrobius.[8]
The earliest recorded use of the word Australia in English was in 1625 in "A note of Australia del Espíritu Santo, written by Sir Richard Hakluyt", published by Samuel Purchas in Hakluytus Posthumus, a corruption of the original Spanish name "Austrialia del Espiritu Santo" (Southern-Austrian Land of the Holy Spirit)[1][2][9] coined by Pedro Fernandes de Queirós for an island in Vanuatu,[10] in a rare combination of terms "Austral" and "Austria", the last in honour of Habsburg dynasty that reigned in Spain at those times.[11] The Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia (Jakarta) in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south.[12] Australia was later used in a 1693 translation of Les Aventures de Jacques Sadeur dans la Découverte et le Voyage de la Terre Australe, a 1676 French novel by Gabriel de Foigny, under the pen-name Jacques Sadeur.[13] Referring to the entire South Pacific region, Alexander Dalrymple used it in An Historical Collection of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean in 1771.
The name Australia was specifically applied to the continent for the first time in 1794 [5] with the botanists George Shaw and Sir James Smith writing of "the vast island, or rather continent, of Australia, Australasia or New Holland" in their 1793 Zoology and Botany of New Holland,[14] and James Wilson including it on a 1799 chart.[15]
The name Australia was popularised by the explorer Matthew Flinders, who pushed for it to be formally adopted as early as 1804.[16] When preparing his manuscript and charts for his 1814 A Voyage to Terra Australis, he was persuaded by his patron, Sir Joseph Banks, to use the term Terra Australis as this was the name most familiar to the public. Flinders did so, and published the following rationale:
There is no probability, that any other detached body of land, of nearly equal extent, will ever be found in a more southern latitude; the name Terra Australis will, therefore, remain descriptive of the geographical importance of this country, and of its situation on the globe: it has antiquity to recommend it; and, having no reference to either of the two claiming nations, appears to be less objectionable than any other which could have been selected.[17]
In the footnote to this Flinders wrote:
Had I permitted myself any innovation on the original term, it would have been to convert it to AUSTRALIA; as being more agreeable to the ear, and an assimilation to the names of the other great portions of the earth.[18]
This is the only occurrence of the word Australia in that text; but in Appendix III, Robert Brown's General remarks, geographical and systematical, on the botany of Terra Australis, Brown makes use of the adjectival form Australian throughout,[19]—the first known use of that form.[20] Despite popular conception, the book was not instrumental in the adoption of the name: the name came gradually to be accepted over the following ten years.[21]
The first time that the name Australia appears to have been officially used was in a despatch to Lord Bathurst of 4 April 1817 in which Governor Lachlan Macquarie acknowledges the receipt of Capt. Flinders' charts of Australia.[22] On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted.[23] In 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia.[24]
Ulimaroa was a name given to Australia by the Swedish geographer and cartographer Daniel Djurberg in 1776.[25] Djurberg adapted the name from Olhemaroa, a Maori word found in Hawkesworth's edition of Captain James Cook and Sir Joseph Banks' journals which is thought to have been a misunderstood translation — the Maori were actually referring to Grand Terre, the largest island of New Caledonia.[25] Djurberg believed the name meant something like "big red land", whereas modern linguists believe it meant "long hand" — echoing the geography of Grand Terre.[25] The spurious name continued to be reproduced on certain European maps, particularly some Austrian, Czech, German and Swedish maps, until around 1820,[25] including in Carl Almqvist's 1817 novel Parjumouf Saga ifrån Nya Holland (Stockholm, 1817).
Oz[edit]
The country has been referred to colloquially as Oz by people outside the country since the early 20th century; however it is exceedingly rare to see it referred to in this manner by Australians (they tend to prefer the term Aus).[citation needed]
The Oxford English Dictionary records a first occurrence in 1908, in the form Oss. Oz is often taken as an oblique reference to the fictional Land of Oz in the film The Wizard of Oz (1939), based on L. Frank Baum's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900).[26] In 1988, an American opinion was that Australians' "image of Australia as a 'Land of Oz' is not new, and dedication to it runs deep"[27] but evidence for this view within Australia itself is lacking. The spelling Oz is likely to have been influenced by the 1939 film, though the pronunciation was probably always with a /z/, as it is also for Aussie, sometimes spelt Ozzie.[28] The Baz Luhrmann film Australia (2008) makes repeated reference to The Wizard of Oz, which appeared just before the wartime action of Australia. Some critics have even speculated that Baum was inspired by Australia, in naming the Land of Oz: "In Ozma of Oz (1907), Dorothy gets back to Oz as the result of a storm at sea while she and Uncle Henry are travelling by ship to Australia. So, like Australia, Oz is somewhere to the west of California. Like Australia, Oz is an island continent. Like Australia, Oz has inhabited regions bordering on a great desert. One might almost imagine that Baum intended Oz to be Australia, or perhaps a magical land in the center of the great Australian desert."[29]
Other epithets and nicknames[edit]
Australia is colloquially known as "the Land Down Under" (or just "Down Under"), which derives from the country's position in the Southern Hemisphere. The term was first recorded in print in 1886, and was popularised internationally by the 1980 song of the same name by Men at Work.[30] Other less common nicknames include "Straya" ("Australia" pronounced in an exaggerated Strine manner), and "Aussie", which is usually used as a demonym, but occasionally extended to the country as a whole (especially in New Zealand).[31] More poetic epithets used within Australia include "the Great Southern Land" (re-popularised by a 1980s rock song, and not to be confused with the Great Southern region of Western Australia),[32] "the Lucky Country" (deriving from Donald Horne's 1964 book of the same name), and two phrases deriving from Dorothea Mackellar's 1908 poem "My Country" – "the sunburnt country" and "the wide brown land".[33][34]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "He named it Austrialia del Espiritu Santo and claimed it for Spain" The Spanish quest for Terra Australis | State Library of New South Wales Page 1.
^ Jump up to: a b "before reaching the New Hebrides or what he called Austrialis del Espiritu Santo on 3 May 1606" Quiros, Pedro Fernandez de (1563–1615) Para 4 | Australian Dictionary of Biography.
Jump up ^ Cartouche of La Gran Baya de S. Philippe y S. Santiago, Prado y Tovar ca.1606-1614 (España. Ministerio de Cultura. Archivo General de Simancas).
Jump up ^ "A note on 'Austrialia' or 'Australia' Rupert Gerritsen - Journal of The Australian and New Zealand Map Society Inc.- The Globe, Number 72, 2013 " Posesion en nombre de Su Magestad (Archivo del Museo Naval, Madrid, MS 951) Page 3.
^ Jump up to: a b "First Instance of the Word Australia being applied specifically to the Continent - in 1794" Zoology of New Holland - Shaw, George, 1751-1813; Sowerby, James, 1757-1822 Page 2.
Jump up ^ Australian pronunciations: Macquarie Dictionary, Fourth Edition (2005). Melbourne, The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd. ISBN 1-876429-14-3
Jump up ^ John Noble Wilford: The Mapmakers, the Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to Space Age, p. 139, Vintage Books, Random House 1982, ISBN 0-394-75303-8
Jump up ^ Ambrosius Aurelius Theodosius Macrobius, Zonenkarte. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "THE ILLUSTRATED SYDNEY NEWS". Illustrated Sydney News. National Library of Australia. 26 January 1888. p. 2. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Purchas, vol. iv, pp. 1422–32, 1625. This appears to be variation of the original Spanish "Austrialia" [sic].[1] A copy at the Library of Congress can be read online [2].
Jump up ^ Barber, Peter et al. Mapping Our World: Terra Incognita To Australia, National Library of Australia, 2013, p. 107.
Jump up ^ Scott, Ernest (2004) [1914]. The Life of Captain Matthew Flinders. Kessinger Publishing. p. 299. ISBN 978-1-4191-6948-9.
Jump up ^ Baker, Sidney J. (1966) The Australian Language, 2nd ed.
Jump up ^ Ferguson, John Alexander (1975). Bibliography of Australia: 1784–1830. 1 (reprint ed.). National Library of Australia. p. 77. ISBN 0-642-99044-1.
Jump up ^ Estensen, Miriam (2002). The Life of Matthew Flinders. Allen & Unwin. p. 354. ISBN 1-74114-152-4.
Jump up ^ Flinders, Matthew. "Letter from Matthew Flinders originally enclosing a chart of 'New Holland' (Australia)". cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk. Cambridge Digital Library. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Matthew Flinders, A voyage to Terra Australis (Introduction). Retrieved 25 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Flinders, Matthew (1814). A Voyage to Terra Australis. G. and W. Nicol.
Jump up ^ Bennett, J. J., ed. (1866–68). "General remarks, geographical and systematical, on the botany of Terra Australis". The Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S. 2. pp. 1–89.
Jump up ^ Mabberley, David (1985). Jupiter botanicus: Robert Brown of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 3-7682-1408-7.
Jump up ^ Estensen, p. 450
Jump up ^ "WHO NAMED AUSTRALIA?". The Mail (Adelaide, SA : 1912 – 1954). Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 11 February 1928. p. 16. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Weekend Australian, 30–31 December 2000, p. 16
Jump up ^ Department of Immigration and Citizenship (2007). Life in Australia (PDF). Commonwealth of Australia. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-921446-30-6. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Ulimaroa: a misnomer for Australia". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Jacobson, H. (1988) In the Land of Oz, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-010966-8.
Jump up ^ The Americana Annual: 1988, Americana Corporation, vol. 13, 1989, p. 66, ISBN 0-7172-0220-8
Jump up ^ Partridge, Eric, et al., The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, Taylor & Francis, 2006, ISBN 0-415-25938-X, entries "Oz" and "Ozzie", p. 1431.
Jump up ^ Algeo, J., "Australia as the Land of Oz", American Speech, Vol. 65, No. 1, 1990, pp. 86–89.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary (Electronic), Version 4.0, entry for "down under". The dictionary recodes the first published use in 1886 by J. A. Froude in Oceana p. 92 "We were to bid adieu to the 'Australasian'…She had carried us safely down under."
Jump up ^ Macquarie Dictionary (5th ed.). Macmillan Publishers Australia. 2010. ISBN 9781876429669.
Jump up ^ For example, in: Helen Trinca (14 February 2015). Western values: Perth now and then – The Australian. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
Jump up ^ For example, in: Bridie Smith (8 April 2015). "A sunburnt country spotted from space" – The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
Jump up ^ For example, in: Margaret Smith (17 January 2015). "What if the French had settled Australia first?" – The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
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Life as We Knew It (novel)
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Life As We Knew It
Author
Susan Beth Pfeffer
Series
The Last Survivors
Genre
Young adult novel, Science fiction
Publisher
Harcourt Children's Books
Publication date
October 1, 2006
Media type
Print (hardback & paperback)
Pages
337 pgs
ISBN
0-15-205826-5 (first edition, hardcover)
OCLC
63705625
LC Class
PZ7.P44855 Lif 2004
Followed by
The Dead and the Gone
This World We Live In
The Shade of the Moon
Life As We Knew It is a young adult science fiction novel by American author Susan Beth Pfeffer, first published in 2006 by Harcourt Books. It is the first book in The Last Survivors series, followed by The Dead and the Gone. When an asteroid hits the moon and brings it closer to Earth, life in Northeastern Pennsylvania will never be the same again for Miranda and her family, with the lack of food and extreme cold major threats to their survival.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Characters
3 Reception
4 Awards
5 References
Plot[edit]
16-year-old Miranda has a normal life in Pennsylvania living with her mother and brothers. Her biggest worries are about her grades and her conflicted feelings about becoming godmother to her soon-to-be-born half-sibling, who is expected by her father and his second wife Lisa. Soon, the news becomes focused on one subject: an asteroid predicted to hit the moon. People are excited about the opportunity to witness the astronomical event, and on the night of the impact, Miranda and her family, as well as many other people on their street, go outside to witness it. However, the asteroid was denser than expected by scientists, and immediately after impact, it becomes apparent that something is very wrong. The moon has been pushed closer to the Earth by the impact.
Immediately, Miranda's life is shattered, as is the whole of society on Earth. Tsunamis and earthquakes ravage the coasts of many countries, causing millions of people to die instantly. Chaos erupts, and not long afterward, Miranda and her family are forced to go on a shopping spree before all the food runs out. Miranda's older brother Matt comes home from college to be with his family. As they are inland, they are safe from tsunamis, but as the summer goes on, another threat looms; the moon shift causes magma to be forced up to the surface, resulting in many dormant volcanoes erupting, which cover the sky in ash, causing the temperature to drop dramatically (enough for frost to appear by mid-August and for 20-degree weather by October), making it impossible for food to be grown. As things become harsher for the family, they start eating less and less to conserve food. It also becomes apparent that Laura is going without food and making other sacrifices to give Jon, who Miranda is convinced Laura considers to be the strongest of her children, a bigger chance of survival. This is often a source of resentment that causes conflict between Miranda and her mother.
Winter is an especially hard time for the family. As well as a lack of food, they must deal with a multitude of snow, a lack of running water and electricity, and a terrible illness that nearly kills all of them. However, even as they become more and more isolated as nearly everyone else is either leaving town or dying, they continue to fight for survival. At the very end, there is almost no food left. Miranda ventures into town on a last breath of hope, though in her heart she believes she will find nothing, succumb to the cold, and die. However, just as she is about to lie down and give up, she sees a yellow piece of paper which attracts her gaze. The paper leads her to town hall, where, to her shock, she discovers the mayor is giving out bags of food for every family—but there are few takers, as many people are dead and even more have no way of knowing about the program. The family is given four bags of food and promised more to come in the following weeks. With a new reason to hope that she might live on, Miranda muses on her seventeenth birthday about why she is still keeping a diary: for the people who might read it in the future, or for herself.
Characters[edit]
Miranda Evans - The protagonist of the novel, a 16-year-old girl who is attempting to survive in the new, harsh world. The novel is presented as her diary entries. She has two brothers, one of whom she is jealous of, and the other she idolises, but, most of all, she cares greatly for both of them. Her favorite hobby used to be ice skating, but prior to the book's events, she suffered an ankle injury, forcing her to stop and take up swimming. She still has a passion of ice skating, idolising Brandon, a world-famous skater from her town. Later on in the novel, she is the only one of her family to not contract a life threatening strain of flu and takes care of them throughout it.
Matt Evans- Miranda's older brother who provides and cares for the family, such as collecting firewood to keep them warm in the harsh winter. He is looked up to by his mother and siblings (Miranda "cares desperately what he thinks of her", despite denying it). Matt was studying at college before returning to his family after the event.
Jonathan "Jonny" Evans- Miranda's younger brother who has a passion for baseball, attending a baseball camp during the novel. He is secretly voted most likely to live by his family, but comes to resent this when he realizes that they are starving themselves to allow him to eat more.
Laura Evans- Miranda's mother, who was a writer. She has great care for her family, putting their lives ahead of her own often, such as starving herself so her children can have more to eat. She dates Peter during the novel. Later in the book, she sprains her ankle, rendering her immobile.
Megan- Miranda's overly-religious friend. She used to be carefree before she went to church, an interest that began when their mutual friend Becky died. She begins to starve herself at the beginning of the incident with the moon because her pastor told her that God is punishing the human race for their sins.
Sammi- another of Miranda's friends. She had been with numerous boys and fights with Megan, who believes that she leads an immoral life.
Becky- Miranda's friend whom she constantly dreams about. She died before the book begins. She was "like the glue" between Miranda, Megan, and Sammi, and when she died, they began to go separate ways.
Mrs. Wayne- Megan's mother. She worries greatly that her daughter is starving herself, as she does not share Megan's religious beliefs.
Hal/Dad- Miranda's father who separated from her mother and remarried Lisa, who is pregnant with Miranda’s soon-to-be god daughter. He cares for his children very much, bringing them a large amount of food when they stop in on their way West.
Lisa- Miranda's pregnant stepmother, whose child Miranda will be godmother to.
Peter Elliot- Miranda's mom's boyfriend, a doctor. He works throughout the events, and visits several times, sometimes bringing food with him.
Dan- a boy on Miranda's swim team, who she begins to go swimming with in the local pond, Miller's Pond, after their local indoor pool is closed.
Horton- The beloved family cat. During the novel, Miranda accidentally leaves the door open, allowing him to escape, although he returns soon after. His bond with Jonny is well known, with them spending a large part of their lives together.
Brandon- an ice skater from their town who is training for the Olympics. He is idolised by skaters worldwide. He has a fan-site dedicated to him, which Miranda went on frequently before the event. One day in the novel she surprisingly meets him at a frozen lake, where they talk and skate shortly. Although she continued returning to the lake, she never sees him again. It is assumed he died or left Howell, although it can be perceived that their meeting did not exist, and it was all in Miranda's imagination.
Mrs. Nesbitt- an elderly woman who is like family to Miranda and her family, having cared for Miranda's mother when she was a child.
George- Sammi's 40-year-old boyfriend, with whom she moves to Nashville.
Reverend Marshall- The pastor at Megan's church. By telling his congregation that God will sustain them, and behaving in a falsely caring manner, he ensures that they bring him food by way of thanks. This means that he has much more to eat than most people, something which greatly enrages Miranda.
Mayor Ford and Tom Danworth- Two men who inhabit the City Hall. They appear at the very end of the book, and tell Miranda that she can get bags of food from there.
Reception[edit]
Kirkus Reviews said that "death is a constant threat, and Pfeffer instills despair right to the end but is cognizant to provide a ray of hope with a promising conclusion. Plausible science fiction with a frighteningly realistic reminder of recent tragedies here and abroad."[1] Ilene Cooper said in her review for Booklist that "each page is filled with events both wearying and terrifying and infused with honest emotions. Pfeffer bring's cataclysmic tragedy very close."[2]
Awards[edit]
Pfeffer's book was named Young Adult Library Services Association's Best Books for Young Adults in 2007, and shortlisted for the Andre Norton Award for Outstanding Science Fiction or Fantasy Book of 2007. In addition, it won the Booklist Editor's Choice Award for Books for Youth (Older Reader's Category) in 2006.[3] It was nominated for the 2009 Rebecca Caudill Young Readers' Book Award and the Truman Readers Award of 2008-2009.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "LIFE AS WE KNEW IT". Kirkus Reviews. 74 (18): 963. September 15, 2006. ISSN 0042-6598.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Ilene (September 1, 2006). "Life as We Knew It". Booklist. 103 (1): 127. ISSN 0006-7385.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2009-02-23. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
Jump up ^ http://www.rebeccacaudill.org/nominees/2009.htm
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