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Glenwood Springs, Colorado
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City of Glenwood Springs, Colorado
Home Rule Municipality
Glenwood Springs view from Lookout Mountain

Location of Glenwood Springs in Garfield County, Colorado.
Coordinates: 39°33′N 107°19′W / 39.550°N 107.317°W / 39.550; -107.317Coordinates: 39°33′N 107°19′W / 39.550°N 107.317°W / 39.550; -107.317
Country
United States
State
Colorado
County
Garfield County Seat[1]
Incorporated
September 4, 1885[2]
Government
• Type
Home Rule Municipality[1]
Area[3]
• Total
5.69 sq mi (14.75 km2)
• Land
5.68 sq mi (14.73 km2)
• Water
0.01 sq mi (0.02 km2)
Elevation[4]
5,761 ft (1,756 m)
Population (2010)
• Total
9,614
• Estimate (2016)[5]
9,997
• Density
1,758.49/sq mi (678.91/km2)
Demonym(s)
Glenwood Springer[6][7]
Time zone
MST (UTC-7)
• Summer (DST)
MDT (UTC-6)
ZIP codes[8]
81601, 81602 (PO Box)
Area code(s)
970
FIPS code
08-30780
GNIS feature ID
0204659
Website
www.ci.glenwood-springs.co.us
The City of Glenwood Springs is the Home Rule Municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Garfield County, Colorado, United States.[9] Glenwood Springs is located at the confluence of the Roaring Fork River and the Colorado River, threading together the Roaring Fork Valley and a series of smaller towns up and down the Colorado River. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 9,614.[10]
Glenwood Springs is best known as a historic destination for vacationers with diverse natural amenities, most particularly hot springs, but gentrification and development have introduced modern cultural, dining, and recreational activities as well. It is also home to two of the campuses and the administrative offices of the Colorado Mountain College system.
Glenwood Springs in 2015 was named the "Most Vibrant Small Town Arts Environment in the United States"[11] by Southern Methodist University and the 5th Best Place to Live in America[12] by Outside magazine. It was named the "Most Fun Town in America" by Rand McNally and USA Today in 2011.[13]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Geography
3 Climate
3.1 Cultivation
4 Demographics
5 Economy
6 Education
7 Media
8 Transportation
8.1 Amtrak and other rail
8.2 Bus
8.3 Automobile
8.4 Airport
9 Recreation
9.1 Hot Springs
9.2 Skiing
9.3 Rafting, kayaking, and fishing
9.4 Paragliding
9.5 Mountain biking
9.6 Golf
9.7 Bike trails
9.8 Glenwood Caverns
9.9 Glenwood Vaudeville Revue
9.10 Hanging Lake
9.11 Off-roading
9.12 Downtown Market
10 Notable people
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
History[edit]
Glenwood Springs was originally known as "Defiance", a name sometimes still used by local teams or businesses. Defiance was established in 1883, a camp of tents, saloons, and brothels with an increasing amount of cabins and lodging establishments. It was populated with the expected crowd of gamblers, gunslingers, and prostitutes. Town Founder Isaac Cooper's wife Sarah was having a hard time adjusting to the frontier life and, in an attempt to make her environment somewhat more comfortable, persuaded the founders to change the name to Glenwood Springs, Colorado, after her beloved hometown of Glenwood, Iowa.[14]
Glenwood Hot Springs Bathhouse, Glenwood Springs, built c. 1888
The location of Glenwood Springs, as well as gaining a stop on the railroad, rapidly made it a center of commerce in the area. The city has seen famous visitors, including President Teddy Roosevelt, who spent an entire summer vacation living out of the historic Hotel Colorado. Doc Holliday, a wild west legend from the O.K. Corral gunfight, spent the final months of his life in Glenwood Springs and is buried in the town's original Pioneer Cemetery above Bennett Avenue. Kid Curry is buried in the same location. Infamous serial killer Ted Bundy was imprisoned in the Glenwood Springs jail until he escaped on the night of December 30, 1977, an escape which went undetected for 17 hours.[15]
Grand Avenue, Glenwood Springs
Glenwood Springs was one of the first places in the United States to have electric lights. The original lighting was installed in 1897 inside of the Fairy Caves in Iron Mountain. Later, a dam was built in Glenwood Canyon, providing water for the Shoshone power plant. The plant began producing power on May 16, 1909, and retains the largest and oldest water rights to the Colorado River,[16] the "Shoshone Call",[17] which is now far more valuable for the protection of Colorado River water rather than the minimal electricity produced.[18]
Geography[edit]
Looking west from Glenwood Caverns Adventure Park above Glenwood Springs
Glenwood Springs is located in the narrow mountain valleys that host the confluence of the Colorado River and the Roaring Fork River. The surrounding terrain is steeply contoured on all sides, with numerous caves to be found.[19] Extensive geothermal resources exist in the area, most famously manifest in the local hot springs, but also evidenced through other features such as the Dotsero maar. Occasional proposals to leverage the geothermal energy for other purposes arise.[20] Glenwood Springs has experienced several significant mudslides throughout its history, a threat mitigated somewhat by public works.[21]
Reddish colored sandstone cliffs surround the city.
Glenwood Springs is one of the most walkable towns in America, a distinction that has been recognized by PBS[22] and Walking Magazine,[23] including in the Walking Town Hall of Fame.[24] Though the town's dense amenities and constrained geography make Glenwood Springs a natural environment for pedestrians and cyclists, the extensive trails running throughout[25] and around the city[26] resulted from a renaissance that began in the 1980s in response to congestion and traffic.[27]
Due to assertive planning by city management during the early years of the city, Glenwood Springs owns some of the most senior water rights to tributaries of the Colorado River.[28] Despite very little risk of water supply inadequacy, unlike most of the American West, conservation plans have been enacted anyway for largely environmental reasons. Supply is so ample that the city has an incomplete understanding of its own water rights.[29] The town's drinking water is supplied primarily through senior rights to major watersheds in the Flat Tops Wilderness Area, and the tap water is generally of excellent quality.[30]
Extensive mineral deposits exist further up the Crystal River and the Roaring Fork, and petroleum resources are ample in western Garfield County,[31] bringing significant tax revenue to Glenwood Springs. However, Glenwood Springs itself lies outside of the Colorado Mineral Belt, and there are no mineral or oil and gas sources near Glenwood Springs proper or its watersheds.[31] While the paucity of minerals and oil was disastrous for early miners hoping to strike it rich, modern Glenwood Springs has none of the typical Colorado mountain town legacy of resource extraction,[32] boasting pristine air,[33] water, and land.[34] Valley inversions and heavy traffic to Aspen can lead to air quality issues during exceptionally cold spells of winter.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Glenwood Springs has a total area of 5.7 square miles (14.7 km2), of which 0.01 square miles (0.02 km2), or 0.16%, is water.[10]
Climate[edit]
Glenwood Springs has a generally mild and semi-arid climate, much more consistently stable than that of the Front Range and most of Colorado, though still decidedly continental and prone to periods of extreme weather. Microclimates dominate Glenwood Springs, with areas close to the rivers often much more damp and cool than hillsides.
[hide]Climate data for Glenwood Springs (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1893–present)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
60
(16) 67
(19) 79
(26) 88
(31) 95
(35) 102
(39) 102
(39) 100
(38) 100
(38) 88
(31) 80
(27) 65
(18) 102
(39)
Average high °F (°C)
35.5
(1.9) 41.0
(5) 51.5
(10.8) 59.4
(15.2) 69.8
(21) 81.0
(27.2) 87.3
(30.7) 85.1
(29.5) 76.2
(24.6) 63.8
(17.7) 47.2
(8.4) 35.4
(1.9) 61.2
(16.2)
Average low °F (°C)
13.4
(−10.3) 18.5
(−7.5) 26.6
(−3) 32.1
(0.1) 39.2
(4) 46.0
(7.8) 52.8
(11.6) 52.0
(11.1) 43.6
(6.4) 33.2
(0.7) 23.9
(−4.5) 14.9
(−9.5) 33.1
(0.6)
Record low °F (°C)
−38
(−39) −30
(−34) −14
(−26) 2
(−17) 17
(−8) 27
(−3) 30
(−1) 28
(−2) 20
(−7) 10
(−12) −12
(−24) −22
(−30) −38
(−39)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
1.49
(37.8) 1.10
(27.9) 1.42
(36.1) 1.52
(38.6) 1.79
(45.5) 1.07
(27.2) 1.07
(27.2) 1.27
(32.3) 1.95
(49.5) 1.85
(47) 1.34
(34) 1.28
(32.5) 17.15
(435.6)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
17.9
(45.5) 11.2
(28.4) 6.6
(16.8) 1.8
(4.6) 0.3
(0.8) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 1.1
(2.8) 5.3
(13.5) 14.9
(37.8) 59.3
(150.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
8 7 8 8 7 5 6 8 7 6 6 8 84
Source: WRCC (temperature and precipitation data 1981–2010, snowfall 1893–2012)[35]
Cultivation[edit]
Local food production has seen a dramatic revival in recent years.[36] While not as consistently fecund as the extensive agricultural and viticultural areas at lower altitude such as Palisade, most types of fruit and vegetable grow very well in the light and soil if generously watered. Stonefruit such as cherries, peaches, and plums, pomaceous fruit such as apples and pears, and grapes are especially suited.
Apples and peaches from the nearby town of Silt won first place at the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904,[37] and strawberries thrived so well that Glenwood Springs' largest festival[38] was inaugurated as Strawberry Days[39] in 1898.[37] Just a few miles upvalley, Carbondale became legendary for its potatoes.[37]
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1890 920 —
1900 1,350 46.7%
1910 2,019 49.6%
1920 2,073 2.7%
1930 1,825 −12.0%
1940 2,253 23.5%
1950 2,412 7.1%
1960 3,637 50.8%
1970 4,106 12.9%
1980 4,637 12.9%
1990 6,561 41.5%
2000 7,736 17.9%
2010 9,614 24.3%
Est. 2016 9,997 [5] 4.0%
U.S. Decennial Census[40]
As of the census[41] of 2000, there were 7,736 people, 3,216 households, and 1,926 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,611 people per square mile (622.3/km²). There were 3,353 housing units at an average density of 698.5 per square mile (269.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 90.42% White, 0.23% African American, 0.71% Native American, 0.80% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 5.82% from other races, and 1.94% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13.30% of the population. 13.9% were of German, 13.3% English, 12.9% Irish, 7.6% American and 7.0% Italian ancestry according to Census 2000.
There were 3,216 households out of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.7% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.1% were non-families. 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.97.
In the city, the population was spread out with 23.1% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 33.3% from 25 to 44, 24.9% from 45 to 64, and 9.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 103.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $43,934, and the median income for a family was $52,903. Males had a median income of $38,506 versus $29,272 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,449. About 3.5% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.0% of those under age 18 and 5.5% of those age 65 or over.
Despite being an expensive area in which to live, Glenwood Springs has the highest life expectancy in America for 40-year-olds making working wages.[42][43]
Economy[edit]
Glenwood Springs' economy has centered on hospitality for vacationers since its foundation, unlike many of Colorado's mountain towns, which were generally settled for mining or railroad purposes. While early railroad access and inclusion on main lines and proximity to Aspen certainly catalyzed the city's growth, Glenwood Springs consistently attracted visitors, and thus never really experienced the bust or quiet years most mountain towns endured.
Upscale dining and shopping facilities, part of ongoing gentrification
Much of this tourism, particularly during the summer months, typically involves local outdoor sports or the amenities of the town. In the winter, the proximity of Glenwood Springs to multiple major ski resorts and its hot springs draw visitors as well. Autumn is scenic as the gambel oaks studding the hillsides change color, and spring brings a tide of violas and other flowers, particularly bulbs, from traditional daffodils to native sego lilies.
Historically, Glenwood Springs has been most visited by residents of other parts of Colorado, but tourism from the rest of America and the world has been the most rapid source of growth recently.[44] Excellent connectivity is provided throughout town[45] by a local fiber-optic loop[46] with multiple uplinks due to Glenwood's railroad heritage.
Glenwood Springs also serves as a bedroom community for Aspen and Vail, while many people who work in Glenwood Springs in turn live further down the Colorado River. Due to severe geographic constraints,[29] if further population growth is to be accommodated, it must come primarily from multifamily infill development.[47]
Bloomberg Business named Glenwood Springs the 7th wealthiest small town in America in 2015,[48][49] due principally to the influence of Aspen. Glenwood Springs and Aspen share a micropolitan statistical area, and businesses often serve the entire Valley, including a consolidated multiple listing service.[50] Many small businesses start in the area due to the ambient wealth and a strong preference for local business, but they typically relocate to larger metropolitan areas after successful growth leads to needs for more affordable labor and physical resources.[51]
Education[edit]
Glenwood Springs is the headquarters of the Roaring Fork RE-1 school district and the Colorado Mountain College. In all, the city has 5 public K-12 schools: Glenwood Springs High School, Yampah Mountain High School (an alternative school not part of RE-1), Glenwood Springs Middle School, Glenwood Springs Elementary School, and Sopris Elementary School. St. Stephen's Catholic School, which was founded in 1982, is K-8.
Yampah High was a finalist for a $10M grant from XQ Super Schools, a philanthropic project run by the widow of Steve Jobs.[52]
Media[edit]
Glenwood Springs' principal news source is the Post Independent,[53] a local daily newspaper created by the merger of the Glenwood Post, with a colorful history stretching back in various forms to 1889,[54] and a newer competitor, the Glenwood Independent. It has received numerous awards over the years,[55] including the 2016 American Society of News Editors' Osborne Award for Editorial Leadership.[56] The newspaper and many of its reporters have been recognized by the Colorado Associated Press for a variety of distinctions.[57]
KMTS[58] provides local country radio along the Colorado River, and KSNO[59] serves the Roaring Fork Valley.
Transportation[edit]
The Glenwood Springs train station run by Amtrak
Amtrak and other rail[edit]
Amtrak's California Zephyr, operating daily in both directions between Chicago and Emeryville, California, serves Glenwood Springs, the second busiest station in Colorado, behind only Denver's Union Station.[60] The first commercially successful dome cars were built for the Zephyr family, inspired by Glenwood Canyon.[61]
Due to the scenery, timetables designed for maximum sunlight in Glenwood Canyon, the proximity of downtown, and the sheer volume of local tourism, Glenwood Springs receives more passenger traffic than many major cities on the Zephyr line, including Lincoln, Omaha,[62] Grand Junction,[60] and Salt Lake City.[63]
The Zephyr takes a scenic route through the mountains between Denver and Glenwood Springs. Much of the route follows the Colorado River and is away from roads and major development. Part of the route near Glenwood Springs was used for locations in the 1995 action movie Under Siege 2: Dark Territory, starring Steven Seagal.
The local transportation authority is Roaring Fork Transportation Authority (RFTA, pronounced "rafta"). RFTA retains ownership of the land previously used for rail traffic to Aspen,[64] a source of occasional consternation in balancing development needs.[65] Proposals to introduce light rail to the Valley were almost realized[66] but were not found economically feasible.[67] VelociRFTA service described below currently serves the role well,[68] but RFTA remains committed to realizing the light-rail vision.[69]
Bus[edit]
RFTA provides bus transit in Glenwood Springs and throughout the Roaring Fork Valley. VelociRFTA(pronounced "Veloci-rafta", a pun on velociraptor) BRT service, the first rural BRT in the United States, began in September 2013, offering connections between south Glenwood Springs and Aspen roughly every 15 minutes with a 60-minute total travel time.
The city also operates an intracity bus service, Ride Glenwood.[70] Ride Glenwood offers a main route from the west side of town along the 6&24 corridor, through downtown, to the south part of Glenwood along Hwy 82.
A free shuttle runs between the Hotel Colorado and the Hot Springs at Olive & 6th to 8th & Cooper and Centennial Park every 20 minutes from 9:00 AM to 11:00 PM while construction on the new pedestrian walkway over the Colorado River is underway.[71]
Greyhound Lines stops in Glenwood Springs on trips between New York and Las Vegas twice per day and Denver and Las Vegas once per day.[72]
Daily[73] bus service named the Bustang[74][75] runs between Glenwood Springs and Denver operated by CDOT.[76] Amenities include free Wi-Fi and electricity and restrooms. Direct connection to Denver International Airport through commuter rail is available at the drop-off point in Union Station.[77]
Automobile[edit]
Glenwood Springs lies along I-70 at exit 116 (main exit), about 150 miles (240 km) west of Denver and 85 miles (137 km) east of Grand Junction. I-70 is one of the main east-west routes through the Rocky Mountains. Colorado State Highway 82 leads southeast from Glenwood Springs up the Roaring Fork Valley 12 miles (19 km) to Carbondale and 41 miles (66 km) to Aspen.
Airport[edit]
Glenwood Springs Airport, a municipal airport, was built in the early 1940s. Its airport code is KGWS. The airport was also named the 4th most challenging mountain airport by the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA). The main reasons cited were the airport's mountainous location, the runway, and the unpredictable wind gusts, which caused a crash in 2007. In 2004 a Cessna crashed into an apartment near the airport due to engine problems.
Recreation[edit]
Glenwood Springs has always been famous principally for outdoor recreation, today joined by cultural facilities[78] and the emergence of Glenwood Springs and the Roaring Fork Valley as a whole as a gastronomical destination[79] for foodies.[80] Activities include whitewater rafting, kayaking, caving, cycling, rock climbing, horseback riding, all-terrain vehicle (ATV) tours, off-road Hummer tours, Segway tours, tandem paragliding flights, world-class fishing, and lodge stays in Glenwood Canyon. Outfitters are available to help visitors arrange activities.
Hot Springs[edit]
The large hot springs pool
The primary draw of Glenwood Springs for over a hundred years has been the numerous hot springs in the area.[81] Colorado is making a broader effort to advertise its hot springs after surveys demonstrated the high value visitors place on hot mineral waters.[citation needed]
Glenwood Hot Springs is the largest hot springs facility in town, centrally located across the Colorado River from downtown. The large pool is kept at 93 °F (34 °C) year round and is the world's largest hot mineral springs pool. The smaller "Therapy Pool" averages 104 °F (40 °C) year round, preferred by some for its higher mineral content. There is a 107-room lodge, which includes unlimited access to the hot springs and a full hot breakfast for all guests. Spa of the Rockies is an award-winning mineral spa that specializes in natural, mineral based treatments. Other amenities include a full-service athletic club, gift shop and restaurant. Two waterslides, mini golf, and a cold water kiddy pool are open during the warmer months.
Yampah Hot Springs vapor caves are historic underground steam baths. They are over 100 years old and were used by the Ute Indians as a source of rejuvenation and healing. Today, the vapor caves consist of three adjoining underground rock chambers. Cave temperatures average 110 to 112 °F (43 to 44 °C). The hot springs and mineral caves are tourist attractions and were a main reason for the settlement of Glenwood Springs.
Iron Mountain Hot Springs offers a complimentary experience with smaller pools in a more intimate setting. The underlying geothermal resources and land have been developed and closed several times.[82] The present business opened in 2015.
Skiing[edit]
Sunlight Mountain Resort is the hometown hill for Glenwood Springs, operating a brick and mortar store for lift tickets, rentals, repairs, and equipment in downtown Glenwood. The ski resort itself lies 12 miles (19 km) south of town on County Road 117, also known as Four Mile Road. Sunlight Mountain Resort is most well-known to families[83] due to a variety of terrain that all leads to a single main base. It offers excellent cross-country skiing in a large groomed Nordic area, sharing the spectacular scenery and dense aspen trees that mark other, better-known resorts in the area. There are multiple very steep open grove runs for experts who enjoy tree skiing and powder.[84]
Other ski areas such as Aspen, Beaver Creek, and Vail are farther away, but Glenwood Springs is still frequently selected as a home base for visitors to these other resorts due to the hot springs, cultural and dining options, and cheaper lodging in the winter.
Rafting, kayaking, and fishing[edit]
Two of the largest rivers in Colorado, the Colorado River and the Roaring Fork River, converge in Glenwood Springs. Both are used extensively for recreation by locals, visitors and commercial outfitters. The waters of the Roaring Fork flowing through Glenwood Springs proper are "Gold Medal" fishing waters,[85] formally so designated by Colorado Parks and Wildlife.
The natural diversity in terrain and gradient of Glenwood Canyon and many local watersheds provides options for most watercraft users' skill levels. The Roaring Fork river provides a relaxing float trip with very few class 2 rapids. The Colorado River starting at Grizzly Creek is also a tame class 2 float. Running the Colorado from the Shoshone put-in provides a more adrenaline-loaded experience on upper class 3 rapids. Different times of year will accommodate different skill levels, with spring run-off making the rivers vastly more wild, while the rivers are often lackadaisical during the autumn and frozen over completely in the winter.
There is a dedicated Glenwood Whitewater Park[86] that was developed in the river near Midland Avenue to provide features and terrain for stationary wave surfing, kayaking, and more.
Paragliding[edit]
Paragliding is a popular summer and shoulder season morning activity in Glenwood Springs, with supportive and generally reliable air currents and extraordinary views with terrain that stretches more than 2 kilometers above the valley floor visible in multiple directions. There are three different launch points offered on two different mountains in town. Five more sites are available within a less-than-40 minute radius.
Mountain biking[edit]
While Carbondale, just upvalley, is already well known as a premiere mountain biking destination, Glenwood Springs has its own ambitious plans to make the rugged terrain surrounding town available to riders.[87] There are already many famous mountain bike trails in the Roaring Fork Valley, most requiring significant fitness and stamina for full enjoyment due to the steep slopes and rocky outcroppings.[88]
Some favored routes for locals are the Forest Hollow Trail, winding along the rim above Glenwood Canyon, and the Scout Trail, an extreme drop from the canyon rim into downtown Glenwood. The Jeanne Golay or Red Mountain Trail is a dirt trail up Red Mountain with constant, intense vertical gain that locals use for training and exercise.
Golf[edit]
Glenwood Springs is home to a 9-hole golf course referred to by locals as "The Hill" and is within driving distance of mountain golf. One golf club received Golf Magazine's "Best of America's New Courses" list. Several larger courses, most notably including River Valley Ranch[89] and Ironbridge,[90] sprawl through some of the mountain valleys around Glenwood Springs and Carbondale.
There are several local putt-putt golf facilities that generally only open in the summer.[91]
Bike trails[edit]
Two exceptionally[92] beautiful and long trails host Glenwood Springs as one of the endpoints.
The Glenwood Canyon Recreational Trail[93] winds 16 miles (26 km) through Glenwood Canyon sandwiched between the canyon walls and the Colorado River. It is suitable for families and recreational riders, with several access points and rest areas along the way.
The Rio Grande Trail[94] runs roughly 41 miles (66 km) along the former local Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, reaching all the way to Aspen in a highly successful rails-to-trails project featured by the Rails-to-Trails Conservancy as the Trail of the Month in April 2016.[95]
Beyond these primary trails, scores of connector trails[26] and designated bike paths[25] exist in the city and throughout the surrounding region. Bike rentals and shuttles are available at several outfitters in town. The network of trails offers several loops within the city, including some that tour the rivers.
Glenwood Caverns[edit]
Glenwood Caverns Adventure Park is a moderate-sized amusement park aimed at visitors of all ages.[96] A tram takes visitors up to an extensive system of caverns historically known as the "Fairy Caves", now known as the Glenwood Caverns. Bus transport is available as a backup on windy days. The rides and the tramway are faintly visible throughout the city.
Principal attractions are the caverns and a number of imported thrill rides, including an alpine coaster, the Giant Canyon Swing, which spins riders out over the cliff-edge of Glenwood Canyon to reflect on the Colorado River some 1300 ft below, and the Cliffhanger, a roller coaster which is literally bolted to the mountain.[97] More gentle experiences such as laser tag, lunch, and rides for small children are hosted at the top of the tramway.
The Glenwood Caverns themselves are a complex cave system that winds throughout Iron Mountain, eventually connecting to the same hydrothermal features that power the hot springs. A guided walking cave tour will take you through the cave system to see places like Kings Row, the most highly decorated cave room in Colorado, and the Barn, the second largest cave room in Colorado. Challenging and authentic guided caving experiences are available as well.
Glenwood Vaudeville Revue[edit]
The Glenwood Vaudeville Revue is a two-hour professional dinner theater show performing comedy skits, dances, and songs for audiences of all ages.[98] An old downtown movie theater was purchased and renovated into a dedicated performance venue.[99] The revue has been in professional performance since 2009.[100]
Hanging Lake[edit]
Hanging Lake is located in Glenwood Canyon about 7 miles (11 km) east of Glenwood Springs. The lake is reached via a trailhead located near I-70 in the bottom of the canyon. In the summer of 2010 the boardwalk at the lake was replaced. The trail to the lake itself is fairly strenuous, but the trailhead is easily accessible so long as parking is available. Cars regularly fill the lot all the way to the highway during most times of year.
Preservation of the lake's unique beauty is becoming a struggle against rapidly rising levels of visitation.[101] Plans are currently underway to provide alternative transportation options, study capacity limitations, and gauge other mechanisms to reduce the impact of visitation while still sharing the lake with a maximum number of visitors.[102]
Off-roading[edit]
The unique geography of Glenwood Springs, etched deep into the surrounding terrain by the confluence of the rivers, provides hundreds of miles of off-road trails minutes from downtown.
The most popular trail near Glenwood Springs is called the Transfer Trail. This trail starts on the base of Iron Mountain and travels on the Flat Tops going near many clear mountain lakes and hidden caves. The Transfer Trail was once a primary access route to Glenwood Springs when Glenwood Canyon was considered largely impassible. The Flat Tops still host the ghost town of Carbonate at 10,783 ft of elevation, the first county seat of Garfield County.[37]
Downtown Market[edit]
One of many festivals and markets hosted by Glenwood Springs throughout the year, the Downtown Market farmers' market occurs every Tuesday throughout the summer months. Vendors offer locally grown and Colorado made products, primarily foodstuffs and crafts and wares. Cooking demonstrations and musical performances are sometimes arranged in a small nearby park.
Notable people[edit]
Kid Curry — Wild West outlaw and gunman
Doc Holliday — Wild West gunfighter, gambler, and dentist
Jim Irwin — U.S. Air Force Colonel and NASA astronaut; the eighth man to walk on the moon
Jack P. Juhan — U.S. Marine Corps Major general, who served in World War II and Korean War.
Bobby Julich — bike racer and silver medalist at the 2004 Athens Olympics
Scott McInnis — former U.S. congressman from Colorado
Blake Neubert — artist
Sarah Schleper — Alpine skier
John David Vanderhoof — former Colorado governor
Mary Linda Clapham — Miss Colorado Universe 1957
See also[edit]
Geography portal
North America portal
United States portal
Colorado portal
Mountains portal
Outline of Colorado
Index of Colorado-related articles
State of Colorado
Colorado cities and towns
Colorado municipalities
Colorado counties
Garfield County, Colorado
Glenwood Canyon
Glenwood Caverns
Glenwood Hot Springs
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Active Colorado Municipalities". State of Colorado, Department of Local Affairs. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Colorado Municipal Incorporations". State of Colorado, Department of Personnel & Administration, Colorado State Archives. December 1, 2004. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Jul 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Springers heading to Junior Olympics national meet". Post Independent/Citizen Telegram. 07/10/2012. Check date values in: |date= (help)
Jump up ^ "Deaf musician concert homecoming of sorts". The Aspen Times/Snowmass Sun. 05/08/2008. Check date values in: |date= (help)
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Jump up ^ "'Unsustainable' crowds up 60% this year at Hanging Lake". Post Independent.
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External links[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Glenwood Springs.
City of Glenwood Springs municipal website
Glenwood Springs Fire Department
Glenwood Springs Police Dept
CDOT map of the City of Glenwood Springs
Glenwood Tourism:
Glenwood Springs Chamber Resort Association
Visitglenwood.com, Glenwood Springs official travel website
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A Hazy Shade of Winter
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"A Hazy Shade of Winter"
Single by Simon & Garfunkel
from the album Bookends
B-side
"For Emily, Whenever I May Find Her"
Released
October 22, 1966
Format
7" single
Recorded
September 7, 1966
Columbia Studio A
(New York City)
Genre
Folk rock
Length
2:17
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Paul Simon
Producer(s)
Simon & Garfunkel, Bob Johnston
Simon & Garfunkel singles chronology
"The Dangling Conversation"
(1966) "A Hazy Shade of Winter"
(1966) "At the Zoo"
(1967)
"The Dangling Conversation"
(1966) "A Hazy Shade of Winter"
(1966) "At the Zoo"
(1967)
"A Hazy Shade of Winter" is a song by American music duo Simon & Garfunkel, released on October 22, 1966, initially as a stand-alone single, but was subsequently included on the duo's fourth studio album, Bookends (1968). The song peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100.[1]
In 1987, the Bangles recorded a cover version of the song for the Less Than Zero soundtrack; that version peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100.
Contents
1 Background
2 Composition
3 Reception
4 Chart history
4.1 Weekly charts
5 The Bangles version
5.1 Chart history
6 References
7 Sources
8 External links
Background[edit]
The duo recorded "A Hazy Shade of Winter" during the sessions for Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme (1966), but the song was not included on an album until 1968's Bookends.[2]
Composition[edit]
"A Hazy Shade of Winter" follows a more rock-tinged sound, with a fairly straightforward verse-refrain structure.[3] The song dates back to Simon's days in England in 1965. The song follows a hopeless poet, with "manuscripts of unpublished rhyme", unsure of his achievements in life.[3]
The lyrics recall the transition from fall to winter, as suggested by the repetition of the final chorus of the song:
I look around,
leaves are brown
And the sky
is a hazy shade of winter

Look around,
leaves are brown
There's a patch of snow on the ground.[4]
Author and disc jockey Pete Fornatale considered the lyrics evocative of, and standing in contrast with, those of John Phillips' "California Dreamin'".[5][6]
Reception[edit]
Decades later, Allmusic critic Richie Unterberger described the song as "one of [Simon and Garfunkel's] best songs, and certainly one of the toughest and more rock-oriented".[5]
Chart history[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1966)
Peak
position
New Zealand (Listener)[7] 14
UK Singles Chart[8] 30
US Billboard Hot 100 13
The Bangles version[edit]
"Hazy Shade of Winter"
Single by the Bangles
from the album Less Than Zero
Released
November 1987
Format
7" single
12" maxi, CD single
Genre
Hard rock
Length
2:46
Label
Def Jam Recordings
Songwriter(s)
Paul Simon
Producer(s)
Rick Rubin
the Bangles singles chronology
"Following"
(1987) "Hazy Shade of Winter"
(1987) "In Your Room"
(1988)
"Following"
(1987) "Hazy Shade of Winter"
(1987) "In Your Room"
(1988)
Audio sample
"Hazy Shade Of Winter"
file
help
Music video
"Hazy Shade of Winter"
"Hazy Shade of Winter" (audio)
on YouTube
In 1987, the Bangles were approached to record a song for the soundtrack of the film Less Than Zero. They chose to record a cover of "A Hazy Shade of Winter", a song they had been performing live since at least as far back as March 1983.[9]
Their cover, simply titled "Hazy Shade of Winter", was a harder-edged rock song that removed most of the bridge section. The record, like the rest of the soundtrack album, was produced by Rick Rubin. After a fruitful but disappointing experience with the producer of their Different Light album, David Kahne, where they were given little input in the production of the songs, the group decided to take more control for the recording of this song, and they were given an additional producer credit. Michael Steele later commented that "we sounded the most on this record the way we actually sound live", and that "If we hadn't been so messed up as a band, it could have been a turning point for us."[10]
Lead vocals were performed jointly by all four members of the group, with a short solo led by Susanna Hoffs towards the end of the song. This was a rare occurrence in the Bangles songs, as they mostly had just one member singing lead on their songs. Due to pressure from their record label, the Bangles removed the verse from the original song that contained the line "drinking my vodka and lime". According to liner notes on the Soundtrack album, Steve Bartek from the band Oingo Boingo played acoustic guitar on the track.
When released as a single in November 1987, "Hazy Shade of Winter" became a huge hit, surpassing the popularity of the original version, peaking at #2 on the Billboard Hot 100, behind Tiffany's "Could've Been", and also #11 in the UK. It was also a hit around Europe.
The music video for the song showed the band singing in a studio surrounded by television screens on the walls, similar to a scene of the Less Than Zero film. Scenes of the film also appear throughout the video.
"Hazy Shade of Winter" was not included on any of the band's studio albums, but later appeared on the band's first official Greatest Hits in 1990, and on many of the band's subsequent compilations. The accompanying Greatest Hits video compilation did not include the "Hazy Shade of Winter" video, due to complications with the licensing of the movie rights of the Less Than Zero scenes that appear on the video clip.
Chart history[edit]
Weekly charts
Chart (1987–1988)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 2
U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales 37
Chart (1988)
Peak
position
UK Singles Chart[11] 11
Ireland Singles Chart 8
New Zealand Singles Chart 14
Canadian Singles Chart 3
Dutch Singles Chart 12
Australia (Kent Music Report)[12] 7
German Singles Chart 52
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bookends - Simon & Garfunkel > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles at AllMusic. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Fornatale 2007, p. 57.
^ Jump up to: a b Bennighof 2007, p. 40.
Jump up ^ Paul Simon. "A Hazy Shade of Winter". paulsimon.com. Retrieved 2013-12-04.
^ Jump up to: a b Unterberger, Richie. A Hazy Shade of Winter at AllMusic. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Fornatale 2007, p. 102.
Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand, 10 March 1967
Jump up ^ "Simon And Garfunkel". Chart Stats. Archived from the original on December 18, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Alfonso, Barry (June 1983). "Put Up or Shut Up Category: No Bobbles by These Bangles". Record. 2 (8): 12.
Jump up ^ "The Bangles: VH1 Behind The Music - Part 3". YouTube. April 7, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "UK Official Charts: Bangles". Official Charts Company. 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (Illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 26. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between 1983 and 19 June 1988.
Sources[edit]
Bennighof, James (2007). The Words and Music of Paul Simon. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-99163-0.
Browne, David (2012). Fire and Rain: The Beatles, Simon and Garfunkel, James Taylor, CSNY, and the Lost Story Of 1970. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-82072-4.
Charlesworth, Chris (1997). "Bridge Over Troubled Water". The Complete Guide to the Music of Paul Simon and Simon & Garfunkel. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-5597-4.
Ebel, Roswitha (2004). Paul Simon: seine Musik, sein Leben [Paul Simon: His Music, His Life] (in German). epubli. ISBN 978-3-937729-00-8.
Eliot, Marc (2010). Paul Simon: A Life. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-43363-8.
Fornatale, Pete (2007). Simon and Garfunkel's Bookends. Rodale. ISBN 978-1-59486-427-8.
Humphries, Patrick (1982). Bookends: The Simon and Garfunkel story. Proteus Books. ISBN 978-0-86276-063-2.
Kingston, Victoria (2000). Simon & Garfunkel: The Biography. Fromm International. ISBN 978-0-88064-246-0.
External links[edit]
Official website
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Old Friends: Live on Stage
Live 1969
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Parsley, Sage,
Rosemary and Thyme
"Homeward Bound" / "Leaves That Are Green"
"The Dangling Conversation" / "The Big Bright Green Pleasure Machine"
"Scarborough Fair/Canticle" / "April Come She Will"
Bookends
"A Hazy Shade of Winter" / "For Emily, Whenever I May Find Her"
"At the Zoo" / "The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy)"
"Fakin' It" / "You Don't Know Where Your Interest Lies"
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Bridge over
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"Bridge over Troubled Water" / "Keep the Customer Satisfied"
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Other singles
Hey Schoolgirl
Our Song
This is my Song
Surrender, Please Surrender
I'm Lonesome
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Other songs
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"Patterns"
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"Walk Like an Egyptian"
"Walking Down Your Street"
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"In Your Room"
"Eternal Flame"
"Be with You"
"I'll Set You Free"
"Everything I Wanted"
Videography
Greatest Hits
Related articles
Discography
The Runaways
Kindred Spirit
Continental Drifters
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text:
Respiratory quotient
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Ratio of carbon dioxide produced by the body to oxygen consumed by the body
The respiratory quotient (or RQ or respiratory coefficient), is a dimensionless number used in calculations of basal metabolic rate (BMR) when estimated from carbon dioxide production. It is calculated from the ratio of carbon dioxide produced by the body to oxygen consumed by the body. Such measurements, like measurements of oxygen uptake, are forms of indirect calorimetry. It is measured using a respirometer. The Respiratory Quotient value indicates which macronutrients are being metabolized, as different energy pathways are used for fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.[1] A value of 0.7 indicates that lipids are being metabolized, 0.8 for proteins, and 1.0 for carbohydrates. The approximate respiratory quotient of a mixed diet is 0.8.[1] Some of the other factors that may affect the respiratory quotient are energy balance, circulating insulin, and insulin sensitivity.[2]
It can be used in the alveolar gas equation.
Contents
1 Calculation
2 Applications
3 Respiratory quotients of some substances
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Calculation[edit]
The respiratory quotient (RQ) is the ratio:
RQ = CO2 eliminated / O2 consumed
where the term "eliminated" refers to carbon dioxide (CO2) removed from the body.
In this calculation, the CO2 and O2 must be given in the same units, and in quantities proportional to the number of molecules. Acceptable inputs would be either moles, or else volumes of gas at standard temperature and pressure.
Many metabolized substances are compounds containing only the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Examples include fatty acids, glycerol, carbohydrates, deamination products, and ethanol. For complete oxidation of such compounds, the chemical equation is
CxHyOz + (x + y/4 - z/2) O2 → x CO2 + (y/2) H2O
and thus metabolism of this compound gives an RQ of x/(x + y/4 - z/2).
For glucose, with the molecular formula, C6H12O6, the complete oxidation equation is C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2+ 6 H2O. Thus, the RQ= 6 CO2/ 6 O2=1.
The range of respiratory coefficients for organisms in metabolic balance usually ranges from 1.0 (representing the value expected for pure carbohydrate oxidation) to ~0.7 (the value expected for pure fat oxidation). In general, molecules that are more oxidized (e.g., glucose) require less oxygen to be fully metabolized and, therefore, have higher respiratory quotients. Conversely, molecules that are less oxidized (e.g., fatty acids) require more oxygen for their complete metabolism and have lower respiratory quotients. See BMR for a discussion of how these numbers are derived. A mixed diet of fat and carbohydrate results in an average value between these numbers.
RQ value corresponds to a caloric value for each liter (L) of CO2 produced. If O2 consumption numbers are available, they are usually used directly, since they are more direct and reliable estimates of energy production.
RQ as measured includes a contribution from the energy produced from protein. However, due to the complexity of the various ways in which different amino acids can be metabolized, no single RQ can be assigned to the oxidation of protein in the diet.
Insulin, which increases lipid storage and decreases fat oxidation, is positively associated with increases in the respiratory quotient.[2] A positive energy balance will also lead to an increased respiratory quotient.[2]
Applications[edit]
Practical applications of the respiratory quotient can be found in severe cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, in which patients spend a significant amount of energy on respiratory effort. By increasing the proportion of fats in the diet, the respiratory quotient is driven down, causing a relative decrease in the amount of CO2 produced. This reduces the respiratory burden to eliminate CO2, thereby reducing the amount of energy spent on respirations.[3]
Respiratory Quotient can be used as an indicator of over or underfeeding. Underfeeding, which forces the body to utilize fat stores, will lower the respiratory quotient, while overfeeding, which causes lipogenesis, will increase it.[4] Underfeeding is marked by a respiratory quotient below 0.85, while a respiratory quotient greater than 1.0 indicates overfeeding. This is particularly important in patients with compromised respiratory systems, as an increased respiratory quotient significantly corresponds to increased respiratory rate and decreased tidal volume, placing compromised patients at a significant risk.[4]
Because of its role in metabolism, respiratory quotient can be used in analysis of liver function and diagnosis of liver disease. In patients suffering from liver cirrhosis, non-protein respiratory quotient (npRQ) values act as good indicators in the prediction of overall survival rate. Patients having a npRQ < 0.85 show considerably lower survival rates as compared to patients with a npRQ > 0.85.[5] A decrease in npRQ corresponds to a decrease in glycogen storage by the liver.[5] Similar research indicates that non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases are also accompanied by a low respiratory quotient value, and the non protein respiratory quotient value was a good indication of disease severity.[5]
Respiratory quotients of some substances[edit]
Name of the substance
Respiratory Quotient
Carbohydrates 1
Proteins 0.8 - 0.9
Ketones (eucaloric) 0.73[6]
Ketones (hypocaloric) 0.66[7][8][9]
Triolein (Fat) 0.7
Oleic acid (Fat) 0.71
Tripalmitin (Fat) 0.7
Malic acid 1.33
Tartaric acid 1.6
Oxalic acid 4.0
[10]
See also[edit]
Underwater diving portal
Metabolism portal
Respiratory Exchange Ratio
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Widmaier, Eric P.; Raff, Hershel; Strang, Kevin T. (2016). Vander's Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function. New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 9781259294099.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ellis, Amy C; Hyatt, Tanya C; Gower, Barbara A; Hunter, Gary R (2017-05-02). "Respiratory Quotient Predicts Fat Mass Gain in Premenopausal Women". Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.). 18 (12): 2255–2259. doi:10.1038/oby.2010.96. ISSN 1930-7381. PMC 3075532. PMID 20448540.
Jump up ^ Kuo, C. D.; Shiao, G. M.; Lee, J. D. (1993-07-01). "The effects of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet loads on gas exchange and ventilation in COPD patients and normal subjects". Chest. 104 (1): 189–196. doi:10.1378/chest.104.1.189. ISSN 0012-3692. PMID 8325067.
^ Jump up to: a b McClave, Stephen A.; Lowen, Cynthia C.; Kleber, Melissa J.; McConnell, J. Wesley; Jung, Laura Y.; Goldsmith, Linda J. (2003-01-01). "Clinical use of the respiratory quotient obtained from indirect calorimetry". JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition. 27 (1): 21–26. doi:10.1177/014860710302700121. ISSN 0148-6071. PMID 12549594.
^ Jump up to: a b c Nishikawa, Hiroki; Enomoto, Hirayuki; Iwata, Yoshinori; Kishino, Kyohei; Shimono, Yoshihiro; Hasegawa, Kunihiro; Nakano, Chikage; Takata, Ryo; Ishii, Akio (2017-01-01). "Prognostic significance of nonprotein respiratory quotient in patients with liver cirrhosis". Medicine. 96 (3): e5800. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000005800. ISSN 1536-5964. PMC 5279081. PMID 28099336.
Jump up ^ Mosek, Amnon; Natour, Haitham; Neufeld, Miri Y.; Shiff, Yaffa; Vaisman, Nachum (2009). "Ketogenic diet treatment in adults with refractory epilepsy: A prospective pilot study". Seizure. 18 (1): 30–3. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2008.06.001. PMID 18675556.
Jump up ^ Johnston, Carol S; Tjonn, Sherrie L; Swan, Pamela D; White, Andrea; Hutchins, Heather; Sears, Barry (2006). "Ketogenic low-carbohydrate diets have no metabolic advantage over nonketogenic low-carbohydrate diets". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 83 (5): 1055–61. PMID 16685046.
Jump up ^ Phinney, Stephen D.; Horton, Edward S.; Sims, Ethan A. H.; Hanson, John S.; Danforth, Elliot; Lagrange, Betty M. (1980). "Capacity for Moderate Exercise in Obese Subjects after Adaptation to a Hypocaloric, Ketogenic Diet". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 66 (5): 1152–61. doi:10.1172/JCI109945. PMC 371554. PMID 7000826.
Jump up ^ Owen, O. E.; Morgan, A. P.; Kemp, H. G.; Sullivan, J. M.; Herrera, M. G.; Cahill, G. F. (1967). "Brain Metabolism during Fasting*". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 46 (10): 1589–95. doi:10.1172/JCI105650. PMC 292907. PMID 6061736.
Jump up ^ Telugu Academi, Botany text book, 2007 Version[verification needed]
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Vector area
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In 3-dimensional geometry, for a finite planar surface of scalar area S and unit normal n̂, the vector area S is defined as the unit normal scaled by the area:
S = n ^ S {\displaystyle \mathbf {S} =\mathbf {\hat {n}} S}
For an orientable surface S composed of a set Si of flat facet areas, the vector area of the surface is given by
S = ∑ i n ^ i S i {\displaystyle \mathbf {S} =\sum _{i}\mathbf {\hat {n}} _{i}S_{i}}
where n̂i is the unit normal vector to the area Si.
For bounded, oriented curved surfaces that are sufficiently well-behaved, we can still define vector area. First, we split the surface into infinitesimal elements, each of which is effectively flat. For each infinitesimal element of area, we have an area vector, also infinitesimal.
d S = n ^ d S {\displaystyle d\mathbf {S} =\mathbf {\hat {n}} dS}
where n̂ is the local unit vector perpendicular to dS. Integrating gives the vector area for the surface.
S = ∫ d S {\displaystyle \mathbf {S} =\int d\mathbf {S} }
For a curved or faceted surface, the vector area is smaller in magnitude than the area. As an extreme example, a closed surface can possess arbitrarily large area, but its vector area is necessarily zero.[1] Surfaces that share a boundary may have very different areas, but they must have the same vector area—the vector area is entirely determined by the boundary. These are consequences of Stokes' theorem.
The concept of an area vector simplifies the equation for determining the flux through the surface. Consider a planar surface in a uniform field. The flux can be written as the dot product of the field and area vector. This is much simpler than multiplying the field strength by the surface area and the cosine of the angle between the field and the surface normal.
Projection of area onto planes[edit]
The projected area onto (for example) the xy-plane is equivalent to the z-component of the vector area, and is given by
S z = | S | cos  θ {\displaystyle \mathbf {S} _{z}=\left|\mathbf {S} \right|\cos \theta }
where θ is the angle between the plane normal and the z-axis.
See also[edit]
Cross product
Surface normal
Surface integral
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Spiegel, Murray R. (1959). Theory and problems of vector analysis. Schaum's Outline Series. McGraw Hill. p. 25.
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