text:
Pork
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For other uses, see Pork (disambiguation).
Pork belly cut, shows layers of muscle and fats
Slow-roasting pig on a rotisserie
Pork is the culinary name for meat from a domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus). It is the most commonly consumed meat worldwide,[1] with evidence of pig husbandry dating back to 5000 BC. Pork is eaten both freshly cooked and preserved. Curing extends the shelf life of the pork products. Ham, smoked pork, gammon, bacon and sausage are examples of preserved pork. Charcuterie is the branch of cooking devoted to prepared meat products, many from pork.
Pork is the most popular meat in Eastern and Southeastern Asia, and is also very common in the Western world, especially in Central Europe. It is highly prized in Asian cuisines for its fat content and pleasant texture. Consumption of pork is forbidden by Jewish and Muslim dietary law, for religious reasons, with several suggested possible causes. The sale of pork is limited in Israel and illegal in certain Muslim countries.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Consumption patterns
2.1 Worldwide pork consumption
2.2 Asian pork consumption
3 Pork products
3.1 Fresh meat
3.2 Processed pork
4 Industrial raw material
5 Cuts
6 Nutrition
7 Religious restrictions
7.1 Judaism
7.2 Islam
7.3 Christianity
8 Disease in pork
9 Gallery of dishes
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
History[edit]
See also: Charcuterie
Pork being prepared in France during the mid-19th century
Charcuterie is the branch of cooking devoted to prepared meat products such as bacon, ham, sausage, terrines, galantines, pâtés, and confit, primarily from pork.[2] Originally intended as a way to preserve meats before the advent of refrigeration, these preparations are prepared today for the flavours that are derived from the preservation processes.[3] In 15th century France, local guilds regulated tradesmen in the food production industry in each city. The guilds that produced charcuterie were those of the charcutiers. The members of this guild produced a traditional range of cooked or salted and dried meats, which varied, sometimes distinctively, from region to region. The only "raw" meat the charcutiers were allowed to sell was unrendered lard. The charcutier prepared numerous items, including pâtés, rillettes, sausages, bacon, trotters, and head cheese.
Before the mass production and re-engineering of pork in the 20th century, pork in Europe and North America was traditionally an autumn dish—pigs and other livestock coming to the slaughter in the autumn after growing in the spring and fattening during the summer. Due to the seasonal nature of the meat in Western culinary history, apples (harvested in late summer and autumn) have been a staple pairing to fresh pork. The year-round availability of meat and fruits has not diminished the popularity of this combination on Western plates.[4]
Consumption patterns[edit]
A traditional Austrian pork dish, served with potato croquettes, vegetables, mushrooms and gravy.
Pork is the most widely eaten meat in the world, accounting for about 38% of meat production worldwide. Consumption varies widely from place to place. The meat is taboo to eat in the Middle East and most of the Muslim world because of Jewish kosher and Islamic Halal dietary restrictions. But, pork is widely consumed in East and Southeast Asia, Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, the Americas and Oceania. As the result, large numbers of pork recipes are developed throughout the world. Jamón is the most famous Spanish inlay, which is made with the front legs of a pork. Feijoada for example, the national dish of Brazil (also served in Portugal), is traditionally prepared with pork trimmings: ears, tail and feet.[5]
According to the USDA's Foreign Agricultural Service, nearly 100 million metric tons of pork were consumed worldwide in 2006 (preliminary data). Increasing urbanization and disposable income has led to a rapid rise in pork consumption in China, where 2006 consumption was 20% higher than in 2002, and a further 5% increase projected in 2007.[6] In 2015 recorded total 109.905 million metric tons of pork were consumed worldwide.[7]:18 By 2017, half the world's pork was consumed in China.[8]
Worldwide pork consumption[edit]
Country
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
China 48,823 51,157 50,004 52,725 54,250 57,195 56,668 54,070
EU 20,691 20,952 20,821 20,375 20,268 20,390 20,913 20,062
United States 9,013 8,654 8,340 8,441 8,616 8,545 9,341 9,452
Russia 2,719 2,835 2,971 3,145 3,090 3,024 3,016 3,160
Brazil 2,423 2,577 2,644 2,670 2,771 2,845 2,893 2,811
Japan 2,467 2,488 2,522 2,557 2,553 2,543 2,568 2,590
Vietnam 2,071 2,072 2,113 2,160 2,205 2,408 2,456 2,506
Mexico 1,770 1,784 1,710 1,850 1,945 1,991 2,176 2,270
South Korea 1,480 1,539 1,487 1,546 1,598 1,660 1,813 1,868
Philippines 1,356 1,418 1,432 1,446 1,533 1,551 1,544 1,659
Ukraine 713 776 806 953 1,006
Taiwan 925 901 919 906 892 875 930 897
Canada 853 802 785 834 837
Hong Kong 486 467 558 547 537
Australia 464 482 482 511 528
Chile 369 385 408 430 430
Others 3,615 3,756 3,932 4,022 4,183 6,869 6,587 6,656
Total 100,238 103,045 101,934 105,118 107,242 109,896 109,095 108,001
In metric tons ('000s), Source: USDA reports, 2009–2013 figures,[9]:16 2014–2016 figures[7]:18
Asian pork consumption[edit]
Red-colored charsiu is one of the popular ways to prepare pork in Southern China
Pork is popular throughout eastern Asia and the Pacific, where whole roast pig is a popular item in Pacific Island cuisine. It is consumed in a great many ways and highly esteemed in Chinese cuisine.[10] Currently China is the world's largest pork consumer, with pork consumption expected to total 53 million tons in 2012, which accounts for more than half of global pork consumption.[11] In China, pork is preferred over beef for economic and aesthetic reasons; the pig is easy to feed and is not used for labour. The colours of the meat and the fat of pork are regarded as more appetizing, while the taste and smell are described as sweeter and cleaner. It is also considered easier to digest.[12] In rural tradition, pork is shared to celebrate important occasions and to form bonding. In China, pork is so important that the nation maintains a "strategic pork reserve".[13] Red braised pork (hong shao rou), a delicacy from Hunan Province, inspired Mao Zedong.[14] Other popular Chinese pork dishes are sweet and sour pork, bakkwa, and charsiu. In the Philippines, due to 300 years of Spanish colonization and influence, lechon, which is an entire roasted suckling pig, is the national delicacy.
Pork products[edit]
Smoked pork ribs
Pork may be cooked from fresh meat or cured over time. Cured meat products include ham and bacon. The carcass may be used in many different ways for fresh meat cuts, with the popularity of certain cuts and certain carcass proportions varying worldwide.
Fresh meat[edit]
Most of the carcass can be used to produce fresh meat and in the case of a suckling pig, the whole body of a young pig ranging in age from two to six weeks is roasted. Danish roast pork or flæskesteg, prepared with crispy crackling is a national favourite as the traditional Christmas dinner.[15]
Processed pork[edit]
Smoked pork loin showing iridescence due to the fine arrangement of the muscle fibrils
Ham is a popular pork product
Pork is particularly common as an ingredient in sausages. Many traditional European sausages are made with pork, including chorizo, fuet, Cumberland sausage and salami. Many brands of American hot dogs and most breakfast sausages are made from pork. Processing of pork into sausages and other products in France is described as charcuterie.
Ham and bacon are made from fresh pork by curing with salt (pickling) or smoking. Shoulders and legs are most commonly cured in this manner for Picnic shoulder and ham, whereas streaky and round bacon come from the side (round from the loin and streaky from the belly).[16]
Ham and bacon are popular foods in the west, and their consumption has increased with industrialisation. Non-western cuisines also use preserved meat products. For example, salted preserved pork or red roasted pork is used in Chinese and Asian cuisine.
Bacon is defined as any of certain cuts of meat taken from the sides, belly or back that have been cured or smoked. In continental Europe, it is used primarily in cubes (lardons) as a cooking ingredient valued both as a source of fat and for its flavour. In Italy, besides being used in cooking, bacon (pancetta) is also served uncooked and thinly sliced as part of an antipasto. Bacon is also used for barding roasts, especially game birds. Bacon is often smoked with various wood fuels for up to ten hours. Bacon is eaten fried, baked, or grilled.
A side of unsliced bacon is a "flitch" or "slab bacon", while an individual slice of bacon is a "rasher" (Australia, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom) or simply a "slice" or "strip" (North America). Slices of bacon are also known as "collops". Traditionally, the skin is left on the cut and is known as "bacon rind". Rindless bacon, however, is quite common. In both Ireland and the United Kingdom, bacon comes in a wide variety of cuts and flavours, and is predominantly known as "streaky bacon", or "streaky rashers". Bacon made from the meat on the back of the pig is referred to as "back bacon" and is part of traditional full breakfast commonly eaten in Britain and Ireland. In the United States, back bacon may also be referred to as "Canadian-style Bacon" or "Canadian Bacon".[17]
The USDA defines bacon as "the cured belly of a swine carcass", while other cuts and characteristics must be separately qualified (e.g. "smoked pork loin bacon").[18] "USDA Certified" bacon means that it has been treated for Trichinella.
The canned meat Spam is made of chopped pork shoulder meat and ham.
Industrial raw material[edit]
Due to the fact that pigs can eat unused food originally meant for humans, and due to high availability of such food in many industrialized countries, pork and other products from pigs have become securely sourced and low-priced commodities. This makes pig products very popular as raw material in many industrially produced products. [19]
Cuts[edit]
Main article: Cut of pork
Nutrition[edit]
Pork, fresh, loin, whole,
separable lean and fat,
cooked, broiled
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy
1,013 kJ (242 kcal)
Carbohydrates
0.00 g
Sugars
0.00 g
Dietary fibre
0.0 g
Fat
13.92 g
Saturated
5.230 g
Monounsaturated
6.190 g
Polyunsaturated
1.200 g
Protein
27.32 g
Tryptophan
0.338 g
Threonine
1.234 g
Isoleucine
1.260 g
Leucine
2.177 g
Lysine
2.446 g
Methionine
0.712 g
Cystine
0.344 g
Phenylalanine
1.086 g
Tyrosine
0.936 g
Valine
1.473 g
Arginine
1.723 g
Histidine
1.067 g
Alanine
1.603 g
Aspartic acid
2.512 g
Glutamic acid
4.215 g
Glycine
1.409 g
Proline
1.158 g
Serine
1.128 g
Vitamins
Quantity
%DV†
Vitamin B6
36%
0.464 mg
Vitamin B12
29%
0.70 μg
Choline
19%
93.9 mg
Vitamin C
1%
0.6 mg
Vitamin D
9%
53 IU
Minerals
Quantity
%DV†
Calcium
2%
19 mg
Copper
4%
0.073 mg
Iron
7%
0.87 mg
Magnesium
8%
28 mg
Phosphorus
35%
246 mg
Potassium
9%
423 mg
Sodium
4%
62 mg
Zinc
25%
2.39 mg
Other constituents
Quantity
Water
57.87 g
Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database
Its myoglobin content is lower than that of beef, but much higher than that of chicken. The USDA treats pork as a red meat.[20] Pork is very high in thiamin (vitamin B1).[21][22][23][24] Pork with its fat trimmed is leaner than the meat of most domesticated animals, but is high in cholesterol and saturated fat.
In 1987 the U.S. National Pork Board began an advertising campaign to position pork as "the other white meat"—due to a public perception of chicken and turkey (white meat) as healthier than red meat. The campaign was highly successful and resulted in 87% of consumers identifying pork with the slogan. The board retired the slogan on 4 March 2011.[25]
Religious restrictions[edit]
Main article: Religious restrictions on the consumption of pork
Eating of pork is prohibited by orthodox Jewish dietary laws and Islamic dietary laws, and is also avoided by mainstream Seventh-day Adventists, Rastafarians, and members of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. There is also a theory that pork was taboo in Scotland until roughly 1800.
Judaism[edit]
Pork is a well-known example of a non-kosher food. This prohibition is based on Leviticus chapter 11 and Deuteronomy chapter 14:
These are the creatures that you may eat from among all the animals that are upon the land. Everything that possesses a split hoof, which is fully cloven, and that brings up its cud—this you may eat. But this is what you shall not eat from what brings up its cud or possesses split hooves—the camel, because it brings up its cud but does not possess split hooves...and the pig, because it has split hooves that are completely cloven, but it does not bring up its cud—it is impure to you and from its flesh you may not eat.
—Leviticus 11:2–4, 7–8
And the pig, because it possesses split hooves and does not bring up its cud—from its flesh you may not eat.
—Deuteronomy 14:8
As indicated by the Torah verses, pork is non-kosher because Jews may not consume an animal that possesses one trait but not the other of cloven hooves and regurgitating cud. Hogs, which are not ruminants, do not chew cud as cattle and sheep do. Practising Jews suffice on the biblical explanation of the swine as 'unclean'. According to one rabbinic commentary anyone who has seen the swine's filthy habits will not inquire into why it is prohibited. Maimonides shared this view in classifying the swine as an unclean creature in both its habit and diet.[26]
The prohibition of swine eating in Ancient Israel, according to Douglas, was because the pig was raised by non-Israelites, ate carrion and did not fit into the classification of ungulates. Harris disagrees and points out that Egyptians and Sumerians also restricted pigs and that goats also ate corpses, yet were not declared unclean in Ancient Israel. Harris offers an explanation based on environmental and economic factors instead.[27]
In Israel pig-raising has been limited by law to certain areas and institutions.[28][29] Some pig-related laws are openly circumvented.[30] Swine production has increased from an estimated annual slaughter of 50,000 swine in 1960[28] to 180,000 in 2010.[31] Pig meat consumption per capita was 2.7 kg in 2009.[32] Although pork marketing is prohibited in some religious localities,[29] pork products are available elsewhere at non-kosher butchers and by the Mizra and Tiv Ta'am non-kosher supermarket chain, which caters to Russian immigrants.[33] A modern Hebrew euphemism for pork is "white meat".[33]
Islam[edit]
Pork is prohibited by the Islamic dietary laws. Throughout the Islamic world many countries severely restrict the importation or consumption of pork products. Examples are Iran,[34] Mauritania,[35] Oman,[36] Qatar,[37] Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Libya, Pakistan[38] and the Maldives.[39] However, in other Muslim-majority countries with significant non-Muslim minorities, such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Lebanon, Iraq, Tunisia, Turkey, Egypt, Morocco, Bahrain, Jordan, Albania, Azerbaijan, Syria and the United Arab Emirates (except the Emirate of Sharjah), pork is available in hotels, restaurants and supermarkets that cater to a significant non-Muslim population.[40]
The Qur'anic basis for the Islamic prohibition of pork can be found in surah 2:173, 5:3, 5:60, 6:145 and 16:115.[41][42][43][44][45]
He has forbidden you only the carrion, blood, and the flesh of swine, and that which is slaughtered as a sacrifice for others than God. But if one is forced by necessity, without wilful disobedience, nor transgressing due limits, then there is no sin on him. Truly, Allah is Oft-forgiving Most Merciful.
—Chapter (Sura) 2 – Verse (Ayat) 173 Al-Baqara (The Cow)
Forbidden for you for food are carrion, blood, flesh of swine, and that which has been dedicated to other than God, and animals killed by strangling or by a violent blow or by a head-long fall or by the goring of horns, and those from which a wild animal has eaten, except what you [are able to] slaughter [before its death], and those which are sacrificed on stone altars, and [prohibited is] that you seek decision through divining arrows. That is grave disobedience. This day those who disbelieve have despaired of [defeating] your religion; so fear them not, but fear Me. This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as religion. But whoever is forced by severe hunger with no inclination to sin – then indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful.
—Chapter (Sura) 5 – Verse (Ayat) 3 Al-Maidah (The Table Spread)
Christianity[edit]
Some sects of Christianity abstain from the consumption of pork. The prohibition is based on Leviticus chapter 11, Deuteronomy chapter 14, and Isaiah chapters 65 and 66. Some denominations that forbid pork consumption are:
Ethiopian Orthodox
Hebrew Roots
Messianic Jews
Seventh-day Adventists
United Church of God
In contrast, many members of the Macedonian Orthodox Church consider the consumption of pork an important tradition, symbolizing the survival of their ancestors' Christian identity during the times of Muslim Ottoman rule.[46]
Disease in pork[edit]
Vacuum packed pork loin fillets
Pork is known to carry some diseases such as pork tapeworm and trichinosis and pigbel, thus uncooked or undercooked pork can be dangerous to consume, although raw pork is commonly eaten in parts of Europe [47]
Undercooked or untreated pork may harbour pathogens, or can be recontaminated after cooking if left exposed for a long period of time. In one instance, the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) detected Listeria monocytogenes in 460 lbs of Polidori brand fully cooked pork sausage crumbles, although no one was made ill from consumption of the product.[48] The FSIS has previously stated that listeria and other microorganisms must be "...destroyed by proper handling and thorough cooking to an internal temperature of 160 °F (71 °C)," and that other microorganisms, such as E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus can be found in inadequately cooked pork, poultry, and other meats.[49] The FSIS, a part of the USDA, currently recommends cooking ground pork to 160 °F (71 °C) and whole cuts to 145 °F (63 °C) followed by a 3-minute rest.[50]
Pigs can be carriers of various helminths, such as roundworms, pinworms, hookworms. One of the more common is Taenia solium, a type of tapeworm, which may transplant to the intestines of humans after consuming undercooked meat.[citation needed]
Although not a common cause of illness, Yersinia enterocolitica—which causes gastroenteritis—is present in various foods, but is most frequently caused by eating uncooked or undercooked pork and can grow in refrigerated conditions. The bacteria can be killed by heat.[51] Nearly all outbreaks in the US have been traced to pork.[52]
Pork may be the reservoir responsible for sporadic, locally acquired cases of acute hepatitis E (HEV) reported in regions with relatively mild climates. It has been found to transmit between swine and humans.[53]
Trichinosis, also called trichinellosis, or trichiniasis, is a parasitic disease caused by eating raw or undercooked pork infected with the larvae of a species of roundworm Trichinella spiralis, commonly called the trichina worm. Infection was once very common, but is now rare in the developed world. From 2002 to 2007, an annual average of 11 cases per year were reported in the United States; the majority were from consuming wild game or the source was unknown. The number of cases has decreased because of legislation prohibiting the feeding of raw meat garbage to hogs, increased commercial and home freezing of pork, and the public awareness of the danger of eating raw or undercooked pork or wild game products.[54]
Gallery of dishes[edit]
Sweet and sour pork, a Chinese dish that is popular in the West
Tonkatsu, Japanese breaded deep fried pork cutlet
Khao mu krop mu daeng, Thai crispy and red pork
Bak kut teh, the pork ribs and offal soup, of Malaysia and Singapore
Batak-style Babi panggang, roasted pork belly of Indonesia
Pork kielbasa, Polish sausage
Schäufele (Franconian variant), pork shoulder dish of Southern Germany
Filet de Porc à la Bordelaise, a French-style pork tenderloin
Feijoada, typical Portuguese pork with beans, is the national dish of Brazil
Chicharrón, Spanish fried pork rinds, widely distributed throughout Hispanic world
United States' bacon explosion
Lechón being roasted in Cadiz City, Philippines
Pork vindaloo, spicy pork curry from India
Pork curry- stir fried, often spicy curry from Nepal
Grilled pork as a main dish of Serbian Christmas table
See also[edit]
Food portal
List of pork dishes
Pig farming
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Tropp, Barbara (1982). The Modern Art of Chinese Cooking. New York: Hearst Books. p. 183. ISBN 0-688-14611-2.
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Jump up ^ Ruhlman, Michael and Polcyn, Brian. Charcuterie: The Craft of Salting, Smoking and Curing. New York: W.W Norton & Company, 2008. ISBN 978-0-393-05829-1
Jump up ^ Cattleman's Beef Board & National Cattlemen's Beef Association. Uniform Retail Meat Identity Standards Archived 27 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
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Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1217794/From-bullets-bread-beer-tambourines-toothpaste--plus-180-things-pig.html From bullets bread beer tambourines toothpaste -plus 180 things pig
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Jump up ^ "Calories in Pork, Fresh, Loin, Tenderloin". Calorie Count.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Foods Highest in Thiamin (Vitamin B1);
from google (thiamin source) result 1".
Jump up ^ "Table 2: Selected Food Sources of Thiamin [10];
from '(4)' in authoritynutrition.com/foods/pork/ ;
from google (pork nutrition value) result 1".
Jump up ^ "Thiamin: Unlike other types of red meat, such as beef and lamb, pork is particularly rich in thiamin. Thiamin is one of the B-vitamins and plays an essential role in various body functions (4);
from google (pork nutrition value) result 1".
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^ Jump up to: a b Yoskowitz, Jeffrey (24 April 2008). "On Israel's Only Jewish-Run Pig Farm, It's The Swine That Bring Home the Bacon – Letter From Kibbutz Lahav By April 24, 2008". Forward. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pork.
National Pork Board
"Be inspired" - National Pork Board campaign
National Pork Producers' Council
Radio broadcast about pork production by Kootenay Co-op Radio
Slovak Pork Slaughter and Traditional Sausage Making – article in English with detailed pictures of a Slovak family slaughtering a pig in 68 steps
hide
v
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Pigs
Kingdom Animalia
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Suborder Suina
Family Suidae
Subfamily Suinae
Genus Sus
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GND: 4053849-7
LCCN: sh85105003
NARA: 10642924
NDL: 00561112
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