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Friday the 13th Part 2
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Friday the 13th Part 2
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Steve Miner
Sean S. Cunningham (additional scenes)
Produced by
Steve Miner
Written by
Ron Kurz
Phil Scuderi
Based on
Characters
by Victor Miller
Starring
Amy Steel
John Furey
Adrienne King
Betsy Palmer
Steven Dash
Warrington Gillette
Music by
Harry Manfredini
Cinematography
Peter Stein
Edited by
Susan E. Cunningham
Production
company
Georgetown Productions
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release date
April 30, 1981 (1981-04-30) (US)
Running time
87 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$1.25 million[1]
Box office
$21.7 million[1]
Friday the 13th Part 2 (marketed as Friday the 13th Part II) is a 1981 American slasher film produced and directed by Steve Miner in his directorial debut, and the second installment in the Friday the 13th film series. It is a direct sequel to Friday the 13th, picking up five years after that film's conclusion, where a new murderer stalks and begins murdering the camp counselors at a nearby training camp in Crystal Lake. The film marks the first time Jason Voorhees is the killer; his mother was the killer in the previous film. It also features the brief return of Alice Hardy, who is currently the only Friday the 13th heroine to return in a sequel.
Originally, Friday the 13th Part 2 was not intended to be a direct sequel but rather part of an anthology series of films based on the Friday the 13th superstition; however, after the popularity of the original film's surprise ending where Jason Voorhees attacks the heroine, the filmmakers opted to revive Jason and the mythology surrounding Camp Crystal Lake, a trend which would be repeated in the following films.
Like the original film, Friday the 13th Part 2 faced opposition from the Motion Picture Association of America, who noted its "accumulative violence" as problematic, resulting in numerous cuts being made to allow an R rating. The film was released theatrically in North America on April 30, 1981.[2] Although it did not gross as much as the original and still received negative reviews, the sequel grossed over $21.7 million in the United States on a budget of $1.25 million.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Post-production
4 Reception
4.1 Release
4.2 Critical reception
5 Music
6 Novelization
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Two months after the Camp Crystal Lake massacre, sole survivor Alice Hardy is recovering from her traumatic experience. In her apartment, she wakes up to take a shower. As Alice opens the refrigerator to get her cat some food, she finds the decapitated head of Pamela Voorhees in her refrigerator and is murdered by an unseen adult Jason Voorhees with an ice pick to her temple.
Five years later, camp counselor Paul Holt hosts a counselor training camp near Camp Crystal Lake. The camp is attended by Sandra, her boyfriend Jeff, troublemaker Scott, tomboy Terry, wheelchair-bound Mark, sweet-natured Vickie, jokester Ted, and Paul's assistant Ginny Field, as well as many other trainees. Around the campfire that night, Paul tells the counselors about the legend of Jason, of how he survived his drowning, grew up living in the woods, and is now seeking to kill any intruders to avenge his mother's death. As Ted appears with a mask and a spear, Paul reassures everyone that Jason is dead and that Camp Crystal Lake is off limits. That night, Crazy Ralph wanders onto the property to warn the group but is garroted from behind a tree by Jason. The following day, Jeff and Sandra sneak off to Camp Crystal Lake upon finding a carcass, before getting caught by Deputy Winslow and returned to the camp. Later, Winslow spots Jason (revealed to be wearing a sack over his head) and chases him into the woods before he is killed with a hammer claw.
Back at camp, Paul offers the others one last night on the town before the training begins; only Ginny and Ted accept his offer. Jeff and Sandra are forced to stay behind as punishment for sneaking off. At the bar, Ginny muses that if Jason were still alive and witnessed his mother's death, it may have left him with no distinction between life and death, right or wrong. Paul dismisses the idea, proclaiming that Jason is nothing but an urban legend. Meanwhile, Jason appears at the camp and kills the counselors one by one. Scott has his throat slit with a machete while caught in a rope trap, and Terry is killed off-screen upon finding his dead body. Mark gets the machete slammed into his face and falls down a flight of stairs. Jason then moves upstairs and impales Jeff and Sandra with a spear as they have sex, and stabs Vickie with a kitchen knife.
Later, Ginny and Paul return to find the place in disarray. In the dark, Jason ambushes Paul and then chases Ginny throughout the camp and into the woods, where she comes across his shack. After barricading herself inside, she finds an altar with Pamela Voorhees' head on it, surrounded by a pile of Jason's victims (the sheriff, Terry, and a decomposing Alice) with the machete that killed his mother placed on the altar. Ginny puts on Pamela's sweater and tries to psychologically convince Jason that she is his mother. The ruse fails when he spots his mother's head on the altar and attacks Ginny. Paul appears and attacks Jason, but he is quickly overwhelmed. Just as Jason is about to kill Paul with a pickaxe, Ginny picks up the machete and slams it down into his shoulder, seemingly killing him.
Paul and Ginny return to the cabin. They think that Jason has followed them, but when they open the door, they are greeted by Terry's dog, Muffin. Suddenly, an unmasked Jason bursts through the window from behind and grabs Ginny. She then awakens to her being loaded into an ambulance and calls out for Paul, who is nowhere to be seen and his fate left ambiguous. Back in the shack, Pamela Voorhees' head remains on the altar as Jason is nowhere to be seen.
Cast[edit]
Amy Steel as Ginny Field
John Furey as Paul Holt
Steve Daskawisz as Jason Voorhees
Warrington Gillette as Jason Voorhees (unmasked)
Stu Charno as Ted
Lauren-Marie Taylor as Vickie
Marta Kober as Sandra Dier
Tom McBride as Mark
Bill Randolph as Jeff
Kirsten Baker as Terry
Russell Todd as Scott
Walt Gorney as Crazy Ralph
Adrienne King as Alice Hardy
Betsy Palmer as Pamela Voorhees
Jack Marks as Deputy Winslow
Cliff Cudney as Max
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Following the success of Friday the 13th in 1980, Paramount Pictures began plans to make a sequel. First acquiring the worldwide distribution rights, Frank Mancuso, Sr. stated, "We wanted it to be an event, where teenagers would flock to the theaters on that Friday night to see the latest episode." The initial ideas for a sequel involved the "Friday the 13th" title being used for a series of films, released once a year, that would not have direct continuity with one another but be a separate "scary movie" of their own right. Phil Scuderi—one of three owners of Esquire Theaters, along with Steve Minasian and Bob Barsamian, who produced the original film—insisted that the sequel have Jason Voorhees, Pamela's son, even though his appearance in the original film was only meant to be a joke. Steve Miner, associate producer on the first film, believed in the idea and would go on to direct the first two sequels, after Cunningham opted not to return to the director's chair. Miner would use many of the same crew members from the first film while working on the sequels.[3] Cunningham had mixed feelings about the entire "Friday the 13th" enterprise that he outlined for film critic and author Stephen Hunter in an interview for a book Hunter wrote on violent films. Hunter stated that Cunningham "wasn't particularly proud" of his work on these films, and Cunningham bluntly said that the only thing that seemed to reach a teenaged audience at that time period involved high levels of gore and graphic violence.
Casting[edit]
Adrienne King was pursued by an obsessed fan after the success of the original Friday the 13th and purportedly wished her role to be small as possible,[4] though in the documentary Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History of Friday the 13th, it was stated that King's agent had asked for a higher salary, which the studio could not afford.[5]
The film's heroine, Ginny, is played by Amy Steel, who won the part through an audition. "At the time of [making the film], it was before the genre really picked up so I didn’t give it a lot of credit or take it seriously. For me, it was just another audition because I had no idea what it would end up meaning after all this time. When I played Ginny, I was really young and different from a lot of the people working at the time so that came out in my character. I was naturally suspicious of cocky guys at that age, and you see a lot of that when I’m on screen with Paul (John Furey). I tried to put so much behind the actual words in the script just so she felt almost unreachable, to Paul and to audiences. I wanted her to have some power."[6]
Actor Warrington Gillette played Jason unmasked at the end of the film. Stuntman Steve Daskawisz (also known as Steve Dash) was credited as Jason Stunt Double but played the masked Jason throughout the rest of the film.[7]
Filming[edit]
The small village of New Preston, Connecticut was one of the filming locations.
Principal photography took place from October 3 and finished in November 1980, and primarily occurred in New Preston and Kent, Connecticut.[8] Special effects artist Tom Savini was asked to work on the film but declined because he was already working on another project, Midnight (1982),[5] in addition he didn't receive well to the concept of Jason as the killer in the film. Savini was then replaced by Stan Winston.[5] Winston, however, had a scheduling conflict and had to drop out of the project. The make-up effects were ultimately handled by Carl Fullerton. Fullerton designed the "look" for the adult Jason Voorhees and went with long red hair and a beard while following the facial deformities established in the original film in the make-up designed by Tom Savini for Jason as a child. Fullerton's look for the adult Jason was abandoned in the sequel, Friday the 13th Part 3, despite the fact that the film took place the following day and was helmed by the same director, Steve Miner. Some fans have theorized that the sequence where we see Jason with a beard and long hair reflects a "dream" rather than a reality because the following sequel picks up with the events showing his face having not happened, and therefore what was represented was Ginny's guess at what he looked like under the burlap sack rather than what he actually looked like, which would excuse the lack of continuity.[9]
Steve Daskawisz was rushed to the emergency room during filming after Amy Steel cut his hand with a machete during filming.[5] Steel explained, "The timing was wrong, and he didn't turn his pickaxe properly, and the machete hit his finger." Daskawisz received thirteen stitches on his middle finger. During the subsequent shoot, Daskawisz was forced to wear a piece of rubber over his finger, and both he and Steel insisted on reshooting this scene.[10] When shooting the beginning sequence of Alice being killed by Jason in her own apartment, the ice pick prop itself didn't retract and King's on-screen reaction was real considering it was injuring her head.[5]
In one scene where Daskawisz was wearing the burlap flour sack, part of the flour sack was flapping at his eye, so the crew used tape inside the eye area to prevent it from flapping. Daskawisz received rug burns around his eye from the tape from wearing the rough flour sack material for hours.[11] The use of the sack hood was similar to the 1976 film The Town That Dreaded Sundown.[12]
The scene where Steel's character gets grabbed from behind by an unmasked Jason in the climax took approximately three takes to shoot it right. Because of this, Steel herself would become more tense and frightened when the camera rolls and Gillette grabs her.[5]
Rumors sparked that John Furey left before the film wrapped, as his character does not appear in the end. In truth, his character was not intended to have appeared.[13]
Post-production[edit]
Like its predecessor, Friday the 13th Part 2 had difficulty receiving an R rating from the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA).[14] Upon reviewing the film, the Classification and Rating Administration (CARA) warned Paul Hagger, an executive at Paramount, that the "accumulation of violence throughout the film" may still lead to an X rating even if substantial cuts were made.[15]
A total of forty-eight seconds had to be cut from the film in order to avoid an X rating.[5] This film received a deluxe DVD release in February 2009, but the edited footage was not included. Most noted by censors was the murder scene of Jeff and Sandra, who are impaled by a spear while having sex in a bed (a scene many have compared to a scene in Mario Bava's A Bay of Blood), which the censors found particularly graphic.[5][14] When actress Marta Kober, who played Sandra, originally did a scene with full frontal nudity, Paramount discovered she was underage and the scene was completely deleted[5]
Originally, the film was supposed to end with Mrs. Voorhees' head opening her eyes and smiling towards the camera. However, Miner removed the scene out of the final film as he never seriously considered it for the film’s actual ending. To this day, the footage of this alternate ending has yet to be released.[5]
Reception[edit]
Release[edit]
The film was released theatrically on April 30, 1981, bringing in $6,429,784 its opening weekend. It played on 1,350 screens and would ultimately gross $21,722,776. It was the 35th highest-grossing film of 1981, facing strong competition early in the year from such high-profile horror releases as Omen III: The Final Conflict, The Evil Dead, The Howling, Scanners, Wolfen, Deadly Blessing, The Funhouse, Halloween II, My Bloody Valentine, The Prowler, Happy Birthday to Me, Graduation Day, The Fan and The Hand.[16]
Critical reception[edit]
Much like its predecessor, critical reception to the film was initially negative. It has a 34% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes among 32 reviews.[17] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote that Friday the 13th Part 2 is "a cross between the Mad Slasher and Dead teenager genres; about two dozen movies a year feature a mad killer going berserk, and they're all about as bad as this one. Some have a little more plot, some have a little less. It doesn't matter."[18]
When reviewing the film's Blu-ray release, David Harley of Bloody Disgusting said, "It doesn't exactly stray far from the formula of the original film — neither do most of the other sequels — but Friday The 13th Part II still stands as an iconic and important entry in the series due to the introduction of Jason as the antagonist of the series and the usage of Italian horror films as an inspiration for its death scenes — most notably, the spear copulation death from Mario Bava’s A Bay of Blood."[19] Scott Meslow of The Week described it as a transitional film that blended elements of the original film and those to come later in the series.[20] The final scene where Jason crashes through the window and the scene where Jason raises his knife before killing Vicki were featured in the tribute to horror films montage during the 82nd Academy Awards.
In 2014, the film ranked at number one on a list of the 100 Greatest Slasher Movies on the genre website Vegan Voorhees.[21]
The film's ending has been a source of confusion for fans. Writer Ron Kurz has stated that Jason's window jump was intended to be set in reality and that Paul was killed offscreen.[16] However, the beginning of Part III, in replaying the end of Part 2, instead showed Jason pulling the machete out of his shoulder and crawling away as Ginny and Paul leave him for dead in the shack. This arguably retcons the scene of Jason's window jump into a dream. In addition, near the beginning of Part III, a news broadcast reports the body count at eight, thus excluding Paul from this count.
Music[edit]
Friday the 13th Part 2
Soundtrack album by Harry Manfredini
Released
January 13, 2012 (La-La Land)
June 2015 (Waxworks)
Genre
Film score
Length
43:02
Label
Gramavision, La-La Land, Waxworks
Producer
Harry Manfredini, Jay Yuenger, Neil S. Bulk
In 1982, Gramavision Records released an LP album of selected pieces of Harry Manfredini's scores from the first three Friday the 13th films.[22] On January 13, 2012, La-La Land Records released a limited edition 6-CD boxset containing Manfredini's scores from the first six films. It sold out in less than 24 hours.[23] Waxworks Records released the Harry Manfredini-composed score on vinyl in summer 2015.[24]
Novelization[edit]
A novelization based on the screenplay of Ron Kurz was published in 1988: Hawke, Simon, Friday the 13th Part II: A Novel, New American Library, New York, 1988, ISBN 0-451-15337-5
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Friday the 13th Part 2 (1981)". The Numbers. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Friday the 13th Part 2". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bracke 2006, pp. 50–52.
Jump up ^ Burns, Ashley. "Friday The 13th' Star Adrienne King Uses Her Terrifying Stalker Tale To Help Her Fans". Uproxx. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Thurman, Trace (May 1, 2016). "13 Fun Facts About 'Friday the 13th Part 2!'". Bloody-Disgusting. Retrieved October 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wixson, Heather (March 5, 2010). "Dread Central's Final Girls: Amy Steel". Dread Central. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Dash, Steve (July 1, 2006). "Friday the 13th Part 2". Dread Central. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Deakin, Bob (October 2004). "Friday the 13th Part 2 Set up Camp 30 Years Ago in Kent and New Preston, CT". The Kent Good Times Dispatch; The Litchfield County Times. Bullsbridge Inn. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ fridaythe13thfranchise.com http://www.fridaythe13thfranchise.com/2015/08/the-continuity-issues-of-jason-voorhees.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Behind the Scenes: Part 2 accident and the Hospital". Friday the 13th: The Franchise. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "What's up with the sack head?". Friday the 13th: The Ultimate Fan Blog. January 22, 2009. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Albright, Brian (2012). Regional Horror Films, 1958-1990. McFarland & Company. p. 179. ISBN 9780786472277.
Jump up ^ "Friday The 13th Part 2: Did You Know?". Lair of Horror. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Farrands, Daniel (2013). Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History of Friday the 13th (Documentary). Image Entertainment.
Jump up ^ Kendrick 2009, p. 150.
^ Jump up to: a b Bracke 2006, p. 51.
Jump up ^ "Friday the 13th Part 2 (1981)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (January 1, 1981). "Friday the 13th, Part 2". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Blu-ray Review: 'Friday the 13th Part 2' -". Bloody Disgusting!.
Jump up ^ Meslow, Scott (2015-02-13). "Friday the 13th Part 2: How a young franchise took its first steps toward creating a horror icon". The Week. Retrieved 2016-06-05.
Jump up ^ Lee, Hudson (April 23, 2014). "The 100 Greatest Slasher Movies Part X". Vegan Voorhees. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bracke 2006, p. 94.
Jump up ^ "La-La Land Records: Friday the 13th". La-La Land Records. Archived from the original on January 15, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "'Friday The 13th Part 2′ OST Coming To Vinyl". Waxworks Records. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
Bibliography[edit]
Bracke, Peter (2006). Crystal Lake Memories. United Kingdom: Titan Books. pp. 50–52. ISBN 1-84576-343-2.
Kendrick, James (2009). Hollywood Bloodshed: Violence in 1980s American Cinema. Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-809-32888-8.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Friday the 13th Part 2
Friday the 13th Part 2 on IMDb
Friday the 13th Part 2 at AllMovie
Friday the 13th Part 2 at Box Office Mojo
Friday the 13th Part 2 at Rotten Tomatoes
Film page at the Camp Crystal Lake web site
Film page at Fridaythe13thfilms.com
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MS Oasis of the Seas
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MS Oasis of the Seas
Oasis of the Seas at Nassau, Bahamas, in January 2010
History
Bahamas
Name: Oasis of the Seas
Owner: Royal Caribbean International
Operator: Royal Caribbean International
Port of registry: Nassau, Bahamas[1]
Route: Caribbean
Ordered: February 2006
Builder: STX Europe Turku Shipyard, Finland[2]
Cost: US$1.4 billion (2006)[3]
Yard number: 1363[1]
Laid down: 12 November 2007[4]
Launched: 21 November 2008 (float-out)[5]
Christened: 30 November 2009[6]
Completed: 28 October 2009[1]
Maiden voyage: 5 December 2009[6]
Identification:
Call sign: C6XS7
IMO number: 9383936
MMSI number: 311020600
DNV GL ID: 27091
Status: In service
General characteristics
Class and type: Oasis-class cruise ship
Tonnage:
225,282 GT[1]
242,999 NT[1]
15,000 DWT[1]
Length: 361.6 m (1,186.5 ft) overall[7][8]
Beam:
47 m (154 ft) waterline[1]
60.5 m (198 ft) max beam[1]
Height: 72 m (236 ft) above water line[9]
Draught: 9.322 m (30.6 ft)[1]
Depth: 22.55 m (74 ft)[1]
Decks: 16 passenger decks[2]
Installed power:
3 × 13,860 kW (18,590 hp) Wärtsilä 12V46D
3 × 18,480 kW (24,780 hp) Wärtsilä 16V46D
Propulsion:
3 × 20 MW (27,000 hp) ABB Azipod,
all azimuthing
4 × 5.5 MW (7,400 hp) Wärtsilä CT3500
bow thrusters[9][1]
Speed: 22.6 knots (41.9 km/h; 26.0 mph)[2]
Capacity:
5,400 passengers at double occupancy[2]
6,296 maximum[2]
Crew:
2,165 on maiden voyage[2]
2,394 as of July 2012[update][10]
MS Oasis of the Seas is an Oasis-class cruise ship owned by Royal Caribbean International. Her hull was laid down in November 2007 and she was completed and delivered to Royal Caribbean in October 2009. At the time of construction, Oasis of the Seas set a new capacity record of carrying over 6,000 passengers.[11] The first of her class, she was joined by sister ships MS Allure of the Seas in December 2010, MS Harmony of the Seas in May 2016, and MS Symphony of the Seas in April 2018. Oasis of the Seas conducts cruises of the Caribbean from her home port of Port Canaveral in Cape Canaveral, Florida.[12]
Oasis of the Seas surpassed the Freedom-class cruise ships (also owned by Royal Caribbean) to become the largest cruise ship in the world at that time.[13] She was herself surpassed by her sister ship Allure of the Seas, which is 50 millimetres (2.0 in) longer, although this may have been caused by ambient temperature differences at the times the measurements were made.[14] In May 2016, her second sister ship Harmony of the Seas became the new record holder with a length of 362.12 metres (1,188.1 ft).[15]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Technical details
3 Amenities
4 Naming ceremony and launch party
5 Image gallery
6 References
6.1 Notes
6.2 Further reading
7 External links
History[edit]
The vessel was ordered in February 2006 and designed under the name "Project Genesis".[16] Her keel was laid down on 12 November 2007 by STX Europe Turku Shipyard, Finland.[4] The company announced that full funding for Oasis of the Seas was secured on 15 April 2009.[17]
The name Oasis of the Seas resulted from a competition held in May 2008.[18]
During the first float-out of the vessel the tugboats that were pulling the ship from its dock failed to control the ship, resulting in the port side of the ship hitting the dock. This resulted in some cosmetic damage and minor damage to the hull, which was repaired and did not affect the final delivery date of the vessel.[19]
The ship was completed and turned over to Royal Caribbean on 28 October 2009. Two days later, she departed Finland for the United States.[20] While exiting the Baltic Sea, the vessel passed underneath the Great Belt Fixed Link in Denmark on 31 October 2009 at 23:18 UTC.[21][22] The bridge has a clearance of 65 m (213 ft) above the water; Oasis normally has an air draft of 72 m (236 ft). The passage under the bridge was possible due to retraction of the telescoping funnels, and an additional 30 cm (12 in) was gained by the squat effect whereby vessels traveling at speed in a shallow channel will be drawn deeper into the water.[23] Approaching the bridge at 23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph),[22] the ship passed under it with less than 60 centimetres (2 ft) of clearance.[21]
Proceeding through the English Channel, Oasis stopped briefly in the Solent so that 300 shipyard workers who were on board doing finishing work could disembark, then left on the way to her intended home port of Port Everglades in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.[24] The ship arrived there on 13 November 2009, where tropical plants were installed prior to some introductory trips and her maiden voyage on 5 December 2009.
While Royal Caribbean's chief of captains William S. Wright was in command of the ship's journey across the Atlantic and also for the first few sailings, as of 2018[update] navigation of Oasis of the Seas is handled by Claus Andersen and Per Kristoffersen.
Oasis had a minor refit in winter 2011, adding the DreamWorks Experience which allows passengers to interact with characters, such as Shrek, on board the ship. The Oasis-class also now features 3D movies.
Oasis underwent a second drydock refit in October 2014.[25] During drydock the ship was modified to support Dynamic Dining, adding the suite-only "Coastal Kitchen" restaurant to the Viking Crown and dividing the main dining room into three separate restaurants: "American Icon Grill", "The Grande", and "Silk".[26][27] In addition, the Broadway-style production of Hairspray was replaced with a production of Cats.[28]
Technical details[edit]
The gross tonnage of Oasis of the Seas is 225,282.[1] Her displacement—the actual mass of the vessel—is estimated at approximately 100,000 metric tons (110,000 short tons), slightly less than that of an American Nimitz-class aircraft carrier.[29]
To keep the ship stable without increasing the draft excessively, the designers created a wide hull; 9.3 metres (31 ft) of the ship sits beneath the water, a small percentage of the ship's overall height. Wide, shallow ships such as this tend to be "snappy", meaning that they can snap back upright after a wave has passed, which can be uncomfortable. This effect, however, is mitigated by the vessel's large size.[30] The cruise ship's officers were pleased with the ship's stability and performance during the transatlantic crossing, when the vessel, in order to allow finishing work to go on, slowed and changed course in the face of winds "almost up to hurricane force" and seas in excess of 12 metres (39 ft).[31][32]
The ship's power comes from six medium speed marine diesel generating sets: three 16-cylinder Wärtsilä 16V46D common rail engines producing 18,860 kilowatts (25,290 hp) each and three similar 12-cylinder Wärtsilä 12V46 engines producing 13,860 kilowatts (18,590 hp) each. The fuel consumption of the main engines at full power is 1,377 US gallons (5,210 l; 1,147 imp gal) of fuel oil per engine per hour for the 16-cylinder engines and 1,033 US gallons (3,910 l; 860 imp gal) per engine per hour for the 12-cylinder engines.[9][33] The total output of these prime movers, some 97,020 kilowatts (130,110 hp), is converted to electricity, used in hotel power for operation of the lights, elevators, electronics, galleys, water treatment plant, and all of the other systems used on the operation of the vessel, as well as propulsion. Propulsion is provided by three 20,000-kilowatt (26,800 hp) Azipods, ABB's brand of electric azimuth thrusters. These pods, suspended under the stern, contain electric motors driving 20-foot (6 m) propellers.[9] Because they are rotatable, no rudders are needed to steer the ship. Docking is assisted by four 5,500-kilowatt (7,380 hp) transverse bow thrusters.[1][33]
Additional power comes from solar panels fitted by BAM Energy Group, which provide energy for lighting in the promenade and central park areas. The installation cost US$750,000 and covers 1,950 square metres (21,000 sq ft) on deck 19.[34][35]
The ship carries 18 lifeboats that hold 370 people each, for a total of 6,660 people. Inflatable life rafts provide for additional passengers and crew.[36]
Amenities[edit]
Oasis of the Seas offers passengers features such as two-story loft suites and luxury suites measuring 150 m2 (1,600 sq ft) with balconies overlooking the sea or promenades. The ship features a zip-line, a casino,[37] a miniature golf course, multiple night clubs, several bars and lounges, a karaoke club, comedy club, five swimming pools, volleyball and basketball courts, theme parks and nurseries for children.[38] Many of the ship's interiors were extensively decorated by muralist Clarissa Parish.[39]
Onboard recreational, athletic, and entertainment activities are organized into seven themed areas called "neighborhoods",[40][41] a concept which bears resemblance to theme park planning.[42]
Central Park features boutiques, restaurants and bars, including access to the Rising Tide bar,[42] which can be raised or lowered between three decks.[37][38] It has the first living park at sea with over 12,000 plants and 56 trees.[38][43]
The Pool and Sports Zone features a sloped-entry beach pool and two surf simulators.[42]
Vitality at Sea Spa and Fitness Center features a spa for teens.[42] The gym has 158 cardio and resistance machines, classes, and a range of spa services.[44]
Boardwalk features a handcrafted carousel,[42][13] restaurants, bars, shops, two rock-climbing walls, and a temporary tattoo parlor.[9] Its outdoor 750-seat[38] AquaTheatre amphitheater hosts the ship's largest freshwater pool.[13]
Royal Promenade features restaurants and shops and is viewable from a mezzanine.[9][42]
Youth Zone features a science lab and computer gaming.[43]
Entertainment Place features the ship's main theater, as well as an ice skating rink, a nightclub, the casino, and smaller venues for jazz and comedy performances.[45][46]
Naming ceremony and launch party[edit]
The ship was formally named on 30 November 2009 during a charity sailing for Make-A-Wish Foundation. At this ceremony the ship was sponsored by seven "godmothers", each representing one of the seven neighbourhoods on board. Her godmothers are Gloria Estefan, Michelle Kwan, Dara Torres, Keshia Knight Pulliam, Shawn Johnson, Jane Seymour and Daisy Fuentes.[47]
Image gallery[edit]
Under construction at the Perno shipyard in Turku, July 2008
Under construction, July 2009
Under construction, October 2009
Leaving the Turku shipyard, with flue pipes retracted to allow the ship to clear the Great Belt Bridge later in the day[48]
Inbound to the Solent on her delivery voyage to Port Everglades to allow Finnish shipyard workers to disembark
Docked at the St. Thomas pier
One of the ship's lifeboats
Inbound to Port Everglades, Florida, at the end of her 14-day delivery voyage from Finland
Entering Port Everglades after her voyage from Finland
The Royal Promenade
Central Park
At port in Cozumel, Mexico, April 2011
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Oasis of the Seas (27091)". DNV GL Vessel Register. Det Norske Veritas. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Oasis of the Seas: Fast Facts" (PDF). OasisoftheSeas.com. 10 September 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
Jump up ^ Nugent, Rory (June 2009). "Hope Floats". The Atlantic. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Singh, Timon (24 November 2009). "The World's Largest Cruise Ship". US Infrastructure. Archived from the original on 30 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (21 November 2008). "World's biggest cruise ship launched; will carry 6,300 passengers". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 27 April 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Quan, Tracy; Burden, Erin (18 November 2009). "Royal Caribbean International Appoints Seven Godmothers for Oasis of the Seas". OasisoftheSeas.com (Press release). Archived from the original on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Smith, Oliver (26 February 2016). "New cruise ship will be world's largest". The Telegraph. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Storm, Christian (20 November 2014). "12 Amazing Photos Of The World's Largest Cruise Ship, Which Is More Than Five Times The Size Of The Titanic". Business Insider. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Creating the Incredible" (PDF). STX Europe via CruiseWeb.nl. November 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2009.
Jump up ^ "Oasis of the Seas". Royal Caribbean. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Sloan, Gene (8 April 2010). "Record set as Oasis of the Seas sails with more than 6,000 passengers". Cruise Log at USAToday.com. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Honeywell, John (27 October 2009). "Oasis even bigger than we thought". Mirror.co.uk. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Giovis, Jaclyn (19 June 2008). "New Royal Caribbean cruise ship offers many firsts". Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2008.
Jump up ^ Sjöström, Pär-Henrik (10 December 2010). "Larger than her sister". Shipgaz (6): 22.
Jump up ^ "Harmony of the Seas (33249)". DNV GL Vessel Register. Det Norske Veritas. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Royal Caribbean orders a giant cruise vessel from Aker Yards". Nortrade. Media Digital AS. 6 February 2006. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Fain, Richard (15 April 2009). "Thanks a Billion". Royal Caribbean International. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Sloan, Gene (23 May 2008). "Royal Caribbean's next ships will be Oasis, Allure". Cruise Log at USAToday.com. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "World record Cruise Ship". Documentary at Sky.com. 14 July 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Royal Caribbean's newest ship, the world's largest, makes maiden voyage". NJ.com. The Associated Press. 30 October 2009. Archived from the original on 17 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Milojevic, Aleksandar (1 November 2009). "Oasis of the Seas squeezed under bridge". Maritime Denmark. Archived from the original on 17 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kæmpeskibet klarede broen" [Giant ship cleared the bridge]. DR.dk. 1 November 2009. Archived from the original on 17 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Behling, Frank (31 October 2009). ""Oasis of the Seas" hat Kurs auf Fehmarn" ["Oasis of the Seas" has embarked on Fehmarn]. Kieler Nachrichtan (in German). Archived from the original on 3 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Huge cruise ship stops in Solent". BBC News. 2 November 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "World's largest cruise ship docks at Keppel Verolme for maintenance". Keppel Verolme. 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Our Biggest Ship Gets Even Better" (PDF). Royal Caribbean International. 14 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Oasis Class Revitalization Q&A's" (PDF). Royal Caribbean International. 13 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Cats Coming to Oasis of the Seas". Cruise Industry News. 4 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "If Royal Caribbean builds it, 6,400 could come". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. 7 February 2006.
Jump up ^ Bryner, Jeanna (3 November 2009). "How the World's Largest Cruise Ship Floats". Livescience.com. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Wright, William S. (Captain), "Blue Seas, Green Practices", Captain's Log, Day Six, search for video at Oasis of the Seas Archived 20 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine.. Royal Caribbean, 2009.
Jump up ^ Wright, William S. (Captain), "Back to the Bridge", Captain's Log, Day Ten, search for video at Oasis of the Seas Archived 20 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine.. Royal Caribbean, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Holmlund-Sund, Marit (28 October 2009). "Wärtsilä powers Royal Caribbean's Oasis of the Seas - the largest and most revolutionary cruise ship in the world" (Press release). Wärtsilä Corporation. Archived from the original on 29 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Gale, Kevin (18 January 2010). "Solar panels juice up Royal Caribbean's Oasis of the Seas". South Florida Business Journal. Archived from the original on 4 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Sewall, Adam (18 January 2010). "Royal Caribbean Adding Solar Power to its Fleet". GetSolar.com. Archived from the original on 4 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Hall, Nick (10 December 2009). "World's largest lifeboats for Oasis of the Seas". Motor Boats. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Pan, Phillip P (31 October 2009). "World's largest cruise ship offers a boatload of firsts". The Kansas City Star. Archived from the original on 4 November 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Olsen, Jan M (1 November 2009). "Largest cruise ship squeezes under Danish bridge". Associated Press via Yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 10 November 2009.
Jump up ^ www.clarissaparish.com Retrieved January 2012
Jump up ^ Lester, Paul (2 November 2009). "Oasis of the Seas – world's largest cruise liner sets sail this month". Gizmag.com. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Oasis of the Seas journeys home to Fort Lauderdale". Gizmag.com. 2 November 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Royal Caribbean announces Allure of the Seas' inaugural season". Royal Caribbean International. 30 March 2009. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mega cruise liner Oasis of the Seas completed on schedule". Helsingin Sanomat. 1 November 2009. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Oasis of the Seas: description". Cruise 1st. 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Oasis of the Seas Photo Tour and Commentary: Entertainment". Beyond Ships. p. 4. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Oasis of the Seas Photo Tour and Commentary: Bars and Lounges". Beyond Ships. p. 5. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Her går gigantskipet hårfint under" [Here goes the giant ship under narrowly] (in Norwegian). Nettavisen. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Wright, William S. (Captain), "Clearing a Landmark", Captain's Log, Day Three, search for video at Oasis of the Seas Archived 20 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine.. Royal Caribbean, 2009.
Further reading[edit]
Saunders, Aaron (2013). Giants of the Seas: The Ships that Transformed Modern Cruising. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 9781848321724.
Smith, Peter C. (2010). Cruise Ships: The World's Most Luxurious Vessels. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword Maritime. ISBN 9781848842182.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oasis of the Seas (ship, 2009).
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RMS Queen Mary 2 (2004)
MS Freedom of the Seas / MS Liberty of the Seas / MS Independence of the Seas (2006)
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MS Harmony of the Seas (2016)
MS Symphony of the Seas (2018)
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United States Commercial Service
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Official Logo of U.S. Commercial Service since 1995
The United States Commercial Service (CS) is the trade promotion arm of the U.S. Department of Commerce's International Trade Administration. CS is a part of the U.S. Foreign Service and its commercial officers are diplomats. The CS global network of trade professionals helps thousands of U.S. companies to export goods and services worth billions of dollars every year. CS trade specialists are located throughout the United States, as well as in U.S. embassies and consulates in over 75 countries around the world. The mission of CS is to advance and protect strategic U.S. commercial and economic interests around the world.
The impact of this work ripples throughout the U.S. economy—broadening and deepening the U.S. exporter base, removing obstacles to the export success of U.S. small and medium-sized companies, advancing U.S. business interests around the world, attracting foreign direct investment, and supporting job creation throughout the United States. In 2013 alone, the CS helped in more than 18,000 export transactions in nearly 200 international markets worth billions of dollars.
The CS helps small and medium-sized American businesses increase international sales through four core services:
Business matchmaking (e.g., trade missions and trade show support to foster relationships with qualified business partners)
Market intelligence (e.g., both general and customized market research, as well as training and assistance regarding international shipping and taxation)
Trade advocacy (e.g., individual assistance overcoming both nongovernmental and governmental trade barriers)
Commercial diplomacy (e.g., embassy or consulate support to ensure equal access as required by treaties and trade agreements)
CS also protects the interests of American companies overseas through commercial diplomacy and promotes investment to the United States through the SelectUSA program housed at the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Gold Key Matching Service
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Today's U.S. Commercial Service was foreshadowed in 1897 when the United States Department of State created the Bureau of Foreign Commerce and approved for the first time public distribution of diplomatic, consular and commercial reports. Also in 1897, U.S. Senator Albert J. Beveridge sounded a theme for the next century: "American factories are making more than the American people can use … fate has written our policy for us — the trade of the world must and shall be ours." Although many today may reject this rhetoric and espouse instead the mutual benefits of trade, the central role of trade in our politics and in our economic prosperity seems beyond question.
1903 The short-lived United States Department of Commerce and Labor is established, subsuming the State Department's Bureau of Foreign Commerce and the Treasury Department's Bureau of Statistics.
1911 The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, the predecessor of the International Trade Administration, is created in the Department of Commerce and Labor.
1913 The Departments of Commerce and Labor become separate departments.
1927 The Foreign Commerce Service is established by Act of Congress (March 3, 1927, Foreign and Domestic Commerce Act of 1927, also called the Hoch Act, 44 Stat. 1394) "for promotion of foreign and domestic commerce." Trade commissioners are granted diplomatic status and retitled "commercial attaches".
1928 Ms. Addie Viola Smith is appointed Trade Commissioner of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, assigned to Shanghai. Smith was the first female Trade Commissioner in the bureau, was paid comparably to her male peers, and received constant commendations on her work and diplomacy. Despite all this, she was still regarded as handicapped because of her gender.
1939 President Franklin D. Roosevelt abolishes the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce and all other non-State Department foreign services. The commercial officers are reabsorbed into State.
1979 In June, President Jimmy Carter signs the "Trade Agreements Act of 1979," which transfers overseas commercial programs from the Department of State to Commerce.
1980 The Foreign Commercial Service is established under the U.S. Department of Commerce. The name is changed to the U.S. & Foreign Commercial Service in 1981 in order to emphasize the linkage of domestic and overseas operations under a single organizational purpose.
1983 As international trade fairs are privatized, the Commercial Service begins the Certified Trade Fair Program to provide trade fair participants with a support network, a set of standards and official U.S. endorsement.
1985 The Matchmaker, one of the most popular Commercial Service programs, is launched. The program brings small and medium-sized U.S. exporters into direct contact with foreign importers, resulting in hundreds of sales and contracts.
1990 The Gold Key Service, conceived in the late 1980s by the Commercial Service in Paris, becomes widely available to U.S. exporters in 1990. The GKS offers U.S. exporters custom-tailored overseas services. Today, the Gold Key Service is available in 104 countries and averages over 1,000 meetings per year.
1992 Funding from the 1992 Freedom Support Act and USAID helps create American Business Centers. The ABCs are designed to operate in the developing markets of Russia and the Newly Independent States to stimulate economic growth and create jobs in the U.S.
1993 The U.S.-Asia Environmental Partnership is formed. Working with USAID, the Commercial Service launches the USAEP program to focus U.S. government resources on the quickly growing environmental products and services sector, in which U.S. companies excel.
1994 Four new CS offices open in Baltimore, Chicago, Long Beach and Miami, in order to provide better services to local businesses. (Over time, CS offices would increase in number, eventually serving local businesses in all 50 U.S. states.)
1994 The first Commercial Centers open in São Paulo in July, and Jakarta in November. Later, more centers open in Shanghai and Johannesburg. These facilities offer U.S. firms a place to take advantage of all Commercial Service programs and services, as well as rental office space, computers, fax and phone, and display space.
1995 The new Commercial Service's official logo is unveiled. The logo is suggestive of the flag of the United States in motion. Three oversized stars represent the major components of the Commercial Service: the Office of International Operations; the Office of Domestic Operations; and Global Trade Programs.
1995 Commercial Service Teams are created to better leverage internal resources. Today, there are 18 Global Teams. Fourteen represent major industry sectors while four regionally focused teams concentrate on trade promotion in Europe, Latin America, Asia, and Africa/Middle East. The Global Teams network within the Commercial Service to bring together manpower and expertise from around the world to help US companies develop export markets. The 18 teams are as follows:
Aerospace & Defense, ANESA (Africa, Near East, S. Asia), Agribusiness, Asia/Pacific, Automotive & Transportation, Education & Training, Energy, Environmental Technology, Europe, Franchising, Healthcare Technology, Information & Communication Technology, Manufacturing, Publishing, Safety & Security, Textile & Apparel, Travel & Tourism, Trade Americas
1995 A United States Department of Commerce grant issued to the state of Georgia helps develop Commercial Service videoconferencing tools for client use. This service allows U.S. firms, especially those in rural areas, to meet with potential trading partners without the expense of international travel.
1996 The Commercial Service opens its first post in Hanoi. As the globalization phenomenon creates a new trading ethos, the Commercial Service helps U.S. businesses enter this and other developing markets.
1998 For the first time, an ambassadorship is offered to a member of the Commercial Service. George Mu, a senior commercial officer, accepts the position of ambassador to Côte d'Ivoire in 1998.
1998 The Commercial Service moves aggressively into the Internet world when it broadcasts its first webcast, "Mexico and Canada: Doing Business with our Friendly Neighbors." Webcasting becomes a popular method for delivering timely information to Commercial Service clients.
1998 The Embassy Nairobi bombing in August kills many people, and blinds Commercial Service Officer Ellen Bomer.
1998 The first CS office located on Native American Tribal lands opens in Ontario, California. The San Manuel tribe sees CS support as a "future for our children." The partnership with the tribe is one of many efforts to assist underserved groups.
2000 The CS celebrates 20 years of successful U.S. export promotion.
2000-2004 Increasing U.S. Exports Through Trade Promotion: from 2000 to 2004 the CS helps companies create a yearly average of 11,613 export transactions. Of these successes, 90 percent are generated by small and medium-sized businesses. The Advocacy Center helps U.S. businesses generate an annual average of $134 million in export sales during this period. New Markets, New Challenges: CS responds to the changing global economy by focusing its resources on where U.S. companies want to be now, and where they need to be in the future. New offices are opened in Iraq, China, Central America and sub-Saharan Africa. New One-Stop Shop for Trade Promotion at Commerce: In 2004, the CS assumes responsibility for all Commerce Department trade promotion activities. As a result of this reorganization, the CS now directs the Advocacy Center; the Trade Information Center; and Business Information Centers for China, the Middle East, the Newly Independent States and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Thanks to this consolidation, theCS network is now able to offer U.S. businesses a broader array of information and support services in the emerging markets of today
Gold Key Matching Service[edit]
The Gold Key Matching Service is a fee-based service available to U.S.-based companies to introduce U.S.-made products to potential agents, distributors, sales representatives, association and government contacts, licensing or joint venture partners, end-users and other strategic business partners in the U.S. company's targeted export market. Typically the U.S. company makes application through their local CS office, which then works with one or more CS offices located in U.S. embassies or consulates outside the United States. There, a commercial officer, specialist, or related staff member will research potential business partners, select the most promising according to such factors as matching product lines, reputation and country coverage, provide the U.S. company's representative with an appointment schedule of one or more days of one-on-one meetings in the foreign country, and accompany the U.S. representative to the meetings.
See also[edit]
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
Doha Round
Generalized System of Preferences
International Trade Administration
International Trade Commission
Office of the United States Trade Representative
World Trade Organization
References[edit]
External links[edit]
U.S. Commercial Service homepage
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Commercial_Service&oldid=797931935"
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