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Food Network
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This article is about the US channel. For the Canadian channel, see Food Network (Canada). For other uses, see Food Network (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Food TV.
Food Network
Launched
November 22, 1993; 24 years ago (1993-11-22)
Owned by
Television Food Network, G.P.
Picture format
1080i (HDTV)
480i/576i (SDTV)
Audience share
UK:
0.21%
0.02% (+1)
(April 2017 (2017-04), BARB)
Slogan
Dig In!
Country
United States
Broadcast area
Worldwide
Headquarters
New York City, New York, United States
Formerly called
Television Food Network (1993–97)
Sister channel(s)
American Heroes Channel
Animal Planet
Cooking Channel
Destination America
Discovery Channel
Discovery en Español
Discovery Familia
Discovery Family
Discovery Life
DIY Network
Great American Country
HGTV
Investigation Discovery
Oprah Winfrey Network
Science Channel
TLC
Travel Channel
Velocity
Website
www.foodnetwork.com
Availability
Terrestrial
Freeview (UK)
Channel 41
Freeview (Australia)
Channel 33
Satellite
Astro (Malaysia)
Channel 727 (HD)
DirecTV
Channel 231 (SD/HD)
Channel 2104 (Asia)
Dish Network
Channel 110 (HD/SD)
Channel 9462 (HD)
SKY Brasil (Brazil)
Channel 492 (HD)
Channel 1492 (VOD)
Sky (UK & Ireland)
Channel 197
Channel 297 (+1)
Freesat (UK)
Channel 148
Channel 149 (+1)
Astra 2E
11426 V 27500 5/6
DStv (South Africa)
Channel 175
D-Smart (Turkey)
Channel 54 (HD)
beIN (Middle East and North Africa)
Channel 358 (HD)
Kontinent TV (Russia)
11960 H (SD)
MTS TV (Russia)
12033 V (HD)
Cable
Available on must American cable systems
check local listings
Virgin Media (UK)
Channel 291
Virgin Media Ireland (Ireland)
Channel 508
Sky Cable (Philippines)
Channel 68 (SD Digital)
Channel 182 (HD)
Ziggo (Netherlands)
Channel 138 (HD)
Destiny Cable (Philippines)
Channel 68 (SD Digital) Channel 182 (HD)
IPTV
AT&T U-verse
1452 (HD)
452 (SD)
Meo Online
Watch live (Portugal only)
horizon
Watch live (Ireland only)
Virgin TV Anywhere
Watch live (UK only)
Fetch TV (Australia)
Channel 127
now TV (Hong Kong)
Channel 526 (SD/HD)
Zazeen (Canada)
Channel 115 (HD)
Streaming media
TVPlayer
Watch live (UK only)
TVPlayer
Watch live (+1 Timeshift) (UK only)
PlayStation Vue
Internet Protocol television
Sling TV
Internet Protocol television
Ziggo GO
ZiggoGO.tv (Netherlands only)
Food Network is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Television Food Network, G.P., a joint venture and general partnership between Discovery, Inc. (which owns 70% of the network) and the Tribune Media (which owns the remaining 30%). Despite this ownership structure, the channel is managed as a division of Discovery Networks U.S. The channel airs both special and regular episodic programs about food and cooking.
In addition to its headquarters in New York City, Food Network has offices in Atlanta, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, Detroit, Jersey City, Cincinnati, and Knoxville, Tennessee.
95 million households receive Food Network as of January 2016.[1]
Contents
1 History
2 Food Network programming
3 Carriage
3.1 US station
3.2 UK and international
4 Food Network video game
5 Food Network around the world
6 Television Food Network, G.P.
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
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Food Network was founded on April 19, 1993, as "TV Food Network"; its legal name remains Television Food Network, G. P. The network shortened its brand name within a few years and discontinued the "TV" portion of the name, thus leaving it as "Food Network". The network initially launched on November 22, 1993 with two initial shows featuring David Rosengarten, Donna Hanover, and Robin Leach. On November 23, 1993, Food Network launched its live broadcasting.[2] It was developed by Reese Schonfeld (one of the founders of CNN), under the direction of Providence Journal president Trygve Myrhen.[3] Its original partners included the Journal itself, Adelphia, Scripps-Howard, Continental Cablevision, Cablevision, and most importantly, the Tribune Company, which provided the network's technical output.
Former logo, used from 1997 to 2003.
Schonfeld, was appointed as managing director of TV Food Network and maintained a spot on its management board along with two Providence Journal employees. The original lineup for the network included Emeril Lagasse (Essence of Emeril), Debbi Fields, Donna Hanover, David Rosengarten, Curtis Aikens, Dr. Louis Arrone, Jacques Pépin, and Robin Leach. The following year, the network acquired the rights to the Julia Child library from WGBH.
In 1995, Schonfeld resigned as managing director of the network, but remained on its board until 1998, when he sold his interest in the company to Scripps. In 1996, Erica Gruen was hired as the president and CEO of TV Food Network, becoming the second woman in history to be the CEO of a U.S. television network. Gruen led the network into an explosive growth until 1998, by launching the largest and number one site for food, FoodNetwork.com, more than doubling the subscriber base, tripling the viewership and multiplying the network's yearly revenue.[4] In 1997, it was the second fastest growing cable network. Gruen changed the brand positioning from Schonfeld's "TV for people who cook" to "TV for everyone who loves to eat," thereby greatly improving the appeal to viewers and advertisers, and saving the network from bankruptcy. Greg Willis and Cathy Rasenberger were two of the original members of the start-up team who led the affiliate sales and marketing of the company from 1995 to 1998. Greg Willis served as senior vice president of worldwide distribution until he left to join Liberty Media in 1998.
Food Network logo used from 2003 to 2013. In 2013, a new version of this logo was introduced with a different font.
The A. H. Belo Corporation acquired Food Network when it purchased The Providence Journal Company in 1996.[5] Myrhen left the Journal Company the following year. Belo sold the network to the E. W. Scripps Company in 1997, in a trade deal that resulted in Belo acquiring the television-radio station combination of KENS-AM/TV in San Antonio, Texas.[6] In March 2009, the Food Network launched a repurposed Food.com as a bookmarking site that allows users to aggregate and search for recipes from different sources online.
The 1080i high definition simulcast feed of Food Network launched on March 31, 2008.
Food Network was first launched outside of North America in the United Kingdom on November 9, 2009, and in Asia on July 5, 2010 (on StarHub TV channel 433 and in HD on channel 468).[7] Since the UK launch on November 9, 2009 on Sky,[8] the channel has been added to the Freesat,[9] Freeview[10] and Virgin Media platforms.[11]
In January 2015, the Food Network collaborates with Snapchat and launches its own Food Network channel, "Discover Food Network", where social media users can watch the channel through the app. The channel features recipes, food hacks, and tips to entertain and appeal to the social media savvy millenials of today while watching from the palm of their hands.[12]
Food Network programming[edit]
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Further information: List of programs broadcast by Food Network
Food Network programming is divided into a daytime block known as "Food Network in the Kitchen" and a primetime lineup branded as "Food Network Nighttime". Generally, "In the Kitchen" is dedicated to instructional cooking programs, while "Nighttime" features food-related entertainment programs, such as cooking competitions, food-related travel shows, and reality shows. Promos identify "Food Network Nighttime" programming but not "In the Kitchen" daytime programming. Many of the channel's personalities routinely pull double-duty (or more) – hosting both daytime and nighttime programming – and the channel regularly offers specials which typically either follow its personalities on working vacations, or bring together a number of personalities for a themed cooking event. Food Network airs infomercials on Sundays from 4:00 to 9:30 a.m. ET, Monday through Thursdays from 5:00 to 9:30 a.m. ET, and on Fridays and Saturdays from 4:00 to 7:00 a.m. ET. The UK channel has a teleshopping window from 03.00 to 06.00 (UK time GMT/BST as applicable) daily.
Mario Batali and Bobby Flay joined the network in 1995. In 1996, Erica Gruen, the network's CEO, and Joe Langhan, an executive producer at the Food Network, created Emeril Live!, which became the channel's signature series. Although Batali has moved on to other endeavours, Flay still appears regularly on many programs, including Iron Chef America, the channel's well-received remake of the original Japanese series. Iron Chef America's host, Alton Brown, gained a cult following for his Good Eats, which mixed science, cooking and off-beat humor.
In 2002, Food Network made an appeal to the home cook by adding Paula's Home Cooking, hosted by Paula Deen. Home Cooking focused mostly on Southern cuisine and comfort food. The show took overly complicated recipes and classic dishes and broke them down for the home cook. The show did increasingly well, and Deen revamped the show in a series called Paula's Best Dishes. In this series, friends and family members would join her in the kitchen and put a twist on classics and introduce new recipes. In June 2013, Food Network announced that they were not renewing Deen's contract due to publicity about her racial remarks revealed in a lawsuit brought on by a former worker.[13]
Currently, the channel's biggest cross-over stars are Rachael Ray and Paula Deen, who have both taken their cable following (primarily through the series 30 Minute Meals, $40 a Day, and Paula's Best Dishes) into a syndicated talk show and Positively Paula. Both Paula Deen and Rachael Ray also have merchandise lines of cookware, food products and pet lines.
Beginning in 2005, an annual reality contest, The Next Food Network Star, brought viewers to New York City to compete for their own show on the channel. Previous winners include Dan Smith and Steve McDonagh (Party Line with The Hearty Boys), Guy Fieri (Guy's Big Bite, Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives, Guy Off the Hook, Ultimate Recipe Showdown, Guy's Big Night, Guy's Family Feast, Guy's Grocery Games), Amy Finley (The Gourmet Next Door), Aaron McCargo, Jr. (Big Daddy's House),[14] Melissa d'Arabian (Ten Dollar Dinners), and Aarti Sequeira (Aarti Party).[15] For the 2010 season, production of The Next Food Network Star was relocated to Los Angeles. It has become the network's flagship show. For most of its 13-year run, season finales of the show have been followed by lead-out shows the network deems has great potential and will draw even more viewers. These consist of either premieres of new shows, season premieres of continuing shows, or episodes of continuing shows that are significant to the schedule. For instance, the most recent season finale of Star was followed by the season premiere of Beat Bobby Flay.
In December 2007, The New York Times business section published an article on the end of Emeril Lagasse's show Emeril Live, and quoted Brooke Johnson, the president, as saying that Lagasse "remains a valued member of the Food Network family".[16] Derek Baine, senior analyst at the media research firm SNL Kagan, is reported to have commented, "It's not surprising that people move on... They pay almost nothing for the people as they are building their careers... That's been their strategy all along". The article also commented on the declining popularity of the Food Network whose daily ratings were reported had fallen "to an average of 544,000 people from 580,000 a year [earlier]". It noted, "More significant, its signature weekend block of instructional programs, known collectively as 'In the Kitchen,' has lost 15 percent of its audience in the last year, to 830,000 viewers on average. This had left the network owing refunds, known as 'make goods,' to advertisers." Erica Gruen, president and CEO of the Food Network from 1996–1998 who created Emeril Live during her tenure, was reported to have blamed the decline on increased competition, "There's all sorts of instructional cooking video on the Web".[16] But it reported that, "Bob Tuschman, Food Network's senior vice president for programming and production, said the weekend ratings drop was 'nothing we haven't anticipated'. He said the network's ratings in that time period grew by double digits in each of the last four years, growth that could not be sustained."[16] It also wrote, "About a year ago, the Food Network began aggressively trying to change that with new deals that were 'way more onerous' from the stars' point of view, said a person who has been affected by the changing strategy, by insisting on a stake in book deals and licensing ventures, and control over outside activities.[16]
Carriage[edit]
US station[edit]
On January 1, 2010, HGTV and Food Network were removed from cable provider Cablevision, which operates systems serving areas surrounding New York City. Scripps removed HGTV and Food Network from Cablevision following the expiration of the company's carriage contract on December 31, 2009; Cablevision and Scripps had been in negotiations for several months to agree on a new contract, but no progress had been made. The discontinuance of Food Network from Cablevision led the channel to make arrangements with Tribune-owned CW affiliates WPIX in New York City and WTXX in Hartford, Connecticut to broadcast a special episode of Iron Chef America with First Lady Michelle Obama on January 10, 2010, after that episode enjoyed high ratings on its January 3 cable premiere.[17] On January 21, 2010, Cablevision and Scripps reached an agreement that resulted in Food Network and HGTV being restored on Cablevision's systems that day.[18]
A similar carriage dispute with AT&T U-verse resulted in Food Network, Cooking Channel, HGTV, DIY Network, and Great American Country being dropped by the provider on November 5, 2010;[19] the dispute was resolved two days later, on November 7, 2010, after the two parties reached a new carriage agreement.[20][21]
UK and international[edit]
In accordance with an agreement between Scripps and Chellomedia, Food Network programs started to air internationally in the fourth quarter of 2009 in the United Kingdom and then in other markets in early 2010.[22]
Food Network UK initially launched on the Sky platform as a free-to-air channel, joined by a +1 hour timeshift, taking the channel slots vacated by the closure of Real Estate TV. (Following Scripps' acquisition of Travel Channel International, the four channel positions on Sky were reordered to move Food Network up the grid.) Food Network and +1 were subsequently also made available on the Freesat satellite platform.
On terrestrial service Freeview, initially a four-hour primetime evening bloc was acquired, sharing capacity with channels including Create and Craft; subsequently Food Network relocated to its own full-day service, with the four-hour berth used to bring Travel Channel to DTT. (Travel has since itself moved to all-day operation, with the evening hours now absorbed into Create & Craft.) Scripps subsequently signed a carriage deal with Virgin Media to bring Food Network and Travel Channel to the cable platform (in Travel's case this was a re-addition following its earlier removal from the cable platform.)
Food Network video game[edit]
Red Fly Studio developed a video game for the Wii console in partnership with Food Network called Cook or Be Cooked. The game, which was published by Namco Bandai Games and was released on November 3, 2009, simulates real cooking experiences.[23][24] Players can also try out the recipes featured on the game. There is also a video game based on Iron Chef America entitled Iron Chef America: Supreme Cuisine.[25]
Food Network around the world[edit]
Some countries have their own Food Network. Examples include: Food Network Canada, Food Network Asia, Food Network Italy and Food Network Europe. In the second half of 2014, Food Network Brazil began broadcasting with programs fully dubbed in Portuguese and optional subtitles.[26] On February 1, 2015, Food Network launched on Australian IPTV service Fetch TV.[27][28] Food Network South America began broadcasting in March 2015 with full Spanish dubbed programs.
A localised free-to-air Australian version was launched on 17 November 2015, owned by SBS which has a licensing and programming output arrangement with Scripps.[29]
Television Food Network, G.P.[edit]
In 2011, Scripps requested to add its Cooking Channel, formerly Fine Living Network, to the partnership and Tribune agreed. With the Cooking Channel considered to be worth $350 million, Tribune would need to add additional capital.[30]
See also[edit]
United States portal
Television portal
Food portal
Food Network (Canada)
Food Network (Australia)
List of programs broadcast by the Food Network
The Food Network Awards
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Cable Network Coverage Area Household Universe Estimates: January 2016".
Jump up ^ The New School (2013-09-30), The Founding of the Food Network: A 20 Year Retrospective, retrieved August 6, 2018
Jump up ^ "Reese Schonfeld | HuffPost". www.huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
Jump up ^ "Food Network President and CEO Erica Gruen leaving network | The E.W. Scripps Company". www.scripps.com. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
Jump up ^ "Scripps to acquire interest inTV Food Network | The E.W. Scripps Company". www.scripps.com. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
Jump up ^ "Scripps Completes Harte-Hanks and The Food Network Acquisitions | The E.W. Scripps Company". www.scripps.com. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
Jump up ^ Food Business News: Schroeder, Eric "Food Network to launch in international markets" November 4, 2009. (Registration required to view entire article.)
Jump up ^ "Food Network coming to Sky". Digital Spy. October 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Food Network launches on Freesat". Digital Spy. December 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Food Network to launch on Freeview". Digital Spy. July 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Food Network, Travel Channel come to Virgin Media TV". Digital Spy. June 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Food Network Launches New "Discover Food Network" Channel on Snapchat". Food Network. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
Jump up ^ "Paula Deen Dropped by Food Network After Racial Slur Controversy". People Magazine. June 21, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Aaron McCargo, Jr". Archived from the original on 2008-08-05. Retrieved 2008-07-28.
Jump up ^ Slezak, Michael (August 16, 2010). "'Next Food Network Star' season finale recap: And the winner is..." Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Changing Courses at the Food Network, New York Times, December 17, 2007
Jump up ^ Wall Street Journal: "Scripps to Offer Free Show In Fight With Cablevision", January 6, 2010. (Subscription required to view entire article.)
Jump up ^ Scripps, Cablevision Deal Returns Food Network, HGTV to Subscribers, The Wrap, January 21, 2010
Jump up ^ AT&T's U-verse Drops Food Network, HGTV and Other Scripps Networks, Chicago Tribune, November 5, 2010
Jump up ^ Food Network, HGTV, Back on U-verse, Chicago Tribune, November 7, 2010
Jump up ^ AT&T U-verse, Scripps Reconnect on Carriage Contract, MultiChannel News, November 7, 2010
Jump up ^ "Scripps, Chello to launch Food Network overseas". Business Courier of Cincinnati. October 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Nelson, Randy (April 30, 2009). "Joystiq impressions: Food Network: Cook or Be Cooked". Joystiq.com.
Jump up ^ Brion, Raphael (October 22, 2009). "Upcoming: Food Network's Cook or Be Cooked Video Game". EatMeDaily.com.
Jump up ^ Cat Cora (2016). Cooking as Fast as I Can: A Chef's Story of Family, Food, and Forgiveness. Simon and Schuster. p. 193. ISBN 9781476766157.
Jump up ^ http://www.vcfaz.tv/artigo.php?t=216209, Vc Faz, August 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (December 9, 2014). "Fetch TV adds BBC First". TV Tonight. Retrieved December 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Perry, Kevin (December 9, 2014). "Big Blow for Foxtel as they Lose Exclusive Rights for Premium Drama Channel BBC First". Nelbie. Retrieved December 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (22 October 2015). "Food Network to launch on SBS November 17". TV Tonight. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Brickley, Peg. (February 14, 2011)Tribune Seeks to Keep Food Network Stake. Wall Street Journal. Accessed on August 26, 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Food Network.
Official website
Food Network Canada
Food Network Europe
Food Network South Africa
Food Network UK
SBS Food Network Australia
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Jump up ^ a joint venture with VRT
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Jump up ^ TV version of Radio 538
^ Jump up to: a b distributed by Fox Networks Group Europe
^ Jump up to: a b c d through Eredivisie Media & Marketing CV, a joint venture with Eredivisie CV, Endemol and KNVB
^ Jump up to: a b c through A&E Networks UK, a joint venture with Sky plc
Jump up ^ a joint venture with CBS
Jump up ^ a joint venture with Outdoor Channel Holdings Inc.
Jump up ^ a joint venture with Shorts International
Jump up ^ Media Globe Networks (53%), NBCUniversal News Group (25%) and European public broadcasters (22%)
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United States Department of Veterans Affairs
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
United States Department of Veterans Affairs
Seal of the Department of Veterans Affairs
Flag of the Department of Veterans Affairs

Washington, D.C. Headquarters
Agency overview
Formed
July 21, 1930; 87 years ago (1930-07-21)
(Cabinet rank March 15, 1989 (1989-03-15))
Preceding agency
Veterans Administration
Jurisdiction
United States federal government
Headquarters
810 Vermont Avenue NW., Washington, D.C., U.S.
38°54′3.25″N 77°2′5.36″W / 38.9009028°N 77.0348222°W / 38.9009028; -77.0348222Coordinates: 38°54′3.25″N 77°2′5.36″W / 38.9009028°N 77.0348222°W / 38.9009028; -77.0348222
Motto
"To care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow, and his orphan."
Employees
377,805 (2016)
Annual budget
$180 billion (FY2017)
Agency executives
Robert Wilkie, Acting Secretary
Thomas G. Bowman, Deputy Secretary
Child agency
Several
Website
www.VA.gov
The United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is a federal Cabinet-level agency that provides near-comprehensive healthcare services to eligible military veterans at VA medical centers and outpatient clinics located throughout the country; several non-healthcare benefits including disability compensation, vocational rehabilitation, education assistance, home loans, and life insurance; and provides burial and memorial benefits to eligible veterans and family members at 135 national cemeteries.
While veterans benefits have been provided since the American Revolutionary War, an exclusively veteran-focused federal agency, the Veterans Administration, was not established until 1930, and became the cabinet-level Department of Veterans Affairs in 1989.
The VA employs 377,805 people[1] at hundreds of Veterans Affairs medical facilities, clinics, benefits offices, and cemeteries. In Fiscal Year 2016 (1 Oct 2015 - 30 Sep 2016), net program costs for the department were $273 billion, which includes VBA Actuarial Cost of $106.5 billion for compensation benefits.[2][3] The long-term actuarial accrued liability (total estimated future payments for veterans and their family members) is $2.491 trillion for compensation benefits; $59.6 billion for education benefits; and $4.6 billion for burial benefits.[4]
The agency is led by the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, who—being a cabinet member—is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate.[5][6]
VA Medical Center in Manhattan, New York City
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Continental Congress
1.2 After the American Civil War
1.3 World War I
1.4 World War II
1.5 Korean War through 2001
1.6 Veterans Health Administration scandal of 2014
2 Functions
3 Organization
4 Benefits
5 Costs for care
6 The New GI Bill
7 National Cemetery Administration
8 Freedom of Information Act processing performance
9 Labor Force
10 Related legislation
10.1 Proposed
11 See also
12 Notes and references
13 Further reading
14 External links
History[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Continental Congress[edit]
The Continental Congress of 1776 encouraged enlistments during the American Revolutionary War by providing pensions for soldiers who were disabled. Direct medical and hospital care given to veterans in the early days of the U.S. was provided by the individual states and communities. In 1811, the first domiciliary and medical facility for veterans was authorized by the federal government, but not opened until 1834. In the 19th century, the nation's veterans assistance program was expanded to include benefits and pensions not only for veterans, but also their widows and dependents.
After the American Civil War[edit]
After the end of the American Civil War in 1865, many state veterans' homes were established. Since domiciliary care was available at all state veterans homes, incidental medical and hospital treatment was provided for all injuries and diseases, whether or not of service origin. Indigent and disabled veterans of the Civil War, Indian Wars, Spanish–American War, and Mexican Border period as well as discharged regular members of the Armed Forces were cared for at these homes.
World War I[edit]
Congress established a new system of veterans benefits when the United States entered World War I in 1917. Included were programs for disability compensation, insurance for servicepersons and veterans, and vocational rehabilitation for the disabled. By the 1920s, the various benefits were administered by three different federal agencies: the Veterans Bureau, the Bureau of Pensions of the Interior Department, and the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers.
The establishment of the Veterans Administration came in 1930 when Congress authorized the president to "consolidate and coordinate Government activities affecting war veterans". The three component agencies became bureaus within the Veterans Administration. Brigadier General Frank T. Hines, who directed the Veterans Bureau for seven years, was named as the first Administrator of Veterans Affairs, a job he held until 1945.
World War II[edit]
The close of World War II resulted in not only a vast increase in the veteran population, but also a large number of new benefits enacted by Congress for veterans of the war. In addition, during the late 1940s, the VA had to contend with aging World War I veterans. During that time, "the clientele of the VA increased almost fivefold with an addition of nearly 15,000,000 World War II veterans and approximately 4,000,000 World War I veterans".[7] Prior to World War II, in response to scandals at the Veterans Bureau, programs that cared for veterans were centralized in Washington, D.C. This centralization caused delays and bottlenecks as the agency tried to serve the World War II veterans. As a result, the VA went through a decentralization process, giving more authority to the field offices.[8]
The World War II GI Bill was signed into law on June 22, 1944, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.[9]
"The United States government began serious consolidated services to veterans in 1930. The GI Bill of Rights, which was passed in 1944, had more effect on the American way of life than any other legislation - with the possible exception of the Homestead Act."[10]
The VA health care system has grown from 54 hospitals in 1930 to include 153 medical centers; more than 700 outpatient, community, and outreach clinics; 126 nursing home care units; and 35 domiciliaries. VA health care facilities provide a broad spectrum of medical, surgical, and rehabilitative care. The responsibilities and benefits programs of the Veterans Administration grew enormously during the following six decades.
Korean War through 2001[edit]
Further educational assistance acts were passed for the benefit of veterans of the Korean War, the Vietnam Era, the introduction of an "all-volunteer force" in the 1970s (following the end of conscription in the United States in 1973), the Persian Gulf War, and those who served following the attacks of September 11, 2001.
The Department of Veterans Affairs Act of 1988 (Pub.L. 100–527) changed the former Veterans Administration, an independent government agency established in 1930, primarily to see to the needs of World War I veterans, into a Cabinet-level Department of Veterans Affairs. It was signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on October 25, 1988, but actually came into effect under the term of his successor, George H. W. Bush, on March 15, 1989.
The Department of Veterans Affairs was created due to nearly one third of the population being eligible for veterans benefits. Its proponents argued that due to the large number of Americans affected by the VA, it needed an administrator who had direct access to the president.[11]
In their major reform period of 1995–2000, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) implemented universal primary care, closed 55% of their acute care hospital beds, increased patients treated by 24%, had a 48% increase in ambulatory care visits, and decreased staffing by 12%. By 2000, the VHA had 10,000 fewer employees than in 1995 and a 104% increase in patients treated since 1995, and had managed to maintain the same cost per patient-day, while all other facilities' costs had risen over 30% to 40% during the same period.
Veterans Health Administration scandal of 2014[edit]
Main article: Veterans Health Administration scandal of 2014
In May 2014, critics of the VA system reported major problems with scheduling timely access to medical care. As of May 2014, one retired doctor said that at least 40 United States Armed Forces veterans died because of delays getting care at the Phoenix, Arizona Veterans Health Administration facilities. An investigation of delays in treatment throughout the Veterans Health Administration system was conducted by the Veterans Affairs Inspector General, who found that 3 veterans, not 40, had died while waiting for care at Phonenix, and found no evidence that they had died because of the delay. However, VA personnel did alter scheduling data to make it seem as if they had met the scheduling targets.[12][13] On May 30, 2014, Secretary of Veterans Affairs Eric Shinseki resigned from office due to the fallout from the scandal,[14] saying he could not explain the lack of integrity among some leaders in VA healthcare facilities. "That breach of integrity is irresponsible, it is indefensible, and unacceptable to me. I said when this situation began weeks to months ago that I thought the problem was limited and isolated because I believed that. I no longer believe it. It is systemic. I was too trusting of some and I accepted as accurate reports that I now know to have been misleading with regard to patient wait-times," Shinseki said in a statement. He said he could not defend what happened because it was indefensible, but he could take responsibility for it and he would.[15]
In response, on April 27, 2017 President Trump signed an executive order creating an Office of Accountability and Whistleblower Protection.[16] Afterwards, in September 2017, the VA declared its intent to abolish a 1960s conflict of interest rule prohibiting employees from owning any stock, performing any service, or doing any work at for-profit colleges; arguing that, for example, the 1960s rule prohibits VA doctors from teaching veterans at for-profit universities with special advantages for veterans.[17]
VA Medical Center in Palo Alto, California
Functions[edit]
The VA's primary function is to support veterans in their time after service by providing benefits and support. A current initiative in the Department is to prevent and end veterans' homelessness.[18] The VA works with the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness to address these issues. The USICH identified ending veterans' homelessness by 2015 as a primary goal in its proposal Opening Doors: Federal Strategic Plan to Prevent and End Homelessness, released in 2010; amendments to the 2010 version made in 2015 include a preface written by U.S. Secretary of Labor Thomas E. Perez that cites a 33% reduction in veteran homelessness since the creation of the Opening Doors initiative.[19]
Organization[edit]
The Department of Veterans Affairs is headed by the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate.
The Secretary of Veterans Affairs was David Shulkin until his dismissal by President Donald Trump on March 28, 2018. The Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs is Thomas G. Bowman. The third listed executive on the VA's official web site is its Chief of Staff (currently Vivieca Wright Simpson);[20] the Chief of Staff position does not require Senate confirmation. In addition to Secretary and Deputy Secretary, the VA has nine more positions requiring presidential appointment and Senate approval.
The Department has three main subdivisions, known as Administrations, each headed by an Undersecretary:
Veterans Health Administration (VHA): responsible for providing health care in all its forms, as well as for biomedical research (under the Office of Research and Development), Community Based Outpatient Clinics (CBOCs), and Regional Medical Centers
Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA): responsible for initial veteran registration, eligibility determination, and five key lines of business (benefits and entitlements): Home Loan Guarantee, Insurance, Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment, Education (GI Bill), and Compensation & Pension
National Cemetery Administration: responsible for providing burial and memorial benefits, as well as for maintenance of VA cemeteries
There are Assistant Secretaries of Veteran Affairs for: Congressional and Legislative Affairs; Policy and Planning; Human Resources and Administration; and Operations, Security and Preparedness. Other Senate-approved presidential nominees at the VA include: Chief Financial Officer; Chairman of the Board of Veterans' Appeals; General Counsel; and Inspector General.[21]
Benefits[edit]
For VA benefits for PTSD, see Veterans benefits for post-traumatic stress disorder in the United States.
The VA, through its Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA), provides a variety of services for veterans including disability compensation, pension, education, home loans, life insurance, vocational, rehabilitation, survivors’ benefits, health care, and burial benefits.[22]
The Department of Labor (DOL) provides job development and job training opportunities for disabled and other veterans through contacts with employers and local agencies.
Costs for care[edit]
As is common in any time of war, recently there has been an increased demand for nursing home beds, injury rehabilitation, and mental health care. The VA categorizes veterans into eight priority groups and several additional subgroups, based on factors such as service-connected disabilities, and their income and assets (adjusted to local cost of living).[23]
Veterans with a 50% or higher service-connected disability as determined by a VA regional office “rating board” (e.g., losing a limb in battle, PTSD, etc.) are provided comprehensive care and medication at no charge. Veterans with lesser qualifying factors who exceed a pre-defined income threshold have to make co-payments for care for non-service-connected ailments and prescription medication.[dubious – discuss] VA dental and nursing home care benefits are more restricted.[citation needed]
VA Medical Center in Long Beach, California
Reservists and National Guard personnel who served stateside in peacetime settings or have no service-related disabilities generally do not qualify for VA health benefits.[24]
The VA's budget has been pushed to the limit in recent years by the War on Terrorism.[25] In December 2004, it was widely reported that VA’s funding crisis had become so severe that it could no longer provide disability ratings to veterans in a timely fashion.[26] This is a problem because until veterans are fully transitioned from the active-duty TRICARE healthcare system to VA, they are on their own with regard to many healthcare costs.
The VA's backlog of pending disability claims under review (a process known as "adjudication") peaked at 421,000 in 2001, and bottomed out at 254,000 in 2003, but crept back up to 340,000 in 2005.[27]
No copayment is required for VA services for veterans with military-related medical conditions. VA-recognized service-connected disabilities include problems that started or were aggravated due to military service. Veteran service organizations such as the American Legion, Veterans of Foreign Wars, and Disabled American Veterans, as well as state-operated Veterans Affairs offices and County Veteran Service Officers (CVSO), have been known to assist veterans in the process of getting care from the VA.
In his budget proposal for fiscal year 2009, President George W. Bush requested $38.7 billion—or 86.5% of the total Veterans Affairs budget—for veteran medical care alone.
In the 2011 Costs of War report from Brown University, researchers projected that the cost of caring for veterans of the War on Terror would peak 30–40 years after the end of combat operations. They also predicted that medical and disability costs would ultimately total between $600 billion and $1 trillion for the hundreds of thousands treated by the Department of Veterans Affairs.[28]
The New GI Bill[edit]
National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, Dayton Ohio
The new GI Bill authored by Sen. Jim Webb (D-VA) doubled GI Bill college benefits while providing a 13-week extension to federal unemployment benefits. The new GI Bill more than doubled the value of the benefit to roughly $90,000 up from $40,000. In-state public universities essentially are covered to provide full scholarships for veterans under the new education package. For those veterans who served at least three years a monthly housing stipend was also added to the law.
Upon passage of the new GI Bill President George W. Bush stated "Our nation has no greater responsibility than to support our men and women in uniform—especially because we're at war... This bill shows the American people that even in an election year, Republicans and Democrats can come together to support our troops and their families", which highlighted that the new GI Bill had been overwhelmingly supported by both parties in the U.S. Congress.[29]
Congress and President Barack Obama extended the new GI Bill in August 2009 at the cost of roughly $70 billion over the next decade. The Department of Defense (DoD) allows individuals who, on or after August 1, 2009, have served at least 6 years in the Armed Forces and who agree to serve at least another 4 years in the U.S. Armed Forces to transfer unused entitlement to their surviving spouse. Servicemembers reaching 10 year anniversaries could choose to transfer the benefit to any dependent(s) (spouse, children).[30]
National Cemetery Administration[edit]
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In 1973, the Veterans Administration assumed another major responsibility when the National Cemetery System (NCS) (except for Arlington National Cemetery) was transferred to the Veterans Administration from the Department of the Army.
In 1978, Congress established the State Cemetery Grants Program (Public Law 95-476). This act is administered by the National Cemetery Administration to aid States and U.S. territories in the establishment, expansion and improvement of veterans cemeteries.[31] The VA was charged with the operation of the NCS, including the marking of graves of all persons in national and State cemeteries (and the graves of veterans in private cemeteries, upon request) as well and administering the State Cemetery Grants Program. The VA's National Cemetery Administration maintains 131 national cemeteries in 39 states (and Puerto Rico) as well as 33 soldier's lots and monument sites.
The Department of the Army maintains two national cemeteries, the Arlington National Cemetery and the U.S. Soldiers' & Airmen's Home National Cemetery. Many states have established state veterans cemeteries. The American Battle Monuments Commission maintains 25 overseas military cemeteries that serve as resting places for almost 125,000 American war dead; on Tablets of the Missing that memorialize more than 94,000 U.S. servicemen and women; and through 25 memorials, monuments and markers. Fourteen national cemeteries are maintained by the National Park Service.
Freedom of Information Act processing performance[edit]
In the latest Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act (United States) (FOIA) requests, published in 2015 (using 2012 and 2013 data, the most recent years available), the VA earned a D by scoring 64 out of a possible 100 points, i.e. did not earn a satisfactory overall grade.[32]
Labor Force[edit]
The VA employs 377,805 people, of which 338,205 are nonseasonal full-time employees.[33] The American Federation of Government Employees represents 230,000 VA employees,[34] with VA matters addressed in detail by the National VA Council.[35]
Related legislation[edit]
1944: Mustering-out Payment Act PL 78-225
1944: Servicemen’s Readjustment Act PL 78-346
1944: Veterans' Preference Act PL 78-359
1952: Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act PL 82-550
1974: Vietnam Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act
1988: Department of Veterans Affairs Act PL 100-527
2006: Veterans Benefits, Health Care, and Information Technology Act of 2006 PL 109-461
2013: FOR VETS Act of 2013 Pub.L. 113–26
2013: Veterans Paralympic Act of 2013 (H.R. 1402; 113th Congress) Pub.L. 113–59
2014: Veterans Access, Choice, and Accountability Act of 2014 (H.R. 3230; 113th Congress) Pub.L. 113–146
Proposed[edit]
2013: To establish a commission or task force to evaluate the backlog of disability claims of the Department of Veterans Affairs (H.R. 2189; 113th Congress)
2013: Demanding Accountability for Veterans Act of 2013 (H.R. 2072; 113th Congress)
2014: Department of Veterans Affairs Management Accountability Act of 2014 (H.R. 4031; 113th Congress)
See also[edit]
Government of the United States portal
Veterans benefits for post-traumatic stress disorder in the United States
DD Form 214
Department of Veterans Affairs Under Secretary's Award in Health Services Research
EBenefits
List of veterans' organizations
Old soldiers' home
United States Department of Veterans Affairs Police
United States military veteran suicide
Veterans Health Information Systems and Technology Architecture (VistA)
Veterans Affairs Canada
Service Personnel and Veterans Agency
USA.gov
USAFacts
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ "FedScope - Federal Human Resources Data" (IBM Cognos PowerPlay Studio). Office of Personnel Management (data cube). March 2017. Cube path: storeID("iADB7BB71D42D4272B4C2DAB1A37A986F") - Data source connection: Employment - March 2017. Retrieved 13 Jun 2017.
Jump up ^ "2016 VA Agency Financial Report, Section II - Financial Statements, Net Program Costs By Administration Before Changes In Veterans Benefits Actuarial Liability Assumptions" (PDF). Department of Veterans Affairs. 15 Nov 2016. p. 36. Retrieved 12 Jun 2017. VA expends a substantial amount of its budgetary resources on medical care for Veterans and also disburses large cash amounts for Veteran’s compensation and education benefits programs.
Jump up ^ "2016 VA Agency Financial Report, Section I – Analysis of Entity's Financial Statements and Stewardship Information, Net Cost of Operations, Chart 5: FY 2016 Program Costs (Gross)" (PDF). Department of Veterans Affairs. 15 Nov 2016. p. 30. Retrieved 12 Jun 2017.
Jump up ^ "2016 Financial Report of the United States Government, Notes to the Financial Statements, Note 12. Federal Employee and Veteran Benefits Payable" (PDF). Bureau of the Fiscal Service, U.S. Department of the Treasury. 12 Jan 2017. pp. 101–109. Retrieved 13 Jun 2017. The Government compensates disabled veterans and their survivors. Veterans' compensation is payable as a disability benefit or a survivor’s benefit. Entitlement to compensation depends on the veteran’s disabilities having been incurred in, or aggravated during, active military service; death while on duty; or death resulting from service-connected disabilities, if not on active duty. ¶ Eligible veterans who die or are disabled from military service-related causes, as well as their dependents, receive compensation benefits. Also, veterans are provided with burial flags, headstones/markers, and grave liners for burial in a VA national cemetery or are provided a burial flag, headstone/marker and a plot allowance for burial in a private cemetery. These benefits are provided under 38 U.S.C., Part 2, Chapter 23 in recognition of a veteran’s military service and are recorded as a liability in the period the requirements are met. ¶ The liability for veterans’ compensation and burial benefits payable is based on an actuarial estimate of future compensation and burial payments and increased by $477.7 billion in fiscal year 2016. The $477.7 billion increase is primarily attributable to assumption changes and experience. The major actuarial assumption changes and experience impacts include growth in compensation counts, new mortality rates, changes in the discount rate, and an increase in beneficiary counts. ¶ Several significant actuarial assumptions were used in the valuation of compensation and burial benefits to calculate the present value of the liability. A liability was recognized for the projected benefit payments to: 1) those beneficiaries, including veterans and survivors, currently receiving benefit payments; 2) current veterans who will in the future become beneficiaries of the compensation program; and 3) a proportional share of those in active military service as of the valuation date who will become veterans in the future. Future benefit payments to survivors of those veterans in classes 1, 2, and 3 above are also incorporated into the projection. The projected liability does not include any administrative costs. ¶ The veterans' compensation and burial benefits liability is developed on an actuarial basis. It is impacted by interest on the liability balance, experience gains or losses, changes in actuarial assumptions, prior service costs, and amounts paid for costs included in the liability balance.
Jump up ^ U.S. Const. art. II, § 2, cl. 2.
Jump up ^ Department of Veterans Affairs Act § 18(b), 38 USC § 301 (2017).
Jump up ^ Kammerer, Gladys 1948. "The Veterans Administration in Transition". Public Administration Review Vol. 8, No. 2, pp 104.
Jump up ^ Kammerer, Gladys 1948. "The Veterans Administration in Transition". Public Administration Review Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 103–109.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to". Ourdocuments.gov. Retrieved 2014-08-01.
Jump up ^ U.S. Senior Vets. "U.S. Senior Vets, Serving Those Who Sacrificed, Veterans Aid and Attendance". Usseniorvets.com. Retrieved 2014-08-01.
Jump up ^ "VA History In Brief" (PDF). Retrieved December 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Scott Bronstein and Drew Griffin. "A fatal wait: Veterans languish and die on a VA hospital's secret list". CNN. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Obama vows action on any VA 'misconduct'". BBC News. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Veterans Secretary Eric Shinseki resigns after report". BBC News. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "US president accepts with 'regret' Veterans Affairs chief's resignation". Chicago Chronicle. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Improving Accountability and Whistleblower Protection at the Department of Veterans Affairs". Federal Register. 2017-05-02. Retrieved 2017-11-18.
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/29/business/veterans-affairs-ethics.html
Jump up ^ Office of Public and Intergovernmental Affairs. "Office of Public and Intergovernmental Affairs". Va.gov. Retrieved 2014-08-01.
Jump up ^ Opening Doors | United States Interagency Council on Homelessness (USICH). Usich.gov (2010-06-22). Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
Jump up ^ "VA chief of staff steps down". stripes.com. 2017-02-24. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
Jump up ^ "Executive Biographies", Department of Veterans Affairs official web site, Retrieved 2014-05-29
Jump up ^ "Benefits: Links - U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs". Va.gov. 9 March 2009. Archived from the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
Jump up ^ US Department of Veterans Affairs (2016-12-29). "Priority Groups Page". Va.gov. Retrieved 2016-12-29.
Jump up ^ US Department of Veterans Affairs (2014-07-23). "Health Benefits Home". Va.gov. Retrieved 2014-08-01.
Jump up ^ Dennis Camire, “New fees, limits face ailing veterans,” Albany Times Union, 10 February 2003, A1.
Jump up ^ Cheryl L. Reed, “VA chief orders inspector to probe disability rating system,” Chicago Sun-Times, 11 December 2004, A3.
Jump up ^ Cory Reiss, "VA fighting losing battle against backlog of veterans’ claims", Sarasota Herald-Tribune, 27 May 2005, A7.
Jump up ^ "Caring for US Veterans". Costs of War. Brown University. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Feller, Ben (2008-06-30). "President Bush Signs GI Bill - ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved 2014-08-01.
Jump up ^ Military.com (n.d.). "Post-911 GI Bill Transferability Fact Sheet". U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Retrieved 2014-08-01.
Jump up ^ "Veterans Memorial Cemetery | Department of Military and Veterans Affairs". www.colorado.gov. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
Jump up ^ Making the Grade: Access to Information Scorecard 2015 March 2015, 80 pages, Center for Effective Government, retrieved 21 March 2016
Jump up ^ "FedScope - Federal Human Resources Data" (IBM Cognos PowerPlay Studio). Office of Personnel Management (data cube). March 2017. Cube path: storeID("iADB7BB71D42D4272B4C2DAB1A37A986F") - Data source connection: Employment - March 2017. Retrieved 13 Jun 2017.
Jump up ^ "AFGE | VA Employees Hold Rallies Across the Country". www.afge.org. Retrieved 2017-06-13.
Jump up ^ "AFGE National VA Council » fighting for the jobs & future of federal employees". afgenvac.org. Retrieved 2017-06-13.
Further reading[edit]
In 1998, the Institute of Medicine began a series of studies to respond to requests from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and Congress for an examination of the health effects of potentially harmful agents to which Gulf War veterans might have been exposed.
Jan. 1, 2000: Gulf War and Health: Volume 1. Depleted Uranium, Sarin, Pyridostigmine Bromide, and Vaccines
Feb. 18, 2003: Gulf War and Health Volume 2: Insecticides and Solvents
Aug. 20, 2004: Gulf War and Health: Updated Literature Review of Sarin
Dec. 20, 2004: Gulf War and Health: Volume 3. Fuels, Combustion Products, and Propellants
Sep. 12, 2006: Gulf War and Health: Volume 4. Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War
Oct. 16, 2006: Gulf War and Health: Volume 5. Infectious Disease
Nov. 15, 2007: Gulf War and Health: Volume 6. Physiologic, Psychologic, and Psychosocial Effects of Deployment-Related Stress
Jul. 30, 2008: Epidemiologic Studies of Veterans Exposed to Depleted Uranium: Feasibility and Design Issues
Jul. 30, 2008: Gulf War and Health: Updated Literature Review of Depleted Uranium
Dec. 4, 2008: Gulf War and Health: Volume 7. Long-term Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury
External links[edit]
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