text:
Japan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the country. For other uses, see Japan (disambiguation).
"Nippon" redirects here. For other uses, see Nippon (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 35°N 136°E / 35°N 136°E / 35; 136
Japan
日本国
Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku
Flag
Imperial Seal
Anthem:
"Kimigayo"
君が代

"His Imperial Majesty's Reign"[2][3]
Government Seal of Japan
Go-Shichi no Kiri (五七桐)
Area controlled by Japan shown in green—claimed, but uncontrolled shown in light green
Capital
and largest city
Tokyo[4]
35°41′N 139°46′E / 35.683°N 139.767°E / 35.683; 139.767
Official languages
None[5]
Recognised regional languages
11 languages[6][show]
Ainu Itak
Amami Ōshima
Kikai
Kunigami
Miyako
Okinawan
Okinoerabu
Tokunoshima
Yaeyama
Yonaguni
Yoron
National language
Japanese[5]
Ethnic groups (2011[7])
98.5% Japanese
0.5% Korean
0.4% Chinese
0.6% other
Religion
51.82% Shinto
34.9% Buddhism
4% Shinto sects
2.3% Christianity
7.0% No answer[8]
Demonym
Japanese
Government
Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
• Emperor
Akihito
• Prime Minister
Shinzō Abe
• Deputy Prime Minister
Tarō Asō
Legislature
National Diet
• Upper house
House of Councillors
• Lower house
House of Representatives
Formation
• National Foundation Day
February 11, 660 BCE[9]
• Meiji Constitution
November 29, 1890
• Current constitution
May 3, 1947
• San Francisco
Peace Treaty
April 28, 1952
Area
• Total
377,972 km2 (145,936 sq mi)[10] (61st)
• Water (%)
0.8
Population
• 2017 census
126,672,000[11] (10th)
• Density
336/km2 (870.2/sq mi) (36th)
GDP (PPP)
2018 estimate
• Total
$5.420 trillion[12] (4th)
• Per capita
$44,246[12] (27th)
GDP (nominal)
2018 estimate
• Total
$4.841 trillion[12] (3rd)
• Per capita
$40,063[12] (20th)
Gini (2011)
37.9[13]
medium · 76th
HDI (2015)
0.903[14]
very high · 17th
Currency
Yen (¥) / En 円 (JPY)
Time zone
JST (UTC+9)
• Summer (DST)
not observed (UTC+9)
Date format
yyyy-mm-dd
yyyy年m月d日
Era yy年m月d日 (CE−1988)
Drives on the
left
Calling code
+81
ISO 3166 code
JP
Internet TLD
.jp
Website
www.japan.go.jp
Japan
Japanese name
Kanji
日本国
Hiragana
にっぽんこく
にほんこく
Katakana
ニッポンコク
ニホンコク
Kyūjitai
日本國
[show]Transcriptions
Romanization
Nippon-koku
Nihon-koku
Revised Hepburn
Nippon-koku
Nihon-koku
Japan (Japanese: 日本 Nippon [ɲippoɴ] or Nihon [ɲihoɴ]; formally 日本国 Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, meaning "State of Japan") is a sovereign island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asian mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and China in the southwest.
The kanji that make up Japan's name mean "sun origin", and it is often called the "Land of the Rising Sun". Japan is a stratovolcanic archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku, which make up about ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area and often are referred to as home islands. The country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions, with Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one. The population of 127 million is the world's tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98.5% of Japan's total population. About 9.1 million people live in Tokyo,[15] the capital of Japan.
Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, particularly from Western Europe, has characterized Japan's history.
From the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shōguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a long period of isolation in the early 17th century, which was ended in 1853 when a United States fleet pressured Japan to open to the West. After nearly two decades of internal conflict and insurrection, the Imperial Court regained its political power in 1868 through the help of several clans from Chōshū and Satsuma—and the Empire of Japan was established. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victories in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Japanese surrender. Since adopting its revised constitution on May 3, 1947, during the occupation by the SCAP, Japan has maintained a unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy with an Emperor and an elected legislature called the National Diet.
Japan is a member of the ASEAN Plus mechanism, UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8 and the G20—and is considered a great power.[16][17][18] The country has the world's third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the world's fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the world's fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer.
The country benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most highly educated countries in the world, with one of the highest percentages of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree.[19] Although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the world's eighth-largest military budget,[20] used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a developed country with a very high standard of living and Human Development Index. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world. Japan is renowned for its historical and extensive cinema, rich cuisine and its major contributions to science and modern-day technology.[21][22]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Prehistory and ancient history
2.2 Feudal era
2.3 Modern era
3 Geography
3.1 Climate
3.2 Biodiversity
3.3 Environment
4 Politics
4.1 Government
4.2 Administrative divisions
4.3 Foreign relations
5 Military
6 Economy
6.1 Economic history
6.2 Agriculture and fishery
6.3 Industry
6.4 Services
6.5 Tourism
7 Science and technology
7.1 Electronics and automotive engineering
7.2 Aerospace
7.3 Nobel laureates
8 Infrastructure
8.1 Transportation
8.2 Energy
8.3 Water supply and sanitation
9 Demographics
9.1 Population
9.2 Religion
9.3 Languages
9.4 Problems
10 Education
11 Health
12 Culture
12.1 Architecture
12.2 Art
12.3 Animation
12.4 Music
12.5 Literature
12.6 Philosophy
12.7 Cuisine
12.8 Holidays
12.9 Festivals
12.10 Sports
12.11 Media
13 See also
14 References
15 Notes
16 Further reading
17 External links
Etymology
Main article: Names of Japan
The Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nihon or Nippon and literally means "the origin of the sun". The character nichi (日) means "sun" or "day"; hon (本) means "base" or "origin".[23] The compound therefore means "origin of the sun" and is the source of the popular Western epithet "Land of the Rising Sun".[24]
The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, the Old Book of Tang. At the end of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan requested that Nihon be used as the name of their country. This name may have its origin in a letter sent in 607 and recorded in the official history of the Sui dynasty. Prince Shōtoku, the Regent of Japan, sent a mission to China with a letter in which he called himself "the Emperor of the Land where the Sun rises" (日出處天子). The message said: "Here, I, the emperor of the country where the sun rises, send a letter to the emperor of the country where the sun sets. How are you[?]”.
The "King of Na gold seal", said to have been granted to Na king of Wa (Japan) by Emperor Guangwu of Han in 57 CE. The seal reads "漢委奴國王". Tokyo National Museum
Prior to the adoption of Nihon, other terms such as Yamato (大和, or "Great Wa") and Wakoku (倭国) were used. The term Wa (和) is a homophone of Wo 倭 (pronounced "Wa" by the Japanese), which has been used by the Chinese as a designation for the Japanese as early as the third century Three Kingdoms period. Another form Wei (委) was used for an early state in Japan called Nakoku during the Han dynasty.[25] However, the Japanese disliked some connotation of Wa 倭 (which has been associated in China with concepts like "dwarf" or "pygmy"), and it was therefore replaced with the substitute character Wa (和), meaning "togetherness, harmony".[26][27]
The English word Japan possibly derives from the historical Chinese pronunciation of 日本. The Old Mandarin or possibly early Wu Chinese pronunciation of Japan was recorded by Marco Polo as Cipangu. In modern Shanghainese, a Wu dialect, the pronunciation of characters 日本 Japan is Zeppen [zəʔpən]. The old Malay word for Japan, Japun or Japang, was borrowed from a southern coastal Chinese dialect, probably Fukienese or Ningpo[28]—and this Malay word was encountered by Portuguese traders in South East Asia in the 16th century.[29] These Early Portuguese traders then brought the word to Europe.[30] The first record of this name in English is in a book published in 1577 and spelled Giapan, in a translation of a 1565 letter written by a Portuguese Jesuit Luís Fróis.[31][32]
From the Meiji Restoration until the end of World War II, the full title of Japan was Dai Nippon Teikoku (大日本帝國), meaning "the Empire of Great Japan".[33] Today, the name Nihon-koku/Nippon-koku (日本国) is used as a formal modern-day equivalent with the meaning of "the State of Japan". Countries like Japan whose long form does not contain a descriptive designation are generally given a name appended by the character koku (国), meaning "country", "nation" or "state".
History
Main article: History of Japan
History of Japan
Periods[show]
Paleolithic before 14,000 BC
Jōmon 14,000 – 300 BC
Yayoi 300 BC – 300 AD
Kofun 300–538
Asuka 538–710
Nara 710–794
Heian 794–1185
Kamakura 1185–1333
Kenmu Restoration 1333–1336
Muromachi (Ashikaga)
Nanboku-chō
Sengoku
1336–1573
Azuchi–Momoyama
Nanban trade
1573–1603
Edo (Tokugawa)
Sakoku
Convention of Kanagawa
Bakumatsu
1603–1868
Meiji
Boshin War
Restoration
First Sino-Japanese War
Russo-Japanese War
1868–1912
Taishō
World War I
1912–1926
Shōwa
Financial crisis
Militarism
World War II
Occupation
Economic miracle
Post-occupation
Bubble Economy
1926–1989
Heisei
Lost Decade
1989–present
Topics[show]
Currency
Earthquakes
Economy
Education
Empire
Historiography
Military
Naval
Post-war
Glossary
Timeline
v
t
e
Prehistory and ancient history
Emperor Jimmu (神武天皇, Jinmu-tennō), the first Emperor of Japan dated as 660 BCE[34][35]—in modern Japan his accession is marked as National Foundation Day on February 11
A Paleolithic culture around 30,000 BC constitutes the first known habitation of the Japanese archipelago. This was followed from around 14,000 BC (the start of the Jōmon period) by a Mesolithic to Neolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer culture characterized by pit dwelling and rudimentary agriculture,[36] including by ancestors of contemporary Ainu people and Yamato people.[37][38] Decorated clay vessels from this period are some of the oldest surviving examples of pottery in the world. Around 300 BC, the Yayoi people began to enter the Japanese islands, intermingling with the Jōmon.[39] The Yayoi period, starting around 500 BC, saw the introduction of practices like wet-rice farming,[40] a new style of pottery[41] and metallurgy, introduced from China and Korea.[42]
Japan first appears in written history in the Chinese Book of Han.[43] According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, the most powerful kingdom on the archipelago during the third century was called Yamataikoku. Buddhism was introduced to Japan from Baekje, Korea and was promoted by Prince Shōtoku, but the subsequent development of Japanese Buddhism was primarily influenced by China.[44] Despite early resistance, Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class and gained widespread acceptance beginning in the Asuka period (592–710).[45]
The Nara period (710–784) marked an emergence of the centralized Japanese state centered on the Imperial Court in Heijō-kyō (modern Nara). The Nara period is characterized by the appearance of a nascent literature as well as the development of Buddhist-inspired art and architecture.[46] The smallpox epidemic of 735–737 is believed to have killed as much as one-third of Japan's population.[47] In 784, Emperor Kanmu moved the capital from Nara to Nagaoka-kyō, then to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto) in 794.
This marked the beginning of the Heian period (794–1185), during which a distinctly indigenous Japanese culture emerged, noted for its art, poetry and prose. Murasaki Shikibu's The Tale of Genji and the lyrics of Japan's national anthem "Kimigayo" were written during this time.[48]
Buddhism began to spread during the Heian era chiefly through two major sects, Tendai by Saichō and Shingon by Kūkai. Pure Land Buddhism (Jōdo-shū, Jōdo Shinshū) became greatly popular in the latter half of the 11th century.
Feudal era
Samurai warriors facing Mongols during the Mongol invasions of Japan; Suenaga, 1293
Japan's feudal era was characterized by the emergence and dominance of a ruling class of warriors, the samurai. In 1185, following the defeat of the Taira clan in the Genpei War, sung in the epic Tale of Heike, samurai Minamoto no Yoritomo was appointed shōgun by Emperor Go-Toba, and Yoritomo established a base of power in Kamakura. After his death, the Hōjō clan came to power as regents for the shōguns. The Zen school of Buddhism was introduced from China in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) and became popular among the samurai class.[49] The Kamakura shogunate repelled Mongol invasions in 1274 and 1281, but was eventually overthrown by Emperor Go-Daigo. Emperor Go-Daigo was himself defeated by Ashikaga Takauji in 1336.
Samurais could kill a commoner for the slightest insult and were widely feared by the Japanese population. Edo period, 1798
Ashikaga Takauji established the shogunate in Muromachi, Kyoto. This was the start of the Muromachi period (1336–1573). The Ashikaga shogunate achieved glory at the age of Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, and the culture based on Zen Buddhism (the art of Miyabi) prospered. This evolved to Higashiyama Culture, and prospered until the 16th century. On the other hand, the succeeding Ashikaga shogunate failed to control the feudal warlords (daimyōs) and a civil war (the Ōnin War) began in 1467, opening the century-long Sengoku period ("Warring States").[50]
During the 16th century, traders and Jesuit missionaries from Portugal reached Japan for the first time, initiating direct commercial and cultural exchange between Japan and the West. This allowed Oda Nobunaga to obtain European technology and firearms, which he used to conquer many other daimyōs. His consolidation of power began what was known as the Azuchi–Momoyama period (1573–1603). After Nobunaga was assassinated in 1582 by Akechi Mitsuhide, his successor Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified the nation in 1590 and launched two unsuccessful invasions of Korea in 1592 and 1597.
Tokugawa Ieyasu served as regent for Hideyoshi's son and used his position to gain political and military support. When open war broke out, Ieyasu defeated rival clans in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Tokugawa Ieyasu was appointed shōgun by Emperor Go-Yōzei in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo (modern Tokyo).[51] The shogunate enacted measures including buke shohatto, as a code of conduct to control the autonomous daimyōs;[52] and in 1639 the isolationist sakoku ("closed country") policy that spanned the two and a half centuries of tenuous political unity known as the Edo period (1603–1868).[53] The study of Western sciences, known as rangaku, continued through contact with the Dutch enclave at Dejima in Nagasaki. The Edo period also gave rise to kokugaku ("national studies"), the study of Japan by the Japanese.[54]
Modern era
Emperor Meiji (1868–1912), in whose name imperial rule was restored at the end of the Tokugawa shogunate
On March 31, 1854, Commodore Matthew Perry and the "Black Ships" of the United States Navy forced the opening of Japan to the outside world with the Convention of Kanagawa. Subsequent similar treaties with Western countries in the Bakumatsu period brought economic and political crises. The resignation of the shōgun led to the Boshin War and the establishment of a centralized state nominally unified under the Emperor (the Meiji Restoration).[55]
Plunging itself through an active process of Westernization during the Meiji Restoration in 1868, Japan adopted Western political, judicial and military institutions and Western cultural influences integrated with its traditional culture for modern industrialization. The Cabinet organized the Privy Council, introduced the Meiji Constitution, and assembled the Imperial Diet. The Meiji Restoration transformed the Empire of Japan into an industrialized world power that pursued military conflict to expand its sphere of influence. After victories in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), Japan gained control of Taiwan, Korea and the southern half of Sakhalin.[56] Japan's population grew from 35 million in 1873 to 70 million in 1935.[57]
Chinese generals surrendering to the Japanese in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895
World War I enabled Japan, on the side of the victorious Allies, to widen its influence and territorial holdings in Asia. The early 20th century saw a brief period of "Taishō democracy (1912–1926)" but the 1920s saw a fragile democracy buckle under a political shift towards fascism, the passing of laws against political dissent and a series of attempted coups. The subsequent "Shōwa period" initially saw the power of the military increased and brought about Japanese expansionism and militarization along with the totalitarianism and ultranationalism that are a part of fascist ideology. In 1931 Japan invaded and occupied Manchuria and following international condemnation of this occupation, Japan resigned from the League of Nations in 1933. In 1936, Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany and the 1940 Tripartite Pact made it one of the Axis Powers.[58] In 1941, following its defeat in the brief Soviet–Japanese Border War, Japan negotiated the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact,[59] which lasted until 1945 with the Soviet invasion of Manchuria.[60]
Japanese officials surrendering to the Allies on September 2, 1945, in Tokyo Bay, ending World War II
The Empire of Japan invaded other parts of China in 1937, precipitating the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). The Imperial Japanese Army swiftly captured the capital Nanjing and conducted the Nanking Massacre.[61] In 1940, the Empire invaded French Indochina, after which the United States placed an oil embargo on Japan.[62] On December 7–8, 1941, Japanese forces carried out surprise attacks on Pearl Harbor, British forces in Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong and declared war on the United States and the British Empire, bringing the United States and the United Kingdom into World War II in the Pacific.[63][64] After Allied victories across the Pacific during the next four years, which culminated in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, Japan agreed to an unconditional surrender on August 15.[65] The war cost Japan, its colonies, China and the war's other combatants tens of millions of lives and left much of Japan's industry and infrastructure destroyed. The Allies (led by the United States) repatriated millions of ethnic Japanese from colonies and military camps throughout Asia, largely eliminating the Japanese empire and restoring the independence of its conquered territories.[66] The Allies also convened the International Military Tribunal for the Far East on May 3, 1946, to prosecute some Japanese leaders for war crimes. However, the bacteriological research units and members of the imperial family involved in the war were exonerated from criminal prosecutions by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers despite calls for the trial of both groups.[67]
In 1947, Japan adopted a new constitution emphasizing liberal democratic practices. The Allied occupation ended with the Treaty of San Francisco in 1952[68] and Japan was granted membership in the United Nations in 1956. Japan later achieved rapid growth to become the second-largest economy in the world, until surpassed by China in 2010. This ended in the mid-1990s when Japan suffered a major recession. In the beginning of the 21st century, positive growth has signaled a gradual economic recovery.[69] On March 11, 2011, Japan suffered one of the largest earthquakes in its recorded history; this triggered the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, one of the worst disasters in the history of nuclear power.[70]
Geography
Main articles: Geography of Japan and Geology of Japan
Japanese archipelago as seen from satellite
Japan has a total of 6,852 islands extending along the Pacific coast of East Asia. The country, including all of the islands it controls, lies between latitudes 24° and 46°N, and longitudes 122° and 146°E. The main islands, from north to south, are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu. The Ryukyu Islands, which include Okinawa, are a chain to the south of Kyushu. Together they are often known as the Japanese archipelago.[71]
About 73 percent of Japan is forested, mountainous and unsuitable for agricultural, industrial or residential use.[7][72] As a result, the habitable zones, mainly located in coastal areas, have extremely high population densities. Japan is one of the most densely populated countries in the world.[73]
The islands of Japan are located in a volcanic zone on the Pacific Ring of Fire. They are primarily the result of large oceanic movements occurring over hundreds of millions of years from the mid-Silurian to the Pleistocene as a result of the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the continental Amurian Plate and Okinawa Plate to the south, and subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Okhotsk Plate to the north. The Boso Triple Junction off the coast of Japan is a triple junction where the North American Plate, the Pacific Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate meets. Japan was originally attached to the eastern coast of the Eurasian continent. The subducting plates pulled Japan eastward, opening the Sea of Japan around 15 million years ago.[74]
Japan has 108 active volcanoes. During the twentieth century several new volcanoes emerged, including Shōwa-shinzan on Hokkaido and Myōjin-shō off the Bayonnaise Rocks in the Pacific. Destructive earthquakes, often resulting in tsunami, occur several times each century.[75] The 1923 Tokyo earthquake killed over 140,000 people.[76] More recent major quakes are the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, a 9.1-magnitude[77] quake which hit Japan on March 11, 2011, and triggered a large tsunami.[70] Japan is substantially prone to earthquakes, tsunami and volcanoes due to its location along the Pacific Ring of Fire.[78] It has the 15th highest natural disaster risk as measured in the 2013 World Risk Index.[79]
Climate
Main article: Climate of Japan
Cherry blossoms of Mount Yoshino have been the subject of many plays and waka poetry
Autumn maple leaves (momiji) at Kongōbu-ji on Mount Kōya, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
The climate of Japan is predominantly temperate, but varies greatly from north to south. Japan's geographical features divide it into six principal climatic zones: Hokkaido, Sea of Japan, Central Highland, Seto Inland Sea, Pacific Ocean, and Ryukyu Islands. The northernmost zone, Hokkaido, has a humid continental climate with long, cold winters and very warm to cool summers. Precipitation is not heavy, but the islands usually develop deep snowbanks in the winter.[80]
In the Sea of Japan zone on Honshu's west coast, northwest winter winds bring heavy snowfall. In the summer, the region is cooler than the Pacific area, though it sometimes experiences extremely hot temperatures because of the foehn. The Central Highland has a typical inland humid continental climate, with large temperature differences between summer and winter seasons, as well as large diurnal variation; precipitation is light, though winters are usually snowy. The mountains of the Chūgoku and Shikoku regions shelter the Seto Inland Sea from seasonal winds, bringing mild weather year-round.[80]
The Pacific coast features a humid subtropical climate that experiences milder winters with occasional snowfall and hot, humid summers because of the southeast seasonal wind. The Ryukyu Islands have a subtropical climate, with warm winters and hot summers. Precipitation is very heavy, especially during the rainy season.[80]
The average winter temperature in Japan is 5.1 °C (41.2 °F) and the average summer temperature is 25.2 °C (77.4 °F).[81] The highest temperature ever measured in Japan 41.0 °C (105.8 °F) was recorded on August 12, 2013.[82] The main rainy season begins in early May in Okinawa, and the rain front gradually moves north until reaching Hokkaido in late July. In most of Honshu, the rainy season begins before the middle of June and lasts about six weeks. In late summer and early autumn, typhoons often bring heavy rain.[83]
Biodiversity
Main article: Wildlife of Japan
The Japanese macaques at Jigokudani hot spring are notable for visiting the spa in the winter
Japan has nine forest ecoregions which reflect the climate and geography of the islands. They range from subtropical moist broadleaf forests in the Ryūkyū and Bonin Islands, to temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the mild climate regions of the main islands, to temperate coniferous forests in the cold, winter portions of the northern islands.[84] Japan has over 90,000 species of wildlife, including the brown bear, the Japanese macaque, the Japanese raccoon dog, the large Japanese field mouse, and the Japanese giant salamander.[85] A large network of national parks has been established to protect important areas of flora and fauna as well as thirty-seven Ramsar wetland sites.[86][87] Four sites have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List for their outstanding natural value.[88]
Environment
Main article: Environmental issues in Japan
In the period of rapid economic growth after World War II, environmental policies were downplayed by the government and industrial corporations; as a result, environmental pollution was widespread in the 1950s and 1960s. Responding to rising concern about the problem, the government introduced several environmental protection laws in 1970.[89] The oil crisis in 1973 also encouraged the efficient use of energy because of Japan's lack of natural resources.[90] Current environmental issues include urban air pollution (NOx, suspended particulate matter, and toxics), waste management, water eutrophication, nature conservation, climate change, chemical management and international co-operation for conservation.[91]
As of June 2015, more than 40 coal-fired power plants are planned or under construction in Japan. The NGO Climate Action Network announced Japan as the winner of its "Fossil of the Day" award for "doing the most to block progress on climate action".[92]
Japan ranks 20th in the 2018 Environmental Performance Index, which measures a nation's commitment to environmental sustainability.[93] As the host and signatory of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, Japan is under treaty obligation to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and to take other steps to curb climate change.[94]
Politics
Main article: Politics of Japan
Emperor Akihito
Emperor since 1989 Shinzō Abe
Prime Minister since 2012
Government
Main article: Government of Japan
Japan is a constitutional monarchy whereby the power of the Emperor is very limited. As a ceremonial figurehead, he is defined by the constitution to be "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people". Executive power is wielded chiefly by the Prime Minister and his cabinet, while sovereignty is vested in the Japanese people.[95]
Japan's legislative body is the National Diet, seated in Chiyoda, Tokyo. The Diet is a bicameral body, comprising the lower House of Representatives with 465 seats, elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved; and the upper House of Councillors with 242 seats, whose popularly elected members serve six-year terms. There is universal suffrage for adults over 18 years of age,[96] with a secret ballot for all elected offices.[95] The Diet is dominated by the social liberal Constitutional Democratic Party (CDP) and the conservative Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). The LDP has enjoyed near-continuous electoral success since 1955, except for brief periods between 1993 and 1994 and from 2009 to 2012. As of November 2017, it holds 283 seats in the lower house and 125 seats in the upper house.
National Diet Building
The Prime Minister of Japan is the head of government and is appointed by the Emperor after being designated by the Diet from among its members. The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet, and appoints and dismisses the Ministers of State. Following the LDP's landslide victory in the 2012 general election, Shinzō Abe replaced Yoshihiko Noda as the Prime Minister on December 26, 2012.[97]
Historically influenced by Chinese law, the Japanese legal system developed independently during the Edo period through texts such as Kujikata Osadamegaki.[98] However, since the late 19th century the judicial system has been largely based on the civil law of Europe, notably Germany. For example, in 1896, the Japanese government established a civil code based on a draft of the German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch; with the code remaining in effect with post–World War II modifications.[99] Statutory law originates in Japan's legislature and has the rubber stamp of the Emperor. Japan's court system is divided into four basic tiers: the Supreme Court and three levels of lower courts.[100] The main body of Japanese statutory law is called the Six Codes.[101]
Administrative divisions
Main article: Administrative divisions of Japan
See also: Prefectures of Japan
Japan consists of 47 prefectures, each overseen by an elected governor, legislature and administrative bureaucracy.[102] Each prefecture is further divided into cities, towns and villages.[103] The nation is currently undergoing administrative reorganization by merging many of the cities, towns and villages with each other. This process will reduce the number of sub-prefecture administrative regions and is expected to cut administrative costs.[104]
Foreign relations
Main article: Foreign relations of Japan
Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe and U.S. President Donald Trump
The Liancourt Rocks known as Takeshima in Japan, has become an issue known as the Liancourt Rocks dispute
Japan has diplomatic relations with nearly all independent nations and has been an active member of the United Nations since December 1956. Japan is a member of the G8, APEC, and "ASEAN Plus Three", and is a participant in the East Asia Summit. Japan signed a security pact with Australia in March 2007[105] and with India in October 2008.[106] It is the world's fifth largest donor of official development assistance, donating US$9.2 billion in 2014.[107]
Japan has close ties to the United States. Since Japan's defeat by the United States and allies in World War II, the two countries have maintained close economic and defense relations. The United States is a major market for Japanese exports and the primary source of Japanese imports, and is committed to defending the country, having military bases in Japan for partially that purpose.[108]
Japan contests Russia's control of the Southern Kuril Islands (including Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group) which were occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945.[109] South Korea's assertions concerning Liancourt Rocks (Japanese: "Takeshima", Korean: "Dokdo") are acknowledged, but not accepted by Japan.[110] Japan has strained relations with the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) over the Senkaku Islands;[111] and with the People's Republic of China over the status of Okinotorishima.
Japan's relationship with South Korea has been strained due to Japan's treatment of Koreans during Japanese colonial rule, particularly over the issue of comfort women.[112] These women were essentially sex slaves, and although there is no exact number on how many women were subjected to this treatment, experts believe it could be in the tens or hundreds of thousands. Between 1910–1945, the Japanese government rebuilt Korean infrastructure, introduced over 800,000 Japanese immigrants onto the peninsula, and carried out a campaign of cultural suppression through efforts to ban the Korean language in schools and force Koreans to adopt Japanese names.[113] With the surrender of Japan and the Axis at the end of WWII in 1945, the Korean Peninsula was once again independent. Despite their historical tensions, in December 2015, Japan agreed to settle the comfort women dispute with South Korea by issuing a formal apology, taking responsibility for the issue and paying money to the surviving comfort women. Today, South Korea and Japan have a stronger and more economically-driven relationship. Since the 1990s, the Korean Wave has created a large fanbase in East Asia, but most notably in Japan. Japan is the number one importer of Korean music (K-pop), television (K-dramas), and films, but this was only made possible after the South Korean government lifted the 30-year ban on cultural exchange with Japan that had been in place since 1948.[114] Korean pop cultural products' success in the Japanese market is partially explained by the borrowing of Japanese ideas such as the star-marketing system and heavy promotion of new television shows and music. Korean dramas such as Winter Sonata and Coffee Prince, as well as K-pop artists such as BIGBANG and SHINee are extremely popular with Japanese consumers. Most recently, South Korean President Moon Jae-in met with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe at the 2017 G-20 Summit in Hamburg, Germany to discuss the future of their relationship and specifically how to cooperate on finding solutions for North Korean aggression in the region. Both leaders restated their commitment to solving the comfort women dispute, building positive relations in the region, and pressuring China to be more assertive with North Korea as it continues to test nuclear weapons and isolate themselves further form the international community.[115]
Military
Main article: Japan Self-Defense Forces
JMSDF Kongō class destroyer
JDS Kongō (DDG-173), a guided missile destroyer, launching a Standard Missile 3 anti-ballistic missile in 2007
JASDF F-2, a multirole combat aircraft
Japan maintains one of the largest military budgets of any country in the world.[116] The country's military (the Japan Self-Defense Forces – JSDF) is restricted by Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, which renounces Japan's right to declare war or use military force in international disputes. Accordingly, Japan's Self-Defense Forces is an unusual military that has never fired shots outside Japan.[117] Japan is the highest-ranked Asian country in the Global Peace Index.[118] The military is governed by the Ministry of Defense, and primarily consists of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF), the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) and the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF). The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) is a regular participant in RIMPAC maritime exercises.[119] The forces have been recently used in peacekeeping operations; the deployment of troops to Iraq marked the first overseas use of Japan's military since World War II.[120] Japan Business Federation has called on the government to lift the ban on arms exports so that Japan can join multinational projects such as the Joint Strike Fighter.[121]
The 21st century is witnessing a rapid change in global power balance along with globalization. The security environment around Japan has become increasingly severe as represented by nuclear and missile development by North Korea. Transnational threats grounded on technological progress including international terrorism and cyber attacks are also increasing their significance.[122] Japan, including its Self-Defense Forces, has contributed to the maximum extent possible to the efforts to maintain and restore international peace and security, such as UN peacekeeping operations. Building on the ongoing efforts as a peaceful state, the Government of Japan has been making various efforts on its security policy which include: the establishment of the National Security Council (NSC), the adoption of the National Security Strategy (NSS), and the National Defense Program Guidelines (NDPG).[122] These efforts are made based on the belief that Japan, as a "Proactive Contributor to Peace", needs to contribute more actively to the peace and stability of the region and the international community, while coordinating with other countries including its ally, the United States.[122]
Japan has close economic and military relations with the United States; the US-Japan security alliance acts as the cornerstone of the nation's foreign policy.[123] A member state of the United Nations since 1956, Japan has served as a non-permanent Security Council member for a total of 20 years, most recently for 2009 and 2010. It is one of the G4 nations seeking permanent membership in the Security Council.[124]
In May 2014, Prime Minister Shinzō Abe said Japan wanted to shed the passiveness it has maintained since the end of World War II and take more responsibility for regional security. He said Japan wanted to play a key role and offered neighboring countries Japan's support.[125] In recent years, they have been engaged in international peacekeeping operations including the UN peacekeeping.[126] Recent tensions, particularly with North Korea,[127] have reignited the debate over the status of the JSDF and its relation to Japanese society.[128] New military guidelines, announced in December 2010, will direct the JSDF away from its Cold War focus on the former Soviet Union to a focus on China, especially regarding the territorial dispute over the Senkaku Islands.[129]
Economy
Main article: Economy of Japan
Bank of Japan headquarters in Chuo, Tokyo
The Tokyo Stock Exchange, one of the largest stock exchanges in Asia[130]
Ginza, a luxury shopping area in Tokyo
Japan is the third largest national economy in the world, after the United States and China, in terms of nominal GDP,[131] and the fourth largest national economy in the world, after the United States, China and India, in terms of purchasing power parity. As of 2016[update], Japan's public debt was estimated at more than 230 percent of its annual gross domestic product, the largest of any nation in the world.[132] In August 2011, Moody's rating has cut Japan's long-term sovereign debt rating one notch from Aa3 to Aa2 inline with the size of the country's deficit and borrowing level. The large budget deficits and government debt since the 2009 global recession and followed by the earthquake and tsunami in March 2011 caused the rating downgrade.[133] The service sector accounts for three quarters of the gross domestic product.[134]
Japan has a large industrial capacity, and is home to some of the largest and most technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronics, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemical substances, textiles, and processed foods. Agricultural businesses in Japan cultivate 13 percent of Japan's land, and Japan accounts for nearly 15 percent of the global fish catch, second only to China.[7] As of 2016[update], Japan's labor force consisted of some 65.9 million workers.[7] Japan has a low unemployment rate of around four percent. Some 20 million people, around 17 per cent of the population, were below the poverty line in 2007.[135] Housing in Japan is characterized by limited land supply in urban areas.[136]
Japan's exports amounted to US$4,210 per capita in 2005. As of 2014[update], Japan's main export markets were the United States (20.2 percent), China (17.5 percent), South Korea (7.1 percent), Hong Kong (5.6 percent) and Thailand (4.5 percent). Its main exports are transportation equipment, motor vehicles, iron and steel products, semiconductors and auto parts.[7] Japan's main import markets as of 2015[update] were China (24.8 percent), the United States (10.5 percent), Australia (5.4 percent) and South Korea (4.1 percent).[7]
Japan's main imports are machinery and equipment, fossil fuels, foodstuffs (in particular beef), chemicals, textiles and raw materials for its industries. By market share measures, domestic markets are the least open of any OECD country.[137] Junichirō Koizumi's administration began some pro-competition reforms, and foreign investment in Japan has soared.[138]
Japan ranks 27th of 189 countries in the 2014 ease of doing business index and has one of the smallest tax revenues of the developed world. The Japanese variant of capitalism has many distinct features: keiretsu enterprises are influential, and lifetime employment and seniority-based career advancement are relatively common in the Japanese work environment.[137][139] Japanese companies are known for management methods like "The Toyota Way", and shareholder activism is rare.[140] Japan's top global brands include Toyota, Honda, Canon, Nissan, Sony, Mitsubishi UFJ (MUFG), Panasonic, Uniqlo, Lexus, Subaru, Nintendo, Bridgestone, Mazda and Suzuki.[141]
Economic history
Main article: Economic history of Japan
Modern Japan's economic growth began in the Edo period. Some of the surviving elements of the Edo period are roads and water transportation routes, as well as financial instruments such as futures contracts, banking and insurance of the Osaka rice brokers.[142] During the Meiji period from 1868, Japan expanded economically with the embrace of the market economy.[143] Many of today's enterprises were founded at the time, and Japan emerged as the most developed nation in Asia.[144] The period of overall real economic growth from the 1960s to the 1980s has been called the Japanese post-war economic miracle: it averaged 7.5 percent in the 1960s and 1970s, and 3.2 percent in the 1980s and early 1990s.[145]
Growth slowed in the 1990s during the "Lost Decade" due to after-effects of the Japanese asset price bubble and government policies intended to wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets. Efforts to revive economic growth were unsuccessful and further hampered by the global slowdown in 2000.[7] The economy recovered after 2005; GDP growth for that year was 2.8 percent, surpassing the growth rates of the US and European Union during the same period.[146]
Today, Japan ranks highly for competitiveness and economic freedom. It is ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report for 2015–2016.[147][148]
Agriculture and fishery
Main article: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan
A rice paddy in Aizu, Fukushima Prefecture
The Japanese agricultural sector accounts for about 1.4% of the total country's GDP.[149] Only 12% of Japan's land is suitable for cultivation.[150][151] Due to this lack of arable land, a system of terraces is used to farm in small areas.[152] This results in one of the world's highest levels of crop yields per unit area, with an overall agricultural self-sufficiency rate of about 50% on fewer than 56,000 square kilometres (14,000,000 acres) cultivated.
Japan's small agricultural sector, however, is also highly subsidized and protected, with government regulations that favor small-scale cultivation instead of large-scale agriculture as practiced in North America.[150] There has been a growing concern about farming as the current farmers are aging with a difficult time finding successors.[153]
Rice accounts for almost all of Japan's cereal production.[154] Japan is the second-largest agricultural product importer in the world.[154] Rice, the most protected crop, is subject to tariffs of 777.7%.[151][155]
In 1996, Japan ranked fourth in the world in tonnage of fish caught.[156] Japan captured 4,074,580 metric tons of fish in 2005, down from 4,987,703 tons in 2000, 9,558,615 tons in 1990, 9,864,422 tons in 1980, 8,520,397 tons in 1970, 5,583,796 tons in 1960 and 2,881,855 tons in 1950.[157] In 2003, the total aquaculture production was predicted at 1,301,437 tonnes.[158] In 2010, Japan's total fisheries production was 4,762,469 fish.[159] Offshore fisheries accounted for an average of 50% of the nation's total fish catches in the late 1980s although they experienced repeated ups and downs during that period.
Today, Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch,[160] prompting some claims that Japan's fishing is leading to depletion in fish stocks such as tuna.[161] Japan has also sparked controversy by supporting quasi-commercial whaling.[162]
Industry
Main article: Manufacturing in Japan
Toyota factory in Ohira, Miyagi Prefecture
Japan's industrial sector makes up approximately 27.5% of its GDP.[163] Japan's major industries are motor vehicles, electronics, machine tools, metals, ships, chemicals and processed foods; some major Japanese industrial companies include Toyota, Canon Inc., Toshiba and Nippon Steel.[163][164]
Japan is the third largest automobile producer in the world, and is home to Toyota, the world's largest automobile company.[165][166] The Japanese consumer electronics industry, once considered the strongest in the world, is currently in a state of decline as competition arises in countries like South Korea, the United States and China.[167][168] However, despite also facing similar competition from South Korea and China, the Japanese shipbuilding industry is expected to remain strong due to an increased focus on specialized, high-tech designs.[169]
Services
Main article: Trade and services in Japan
Japan's service sector accounts for about three-quarters of its total economic output.[149] Banking, insurance, real estate, retailing, transportation, and telecommunications are all major industries, with companies such as Mitsubishi UFJ, Mizuho, NTT, TEPCO, Nomura, Mitsubishi Estate, ÆON, Mitsui Sumitomo, Softbank, JR East, Seven & I, KDDI and Japan Airlines listed as some of the largest in the world.[170][171] Four of the five most circulated newspapers in the world are Japanese newspapers.[172] Japan Post Holdings, one of the country's largest providers of savings and insurance services, was slated for privatization by 2015.[173] The six major keiretsus are the Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, Fuyo, Mitsui, Dai-Ichi Kangyo and Sanwa Groups.[174]
Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Japan
Tokyo Sky Tree, the tallest tower in the world
Mount Fuji, the highest peak, is considered as one of the most iconic landmarks of Japan
Cherry blossom with Himeji Castle in the background, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Fushimi Inari-taisha in Kyoto
Hiroshima Peace Memorial
Japan attracted 19.73 million international tourists in 2015[175] and increased by 21.8% to attract 24.03 million international tourists in 2016.[176][177][178] Tourism from abroad is one of the few promising businesses in Japan. Foreign visitors to Japan doubled in last decade and reached 10 million people for the first time in 2013, led by increase of Asian visitors.
In 2008, the Japanese government has set up Japan Tourism Agency and set the initial goal to increase foreign visitors to 20 million in 2020. In 2016, having met the 20 million target, the government has revised up its target to 40 million by 2020 and to 60 million by 2030.[179][180]
Japan has 20 World Heritage Sites, including Himeji Castle, Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto and Nara.[181] Popular tourist attractions include Tokyo and Hiroshima, Mount Fuji, ski resorts such as Niseko in Hokkaido, Okinawa, riding the shinkansen and taking advantage of Japan's hotel and hotspring network.
For inbound tourism, Japan was ranked 16th in the world in 2015.[182] In 2009, the Yomiuri Shimbun published a modern list of famous sights under the name Heisei Hyakkei (the Hundred Views of the Heisei period). The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017 ranks Japan 4th out of 141 countries overall, which was the best in Asia. Japan gained relatively high scores in almost all aspects, especially health and hygiene, safety and security, cultural resources and business travel.[183]
In 2016, 24,039,053 foreign tourists visited Japan.[184] Neighbouring South Korea is Japan's most important source of foreign tourists. In 2010, the 2.4 million arrivals made up 27% of the tourists visiting Japan.[185] Chinese travelers are the highest spenders in Japan by country, spending an estimated 196.4 billion yen (US$2.4 billion) in 2011, or almost a quarter of total expenditure by foreign visitors, according to data from the Japan Tourism Agency.[186]
The Japanese government hopes to receive 40 million foreign tourists every year by 2020.[187]
Rank
Country
Number (people)
in 2016
Percentage change
2015 to 2016
Number (people)
in 2015
Percentage change
2014 to 2015
1 China 6,373,000 27.6% 4,993,689 107.3%
2 South Korea 5,090,300 27.2% 4,002,095 45.3%
3 Taiwan 4,167,400 13.3% 3,677,075 29.9%
4 Hong Kong 1,839,200 20.7% 1,524,292 64.6%
5 United States 1,242,700 20.3% 1,033,258 15.9%
6 Thailand 901,400 13.1% 796,731 21.2%
7 Australia 445,200 18.4% 376,075 24.3%
8 Malaysia 394,200 29.1% 305,447 22.4%
9 Singapore 361,800 17.2% 308,783 35.5%
10 Philippines 347,800 29.6% 268,361 45.7%
11 United Kingdom 292,500 13.2% 258,488 17.5%
12 Canada 273,100 18.0% 231,390 26.5%
All countries 24,039,053 21.8% 19,737,409 47.1%
Science and technology
Main article: Science and technology in Japan
Kounotori 6 grappled by the International Space Station's robotic arm
Japan is a leading nation in scientific research, particularly in fields related to the natural sciences and engineering. The country ranks second among the most innovative countries in the Bloomberg Innovation Index.[188][189] Nearly 700,000 researchers share a US$130 billion research and development budget.[190] The amount spent on research and development relative to gross domestic product is the third highest in the world.[191] The country is a world leader in fundamental scientific research, having produced twenty-two Nobel laureates in either physics, chemistry or medicine[192] and three Fields medalists.[193]
Japanese scientists and engineers have contributed to the advancement of agricultural sciences, electronics, industrial robotics, optics, chemicals, semiconductors, life sciences and various fields of engineering. Japan leads the world in robotics production and use, possessing more than 20% (300,000 of 1.3 million) of the world's industrial robots as of 2013[update][194]—though its share was historically even higher, representing one-half of all industrial robots worldwide in 2000.[195] Japan boasts the third highest number of scientists, technicians, and engineers per capita in the world with 83 scientists, technicians and engineers per 10,000 employees.[196][197][198]
Electronics and automotive engineering
Main articles: Electronics industry in Japan and Automotive industry in Japan
A plug-in hybrid car manufactured by Toyota, one of the world's largest carmakers—Japan is the second-largest maker of automobiles in the world[199]
Sony Xperia phone
The Japanese electronics and automotive manufacturing industry is well known throughout the world, and the country's electronic and automotive products account for a large share in the global market, compared to a majority of other countries. Brands such as Fujifilm, Sony, Nintendo, Panasonic, Toyota, Nissan and Honda are internationally famous. It is estimated that 16% of the world's gold and 22% of the world's silver is contained in Japanese electronics.[200]
Japan has started a project to build the world's fastest supercomputer by the end of 2017.[201]
Aerospace
The Japanese Experiment Module (Kibo) at the International Space Station
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is Japan's national space agency; it conducts space, planetary, and aviation research, and leads development of rockets and satellites. It is a participant in the International Space Station: the Japanese Experiment Module (Kibo) was added to the station during Space Shuttle assembly flights in 2008.[202] The space probe Akatsuki was launched May 20, 2010, and achieved orbit around Venus on December 9, 2015. Japan's plans in space exploration include: developing the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter to be launched in 2018;[203] and building a moon base by 2030.[204]
On September 14, 2007, it launched lunar explorer SELENE (Selenological and Engineering Explorer) on a H-IIA (Model H2A2022) carrier rocket from Tanegashima Space Center. SELENE is also known as Kaguya, after the lunar princess of The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter.[205] Kaguya is the largest lunar mission since the Apollo program. Its purpose is to gather data on the moon's origin and evolution. It entered a lunar orbit on October 4,[206][207] flying at an altitude of about 100 km (62 mi).[208] The probe's mission was ended when it was deliberately crashed by JAXA into the Moon on June 11, 2009.[209]
Nobel laureates
Main article: List of Japanese Nobel laureates
Japan has received the most science Nobel Prizes in Asia and ranked 8th in the world.[210] Hideki Yukawa, educated at Kyoto University, was awarded the prize in physics in 1949. Shin'ichirō Tomonaga followed in 1965. Solid-state physicist Leo Esaki, educated at the University of Tokyo, received the prize in 1973. Kenichi Fukui of Kyoto University shared the 1981 prize in chemistry, and Susumu Tonegawa, also educated at Kyoto University, became Japan's first laureate in physiology or medicine in 1987. Japanese chemists took prizes in 2000 and 2001: first Hideki Shirakawa (Tokyo Institute of Technology) and then Ryōji Noyori (Kyoto University). In 2002, Masatoshi Koshiba (University of Tokyo) and Koichi Tanaka (Tohoku University) won in physics and chemistry, respectively. Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Masukawa and Yoichiro Nambu, who was an American citizen when awarded, shared the physics prize and Osamu Shimomura also won the chemistry prize in 2008. Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura, who is an American citizen when awarded, shared the physics prize in 2014 and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Yoshinori Ohsumi in 2016.[211]
Infrastructure
Transportation
Main article: Transport in Japan
Japan Airlines, flag carrier of Japan
A JR Central L0 Series maglev train
Japan's road spending has been extensive.[212] Its 1.2 million kilometres (0.75 million miles) of paved road are the main means of transportation.[213] As of April 2012, Japan has approximately 1,215,000 kilometres (755,000 miles) of roads made up of 1,022,000 kilometres (635,000 miles) of city, town and village roads, 129,000 kilometres (80,000 miles) of prefectural roads, 55,000 kilometres (34,000 miles) of general national highways and 8,050 kilometres (5,000 miles) of national expressways.[214][215] A single network of high-speed, divided, limited-access toll roads connects major cities on Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu. Hokkaido has a separate network, and Okinawa Island has a highway of this type. A single network of high-speed, divided, limited-access toll roads connects major cities and is operated by toll-collecting enterprises. New and used cars are inexpensive; car ownership fees and fuel levies are used to promote energy efficiency. However, at just 50 percent of all distance traveled, car usage is the lowest of all G8 countries.[216]
Since privatisation in 1987, dozens of Japanese railway companies compete in regional and local passenger transportation markets; major companies include seven JR enterprises, Kintetsu, Seibu Railway and Keio Corporation. Some 250 high-speed Shinkansen trains connect major cities and Japanese trains are known for their safety and punctuality.[217][218] Proposals for a new Maglev route between Tokyo and Osaka are at an advanced stage.[219]
There are 175 airports in Japan;[7] the largest domestic airport, Haneda Airport, is Asia's second-busiest airport.[220] The largest international gateways are Narita International Airport, Kansai International Airport and Chūbu Centrair International Airport.[221] Nagoya Port is the country's largest and busiest port, accounting for 10 percent of Japan's trade value.[222]
Energy
Main article: Energy in Japan
The Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant, a nuclear plant with seven units, the largest single nuclear power station in the world
As of 2011[update], 46.1% of energy in Japan was produced from petroleum, 21.3% from coal, 21.4% from natural gas, 4.0% from nuclear power and 3.3% from hydropower. Nuclear power produced 9.2 percent of Japan's electricity, as of 2011[update], down from 24.9 percent the previous year.[223] However, by May 2012 all of the country's nuclear power plants had been taken offline because of ongoing public opposition following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in March 2011, though government officials continued to try to sway public opinion in favor of returning at least some of Japan's 50 nuclear reactors to service.[224] As of November 2014[update], two reactors at Sendai are likely to restart in early 2015.[225] Japan lacks significant domestic reserves and so has a heavy dependence on imported energy.[226] Japan has therefore aimed to diversify its sources and maintain high levels of energy efficiency.[227]
Water supply and sanitation
Main article: Water supply and sanitation in Japan
Tokuyama Dam in Gifu Prefecture is the largest dam in Japan
The government took responsibility for regulating the water and sanitation sector is shared between the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in charge of water supply for domestic use; the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in charge of water resources development as well as sanitation; the Ministry of the Environment in charge of ambient water quality and environmental preservation; and the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications in charge of performance benchmarking of utilities.[228]
Access to an improved water source is universal in Japan. 97% of the population receives piped water supply from public utilities and 3% receive water from their own wells or unregulated small systems, mainly in rural areas.[229]
Access to improved sanitation is also universal, either through sewers or on-site sanitation. All collected waste water is treated at secondary-level treatment plants. All effluents discharged to closed or semi-closed water bodies, such as Tokyo Bay, Osaka Bay, or Lake Biwa, are further treated to tertiary level. This applies to about 15% of waste water. The effluent quality is remarkably good at 3–10 mg/l of BOD for secondary-level treatment, well below the national effluent standard of 20 mg/l.
Water supply and sanitation in Japan is facing some challenges, such as a decreasing population, declining investment, fiscal constraints, ageing facilities, an ageing workforce, a fragmentation of service provision among thousands of municipal utilities, and the vulnerability of parts of the country to droughts that are expected to become more frequent due to climate change.
Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Japan, Japanese people, Ethnic groups of Japan, and List of metropolitan areas in Japan
Population
View of Tokyo
Ainu, an ethnic minority people from Japan
Japan's population is estimated at around 128 million,[230] with 80% of the population living on Honshū. Japanese society is linguistically, ethnically and culturally homogeneous,[231][232] composed of 98.5% ethnic Japanese,[7] with small populations of foreign workers.[231] Zainichi Koreans,[233] Chinese, Filipinos, Brazilians mostly of Japanese descent,[234] Peruvians mostly of Japanese descent and Americans are among the small minority groups in Japan.[235] In 2003, there were about 134,700 non-Latin American Western (not including more than 33,000 American military personnel and their dependents stationed throughout the country)[236] and 345,500 Latin American expatriates, 274,700 of whom were Brazilians (said to be primarily Japanese descendants, or nikkeijin, along with their spouses),[234] the largest community of Westerners.[237]
The most dominant native ethnic group is the Yamato people; primary minority groups include the indigenous Ainu[238] and Ryukyuan peoples, as well as social minority groups like the burakumin.[239] There are persons of mixed ancestry incorporated among the Yamato, such as those from Ogasawara Archipelago.[240] In 2014, foreign-born non-naturalized workers made up only 1.5% of the total population.[241] Japan is widely regarded as ethnically homogeneous, and does not compile ethnicity or race statistics for Japanese nationals; sources varies regarding such claim, with at least one analysis describing Japan as a multiethnic society[242] while another analysis put the number of Japanese nationals of recent foreign descent to be of less than 0.5% of the population.[232] Most Japanese continue to see Japan as a monocultural society. Former Japanese Prime Minister and current Finance Minister Tarō Asō described Japan as being a nation of "one race, one civilization, one language and one culture", which drew criticism from representatives of ethnic minorities such as the Ainu.[243]
Japan has the second longest overall life expectancy at birth of any country in the world: 83.5 years for persons born in the period 2010–2015.[22][244] The Japanese population is rapidly aging as a result of a post–World War II baby boom followed by a decrease in birth rates. In 2012, about 24.1 percent of the population was over 65, and the proportion is projected to rise to almost 40 percent by 2050.[245]
v
t
e
Largest cities or towns in Japan
2010 Census
Rank
Name
Prefecture
Pop.
Rank
Name
Prefecture
Pop.

Special wards of Tokyo

Yokohama 1 Special wards of Tokyo Tokyo 8,949,447 11 Hiroshima Hiroshima 1,174,209
Osaka

Nagoya
2 Yokohama Kanagawa 3,689,603 12 Sendai Miyagi 1,045,903
3 Osaka Osaka 2,666,371 13 Kitakyushu Fukuoka 977,288
4 Nagoya Aichi 2,263,907 14 Chiba Chiba 962,130
5 Sapporo Hokkaido 1,914,434 15 Sakai Osaka 842,134
6 Kobe Hyōgo 1,544,873 16 Niigata Niigata 812,192
7 Kyoto Kyoto 1,474,473 17 Hamamatsu Shizuoka 800,912
8 Fukuoka Fukuoka 1,463,826 18 Kumamoto Kumamoto 734,294
9 Kawasaki Kanagawa 1,425,678 19 Sagamihara Kanagawa 717,561
10 Saitama Saitama 1,222,910 20 Shizuoka Shizuoka 716,328
Religion
Main article: Religion in Japan
Religion in Japan (data from 2000)[8]
Folk Shinto, or "not religious"[note 1] (51.82%)
Buddhism (34.9%)
Shinto organisations and others (4%)
Christianity (2.3%)
No answer (6.98%)
The torii of Itsukushima Shinto Shrine near Hiroshima, one of the Three Views of Japan and a UNESCO World Heritage Site
The Byōdō-in Buddhist temple, located in Uji, Kyoto
Japan has full religious freedom based on Article 20 of its Constitution. Upper estimates suggest that 84–96 percent of the Japanese population subscribe to Shinto as its indigenous religion (50% to 80% of which considering degrees of syncretism with Buddhism, shinbutsu-shūgō).[246][247] However, these estimates are based on people affiliated with a temple, rather than the number of true believers. The number of Shinto shrines in Japan is estimated to be around 100,000. Other studies have suggested that only 30 percent of the population identify themselves as belonging to a religion.[248] According to Edwin Reischauer and Marius Jansen, some 70–80% of the Japanese do not consider themselves believers in any religion. Nevertheless, the level of participation remains high, especially during festivals and occasions such as the first shrine visit of the New Year. Taoism and Confucianism from China have also influenced Japanese beliefs and customs.[249] Japanese streets are decorated on Tanabata, Obon and Christmas.[247]
Shinto is the largest religion in Japan, practiced by nearly 80% of the population, yet only a small percentage of these identify themselves as "Shintoists" in surveys. This is due to the fact that "Shinto" has different meanings in Japan: most of the Japanese attend Shinto shrines and beseech kami without belonging to Shinto organisations, and since there are no formal rituals to become a member of folk "Shinto", "Shinto membership" is often estimated counting those who join organised Shinto sects. Shinto has 100,000 shrines and 78,890 priests in the country.[250] Buddhism first arrived in Japan in the 6th century; it was introduced in the year 538 or 552[251] from the kingdom of Baekje in Korea.[251]
Christianity was first introduced into Japan by Jesuit missions starting in 1549.[252] Today, fewer than 1%[253][254][255] to 2.3% are Christians.[note 2] Most of them living in the western part of the country, where the missionaries' activities were greatest during the 16th century. Nagasaki Prefecture has the highest percentage of Christians: about 5.1% in 1996.[256] As of 2007[update], there are 32,036 Christian priests and pastors in Japan.[250] Throughout the latest century, some Western customs originally related to Christianity (including Western style weddings, Valentine's Day and Christmas) have become popular as secular customs among many Japanese.[257]
Islam in Japan is estimated to constitute, about 80–90%, of foreign born migrants and their children, primarily from Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Iran.[258] Much of the ethnic Japanese Muslims are those who convert upon marrying immigrant Muslims.[259] The Pew Research Center estimated that there were 185,000 Muslims in Japan in 2010.[260]
Other minority religions include Hinduism, Sikhism and Judaism, and since the mid-19th century numerous new religious movements have emerged in Japan.[261]
Languages
Main articles: Languages of Japan and Japanese language
More than 99 percent of the population speaks Japanese as their first language.[7] Japanese is an agglutinative language distinguished by a system of honorifics reflecting the hierarchical nature of Japanese society, with verb forms and particular vocabulary indicating the relative status of speaker and listener. Japanese writing uses kanji (Chinese characters) and two sets of kana (syllabaries based on cursive script and radical of kanji), as well as the Latin alphabet and Arabic numerals.[262]
Besides Japanese, the Ryukyuan languages (Amami, Kunigami, Okinawan, Miyako, Yaeyama, Yonaguni), also part of the Japonic language family, are spoken in the Ryukyu Islands chain. Few children learn these languages,[263] but in recent years the local governments have sought to increase awareness of the traditional languages. The Okinawan Japanese dialect is also spoken in the region. The Ainu language, which has no proven relationship to Japanese or any other language, is moribund, with only a few elderly native speakers remaining in Hokkaido.[264] Public and private schools generally require students to take Japanese language classes as well as English language courses.[265][266]
Problems
The changes in demographic structure have created a number of social issues, particularly a potential decline in workforce population and increase in the cost of social security benefits such as the public pension plan.[267] A growing number of younger Japanese are not marrying or remain childless.[268] In 2011, Japan's population dropped for a fifth year, falling by 204,000 people to 126.24 million people. This was the greatest decline since at least 1947, when comparable figures were first compiled.[269] This decline was made worse by the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami, which killed nearly 16,000 people.[270]
Japan's population is expected to drop to 95 million by 2050;[245][271] demographers and government planners are currently in a heated debate over how to cope with this problem.[268] Immigration and birth incentives are sometimes suggested as a solution to provide younger workers to support the nation's ageing population.[272][273] Japan accepts an average flow of 9,500 new Japanese citizens by naturalization per year.[274] According to the UNHCR, in 2012 Japan accepted just 18 refugees for resettlement,[275] while the United States took in 76,000.[276]
Japan suffers from a high suicide rate.[277][278] In 2009, the number of suicides exceeded 30,000 for the twelfth successive year.[279] Suicide is the leading cause of death for people under 30.[280]
Education
Main article: Education in Japan
Students celebrating after the announcement of the results of the entrance examinations to the University of Tokyo
Primary schools, secondary schools and universities were introduced in 1872 as a result of the Meiji Restoration.[281] Since 1947, compulsory education in Japan comprises elementary and middle school, which together last for nine years (from age 6 to age 15). Almost all children continue their education at a three-year senior high school.
Japan's education system played a central part in the country's recovery and rapid economic growth in the decades following the end of World War II. After World War II, the Fundamental Law of Education and the School Education Law were enacted. The latter law defined the school system that would be in effect for many decades: six years of elementary school, three years of junior high school, three years of high school, and two or four years of university. Starting in April 2016, various schools began the academic year with elementary school and junior high school integrated into one nine-year compulsory schooling program, in hopes to mitigate bullying and truancy; MEXT plans for this approach to be adopted nationwide in the coming years.[282] In Japan, having a strong educational background greatly improves the likelihood of finding a job and earning enough money to support oneself. Highly educated individuals are less affected by unemployment trends as higher levels of educational attainment make an individual more attractive in the workforce. The lifetime earnings also increase with each level of education attained. Furthermore, skills needed in the modern 21st century labor market are becoming more knowledge-based and strong aptitude in science and mathematics are more strong predictors of employment prospects in Japan's highly technological economy.[283]
Japan is one of the top-performing OECD countries in reading literacy, maths and sciences with the average student scoring 540 and has one of the worlds highest-educated labor forces among OECD countries.[284] The Japanese populace is well educated and its society highly values education as a platform for social mobility and for gaining employment in the country's competitive high-tech economy. The country's large pool of highly educated and skilled individuals is largely responsible for ushering Japan's post-war economic growth. Tertiary-educated adults in Japan, particularly graduates in sciences and engineering benefit economically and socially from their education and skills in the country's high tech economy.[283] Spending on education as a proportion of GDP is below the OECD average. Although expenditure per student is comparatively high in Japan, total expenditure relative to GDP remains small.[283] In 2015, Japan's public spending on education amounted to just 3.5 percent of its GDP, below the OECD average of 4.7%.[285] In 2014, the country ranked fourth for the percentage of 25- to 64-year-olds that have attained tertiary education with 48 percent. In addition, bachelor's degrees are held by 59 percent of Japanese aged 25–34, the second most in the OECD after South Korea.[19] As the Japanese economy is largely scientific and technological based, the labor market demands people who have achieved some form of higher education, particularly related to science and engineering in order to gain a competitive edge when searching for employment opportunities. About 75.9 percent of high school graduates attended a university, junior college, trade school, or other higher education institution.[286]
The two top-ranking universities in Japan are the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University,[287][288] which have produced 16 Nobel Prize laureates. The Programme for International Student Assessment coordinated by the OECD currently ranks the overall knowledge and skills of Japanese 15-year-olds as sixth best in the world.[289]
Health
Main articles: Health in Japan and Health care system in Japan
In Japan, health care is provided by national and local governments. Payment for personal medical services is offered through a universal health insurance system that provides relative equality of access, with fees set by a government committee. People without insurance through employers can participate in a national health insurance program administered by local governments. Since 1973, all elderly persons have been covered by government-sponsored insurance.[290] Patients are free to select the physicians or facilities of their choice.[291]
Culture
Main article: Culture of Japan
See also: Japanese popular culture
Part of a series on the
Culture of Japan
History
People
Languages
Traditions[show]
Values
Etiquette
Marriage
Funerals
Tea ceremony
Geisha
Onsen / Sentō
Clothing
Games
Mythology and folklore[show]
Mythology
folklore
Cuisine
Festivals
Religion[show]
Buddhism
Christian
New religions
Shinto
Art[show]
Ikebana
Bonsai
Gardens
Pottery and porcelain
Literature[show]
Manga
Poetry
Music and performing arts[show]
Music
Performing arts
Media[show]
Television
Cinema
Mobile phone culture
Anime
Sport[show]
Martial arts
Monuments[show]
World Heritage Sites
Architecture
Symbols[show]
Flag
Coat of arms
Organisations[show]
Museums
Japan portal
v
t
e
Japanese culture has evolved greatly from its origins. Contemporary culture combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America. Traditional Japanese arts include crafts such as ceramics, textiles, lacquerware, swords and dolls; performances of bunraku, kabuki, noh, dance, and rakugo; and other practices, the tea ceremony, ikebana, martial arts, calligraphy, origami, onsen, Geisha and games. Japan has a developed system for the protection and promotion of both tangible and intangible Cultural Properties and National Treasures.[292] Nineteen sites have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, fifteen of which are of cultural significance.[88]
Architecture
Main article: Japanese architecture
Kinkaku-ji or "The Temple of the Golden Pavilion" in Kyoto, Special Historic Site, Special Place of Scenic Beauty and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, whose torching by a monk in 1950 is the subject of a novel by Mishima
Japanese architecture is a combination between local and other influences. It has traditionally been typified by wooden structures, elevated slightly off the ground, with tiled or thatched roofs. Sliding doors (fusuma) were used in place of walls, allowing the internal configuration of a space to be customized for different occasions. People usually sat on cushions or otherwise on the floor, traditionally; chairs and high tables were not widely used until the 20th century. Since the 19th century, however, Japan has incorporated much of Western, modern, and post-modern architecture into construction and design, and is today a leader in cutting-edge architectural design and technology.
The introduction of Buddhism during the sixth century was a catalyst for large-scale temple building using complicated techniques in wood. Influence from the Chinese Tang and Sui dynasties led to the foundation of the first permanent capital in Nara. Its checkerboard street layout used the Chinese capital of Chang'an as a template for its design. A gradual increase in the size of buildings led to standard units of measurement as well as refinements in layout and garden design. The introduction of the tea ceremony emphasised simplicity and modest design as a counterpoint to the excesses of the aristocracy.
During the Meiji Restoration of 1868 the history of Japanese architecture was radically changed by two important events. The first was the Kami and Buddhas Separation Act of 1868, which formally separated Buddhism from Shinto and Buddhist temples from Shinto shrines, breaking an association between the two which had lasted well over a thousand years.[293]
Second, it was then that Japan underwent a period of intense Westernization in order to compete with other developed countries. Initially architects and styles from abroad were imported to Japan but gradually the country taught its own architects and began to express its own style. Architects returning from study with western architects introduced the International Style of modernism into Japan. However, it was not until after the Second World War that Japanese architects made an impression on the international scene, firstly with the work of architects like Kenzō Tange and then with theoretical movements like Metabolism.
Art
Further information: Japanese art, Japanese garden, and Japanese aesthetics
The Shrines of Ise have been celebrated as the prototype of Japanese architecture.[294] Largely of wood, traditional housing and many temple buildings see the use of tatami mats and sliding doors that break down the distinction between rooms and indoor and outdoor space.[295] Japanese sculpture, largely of wood, and Japanese painting are among the oldest of the Japanese arts, with early figurative paintings dating back to at least 300 BC. The history of Japanese painting exhibits synthesis and competition between native Japanese aesthetics and adaptation of imported ideas.[296]
The interaction between Japanese and European art has been significant: for example ukiyo-e prints, which began to be exported in the 19th century in the movement known as Japonism, had a significant influence on the development of modern art in the West, most notably on post-Impressionism.[296] Famous ukiyo-e artists include Hokusai and Hiroshige.
Japanese comics, known as manga, developed in the 20th century and have become popular worldwide.[297] Rakuten Kitazawa was first to use the word "manga" in the modern sense.[298] Japanese-made video game consoles have been popular since the 1980s.[299]
Hirado ware porcelain censers in the form of tiger and figurine with fan, brown and blue glazes
19th-century ukiyo-e woodblock print The Great Wave off Kanagawa
Example of Japanese calligraphy (書道 shodō)
An anime store in Akihabara, Tokyo
Animation
Japanese animated films and television series, known as anime, were largely influenced by Japanese manga and have been extensively popular in the West. Japan is a world-renowned powerhouse of animation.[300]
Music
Main article: Music of Japan
Masayo Ishigure playing 13-strings Koto
Japanese music is eclectic and diverse. Many instruments, such as the koto, were introduced in the 9th and 10th centuries. The accompanied recitative of the Noh drama dates from the 14th century and the popular folk music, with the guitar-like shamisen, from the sixteenth.[301] Western classical music, introduced in the late 19th century, now forms an integral part of Japanese culture. The imperial court ensemble Gagaku has influenced the work of some modern Western composers.[302]
Notable classical composers from Japan include Toru Takemitsu and Rentarō Taki. Popular music in post-war Japan has been heavily influenced by American and European trends, which has led to the evolution of J-pop, or Japanese popular music.[303] Karaoke is the most widely practiced cultural activity in Japan. A 1993 survey by the Cultural Affairs Agency found that more Japanese had sung karaoke that year than had participated in traditional pursuits such as flower arranging (ikebana) or tea ceremonies.[304]
Literature
Main articles: Japanese literature and Japanese poetry
12th-century illustrated handscroll of The Tale of Genji, a National Treasure
The earliest works of Japanese literature include the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki chronicles and the Man'yōshū poetry anthology, all from the 8th century and written in Chinese characters.[305][306] In the early Heian period, the system of phonograms known as kana (hiragana and katakana) was developed. The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter is considered the oldest Japanese narrative.[307] An account of Heian court life is given in The Pillow Book by Sei Shōnagon, while The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu is often described as the world's first novel.[308][309]
During the Edo period, the chōnin ("townspeople") overtook the samurai aristocracy as producers and consumers of literature. The popularity of the works of Saikaku, for example, reveals this change in readership and authorship, while Bashō revivified the poetic tradition of the Kokinshū with his haikai (haiku) and wrote the poetic travelogue Oku no Hosomichi.[310] The Meiji era saw the decline of traditional literary forms as Japanese literature integrated Western influences. Natsume Sōseki and Mori Ōgai were the first "modern" novelists of Japan, followed by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, Yukio Mishima and, more recently, Haruki Murakami. Japan has two Nobel Prize-winning authors—Yasunari Kawabata (1968) and Kenzaburō Ōe (1994).[307]
Philosophy
Main article: Japanese philosophy
Kitaro Nishida, one of the most notable Japanese philosophers
Japanese Philosophy has historically been a fusion of both foreign; particularly Chinese and Western, and uniquely Japanese elements. In its literary forms, Japanese philosophy began about fourteen centuries ago.
Archaeological evidence and early historical accounts suggest that Japan was originally an animistic culture, which viewed the world as infused with kami (神) or sacred presence as taught by Shinto, though it is not a philosophy as such, but has greatly influenced all other philosophies in their Japanese interpretations.[311]
Confucianism entered Japan from China around the 5th century A.D., as did Buddhism.[312] Confucian ideals are still evident today in the Japanese concept of society and the self, and in the organization of the government and the structure of society.[312] Buddhism has profoundly impacted Japanese psychology, metaphysics, and aesthetics.[313]
Indigenous ideas of loyalty and honour have been held since the 16th century. Western philosophy has had its major impact in Japan only since the middle of the 19th century.
Cuisine
Main article: Japanese cuisine
Breakfast at a ryokan or inn
Maiko preparing teacups for tea ceremony
Japanese cuisine is based on combining staple foods, typically Japanese rice or noodles, with a soup and okazu—dishes made from fish, vegetable, tofu and the like—to add flavor to the staple food. In the early modern era ingredients such as red meats that had previously not been widely used in Japan were introduced. Japanese cuisine is known for its emphasis on seasonality of food,[314] quality of ingredients and presentation. Japanese cuisine offers a vast array of regional specialties that use traditional recipes and local ingredients. The phrase ichijū-sansai (一汁三菜, "one soup, three sides") refers to the makeup of a typical meal served, but has roots in classic kaiseki, honzen, and yūsoku cuisine. The term is also used to describe the first course served in standard kaiseki cuisine nowadays.[315]
Traditional Japanese sweets are known as wagashi. Ingredients such as red bean paste and mochi are used. More modern-day tastes includes green tea ice cream, a very popular flavor. Almost all manufacturers produce a version of it. Kakigori is a shaved ice dessert flavored with syrup or condensed milk. It is usually sold and eaten at summer festivals. Popular Japanese beverages such as sake, which is a brewed rice beverage that, typically, contains 15%~17% alcohol and is made by multiple fermentation of rice. Beer has been brewed in Japan since the late 1800s and is produced in many regions by companies including Asahi Breweries, Kirin Brewery, and Sapporo Brewery – the oldest brand of beer in Japan. The Michelin Guide has awarded restaurants in Japan more Michelin stars than the rest of the world combined.[316]
Sushi (寿司)
Ramen (ラーメン)
Tempura (天ぷら)
Wagashi (和菓子) served with matcha (抹茶)
Holidays
Main article: Public holidays in Japan
Young ladies celebrate Coming of Age Day (成人の日 Seijin no Hi) in Harajuku, Tokyo
Officially, Japan has 16 national, government-recognized holidays. Public holidays in Japan are regulated by the Public Holiday Law (国民の祝日に関する法律 Kokumin no Shukujitsu ni Kansuru Hōritsu) of 1948.[317] Beginning in 2000, Japan implemented the Happy Monday System, which moved a number of national holidays to Monday in order to obtain a long weekend. In 2006, the country decided to add Shōwa Day, a new national holiday, in place of Greenery Day on April 29, and to move Greenery Day to May 4. These changes took effect in 2007. In 2014, the House of Councillors decided to add Mountain Day (山の日, Yama no Hi) to the Japanese calendar on August 11, after lobbying by the Japanese Alpine Club. It is intended to coincide with the Bon Festival vacation time, giving Japanese people an opportunity to appreciate Japan's mountains.[318][319]
The national holidays in Japan are New Year's Day on January 1, Coming of Age Day on Second Monday of January, National Foundation Day on February 11, Vernal Equinox Day on March 20 or 21, Shōwa Day on April 29, Constitution Memorial Day on May 3, Greenery Day on May 4, Children's Day on May 5, Marine Day on Third Monday of July, Mountain Day on August 11, Respect for the Aged Day on Third Monday of September, Autumnal Equinox on September 23 or 24, Health and Sports Day on Second Monday of October, Culture Day on November 3, Labour Thanksgiving Day on November 23, and The Emperor's Birthday on December 23.[320]
Festivals
Main article: Japanese festivals
Popular Japanese festival, Hanami celebration at Ueno Park, Tokyo
There are many festivals in Japan, which are called in Japanese as matsuri (祭) which celebrate annually. There are no specific festival days for all of Japan; dates vary from area to area, and even within a specific area, but festival days do tend to cluster around traditional holidays such as Setsubun or Obon. Festivals are often based around one event, with food stalls, entertainment, and carnival games to keep people entertained. Its usually sponsored by a local shrine or temple, though they can be secular.[321]
Notable festival often feature processions which may include elaborate floats. Preparation for these processions is usually organised at the level of neighborhoods, or machi (町). Prior to these, the local kami may be ritually installed in mikoshi and paraded through the streets, such as Gion in Kyoto, and Hadaka in Okayama.[321]
Sports
Main article: Sport in Japan
Sumo wrestlers form around the referee during the ring-entering ceremony
National High School Baseball Championship at Koshien Stadium
Traditionally, sumo is considered Japan's national sport.[322] Japanese martial arts such as judo, karate and kendo are also widely practiced and enjoyed by spectators in the country. After the Meiji Restoration, many Western sports were introduced in Japan and began to spread through the education system.[323]
Japan hosted the Summer Olympics in Tokyo in 1964 and the Winter Olympics in Sapporo in 1972 and Nagano in 1998.[324] Further, the country hosted the official 2006 Basketball World Championship.[325] Tokyo will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, making Tokyo the first Asian city to host the Olympics twice.[326] The country gained the hosting rights for the official Women's Volleyball World Championship on five occasions (1967, 1998, 2006, 2010, 2018), more than any other nation.[327] Japan is the most successful Asian Rugby Union country, winning the Asian Five Nations a record 6 times and winning the newly formed IRB Pacific Nations Cup in 2011. Japan will host the 2019 IRB Rugby World Cup.[328]
Baseball is currently the most popular spectator sport in the country. Japan's top professional league, now known as Nippon Professional Baseball, was established in 1936[329] and is widely considered to be the highest level of professional baseball in the world outside of the North American Major Leagues. Since the establishment of the Japan Professional Football League in 1992, association football has also gained a wide following.[330] Japan was a venue of the Intercontinental Cup from 1981 to 2004 and co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World Cup with South Korea.[331] Japan has one of the most successful football teams in Asia, winning the Asian Cup four times.[332] Also, Japan recently won the FIFA Women's World Cup in 2011.[333] Golf is also popular in Japan,[334] as are forms of auto racing like the Super GT series and Formula Nippon.[335] The country has produced one NBA player, Yuta Tabuse.[336]
Media
Main article: Media of Japan
Fuji TV headquarters in Tokyo
NHK Broadcasting Building in Osaka
Television and newspapers take an important role in Japanese mass media, though radio and magazines also take a part.[337][338] For a long time, newspapers were regarded as the most influential information medium in Japan, although audience attitudes towards television changed with the emergence of commercial news broadcasting in the mid-1980s.[337] Over the last decade, television has clearly come to surpass newspapers as Japan's main information and entertainment medium.[339]
There are 6 nationwide television networks: NHK (public broadcasting), Nippon Television (NTV), Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS), Fuji Network System (FNS), TV Asahi (EX) and TV Tokyo Network (TXN).[338] For the most part, television networks were established based on capital investments by existing radio networks. Variety shows, serial dramas, and news constitute a large percentage of Japanese television show. According to the 2015 NHK survey on television viewing in Japan, 79 percent of Japanese watch television every day. The average daily duration of television viewing was three hours.[340]
Japanese readers have a choice of approximately 120 daily newspapers with a total of 50 million copies of set paper with an average subscription rate of 1.13 newspapers per household.[341] The main newspaper's publishers are Yomiuri Shimbun, Asahi Shimbun, Mainichi Shimbun, Nikkei Shimbun and Sankei Shimbun. According to a survey conducted by the Japanese Newspaper Association in June 1999, 85.4 per cent of men and 75 per cent of women read a newspaper every day. Average daily reading times vary with 27.7 minutes on weekdays and 31.7 minutes on holidays and Sunday.[339]
See also
Japan portal
Islands portal
Asia portal
Housing in Japan
Index of Japan-related articles
Outline of Japan
References
Jump up ^ "National Flag and National Anthem". Retrieved January 29, 2017. The Rising Sun Flag and "Kimi Ga Yo" are respectively the national flag and anthem of Japan. This was formalized in 1999 with the Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem.
Jump up ^ "Explore Japan National Flag and National Anthem". Retrieved January 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "National Symbols". Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "History of Tokyo". Retrieved January 29, 2017. The Edo Period lasted for nearly 260 years until the Meiji Restoration in 1868, when the Tokugawa Shogunate ended and imperial rule was restored. The Emperor moved to Edo, which was renamed Tokyo. Thus, Tokyo became the capital of Japan
^ Jump up to: a b 法制執務コラム集「法律と国語・日本語」 (in Japanese). Legislative Bureau of the House of Councillors. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Japan Languages". Retrieved January 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "CIA Factbook: Japan". Cia.gov. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dentsu Communication Institute, Japan Research Center: Sixty Countries' Values Databook (世界60カ国価値観データブック) (2000).
Jump up ^ According to legend, Japan was founded on this date by Emperor Jimmu, the country's first Emperor.
Jump up ^ "Facts about Japan, General Information". Retrieved January 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "最新結果一覧　政府統計の総合窓口　GL08020101". Statistics Bureau of Japan. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2017 – Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". International Monetary Fund (IMF). Retrieved April 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "World Factbook: Gini Index". CIA. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2016 Human Development Report" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "「東京都の人口（推計）」の概要（平成26年2月1日現在） (2014)". Tokyo Metropolitan Government (JPN). Retrieved March 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Seven Great Powers". American-Interest. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ T. V. Paul; James J. Wirtz; Michel Fortmann (2005). "Great+power" Balance of Power. United States of America: State University of New York Press, 2005. pp. 59, 282. ISBN 0-7914-6401-6. Accordingly, the great powers after the Cold War are Britain, China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, and the United States p.59
Jump up ^ Baron, Joshua (January 22, 2014). Great Power Peace and American Primacy: The Origins and Future of a New International Order. United States: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-137-29948-7.
^ Jump up to: a b "OECD.Stat Education and Training > Education at a Glance > Educational attainment and labor-force status > Educational attainment of 25–64 year-olds". OECD.
Jump up ^ "SIPRI Yearbook 2012–15 countries with the highest military expenditure in 2011". Sipri.org. Archived from the original on March 28, 2010. Retrieved April 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "WHO Life expectancy". World Health Organization. June 1, 2013. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Table A.17" (PDF). United Nations World Population Prospects, 2006 revision. UN. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Where does the name Japan come from?". Retrieved January 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Piggott, Joan R. (1997). The emergence of Japanese kingship. Stanford University Press. pp. 143–144. ISBN 0-8047-2832-1.
Jump up ^ "121 AD: Wakoku, The Land Of The Submissive Dwarf People?". Retrieved January 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Why Japan is Japan? How Japan became Japan?". Retrieved January 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Wa: The Spirit of Harmony and Japanese Design Today | Concept, Works, and Catalogue". Retrieved January 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Boxer, Charles Ralph (1951). The Christian century in Japan 1549–1650. University of California Press. pp. 1–14. ISBN 1-85754-035-2.
Jump up ^ Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries, ed. (October 13, 2004). Word Histories and Mysteries: From Abracadabra to Zeus. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780547350271. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)
Jump up ^ C. R. Boxer, The Christian Century In Japan 1549–1650, University of California Press, 1951p. 11, 28–36, 49–51, ISBN 1-85754-035-2
Jump up ^ Mancall, Peter C. (2006). "Of the Ilande of Giapan, 1565". Travel narratives from the age of discovery: an anthology. Oxford University Press. pp. 156–157.
Jump up ^ Batchelor, Robert K. (January 6, 2014). London: The Selden Map and the Making of a Global City, 1549–1689. University of Chicago Press. pp. 76, 79. ISBN 978-0226080796. In Richard Wille's 1577 book "The History of Travalye in the West and East Indies"
Jump up ^ Frédéric, Louis (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 143. ISBN 0674007700. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kelly, Charles F. "Kofun Culture", Japanese Archaeology. April 27, 2009.
Jump up ^ Kitagawa, Joseph. (1987). On Understanding Japanese Religion', p. 145, at Google Books; excerpt: "emphasis on the undisrupted chronological continuity from myths to legends and from legends to history, it is difficult to determine where one ends and the next begins. At any rate, the first ten legendary emperors are clearly not reliable historical records."
Boleslaw Szczesniak, "The Sumu-Sanu Myth. Notes and Remarks on the Jimmu Tenno Myth", in Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 10, No. 1/2 (1954), pp. 107–126.
Jump up ^ Travis, John. "Jomon Genes". University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ Matsumara, Hirofumi; Dodo, Yukio; Dodo, Yukio (2009). "Dental characteristics of Tohoku residents in Japan: implications for biological affinity with ancient Emishi". Anthropological Science. 117 (2): 95–105. doi:10.1537/ase.080325.
Jump up ^ Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, TM; Park, H; Omoto, K; Harihara, S; Stoneking, M; Horai, S; et al. (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.
Jump up ^ Denoon, Donald; Hudson, Mark (2001). Multicultural Japan: palaeolithic to postmodern. Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–23. ISBN 0-521-00362-8.
Jump up ^ "Road of rice plant". National Science Museum of Japan. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Kofun Period". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Yayoi Culture". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ Takashi, Okazaki; Goodwin, Janet (1993). "Japan and the continent". The Cambridge history of Japan, Volume 1: Ancient Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 275. ISBN 0-521-22352-0.
Jump up ^ Brown, Delmer M., ed. (1993). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–149.
Jump up ^ Beasley, William Gerald (1999). The Japanese Experience: A Short History of Japan. University of California Press. p. 42. ISBN 0-520-22560-0.
Jump up ^ Totman, Conrad (2002). A History of Japan. Blackwell. pp. 64–79. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
Jump up ^ Hays, J.N. (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. p. 31. ISBN 1-85109-658-2.
Jump up ^ Totman, Conrad (2002). A History of Japan. Blackwell. pp. 79–87, 122–123. ISBN 978-1-4051-2359-4.
Jump up ^ Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. pp. 106–112. ISBN 1-4051-2359-1.
Jump up ^ Sansom, George (1961). A History of Japan: 1334–1615. Stanford University Press. pp. 42, 217. ISBN 0-8047-0525-9.
Jump up ^ Turnbull, Stephen (2010). Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Osprey Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-84603-960-7.
Jump up ^ Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. pp. 142–143. ISBN 1-4051-2359-1.
Jump up ^ Toby, Ronald P. (1977). "Reopening the Question of Sakoku: Diplomacy in the Legitimation of the Tokugawa Bakufu". Journal of Japanese Studies. 3 (2): 323–363. doi:10.2307/132115. JSTOR 132115.
Jump up ^ Ohtsu, M.; Ohtsu, Makoto (1999). "Japanese National Values and Confucianism". Japanese Economy. 27 (2): 45–59. doi:10.2753/JES1097-203X270245.
Jump up ^ Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. pp. 289–296. ISBN 1-4051-2359-1.
Jump up ^ Matsusaka, Y. Tak (2009). "The Japanese Empire". In Tsutsui, William M. Companion to Japanese History. Blackwell. pp. 224–241. ISBN 978-1-4051-1690-9.
Jump up ^ Hiroshi, Shimizu; Hitoshi, Hirakawa (1999). Japan and Singapore in the world economy: Japan's economic advance into Singapore, 1870–1965. Routledge. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-415-19236-1.
Jump up ^ "The Axis Alliance". iBiblio. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. p. 442. ISBN 1-4051-2359-1.
Jump up ^ "Soviets declare war on Japan; invade Manchuria – Aug 08, 1945". History.com. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Judgment International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Chapter VIII: Conventional War Crimes (Atrocities)". iBiblio. November 1948.
Jump up ^ Worth, Roland H., Jr. (1995). No Choice But War: the United States Embargo Against Japan and the Eruption of War in the Pacific. McFarland. pp. 56, 86. ISBN 0-7864-0141-9.
Jump up ^ インドネシア独立運動と日本とスカルノ（２）. 馬 樹禮 (in Japanese). 産経新聞社. April 2005. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Kingdom of the Netherlands Declares War with Japan". iBiblio. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ Pape, Robert A. (1993). "Why Japan Surrendered". International Security. 18 (2): 154–201. doi:10.2307/2539100. JSTOR 2539100.
Jump up ^ Watt, Lori (2010). When Empire Comes Home: Repatriation and Reintegration in Postwar Japan. Harvard University Press. pp. 1–4. ISBN 978-0-674-05598-8.
Jump up ^ Thomas, J.E. (1996). Modern Japan. Longman. pp. 284–287. ISBN 0-582-25962-2.
Jump up ^ Coleman, Joseph (March 6, 2007). "'52 coup plot bid to rearm Japan: CIA". The Japan Times. Retrieved April 3, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Japan scraps zero interest rates". BBC News. July 14, 2006. Retrieved December 28, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b Fackler, Martin; Drew, Kevin (March 11, 2011). "Devastation as Tsunami Crashes Into Japan". The New York Times. Retrieved March 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ McCargo, Duncan (2000). Contemporary Japan. Macmillan. pp. 8–11. ISBN 0-333-71000-2.
Jump up ^ "Japan". US Department of State. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "World Population Prospects". UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Archived from the original on March 21, 2007. Retrieved March 27, 2007.
Jump up ^ Barnes, Gina L. (2003). "Origins of the Japanese Islands" (PDF). University of Durham. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Tectonics and Volcanoes of Japan". Oregon State University. Archived from the original on February 4, 2007. Retrieved March 27, 2007.
Jump up ^ James, C.D. (2002). "The 1923 Tokyo Earthquake and Fire" (PDF). University of California Berkeley. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 16, 2007. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "M 9.1 – near the east coast of Honshu, Japan". Earthquake.usgs.gov. July 11, 2016. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Israel, Brett (March 14, 2011). "Japan's Explosive Geology Explained". Live Science. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ 2013 World Risk Report Archived August 16, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c Karan, Pradyumna Prasad; Gilbreath, Dick (2005). Japan in the 21st century. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 18–21, 41. ISBN 0-8131-2342-9.
Jump up ^ "Climate". JNTO. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Extremely hot conditions in Japan in midsummer 2013" (PDF). Tokyo Climate Center, Japan Meteorological Agency. August 13, 2013. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Essential Info: Climate". JNTO. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Flora and Fauna: Diversity and regional uniqueness". Embassy of Japan in the USA. Archived from the original on February 13, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Wildlife in Japan" (PDF). Ministry of the Environment. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 23, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ "National Parks of Japan". Ministry of the Environment. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Annotated Ramsar List: Japan". Ramsar. Archived from the original on September 17, 2011. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Japan – Properties Inscribed on the World Heritage List". UNESCO. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ 日本の大気汚染の歴史 (in Japanese). Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Sekiyama, Takeshi. "Japan's international cooperation for energy efficiency and conservation in Asian region" (PDF). Energy Conservation Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 16, 2008. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Environmental Performance Review of Japan" (PDF). OECD. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Elaine Kurtenbach (June 6, 2015). "At G-7, Japan's energy plan is not all that green". Associated Press.
Jump up ^ "Environmental Performance Index: Japan". Yale University. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Japan sees extra emission cuts to 2020 goal – minister". Reuters. June 24, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Constitution of Japan". Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet. November 3, 1946. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved February 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Japan lowers voting age from 20 to 18 to better reflect young people's opinions in policies". The Straits Times. June 20, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fackler, Martin (December 27, 2013). "Ex-Premier Is Chosen To Govern Japan Again". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Dean, Meryll (2002). Japanese legal system: text, cases & materials (2nd ed.). Cavendish. pp. 55–58. ISBN 978-1-85941-673-0.
Jump up ^ Kanamori, Shigenari (January 1, 1999). "German influences on Japanese Pre-War Constitution and Civil Code". European Journal of Law and Economics. 7 (1): 93–95. doi:10.1023/A:1008688209052.
Jump up ^ "The Japanese Judicial System". Office of the Prime Minister of Japan. Retrieved March 27, 2007.
Jump up ^ Dean, Meryll (2002). Japanese legal system: text, cases & materials (2nd ed.). Cavendish. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-85941-673-0.
Jump up ^ In Japanese, 43 of the prefectures are called "ken" (県), Kyoto and Osaka are "fu" (府), Hokkaido is a "dō" (道) and Tokyo is a "to" (都). Although different in name they are functionally the same.
Jump up ^ McCargo, Duncan (2000). Contemporary Japan. Macmillan. pp. 84–85. ISBN 0-333-71000-2.
Jump up ^ Mabuchi, Masaru (May 2001). "Municipal Amalgamation in Japan" (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved December 28, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Japan-Australia Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation between Japan and India". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. October 22, 2008. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Statistics from the Development Co-operation Report 2015". OECD. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Japan's Foreign Relations and Role in the World Today". Asia for Educators. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ MOFA, Japan's Northern Territories
Jump up ^ MOFA, The Issue of Takeshima
Jump up ^ MOFA, The Basic View on the Sovereignty over the Senkaku Islands
Jump up ^ "Japan and South Korea agree WW2 'comfort women' deal". BBC News. December 28, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Japanese Colony 1910–1945". koreanhistory.info. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ju, Hyujung (2014). "Transformations of the Korean Media Industry by the Korean Wave: The Perspective of Glocalization". Korean Popular Culture in Global Context – via ProQuest ebrary.
Jump up ^ "Abe and Moon hold first talks in Hamburg, agree to resume reciprocal visits". The Japan Times Online. July 7, 2017. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The 15 countries with the highest military expenditure in 2009". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from the original on February 17, 2011. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ 正論, May 2014 (171).
Jump up ^ Institute for Economics and Peace (2015). Global Peace Index 2015. Archived October 6, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 5, 2015
Jump up ^ "About RIMPAC". Government of Singapore. Archived from the original on August 6, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Tokyo says it will bring troops home from Iraq". International Herald Tribune. June 20, 2006. Archived from the original on April 16, 2007. Retrieved March 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Japan business lobby wants weapon export ban eased". Reuters. July 13, 2010. Retrieved April 12, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Japan's Security Policy". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.
Jump up ^ Michael Green. "Japan Is Back: Why Tokyo's New Assertiveness Is Good for Washington". Real Clear Politics. Retrieved March 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ "UK backs Japan for UNSC bid". Central Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 21, 2007. Retrieved March 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Abe offers Japan's help in maintaining regional security". Japan Herald. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Japan – Introduction". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved March 5, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Japan fires on 'intruding' boat". BBC. December 22, 2001.
Jump up ^ Herman, Steve (February 15, 2006). "Japan Mulls Constitutional Reform". Tokyo: Voice of America. Archived from the original on February 16, 2006.
Jump up ^ Fackler, Martin (December 16, 2010). "Japan Announces Defense Policy to Counter China". The New York Times. Retrieved December 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Tokyo Stock Exchange ranked third in Asia in 2014". Nikkei Asian Review. January 16, 2015. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Inman, James (January 21, 2011). "China confirmed as World's Second Largest Economy". The Guardian. London. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "World Factbook, Country comparison: Public debt". CIA. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Moody's cuts Japan's debt rating on deficit concerns". BBC News. August 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Manufacturing and Construction". Statistical Handbook of Japan. Statistics Bureau. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Fackler, Martin (April 21, 2010). "Japan Tries to Face Up to Growing Poverty Problem". The New York Times. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2008 Housing and Land Survey". Statistics Bureau. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Economic survey of Japan 2008". OECD. Archived from the original on November 9, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Foreign investment in Japan soars". BBC. June 29, 2005. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Japan's Economy: Free at last". The Economist. July 20, 2006. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Activist shareholders swarm in Japan". The Economist. June 28, 2007. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Japan's Best Global Brands 2017". Ranking the Brands. February 17, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Howe, Christopher (1996). The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy. Hurst & Company. pp. 58f. ISBN 1-85065-538-3.
Jump up ^ Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. pp. 312–314. ISBN 1-4051-2359-1.
Jump up ^ McCargo, Duncan (2000). Contemporary Japan. Macmillan. pp. 18–19. ISBN 0-333-71000-2.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Liam (January 1, 2000). "The "Asian economic miracle" unmasked: The political economy of the reality". International Journal of Social Economics. 27 (7–10): 802–815. doi:10.1108/03068290010335235.
Jump up ^ Masake, Hisane (March 2, 2006). "A farewell to zero". Asia Times. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Country/Economy Profiles: Japan". World Economic Forum. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Competitiveness Rankings". World Economic Forum. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Japan Country Report". Global Finance. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "As Farmers Age, Japan Rethinks Relationship With Food, Fields". PBS. June 12, 2012. Archived from the original on November 21, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Trip Report – Japan Agricultural Situation". United States Department of Agriculture. August 17, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Nagata, Akira; Chen, Bixia (May 22, 2012). "Urbanites Help Sustain Japan's Historic Rice Paddy Terraces". Our World. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "How will Japan's farms survive?". The Japan Times. June 28, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Japan – Agriculture". Nations Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "With fewer, bigger plots and fewer part-time farmers, agriculture could compete". The Economist. April 13, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "World review of fisheries and aquaculture". Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ Brown, Felicity (September 2, 2003). "Fish capture by country". The Guardian. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Japan". Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "World fisheries production, by capture and aquaculture, by country (2010)" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 25, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "UN tribunal halts Japanese tuna over-fishing". Asia Times. August 31, 1999. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Black, Richard (June 22, 2005). "Japanese whaling 'science' rapped". BBC News. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Japan". CIA World Factbook. November 3, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Forbes Global 2000". Forbes. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ OICA (2016). "Production Statistics". Retrieved November 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "2015 Global 2000: The World's Biggest Auto Companies". Forbes. May 6, 2015. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The era of Japanese consumer electronics giants is dead". cnet. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "What happened to Japan's electronic giants?". BBC News. April 2, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Why the sun has yet to set on Japanese shipbuilding". Seatrade Maritime News. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Fortune Global 500". CNNMoney. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The World's Biggest Public Companies". Forbes. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "National Newspapers Total Circulation 2011". International Federation of Audit Bureaux of Circulations. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Fujita, Junko (October 26, 2013). "Japan govt aims to list Japan Post in three years". Reuters. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Keiretsu of Japan". San José State University.
Jump up ^ Otake, Tomoko (January 19, 2016). "Visitors to Japan surge to record 19.73 million, spend all-time high ¥3.48 trillion" – via Japan Times Online.
Jump up ^ "2016 Foreign Visitors & Japanese Departures" (PDF). Retrieved January 29, 2017 – via Japan National Tourism Organization.
Jump up ^ Otake, Tomoko (January 29, 2017). "Number of foreign visitors to Japan tops 20 million mark for first time" – via Japan Times Online.
Jump up ^ "Japan Total Visitor Numbers Over 24 Million in 2016!". Japan National Tourism Organization-UK Global Office. Retrieved January 29, 2017 – via Japan Times Online.
Jump up ^ "Number of visitors to Japan". Retrieved January 29, 2017 – via Japan Macro Advisors.
Jump up ^ "SMAM Market Keyword (No.139)" (PDF). SMAM-jp.com. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Japan Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List". January 29, 2017 – via UNESCO.
Jump up ^ "UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2015 Edition" (Press release). UNWTO. June 25, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017" (PDF). World Economic Forum. April 2017.
Jump up ^ "2015年推計値" (PDF). Japan National Tourism Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Dickie, Mure (January 26, 2011). "Tourists flock to Japan despite China spat". The Financial Times. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tokyu Group in steadfast pursuit of Chinese tourists". TTGmice. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bhattacharjya, Samhati (May 17, 2016). "Japan to offer 10-year multi-entry visas for Chinese as part of tourism push". International Business Times. Retrieved May 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Bloomberg Innovation Index". Bloomberg.
Jump up ^ David Shamah (February 4, 2015). "Bloomberg: Israel Is World's 5th Most Innovative Country, Ahead Of US, UK". No Camels. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ McDonald, Joe (December 4, 2006). "China to spend $136 billion on R&D". BusinessWeek.
Jump up ^ "Invest in Israel – Where Breakthroughs Happen" (PDF). Investment Promotion Center. Industry, Trade and Labor Ministry. December 4, 2011. p. 17. Retrieved October 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Japanese Nobel Laureates". Kyoto University. 2009. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Japanese Fields Medalists". Kyoto University. 2009. Archived from the original on March 10, 2010. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Statistics – IFR International Federation of Robotics". Archived from the original on March 27, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Boom in Robot Investment Continues". UN Economic Commission for Europe. October 17, 2000. Retrieved December 28, 2006.
Jump up ^ Shteinbuk, Eduard (July 22, 2011). "R&D and Innovation as a Growth Engine" (PDF). National Research University – Higher School of Economics. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ "InvestinIsrael" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "World Motor Vehicle Production by Country" (PDF). OICA. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Japan wants citizens to donate their old phone to make 2020 Olympics medals".
Jump up ^ CNN, Temujin Doran and Katy Scott,. "Japan is building the fastest supercomputer in the world". CNN. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Homepage". Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. August 3, 2006. Archived from the original on March 21, 2007. Retrieved March 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ "ESA Science & Technology: Fact Sheet". esa.int. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Japan Plans Moon Base by 2030". MoonDaily. August 3, 2006. Retrieved March 27, 2007.
Jump up ^ ""KAGUYA" selected as SELENE's nickname". Retrieved October 13, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Japan Successfully Launches Lunar Explorer "Kaguya"". Japan Corporate News Network. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Japan launches first lunar probe". BBC News. September 14, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "JAXA, KAGUYA (SELENE) Image Taking of "Full Earth-Rise" by HDTV". Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Japanese probe crashes into Moon". BBC News. June 11, 2009. Retrieved April 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nobel Laureates and Country of Birth".
Jump up ^ "Nobel Prizes 2016".
Jump up ^ Pollack, Andrew (March 1, 1997). "Japan's Road to Deep Deficit is Paved with Public Works". The New York Times. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Transport". Statistical Handbook of Japan 2007. Statistics Bureau. Archived from the original on April 27, 2011. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Chapter 12 Transport – Microsoft Excel Sheet, Statistical Handbook of Japan
Jump up ^ "Road Bureau – MLIT Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism".
Jump up ^ "Transport in Japan". International Transport Statistics Database. International Road Assessment Program. Retrieved February 17, 2009. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ "About the Shinkansen – Safety". Central Japan Railway Company. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Corporate Culture as Strong Diving Force for Punctuality- Another "Just in Time"". Hitachi. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved April 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Japan to approve plans for a new super-train". The Independent. London. April 27, 2011. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Year to Date Passenger Traffic". Airports Council International. November 11, 2010. Archived from the original on January 11, 2011. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Nakagawa, Dai; Matsunaka, Ryoji (2006). Transport Policy and Funding. Elsevier. p. 63. ISBN 0-08-044852-6.
Jump up ^ "Port Profile". Port of Nagoya. Archived from the original on November 30, 2010. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Energy". Statistical Handbook of Japan 2013. Statistics Bureau. Retrieved February 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Tsukimori, Osamu (May 5, 2012). "Japan nuclear power-free as last reactor shuts". Reuters. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Japan governor approves Sendai reactor restart". BBC News. November 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Can nuclear power save Japan from peak oil?". Our World 2.0. February 2, 2011. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Japan". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ Waterworks Vision Summary, June 2004, retrieved on January 6, 2011
Jump up ^ Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare:Coverage, retrieved on January 6, 2011
Jump up ^ "World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision". ESA.UN.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Multicultural Japan' remains a pipe dream". Japan Times. March 27, 2007. Archived from the original on April 14, 2011. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Atsushi Kotani The Fascination of the Japanese Cultural Theory (日本文化論のインチキ) ISBN 978-4-344-98166-9 (Gentensei Shinko Shinbun, 2010)
Jump up ^ "Japan-born Koreans live in limbo". The New York Times. April 2, 2005. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Onishi, Norimitsu (November 1, 2008). "An Enclave of Brazilians Is Testing Insular Japan". The New York Times. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "'Home' is where the heartbreak is for Japanese-Peruvians". Asia Times. October 16, 1999. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Global Partners Report: 80,000 Americans Reside in Japan". Retrieved June 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Registered Foreigners in Japan by Nationality" (PDF). Statistics Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 24, 2005. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Fogarty, Philippa (June 6, 2008). "Recognition at last for Japan's Ainu". BBC. Retrieved June 7, 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Invisible Race". Time. January 8, 1973. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ McCormack, Gavan. "Dilemmas of Development on The Ogasawara Islands," JPRI Occasional Paper, No. 15 (August 1999).
Jump up ^ "Japan Statistical Yearbook 2016 Archived May 19, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.".
Jump up ^ John Lie Multiethnic Japan (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001)
Jump up ^ "Aso says Japan is nation of 'one race'". The Japan Times. October 18, 2005.
Jump up ^ "WHO: Life expectancy in Israel among highest in the world". Haaretz. May 2009. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Statistical Handbook of Japan 2013: Chapter 2—Population". Statistics Bureau. Retrieved February 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "A View of Religion in Japan". Archived from the original on January 23, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Reischauer, Edwin O.; Jansen, Marius B. (1988). The Japanese today: change and continuity (2nd ed.). Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-674-47184-9.
Jump up ^ Kisala, Robert (2005). Wargo, Robert, ed. The Logic Of Nothingness: A Study of Nishida Kitarō. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 0-8248-2284-6.
Jump up ^ Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. p. 72. ISBN 1-4051-2359-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society (2011) edited by Victoria Bestor, Theodore C. Bestor, and Akiko Yamagata, p. 65 ISBN 978-0-415-43649-6
^ Jump up to: a b Brown, 1993. p. 455
Jump up ^ Higashibaba, 2002. p. 1
Jump up ^ Mariko Kato (February 24, 2009). "Christianity's long history in the margins". The Japan Times. The Christian community itself counts only those who have been baptized and are currently regular churchgoers — some 1 million people, or less than 1 percent of the population, according to Nobuhisa Yamakita, moderator of the United Church of Christ in Japan
Jump up ^ "Christians use English to reach Japanese youth". Mission Network News. September 3, 2007. Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. The population of Japan is less than one-percent Christian
Jump up ^ Heide Fehrenbach, Uta G. Poiger (2000). Transactions, transgressions, transformations: American culture in Western Europe and Japan. Berghahn Books. p. 62. ISBN 1-57181-108-7. ... followers of the Christian faith constitute only about a half percent of the Japanese population
Jump up ^ Religion in Japan by prefecture. 1996 statistics.
Jump up ^ Kato, Mariko (February 24, 2009). "Christianity's long history in the margins". Japan Times.
Jump up ^ Emile A. Nakhleh, Keiko Sakurai and Michael Penn; "Islam in Japan: A Cause for Concern?", Asia Policy 5, January 2008
Jump up ^ Kawakami, Yasunori. "Local Mosques and the Lives of Muslims in Japan - The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus". www.japanfocus.org.
Jump up ^ "Table: Muslim Population by Country". Pew Research Center. January 27, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Clarke, Peter, ed. (1993). The World's religions : understanding the living faiths. Reader's Digest. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-89577-501-6.
Jump up ^ Miyagawa, Shigeru. "The Japanese Language". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Heinrich, Patrick (January 2004). "Language Planning and Language Ideology in the Ryūkyū Islands". Language Policy. 3 (2): 153–179. doi:10.1023/B:LPOL.0000036192.53709.fc.
Jump up ^ "15 families keep ancient language alive in Japan". UN. Archived from the original on January 6, 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2007.
Jump up ^ Ellington, Lucien (September 1, 2005). "Japan Digest: Japanese Education". Indiana University. Archived from the original on April 27, 2006. Retrieved April 27, 2006.
Jump up ^ Ambasciata d'Italia a Tokio: Lo studio della lingua e della cultura italiana in Giappone.
Jump up ^ Gonzalo Garland et al. "Dynamics of Demographic Development and its impact on Personal Saving : case of Japan", with Albert Ando, Andrea Moro, Juan Pablo Cordoba, in Ricerche Economiche, Vol 49, August 1995
^ Jump up to: a b Ogawa, Naohiro. "Demographic Trends and their implications for Japan's future". Transcript of speech delivered on 7 March 1997. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved May 14, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Japan Population Drops Most Since World War II". January 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ryall, Julian (January 3, 2012). "Japan's population contracts at fastest rate since at least 1947". The Telegraph. Retrieved October 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ "frm_Message". Retrieved October 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sakanaka, Hidenori (October 5, 2005). "Japan Immigration Policy Institute: Director's message". Japan Immigration Policy Institute. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved January 5, 2007.
Jump up ^ French, Howard (July 24, 2003). "Insular Japan Needs, but Resists, Immigration". The New York Times. Retrieved February 21, 2007.
Jump up ^ 帰化許可申請者数等の推移 (in Japanese). Ministry of Justice. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2012 saw record-high 2,545 people apply for refugee status in Japan". Japan Times. March 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Presidential Memorandum—Fiscal Year 2012 Refugee Admissions Numbers and Authorizations of In-Country Refugee Status". The White House. September 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ Strom, Stephanie (July 15, 1999). "In Japan, Mired in Recession, Suicides Soar". The New York Times. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Leo (June 19, 2008). "Japan gripped by suicide epidemic". The Times. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Bare statistics mask human cost of Japan's high suicide rate". Japan Today. March 31, 2010. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ozawa-de Silva, Chikako (December 2008). "Too Lonely to Die Alone: Internet Suicide Pacts and Existential Suffering in Japan". Cult Med Psychiatry. 32 (4): 516–551. doi:10.1007/s11013-008-9108-0. PMID 18800195.
Jump up ^ Ellington, Lucien (December 1, 2003). "Beyond the Rhetoric: Essential Questions About Japanese Education". Foreign Policy Research Institute. Archived from the original on April 5, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
Jump up ^ Jiji Press Staff (June 10, 2016). "Compulsory nine-year school system kicks off in Japan". The Japan Times. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Japan" (PDF). OECD. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Education OECD Better Life". OECD. Archived from the original on May 31, 2016. Retrieved May 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Tomoko Otake. "Public education spending in Japan lowest in OECD for sixth straight year". The Japan Times. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "School Education" (PDF). MEXT. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 2, 2008. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "TOP – 100". Global Universities Ranking. 2009. Retrieved March 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "QS World University Rankings 2010". QS TopUniversities. 2010. Archived from the original on April 3, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "OECD's PISA survey shows some countries making significant gains in learning outcomes". OECD. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Rodwin, Victor. "Health Care in Japan". New York University. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Health Insurance: General Characteristics". National Institute of Population and Social Security Research. Retrieved March 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Administration of Cultural Affairs in Japan". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ Stone, Jacqueline (December 1993). "Review of Of Heretics and Martyrs in Meiji Japan: Muslim and Its Persecution by James Edward Ketelaar". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 53 (2): 582–598. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ Tange, Kenzo; Kawazoe, Noboru (1965). Ise: Prototype of Japanese Architecture. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
Jump up ^ Kazuo, Nishi; Kazuo, Hozumi (1995). What is Japanese Architecture?: A Survey of Traditional Japanese Architecture with a List of Sites and a Map. Kodansha. ISBN 978-4-7700-1992-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Arrowsmith, Rupert Richard (2010). Modernism and the Museum: Asian, African, and Pacific Art and the London Avant-Garde. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959369-9.
Jump up ^ Kinko Ito (February 2005). "A History of Manga in the Context of Japanese Culture and Society". Journal of Popular Culture. 38 (3): 456–475. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.2005.00123.x.
Jump up ^ Shimizu 1985, pp. 53–54, 102–103
Jump up ^ Herman, Leonard; Horwitz, Jer; Kent, Steve; Miller, Skyler (2002). "The History of Video Games". GameSpot. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
Jump up ^ If you want to know Japan, See Animation Dong-ah-news, November 5, 2005 language = Korean
Jump up ^ Malm, William P. (2000). Traditional Japanese music and musical instruments (New ed.). Kodansha International. pp. 31–45. ISBN 978-4-7700-2395-7.
Jump up ^ See for example, Olivier Messiaen, Sept haïkaï (1962), (Olivier Messiaen: a research and information guide, Routledge, 2008, By Vincent Perez Benitez, p. 67) and (Messiaen the Theologian, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2010, pp. 243–265, By Andrew Shenton)
Jump up ^ Campion, Chris (August 22, 2005). "J-Pop History". The Observer. London. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
Jump up ^ Martinez, D.P., ed. (1998). The worlds of Japanese popular culture: gender, shifting boundaries and global cultures (Repr. ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-521-63729-9.
Jump up ^ Keene, Donald (2000). Seeds in the Heart: Japanese Literature from Earliest Times to the Late Sixteenth Century. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11441-7.
Jump up ^ "Asian Studies Conference, Japan (2000)". Meiji Gakuin University. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Windows on Asia—Literature : Antiquity to Middle Ages: Recent Past". Michigan State University. Archived from the original on December 3, 2005. Retrieved December 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. pp. 126–127. ISBN 1-4051-2359-1.
Jump up ^ Royall, Tyler, ed. (2003). The Tale of Genji. Penguin Classics. pp. i–ii, xii. ISBN 0-14-243714-X.
Jump up ^ Keene, Donald (1999). World Within Walls: Japanese Literature of the Pre-Modern Era, 1600–1867. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11467-7.
Jump up ^ http://www.univie.ac.at/rel_jap/k/images/0/03/Kuroda_1981.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b plato.stanford.edu/entries/japanese-confucian/
Jump up ^ Parkes, Graham (January 1, 2011). Zalta, Edward N., ed. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Jump up ^ "A Day in the Life: Seasonal Foods", 'The Japan Forum Newsletter, September 14, 1999.
Jump up ^ 読売新聞大阪本社 (2005). 雑学新聞 雑学新聞. PHP研究所. ISBN 978-4-569-64432-5. , p.158, explains that in the tea kaiseki, the
Jump up ^ 「ミシュランガイド東京・横浜・鎌倉2011」を発行　三つ星が14軒、 二つ星が54軒、一つ星が198軒に (in Japanese). Michelin Japan. November 24, 2010. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Nakamura, Akemi, "National holidays trace roots to China, ancients, harvests Archived July 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.", Japan Times, April 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ "「海の日」あるなら…「山の日」も、１６年から : 政治 : 読売新聞（YOMIURI ONLINE）". Yomiuri.co.jp. May 23, 2014. Retrieved May 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "8月11日「山の日」に＝16年から、改正祝日法成立 （時事通信） – Yahoo!ニュース". Headlines.yahoo.co.jp. May 23, 2014. Archived from the original on May 24, 2014. Retrieved May 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Public Holidays in Japan in 2016 – Office Holidays".
^ Jump up to: a b "Saidai-ji Eyo Hadaka Matsuri – Japan National Tourism Organization".
Jump up ^ "Sumo: East and West". PBS. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Culture and Daily Life". Embassy of Japan in the UK. Archived from the original on March 17, 2007. Retrieved March 27, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Olympic History in Japan". Japanese Olympic Committee. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2006 FIBA World Championship". FIBA. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "IOC selects Tokyo as host of 2020 Summer Olympic Games". July 21, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Game – World Championships – FIVB WOMEN'S WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS FINALS". FIVB. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "rugbyworldcup.com". Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Nagata, Yoichi; Holway, John B. (1995). "Japanese Baseball". In Palmer, Pete. Total Baseball (4th ed.). Viking Press. p. 547.
Jump up ^ "Soccer as a Popular Sport: Putting Down Roots in Japan" (PDF). The Japan Forum. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Previous FIFA World Cups". FIFA. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Team Japan". Asian Football Confederation. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Japan edge USA for maiden title". FIFA. July 17, 2011. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ Varcoe, Fred. "Japanese Golf Gets Friendly". Metropolis. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
Jump up ^ Clarke, Len. "Japanese Omnibus: Sports". Metropolis. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Hoop Dreams – Yuta Tabuse, "The Jordan of Japan"". Consulate General of Japan in New York. December 2004 – January 2005. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 5, 2004. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Australia, Barbara Gatzen, Australian National University, (April 17, 2001). "Media and Communication in Japan: Current Issues and Future Research".
^ Jump up to: a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on April 18, 2002. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Television Viewing and Media Use Today: From "The Japanese and Television 2015" Survey NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, Public Opinion Research Division. April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on April 18, 2002. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
Notes
Jump up ^ Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society (2011) edited by Victoria Bestor, Theodore C. Bestor, and Akiko Yamagata, pp. 66–67 ISBN 978-0-415-43649-6: 無宗教 mushūkyō, "no religion", in Japanese language and mindset identifies those people who do not belong to organised religion. To the Japanese, the term "religion" or "faith" means organized religions on the model of Christianity, that is a religion with specific doctrines and requirement for church membership. So, when asked "what is their religion", most of the Japanese answer that they "do not belong to any religion". According to NHK studies, those Japanese who identify with mushūkyō and therefore do not belong to any organised religion, actually take part in the folk ritual dimension of Shinto. Ama Toshimaru in Nihonjin wa naze mushukyo na no ka ("Why are the Japanese non-religious?") of 1996, explains that people who do not belong to organised religions but regularly pray and make offerings to ancestors and protective deities at private altars or Shinto shrines will identify themselves as mushukyo. Ama designates "natural religion" what NHK studies define as "folk religion", and other scholars have named "Nipponism" (Nipponkyō) or "common religion".
Jump up ^ According to the Dentsu survey of 2006: 1% Protestants, 0.8% members of the Catholic Church, and 0.5% members of the Orthodox Church.[8]
Further reading
Further information: Bibliography of Japanese history
Flath (2000). The Japanese Economy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-877503-2.
Henshall (2001). A History of Japan. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-23370-1.
Iwabuchi (2002). Recentering Globalization: Popular Culture and Japanese Transnationalism. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-2891-7.
Jansen (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Belknap. ISBN 0-674-00334-9.
Kato; et al. (1997). A History of Japanese Literature: From the Man'Yoshu to Modern Times. Japan Library. ISBN 1-873410-48-4.
Pilling, David (2014). Bending Adversity: Japan and the Art of Survival. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-1-84614-546-9.
Samuels (2008). Securing Japan: Tokyo's Grand Strategy and the Future of East Asia. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-7490-6.
Silverberg (2007). Erotic Grotesque Nonsense: The Mass Culture of Japanese Modern Times. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22273-3.
Sugimoto; et al. (2003). An Introduction to Japanese Society. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52925-5.
Taggart Murphy, R. (2014). Japan and the Shackles of the Past. Oxford and New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-984598-9.
Varley (2000). Japanese Culture. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2152-1.
External links
Find more aboutJapanat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Government
JAPANGOV – The Government of Japan
Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet, official site
The Imperial Household Agency, official site of the Imperial House of Japan
National Diet Library
Public Relations Office
Immigration Bureau of Japan
Travel
Japan National Tourist Organization
Accessible Japan, information for travelers with disabilities
General information
"Japan". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Japan from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Japan at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Japan Encyclopædia Britannica entry
Japan profile from BBC News
Japan from the OECD
Wikimedia Atlas of Japan
Geographic data related to Japan at OpenStreetMap
Key Development Forecasts for Japan from International Futures
[show]
Topics related to Japan
[show]
v
t
e
East Asia
Countries
China (Hong Kong • Macau)
Japan
Korea (North • South)
Mongolia
Taiwan
Ethnic groups
Han
Joseon
Mongols
Yamato
Culture
Age reckoning
Architecture
Art
Blepharoplasty
Buddhism
Calligraphy
Chopsticks
Cinema
Cuisine
Cultural sphere
Decorative knotwork
Dragon
Gardens
Gothic typeface
Han characters
Hell money
Hip-and-gable roof
Languages
Literature
Mādhyamaka
Music
Music industry
Mythology
Philosophy
Religion
Scripts
Seal
Sino-Xenic pronunciations
Stereotypes
Surnames
Yellow fever
Zodiac
Environment
East Asia Climate Partnership
Monsoon
Rainy season
Flora
Politics and economics
China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit
Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia
Capitalism
East Asia Summit
East Asian Bureau of Economic Research
East Asian Community
Four Asian Tigers
Human rights in East Asia
Ports
Stock exchanges
History
Archaeology
Archaeological cultures
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Former countries
Sports
EAFF East Asian Championship
East Asian Football Federation
East Asian Games
East Asian Judo Championships
Education
Association of East Asian Research Universities
CrossAsia
East Asian Bureau of Economic Research
East Asian Economic Review
East Asia Image Collection
East Asian Institute
East Asia Law Review
East Asian studies
Journal of East Asian Studies
Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute
Society for Cultural Interaction in East Asia
Military
Horses in East Asian warfare
Miyamoto Musashi
Sun Tzu
The Art of War
The Book of Five Rings
Science and technology
Needham Research Institute
Printing
Swords
Traditional medicine
[show]
v
t
e
Japan articles
History
Chronology
Prehistory
Paleolithic
Ancient history
Jōmon
Yayoi
Kofun
Antiquity history
Asuka
Nara
Heian
Post-antiquity history
Kamakura
Muromachi
Azuchi–Momoyama
Edo
Modern history
Bakumatsu
Empire of Japan
Meiji
Taishō
Shōwa
Post-war
Post-occupation
Heisei
By topic
Economic
Education
Military
Naval
Imperial Army
Imperial Navy
Overseas actions
Geography
Addresses
Archipelago
Cities
Districts
Earthquakes
Environment
Extreme points
Islands
Lakes
Prefectures
Regions
Rivers
Towns
Villages
Politics
Constitution
Pre-war
Elections
Emperor
list
Foreign relations
Human rights
LGBT
Judiciary
Law
Law enforcement
National Diet
House of Councillors
House of Representatives
Political parties
Self-Defense Forces
Air
Ground
Maritime
Government
Cabinet
Fiscal policy
Foreign policy
Ministries
Prime Minister
list
Deputy Prime Minister
Economy
Agriculture, forestry, fishing
Central bank
International rankings
Labor
Manufacturing
Energy
solar power
Telecommunications
Transport
Yen
Society
Crime
Demographics
Education
Etiquette
Gambling
Housing
Languages
Religion
Sexuality
Smoking
Women
Kyariaūman
Culture
Aesthetics
Anime / Manga
Architecture
Art
Bonsai
Cinema
Cuisine
Festivals
Folklore
folktales
Gardens
Geisha
Games
Ikebana
Kawaii
Literature
Martial arts
Media
Music
Mythology
Names
Onsen / Sentō
Sport
Tea ceremony
Television
Theatre
Japan portal
Category
[show]
Geographic locale
[show]
v
t
e
Regions and administrative divisions of Japan
Regions
Hokkaido
Tōhoku
Kantō
Nanpō Islands
Chūbu
Hokuriku
Kōshin'etsu
Shin'etsu
Tōkai
Kansai
Chūgoku
San'in
San'yō
Shikoku
Kyushu
Northern
Southern
Okinawa
47 Prefectures
Hokkaido
Hokkaido
Tōhoku
Aomori
Iwate
Miyagi
Akita
Yamagata
Fukushima
Kantō
Ibaraki
Tochigi
Gunma
Saitama
Chiba
Tokyo
Kanagawa
Chūbu
Niigata
Toyama
Ishikawa
Fukui
Yamanashi
Nagano
Gifu
Shizuoka
Aichi
Kansai
Mie
Shiga
Kyoto
Osaka
Hyōgo
Nara
Wakayama
Chūgoku
Tottori
Shimane
Okayama
Hiroshima
Yamaguchi
Shikoku
Tokushima
Kagawa
Ehime
Kōchi
Kyushu
Fukuoka
Saga
Nagasaki
Kumamoto
Ōita
Miyazaki
Kagoshima
Okinawa
[show]
International membership
[show]
v
t
e
Major non-NATO allies of the United States
Afghanistan
Argentina
Australia
Bahrain
Egypt
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kuwait
Morocco
New Zealand
Pakistan
Philippines
South Korea
Taiwan (de facto)
Thailand
Tunisia
Potential countries
Georgia
Moldova
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
[show]
v
t
e
East Asia Summit (EAS)
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Seventh
Eighth
Ninth
Tenth
Eleventh
Twelfth
Australia
Brunei
Cambodia
China
India
Indonesia
Japan
Laos
Malaysia
Myanmar
New Zealand
Philippines
Russia
Singapore
South Korea
Thailand
United States
Vietnam
[show]
v
t
e
G20 major economies
Argentina
Australia
Brazil
Canada
China
European Union
France
Germany
India
Indonesia
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Russia
Saudi Arabia
South Africa
Republic of Korea
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
[show]
v
t
e
China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit leaders and foreign ministers
Countries
China
Japan
South Korea
Leaders
Li
Abe
Moon
Foreign ministers
Wang
Kōno
Kang
[show]
v
t
e
OECD members
Member states
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Korea
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
[show]
v
t
e
Monarchies
List of current sovereign monarchs
List of current constituent monarchs
Type
Absolute
Constitutional
Diarchy
Elective
Federal
Hereditary
By region
or entity
Africa
Lesotho
Morocco
Swaziland
Asia
Bahrain
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
Japan
Jordan
Kuwait
Malaysia
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Thailand
United Arab Emirates
Europe
Andorra
Belgium
Denmark
Luxembourg
Liechtenstein
Monaco
Netherlands
Norway
Spain
Sweden
Vatican City
United Kingdom
Oceania
Australia
Tonga
New Zealand
Cook Islands
Niue
Papua New Guinea
Solomon Islands
Tuvalu
Americas
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Canada
Grenada
Jamaica
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 159367111
LCCN: n78089021
ISNI: 0000 0001 2364 9740
GND: 4028495-5
SELIBR: 149361
SUDOC: 02648918X
BNF: cb11872797r (data)
HDS: 3412
NDL: 00568158
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan&oldid=833050314"
Categories:
Japan
G7 nations
G8 nations
G20 nations
Island countries
Member states of the United Nations
Northeast Asian countries
Hidden categories:
CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)
CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)
CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list
Webarchive template wayback links
Pages containing links to subscription-only content
Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
Coordinates on Wikidata
Use American English from August 2017
All Wikipedia articles written in American English
Use mdy dates from January 2018
Articles containing Japanese-language text
Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters
Articles with hAudio microformats
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011
Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2014
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007
Articles with Curlie links
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Featured articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Wikivoyage
Languages
Acèh
Адыгэбзэ
Адыгабзэ
Afrikaans
Akan
Alemannisch
አማርኛ
Ænglisc
Аҧсшәа
العربية
Aragonés
ܐܪܡܝܐ
Arpetan
অসমীয়া
Asturianu
Avañe'ẽ
Aymar aru
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
বাংলা
Bahasa Banjar
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
भोजपुरी
Bikol Central
Bislama
Български
Boarisch
བོད་ཡིག
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Буряад
Català
Чӑвашла
Cebuano
Čeština
Chamoru
Chavacano de Zamboanga
ChiShona
ChiTumbuka
Corsu
Cymraeg
Dansk
Davvisámegiella
Deitsch
Deutsch
ދިވެހިބަސް
Diné bizaad
Dolnoserbski
ཇོང་ཁ
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Emiliàn e rumagnòl
Эрзянь
Español
Esperanto
Estremeñu
Euskara
Eʋegbe
فارسی
Fiji Hindi
Føroyskt
Français
Frysk
Furlan
Gaeilge
Gaelg
Gagauz
Gàidhlig
Galego
贛語
Gĩkũyũ
ગુજરાતી
गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
Хальмг
한국어
Hausa
Hawaiʻi
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hornjoserbsce
Hrvatski
Ido
Ilokano
বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Interlingue
ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ/inuktitut
Iñupiak
Ирон
IsiXhosa
IsiZulu
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
Kalaallisut
ಕನ್ನಡ
Kapampangan
Къарачай-малкъар
ქართული
Kaszëbsczi
Қазақша
Kernowek
Kinyarwanda
Kiswahili
Коми
Kongo
Kreyòl ayisyen
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Кырык мары
Ladino
Лезги
ລາວ
لۊری شومالی
Latgaļu
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Ligure
Limburgs
Lingála
Livvinkarjala
La .lojban.
Lumbaart
Magyar
मैथिली
Македонски
Malagasy
മലയാളം
Malti
Māori
मराठी
მარგალური
مصرى
مازِرونی
Bahasa Melayu
Baso Minangkabau
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
Mirandés
Мокшень
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nāhuatl
Dorerin Naoero
Nederlands
Nedersaksies
नेपाली
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Napulitano
Нохчийн
Nordfriisk
Norfuk / Pitkern
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Nouormand
Novial
Occitan
Олык марий
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
Oromoo
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
पालि
پنجابی
Papiamentu
پښتو
Patois
Перем Коми
ភាសាខ្មែរ
Picard
Piemontèis
Tok Pisin
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Qaraqalpaqsha
Qırımtatarca
Reo tahiti
Română
Rumantsch
Runa Simi
Русиньскый
Русский
Саха тыла
Gagana Samoa
संस्कृतम्
Sardu
Scots
Seeltersk
Sesotho
Sesotho sa Leboa
Shqip
Sicilianu
සිංහල
Simple English
سنڌي
SiSwati
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ
Ślůnski
Soomaaliga
کوردی
Sranantongo
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Taqbaylit
Tarandíne
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
Tetun
ไทย
ትግርኛ
Тоҷикӣ
ᏣᎳᎩ
Tsetsêhestâhese
ತುಳು
Türkçe
Türkmençe
Twi
Тыва дыл
Удмурт
ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ
Українська
اردو
ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
Vahcuengh
Vèneto
Vepsän kel’
Tiếng Việt
Volapük
Võro
文言
West-Vlams
Winaray
Wolof
吴语
Xitsonga
ייִדיש
Yorùbá
粵語
Zazaki
Zeêuws
Žemaitėška
中文
डोटेली
Kabɩyɛ
251 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 March 2018, at 11:55.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: This is a featured article. Click here for more information.

values: mw-indicator-featured-star mw-indicator

values: mw-indicator-pp-default mw-indicator

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Japan_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Japan (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values:
/wiki/Nippon_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Nippon (disambiguation)

attrs: class title

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: Centered deep red circle on a white rectangle[1]

values:
/wiki/File:Flag_of_Japan.svg
image
Flag of Japan

values: display:table-cell; width:58%; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;

values: Golden circle subdivided by golden wedges with rounded outer edges and thin black outlines

values:
/wiki/File:Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg
image
Imperial Seal of Japan

values: display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;

values: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

values: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

values: mediaContainer mwPlayerContainer k-player videoHolder

values: width:220px width: 220px; position: relative;

values: Seal of the Office of the Prime Minister and the Government of Japan

values: Projection of Asia with Japan's Area coloured green

values: Area controlled by Japan shown in green—claimed, but uncontrolled shown in light green

values: font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;

values:
/wiki/Miyako_language
mw-redirect
Miyako language

values:
/wiki/Okinoerabu_language
mw-redirect
Okinoerabu language

values: list-style: none none; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: inherit; display: none;

values:
NavFrame collapsed
border: none; padding: 0;
NavFrame1

values:
/wiki/Ethnic_groups
mw-redirect
Ethnic groups

values: List of countries and dependencies by area

values:
/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan
mw-redirect
Demographics of Japan

values: List of countries and dependencies by population

values: List of countries and territories by population density

values: List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita

values: List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: List of countries by Human Development Index

values:
/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic
mw-redirect
Right- and left-hand traffic

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.japan.go.jp/index.html

values: text-align:center;font-size: 125%; background-color: #b0c4de;

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values:
/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population
mw-redirect
List of countries by population

values:
/wiki/Imperial_China
mw-redirect
Imperial China

values: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

values: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

values: List of countries by military expenditures

values:
/wiki/Before_Christ
mw-redirect
Before Christ

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values:
/wiki/Post-war_Japan
mw-redirect
Post-war Japan

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.2em;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Jomon_people
mw-redirect
Jomon people

values:
/wiki/Kamakura,_Kanagawa
mw-redirect
Kamakura, Kanagawa

values:
/wiki/Higashiyama_period
mw-redirect
Higashiyama period

values:
/wiki/Privy_Council_(Japan)
mw-redirect
Privy Council (Japan)

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Malaya
mw-redirect
Battle of Malaya

values: Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire

values: International Military Tribunal for the Far East

values: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan

values: List of countries by natural disaster risk

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Japan
mw-redirect
Climate of Japan

values:
/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)
mw-redirect
Precipitation (meteorology)

values:
/wiki/Humid_subtropical
mw-redirect
Humid subtropical

values:
/wiki/Ecoregions_in_Japan
mw-redirect
Ecoregions in Japan

values: Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests

values:
/wiki/Ramsar_sites_in_Japan
mw-redirect
Ramsar sites in Japan

values:
/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan
mw-redirect
World Heritage Sites in Japan

values:
/wiki/Nature_conservation
mw-redirect
Nature conservation

values: Emperor Akihito cropped 2 Barack Obama Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko 20140424 1.jpg

values: text-align:left; float:right; margin-right:9px; margin-left:2px;

values: Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan

values: Merger and dissolution of municipalities of Japan

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height usemap

values: margin-left: 0px; margin-top: -20px; text-align: left;

values:
center floatnone noresize
height: 662px; width: 500px;

values:
/wiki/Group_of_Eight_(G8)
mw-redirect
Group of Eight (G8)

values: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction

values:
/wiki/Kong%C5%8D_class_destroyer
mw-redirect
Kongō class destroyer

values:
/wiki/JDS_Kong%C5%8D
mw-redirect
JDS Kongō

values: Japanese Iraq Reconstruction and Support Group

values:
/wiki/UN_peacekeeping
mw-redirect
UN peacekeeping

values: Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan

values: List of members of the United Nations Security Council

values:
/wiki/Nominal_GDP
mw-redirect
Nominal GDP

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values:
/wiki/Service_sector
mw-redirect
Service sector

values:
/wiki/Junichir%C5%8D_Koizumi
mw-redirect
Junichirō Koizumi

values: List of countries by tax revenue as percentage of GDP

values:
/wiki/Shareholder_activism
mw-redirect
Shareholder activism

values:
/wiki/Osaka_rice_brokers
mw-redirect
Osaka rice brokers

values:
/wiki/Ohira,_Miyagi
mw-redirect
Ohira, Miyagi

values:
/wiki/Transportation_in_Japan
mw-redirect
Transportation in Japan

values:
/wiki/Mitsubishi_Estate_Co.
mw-redirect
Mitsubishi Estate Co.

values:
/wiki/%C3%86ON_(company)
mw-redirect
ÆON (company)

values:
/wiki/Mitsui_Sumitomo_Insurance
mw-redirect
Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance

values: List of newspapers in the world by circulation

values:
/wiki/Dai-Ichi_Kangyo
mw-redirect
Dai-Ichi Kangyo

values:
/wiki/Tokyo_Sky_Tree
mw-redirect
Tokyo Sky Tree

values: Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities)

values:
/wiki/Ryokan_(Japanese_inn)
mw-redirect
Ryokan (Japanese inn)

values:
/wiki/Heisei_Hyakkei
mw-redirect
Heisei Hyakkei

values: Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report

values:
/wiki/Scientific_research
mw-redirect
Scientific research

values:
/wiki/Bloomberg_Innovation_Index
mw-redirect
Bloomberg Innovation Index

values: List of countries by research and development spending

values:
/wiki/Fundamental_research
mw-redirect
Fundamental research

values:
/wiki/Life_science
mw-redirect
Life science

values:
/wiki/Japanese_Experiment_Module
mw-redirect
Japanese Experiment Module

values:
/wiki/Space_agency
mw-redirect
Space agency

values:
/wiki/Mercury_Magnetospheric_Orbiter
mw-redirect
Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter

values:
/wiki/Toshihide_Masukawa
mw-redirect
Toshihide Masukawa

values: World's busiest airports by passenger traffic

values:
/wiki/Nagoya_Port
mw-redirect
Nagoya Port

values: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan)

values: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (Japan)

values: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

values:
/wiki/Biological_Oxygen_Demand
mw-redirect
Biological Oxygen Demand

values:
/wiki/Brazilian_people
mw-redirect
Brazilian people

values:
/wiki/Japanese_Brazilian
mw-redirect
Japanese Brazilian

values:
/wiki/Peruvian_people
mw-redirect
Peruvian people

values:
/wiki/Japanese_Peruvian
mw-redirect
Japanese Peruvian

values:
/wiki/Multiethnic_society
mw-redirect
Multiethnic society

values:
plainlinks hlist navbar mini
float: left;height:2.6em;

values:
/wiki/Sakai,_Osaka
mw-redirect
Sakai, Osaka

values: position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black

values: position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 213.20584539969px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue

values: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue

values: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue

values: position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 151.61189335389px; border-left-color:GreenYellow

values: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:GreenYellow

values: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:GreenYellow

values: position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 90.649023674519px; border-left-color:Yellow

values: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow

values: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow

values: position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:11.41049042345px 99.346870651754px 0 0; border-top-color:FireBrick

values: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:FireBrick

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:FireBrick; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:Yellow; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:GreenYellow; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:Black; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Chinese_character
mw-redirect
Chinese character

values:
/wiki/Amami_language
mw-redirect
Amami language

values:
/wiki/Moribund_language
mw-redirect
Moribund language

values: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

values: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

values: Programme for International Student Assessment

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa

values:
/wiki/File:Flag_of_Japan.svg
image
Red disc centered on a white rectangle

values:
/wiki/List_of_Japanese_games
mw-redirect
List of Japanese games

values:
/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Japan
mw-redirect
Coat of arms of Japan

values:
/wiki/Japanese_handicrafts
mw-redirect
Japanese handicrafts

values:
/wiki/Japanese_traditional_dolls
mw-redirect
Japanese traditional dolls

values:
/wiki/Cultural_Properties_of_Japan
mw-redirect
Cultural Properties of Japan

values:
/wiki/National_Treasures_of_Japan
mw-redirect
National Treasures of Japan

values: List of Special Places of Scenic Beauty, Special Historic Sites and Special Natural Monuments

values:
/wiki/Post-modern_architecture
mw-redirect
Post-modern architecture

values:
/wiki/Metabolist_Movement
mw-redirect
Metabolist Movement

values: Traditional Japanese musical instruments

values:
/wiki/Toru_Takemitsu
mw-redirect
Toru Takemitsu

values:
/wiki/Information_fusion
mw-redirect
Information fusion

values:
/wiki/Japanese_society
mw-redirect
Japanese society

values:
/wiki/Fish_(food)
mw-redirect
Fish (food)

values:
/wiki/Fermentation_(food)
mw-redirect
Fermentation (food)

values:
/wiki/House_of_Councillors
mw-redirect
House of Councillors

values:
/wiki/Autumnal_Equinox
mw-redirect
Autumnal Equinox

values:
/wiki/Labour_Thanksgiving_Day
mw-redirect
Labour Thanksgiving Day

values:
/wiki/Hadaka_matsuri
mw-redirect
Hadaka matsuri

values: National High School Baseball Championship

values:
/wiki/Koshien_Stadium
mw-redirect
Koshien Stadium

values: FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship

values: 2006 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship

values: 2010 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship

values: 2018 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship

values:
/wiki/Rugby_Union
mw-redirect
Rugby Union

values:
/wiki/Asian_Five_Nations
mw-redirect
Asian Five Nations

values:
/wiki/IRB_Pacific_Nations_Cup
mw-redirect
IRB Pacific Nations Cup

values:
/wiki/Formula_Nippon
mw-redirect
Formula Nippon

values:
/wiki/Nippon_Television
mw-redirect
Nippon Television

values:
/wiki/TV_Tokyo_Network
mw-redirect
TV Tokyo Network

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2270.html

values:
nofollow
http://www.japan.go.jp/japan/facts/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://stats.oecd.org

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/japan.html

values: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1537%2Fase.080325

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16328082

values:
/wiki/National_Science_Museum_of_Japan
mw-redirect
National Science Museum of Japan

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F132115

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/132115

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2753%2FJES1097-203X270245

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F2539100

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/2539100

values: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

values:
nofollow
http://esa.un.org/unpp/
external text

values:
/wiki/University_of_Durham
mw-redirect
University of Durham

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1008688209052

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.oecd.org/dac/japan.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://koreanhistory.info/japan.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0447-5763

values:
nofollow
http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/security/
external text

values: International Federation of Audit Bureaux of Circulations

values: Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.jaxa.jp/index_e.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.iraptranstats.net/jp

values:
nofollow
https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://mnnonline.org/article/10318

values:
nofollow
external text
http://jipi.gr.jp/english/message.html

values:
/wiki/The_Times_(London)
mw-redirect
The Times (London)

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18800195

values: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan)

values:
/wiki/Japan_Times
mw-redirect
Japan Times

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.pressnet.or.jp/data/0202.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.pressnet.or.jp/data/0101.htm

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Orthodox_Church
mw-redirect
Orthodox Church

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;

values: border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;

values: metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small

values: border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;

values:
nofollow
http://www.japan.go.jp/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://japan.kantei.go.jp/index.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/eindex.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ndl.go.jp/en/index.html

values:
nofollow
http://www.immi-moj.go.jp/english/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.accessible-japan.com

values:
nofollow
external text
https://curlie.org/Regional/Asia/Japan

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.britannica.com/place/Japan

values:
nofollow
http://www.oecd.org/japan/
external text

values:
navbox-image
10
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/East_Asians
mw-redirect
East Asians

values:
/wiki/East_Asian_calligraphy
mw-redirect
East Asian calligraphy

values:
/wiki/East_Asian_dragon
mw-redirect
East Asian dragon

values:
/wiki/Han_characters
mw-redirect
Han characters

values:
/wiki/East_Asian_philosophy
mw-redirect
East Asian philosophy

values: Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts

values:
/wiki/East_Asian_zodiac
mw-redirect
East Asian zodiac

values: China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit

values: Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia

values: List of ports and harbors of the Pacific Ocean

values: Category:Archaeological cultures of East Asia

values:
/wiki/East_Asian_Bronze_Age
mw-redirect
East Asian Bronze Age

values:
/wiki/EAFF_East_Asian_Championship
mw-redirect
EAFF East Asian Championship

values: Association of East Asian Research Universities

values: Society for Cultural Interaction in East Asia

values: Category:Science and technology in East Asia

values: Category:East Asian traditional medicine

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: List of Japanese overseas military actions

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template:Regions and administrative divisions of Japan

values: Template talk:Regions and administrative divisions of Japan

values:
navbox-image
2
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: width:1%;border-right: 4px solid #FF8585

values: width:1%;border-right: 4px solid #FFFB91

values: width:1%;border-right: 4px solid #79FF76

values: width:1%;border-right: 4px solid #8BFFE8

values: width:1%;border-right: 4px solid #7272FF

values: width:1%;border-right: 4px solid #FF9148

values: width:1%;border-right: 4px solid #D16EFF

values: width:1%;border-right: 4px solid #C5C5C5

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/File:American-MNNA-2007.svg
image
Map showing the Major non-NATO allies

values:
navbox-abovebelow hlist
2
font-weight: bold;

values: padding:0em 0.25em -moz-column-width: 12em; -webkit-column-width: 12em; column-width: 12em;

values: Template talk:Trilateral meeting leaders

values:
/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_Lesotho
mw-redirect
List of Kings of Lesotho

values:
/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_Swaziland
mw-redirect
List of Kings of Swaziland

values:
/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Cambodia
mw-redirect
List of monarchs of Cambodia

values: List of sovereigns of Vatican City State

values: Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

values: navigation navbox Monarchies padding:3px

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/159367111

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000123649740

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4028495-5

values:
nofollow
external text
https://libris.kb.se/auth/149361

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/02648918X

values: Category:Member states of the United Nations

values: Category:CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)

values: Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages

values: Category:Use American English from August 2017

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English

values: Category:Use mdy dates from January 2018

values: Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text

values: Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2014

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Japan
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeupun
Jeupun – Achinese
ace
ace
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ace
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd
display: none;

values: Японие – Adyghe

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ady
display: none;

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://ak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Akan
ak
ak
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ak
display: none;

values:
https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Alemannisch
als
als
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-am
display: none;

values:
https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapan
Iapan – Old English
ang
ang
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ang
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ab
display: none;

values: اليابان – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ar
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-frp
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-as
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hap%C3%B5
Hapõ – Guarani
gn
gn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gn
display: none;

values:
https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihun
Nihun – Aymara
ay
ay
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ay
display: none;

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaponiya
Yaponiya – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: জাপান – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japang
Japang – Banjar
bjn
bjn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Япония – Bashkir

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Японія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bh
display: none;

values:
https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapon
Hapon – Central Bikol
bcl
bcl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl
display: none;

values:
https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Bislama
bi
bi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Bavarian
bar
bar
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bar
display: none;

values: ཉི་ཧོང་། – Tibetan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bo
display: none;

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C3%B3
Japó – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapon
Hapon – Cebuano
ceb
ceb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonsko
Japonsko – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapan
Chapan – Chamorro
ch
ch
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ch
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam
display: none;

values:
https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Shona
sn
sn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sn
display: none;

values:
https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Tumbuka
tum
tum
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tum
display: none;

values:
https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giapponu
Giapponu – Corsican
co
co
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-co
display: none;

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-se
display: none;

values:
https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Pennsylvania German
pdc
pdc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: ޖަޕާނު – Divehi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dv
display: none;

values: Binááʼádaałtsʼózí Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb
display: none;

values: ཇཱ་པཱན། – Dzongkha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dz
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaapan
Jaapan – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Ιαπωνία – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eml
display: none;

values: Япония Мастор – Erzya

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-myv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-es
display: none;

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanio
Japanio – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ext
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonia
Japonia – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Ewe
ee
ee
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ee
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Fiji Hindi
hif
hif
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hif
display: none;

values:
https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Faroese
fo
fo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon
Japon – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjapon
Gjapon – Friulian
fur
fur
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fur
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gv
display: none;

values:
https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaponiya
Yaponiya – Gagauz
gag
gag
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gag
display: none;

values:
https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Iapan
An Iapan – Scottish Gaelic
gd
gd
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gan
display: none;

values:
https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Kikuyu
ki
ki
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ki
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gom
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hak
display: none;

values: Ниxуудин Нутг – Kalmyk

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xal
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Hausa
ha
ha
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ha
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-haw
display: none;

values: Ճապոնիա – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: जापान – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hi
display: none;

values:
https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanska
Japanska – Upper Sorbian
hsb
hsb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb
display: none;

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonia
Japonia – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapon
Hapon – Iloko
ilo
ilo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepang
Jepang – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon
Japon – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Interlingue
ie
ie
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ie
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-iu
display: none;

values:
https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Inupiaq
ik
ik
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ik
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-os
display: none;

values:
https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJapani
IJapani – Xhosa
xh
xh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xh
display: none;

values:
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJaphani
IJaphani – Zulu
zu
zu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zu
display: none;

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giappone
Giappone – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepang
Jepang – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values:
https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japani
Japani – Kalaallisut
kl
kl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values:
https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapon
Hapon – Pampanga
pam
pam
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pam
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-krc
display: none;

values: იაპონია – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-csb
display: none;

values: Жапония – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihon
Nihon – Cornish
kw
kw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kw
display: none;

values:
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuyapani
Ubuyapani – Kinyarwanda
rw
rw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rw
display: none;

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japani
Japani – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values: Япония – Komi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kv
display: none;

values:
https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Kongo
kg
kg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kg
display: none;

values:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon
Japon – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values:
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon
Japon – Kurdish
ku
ku
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: Жапан – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj
display: none;

values:
https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon
Japon – Ladino
lad
lad
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lad
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lez
display: none;

values: ປະເທດຍີ່ປຸ່ນ – Lao

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lrc
display: none;

values:
https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japoneja
Japoneja – Latgalian
ltg
ltg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaponia
Iaponia – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonija
Japonija – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giappon
Giappon – Ligurian
lij
lij
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lij
display: none;

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ln
display: none;

values:
https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japounii
Japounii – Livvi-Karelian
olo
olo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-olo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo
display: none;

values:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giapun
Giapun – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mai
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japana
Japana – Malagasy
mg
mg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mt
display: none;

values:
https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipono
Nipono – Maori
mi
mi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepun
Jepun – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japang
Japang – Minangkabau
min
min
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-min
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo
display: none;

values:
https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon
Japon – Mirandese
mwl
mwl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl
display: none;

values: Японмастор – Moksha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values: ဂျပန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xapon
Xapon – Nāhuatl
nah
nah
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nah
display: none;

values:
https://na.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djapan
Djapan – Nauru
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-na
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Low Saxon
nds-NL
nds-NL
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl
display: none;

values: जापान – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values: जापान – Newari

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-new
display: none;

values:
https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giappone
Giappone – Neapolitan
nap
nap
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nap
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ce
display: none;

values:
https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaapan
Jaapan – Northern Frisian
frr
frr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-frr
display: none;

values:
https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Norfuk / Pitkern
pih
pih
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pih
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon
Japon – Norman
nrm
nrm
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm
display: none;

values:
https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Novial
nov
nov
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nov
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon
Japon – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr
display: none;

values: ଜାପାନ – Odia

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-or
display: none;

values:
https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaappaan
Jaappaan – Oromo
om
om
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-om
display: none;

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaponiya
Yaponiya – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values: जापान – Pali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapon
Hapon – Papiamento
pap
pap
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pap
display: none;

values: جاپان – Pashto

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ps
display: none;

values:
https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Jamaican Creole English
jam
jam
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jam
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-koi
display: none;

values: ជប៉ុន – Khmer

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-km badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon
Japon – Picard
pcd
pcd
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd
display: none;

values:
https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giapon
Giapon – Piedmontese
pms
pms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pms
display: none;

values:
https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siapan
Siapan – Tok Pisin
tpi
tpi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi
display: none;

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonia
Japonia – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaponiya
Yaponiya – Kara-Kalpak
kaa
kaa
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa
display: none;

values:
https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaponiya
Yaponiya – Crimean Tatar
crh
crh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-crh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ty
display: none;

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonia
Japonia – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giapun
Giapun – Romansh
rm
rm
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rm
display: none;

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihun
Nihun – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Японія – Rusyn

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rue
display: none;

values: Япония – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ru
display: none;

values: Дьоппуон – Sakha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values:
https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapani
Iapani – Samoan
sm
sm
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sm
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sa
display: none;

values:
https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giappone
Giappone – Sardinian
sc
sc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sc
display: none;

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Saterland Frisian
stq
stq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-stq
display: none;

values:
https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japane
Japane – Southern Sotho
st
st
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-st
display: none;

values:
https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japane
Japane – Northern Sotho
nso
nso
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nso
display: none;

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonia
Japonia – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giappuni
Giappuni – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Simple English
simple
simple
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: جاپان – Sindhi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sd
display: none;

values:
https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJaphani
IJaphani – Swati
ss
ss
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ss
display: none;

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonsko
Japonsko – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonska
Japonska – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-szl
display: none;

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabaan
Jabaan – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-so
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values:
https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Sranan Tongo
srn
srn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-srn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepang
Jepang – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japani
Japani – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapon
Hapon – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: யப்பான் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values:
https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapan
Yapan – Kabyle
kab
kab
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kab
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara
display: none;

values: Япония – Tatar

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: జపాన్ – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values:
https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japaun
Japaun – Tetum
tet
tet
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tet
display: none;

values: ประเทศญี่ปุ่น – Thai

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ti
display: none;

values: Ҷопон – Tajik

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-chr
display: none;

values:
https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Cheyenne
chy
chy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-chy
display: none;

values: ಜಪಾನ್ – Tulu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonya
Japonya – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tk
display: none;

values:
https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapan
Yapan – Twi
tw
tw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv
display: none;

values: Япония – Udmurt

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-udm
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bug
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: جاپان – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ur
display: none;

values: ياپونىيە – Uyghur

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ug
display: none;

values:
https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nditbonj
Nditbonj – Zhuang
za
za
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-za
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

values:
https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonii
Japonii – Veps
vep
vep
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vep
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro
display: none;

values:
https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – West Flemish
vls
vls
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vls
display: none;

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapon
Hapon – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japani
Japani – Tsonga
ts
ts
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ts
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Yoruba
yo
yo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yo
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonya
Japonya – Zazaki
diq
diq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-diq
display: none;

values:
https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
Japan – Zeelandic
zea
zea
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zea
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh
display: none;

values: जापान – Doteli

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dty
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Japan rootpage-Japan skin-vector action-view