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Penny (United States coin)
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Cent
United States
Value
0.01 U.S. Dollars
Mass
2.5 g (0.08 troy oz)
Diameter
19.05 mm (0.75 in)
Thickness
1.52 mm (0.0598 in)
Edge
Plain
Composition
1982–present copper-plated zinc
97.5% Zn, 2.5% Cu
Years of minting
1793–present
Catalog number
–
Obverse
Design
Abraham Lincoln
Designer
Victor D. Brenner
Design date
1909
Reverse
Design
Union Shield
Designer
Lyndall Bass
Design date
2010–present
The United States one-cent coin, often called penny, is a unit of currency equaling one-hundredth of a United States dollar. The cent's symbol is ¢. Its obverse has featured the profile of President Abraham Lincoln since 1909, the centennial of his birth. From 1959 (the sesquicentennial of Lincoln's birth) to 2008, the reverse featured the Lincoln Memorial. Four different reverse designs in 2009 honored Lincoln's 200th birthday and a new, "permanent" reverse – the Union Shield – was introduced in 2010. The coin is 0.75 inches (19.05 mm) in diameter and 0.0598 inches (1.52 mm) in thickness. Its weight has varied, depending upon the composition of metals used in its production (see further below).
The U.S. Mint's official name for the coin is "cent"[1] and the U.S. Treasury's official name is "one cent piece".[2] The colloquial term penny derives from the British coin of the same name, the pre-decimal version of which had a similar place in the British system. In American English, pennies is the plural form. (The plural form pence—standard in British English—is not used in American English, except in reference to British currency.)
Although the coin's abolition has been proposed because it is now worth very little, there are currently no firm plans to eliminate the penny.[3] As of 2015, based on the U.S. Mint Annual Report released for 2014, it costs the U.S. Mint 1.67 cents (down from 2.41 cents in 2011 and 1.83 cents in 2013) to make one cent because of the cost of materials, production, and distribution.[4] This figure includes the Mint's fixed components for distribution and fabrication, as well as Mint overhead allocated to the penny. Fixed costs and overhead would have to be absorbed by other circulating coins without the penny.[5] The loss from producing the one cent coin in the United States for the year of 2013 was $55,000,000. This was a slight decrease from 2012, the year before, which had a production loss of $58,000,000.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History of composition
2 Designs
3 Lincoln cent
3.1 History
3.1.1 Obverse design
3.1.2 Reverse design
3.1.2.1 Wheat cent (1909–1958)
3.1.2.2 Lincoln Memorial cent (1959–2008)
3.1.2.3 Lincoln Bicentennial cents (2009)
3.1.2.4 Union shield cent (2010–present)
3.1.3 "Capped cents"
3.1.4 Composition
3.2 Matte Proof Lincolns 1909 to 1916
3.3 Mint errors specific to Lincoln cents
4 Toxicity
5 Numismatics and regulations
6 Metal content and manufacturing costs
7 See also
7.1 Other denominations
8 References
9 External links
History of composition[edit]
Years
Material
Weight
(grains)
Weight
(grams)
1793–1795 ~100% copper 208 grains 13.48
1795–1857 ~100% copper 168 grains 10.89
1856–1864 88% copper, 12% nickel (also known as NS-12) 72 grains 4.67
1864–1942 bronze (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc) 48 grains 3.11
1943 zinc-coated steel (also known as 1943 steel cent) 42 grains 2.72
1944–1946 brass (shell case copper) (95% copper, 5% zinc) 48 grains 3.11
1947–1962 bronze (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc) 48 grains 3.11
1962–1981 brass (95% copper, 5% zinc) 48 grains 3.11
1982[7] brass (95% copper, 5% zinc) 48 grains 3.11
copper-plated zinc (97.5% zinc, 2.5% copper) 38.6 grains 2.5
1983–present copper-plated zinc (97.5% zinc, 2.5% copper) 38.6 grains 2.5
In honor of Lincoln's 200th anniversary, special 2009 cents were minted for collectors in the same composition as the 1909 coins.[8]
The isotope composition of early coins spanning the period 1828 to 1843 reflects that of copper from Cornish ores from England, while coins after 1850 that reflects that of Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan ores, a finding consistent with historical records.[9]
In 1943, at the peak of World War II, zinc-coated steel cents were made for a short time because of war demands for copper. A few copper cents from 1943 were produced from the 1942 planchets remaining in the bins. Similarly, some 1944 steel cents have been confirmed. From 1944 through 1946, salvaged ammunition shells made their way into the minting process, and it was not uncommon to see coins featuring streaks of brass or having a considerably darker finish than other issues.
During the early 1970s, the price of copper rose to the point where the cent contained almost one cent's worth of copper. This led the Mint to test alternative metals, including aluminum and bronze-clad steel. Aluminum was chosen, and over 1.5 million of these pennies were struck and ready for public release before ultimately being rejected. The proposed aluminum pennies were rejected for two reasons: vending machine owners complained the coins would cause mechanical problems; and pediatricians and pediatric radiologists pointed out that the radiodensity of the metal inside the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts was close to that of soft tissue, and the coins would therefore be difficult to detect in X-ray imaging.[10] One aluminum cent was donated to the Smithsonian Institution.
The cent's composition was changed in 1982 because the value of the copper in the coin started to rise above one cent.[11] Some 1982 pennies used the 97.5% zinc composition, while others used the 95% copper composition. With the exception of 2009 bicentennial cents minted specifically for collectors, United States cents minted after 1982 have been zinc with copper-plating. In Fiscal Year 2013, the average one-cent piece minted cost the U.S. Mint 1.83 cents, down from 2.41 cents apiece in FY 2011.[12]
The bronze and copper cents can be distinguished from the newer zinc cents by dropping the coins on a solid surface. The predominantly copper coins produce a higher-pitched ringing sound, while the zinc coins make a lower-pitched "clunk".[13] In addition, a full 50-cent roll of pre-1982/3 coins weighs 5.4 oz compared to a post-1982–83 roll which weighs 4.4 oz.
Mintage figures for the Lincoln cent can be found at Lincoln cent mintage figures.
Designs[edit]
The coin has gone through several designs over its two-hundred-year time frame. Until 1857 it was about the size of the current U.S. dollar coins (Susan B. Anthony through present dollars).
A 1937 Wheat cent
Proof Lincoln cent with cameo effect, obverse
Obverse side of a cent after 17 years of circulation
Detail of reverse showing Lincoln statue inside the memorial
The following types of cents have been produced:
Large cents:
Flowing Hair Chain 1793
Flowing Hair Wreath 1793
Liberty Cap 1793–1796
Draped bust 1796–1807
Classic Head 1808–1814
Coronet 1816–1839
Braided Hair 1839–1857, 1868 (not a regular issue)
Small cents:
Flying Eagle cent (1856–1858)
Indian Head cent (1859–1909)
Lincoln cent (1909–present)
Lincoln Wheat (1909–1958)
Lincoln Memorial (1959–2008)
Lincoln Bicentennial 4 reverse designs (2009)
Lincoln Union Shield[14] (2010–present)
Throughout its history, the Lincoln cent has featured several typefaces for the date, but most of the digits have been old-style numerals, except with the 4 and 8 neither ascending nor descending. The only significant divergence is that the small 3 was non-descending (the same size as a 0, 1, or 2) in the early history, before switching to a descending, large 3 for just one year in 1934 and then permanently (as of 2014[update]) in 1943. Similarly, the digit 5 was small and non-descending up to 1945, then from 1950 and on, it became a large descending 5. From 1959 until 2008, the Lincoln Memorial was shown on the reverse of the United States cent. Because the Lincoln Memorial was shown in sufficient detail to discern the statue of Lincoln on the reverse of cent, Abraham Lincoln was at that time the only person to be depicted on both the obverse and reverse of the same United States coin. In 1999, the New Jersey state quarter was released, which depicts George Washington on both sides, crossing the Delaware River on the reverse side and in profile on the obverse. (The state quarter for South Dakota, released in 2006, also features Washington on both sides: the typical profile on the obverse, and Washington within Mount Rushmore on the reverse.) Some of the 2009 reverse design series no longer showed Abraham Lincoln, and the 2010 Lincoln Union Shield has removed the president from the coin reverse for the foreseeable future.
An additional design detail that is not readily visible to the naked eye is found on the obverse side of the 1918 onward United States cent. The letters "VDB" stamped on the bottom sleeve of Abraham Lincoln represent the initials of Victor David Brenner, the primary designer of the Wheat cent.
Lincoln cent[edit]
Main article: Lincoln cent
The Lincoln cent is the current one-cent coin of the U.S. It was adopted in 1909 (which would have been Lincoln's 100th birthday), replacing the Indian Head cent. Its reverse was changed in 1959 from a wheat-stalks design to a design which includes the Lincoln Memorial (to commemorate Lincoln's sesquicentennial) and was replaced again in 2009 with four new designs to commemorate Lincoln's bicentennial. There are more one-cent coins produced than any other denomination, which makes the Lincoln cent a familiar item. In its lifespan, this coin has weathered both world wars, one of which temporarily changed its composition as part of the war effort. The obverse is the longest design used for any circulating American currency.
History[edit]
Obverse design[edit]
When the Lincoln one-cent coin made its initial appearance in 1909, it marked a radical departure from the accepted styling of United States coinage, as it was the first regular coin to bear a portrait other than the mythical Liberty which appeared on most pre-1909 regular coins. Previously, a strong feeling had prevailed against using portraits on coins in the United States, but public sentiment stemming from the 100th anniversary celebration of Abraham Lincoln's birth proved stronger than the long-standing tradition.
A variety of privately minted tokens bearing Lincoln's image circulated as one-cent pieces during Lincoln's presidency; legitimate coinage had become scarce during the Civil War. These early tokens undoubtedly influenced the denomination, appearance, size, and composition of Lincoln cents.
Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th U.S. President, thought American coins were so common and uninspiring that he attempted to get the motto "In God We Trust" removed as offending religion. Roosevelt had the opportunity to pose for a young Lithuanian-born Jew, Victor David Brenner, who, since arriving nineteen years earlier in the United States had become one of the nation's premier medalists. Roosevelt had learned of Brenner's talents in a settlement house on New York City's Lower East Side and was immediately impressed with a bas-relief that Brenner had made of Lincoln, based on a Mathew Brady photograph. Roosevelt, who considered Lincoln the savior of the Union and the greatest Republican President, and who also considered himself Lincoln's political heir, ordered the new Lincoln cent to be based on Brenner's work and to be released just in time to commemorate Lincoln's 100th birthday in 1909. The likeness of President Lincoln on the obverse of the coin is an adaptation of a plaque Brenner created several years earlier which had come to the attention of President Roosevelt in New York.[15]
In addition to the prescribed elements on U.S. coins—LIBERTY and the date—the motto In God We Trust appeared for the first time on a coin of this denomination. The United States Congress passed the Act of March 3, 1865, authorizing the use of this motto on U.S. coins,[16] during Lincoln's tenure in office.
Even though no legislation was required for the new design, approval of the Secretary of the Treasury was necessary to make the change. Franklin MacVeagh gave his approval on July 14, 1909, and not quite three weeks later, on August 2, the new coin was released to the public.
In 1918, after the controversy over Brenner's name and initials on the reverse had died down, his initials were placed on the obverse with no further controversy. They are to be found in minute form on the rim of the bust, just under the shoulder of Lincoln.
In 1969, the design was revised to make Lincoln look more like Brenner's original sculptures.
U.S. coin collection featuring Lincoln cents from 1941 to 1974. Nearly complete set in a folder by Whitman Publishing, LLC. Also features two error coins and a description page.
Reverse design[edit]
Reverses of the
Lincoln cent
Wheat (1909–1958)
Lincoln Memorial (1959–2008)
Birth and early childhood in Kentucky (Lincoln Bicentennial, 2009)
Formative Years in Indiana (Lincoln Bicentennial, 2009)
Professional life in Illinois (Lincoln Bicentennial, 2009)
Presidency in DC (Lincoln Bicentennial, 2009)
Union shield (2010–present)
Wheat cent (1909–1958)[edit]
A study of three potential reverses resulted in the approval of a very simple design bearing two wheatheads in memorial style. Between these, in the center of the coin, are the denomination and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, while curving around the upper border is the national motto, E Pluribus Unum, Latin for "From Many, One."
The original model bore Brenner's name on the reverse, curving along the rim below UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Before the coins were issued, however, the initials "VDB" were substituted because officials at the United States Mint felt the name was too prominent. After the coin was released, many protested that even the initials were conspicuous and detracted from the design. Because the coin was in great demand, and because to make a change would have required halting production, the decision was made to eliminate the initials entirely.
Thus in 1909 the U.S. had six different cents: the 1909 and 1909-S Indian Head cents, and four Lincoln coins: 1909 VDB, 1909-S VDB, 1909 and 1909-S. In all cases the Philadelphia mintages far exceeded the San Francisco issues. While the smallest mintage is the '09-S Indian, the '09-S VDB is the key Lincoln date, and hence is most valuable. Its mintage of 484,000 is only 1.7% of the plain V.D.B.
Lincoln Memorial cent (1959–2008)[edit]
On February 12, 1959, a revised reverse design was introduced as part of the 150th anniversary of Lincoln's birth. No formal competition was held. Frank Gasparro, then Assistant Engraver at the Philadelphia Mint, prepared the winning entry, selected from a group of 23 models that the engraving staff at the Mint had been asked to present for consideration. Again, only the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury was necessary to make the change because the design had been in use for more than the required 25 years. The imposing marble Lincoln Memorial provides the central motif, with the legends E Pluribus Unum and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA completing the design, together with the denomination. The initials "FG" appear on the right, near the shrubbery.
Lincoln Bicentennial cents (2009)[edit]
The Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005 required that the cent's reverse be redesigned in 2009. This resulted in the mintage of four different coins showing scenes from Abraham Lincoln's life in honor of the bicentennial of his birth.
These four designs, unveiled September 22, 2008 at a ceremony held at the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., are:
Birth and early childhood in Kentucky: this design features a log cabin and Lincoln's birth year 1809. It was designed by Richard Masters and sculpted by Jim Licaretz. This cent was released into circulation on Lincoln's 200th birthday, February 12, 2009, at a special ceremony at LaRue County High School in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln's birthplace.[17] The mintage was extremely low compared to prior years (see Lincoln cent mintage figures). It has been nicknamed the "Log Cabin Penny".
Formative years in Indiana: this design features a young Lincoln reading while taking a break from rail splitting. It was designed and sculpted by Charles Vickers. Nicknamed the "Indiana Penny", it was released on May 14, 2009.[18]
Professional life in Illinois: this design features a young professional Lincoln standing before the Springfield Illinois State Capitol. It was designed by Joel Iskowitz and sculpted by Don Everhart. Nicknamed the "Illinois Penny", it was released on August 13, 2009.[18]
Presidency in Washington, D.C.: this design features the half-completed Capitol dome. It was designed by Susan Gamble and sculpted by Joseph Menna. This fourth cent was released to the public on November 12, 2009.[18] U.S. Mint released collector's sets containing this design in copper prior to the public launch of this design in zinc.
Special 2009 cents struck for sale in sets to collectors had the metallic copper content of cents minted in 1909 (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc). Those struck for circulation retained the normal composition of a zinc core coated with copper.
Union shield cent (2010–present)[edit]
The 2005 act that authorized the redesign for the Bicentennial stated that another redesigned reverse for the Lincoln cent will be minted which "shall bear an image emblematic of President Lincoln's preservation of the United States of America as a single and united country".[19] Eighteen designs were proposed for the reverse of the 2010 cent.[20] On April 16, 2009 the Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) met and selected a design that showed 13 wheat sheaves bound together with a ring symbolizing American unity as one nation.[21] Later this design was withdrawn because it was similar to coinage issued in Germany in the 1920s.[22] The Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee later met and chose a design showing a Union shield with ONE CENT superimposed in a scroll; E Pluribus Unum was also depicted in the upper portion of the shield.[22][23] In June 2009 the CFA met again and chose a design featuring a modern rendition of the American flag.[24] As a part of the release ceremony for the last of the 2009 cents on November 12, the design for the 2010 cent was announced.[25] The design chosen was the one that was chosen earlier by the CCAC.[25] According to the Mint, the 13 stripes on the shield "represent the states joined in one compact union to support the Federal government, represented by the horizontal bar above."[26] The Mint also noted that a shield was commonly used in paintings in the Capitol hallways painted by Constantino Brumidi, an artist in the Capitol active during the Lincoln Presidency.[26] The obverse of the cent was also changed to a modern rendition of Brenner's design.[27][25] The new Union Shield design replaces the Lincoln memorial in use since 1959.[25] The coin was designed by artist Lyndall Bass and sculpted by U.S. Mint sculptor-engraver Joseph Menna.[28] In January 2010, the coins were released early in Puerto Rico;[29] this was caused by a shortage of 2009-dated pennies on the island.[27] The new design was released at a ceremony at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library in Springfield, Illinois on February 11, 2010.[30]
"Capped cents"[edit]
To commemorate the Fire at the SS Morro Castle, local coin dealer Louis Werner made copper caps depicting the Morro Castle surrounded by the legend "The Morro Castle Fire" These would then be encased over one side of a Lincoln cent. According to "Mrs. Astor's Horse" by Stanley Walker:
Concessionaires inside the hall carried on a lively business. A man at a stamping machine put copper caps on pennies with the head of Lincoln on one side and the inscription ff Morro Castle Fire, September, 1934, Asbury Park" on the other. Postcard sellers in the hall disposed of 150,000 pictures of the burning ship during the first few days after the disaster. As soon as they came off the press, heart-rending poems and ballads about the fire were hawked about.[31]
Later, to commemorate the trial of Bruno Richard Hauptmann, Werner made another design depicting the Hunterdon County Courthouse, where the trial was held, and surrounded by the legend "HAUPTMANN TRIAL, Flemington, NJ."[32] Another part of the text in "Mrs. Astor's Horse" states:
A man with a metal press did a fair sort of business. He set up for business on the porch of the hotel. He had constructed a die depicting the Hunterdon County courthouse, surrounded by the legend, Hauptmann Trial, Flemington, N.J. On the stand beside the press lay several hundred bright new pennies and several fine strips of copper. By running the copper strips through the press, together with the pennies, he turned out Lincoln heads backed by the courthouse and the legend. The pieces sold for five cents each, three for a dime.[31]
Also, from 1935 to 1938, during the Christmas season, Werner made a design depicting Santa Claus. By donating 10 cents, shoppers in Manhattan would receive these. Additionally, if they donated an extra 5 cents, their cent would come in a greeting card holder.[33] Other capped cents by Werner include commemoratives for Admiral Richard E. Byrd's expedition to the South Pole and Joe Louis. There was also a design featuring the Lord's prayer.
Composition[edit]
Bronze, 1909–1942. Initially the alloy of the Lincoln cent followed that established for this denomination with the Indian Head design in 1864, 95% copper and 2.5% tin and 2.5% zinc.
Wartime zinc-plated steel, 1943. The composition of the Lincoln cent was changed in 1943.
Further information: 1943 steel cent
Production of the war-time cent was provided for in an Act of Congress approved on December 18, 1942, which also set as the expiration date of the authority December 31, 1946. Low-grade carbon steel formed the base of these coins, to which a zinc coating 0.0005-inch (0.013 mm) thick was deposited on each side electrolytically as a rust preventive. This coating was applied to the steel before the blanks were made, leaving the rims of these coins extremely susceptible to rust. The same size was maintained, but the weight was reduced from the standard 48 grains (3.1 g) to 42 grains (2.7 g), by using a lighter alloy. Production commenced on February 27, 1943, and by December 31 of that year, the three Mint facilities had produced 1,093,838,670 of the one-cent coins. The copper released for the war effort was enough to meet the combined needs of two cruisers, two destroyers, 1,243 Flying Fortresses, 120 field guns and 120 howitzers, or enough for 1,250,000 shells for large field guns.[34][35]
Wartime brass, 1944–1946. Numerous complaints about the gray color of the 1943 cents, especially that they could be mistaken for dimes, led to a change in composition of the wartime cent. On January 1, 1944, the Mint was able to adopt a modified alloy, the supply being derived from expended shell casings which, when melted, furnished a composition similar to the original, but with a much smaller trace of tin.[citation needed] The original weight of 48 grains (3.1 g) was also restored.
Bronze, 1947–1962. Shell casings were no longer used after 1946 and the original copper-tin-zinc "bronze" composition was again used.
Brass, 1962–1982. The composition of the coin was changed again slightly in 1962. Mint officials felt that deletion of the tin content would have no adverse effect on the wearing qualities of the coin, whereas the manufacturing advantages to be gained with the alloy stabilized at 95% copper and 5% zinc would be of much benefit. Congressional authority for this modification is contained in an Act of Congress approved on September 5, 1962.
Experimental aluminum cents, 1974. During the early 1970s, the price of copper rose to a point where the cent almost contained one cent's worth of copper. This led the Mint to test alternate metals, including aluminum and bronze-clad steel. Aluminum was chosen, and in 1973, a total of 1,579,324 such coins were struck (dated 1974) and ready for public release. A few were distributed to members of the U.S. Congress, but aluminum was ultimately rejected for a variety of reasons. About a dozen aluminum cents are believed to still be in the hands of collectors, although they are now considered illegal to own.[36] One aluminum cent was donated to the Smithsonian Institution. Another is in the hands of the family of a deceased U.S. Capitol police officer, known as the Toven Specimen, and was certified as authentic in 2005.[37]
Copper-plated zinc, 1982–present. In mid-1982, the coin's composition was changed again, this time to copper-plated zinc. The last mostly-copper cents (95% copper metal composition) were produced by the Denver Mint on October 22, 1982. The copper-plated zinc cent coins are still being produced today. They are composed of an inner core alloy of 99.2% zinc and 0.8% copper with an outer plating of pure copper, for an overall composition of 97.5% zinc and 2.5% copper, and are minted on blanks produced for the Mint by an outside manufacturer (Jarden Zinc Products). Except for the new lighter total coin weight of 2.5 grams each, these newer coins are identical in diameter and thickness, and nearly in appearance, to the mostly copper (95%) cents issued before mid-1982, which weighed 3.11 grams each. A few pennies were struck by error in brass dated 1983 and are extremely rare.[38]
Matte Proof Lincolns 1909 to 1916[edit]
When the Lincoln Cent was introduced in 1909, it was discovered that the coining dies and their curved fields were unable to be polished to proof coining condition by existing Mint equipment. To produce Proof coinage for collectors, the U.S. Mint adopted the French technique of the Matte Proof, which was thought to highlight the design, while leaving the details of the coin as the designer intended. This was done by a sandblasting of the dies prior to use. When struck by the high pressure hydraulic press of the Philadelphia Mint Medal Room, the result was a semi-rough surface, a gentle luster and strongly defined wide square rims. These coins were produced in very small numbers, and the dies quickly developed small marks, known as diagnostics. These marks are used today by Third Party Graders and Collectors to authenticate the coin. Sold for mere pennies over face during the years of production, they were not popular with collectors. When new, the coins were wrapped in a tarnish-proof tissue, which over time proved to be anything but. Since many of these coins sat for decades unsold, vivid colors and toning developed. It is not unusual to see vivid blues, greens, lavender, coppery orange, deep reds and purple hues on these coins. Eagerly collected by numismatists today, they are among the most valuable Lincoln cents. Unencapsulated coins are easily identified by wide, square outer rims, quite unlike the rounded edges of business strikes.
Mint errors specific to Lincoln cents[edit]
Through mint errors, a number of rare and valuable Lincoln Cents have been produced. Some random errors, such as an off-center strike, slightly increase the value of the coin, and are sought after by niche collectors. However some errors were systemic, and produced a number of coins with exactly the same problem in the same year. These have become recognized varieties that are often extremely valuable and sought after by mainstream collectors.
1909 VDB "US Lincoln Penny" – on the planet Mars – part of a calibration target on the Curiosity Rover (September 10, 2012) (3-D version) (also, image on October 2, 2013 – after 411 days on Mars)
The first Doubled Die error occurred during the production of the 1909 VDB. Not identified until the 1970s, it shows the RTY in Liberty and the 190 of the date slightly doubled. This coin is extremely rare in high grades.
In 1922, no one-cent coins were produced by the Philadelphia Mint. However, three of the four pairs of Denver Mint worn and overly polished dies then produced the Weak D and No D varieties, making them appear as if they had been produced in Philadelphia. These varieties are known as the 1922 plain cents or 1922 no "D" cents. Collectors must be wary of removed mint marks.
There are a few 1943 cents that were produced in bronze, as opposed to the steel/zinc composition used that year. There are 10 to 12 known to exist.[39] Likewise, a few 1944 cents were produced in steel/zinc.
In 1955, a hubbing error caused some cents to get struck with an obverse die which showed doubling in all of the obverse devices, producing a prominent doubling of the date, and to a less noticeable degree, the rest of the obverse. This is known as the 1955 doubled die cent. A similar die error occurred in 1969 on dies used at the San Francisco Mint. While the 1955 doubled die cent is well-known and widely collected, the 1969-S doubled die is far rarer, with an uncirculated specimen selling for as much as $126,500 in a 2008 Heritage auction.[40] The same mechanism produced 1972, 1983, 1984, and 1995 Doubled die cents. Doubled Dies are known for practically every date in the Lincoln cent series, but most are minor, and less impressive compared to the 1955 and the other Doubled Die varieties mentioned here.
In 1990, 3,055 proof cents were struck at the San Francisco Mint without the "S" mint mark, making them appear as if they had been struck at the Philadelphia Mint. However, as no proof cents were struck in Philadelphia that year, they are easily distinguishable as errors, and highly valuable.
The reverse of some Lincoln cents minted in 1992 at the Philadelphia and Denver mints and some of those minted in 1998 and 1999 at the San Francisco mint feature a smaller-than-normal gap between the first two letters of AMERICA. These coins, known as the Close AM variety are valued at $20,000 and $5,000 for the 1992 specimens in gem uncirculated condition and $3,000 and $1,000 for the San Francisco specimens in gem proof condition.
The reverse of some Lincoln cents minted in 1998, 1999, and 2000 in Philadelphia feature a larger-than-normal gap between the first two letters of AMERICA. These coins, known as the Wide AM variety are valued at $10, $500, and $5, respectively, in gem uncirculated condition. These reverse die errors are technically "mule" errors, as the reverse error dies were the same as normal proof coins of the same date.
Toxicity[edit]
Zinc, a major component of mid-1982-and-later U.S. cents, is toxic in large quantities. Swallowing such a coin, which is 97.5% zinc, can cause damage to the stomach lining because of the high solubility of the zinc ion in the acidic stomach.[41] Coins are the most commonly ingested foreign body in children but generally are allowed to pass spontaneously unless the patient is symptomatic.[42] Zinc toxicity, mostly in the form of the ingestion of U.S. pennies minted after 1982, is commonly fatal in dogs where it causes a severe hemolytic anemia.[43] It is also highly toxic in pet parrots and can often be fatal.[44]
Numismatics and regulations[edit]
Main article: Penny debate in the United States
It has been suggested that the cent should be eliminated as a unit of currency for several reasons including that many Americans do not actually spend them, but rather only receive them in change at stores and proceed to return them to a bank for higher denomination currencies, or cash them in at coin counting kiosks. Most modern vending machines do not accept pennies, further diminishing their utility, and the production cost (figured in U.S. Dollars) now exceeds the face value of the coin, caused by increasing inflation.[45] In 2001 and 2006, for example, United States Representative Jim Kolbe (R) of Arizona introduced bills which would have stopped production of pennies (in 2001, the Legal Tender Modernization Act, and in 2006, the Currency Overhaul for an Industrious Nation [COIN] Act).[46]
In anticipation of the business of melting down U.S. pennies and U.S. nickels for profit, the U.S. Mint, which is a part of the US Department of the Treasury, implemented new regulations[47] on December 14, 2006, which criminalize the melting of pennies and nickels and place limits on export of the coins. Violators can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000 USD and/or imprisoned for a maximum of five years.[48]
Metal content and manufacturing costs[edit]
The U.S. Mint reported that in fiscal year 2010 the unit cost of producing and shipping one-cent coins was 1.79 cents, which is more than the face value of the coin.[49] After reaching a peak cost of 2.41 cents in 2011 due to the significant rise in global metal demand and prices, recently the cost has declined to 1.83 cents for 2013.[6] In the 2014 fiscal year, the cost to produce a penny declined even further to 1.70 cents.[50]
When copper reached a record high in February 2011,[51] the melt value of a 95% copper penny was more than three times its face value. As of January 21, 2014, a pre-1982 penny contained 2.20325 cents' worth of copper and zinc, making it an attractive target for melting by people wanting to sell the metals for profit. In comparison, post-1982 copper-plated zinc cents have a metallurgical value of only 0.55152 cents.[52]
The Secretary of the Treasury has authority to alter the percentage of copper and zinc in the one-cent coin if needed due to cost fluctuations.[49]
See also[edit]
Numismatics portal
1943 steel cent
1955 doubled-die cent
1974 aluminum cent
Large cent (United States coin)
Legal Tender Modernization Act
Mill (currency)
Take a penny, leave a penny
Penny (Canadian coin)
United States Mint coin production
Other denominations[edit]
United States coinage
Nickel
Dime
Quarter
Half dollar
Dollar
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The United States Mint Coin Specifications". Washington, D.C.: United States Mint. Retrieved 2009-11-09. Denomination:Cent; Nickel; Dime; Quarter Dollar.... (categories across the top of the specifications chart)
Jump up ^ "Denominations". Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Treasury. Retrieved 2015-03-03. The proper term is "one cent piece," but in common usage this coins is often referred to as a penny or cent.
Jump up ^ http://time.com/money/4300975/get-rid-of-penny-jacob-lew/
Jump up ^ "US Mint Cost To Make Penny".
Jump up ^ Staff (April 17, 2012). "Statement of Rodney J. Bosco Navigant Consulting, Inc. on "The Future of Money: Coin Production"" Before the House Financial Services Subcommittee on Domestic Policy & Technology United States House of Representatives – April 17, 2012" (PDF). U.S. Congress. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "US Mint Cost To Make Penny and Nickel Declines in FY 2013". January 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Coin Specifications". Retrieved 2016-12-22.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Mint Online Product Catalog". Catalog.usmint.gov. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
Jump up ^ Mathur, R (2009). "The history of the United States cent revealed through copper isotope fractionation". Journal of Archaeological Science. 36 (2): 430–433. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.029.
Jump up ^ John P. Dorst MD, Thomas E. Reichelderfer MD, and Roger C. Sanders MA, BM, BCh, MRCP, FRCRP. Radiodensity of the Proposed New Penny, Pediatrics Vol. 69 No. February 2, 1982, pp. 224–225. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
Jump up ^ "1982 Lincoln Memorial Cents". Coins.thefuntimesguide.com. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
Jump up ^ UNITED STATES MINT – 2013 ANNUAL REPORT p.11
Jump up ^ "Is my Penny a Copper, or a Zinc Cent?". Retrieved 2008-06-16.
Jump up ^ "The United States Mint Coins and Medals Program". USMint.gov. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
Jump up ^ Margolick, David (2007-02-11). "Penny Foolish". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
Jump up ^ "History of 'In God We Trust'". treasury.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
Jump up ^ Kocher, Greg (February 13, 2009). "Lincoln's birthplace is launch site for new penny". Lexington Herald-Leader.
^ Jump up to: a b c O'Keefe, Ed (February 17, 2009). "Heads Abe, Tails New On Pennies Marking Lincoln Bicentennial". The Washington Post. p. A11.
Jump up ^ Pub.L. 109–145, 119 Stat. 2674, enacted December 22, 2005 – Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005, Title VI, §303. "The design on the reverse of the 1-cent coins issued after December 31, 2009, shall bear an image emblematic of President Lincoln's preservation of United States of America as a single and united country." Retrieved 2009-11-30.
Jump up ^ Staff (2009-06-09). "2010 Lincoln Cent Design Proposals". 2010 Lincoln Cents. Retrieved 2009-11-30. There were initially 18 design proposals for the 2010 Lincoln Cent reverse.
Jump up ^ McAllister, Bill (2009-05-04). "Wheat Design may appear on the 2010 cent". Coin World. 50 (2560): 1.
^ Jump up to: a b McAllister, Bill (2009-05-18). "Mint withdraws 2010 'Wheat' cent design". Coin World. 50 (2562): 1.
Jump up ^ McAllister, Bill (2009-05-18). "Mint withdraws 2010 'Wheat' cent design". Coin World. 50 (2562): 1.
Jump up ^ McAllister, Bill (2009-05-18). "Commission votes for U.S. flag on 2010 1¢". Coin World. 50 (2565): 1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gilkes, Paul (2009-11-30). "Cent to bear Union Shield design in 2010". Coin World. 50 (2590): 1, 68.
^ Jump up to: a b "United States Mint Releases Fourth 2009 Lincoln Bicentennial One-Cent Coin" (Press release). United States Mint. 2009-11-12. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
^ Jump up to: a b Gilkes, Paul (2010-02-15). "Mint Returns to 1909 Galvano for Portrait". Coin World. 51 (2601): 1, 24.
Jump up ^ "United States Mint Launches 2010 Lincoln One-Cent Coin" (Press release). United States Mint. 2010-02-11. Retrieved 2010-02-11. The reverse of the 2010 and beyond Lincoln cent was designed by United States Mint Artistic Infusion Program Associate Designer Lyndall Bass and executed by United States Mint Sculptor-Engraver Joseph Menna.
Jump up ^ Gilkes, Paul (2010-02-08). "First Circulation Reports of 2010 Cents From Puerto Rico". Coin World. 51 (2600): 5.
Jump up ^ Ruston, Bruce (2010-02-11). [?url=http://www.sj-r.com/breaking/x228082611/New-Lincoln-penny-design-unveiled-in-Springfield "New Lincoln penny design unveiled in Springfield"] Check |archiveurl= value (help). State Journal-Register. Archived from the original on 2010-02-11. Retrieved 2010-02-11. The newest—and for now permanent—version of the Lincoln penny was unveiled this morning at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Museum... CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) (Archived by WebCite at )
^ Jump up to: a b "Full text of "Mrs Astor S Horse"". Archive.org. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Jaeger, Katherine, A Guide Book of United States Tokens and Medals, Whitman Publishing, 2008. ISBN 978-0794820602
Jump up ^ https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/107231433/
Jump up ^ "History of the Lincoln Cent". U.S. Department of the Treasury. 2011-01-04. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
Jump up ^ Herbert, Alan (September 2007). Deisher, Beth, ed. "1943 Cent in Steel – One Year Type Looked to Help With the War Effort". COINS Magazine: 14.
Jump up ^ Gibbs, William T. (September 26, 1994). Beth Deisher, ed. "1974 bronze-clad steel cents subject to federal confiscation" (PDF). Coin World: 1. Archived from the original on 2006-07-19. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
Jump up ^ Gilkes, Paul (October 17, 2005). Beth Deisher, ed. "Aluminum 1¢ 'changes' grade" (PDF). Coin World: 2. Archived from the original on 2006-07-19. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
Jump up ^ "The 1983 Copper Cent". www.pcgs.com. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
Jump up ^ "1943 Copper Cent". Coinfacts.com. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
Jump up ^ "1969-S 1C Doubled Die MS64 Red PCGS Lincoln Cents". Coins.ha.com. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
Jump up ^ Dawn N. Bothwell, M.D., and Eric A. Mair, M.D., FAAP. Chronic Ingestion of a Zinc-Based Penny, Pediatrics Vol. 111, No. March 3, 2003, pp. 689–691. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
Jump up ^ Mark L. Waltzman, M.D .[1] Current Opinion in Pediatrics Vol. 45, No. 1 Jan.–Feb., 2006, pp.71–3. Retrieved 2010-2-23.
Jump up ^ Stowe CM, Nelson R, Werdin R, et al.: Zinc phosphide poisoning in dogs. JAVMA 173:270, 1978
Jump up ^ See, for example, this list of common parrot illnesses and their causes
Jump up ^ Hagenbaugh, Barbara (2006-05-09). "Coins cost more to make than face value". USA Today. Retrieved 2006-10-04.
Jump up ^ Zappone, Christian (2006-07-18). "Kill-the-penny bill introduced". CNN Money. Retrieved 2006-10-04.
Jump up ^ "United States Mint Moves to Limit Exportation & Melting of Coins". Usmint.gov. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
Jump up ^ "CFR 2010 title31 vol1 part82" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2013-01-05.
^ Jump up to: a b United States Mint (2010-12-04). "U.S. Mint 2010 Annual Report" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-01-16.
Jump up ^ http://www.usmint.gov/about_the_mint/PDFs/2014-rd-biennial-report.pdf
Jump up ^ "METALS-Copper falls on euro zone disappointment, China worry". Reuters. Retrieved 2012-11-18.
Jump up ^ "Current Melt Value Of Coins – How Much Is Your Coin Worth?". Coinflation.com. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States cents.
"Penny Foolish", by David Margolick, The New York Times, February 11, 2007 – a brief popular history of the penny.
Man tries to get rid of million pennies, USA Today, 7/1/2004
Examination of claim that "A U.S. penny costs more than a cent to manufacture" on Snopes.
Top 10 Things You Didn't Know About the Penny – slideshow by Time Magazine
U.S. Lincoln Penny on the Planet Mars – Curiosity Rover (September 10, 2012).
PennyFreeBiz Grass Roots effort by retailers and merchants to stop using the penny. (June 2007).
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Origin of replication
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The origin of replication (also called the replication origin) is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated.[1] This can either involve the replication of DNA in living organisms such as prokaryotes and eukaryotes, or that of DNA or RNA in viruses, such as double-stranded RNA viruses.[2]
DNA replication may proceed from this point bidirectionally or unidirectionally.[3]
The specific structure of the origin of replication varies somewhat from species to species, but all share some common characteristics such as high AT content (repeats of adenine and thymine are easier to separate because their base stacking interactions are not as strong as those of guanine and cytosine[4]). The origin of replication binds the pre-replication complex, a protein complex that recognizes, unwinds, and begins to copy DNA.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Types
2 Prokaryotic
2.1 Bacterial genome origins
2.2 Bacterial plasmid origins
3 Eukaryotic
4 Viral
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Types[edit]
The origin of replication are classified in two ways:
Narrow or broad host range
High- or low-copy number.
There are also no significant differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic origins of replication:
Most bacteria have a single circular molecule of DNA, and typically only a single origin of replication per circular chromosome.[5]
Most archaea have a single circular molecule of DNA, and several origins of replication along this circular chromosome.[6]
Eukaryotes often have multiple origins of replication on each linear chromosome that initiate at different times (replication timing), with up to 100,000 present in a single human cell.[7] Having many origins of replication helps to speed the duplication of their (usually) much larger store of genetic material. The segment of DNA that is copied starting from each unique replication origin is called a replicon.
Origins of replication are typically assigned names containing "ori".
Prokaryotic[edit]
Bacterial genome origins[edit]
The genome of E. coli consists of a single circular DNA molecule of approximately 4.6 x 106 nucleotide pairs. DNA replication typically begins at a single origin of replication. In E. coli, the origin of replication—oriC—consists of three A–T rich 13-mer repeats and four 9-mer repeats. Ten to 20 monomers of the replication initiator protein DnaA bind to the 9-mer repeats, and the DNA coils around this protein complex forming a protein core. This coiling stimulates the AT rich region in the 13-mer sequence to unwind, allowing the helicase loader DnaC to load the replicative helicase DnaB to each of the two unwound DNA strands. The helicase DnaB forms the basis of the primosome, a complex of enzymes to which DNA polymerase III is recruited before replication can occur .[8]
Bacterial plasmid origins[edit]
Many bacteria, including E. coli, contain plasmids that each contain an origin of replication. These are separate from the origins of replication that are used by the bacteria to copy their genome and often function very differently. For example, the E. coli plasmid pBR322 uses a protein called Rop/Rom to regulate the number of plasmids that are within each bacterial cell[citation needed]. The most common origin of replication that is used in plasmids for genetic engineering is called pUC. This origin is derived from pBR322 but it contains two mutations. One single point mutation in the origin itself and another that deletes the Rop/Rom gene. This removes all the regulatory constraints on the plasmids replication and the bacteria then go from producing 30–40 plasmids per cell with pBR322 up to producing over 500 with pUC. This allows genetic engineers to produce large quantities of DNA for research purposes. Other origins of replication include pSC101 (derived from Salmonella, around 5 copies per cell), 15A origin (derived from p15A, 10–20 copies per cell) and Bacterial artificial chromosomes (1 copy per cell).[9]
Eukaryotic[edit]
In eukaryotes, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were first identified by their ability to support the replication of mini-chromosomes or plasmids, giving rise to the name Autonomously replicating sequences or ARS elements. Each budding yeast origin consists of a short (~11 bp) essential DNA sequence (called the ARS consensus sequence or ACS) that recruits replication proteins.[citation needed]
In other eukaryotes, including humans, the base pair sequences at the replication origins vary. Despite this sequence variation, all the origins form a base for assembly of a group of proteins known collectively as the pre-replication complex (pre-RC):[citation needed]
First, the origin DNA is bound by the origin recognition complex (ORC) which, with help from two further protein factors (Cdc6 and Cdt1), load the mini chromosome maintenance (or MCM) protein complex.
Once assembled, this complex of proteins indicates that the replication origin is ready for activation. Once the replication origin is activated, the cell's DNA will be replicated.
In metazoans, pre-RC formation is inhibited by the protein geminin, which binds to and inactivates Cdt1. Regulation of replication prevents the DNA from being replicated more than once each cell cycle.[citation needed]
In humans an origin of replication has been originally identified near the Lamin B2 gene on chromosome 19 and the ORC binding to it has extensively been studied.[10]
Viral[edit]
Genome of human herpesvirus-6, a member of the Herpesviridae family. The origin of replication is labeled as "OOR."
Viruses often possess a single origin of replication.
A variety of proteins have been described as being involved in viral replication. For instance, Polyoma viruses utilize host cell DNA polymerases, which attach to a viral origin of replication if the T antigen is present.
See also[edit]
OriDB the DNA Replication Origin Database
Origin of transfer
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Technical Glossary Edward K. Wagner, Martinez Hewlett, David Bloom and David Camerini Basic Virology Third Edition, Blackwell publishing, 2007 ISBN 1-4051-4715-6
Jump up ^ Hulo C, de Castro E, Masson P, Bougueleret L, Bairoch A, Xenarios I, Le Mercier P (Jan 2011). "ViralZone: a knowledge resource to understand virus diversity". Nucleic Acids Res. 39: D576–82. doi:10.1093/nar/gkq901. PMC 3013774  . PMID 20947564.
Jump up ^ Martín-Parras L, Hernández P, Martínez-Robles ML, Schvartzman JB (August 1991). "Unidirectional replication as visualized by two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis". Journal of Molecular Biology. 220 (4): 843–53. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(91)90357-c. PMID 1880800.
Jump up ^ http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/34/2/564.full
Jump up ^ Mott ML, Berger JM (May 2007). "DNA replication initiation: mechanisms and regulation in bacteria". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 5 (5): 343–54. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1640. PMID 17435790.
Jump up ^ Kelman LM, Kelman Z (September 2004). "Multiple origins of replication in archaea". Trends in Microbiology. 12 (9): 399–401. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2004.07.001. PMID 15337158.
Jump up ^ Nasheuer HP, Smith R, Bauerschmidt C, Grosse F, Weisshart K (2002). "Initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication: regulation and mechanisms". Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology. 72: 41–94. doi:10.1016/S0079-6603(02)72067-9. PMID 12206458.
Jump up ^ Baker TA, Wickner SH (1992). "Genetics and enzymology of DNA replication in Escherichia coli". Annual Review of Genetics. 26: 447–77. doi:10.1146/annurev.ge.26.120192.002311. PMID 1482121.
Jump up ^ oxfordgenetics.com/origins,.
Jump up ^ Falaschi A, Giacca M. The quest for a human ori, 'Genetica',1994;94(2-3):255-66
External links[edit]
Ori-Finder, an online software for prediction of bacterial and archaeal oriCs
Replication Origin at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
[hide]
v
t
e
DNA replication (comparing Prokaryotic to Eukaryotic)
Initiation
Prokaryotic
(initiation)
Pre-replication complex
dnaC
Cdc6
Helicase
dnaA
dnaB
T7
Primase
dnaG
Eukaryotic
(preparation in
G1 phase)
Pre-replication complex
Origin recognition complex
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Cdt1
Minichromosome maintenance
MCM2
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MCM4
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MCM7
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Single-strand binding protein
SSBP2
SSBP3
SSBP4
RNase H
RNASEH1
RNASEH2A
Helicase: HFM1
Primase: PRIM1
PRIM2
Both
Origin of replication/Ori/Replicon
Replication fork
Lagging and leading strands
Okazaki fragments
Primer
Replication
Prokaryotic
(elongation)
DNA polymerase III holoenzyme
dnaC
dnaE
dnaH
dnaN
dnaQ
dnaT
dnaX
holA
holB
holC
holD
holE
Replisome
DNA ligase
DNA clamp
Topoisomerase
DNA gyrase
Prokaryotic DNA polymerase: DNA polymerase I
Klenow fragment
Eukaryotic
(synthesis in
S phase)
Replication factor C
RFC1
Flap endonuclease
FEN1
Topoisomerase
Replication protein A
RPA1
Eukaryotic DNA polymerase:
alpha
POLA1
POLA2
PRIM1
PRIM2
delta
POLD1
POLD2
POLD3
POLD4
epsilon
POLE
POLE2
POLE3
POLE4
DNA clamp
PCNA
Control of chromosome duplication
Both
Movement: Processivity
DNA ligase
Termination
Telomere: Telomerase
TERT
TERC
DKC1
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Hello, I Love You
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the song by The Doors. For the similarly named song by Roger Waters, see Hello (I Love You).
"Hello, I Love You"
Single by The Doors
from the album Waiting for the Sun
B-side
"Love Street"
Released
June 1968
Recorded
February–May 1968
Genre
Psychedelic rock, acid rock
Length
2:13
Label
Elektra
Songwriter(s)
Jim Morrison
Producer(s)
Paul A. Rothchild
The Doors singles chronology
"The Unknown Soldier"
(1968) "Hello, I Love You"
(1968) "Touch Me"
(1968)
"The Unknown Soldier"
(1968) "Hello, I Love You"
(1968) "Touch Me"
(1968)
"Hello, I Love You" is a song written by Jim Morrison of the American rock band the Doors from their 1968 album Waiting for the Sun. It was released as a single that same year, reaching number one in the United States and selling over a million copies in the U.S. alone. In Canada, it hit number one as well.[1] The single also became the band's first big UK hit, peaking at number fifteen on the chart.
This was one of six songs recorded by the proto-Doors band Rick & the Ravens on a demo for Aura Records in 1965, that the band shopped around Los Angeles record companies, eventually landing them a brief signing with Columbia Records. Sometimes the title is listed as "Hello, I Love You (Won't You Tell Me Your Name?)" or "Hello, I Love You, Won't You Tell Me Your Name?" The title that is printed depends on how early of a pressing the record is.
At the time the single was released, stereo 45 rpm records were generally unknown — especially in the Top 40 format. This recording by the Doors was promoted as the first rock 45 rpm record in stereo. It includes a long musical sweep about 1:20 into the song, starting at the left channel and panning across into the right channel, in a very ostentatious demonstration of stereo effect. This release, along with the Rascals' hit song, "A Beautiful Morning," are credited with initiating the industry changeover to stereo recordings as the norm for 45 rpm singles.[2]
Contents
1 Composition
2 Plagiarism controversy
3 Real life influences
4 Personnel
5 Cover versions
6 In popular culture
7 Chart performance
7.1 Weekly charts
7.2 Year-end charts
7.3 Certifications
8 References
9 External links
Composition[edit]
Jim Morrison wrote the song in 1965. The track was one of six demos, and was not released until three years later.[3]
While the band was recording their third album, Waiting For The Sun, there was some difficulty as Morrison's drinking was making work impossible. Drummer John Densmore threatened to quit the band and the rest of the band decided to look through some of Morrison's old poems in an effort to calm him down. One of the poems, "Hello I Love You", had been written one afternoon, while Morrison and Ray Manzarek watched a girl walking on the beach.[citation needed] Early American pressings of the single used the title "Hello I Love You Won’t You Tell Me Your Name".[4]
Plagiarism controversy[edit]
In the liner notes to The Doors Box Set, Robby Krieger has denied the allegations that the song's musical structure was stolen from Ray Davies, where a riff similar to it is featured in The Kinks' "All Day and All of the Night". Instead, Krieger said the song's vibe was taken from Cream's song "Sunshine of Your Love". But Davies has continued to assert that the Doors' song was based on his. In a 2012 interview with Mojo magazine, Davies said, "The funniest thing was when my publisher came to me on tour and said The Doors had used the riff for 'All Day And All Of The Night' for 'Hello, I Love You.' I said rather than sue them, can't we just get them to own up? My publisher said, 'They have, that's why we should sue them!'"[5][better source needed][6] And in a 2014 interview with Rolling Stone, Davies suggested that an out-of-court settlement had been reached with the Doors.[7]
Real life influences[edit]
The last verse was written by Jim Morrison three years prior to the album recordings, reportedly about a woman he saw walking while living on Venice Beach.[8]
"Sidewalk crouches at her feet
Like a dog that begs for something sweet.
Do you hope to make her see you, fool?
Do you hope to pluck this dusky jewel?"
Personnel[edit]
Jim Morrison – lead vocals
Ray Manzarek - Gibson G-101 Organ,[citation needed] backing vocals
Robby Krieger – electric guitar
John Densmore – drums
with:
Douglass Lubahn – bass guitar
Cover versions[edit]
The song has been covered by Oleander, Buddy Rich, Missing Persons, The Cure (on the 1990 compilation Rubáiyát), Eurythmics, Simple Minds, Anal Cunt, Neil Young, Adam Ant, Adam Freeland, Siouxsie Sioux, Kiyoharu, the Lithuanian postmodernist rock band Antis, and the Persian alternative singer Mohsen Namjoo.
It is also referenced in the Dresden Dolls' song "The Perfect Fit" and Pulp's "Dogs Are Everywhere". Hip Hop artist Necro mixed and released this tune as "You Ho".
In popular culture[edit]
The song was used in the movies Platoon and Casualties of War.[5][better source needed] The song was also used in the 1981 movie Neighbors and can be heard at the beginning of the Mad Men series finale Person To Person. In the show Glee Cory Monteith sang a cover of it in the episode entitled "Hell-O".
Chart performance[edit]
The song spent two weeks at #1 (see below), and was also in the Top 5 at the same time as Jose Feliciano's version of "Light My Fire". This put two of the Doors' tunes simultaneously in the Top 5.[9]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1968)
Peak
position
Canada RPM Top Singles 1
Germany 33
Netherlands 14
New Zealand [10] 12
Switzerland 10
UK [11] 15
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[12] 1
U.S. Cash Box Top 100[13] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1968)
Rank
Canada [14] 13
US Billboard Hot 100[15] 14
US Cash Box [16] 15
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[17]
Gold 1,000,000^
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Top Singles - Volume 9, No. 23_24, August 19 1968". Collections Canada. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ Everett, Walter (May 2010). "'If you're gonna have a hit': intratextual mixes and edits of pop recordings". Popular Music. 29 (2): 233. doi:10.1017/s026114301000005x.
Jump up ^ "The Doors, 'Hello, I Love You' – Lyrics Uncovered". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
Jump up ^ "BBC Radio 2 - Sounds of the 60s - Brian's Weekly Sleevenotes - 19 July 14". bbc.co.uk. 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hello I Love You by The Doors Songfacts". www.songfacts.com. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
Jump up ^ "The Kinks "All Day and All of the Night" (1964) vs. The Doors "Hello, I Love You" (1968)". Retrieved 2017-09-24.
Jump up ^ Greene, Andy (November 27, 2014). "Ray Davies". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2017-06-10. My publisher wanted to sue. I was unwilling to do that. I think they cut a deal somewhere, but I don't know the details.
Jump up ^ "The Story Behind The Doors: "Hello, I Love You" - Rifftime Blog". Rifftime Blog. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
Jump up ^ "The Doors: A Billboard Chart History | Billboard". Billboard. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand, 27 September 1968
Jump up ^ UK Official Charts, 3 September 1968
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles, August 8, 1968
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". collectionscanada.gc.ca.
Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com
Jump up ^ Cash Box Year-End Charts: Top 100 Pop Singles, December 28, 1968
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Hello I, Love You (Won't You Tell Me Your Name?)". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
1960s portal
show
v
t
e
The Doors
Jim Morrison
Ray Manzarek
John Densmore
Robby Krieger
Studio albums
The Doors (1967)
Strange Days (1967)
Waiting for the Sun (1968)
The Soft Parade (1969)
Morrison Hotel (1970)
L.A. Woman (1971)
Other Voices (1971)
Full Circle (1972)
An American Prayer (1978)
Live albums
Absolutely Live (1970)
Alive, She Cried (1983)
Live at the Hollywood Bowl (1987)
In Concert (1991)
Message to Love: The Isle of Wight Festival 1970 (1996)
Compilations
and soundtracks
13 (1970)
Weird Scenes Inside the Gold Mine (1972)
The Best of The Doors (1973)
Greatest Hits (1980)
The Doors Classics (1985)
The Best of the Doors (1985)
The Doors (1991 film soundtrack) (1991)
Greatest Hits (1996)
Essential Rarities (1999)
The Best of The Doors (2000)
The Very Best of The Doors (2001)
Legacy: The Absolute Best (2003)
The Very Best of The Doors (2007)
The Future Starts Here: The Essential Doors Hits (2008)
The Platinum Collection (2008)
When You're Strange: Music from the Motion Picture (2010)
The Singles (2017)
Bright
Midnight
Archives
The Bright Midnight Sampler (2000)
Live in Detroit (2000)
Bright Midnight: Live in America (2001)
Live in Hollywood: Highlights from the Aquarius Theater Performances (2001)
Live at the Aquarius Theatre: The First Performance (2001)
Live at the Aquarius Theatre: The Second Performance (2001)
No One Here Gets Out Alive (2002)
Backstage and Dangerous: The Private Rehearsal (2002)
Live in Hollywood (2002)
Boot Yer Butt: The Doors Bootlegs (2003)
Live in Philadelphia '70 (2005)
Live in Boston (2007)
Pittsburgh Civic Arena (2008)
Live at the Matrix 1967 (2008)
Live in New York (2009)
Live in Vancouver 1970 (2010)
Live at the Bowl '68 (2012)
London Fog 1966 (2016)
Live at The Isle of Wight festival 1970 (2018)
Box sets
The Doors: Box Set (1997)
The Complete Studio Recordings (1999)
No One Here Gets Out Alive (2002)
Boot Yer Butt: The Doors Bootlegs (2003)
Love/Death/Travel Box Set (2005)
Perception (2006)
The Doors: Vinyl Box Set (2008)
A Collection (2011)
Singles
"Break On Through (To the Other Side)" / "End of the Night" (1967)
"Light My Fire" / "The Crystal Ship" (1967)
"People Are Strange" (1967)
"Love Me Two Times" / "Moonlight Drive" (1967)
"The Unknown Soldier"/"We Could Be So Good Together" (1968)
"Hello, I Love You" / "Love Street" (1968)
"Touch Me" (1968)
"Wishful Sinful" (1969)
"Tell All the People" / "Easy Ride" (1969)
"Runnin' Blue" (1969)
"Roadhouse Blues"(1970)
"Love Her Madly" (1971)
"Riders on the Storm" (1971)
"The Mosquito" (1972)
"Treetrunk" (1972)
"Gloria" / "Moonlight Drive" (1983)
Books
Wilderness: The Lost Writings of Jim Morrison
The American Night
No One Here Gets Out Alive
Video and film
The Doors (1991)
The Doors – 30 Years Commemorative Edition (1999)
When You're Strange (2008)
Live at the Bowl '68 (2012)
Live at the Isle of Wight festival 1970 (2018)
Related articles
Discography
Rick & the Ravens
Bill Siddons
Danny Sugerman
London Fog
Whisky a Go Go
Manzarek–Krieger
"Craigslist"
The Lost Paris Tapes
Stoned Immaculate: The Music of The Doors
Barbaturex morrisoni
HWY: An American Pastoral
Night Divides the Day – The Music of the Doors
Light My Fire: A Classic Rock Salute to The Doors
Pamela Courson
George Stephen Morrison
Book
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hello,_I_Love_You&oldid=847323254"
Categories:
The Doors songs
1968 singles
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Songs involved in plagiarism controversies
Songs written by John Densmore
Songs written by Robby Krieger
Songs written by Ray Manzarek
Songs written by Jim Morrison
Song recordings produced by Paul A. Rothchild
1968 songs
Elektra Records singles
Hidden categories:
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
Articles with hAudio microformats
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values: Live at the Hollywood Bowl (The Doors album)

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