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Balkan Campaign (World War II)
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Balkans Campaign
Part of Eastern Front Theatre and Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre of the Second World War

German paratroopers on Crete in 1941
Date
28 October 1940 – 1 June 1941
(7 months and 4 days)
Location
Albania, Yugoslavia, Greek mainland and the Greek islands
Result
Axis victory
Guerilla war in Yugoslavia
Territorial
changes
Yugoslavia and Greece are added to Axis control
Belligerents
Axis:
Germany
Italy
Albania
Hungary
Bulgaria Allies:
Yugoslavia
Greece
British Empire
Australia
New Zealand
Commanders and leaders
Wilhelm List
Maximilian von Weichs
Kurt Student
Ugo Cavallero
Giovanni Messe
Elemér Gorondy-Novák Dušan Simović
Milorad Petrović
Alexander Papagos
Henry Maitland Wilson
Bernard Freyberg
Strength
680,000
565,000 850,000
430,000
62,612
[show]
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Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre
Adriatic
North Africa
East Africa
Mediterranean Sea
Gibraltar
Malta
Bahrain
Balkans
Yugoslavia
Iraq
Syria–Lebanon
Palestine
Iran
Sicily
Italian mainland
Dodecanese
Corsica
Dragoon
[show]
v
t
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Balkan Campaign
Greco-Italian War
Invasion of Yugoslavia
German invasion of Greece
Crete
The Balkan Campaign of World War II began with the Italian invasion of Greece on 28 October 1940. In the early months of 1941, Italy's offensive had stalled and a Greek counter-offensive pushed into Albania. Germany sought, by deploying troops to Romania and Bulgaria, to aid Italy by attacking Greece from the east; while the British landed troops and aircraft to shore up Greek defences. A coup d'état in Yugoslavia on 27 March caused Hitler to order the conquest of that country.
The invasion of Yugoslavia by Germany and Italy began on 6 April, simultaneously with the new Battle of Greece. On 11 April, Hungary joined the invasion. By 17 April the Yugoslavs had signed an armistice and by 30 April all of mainland Greece was under German or Italian control. On 20 May Germany invaded Crete by air and by 1 June all remaining Greek and British forces on the island had surrendered. Although it had not participated in the attacks in April, Bulgaria occupied parts of both Yugoslavia and Greece shortly thereafter for the remainder of the war in the Balkans.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Campaign
2.1 Greco-Italian War
2.2 Invasion of Yugoslavia
2.3 Battle of Greece
2.4 Battle of Crete
3 Result
3.1 Bulgarian occupation
3.2 Resistance movements
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Background[edit]
Main article: Italian invasion of Albania
After World War I, with the complete collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Albanians looked to the Kingdom of Italy for protection against its enemies.
In 1919, Albania's territorial integrity was confirmed at the Paris Peace Conference after United States President Woodrow Wilson opposed a plan by the European powers to divide Albania amongst its neighbors. There were attempted backroom negotiations that ultimately failed.
However, after 1925, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini sought to dominate Albania.
In 1928, Albania became a kingdom under Zog I, who was a clan chief and former Prime Minister. Zog failed to stave off Italian ascendancy in Albanian internal affairs.
On 7 April 1939, Mussolini's troops occupied Albania, overthrew Zog, and annexed the country to the Italian Empire.
Campaign[edit]
Greco-Italian War[edit]
Main article: Greco-Italian War
The Italian invasion of Greece lasted from 28 October 1940 to 30 April 1941 and was part of World War II. Italian forces invaded Greece and made limited gains. But soon the Greeks counter-attacked and the Italians were repulsed and driven back at the borders with Albania. The Italians spent much of the winter stabilizing a line which left them in control of only about two-thirds of Albania. A much anticipated Italian offensive in March 1941 had as result few territorial gains. Germany, led by Adolf Hitler, intervened in April and invaded Greece after a successful invasion of Yugoslavia.
Invasion of Yugoslavia[edit]
Main article: Invasion of Yugoslavia
The invasion of Yugoslavia (also known as "Operation 25") began on 6 April 1941 and ended with the unconditional surrender of the Royal Yugoslav Army on 17 April. The invading Axis powers (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Hungary) occupied and dismembered the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. By cobbling together Bosnia and Herzegovina, some parts of Croatia, and Syrmia, the "Independent State of Croatia" (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH) was created by Germany and Italy. In some of the territory of the former Kingdom of Serbia and the Banat, the German-occupied Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia, the Germans appointed a puppet government, the Government of National Salvation led by Milan Nedić. Montenegro remained under Italian occupation, and Bulgaria was permitted to annex eastern areas of Yugoslavia, including most of modern-day Macedonia.
Axis advances in the Balkans during early 1941
Battle of Greece[edit]
Main article: Battle of Greece
Hitler began planning to invade Greece in November 1940, after the British occupied Crete and Lemnos. He ordered the German Invasion of Greece — code-named Unternehmen Marita (Operation Marita) by Germany — on 13 December 1940 for execution in March 1941. The stated aim of the operation was to prevent the British from getting air bases within striking range of the Romanian oilfields.[1] On 6 April 1941, the German Army invaded northern Greece, while other elements launched an attack against Yugoslavia. Breaking through the Yugoslav lines in southern Yugoslavia allowed Germany to send reinforcements to the battlefields of northern Greece. The German army out-flanked the Greek Metaxas Line fortifications and, despite the assistance provided by a British expeditionary corps, set out to capture the southern Greek cities. The Battle of Greece ended with the German entry into Athens and the capture of the Peloponnese, although about 40,000 Allied soldiers were evacuated to Crete, prompting one of the largest airborne attacks in the history of warfare: Operation Merkur, or the Battle of Crete.
Battle of Crete[edit]
Main article: Battle of Crete
On 20 May 1941, German paratroopers were dropped over the airfields of northern Crete to occupy the island. They were met by heavy resistance from Allied forces and the local Cretan population but eventually the defenders were overwhelmed by the German forces. The British Government ordered an evacuation on 27 May and the remaining forces surrendered on 1 June. However, the heavy losses incurred by the paratroopers forced the Supreme Command of the Wehrmacht to abandon large-scale airborne operations for the remainder of the war.
Situation in Europe by May/June 1941 at the conclusion of the Balkans Campaign, immediately before Operation Barbarossa
Result[edit]
By 1 June 1941, all of Albania, Yugoslavia and Greece were under Axis control. Greece was placed under triple occupation, and Yugoslavia was dissolved and occupied. Germany had gained a significant strategic advantage: direct access to the Mediterranean.
Bulgarian occupation[edit]
Main article: Military history of Bulgaria during World War II
On 6 April 1941, despite having officially joined the Axis Powers, the Bulgarian government did not participate in the invasion of Yugoslavia and the Battle of Greece. On 20 April, the Bulgarian Army occupied most of Western Thrace and the Greek province of Eastern Macedonia, which had been already conquered by Germany, with the goal of restoring its pre-World War I outlet to the Aegean Sea. Bulgarian troops also occupied much of eastern Serbia, where the so-called Vardar Banovina was divided between Bulgaria and the Italians.
Resistance movements[edit]
Main articles: Resistance in Yugoslavia, Greek Resistance, and Albanian Resistance of World War II
Throughout the remainder of the war, active Yugoslav, Greek, and Albanian resistance movements forced Germany and its allies to garrison hundreds of thousands of soldiers permanently in the three countries, denying them to the other fronts. Especially in Yugoslavia after 1943, the threat of an Allied invasion and the activities of the partisans necessitated large-scale counter-insurgency operations, involving several divisions.
See also[edit]
Adriatic Campaign of World War II
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hubatsch, Walther. Hitlers Weisungen fuer die Kriegfuehrung 1939-1945, Weisung Nr. 20, 2nd Edition, Bernard & Graefe Verlag, 1983
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Balkans Campaign (World War II).
The Fate of the Jews in South-Eastern Europe During the First Years of the War on the Yad Vashem website
Summaries WORLD WAR II in the BALKANS
Timeline of the Balkans Campaign
World War Two Online Newspaper Archives — The Invasion of the Balkans: Yugoslavia, Greece and Crete, 1940-1941
World War II in the Balkans
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GND: 4132246-0
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balkan_Campaign_(World_War_II)&oldid=836236839"
Categories:
Balkans Campaign (World War II)
Wars involving the Balkans
World War II campaigns of the Mediterranean Theatre
Middle East theatre of World War II
Albania in World War II
Greece in World War II
Greek Macedonia in World War II
Yugoslav Macedonia in World War II
Yugoslavia in World War II
Conflicts in 1940
Conflicts in 1941
1941 in Greece
1942 in Greece
1941 in Yugoslavia
1942 in Yugoslavia
Eastern European theatre of World War II
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Pontic Mountains
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Pontic Mountains
Sümela Monastery on the Pontic Mountains
Highest point
Peak
Kaçkar Dağı
Elevation
3,937 m (12,917 ft)
Coordinates
40°50′N 41°09′E / 40.833°N 41.150°E / 40.833; 41.150
Dimensions
Length
1,000 km (620 mi)
Geography
Countries
Turkey and Georgia
Range coordinates
40°30′N 40°30′E / 40.500°N 40.500°E / 40.500; 40.500Coordinates: 40°30′N 40°30′E / 40.500°N 40.500°E / 40.500; 40.500
The Pontic Mountains or Pontic Alps (Turkish: Kuzey Anadolu Dağları, meaning North Anatolian Mountains) form a mountain range in northern Anatolia, Turkey. They are also known as the Parhar Mountains in the local Turkish and Pontic Greek languages. The term Parhar originates from a Hittite word meaning "high" or "summit".[1] In ancient Greek , the mountains were called the Paryadres[2] or Parihedri Mountains.[3]
Geography[edit]
Panoramic view of the Pontic Mountains in 2007
The range runs roughly east-west, parallel and close to the southern coast of the Black Sea. It extends northeast into Georgia, and west into the Sea of Marmara, with the northwestern spur of the Küre Mountains (and their western extension the Akçakoca Mountains) and the Bolu Mountains, following the coast. The highest peak in the range is Kaçkar Dağı, which rises to 3,937 m (12,917 ft). The North Anatolian Fault and the Northeast Anatolian Fault, which are east-west running strike-slip faults, run along the length of the range.
Ecology[edit]
The mountains are generally covered by dense forests, predominantly of conifers. The Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests is an ecoregion which covers most of the range, while the Caucasus mixed forests extend across the far-eastern end of the range, known as the Kaçkar Mountains. The region is home to Eurasian wildlife such as the Eurasian sparrowhawk, golden eagle, eastern imperial eagle, lesser spotted eagle, Caucasian black grouse, red-fronted serin, and wallcreeper.[4] The narrow coastal strip between the mountains and the Black Sea, known as Pontus, is home to the Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests, which contain some of the world's few temperate rainforests. The Anatolian Plateau, which lies south of the range, has a considerably drier and more continental climate than the humid and mild coast.[5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Karadeniz Ansiklopedik Sözlük Archived 2008-05-13 at the Wayback Machine.. See the "Parhar" (plateau) and "Parhal" (village) articles.
Jump up ^ Strabo (23). "XI". Geography. p. xii.4. Check date values in: |date= (help)
Jump up ^ Pliny, the Elder (77-79). "VI". Natural History. p. iix.25. Check date values in: |date= (help)
Jump up ^ Couzens, Dominic (2008). Top 100 Birding Sites of the World. University of California Press. pp. 73–75. ISBN 978-0-520-25932-4.
Jump up ^ Pontic Mountains and highlands Archived 2014-02-26 at the Wayback Machine.
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Northeast Anatolian Fault

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Strike-slip fault

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Anatolian Plateau

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Aktas Dağı

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Karadağ Mountain

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values: Понт тауҙары – Bashkir

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Pontos – Estonian
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values: Ποντιακές Άλπεις – Greek

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values: Понт тоолору – Kyrgyz

values: Ποντιακά Παρχάραι – Pontic

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