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Privatization
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Privatization (also spelled privatisation) is the purchase of all outstanding shares of a publicly traded company by private investors, or the sale of a state-owned enterprise to private investors. In the case of a for-profit company, the shares are then no longer traded at a stock exchange, as the company became private through private equity; in the case the partial or full sale of a state-owned enterprise to private owners shares may be traded in the public market for the first time, or for the first time since an enterprise's previous nationalization. The second such type of privatization is the demutualization of a mutual organization or cooperative in order to form a joint-stock company.[1] Privatization may also refer to a government outsourcing services or functions to private firms, for example, revenue collection, law enforcement, and prison management.[2] The Economist magazine introduced the term "privatization" (or "privatisation") during the 1930s when it covered Nazi Germany's economic policy.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Forms of privatisation
1.1 Secured borrowing
2 Etymology
3 History
3.1 Pre-20th century
3.2 20th century onwards
4 Results
5 Opinion
5.1 Support
5.2 Opposition
6 Economic theory
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Forms of privatisation[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
There are five main methods[citation needed] of privatization:
Share issue privatization: Shares sale on the stock market.
Asset sale privatization: Asset divestiture to a strategic investor, usually by auction or through the Treuhand model.
Voucher privatization: Distribution of vouchers, which represent part ownership of a corporation, to all citizens, usually for free or at a very low price.
Privatization from below: Start of new private businesses in formerly socialist countries.
Management buyout or employee buyout: Distribution of shares for free or at a very low price to workers or management of the organization.
The choice of sale method is influenced by the capital market and the political and firm-specific factors. Privatization through the stock market is more likely to be the method used when there is an established capital market capable of absorbing the shares. A market with high liquidity can facilitate the privatization. If the capital markets are insufficiently developed, however, it would be difficult to find enough buyers. The shares may have to be underpriced, and the sales may not raise as much capital as would be justified by the fair value of the company being privatized. Many governments, therefore, elect for listings in more sophisticated markets, for example, Euronext, and the London, New York and Hong Kong stock exchanges.
Governments in developing countries and transition countries more often resort to direct asset sales to a few investors, partly because those countries do not yet have a stock market with high capital.
Voucher privatization occurred mainly in the transition economies in Central and Eastern Europe, such as Russia, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Additionally, privatization from below had made important contribution to economic growth in transition economies.
In one study assimilating some of the literature on "privatization" that occurred in Russian and Czech Republic transition economies, the authors identified three methods of privatization: "privatization by sale", "mass privatization", and "mixed privatization". Their calculations showed that "mass privatization" was the most effective method.[5]
However, in economies "characterized by shortages" and maintained by the state bureaucracy, wealth was accumulated and concentrated by "gray/black market" operators. Privatizing industries by sale to these individuals did not mean a transition to "effective private sector owners [of former] state assets". Rather than mainly participating in a market economy, these individuals could prefer elevating their personal status or prefer accumulating political power. Instead, outside foreign investment led to the efficient conduct of former state assets in the private sector and market economy.[5]
Through privatization by direct asset sale or the stock market, bidders compete to offer higher prices, generating more revenue for the state. Voucher privatization, on the other hand, could represent a genuine transfer of assets to the general population, creating a sense of participation and inclusion. A market could be created if the government permits transfer of vouchers among voucher holders.
Secured borrowing[edit]
Some privatization transactions can be interpreted as a form of a secured loan[6][7] and are criticized as a "particularly noxious form of governmental debt".[6] In this interpretation, the upfront payment from the privatization sale corresponds to the principal amount of the loan, while the proceeds from the underlying asset correspond to secured interest payments – the transaction can be considered substantively the same as a secured loan, though it is structured as a sale.[6] This interpretation is particularly argued to apply to recent municipal transactions in the United States, particularly for fixed term, such as the 2008 sale of the proceeds from Chicago parking meters for 75 years. It is argued that this is motivated by "politicians' desires to borrow money surreptitiously",[6] due to legal restrictions on and political resistance to alternative sources of revenue, viz, raising taxes or issuing debt.
Etymology[edit]
The Economist magazine introduced the term "privatization" (or "privatisation") during the 1930s when it covered Nazi Germany's economic policy.[8][9]
History[edit]
See also: List of privatizations
Pre-20th century[edit]
The history of privatization dates from Ancient Greece, when governments contracted out almost everything to the private sector.[10] In the Roman Republic private individuals and companies performed the majority of services including tax collection (tax farming), army supplies (military contractors), religious sacrifices and construction. However, the Roman Empire also created state-owned enterprises—for example, much of the grain was eventually produced on estates owned by the Emperor. Some scholars[who?] suggest that the cost of bureaucracy was one of the reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire.[10]
Perhaps one of the first ideological movements towards privatization came during China's golden age of the Han Dynasty. Taoism came into prominence for the first time at a state level, and it advocated the laissez-faire principle of Wu wei (無為), literally meaning "do nothing".[11] The rulers were counseled by the Taoist clergy that a strong ruler was virtually invisible.
During the Renaissance, most of Europe was still by and large following the feudal economic model. By contrast, the Ming dynasty in China began once more to practice privatization, especially with regards to their manufacturing industries. This was a reversal of the earlier Song dynasty policies, which had themselves overturned earlier policies in favor of more rigorous state control.[12]
In Britain, the privatization of common lands is referred to as enclosure (in Scotland as the Lowland Clearances and the Highland Clearances). Significant privatizations of this nature occurred from 1760 to 1820, preceding the industrial revolution in that country.
20th century onwards[edit]
The first mass privatization of state property occurred in Nazi Germany between 1933-37: "It is a fact that the government of the National Socialist Party sold off public ownership in several state-owned firms in the middle of the 1930s. The firms belonged to a wide range of sectors: steel, mining, banking, local public utilities, shipyard, ship-lines, railways, etc. In addition to this, delivery of some public services produced by public administrations prior to the 1930s, especially social services and services related to work, was transferred to the private sector, mainly to several organizations within the Nazi Party."[13]
Great Britain privatized its steel industry in the 1950s, and the West German government embarked on large-scale privatization, including sale of the majority stake in Volkswagen to small investors in public share offerings in 1961.[10] However, it was in the 1980s under Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom and Ronald Reagan in the United States that privatization gained worldwide momentum. Notable privatization attempts in the UK included privatization of Britoil (1982), Amersham International PLC (1982), British Telecom (1984), Sealink ferries (1984), British Petroleum (gradually privatized between 1979 and 1987), British Aerospace (1985 to 1987), British Gas (1986), Rolls-Royce (1987), Rover Group (formerly British Leyland, 1988), British Steel Corporation (1988), and the regional water authorities (mostly in 1989). After 1979, council house tenants in the UK were given the right to buy their homes. One million purchased their residences by 1986.
Such efforts culminated in 1993 when British Rail was privatized under Thatcher's successor, John Major. British Rail had been formed by prior nationalization of private rail companies. The privatization was controversial, and the its impact is still debated today, as doubling of passenger numbers and investment was balanced by an increase in rail subsidy.[14]
Privatization in Latin America flourished in the 1980s and 1990s as a result of a Western liberal economic policy. Companies providing public services such as water management, transportation, and telecommunication were rapidly sold off to the private sector. In the 1990s, privatization revenue from 18 Latin American countries totaled 6% of gross domestic product.[15] Private investment in infrastructure from 1990 and 2001 reached $360.5 billion, $150 billion more than in the next emerging economy.[15]
While economists generally give favorable evaluations of the impact of privatization in Latin America,[16] opinion polls and public protests across the countries suggest that a large segment of the public is dissatisfied with or have negative views of privatization in the region.[17]
In the 1990s, the governments in Eastern and Central Europe engaged in extensive privatization of state-owned enterprises in Eastern and Central Europe and Russia, with assistance from the World Bank, the U.S. Agency for International Development, the German Treuhand, and other governmental and nongovernmental organizations.
Ongoing privatization of Japan Post relates to that of the national postal service and one of the largest banks in the world. After years of debate, the privatization of Japan Post spearheaded by Junichiro Koizumi finally started in 2007. The privatization process is expected[by whom?] to last until 2017. Japan Post was one of the nation's largest employers, as one-third of Japanese state employees worked for it. It was also said to be the largest holder of personal savings in the world. Criticisms against Japan Post were that it served as a channel of corruption and was inefficient. In September 2003, Koizumi's cabinet proposed splitting Japan Post into four separate companies: a bank, an insurance company, a postal service company, and a fourth company to handle the post offices and retail storefronts of the other three.
After the Upper House rejected privatization, Koizumi scheduled nationwide elections for September 11, 2005. He declared the election to be a referendum on postal privatization. Koizumi subsequently won the election, gaining the necessary supermajority and a mandate for reform, and in October 2005, the bill was passed to privatize Japan Post in 2007.[18]
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone's privatization in 1987 involved the largest share offering in financial history at the time.[19] 15 of the world's 20 largest public share offerings have been privatizations of telecoms.[19]
In 1988, the perestroika policy of Mikhail Gorbachev started allowing privatization of the centrally planned economy. Large privatization of the Soviet economy occurred over the next few years as the country dissolved. Other Eastern Bloc countries followed suit after the Revolutions of 1989 introduced non-communist governments.
The United Kingdom's largest public share offerings were privatizations of British Telecom and British Gas during the 1980s under the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher, when many state-run firms were sold off to the private sector. The privatization received very mixed views from the public and the parliament. Even former Conservative prime minister Harold Macmillan was critical of the policy, likening it to "selling the family silver".[20] There were around 3 million shareholders in Britain when Thatcher took office in 1979, but the subsequent sale of state-run firms saw the number of shareholders double by 1985. By the time of her resignation in 1990, there were more than 10 million shareholders in Britain.[21]
The largest public shares offering in France involved France Télécom.
Egypt undertook widespread privatization under Hosni Mubarak. He was later overthrown in the 2011 revolution, the public called for re-nationalization as the privatized firms were accused of practicing crony capitalism with the old regime.[22]
Results[edit]
Literature reviews[23][24] find that in competitive industries with well-informed consumers, privatization consistently improves efficiency. The more competitive the industry, the greater the improvement in output, profitability, and efficiency.[25] Such efficiency gains mean a one-off increase in GDP, but through improved incentives to innovate and reduce costs also tend to raise the rate of economic growth. Although typically there are many costs associated with these efficiency gains,[26] many economists argue that these can be dealt with by appropriate government support through redistribution and perhaps retraining. Yet, some empirical literature suggests that privatization could also have very modest effects on efficiency and quite regressive distributive impact. In the first attempt at a social welfare analysis of the British privatization program under the Conservative governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major during the 1980s and 1990s, Massimo Florio points to the absence of any productivity shock resulting strictly from ownership change. Instead, the impact on the previously nationalized companies of the UK productivity leap under the Conservatives varied in different industries. In some cases, it occurred prior to privatization, and in other cases, it occurred upon privatization or several years afterward.[27]
A study by the European Commission found that the UK rail network (which was privatized from 1994–97) was most improved out of all the 27 EU nations from 1997–2012. The report examined a range of 14 different factors and the UK came top in four of the factors, second and third in another two and fourth in three, coming top overall.[28]
Privatizations in Russia and Latin America were accompanied by large-scale corruption during the sale of the state-owned companies. Those with political connections unfairly gained large wealth, which has discredited privatization in these regions. While media have widely reported the grand corruption that accompanied those sales, studies have argued that in addition to increased operating efficiency, daily petty corruption is, or would be, larger without privatization, and that corruption is more prevalent in non-privatized sectors. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that extralegal and unofficial activities are more prevalent in countries that privatized less.[29]
A 2009 study published in The Lancet medical journal initially claimed to have found that as many as a million working men died as a result of economic shocks associated with mass privatization in the former Soviet Union and in Eastern Europe during the 1990s,[30][31] although a further study revealed that there were errors in their method and "correlations reported in the original article are simply not robust."[32] Historian Walter Scheidel, a specialist in ancient history, posits that economic inequality and wealth concentration in the top percentile "had been made possible by the transfer of state assets to private owners."[33]
In Latin America, there is a discrepancy between the economic efficiency of privatization and the political/social ramifications that occur. On the one hand, economic indicators, including firm profitability, productivity, and growth, project positive microeconomic results.[15] On the other hand, however, these results have largely been met with a negative criticism and citizen coalitions. This neoliberal criticism highlights the ongoing conflict between varying visions of economic development. Karl Polanyi emphasizes the societal concerns of self-regulating markets through a concept known as a "double movement". In essence, whenever societies move towards increasingly unrestrained, free-market rule, a natural and inevitable societal correction emerges to undermine the contradictions of capitalism. This was the case in the 2000 Cochabamba protests.
Privatization in Latin America has invariably experienced increasing push-back from the public. Some suggest that implementing a less efficient but more politically mindful approach could be more sustainable.[34]
In India, a survey by the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) —Utilization of Free Medical Services by Children Belonging to the Economically Weaker Section (EWS) in Private Hospitals in New Delhi, 2011-12: A Rapid Appraisal—indicates under-utilization of the free beds available for EWS category in private hospitals in Delhi, though they were allotted land at subsidized rates.[35]
Opinion[edit]
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Arguments for and against the controversial subject of privatization are presented here.
Support[edit]
Studies show that private market factors can more efficiently deliver many goods or service than governments due to free market competition.[23][24][25] Over time this tends to lead to lower prices, improved quality, more choices, less corruption, less red tape, and/or quicker delivery. Many proponents do not argue that everything should be privatized. According to them, market failures and natural monopolies could be problematic. However, anarcho-capitalists prefer that every function of the state be privatized, including defense and dispute resolution.[36]
Proponents of privatization make the following arguments:
Performance. State-run industries tend to be bureaucratic. A political government may only be motivated to improve a function when its poor performance becomes politically sensitive.
Increased efficiency. Private companies and firms have a greater incentive to produce goods and services more efficiently to increase profits.
Specialization. A private business has the ability to focus all relevant human and financial resources onto specific functions. A state-owned firm does not have the necessary resources to specialize its goods and services as a result of the general products provided to the greatest number of people in the population.
Improvements. Conversely, the government may put off improvements due to political sensitivity and special interests—even in cases of companies that are run well and better serve their customers' needs.
Corruption. A state-monopolized function is prone to corruption; decisions are made primarily for political reasons, personal gain of the decision-maker (i.e. "graft"), rather than economic ones. Corruption (or principal–agent issues) in a state-run corporation affects the ongoing asset stream and company performance, whereas any corruption that may occur during the privatization process is a one-time event and does not affect ongoing cash flow or performance of the company.
Accountability. Managers of privately owned companies are accountable to their owners/shareholders and to the consumer, and can only exist and thrive where needs are met. Managers of publicly owned companies are required to be more accountable to the broader community and to political "stakeholders". This can reduce their ability to directly and specifically serve the needs of their customers, and can bias investment decisions away from otherwise profitable areas.
Civil-liberty concerns. A company controlled by the state may have access to information or assets which may be used against dissidents or any individuals who disagree with their policies.
Goals. A political government tends to run an industry or company for political goals rather than economic ones.
Capital. Privately held companies can sometimes more easily raise investment capital in the financial markets when such local markets exist and are suitably liquid. While interest rates for private companies are often higher than for government debt, this can serve as a useful constraint to promote efficient investments by private companies, instead of cross-subsidizing them with the overall credit-risk of the country. Investment decisions are then governed by market interest rates. State-owned industries have to compete with demands from other government departments and special interests. In either case, for smaller markets, political risk may add substantially to the cost of capital.
Security. Governments have had the tendency to "bail out" poorly run businesses, often due to the sensitivity of job losses, when economically, it may be better to let the business fold.
Lack of market discipline. Poorly managed state companies are insulated from the same discipline as private companies, which could go bankrupt, have their management removed, or be taken over by competitors. Private companies are also able to take greater risks and then seek bankruptcy protection against creditors if those risks turn sour.
Natural monopolies. The existence of natural monopolies does not mean that these sectors must be state owned. Governments can enact or are armed with anti-trust legislation and bodies to deal with anti-competitive behavior of all companies public or private.
Concentration of wealth. Ownership of and profits from successful enterprises tend to be dispersed and diversified -particularly in voucher privatization. The availability of more investment vehicles stimulates capital markets and promotes liquidity and job creation.
Political influence. Nationalized industries are prone to interference from politicians for political or populist reasons. Examples include making an industry buy supplies from local producers (when that may be more expensive than buying from abroad), forcing an industry to freeze its prices/fares to satisfy the electorate or control inflation, increasing its staffing to reduce unemployment, or moving its operations to marginal constituencies.
Profits. Corporations exist to generate profits for their shareholders. Private companies make a profit by enticing consumers to buy their products in preference to their competitors' (or by increasing primary demand for their products, or by reducing costs). Private corporations typically profit more if they serve the needs of their clients well. Corporations of different sizes may target different market niches in order to focus on marginal groups and satisfy their demand. A company with good corporate governance will therefore be incentivized to meet the needs of its customers efficiently.
Job gains. As the economy becomes more efficient, more profits are obtained and no government subsidies and less taxes are needed, there will be more private money available for investments and consumption and more profitable and better-paid jobs will be created than in the case of a more regulated economy.[37][unreliable source?]
Opposition[edit]
Opponents of certain privatizations believe that certain public goods and services should remain primarily in the hands of government in order to ensure that everyone in society has access to them (such as law enforcement, basic health care, and basic education). There is a positive externality when the government provides society at large with public goods and services such as defense and disease control. Some national constitutions in effect define their governments' "core businesses" as being the provision of such things as justice, tranquility, defense, and general welfare. These governments' direct provision of security, stability, and safety, is intended to be done for the common good (in the public interest) with a long-term (for posterity) perspective. As for natural monopolies, opponents of privatization claim that they aren't subject to fair competition, and better administrated by the state.
Although private companies will provide a similar good or service alongside the government, opponents of privatization are careful about completely transferring the provision of public goods, services and assets into private hands for the following reasons:
Performance. A democratically elected government is accountable to the people through a legislature, Congress or Parliament, and is motivated to safeguarding the assets of the nation. The profit motive may be subordinated to social objectives.
Improvements. the government is motivated to performance improvements as well run businesses contribute to the State's revenues.
Corruption. Government ministers and civil servants are bound to uphold the highest ethical standards, and standards of probity are guaranteed through codes of conduct and declarations of interest. However, the selling process could lack transparency, allowing the purchaser and civil servants controlling the sale to gain personally.
Accountability. The public has less control and oversight of private companies.
Civil-liberty concerns. A democratically elected government is accountable to the people through a parliament, and can intervene when civil liberties are threatened.
Goals. The government may seek to use state companies as instruments to further social goals for the benefit of the nation as a whole.
Capital. Governments can raise money in the financial markets most cheaply to re-lend to state-owned enterprises.
Cuts in essential services. If a government-owned company providing an essential service (such as the water supply) to all citizens is privatized, its new owner(s) could lead to the abandoning of the social obligation to those who are less able to pay, or to regions where this service is unprofitable.
Natural monopolies. Privatization will not result in true competition if a natural monopoly exists.
Concentration of wealth. Profits from successful enterprises end up in private, often foreign, hands instead of being available for the common good.
Political influence. Governments may more easily exert pressure on state-owned firms to help implementing government policy.
Profit. Private companies do not have any goal other than to maximize profits. A private company will serve the needs of those who are most willing (and able) to pay, as opposed to the needs of the majority, and are thus anti-democratic. The more necessary a good is, the lower the price elasticity of demand, as people will attempt to buy it no matter the price. In the case of a price elasticity of demand of zero (perfectly inelastic good), the demand part of supply and demand theories does not work.
Privatization and poverty. It is acknowledged by many studies that there are winners and losers with privatization. The number of losers—which may add up to the size and severity of poverty—can be unexpectedly large if the method and process of privatization and how it is implemented are seriously flawed (e.g. lack of transparency leading to state-owned assets being appropriated at minuscule amounts by those with political connections, absence of regulatory institutions leading to transfer of monopoly rents from public to private sector, improper design and inadequate control of the privatization process leading to asset stripping).[38]
Job loss. Due to the additional financial burden placed on privatized companies to succeed without any government help, unlike the public companies, jobs could be lost to keep more money in the company.
Reduced wages and benefits. A 2014 report by In the Public Interest, a resource center on privatization,[39] argues that "outsourcing public services sets off a downward spiral in which reduced worker wages and benefits can hurt the local economy and overall stability of middle and working class communities."[40]
Inferior quality products. Private, for-profit companies might cut corners on providing quality goods and services in order to maximize profit.[41]
Economic theory[edit]
In economic theory, privatization has been studied in the field of contract theory. When contracts are complete, institutions such as (private or public) property are difficult to explain, since every desired incentive structure can be achieved with sufficiently complex contractual arrangements, regardless of the institutional structure (all that matters is who are the decision makers and what is their available information). In contrast, when contracts are incomplete, institutions matter. A leading application of the incomplete contract paradigm in the context of privatization is the model by Hart, Shleifer, and Vishny (1997).[42] In their model, a manager can make investments to increase quality (but they may also increase costs) and investments to decrease costs (but they may also reduce quality). It turns out that it depends on the particular situation whether private ownership or public ownership is desirable. The Hart-Shleifer-Vishny model has been further developed in various directions, e.g. to allow for mixed public-private ownership and endogenous assignments of the investment tasks.[43]
See also[edit]
Category:Privatization by country
Privatization in the United States
Corporatization
Deprivatization
Deregulation
Marketization
Private sector development
Privatization of British Rail
Privately owned public space
Private prison
Special Economic Zone
Structural adjustment
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Musselburgh Co-op in crisis as privatization bid fails". Co-operative News. 2005-11-01. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
Jump up ^ Chowdhury, F. L. ‘’Corrupt Bureaucracy and Privatisation of Tax Enforcement’’, 2006: Pathak Samabesh, Dhaka.
Jump up ^ Edwards, Ruth Dudley (1995). The Pursuit of Reason: The Economist 1843–1993. Harvard Business School Press. p. 946. ISBN 0-87584-608-4.
Jump up ^ Compare Bel, Germà (2006). "Retrospectives: The Coining of 'Privatisation' and Germany's National Socialist Party". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 20 (3): 187–94. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.694.2842  . doi:10.1257/jep.20.3.187.
^ Jump up to: a b John Bennett, Saul Estrin, and Giovanni Urga (2007). "Methods of privatization and economic growth in transition economies" (PDF). Economies of Transition. 15: 661–683. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0351.2007.00300.x. Retrieved 18 June 2017. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c d Roin, Julie. "Privatization and the Sale of Tax Revenues". SSRN 1880033  , also published as "Privatization and the Sale of Tax Revenues" in Minnesota Law Review, Vol. 85, p. 1965, 2011, and U of Chicago Law & Economics, Olin Working Paper No. 560
Jump up ^ U. of C. professor argues privatization of public assets just like borrowing money, July 22, 2011, Chicago Tribune, Ameet Sachdev's Chicago Law, Ameet Sachdev
Jump up ^ Edwards, Ruth Dudley (1995). The Pursuit of Reason: The Economist 1843–1993. Harvard Business School Press. p. 946. ISBN 0-87584-608-4.
Jump up ^ Compare Bel, Germà (2006). "Retrospectives: The Coining of 'Privatisation' and Germany's National Socialist Party". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 20 (3): 187–94. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.694.2842  . doi:10.1257/jep.20.3.187.
^ Jump up to: a b c International Handbook on Privatization by David Parker, David S. Saal
Jump up ^ Li & Zheng 2001, p. 241
Jump up ^ Bouye, Thomas M., Manslaughter, markets, and moral economy
Jump up ^ Bel, Germà (2010-02-01). "Against the mainstream: Nazi privatization in 1930s Germany1". The Economic History Review. 63 (1): 34–55. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00473.x. ISSN 1468-0289.
Jump up ^ "Forget the nostalgia for British Rail – our trains are better than ever".
^ Jump up to: a b c "Privatization in Latin America: The rapid rise, recent fall, and continuing puzzle of a contentious economic policy" by John Nellis, Rachel Menezes, Sarah Lucas. Center for Global Development Policy Brief, Jan 2004, p. 1.
Jump up ^ "The Distributive Impact of Privatization in Latin America: Evidence from Four Countries" by David McKenzie, Dilip Mookherjee, Gonzalo Castañeda and Jaime Saavedra. Brookings Institution Press, 2008, p. 162.
Jump up ^ "Why is Sector Reform So Unpopular in Latin America?" by Mary Shirley. The Ronald Coase Institute Working Papers, 2004, p. 1.
Jump up ^ Takahara, "All eyes on Japan Post" Faiola, Anthony (2005-10-15). "Japan Approves Postal Privatization". Washington Post. The Washington Post Company. p. A10. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
^ Jump up to: a b The Financial Economics of Privatisation By William L. Megginson, pp. 205–06
Jump up ^ [1] Archived June 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Thatcher years in graphics". BBC News. 2005-11-18.
Jump up ^ Amos, Deborah, "In Egypt, Revolution Moves Into The Factories", NPR, April 20, 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-20.
^ Jump up to: a b "Privatisation in Competitive Sectors: The Record to Date, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2860". John Nellis and Sunita Kikeri. World Bank. June 2002. SSRN 636224  .
^ Jump up to: a b "From State To Market: A Survey Of Empirical Studies On Privatisation" (PDF). William L. Megginson and Jeffry M. Netter. Journal of Economic Literature. June 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-10-02.
^ Jump up to: a b "Privatising State-owned Enterprises" (PDF). 2010-02-22. p. 9. Retrieved 2011-07-11.
Jump up ^ "Winners and Losers: Assessing the Distributional Impact of Privatisation, CGD Working Paper No 6" (PDF). Nancy Birdsall & John Nellis. Center for Global Development. March 9, 2006.
Jump up ^ FLORIO Massimo – “The Great Divestiture: Evaluating the Welfare Impact of the British Privatizations, 1979–1997” (MIT Press, 2004). Book review by William L. Megginson, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. XLIV (March 2006) p. 172.
Jump up ^ "European rail study report".
Jump up ^ Privatisation in Competitive Sectors: The Record to Date. Sunita Kikeri and John Nellis. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2860, June 2002. Privatisation and Corruption. David Martimort and Stéphane Straub.
Jump up ^ "Death surge linked with mass privatisation". University of Oxford. 2009. Archived from the original on 2014-07-02. Retrieved 2015-06-28.
Jump up ^ Privatisation 'raised death rate'. BBC, 15 January 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Did mass privatisation really increase post-communist mortality?". The Lancet. 375: 372. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60159-6.
Jump up ^ Scheidel, Walter (2017). The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century. Princeton University Press. p. 222. ISBN 978-0691165028.
Jump up ^ "Why is Sector Reform So Unpopular in Latin America?" by Mary Shirley. The Ronald Coase Institute Working Paper, 2004, p. 1.
Jump up ^ Perappadan, Bindu shajan (August 17, 2013). "Private hospitals shun destitute children". The Hindu. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Review of Kosanke's Instead of Politics – Don Stacy" Libertarian Papers VOL. 3, ART. NO. 3 (2011)
Jump up ^ Central Europe's Mass-Production Privatization, Heritage Lecture #352
Jump up ^ Dagdeviren (2006). "Revisiting privatisation in the context of poverty alleviation". Journal of International Development. 18: 469–88. doi:10.1002/jid.1244.
Jump up ^ David Moberg (6 June 2014). Privatizing Government Services Doesn’t Only Hurt Public Workers. In These Times. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Race to the Bottom: How Outsourcing Public Services Rewards Corporations and Punishes the Middle Class Archived 2014-06-04 at the Library of Congress. In the Public Interest, 3 June 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Joshua Holland (17 July 2014). How a Bogus, Industry-Funded Study Helped Spur a Privatization Disaster in Michigan. Moyers & Company. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Hart, Oliver; Shleifer, Andrei; Vishny, Robert W. (1997). "The Proper Scope of Government: Theory and an Application to Prisons". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 112 (4): 1127–1161. doi:10.1162/003355300555448. ISSN 0033-5533.
Jump up ^ Hoppe, Eva I.; Schmitz, Patrick W. (2010). "Public versus private ownership: Quantity contracts and the allocation of investment tasks". Journal of Public Economics. 94 (3–4): 258–68. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.11.009.
References[edit]
Alexander, Jason. 2009. Contracting Through the Lens of Classical Pragmatism: An Exploration of Local Government Contracting. Applied Research Project. Texas State University. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/288/.
Dovalina, Jessica. 2006. Assessing the Ethical Issues Found in the Contracting Out Process. Applied Research Project. Texas State University. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/108/.
Segerfeldt, Fredrik. 2006. Water for sale: how business and the market can resolve the world’s water crisis. Stockholm Network. http://www.stockholm-network.org/downloads/events/d41d8cd9-Amigo%20Segerfeldt.pdf
Bernard Black et al., 'Russian Privatization and Corporate Governance: What Went Wrong? (2000) 52 Stanford Law Review 1731
Feghali, Khalil.(2013). "La privatisation au Liban:allocation des ressources et efficacité de la gestion". L'Harmattan, Paris, ISBN 978-2-343-00839-4
Hoppe, Eva I.; Schmitz, Patrick W. (2010). "Public versus private ownership: quantity contracts and the allocation of investment tasks". Journal of Public Economics. 94: 258–268. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.11.009.
Kemp, Roger L. (2007). "Privatization: The Provision of Public Services by the Private Sector," McFarland & Co., Inc., Publishers, Jefferson City, North Carolina, USA and London, England, UK. (ISBN 978-0-7864-3250-9)
Unindexed
David T. Beito, Peter Gordon, and Alexander Tabarrok (editors); foreword by Paul Johnson (2002). The voluntary city: choice, community, and civil society. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press/The Independent Institute. ISBN 0-472-08837-8. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Bel, Germà (2006). "The coining of 'privatisation´and Germany's National Socialist Party" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 20 (3): 187–194. doi:10.1257/jep.20.3.187.
Clarke, Thomas (ed.) (1994) "International Privatisation: Strategies and Practices" Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-013569-8
Clarke, Thomas and Pitelis, Christos (eds.) (1995) "The Political Economy of Privatisation" London and New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-12705-X
Juliet D’Souza, William L. Megginson (1999), "The Financial and Operating Performance of Privatised Firms during the 1990s", Journal of Finance August 1999
von Hayek, Friedrich, (1960) The Constitution of Liberty
Roger L. Kemp, PhD, "Privatization: The Provision of Public Services by the Private Sector," McFarland & Co., Jefferson, NC, USA; and London, UK., 2007.
Kosar, Kevin R. (2006), "Privatisation and the Federal Government: An Introduction", Report from the Congressional Research Service
Mayer, Florian (2006) Vom Niedergang des unternehmerisch tätigen Staates: Privatisierungspolitik in Großbritannien, Frankreich, Italien und Deutschland, VS Verlag, Wiesbaden, ISBN 3-531-14918-0
Megginson and Netter, From state to market: A survey of empirical studies on privatization, Journal of Economic Literature 39(2), June 2001, 321-89.
Onses, Richard (2004). Benchmarking Privatization: the building of privatization index using fuzzy logic. Valladolid: International Conference on Modeling and Simulation. ISBN 84-688-7867-7.
Onses, Richard (2004). The privatization leaders guide. e-privatization.com publication. ISBN 84-607-9613-2.
Nico Perrone (2002), Economia pubblica rimossa, Milan, Giuffrè ISBN 88-14-10088-8
Smith, Adam (1776) The Wealth of Nations
Jeb Sprague, 2007. Haiti: Workers Protest Privatisation Layoffs. Inter Press Service.
Stiglitz, Joseph Globalization and its Discontents
von Weizsäcker, Ernst, Oran Young, and Matthias Finger (editors): Limits to Privatisation. Earthscan, London 2005 ISBN 1-84407-177-4
Wolin, Sheldon (2008). Democracy Incorporated: Managed Democracy and the Specter of Inverted Totalitarianism. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13566-3 (Trad. esp.: Democracia S. A., Buenos Aires/Madrid, Katz editores S.A, 2008, ISBN 978-84-96859-46-3)
Zullo, Roland. (2009). Does Fiscal Stress Induce Privatization? Correlates of Private and Intermunicipal Contracting, 1992–2002. Governance 22.3 (July): 459-481.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Privatization
Look up privatization in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Privatization's Rise from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
Reports of the Public Services International Research Unit at the University of Greenwich Research database with many articles on the effects of privatization
Parker, David. "Privatisation ten years on : a critical analysis of its rationale and results". Cranfield University, School of Management.
Privatization Blog is a resource dedicated to recent developments in privatization.
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Like Toy Soldiers
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"Like Toy Soldiers"
Single by Eminem
from the album Encore
Released
January 24, 2005
Format
CD
digital download
Recorded
2004
Genre
Conscious hip hop
Length
4:56
Label
Aftermath
Shady
Interscope
Songwriter(s)
Eminem
Luis Resto
M. Dawson
M. J. Margules
Producer(s)
Eminem
Luis Resto (add.)
Eminem singles chronology
"Encore/Curtains Down"
(2004) "Like Toy Soldiers"
(2005) "Mockingbird"
(2005)
"Encore/Curtains Down"
(2004) "Like Toy Soldiers"
(2005) "Mockingbird"
(2005)
Music video
"Like Toy Soldiers" on YouTube
"Like Toy Soldiers" is a song by American rapper Eminem, from his fifth album Encore (2004). "Like Toy Soldiers" received positive reviews from music critics, and peaked at number 34 on the Billboard Hot 100. Outside the United States, "Like Toy Soldiers" topped the charts in the United Kingdom and peaked within the top 10 of the charts in 12 countries, including Australia and New Zealand. The song samples "Toy Soldiers" by Martika.
Contents
[hide]
1 Content
2 Critical reception
3 Music video
4 Track listing
5 Charts
6 Certifications
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Content[edit]
"Like Toy Soldiers" tells the story of Eminem's attempts to calm a violent community of rappers. Eminem speaks openly about problems with The Source magazine and its editor Benzino, as well as the situation between 50 Cent and Ja Rule and his label Murder Inc., which Eminem felt went far beyond the Jay Z vs. Nas feud.[1] The song finishes as Eminem offers a truce to his enemies. In addition, this song also reveals that Eminem had tried to stop Ja Rule & 50 Cent's feud, but lost it when he heard Ja Rule making fun of his daughter on a track called "Loose Change" - ("The Ja Shit, I tried to squash it, It was too late to stop it, There's a certain line you just don't cross and he crossed it, I heard him say Hailie's name on a song and I just lost it"). In the song "Loose Change", Ja Rule says Eminem claims his then ex-wife is "a known slut" and his mother "a crackhead", and then asks him "so what's Hailie gonna be when she grows up?".[2] "Like Toy Soldiers" was later included on Eminem's compilation album Curtain Call: The Hits in 2005. Throughout his career, Eminem, at most, only alludes to Suge Knight, completing a line in this song, "my intentions were good, I went through my whole career without ever mentioning -." Styles P used the instrumental version in his song "Soldiers Song", in 2005.[1]
As a result of this song, Eminem refused to get himself involved in some of 50 Cent's later feuds, including Jadakiss, Fat Joe (both of whom he collaborated with in 2004), and The Game.
Critical reception[edit]
AllMusic highlighted the song.[3] A positive overview came from J-23: ""Like Toy Soldiers" is among his best work here, from his production (complete with Martika sample), to his gripping recount, assessment and conclusion of the Benzino and Murder Inc beefs."[4] Pitchfork was also positive, calling it:
a public hand-wringing over the feuds that Em and 50 Cent have been drawn into, the consequences of these battles, and-- most importantly-- the toll they've taken, both physically and emotionally. The martial beat is a bit heavy-handed, but it's counterbalanced by the pleasantly surprising chorus' sample of Martika's "Toy Soldiers", perhaps a nod to either Kanye's helium-vocaled samples or the 00s trend toward trance-pop covers of 80s hits.[5]
NME wrote a favorable review:
'Like Toy Soldiers’ is a case in point. The best track of this album, and probably any album this year, it should be appalling. It interpolates (by which we mean ‘steals’) the chorus to a long-forgotten ’80s power ballad by Martika, which would be a surefire route to disaster in anyone else’s hands. Instead, with its martial drumbeat, unashamedly vast-scale soft rock dynamics and that similarly monolithic chorus, it is perhaps hip-hop’s first genuine lighters-in-the-air stadium anthem. And yet it’s probably the most personal track on the album...as Em tries to draw a line under the various beefs he and his cohorts have been embroiled in. “Even though the battle was won/I feel like we lost it/I spent [so much energy] on it/Honestly I’m exhausted”, he admits. If the sheer volume and widescreen sweep of ‘Like Toy Soldiers’ is a cover for this exhaustion, then it sure works.[6]
Rolling Stone Magazine described: "it's really mature, as when the Martika-sampling "Like Toy Soldiers" renounces battle rhyming and its deadly consequences."[7] USA Today noted: "A military drumbeat drives Like Toy Soldiers, in which Eminem offers an explanation for his beef with the Murder Inc. rap clique, The Source magazine and its rapper/owner Benzino, and his part in a dispute between 50 Cent and Ja Rule. He seems to wish none of it had ever happened, and he's ready to move on."[8] RapReviews was less positive: "Continuing to wring out sympathy from his tear-soaked towel of a life, Eminem doubles-up with "Like Toy Soldiers," another self-produced, self-sorry introspection on the Slim Shady saga."[9] The Guardian was happy of sampling: "Like Toy Soldiers, about Ja Rule and Benzino, is similarly brilliant. Set to the album's one genuinely fantastic backing track, involving a military drumbeat and a sample from Martika's forgotten 1980s hit Toy Soldiers, its lyrics switch from truce-calling to belligerent indignation and back again, often in the space of one line."[10] The New York Times described:
"[Like] Toy Soldiers," scheduled to be the next single, recycles the 1980s pop hit by Martika so that Eminem can rehash his beefs with Ja Rule and the Source. But the vitriol is mainly gone, and he sounds sad and clear-eyed, ending the rhyme by proposing a truce: "It's not a plea that I'm coppin'/I'm just willing to be the bigger man/If y'all can [quiet] poppin'/Off at the jaws [with the knockin'],/'Cause frankly I'm sick of talkin'/I'm not gonna let someone else's coffin/Rest on my conscience."[11]
Stylus Magazine, however, is a bit negative: "perhaps you don’t mind that Em ruins maybe the best musical moment on the record, the Martika interpolation of “Like Toy Soldiers”, just so he can recapitulate ad nauseum [sic] the details of his pitiful n-word controversy (and somehow indirectly blame Afrocentrism for his youthful idiocy)."[12] Entertainment Weekly was very critical of the song: "Instead of addressing other matters that extend beyond his immediate universe, he wastes time attacking his sworn enemies at The Source [in both 'Like Toy Soldiers' and 'Yellow Brick Road']."[13] The Boston Phoenix called it a "self-knowing anti-anthem".[14] SPIN, however, seemed to put the song in a different light: "On 'Like Toy Soldiers,' over a stirring, 'Jesus Walks'-style loop of Martika's doleful '80s hit, Eminem brings light, not heat, to a couple years' worth of beefs, from 50 Cent's feud with the Murder Inc. crew to Em's conflict with rapper Benzino and The Source's edit staff, stating his case while resisting the urge to pour gas on any fires."[15]
Music video[edit]
Released on December 3, 2004, the song's video starts with two young boys, one who is white and one who is black, reading a book called "Toy Soldiers," which contains the lyrics of this song. It begins at the hospital where Eminem and other rappers are watching, in despair, the doctors trying to save D12 member Bugz (played by fellow D12 member Proof), who was killed in 1999. Eminem is then seen in a series of scenes rapping the song in a deserted alleyway, before the video goes through a series of scenes showing the various feuds mentioned in the song. They include seeing the news, rappers battling in studios, and street encounters. Near the end, Eminem stands shocked seeing the shooting of Bugz. It switches back to the hospital, where Bugz dies, and finishes at his funeral, which has a choir in which the black child and the white child from when Martika starts to sing.
Cameo appearances in the video include 50 Cent, Luis Resto, Dr. Dre, Obie Trice, and D12. Dead rappers include Tupac Shakur, The Notorious B.I.G., Big L, and Bugz are also shown in animation form at the end of the music video to show the fatal consequences of rap wars.
In a case of life imitating art, Proof himself was shot and killed on April 11, 2006 after an altercation broke out at a nightclub in Detroit, Michigan. "In the year after he (Proof) died, I would stare at the ceiling and think about that video (Like Toy Soldiers). Did karma cause that to happen in real life? Did I? You always want to point the finger at somebody else when something like that happens, you know?"[16]
Track listing[edit]
Digital download[17]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Like Toy Soldiers" 4:56
2. "Just Lose It" (DJ Green Lantern Remix) 3:30
Total length: 8:26
Digital EP[18]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Like Toy Soldiers" 4:56
2. "Rabbit Run" (Soundtrack Version) 3:10
3. "Like Toy Soldiers" (Instrumental) 4:43
Total length: 12:09
UK CD1[19]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Like Toy Soldiers" 4:56
2. "Rabbit Run" (Soundtrack Version) 3:10
Total length: 8:06
UK CD2[20]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Like Toy Soldiers" 4:56
2. "Rabbit Run" (Soundtrack Version) 3:10
3. "Like Toy Soldiers" (Instrumental) 4:43
4. "Like Toy Soldiers" (Music Video) 4:56
Total length: 17:05
UK DVD[21]
No.
Title
Length
3. "Like Toy Soldiers" (Music Video) 4:56
4. "Like Toy Soldiers" (Making of the Video) 3:00
Total length: 7:56
German CD Single[22]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Like Toy Soldiers" 4:56
2. "Just Lose It" (DJ Green Lantern Remix) 3:10
3. "Like Toy Soldiers" (Instrumental) 4:43
4. "Like Toy Soldiers" (Music Video) 4:56
Total length: 17:25
UK CD2[23]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Like Toy Soldiers" 4:56
2. "Just Lose It" (DJ Green Lantern Remix) 3:30
Total length: 8:26
Charts[edit]
Chart (2005)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[24] 4
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[25] 8
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[26] 11
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[27] 18
Brazilian Singles Chart (ABPD)[28] 16
Denmark (Tracklisten)[29] 2
Eurochart Hot 100 (Billboard)[30] 1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[31] 15
France (SNEP)[32] 34
Germany (Media Control AG)[33] 8
Hungary (Mahasz)[34] 6
Ireland (IRMA)[35] 3
Italy (FIMI)[36] 8
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[37] 7
New Zealand (RIANZ)[38] 2
Norway (VG-lista)[39] 4
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[40] 14
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[41] 3
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[42] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[43] 34
US Pop Songs (Billboard)[44] 24
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[45] 64
US Pop 100 (Billboard)[46] 24
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[47]
Gold 35,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[48]
Silver 200,000^
United States (RIAA)[49]
Gold 500,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
See also[edit]
List of European number-one hits of 2005
List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2000s
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Like Toy Soldiers by Eminem Songfacts". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
Jump up ^ Reid, Shaheem (2003-04-04). "Ja Rule Calls 50 'Loose Change,' Disses 'Feminem' And Dr. Dre". MTV.com. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine (2004-11-12). "Encore - Eminem | Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
Jump up ^ J-23 (2004-11-15). "Eminem - Encore". HipHopDX. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
Jump up ^ Scott Plagenhoef (2004-11-11). "Eminem: Encore | Album Reviews". Pitchfork. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
Jump up ^ Pete Cashmore (2005-09-12). "Eminem : Encore". NME. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
Jump up ^ Robert Christgau (2004-12-09). "Encore | Album Reviews". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
Jump up ^ Jones, Steve (2004-11-11). "Eminem's edgy 'Encore' deserves an ovation". USA Today. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
Jump up ^ Corne, James (2004-11-09). "Eminem :: Encore :: Shady/Aftermath/Interscope". RapReviews. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
Jump up ^ Alexis Petridis (November 12, 2004). "CD: Eminem, Encore | Music". The Guardian. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
Jump up ^ Sanneh, Kelefa (2004-11-15). "All the Time in the World, Slim Shady? That's Scary". The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
Jump up ^ Love, Josh (2004-11-12). "Eminem - Encore - Review". Stylus Magazine. Archived from the original on 2014-02-09. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
Jump up ^ Browne, David (2004-11-19). "Encore". Entertainment Weekly (793): 80. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
Jump up ^ Soults, Franklin (November 26, 2004). "Eminem: Encore". The Boston Phoenix. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pappademas, Alex (January 2005). "Good-bye, Yellow Brick Road". SPIN: 95–96. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
Jump up ^ Mathers, Marshall. The way I am.
Jump up ^ "iTunes - Music - Like Toy Soldiers - Single by Eminem". Itunes.apple.com. 2005-01-24. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
Jump up ^ "iTunes - Music - Like Toy Soldiers - EP by Eminem". Itunes.apple.com. 2005-01-31. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
Jump up ^ "Like Toy Soldiers [CD 2]: Amazon.co.uk: Music". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
Jump up ^ "Like Toy Soldiers [CD 1]: Amazon.co.uk: Music". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
Jump up ^ "Like Toy Soldiers [DVD]: Amazon.co.uk: Eminem: Music". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
Jump up ^ "Like Toy Soldiers: Amazon.co.uk: Music". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
Jump up ^ "Like Toy Soldiers (Pock It): Amazon.co.uk: Music". Amazon.co.uk. 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
Jump up ^ "Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers". australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers" (in German). austriancharts.at. Hung Medien. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers" (in Dutch). ultratop.be. Hung Medien. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers" (in French). ultratop.be. Hung Medien. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Brazil" (PDF). ABPD. October 6, 2001. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers". danishcharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem Album & Song Chart History: European Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers". finnishcharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers" (in French). lescharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Chartverfolgung / Eminem / Single" (in German). musicline.de. Media Control Charts. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ – Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége" (in Hungarian). mahasz.hu. Mahasz. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Discography Eminem". irish-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers". italiancharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 6, 2005". top40.nl. Dutch Top 40. Archived from the original (in Dutch) on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers". charts.org.nz. Hung Medien. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem - Lose Yourself". norwegiancharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers". swedishcharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers" (in German). hitparade.ch. Hung Medien. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Archive Chart: 2005-02-06" UK Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Eminem Album & Song Chart History: Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem Album & Song Chart History: Pop Songs". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem Album & Song Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Songs". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles". Allmusic. Macrovision. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2005 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Eminem – Like Toy Soldiers". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Like Toy Soldiers in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Eminem – Like Toy Soldiers". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
Official song video
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
t
e
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Discography
Production discography
Awards and nominations
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"Superman"
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Encore
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"Mosh"
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"Like Toy Soldiers"
"Mockingbird"
"Ass Like That"
Curtain Call: The Hits
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"Throw That"
"My Life"
"C'mon Let Me Ride"
"Numb"
"Calm Down"
"Best Friend"
"The Hills" (Remix)
"No Favors"
Other songs
"'97 Bonnie & Clyde"
"Kim"
"Bitch Please II"
"White America"
"'Till I Collapse"
"The Warning"
"Won't Back Down"
"Bad Guy"
"Rhyme or Reason"
"Legacy"
"So Far..."
"Campaign Speech"
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values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Like_Toy_Soldiers rootpage-Like_Toy_Soldiers skin-vector action-view