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Water cycle
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Diagram of the Water Cycle
The water cycle
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Earth's water cycle
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As the Earth's surface water evaporates, wind moves water in the air from the sea to the land, increasing the amount of freshwater on land.
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Water vapor is converted to clouds that bring fresh water to land in the form of rain snow and sleet
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Precipitation falls on the ground, but what happens to that water depends greatly on the geography of the land at any particular place.
The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle or the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables. The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff, and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different forms: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor.
The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate.
The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies water which then replenishes the land with freshwater. The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe. It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth, through processes including erosion and sedimentation. The water cycle is also essential for the maintenance of most life and ecosystems on the planet.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
1.1 Processes
2 Residence times
3 Changes over time
4 Effects on climate
5 Effects on biogeochemical cycling
6 Slow loss over geologic time
7 History of hydrologic cycle theory
7.1 Floating land mass
7.2 Source of rain
7.3 Precipitation and percolation
7.4 Precipitation alone
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Description[edit]
The sun, which drives the water cycle, heats water in oceans and seas. Water evaporates as water vapor into the air. Ice and snow can sublimate directly into water vapour. Evapotranspiration is water transpired from plants and evaporated from the soil. The water vapour molecule H
2O has less density compared to the major components of the atmosphere, nitrogen and oxygen, N
2 and O
2. Due to the significant difference in molecular mass, water vapor in gas form gains height in open air as a result of buoyancy. However, as altitude increases, air pressure decreases and the temperature drops (see Gas laws). The lowered temperature causes water vapour to condense into a tiny liquid water droplet which is heavier than the air, such that it falls unless supported by an updraft. A huge concentration of these droplets over a large space up in the atmosphere become visible as cloud. Fog is formed if the water vapour condenses near ground level, as a result of moist air and cool air collision or an abrupt reduction in air pressure. Air currents move water vapour around the globe, cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the upper atmospheric layers as precipitation. Some precipitation falls as snow or hail, sleet, and can accumulate as ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water for thousands of years. Most water falls back into the oceans or onto land as rain, where the water flows over the ground as surface runoff. A portion of runoff enters rivers in valleys in the landscape, with streamflow moving water towards the oceans. Runoff and water emerging from the ground (groundwater) may be stored as freshwater in lakes. Not all runoff flows into rivers, much of it soaks into the ground as infiltration. Some water infiltrates deep into the ground and replenishes aquifers, which can store freshwater for long periods of time. Some infiltration stays close to the land surface and can seep back into surface-water bodies (and the ocean) as groundwater discharge. Some groundwater finds openings in the land surface and comes out as freshwater springs. In river valleys and floodplains, there is often continuous water exchange between surface water and ground water in the hyporheic zone. Over time, the water returns to the ocean, to continue the water cycle.
Processes[edit]
Many different processes lead to movements and phase changes in water
Precipitation
Condensed water vapor that falls to the Earth's surface. Most precipitation occurs as rain, but also includes snow, hail, fog drip, graupel, and sleet.[1] Approximately 505,000 km3 (121,000 cu mi) of water falls as precipitation each year, 398,000 km3 (95,000 cu mi) of it over the oceans.[2] The rain on land contains 107,000 km3 (26,000 cu mi) of water per year and a snowing only 1,000 km3 (240 cu mi).[3] 78% of global precipitation occurs over the ocean.[4]
Canopy interception
The precipitation that is intercepted by plant foliage eventually evaporates back to the atmosphere rather than falling to the ground.
Snowmelt
The runoff produced by melting snow.
Runoff
The variety of ways by which water moves across the land. This includes both surface runoff and channel runoff. As it flows, the water may seep into the ground, evaporate into the air, become stored in lakes or reservoirs, or be extracted for agricultural or other human uses.
Infiltration
The flow of water from the ground surface into the ground. Once infiltrated, the water becomes soil moisture or groundwater.[5] A recent global study using water stable isotopes, however, shows that not all soil moisture is equally available for groundwater recharge or for plant transpiration.[6]
Subsurface flow
The flow of water underground, in the vadose zone and aquifers. Subsurface water may return to the surface (e.g. as a spring or by being pumped) or eventually seep into the oceans. Water returns to the land surface at lower elevation than where it infiltrated, under the force of gravity or gravity induced pressures. Groundwater tends to move slowly and is replenished slowly, so it can remain in aquifers for thousands of years.
Evaporation
The transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as it moves from the ground or bodies of water into the overlying atmosphere.[7] The source of energy for evaporation is primarily solar radiation. Evaporation often implicitly includes transpiration from plants, though together they are specifically referred to as evapotranspiration. Total annual evapotranspiration amounts to approximately 505,000 km3 (121,000 cu mi) of water, 434,000 km3 (104,000 cu mi) of which evaporates from the oceans.[2] 86% of global evaporation occurs over the ocean.[4]
Sublimation
The state change directly from solid water (snow or ice) to water vapor.[8]
Deposition
This refers to changing of water vapor directly to ice.
Advection
The movement of water — in solid, liquid, or vapor states — through the atmosphere. Without advection, water that evaporated over the oceans could not precipitate over land.[9]
Condensation
The transformation of water vapor to liquid water droplets in the air, creating clouds and fog.[10]
Transpiration
The release of water vapor from plants and soil into the air. Water vapor is a gas that cannot be seen.
Percolation
Water flows vertically through the soil and rocks under the influence of gravity
Plate tectonics
Water enters the mantle via subduction of oceanic crust. Water returns to the surface via volcanism.
Water cycle thus involves many of the intermediate processes.
Residence times[edit]
Average reservoir residence times[11]
Reservoir
Average residence time
Antarctica 20,000 years
Oceans 3,200 years
Glaciers 20 to 100 years
Seasonal snow cover 2 to 6 months
Soil moisture 1 to 2 months
Groundwater: shallow 100 to 200 years
Groundwater: deep 10,000 years
Lakes (see lake retention time) 50 to 100 years
Rivers 2 to 6 months
Atmosphere 9 days
The residence time of a reservoir within the hydrologic cycle is the average time a water molecule will spend in that reservoir (see adjacent table). It is a measure of the average age of the water in that reservoir.
Groundwater can spend over 10,000 years beneath Earth's surface before leaving. Particularly old groundwater is called fossil water. Water stored in the soil remains there very briefly, because it is spread thinly across the Earth, and is readily lost by evaporation, transpiration, stream flow, or groundwater recharge. After evaporating, the residence time in the atmosphere is about 9 days before condensing and falling to the Earth as precipitation.
The major ice sheets - Antarctica and Greenland - store ice for very long periods. Ice from Antarctica has been reliably dated to 800,000 years before present, though the average residence time is shorter.[12]
In hydrology, residence times can be estimated in two ways. The more common method relies on the principle of conservation of mass and assumes the amount of water in a given reservoir is roughly constant. With this method, residence times are estimated by dividing the volume of the reservoir by the rate by which water either enters or exits the reservoir. Conceptually, this is equivalent to timing how long it would take the reservoir to become filled from empty if no water were to leave (or how long it would take the reservoir to empty from full if no water were to enter).
An alternative method to estimate residence times, which is gaining in popularity for dating groundwater, is the use of isotopic techniques. This is done in the subfield of isotope hydrology.
Changes over time[edit]
Time-mean precipitation and evaporation as a function of latitude as simulated by an aqua-planet version of an atmospheric GCM (GFDL’s AM2.1) with a homogeneous “slab-ocean” lower boundary (saturated surface with small heat capacity), forced by annual mean insolation.
Global map of annual mean evaporation minus precipitation by latitude-longitude
The water cycle describes the processes that drive the movement of water throughout the hydrosphere. However, much more water is "in storage" for long periods of time than is actually moving through the cycle. The storehouses for the vast majority of all water on Earth are the oceans. It is estimated that of the 332,500,000 mi3 (1,386,000,000 km3) of the world's water supply, about 321,000,000 mi3 (1,338,000,000 km3) is stored in oceans, or about 97%. It is also estimated that the oceans supply about 90% of the evaporated water that goes into the water cycle.[13]
During colder climatic periods more ice caps and glaciers form, and enough of the global water supply accumulates as ice to lessen the amounts in other parts of the water cycle. The reverse is true during warm periods. During the last ice age glaciers covered almost one-third of Earth's land mass, with the result being that the oceans were about 122 m (400 ft) lower than today. During the last global "warm spell," about 125,000 years ago, the seas were about 5.5 m (18 ft) higher than they are now. About three million years ago the oceans could have been up to 50 m (165 ft) higher.[13]
The scientific consensus expressed in the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Summary for Policymakers[14] is for the water cycle to continue to intensify throughout the 21st century, though this does not mean that precipitation will increase in all regions. In subtropical land areas — places that are already relatively dry — precipitation is projected to decrease during the 21st century, increasing the probability of drought. The drying is projected to be strongest near the poleward margins of the subtropics (for example, the Mediterranean Basin, South Africa, southern Australia, and the Southwestern United States). Annual precipitation amounts are expected to increase in near-equatorial regions that tend to be wet in the present climate, and also at high latitudes. These large-scale patterns are present in nearly all of the climate model simulations conducted at several international research centers as part of the 4th Assessment of the IPCC. There is now ample evidence that increased hydrologic variability and change in climate has and will continue to have a profound impact on the water sector through the hydrologic cycle, water availability, water demand, and water allocation at the global, regional, basin, and local levels.[15] Research published in 2012 in Science based on surface ocean salinity over the period 1950 to 2000 confirm this projection of an intensified global water cycle with salty areas becoming more saline and fresher areas becoming more fresh over the period:[16]
Fundamental thermodynamics and climate models suggest that dry regions will become drier and wet regions will become wetter in response to warming. Efforts to detect this long-term response in sparse surface observations of rainfall and evaporation remain ambiguous. We show that ocean salinity patterns express an identifiable fingerprint of an intensifying water cycle. Our 50-year observed global surface salinity changes, combined with changes from global climate models, present robust evidence of an intensified global water cycle at a rate of 8 ± 5% per degree of surface warming. This rate is double the response projected by current-generation climate models and suggests that a substantial (16 to 24%) intensification of the global water cycle will occur in a future 2° to 3° warmer world.[17]
An instrument carried by the SAC-D satellite launched in June, 2011 measures global sea surface salinity but data collection began only in June, 2011.[16][18]
Glacial retreat is also an example of a changing water cycle, where the supply of water to glaciers from precipitation cannot keep up with the loss of water from melting and sublimation. Glacial retreat since 1850 has been extensive.[19]
Human activities that alter the water cycle include:
agriculture
industry
alteration of the chemical composition of the atmosphere
construction of dams
deforestation and afforestation
removal of groundwater from wells
water abstraction from rivers
urbanization
Effects on climate[edit]
The water cycle is powered from solar energy. 86% of the global evaporation occurs from the oceans, reducing their temperature by evaporative cooling.[20] Without the cooling, the effect of evaporation on the greenhouse effect would lead to a much higher surface temperature of 67 °C (153 °F), and a warmer planet.[citation needed]
Aquifer drawdown or overdrafting and the pumping of fossil water increases the total amount of water in the hydrosphere, and has been postulated to be a contributor to sea-level rise.[21]
Effects on biogeochemical cycling[edit]
While the water cycle is itself a biogeochemical cycle,[22] flow of water over and beneath the Earth is a key component of the cycling of other biogeochemicals. Runoff is responsible for almost all of the transport of eroded sediment and phosphorus[23] from land to waterbodies. The salinity of the oceans is derived from erosion and transport of dissolved salts from the land. Cultural eutrophication of lakes is primarily due to phosphorus, applied in excess to agricultural fields in fertilizers, and then transported overland and down rivers. Both runoff and groundwater flow play significant roles in transporting nitrogen from the land to waterbodies.[24] The dead zone at the outlet of the Mississippi River is a consequence of nitrates from fertilizer being carried off agricultural fields and funnelled down the river system to the Gulf of Mexico. Runoff also plays a part in the carbon cycle, again through the transport of eroded rock and soil.[25]
Slow loss over geologic time[edit]
Main article: Atmospheric escape
The hydrodynamic wind within the upper portion of a planet's atmosphere allows light chemical elements such as Hydrogen to move up to the exobase, the lower limit of the exosphere, where the gases can then reach escape velocity, entering outer space without impacting other particles of gas. This type of gas loss from a planet into space is known as planetary wind.[26] Planets with hot lower atmospheres could result in humid upper atmospheres that accelerate the loss of hydrogen.[27]
History of hydrologic cycle theory[edit]
Floating land mass[edit]
In ancient times, it was widely thought that the land mass floated on a body of water, and that most of the water in rivers has its origin under the earth. Examples of this belief can be found in the works of Homer (circa 800 BCE).
Source of rain[edit]
In the ancient near east, Hebrew scholars observed that even though the rivers ran into the sea, the sea never became full (Ecclesiastes 1:7). Some scholars conclude that the water cycle was described completely during this time in this passage: "The wind goeth toward the south, and turneth about unto the north; it whirleth about continually, and the wind returneth again according to its circuits. All the rivers run into the sea, yet the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again" (Ecclesiastes 1:6-7, KJV).[28] Scholars are not in agreement as to the date of Ecclesiastes, though most scholars point to a date during the time of Solomon, the son of David and Bathsheba, "three thousand years ago,[29] there is some agreement that the time period is 962-922 BCE.[30] Furthermore, it was also observed that when the clouds were full, they emptied rain on the earth (Ecclesiastes 11:3). In addition, during 793-740 BC[31] a Hebrew prophet, Amos, stated that water comes from the sea and is poured out on the earth (Amos 5:8, 9:6).
Precipitation and percolation[edit]
In the Adityahridayam (a devotional hymn to the Sun God) of Ramayana, a Hindu epic dated to the 4th century BC, it is mentioned in the 22nd verse that the Sun heats up water and sends it down as rain. By roughly 500 BCE, Greek scholars were speculating that much of the water in rivers can be attributed to rain. The origin of rain was also known by then. These scholars maintained the belief, however, that water rising up through the earth contributed a great deal to rivers. Examples of this thinking included Anaximander (570 BCE) (who also speculated about the evolution of land animals from fish[32]) and Xenophanes of Colophon (530 BCE).[33] Chinese scholars such as Chi Ni Tzu (320 BC) and Lu Shih Ch'un Ch'iu (239 BCE) had similar thoughts.[34] The idea that the water cycle is a closed cycle can be found in the works of Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (460 BCE) and Diogenes of Apollonia (460 BCE). Both Plato (390 BCE) and Aristotle (350 BCE) speculated about percolation as part of the water cycle.
Precipitation alone[edit]
In the Biblical Book of Job, dated between 7th and 2nd centuries BCE,[35] there is a description of precipitation in the hydrologic cycle,[36] "For he maketh small the drops of water: they pour down rain according to the vapour thereof; Which the clouds do drop and distil upon man abundantly" (Job 36:27-28, KJV).
Up to the time of the Renaissance, it was thought that precipitation alone was insufficient to feed rivers, for a complete water cycle, and that underground water pushing upwards from the oceans were the main contributors to river water. Bartholomew of England held this view (1240 CE), as did Leonardo da Vinci (1500 CE) and Athanasius Kircher (1644 CE).
The first published thinker to assert that rainfall alone was sufficient for the maintenance of rivers was Bernard Palissy (1580 CE), who is often credited as the "discoverer" of the modern theory of the water cycle. Palissy's theories were not tested scientifically until 1674, in a study commonly attributed to Pierre Perrault. Even then, these beliefs were not accepted in mainstream science until the early nineteenth century.[37]
See also[edit]
Water portal
Ecology portal
Bioprecipitation
Drought
Ecohydrology
Flood
Moisture advection
Moisture recycling
Planetary boundaries
Water use
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. Precipitation. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Dr. Art's Guide to Planet Earth. The Water Cycle. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
Jump up ^ http://www3.geosc.psu.edu/~dmb53/DaveSTELLA/Water/global%20water/global_water.htm - Estimated Flows of Water in the Global Water Cycle
^ Jump up to: a b "Salinity - Science Mission Directorate".
Jump up ^ National Weather Service Northwest River Forecast Center. Hydrologic Cycle. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
Jump up ^ Evaristo, Jaivime; Jasechko, Scott; McDonnell, Jeffrey J. (2015-09-03). "Global separation of plant transpiration from groundwater and streamflow". Nature. NPG. 525 (7567): 91–94. Bibcode:2015Natur.525...91E. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 26333467. doi:10.1038/nature14983.
Jump up ^ Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. Evaporation. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
Jump up ^ Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. Sublimation. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
Jump up ^ Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. Advection. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
Jump up ^ Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. Condensation. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
Jump up ^ PhysicalGeography.net. CHAPTER 8: Introduction to the Hydrosphere. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
Jump up ^ Jouzel, J. .; Masson-Delmotte, V. .; Cattani, O. .; Dreyfus, G. .; Falourd, S. .; Hoffmann, G. .; Minster, B. .; Nouet, J. .; Barnola, J. M.; Chappellaz, J.; Fischer, H.; Gallet, J. C.; Johnsen, S.; Leuenberger, M.; Loulergue, L.; Luethi, D.; Oerter, H.; Parrenin, F.; Raisbeck, G.; Raynaud, D.; Schilt, A.; Schwander, J.; Selmo, E.; Souchez, R.; Spahni, R.; Stauffer, B.; Steffensen, J. P.; Stenni, B.; Stocker, T. F.; Tison, J. L. (2007). "Orbital and Millennial Antarctic Climate Variability over the Past 800,000 Years". Science. 317 (5839): 793–796. Bibcode:2007Sci...317..793J. PMID 17615306. doi:10.1126/science.1141038.
^ Jump up to: a b http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleoceans.html USGS, The Water Cycle: Water Storage in Oceans - Retrieved on 2008-05-14
Jump up ^ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, WG1 Summary for Policymakers Archived 1996-01-01 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ The World Bank, 2009 "Water and Climate Change: Understanding the Risks and Making Climate-Smart Investment Decisions". pp. xv. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Justin Gillis (April 26, 2012). "Study Indicates a Greater Threat of Extreme Weather". The New York Times. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Paul J. Durack; Susan E. Wijffels & Richard J. Matear (27 April 2012). "Ocean Salinities Reveal Strong Global Water Cycle Intensification During 1950 to 2000". Science. 336 (6080): 455–458. Bibcode:2012Sci...336..455D. PMID 22539717. doi:10.1126/science.1212222.
Jump up ^ NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (June 1, 2009). "Aquarius Mission Overview". NASA. Retrieved June 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ U.S. Geologic Survey. GLACIER RETREAT IN GLACIER NATIONAL PARK, MONTANA. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
Jump up ^ "Water Cycle — Science Mission Directorate". Retrieved 7 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "Rising sea levels attributed to global groundwater extraction". University of Utrecht. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ The Environmental Literacy Council. Biogeochemical Cycles. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
Jump up ^ The Environmental Literacy Council. Phosphorus Cycle. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
Jump up ^ Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet. Nitrogen and the Hydrologic Cycle. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
Jump up ^ NASA's Earth Observatory. The Carbon Cycle. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
Jump up ^ Nick Strobel (June 12, 2010). "Planetary Science". Archived from the original on September 28, 2010. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ Rudolf Dvořák (2007). Extrasolar Planets. Wiley-VCH. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-3-527-40671-5. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
Jump up ^ Morris, Henry M. (1988). Science and the Bible (Trinity Broadcasting Network Edition, 1988 ed.). Chicago, IL: Moody Press. p. 15.
Jump up ^ Morris, Henry M. (1988). Science and the Bible (Trinity Broadcasting Network Edition, 1988 ed.). Chicago, IL: Moody Press. p. 15.
Jump up ^ Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (1993). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 369. ISBN 0195046455.
Jump up ^ Merrill, Eugene H.; Rooker, Mark F.; Grisanti, Michael A. (2011). The World and the Word. Nashville, TN: B&H Academic. p. 430. ISBN 9780805440317.
Jump up ^ Kazlev, M.Alan. "Palaeos: History of Evolution and Paleontology in science, philosophy, religion, and popular culture : Pre 19th Century".
Jump up ^ http://philosophy.unc.edu/people/faculty/james-lesher/xenophanes%20scepticism.pdf (page 9-10)
Jump up ^ Science?, Symposium on the Basis of Civilization--Water (1 January 2004). "The Basis of Civilization--water Science?". International Association of Hydrological Science – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (1993). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 369. ISBN 0195046455.
Jump up ^ Morris, Henry M. (1988). Science and the Bible (Trinity Broadcasting Network Edition, 1988 ed.). Chicago, IL: Moody Press. p. 15.
Jump up ^ http://hydrologie.org/ACT/OH2/actes/03_dooge.pdf
Further reading[edit]
Anderson, J. G.; Wilmouth, D. M.; Smith, J. B.; Sayres, D. S. (2012). "UV Dosage Levels in Summer: Increased Risk of Ozone Loss from Convectively Injected Water Vapor". Science. 337 (6096): 835. Bibcode:2012Sci...337..835A. PMID 22837384. doi:10.1126/science.1222978.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Water cycle.
The Water Cycle, United States Geological Survey
The Water Cycle for Kids, United States Geological Survey
The water cycle, from Dr. Art's Guide to the Planet.
Water cycle slideshow, 1 Mb Flash multilingual animation highlighting the often-overlooked evaporation from bare soil, from managingwholes.com.
Will the wet get wetter and the dry drier? - Climate research summary from NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory including text, graphics, and animations
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text:
Don't Look Back in Anger
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Don't Look Back in Anger"
Single by Oasis
from the album (What's the Story) Morning Glory?
B-side
"Step Out"
"Underneath the Sky"
"Cum On Feel the Noize"
Released
19 February 1996
Format
CD
7" vinyl
12" vinyl
cassette
Recorded
June 1995 at Rockfield Studios, Monmouth, Wales
Genre
Britpop
Length
4:47
Label
Creation
Songwriter(s)
Noel Gallagher
Producer(s)
Owen Morris
Noel Gallagher
Oasis singles chronology
"Wonderwall"
(1995) "Don't Look Back in Anger"
(1996) "Champagne Supernova"
(1996)
"Wonderwall"
(1995) "Don't Look Back in Anger"
(1996) "Champagne Supernova"
(1996)
(What's the Story) Morning Glory? track listing
12 tracks [show]
"Hello"
"Roll with It"
"Wonderwall"
"Don't Look Back in Anger"
"Hey Now!"
Untitled
"Some Might Say"
"Cast No Shadow"
"She's Electric"
"Morning Glory"
Untitled
"Champagne Supernova"
"Don't Look Back in Anger" is a song by the English rock band Oasis. It was released on 19 February 1996 as the fifth single from their second studio album, (What's the Story) Morning Glory? (1995). The song was written by the band's guitarist and main songwriter, Noel Gallagher. It became the band's second single to reach number one on the UK Singles Chart, where it also went platinum.[1] "Don't Look Back in Anger" was also the first Oasis single with lead vocals by Noel (who had previously only sung lead on B-sides) instead of his brother, Liam.
It is one of the band's signature songs, and was played at almost every single live show from its release to the dissolution of the band. It was ranked number one on a list of the '50 Most Explosive Choruses' by the NME,[2] and was voted as the fourth most popular number-one single of the last 60 years in the UK by the public in conjunction with the Official Charts Company's 60th anniversary.[3]
On 29 May 2017, Absolute Radio 90s broadcast a programme counting down the top 50 songs written by Noel Gallagher to mark his 50th birthday with "Don't Look Back in Anger" being voted as number one.
Contents
[hide]
1 Writing and recording
2 Live performances
3 Release
4 Critical reception
5 Chart performance
6 Music video
7 In popular culture
7.1 Media
7.2 Manchester Arena bombing
7.3 Covers
7.4 Spoofs
8 Personnel
9 Track listing
10 Charts and certifications
10.1 Charts
10.2 Certifications
11 References
12 External links
Writing and recording[edit]
Noel was so excited about the potential of the song when he first wrote it that he used an acoustic set to perform a work-in-progress version, without the second verse and a few other slight lyrical differences, at an Oasis concert at the Sheffield Arena on 22 April 1995. He said before playing that he'd only written it the previous Tuesday (18 April 1995) and that he didn't even have a title for it yet. The title was picked as a reference to the 1979 David Bowie song "Look Back in Anger" from the seminal art rock album Lodger, with Bowie's work being a massive Oasis influence.
Noel said of the song, "[It] reminds me of a cross between "All the Young Dudes" and [something] the Beatles might have done." Of the character "Sally" referred to in the song he commented, "I don't actually know anybody called Sally. It's just a word that fit, y'know, might as well throw a girl's name in there. It's gotta guarantee somebody a shag off a bird called Sally, hasn't it?"
Noel Gallagher (from Uncut magazine August 2007): "We were in Paris playing with the Verve, and I had the chords for that song and started writing it. We were due to play 2 days later. Our first-ever big arena gig, it's called Sheffield Arena now. At the sound check, I was strumming away on the acoustic guitar, and our kid (Liam Gallagher) said, 'What's that you're singin'?' I wasn't singing anyway, I was just making it up. And our kid said, 'Are you singing 'So Sally can wait'.' And I was like – that's genius! So I started singing, 'So Sally can wait.' I remember going back to the dressing room and writing it out. It all came really quickly after that." Noel claims that the character "Lyla", from Oasis' 2005 single is the sister of Sally. In the interview on the DVD released with the special edition of Stop the Clocks, Noel also revealed that a girl approached him and asked him if Sally was the same girl as in the Stone Roses' track "Sally Cinnamon". Noel replied that he'd never thought of that but thought it was good anyway.
Noel admits that certain lines from the song are lifted from John Lennon: "I got this tape in the United States that had apparently been burgled from the Dakota Hotel and someone had found these cassettes. Lennon was starting to record his memoirs on tape. He's going on about 'trying to start a revolution from me bed, because they said the brains I had went to my head.' I thought 'Thank you, I'll take that'!" "Revolution from me bed" most likely refers to Lennon's notorious bed-ins in 1969. The piano in the introduction of the song strongly resembles Lennon's "Imagine", as well as "Watching the Wheels". As Oasis are often criticised for borrowing parts of other artists' songs for their own, Noel Gallagher commented on the intro's similarity to "Imagine" saying, "In the case of Don't Look Back in Anger – I mean, the opening piano riff's Imagine. 50% of it's put in there to wind people up, and the other 50% is saying 'look, this is how songs like Don't Look Back in Anger come about – because they're inspired by songs like Imagine'. And no matter what people might think, there will be some 13 year old kid out there who'll read an interview and think 'Imagine? I've never heard that song' and he might go and buy the album, you know what I mean?"[4][5][6] Gallagher also admits that he was under the influence of illegal substances when he wrote the song and to this day he claims he does not know what it means.[7]
Live performances[edit]
The song became a favourite at Oasis's live performances. Noel encouraged the crowd to sing along and often kept quiet during the first chorus, allowing the fans instead to sing along while he played the song's guitar part. During the Dig Out Your Soul Tour, Noel Gallagher abandoned the song's previous, full-band live arrangement in favour of a much slower, primarily acoustic arrangement in a lower key (B major). From 2008 through Oasis's breakup, the song was performed by Gallagher on his Gibson J-200 acoustic guitar backed up by Gem Archer on electric guitar, and Chris Sharrock playing tambourine. On 11 and 12 July 2009, during performances of the song at London's Wembley Stadium, Gallagher didn't sing a word; instead, he stood back, played guitar, and allowed the crowd to sing the entire song.[8] Since 2011, he has alternated between the acoustic version and the original arrangement when playing the song with his solo project, Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds.
Oasis became the first act since the Jam to perform two songs on the same showing of Top of the Pops, performing "Don't Look Back in Anger", followed by their cover of Slade's "Cum On Feel the Noize", also on the single.
In June 2017, Liam performed an a capella version of the song at Glastonbury, making it the first time he has performed the song rather than Noel.[9]
Release[edit]
The single cover is a homage to the incident where Ringo Starr briefly left the Beatles during the recording of The White Album; after the other three Beatles members successfully persuaded him to return, George Harrison decorated Ringo's drum kit in red, white, and blue flowers to show their appreciation.
The B-side "Step Out" was originally intended for the (What's the Story) Morning Glory? album but was taken off after Stevie Wonder requested 10% of the royalties as the chorus bore a similarity to his hit "Uptight (Everything's Alright)". Also, because of this, Wonder, Henry Cosby and Sylvia Moy received credit for writing the song, along with Noel.
Its charting coincided with its usage at the end of the final episode of the BBC television drama Our Friends in the North, which, upon production, used the track without knowledge it was going to be released as a single.
Critical reception[edit]
"Don't Look Back in Anger" was met with high critical praise and it became a commercial hit. Billboard said of the tune, "Noel Gallagher reveals a deft sense of timing and craft that turn his improprieties into masterful pop gems."[10]
In a 2006 readers' poll conducted by Q magazine, "Don't Look Back in Anger" was voted the 20th best song of all time.[11] In May 2007, NME magazine placed "Don't Look Back in Anger" at number 14 in its list of the "50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever".[12]
Chart performance[edit]
The song reached No.1 in the singles charts of Ireland and the United Kingdom, and it was a moderate success by reaching the top 60 in various countries. The song was the 10th-biggest-selling single of 1996 in the UK. It is Oasis's second biggest selling single in the UK, with sales of 970,000, going platinum in the process.
The song returned to the UK charts in 2017 following Chris Martin and Jonny Buckland's cover version at the One Love Manchester concert, reaching number 25.
"Don't Look Back in Anger" is also Oasis's sixth biggest Billboard hit in the US, reaching the number 10 spot on the Modern Rock Tracks for the week of 22 June 1996.[13]
Music video[edit]
The video for the song was directed by Nigel Dick and features Patrick Macnee, the actor who played John Steed in the 1960s television series The Avengers, apparently a favourite of Oasis. It features the band being driven to a mansion similar to the Playboy Mansion and performing the song there; a group of women dressed in white also occasionally lip sync to the lyrics. While filming the video, drummer Alan White met future wife Liz Atkins. They married on 13 August 1997 at Studley Priory Hotel in Oxfordshire, but later divorced.
There are two versions of the music video. One being posted by Vevo which got 36.7 million views [14] and the other one posted by the band themselves which generated over 76.6 million views.[15]
In popular culture[edit]
Media[edit]
The song was included as the closing track on Oasis's compilation album, Stop the Clocks. It is available for the music video game series Rock Band as a downloadable track. On the Wii version of the original Rock Band game, this song is included. It can also be found on-disc in the 2014 edition of Rocksmith.
The song has been used in a multiple television programmes since its original release:
11 March 1996: it played over the end credits of the final episode of the BBC Two drama serial Our Friends in the North[16] the very week it was at the top of the UK charts.
11 January 2004: the song was in episode 11 of the show Cold Case titled "Hubris".
5 November 2007: portions of this song appear as a motif in episode 7 of Chuck titled "Chuck Versus the Alma Mater".
3 September 2009: the song was used in episode six of We Are Klang during the 1990s flashback scene.
4 September 2010: the song was used as the ending theme for the live-action film adaptation of the Japanese manga series BECK.[17]
11 April 2011: the song was used in the closing scene of the North American Being Human season 1 finale titled "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Me Killing You". It is played during a flashback showing the body of Sally Malik being taken away as Aidan Waite and Josh Levinson walk past her house, not having met her ghost yet, which watches the ambulance pull away. This resembles the lyrics in the song "as we're walking on by, her soul slides away".
Manchester Arena bombing[edit]
Oasis formed in Manchester in 1991, and following the Manchester Arena bombing after a concert by US singer Ariana Grande on 22 May 2017 — a terrorist attack that killed 22 people — the song was used by the people of Manchester in remembrance of the victims and to show the city's spirit. The song was sung by students of Manchester's Chetham’s music school on 23 May, and on 25 May it was spontaneously sung by the crowd gathered for a minute of silence in the city centre. The woman who started the singing told The Guardian, “I love Manchester, and Oasis is part of my childhood. Don’t Look Back in Anger – that’s what this is about: we can’t be looking backwards to what happened, we have to look forwards to the future."[18] The song came back into the charts, along with Ariana Grande’s "One Last Time," which was number one in the iTunes single charts as of 26 May.[19] On 27 May, the song was performed as a tribute by 50,000 audience members of a performance by The Courteeners in Manchester.[20]
It was performed by Coldplay's Chris Martin and Jonny Buckland on either side of Ariana Grande at the One Love Manchester concert on 4 June 2017.[21] Martin introduced the song by saying "Ariana, you've been singing a lot for us, so I think we in Britain want to sing for you. This is called Don't Look Back in Anger, and this is from us to you".
It was also performed by the military band of the French Republican Guard on 13 June 2017, at the France versus England football match at the Stade de France, as a tribute to the victims of the attacks in Manchester and, more recently, London.[22]
Covers[edit]
Glay covered the song for their 2011 album Rare Collectives Vol.4.[23] The Killers covered this song at V Festival 2012.[24]
Spoofs[edit]
The UK comedy duo Hale and Pace did an Oasis skit as 'Oaday' where the song featured as 'Don't Talk Back You W*nker'.[25]
Personnel[edit]
Noel Gallagher – lead vocals, lead guitar, mellotron
Liam Gallagher - backing vocals, tambourine
Paul "Bonehead" Arthurs – rhythm guitar, piano
Paul "Guigsy" McGuigan – bass
Alan White – drums
Track listing[edit]
All songs were written by Noel Gallagher, except where noted.
CD CRESCD 221 (re-issued as RKISCD 018)
"Don't Look Back in Anger" – 4:47
"Step Out" (Gallagher/Wonder/Cosby/Moy) – 3:40
"Underneath the Sky" – 3:20
"Cum On Feel the Noize" (Holder/Lea) – 5:09
7" CRE 221
"Don't Look Back in Anger" – 4:47
"Step Out" (Gallagher/Wonder/Cosby/Moy) – 3:40
12" CRE 221T
"Don't Look Back in Anger" – 4:47
"Step Out" (Gallagher/Wonder/Cosby/Moy) – 3:40
"Underneath the Sky" – 3:20
Cassette CRECS 221
"Don't Look Back in Anger" – 4:47
"Step Out" (Gallagher/Wonder/Cosby/Moy) – 3:40
CD re-issue (US) 34K78356
"Don't Look Back in Anger" – 4:47
"Cum on Feel the Noize" (Holder/Lea) – 5:09
Charts and certifications[edit]
Charts[edit]
Chart (1996)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[26] 19
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[27] 35
Canada (RPM) 24
Canadian Alternative 30 (RPM) 2
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[28] 3
France (SNEP)[29] 24
Germany (Official German Charts)[30] 57
Iceland (Tonlist)[31] 4
Ireland (IRMA)[32] 1
Italy (FIMI)[33] 19
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[34] 30
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[35] 20
Norway (VG-lista)[36] 19
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[37] 27
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[38] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[39] 55
US Alternative Songs (Billboard)[40] 10
Zimbabwe (ZIMA)[41] 8
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Italy (FIMI)[42]
Gold 25,000
Japan (RIAJ)[43]
Platinum 100,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[44]
2× Platinum 1,200,000
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ BPI website, Search "Oasis" Archived 11 January 2013 at WebCite. Bpi.co.uk. Retrieved on 2011-06-12.
Jump up ^ "'Don't Look Back in Anger' by Oasis tops NME's 50 Most Explosive Choruses list". NME. 28 February 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Queen's 'Bohemian Rhapsody' named as 'UK's Favourite Number One single' | News". NME. 16 July 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Oasis: Mad For It (1996, 2/4) on YouTube (2008-07-22). Retrieved on 2011-06-12.
Jump up ^ Simpson, Paul (2003). The Rough Guide to Cult Pop: The Songs, the Artists, the Genres, the Dubious Fashions. Rough Guides. p. 107. ISBN 1-84353-229-8.
Jump up ^ Hurry, Pam (2001). Heinemann Advanced Music. Heinemann. p. 170. ISBN 0-435-81258-0.
Jump up ^ Davina Earl (13 August 2005). "Noel Gallagher's Plea For Help". Gigwise. Retrieved 2007-09-23.
Jump up ^ OASIS - Don't Look Back In Anger - Wembley Stadium 11/07/2009 on YouTube. Retrieved on 2012-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Liam Gallagher performs Don't Look Back In Anger at Glastonbury". 24 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Flick, Larry (1996-06-15), "Singles: Pop". Billboard. 108 (24):74
Jump up ^ "100 Greatest Songs Ever". Q. 2006. Retrieved 2007-09-23.
Jump up ^ "50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever". NME. 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-23.
Jump up ^ Sexton, Paul (2005-08-27), "OASIS". Billboard. 117 (35):36
Jump up ^ Oasis – Don't Look Back In Anger. YouTube. 17 January 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Oasis – Don't Look Back In Anger (Official Video). YouTube. 18 February 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Steve (2004). The A to X of Alternative Music. Continuum International Publishing Group, p. 170. ISBN 0-8264-8217-1
Jump up ^ "Red Hot Chili Peppers, Oasis to Do Beck Film's Themes". Anime News Network. 30 March 2010. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
Jump up ^ Perraudin, Frances; Halliday, Josh (2017-05-25). "Don't Look Back in Anger becomes symbol of Manchester's spirit". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-05-25.
Jump up ^ "Oasis classic re-enters the charts after crowds sing it at Manchester memorial - NME". NME. 2017-05-26. Retrieved 2017-05-27.
Jump up ^ "50,000 Fans Sing Oasis At First Manchester Concert Since Attacks". 28 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Kim, Michelle (4 June 2017). "Coldplay Sing Oasis' "Don't Look Back in Anger" to Ariana Grande in Manchester: Watch". Pitchfork. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "France v England: French fans sing God Save The Queen". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 13 June 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "GLAY to cover Oasis song "Don't Look Back In Anger" over the radio". Tokyohive.com. 24 February 2011. Retrieved 2013-01-19.
Jump up ^ "Watch the Killers Cover Oasis' 'Don't Look Back in Anger'". Spin.
Jump up ^ shakermaker11 (4 September 2008). "Oaday" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Oasis – Don't Look Back in Anger". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Oasis – Don't Look Back in Anger" (in French). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Oasis: Don't Look Back in Anger" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Oasis – Don't Look Back in Anger" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Oasis – Don't Look Back in Anger". GfK Entertainment Charts.
Jump up ^ "Tonlist Top 40". DV. Retrieved 2017-05-22.
Jump up ^ "Billboard". google.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete: O". hitparadeitalia.it.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Oasis – Don't Look Back in Anger" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Oasis – Don't Look Back in Anger". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Oasis – Don't Look Back in Anger". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Oasis – Don't Look Back in Anger". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Oasis: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Oasis Chart History (Hot 100)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Oasis Chart History (Alternative Songs)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ * Zimbabwe. Kimberley, C. Zimbabwe: singles chart book. Harare: C. Kimberley, 2000
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Oasis – Don't Look Back in Anger" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Japanese single certifications – Oasis – Don't Look Back in Anger" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved 8 June 2017. Select 2017年月 on the drop-down menu
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Oasis – Don't Look Back in Anger". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 9 June 2017. Enter Don't Look Back in Anger in the search field and then press Enter.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Spaceman" by Babylon Zoo UK Singles Chart number-one single
2 March 1996
(one week) Succeeded by
"How Deep Is Your Love" by Take That
[hide]
v
t
e
Oasis
Liam Gallagher
Noel Gallagher
Paul "Guigsy" McGuigan
Paul "Bonehead" Arthurs
Tony McCarroll
Alan White
Gem Archer
Andy Bell
Zak Starkey
Chris Sharrock
Studio albums
Definitely Maybe
(What's the Story) Morning Glory?
Be Here Now
Standing on the Shoulder of Giants
Heathen Chemistry
Don't Believe the Truth
Dig Out Your Soul
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Familiar to Millions
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Boy with the Blues
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"Don't Look Back in Anger"
"Champagne Supernova"
"D'You Know What I Mean?"
"Stand by Me"
"All Around the World"
"Don't Go Away"
"Acquiesce"
"Go Let It Out"
"Who Feels Love?"
"Sunday Morning Call"
"Where Did It All Go Wrong?"
"The Hindu Times"
"Stop Crying Your Heart Out"
"Little by Little"/"She Is Love"
"Songbird"
"Lyla"
"The Importance of Being Idle"
"Let There Be Love"
"Lord Don't Slow Me Down"
"The Shock of the Lightning"
"I'm Outta Time"
"Falling Down"
Other songs
"Slide Away"
"Half the World Away"
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Video albums
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...There and Then
Familiar to Millions
Definitely Maybe
Lord Don't Slow Me Down
Time Flies... 1994–2009
Tours
Definitely Maybe Tour
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Be Here Now Tour
Standing on the Shoulder of Giants Tour
The Tour of Brotherly Love
Heathen Chemistry Tour
Don't Believe the Truth Tour
Dig Out Your Soul Tour
Related
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Discography
Awards
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Songs
Big Brother Recordings
Bands
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People
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Alan McGee
Scott McLeod
Owen Morris
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Albums and Songs
The Dreams We Have as Children
Standing on the Edge of the Noise
"Wibbling Rivalry"
"Stop the Clocks"
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Look_Back_in_Anger&oldid=806022606"
Categories:
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