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Highmark Stadium
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Highmark Stadium
Location
Station Square,
510 West Station Square Drive
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
Coordinates
40°26′10″N 80°0′34″W / 40.43611°N 80.00944°W / 40.43611; -80.00944Coordinates: 40°26′10″N 80°0′34″W / 40.43611°N 80.00944°W / 40.43611; -80.00944
Operator
Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC
Capacity
5,000
Field size
110 x 70
Surface
FIFA 2-Star Certified hybrid-turf[1]
Construction
Broke ground
June 25, 2012[2]
Opened
April 13, 2013
Construction cost
$10.2 million
Architect
ThenDesign Architecture, Inc.[3]
Project manager
Millcraft Industries, Inc.[3]
Structural engineer
Alber & Rice, Inc.[4]
General contractor
Nello Construction[3]
Tenants
Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC (USL) (2013–present)
Pittsburgh Passion (WFA) (2013–2015)
Pittsburgh Riverhounds U23 (PDL) (2014–2016)
Pittsburgh Rebellion (LFL) (2017)
Highmark Stadium is a 5,000-seat soccer-specific stadium in Pittsburgh's Station Square which is home to Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC of the USL. The stadium was also home the Pittsburgh Rebellion women's football team for 2017. Three local colleges use the stadium for soccer, lacrosse and rugby, and six different local high schools will use the field for soccer and lacrosse.[5] The $10.2 million project began with the demolishing and excavating of the former Trib Total Media Amphitheatre, building foundations for the scoreboard, light poles and grading foundations for the grandstands as well as the installation of underground utilities. The field surface is FIFA 2-star certified artificial turf, the highest rating that an artificial surface can achieve, one of only six fields in the country to earn that rating.[5][6] Other fields to earn this rating in the United States include: Providence Park, CenturyLink Field, and Gillette Stadium, all of which house Major League Soccer franchises.[7][8][9]
On August 1, 2015, the supporters' section was renamed the Paul Child Stand in honor of Pittsburgh soccer legend Paul Child.[10] About Highmark Stadium, Benjamin Zand of the BBC once said it is "[...]probably the most beautiful stadium I've ever seen."[11] Highmark Stadium is notable for its picturesque albeit unusual layout, with the Monongahela River in close proximity to the field. As a result, during daytime broadcasts of Riverhound matches, the river serves as a backdrop for the action on the field.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Construction
2 Sports events
3 Stadium layout
4 Expansion
4.1 2018 Expansion
5 Home opener
6 Events
6.1 Concerts
7 Gallery
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Highmark Stadium as seen from Mount Washington
Since the team's creation, there had been no official announcement concerning a permanent home for the Hounds, but much had been speculated since GM and manager Gene Klein, on 13 July 2007, said that the Riverhounds "are to the point on the stadium complex where it is a matter of paperwork and it will get done. We hope to make an official announcement on it...but like everything else, we'll walk with it before we try and run. We are doing things the right way."[12] On 9 July 2008, Dan Onorato, Chief Executive of Allegheny County, announced a planned development of a 78-acre (320,000 m2) sports and recreation park that covers area near Pittsburgh in Coraopolis, Robinson, and Moon known as Montour Junction.[13] The land was donated to the county's Redevelopment Authority by the Sports Legacy Foundation, which is chaired by Riverhounds founder and former owner Paul Heasley.[14] The SLF had owned the land since 2002 and had already spent about $60k for the environmental cleanup of the land, which was once owned by the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad and had been declared a brownfield.[13] The proposed uses for the park included soccer pitches as well as other multipurpose team sports fields such as rugby and lacrosse. It was believed by many that a stadium would be built around one of the fields and that it would likely become a permanent home for the Hounds. However, none of these earlier plans materialized.
Despite speculation and previous attempts to build a permanent home for the Riverhounds at other locations, on December 8, 2011, it was revealed that a stadium for the club could be built at Station Square on the site of the current amphitheater close to downtown Pittsburgh as part of a redevelopment of the area. However, at the time there was no timeline set for the proposed redevelopment.[15]
Construction[edit]
On January 10, 2012, an official announcement was made that the construction would begin and that the stadium would be completed by summer 2012. The stadium was financed with an estimated $7 million by private investors in addition to several corporate sponsors including Highmark who hold naming rights for the stadium. It was also announced that although it will be a soccer-specific stadium, other sporting and non-sporting events will be held at the stadium, including the home games of the Pittsburgh Passion.[16] Riverhounds CEO Jason Kutney has also said that the stadium will allow the Riverhounds to explore hosting soccer teams from Europe and elsewhere to play friendlies as well as the possibility of bringing women's professional soccer to Pittsburgh.[1]
Construction of the stadium was scheduled to begin in late March to early April 2012 and to be completed during summer 2012.[1] However, construction at the site began in August, several months behind schedule, and the stadium's opening was scheduled for fall 2012 maybe as soon as late September.[17] The first Riverhounds match at the stadium was played on 13 April 2013 to a sold out crowd, several months after the anticipated opening date.[18][19] Naming rights for the stadium were purchased by Pittsburgh-based health insurance company Highmark and the stadium was subsequently named Highmark Stadium. Once completed, the Riverhounds became only the third USL Pro team to have their own soccer-specific stadium, along with the Charleston Battery (Blackbaud Stadium) and the Rochester Rhinos (Sahlen's Stadium).[1]
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania-based Millcraft Industries, Inc. coordinated construction activities for the multi-sport and entertainment facility, while Nello Construction, headquartered in Canonsburg, PA, served as Highmark Stadium’s general contractor.[3] The architect of record is Ohio-based ThenDesign Architecture.[3]
Sports events[edit]
In addition to soccer matches, the stadium was home to the Pittsburgh Rebellion of the Legends Football League for their inaugural season in 2017, as well as tournaments for soccer, football, lacrosse, rugby, and softball, and non-sporting events. The venue also accommodates concerts, cultural fairs, and special events. There are also plans to incorporate outdoor ice rinks during the winter months for public skate hours and amateur hockey games. It is also known for being the home stadium for the 6A Powerhouse Central Catholic Vikings football.
Stadium layout[edit]
Map of Highmark Stadium
There are 4 gates in Highmark Stadium: the Trib Total Media Gate, the North Gate, the South Gate, and the (#)1 Cochran Gate
Expansion[edit]
Although the original seating capacity is 3,400 plus 15 suites for 12 people and approximately 400 Standing-room only places, the stadium is expandable vertically on three sides in excess of 18,000 fans, the average attendance of Major League Soccer, making the stadium capable of housing the Riverhounds as they seek to join MLS within a decade.[20] Less than a week after the first league Riverhounds match at the stadium, club officials described three phases of expansion that will be made to the stadium.[5]
Phase 1 Phase 1 includes making the supporters section a permanent grandstand and adding more seating to that area of the stadium which could add about another 2,000 seats. That would bring total capacity to about 6,000.
Phase 2 Phase 2 involves wrapping the grandstands and creating seating in the corners of stadium and creating more seating near the East End. This phase could add about another 1,000 and would be based upon demand.
Phase 3 Phase 3 would be the phase in which the greatest increase in seating occurs. It includes building a second tier of seating over the current grandstand. This would require extensive planning and coordination with the city because it would require building over the roadway. This phase could bring the total seating capacity to slightly over 10,000 and would, like phase 2, be based upon demand.
2018 Expansion[edit]
In an effort to meet USSF Division II requirements, Highmark Stadium began an expansion effort to add 1,000 seats; meeting the minimum required capacity of 5,000.[21] The project is anticipated to be completed ahead of the 2018 season.
Home opener[edit]
Although several warm-up matches and other non-soccer events were held at the stadium previously, the first official Riverhounds match took place on April 13, 2013, against the Harrisburg City Islanders.[18][22]
Final Score
Pittsburgh Riverhounds 1 – 2 Harrisburg City Islanders
Opening Day Attendance
4,000^
First Goal
Jose Angulo (Pittsburgh Riverhounds) (70')
Other Goals
Sainey Touray (78'), Lucky Mkosana (90') (Harrisburg City Islanders)
First Assist
Matthew Dallman (Pittsburgh Riverhounds) (70')
First Substitution
Tom Brandt for Andrew Welker (Harrisburg City Islanders) (9')
First Yellow Card
Kevin Kerr (Pittsburgh Riverhounds) (61')
First Red Card
None
^ Sell-out crowd
Events[edit]
Concerts[edit]
The first concert at the stadium was The Steve Miller Band featuring Don Felder of The Eagles in July 2015.[23]
Date
Performer(s)
July 11, 2015 The Steve Miller Band
Gallery[edit]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Price, Karen (January 11, 2012). "Plenty Unique About Riverhounds' Station Square Digs". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "About Highmark Stadium". Pittsburgh Riverhounds. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Jones, Rachel (December 1, 2012). "Home Field Advantage: Pittsburgh Riverhounds". WHIRL Magazine. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pittsburgh Riverhounds Highmark Soccer Stadium". Alber & Rice, Inc. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gomes, Pedro (April 18, 2013). "USL Pro Spotlight: Week 4". MLS Reserves. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Highmark Earns Top Marks". USL Pro. April 24, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "JELD-WEN Field's FieldTurf Surface Earns Third FIFA 2-Star Certification". Portland Timbers. March 28, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "CenturyLink Field's New FieldTurf Surface Receives FIFA 2-Star Rating". Seattle Sounders FC. May 5, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Gillette Stadium's FieldTurf Surface Earns FIFA 2-Star Certification". PR Web. July 29, 2010. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Krysinky, John. "VINCENT HAT TRICK HELPS HOUNDS END THREE-GAME SKID". Pittsburgh Soccer Report. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Zand, Benjamin. "Football in the USA: Why Americans don't like relegation". BBC. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Zeise, Paul (July 12, 2007). "Riverhounds Kick Up Ante". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Rujumba, Karamagi (July 9, 2008). "County Unveils Plan for Sports Complex". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Pfister, Bonnie (July 9, 2008). "Private Donations Sought for Sports Complex". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Retrieved July 9, 2008.
Jump up ^ Rudish-Laning, Robyn (December 8, 2011). "Pittsburgh's Station Square Looking to Receive Upgrades". The Duquense Duke. Duquesne University. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Pittsburgh Riverhounds Soccer Club Unveils Plans for New Stadium in Station Square". Pittsburgh Riverhounds. January 10, 2012. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ Farmer, Douglas (July 27, 2012). "Highmark Stadium Continues to Develop". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "City Islanders Rally Past Riverhounds". USL Pro. April 14, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Home Opener Set for Pittsburgh Riverhounds Inaugural Season at Highmark Stadium". Pittsburgh Riverhounds. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kovacevic, Dejan (November 29, 2012). "Kovacevic: A Perfect Pitch to Lure MLS". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Omari Sankofa II (October 19, 2017). "Highmark Stadium to add 1,000 seats to meet U.S. Soccer requirements". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Harrisburg City Islanders at Pittsburgh Riverhounds 2:1". USL Pro. April 14, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Mervis, Scott. "Steve Miller Band show rescheduled for July 11". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
External links[edit]
Official Website
Station Square Official Site

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Principles of grouping
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs attention from an expert in Cognitive science. Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article. WikiProject Cognitive science may be able to help recruit an expert. (April 2011)
The principles of grouping (or Gestalt laws of grouping) are a set of principles in psychology, first proposed by Gestalt psychologists to account for the observation that humans naturally perceive objects as organized patterns and objects, a principle known as Prägnanz. Gestalt psychologists argued that these principles exist because the mind has an innate disposition to perceive patterns in the stimulus based on certain rules. These principles are organized into five categories: Proximity, Similarity, Continuity, Closure, and Connectedness.[1][2][3][4]
Irvin Rock and Steve Palmer, who are acknowledged as having built upon the work of Max Wertheimer and others and to have identified additional grouping principles,[5] note that Wertheimer's laws have come to be called the "Gestalt laws of grouping" but state that "perhaps a more appropriate description" is "principles of grouping."[6][7]Rock and Palmer helped to further Wertheimer's research to explain human perception of groups of objects and how we perceive parts of objects and form whole objects on the basis of these.
Contents
[hide]
1 Proximity
2 Similarity
3 Closure
4 Good continuation
5 Common fate
6 Good form
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Bibliography
9 Further reading
Proximity[edit]
Law of Proximity
The Gestalt law of proximity states that "objects or shapes that are close to one another appear to form groups". Even if the shapes, sizes, and objects are radically different, they will appear as a group if they are close.
Refers to the way smaller elements are "assembled" in a composition.
Also called "grouping," the principle concerns the effect generated when the collective presence of the set of elements becomes more meaningful than their presence as separate elements.
Arranging words into sentences or titles is an obvious way to group unrelated elements to enhance their meaning (it also depends on a correct order for comprehension).
Grouping the words also changes the visual and psychological meaning of the composition in non-verbal ways unrelated to their meaning.
Elements which are grouped together create the illusion of shapes or planes in space, even if the elements are not touching.
Grouping of this sort can be achieved with tone or value, color, shape, size, or other physical attributes.[citation needed]
Similarity[edit]
Law of Similarity
The principle of similarity states that, all else being equal, perception lends itself to seeing stimuli that physically resemble each other as part of the same object, and stimuli that are different as part of a different object. This allows for people to distinguish between adjacent and overlapping objects based on their visual texture and resemblance. Other stimuli that have different features are generally not perceived as part of the object. Our brain uses similarity to distinguish between objects which might lie adjacent to or overlap with each other based upon their visual texture. An example of this is a large area of land used by numerous independent farmers to grow crops. Each farmer may use a unique planting style which distinguishes his field from another. Another example is a field of flowers which differ only by color.[citation needed]
The principles of similarity and proximity often work together to form a Visual Hierarchy. Either principle can dominate the other, depending on the application and combination of the two. For example, in the grid to the left, the similarity principle dominates the proximity principle and you probably see rows before you see columns.
Closure[edit]
Law of Closure
The principle of closure refers to the mind’s tendency to see complete figures or forms even if a picture is incomplete, partially hidden by other objects, or if part of the information needed to make a complete picture in our minds is missing. For example, if part of a shape’s border is missing people still tend to see the shape as completely enclosed by the border and ignore the gaps. This reaction stems from our mind’s natural tendency to recognize patterns that are familiar to us and thus fill in any information that may be missing.
Closure is also thought to have evolved from ancestral survival instincts in that if one was to partially see a predator their mind would automatically complete the picture and know that it was a time to react to potential danger even if not all the necessary information was readily available.
Good continuation[edit]
Law of good continuation
When there is an intersection between two or more objects, people tend to perceive each object as a single uninterrupted object. This allows differentiation of stimuli even when they come in visual overlap. We have a tendency to group and organize lines or curves that follow an established direction over those defined by sharp and abrupt changes in direction...[citation needed]
Common fate[edit]
Law of common fate—a flock of birds.
When visual elements are seen moving in the same direction at the same rate (optical flow), perception associates the movement as part of the same stimulus. For example, birds may be distinguished from their background as a single flock because they are moving in the same direction and at the same velocity, even when each bird is seen—from a distance—as little more than a dot. The moving 'dots' appear to be part of a unified whole. Similarly, two flocks of birds can cross each other in a viewer's visual field, but they will nonetheless continue to be experienced as separate flocks because each bird has a direction common to its flock.[citation needed]
This allows people to make out moving objects even when other details (such as the objects color or outline) are obscured. This ability likely arose from the evolutionary need to distinguish a camouflaged predator from its background.
The law of common fate is used extensively in user-interface design, for example where the movement of a scrollbar is synchronised with the movement (i.e. cropping) of a window's content viewport; The movement of a physical mouse is synchronised with the movement of an on-screen arrow cursor, and so on.
Good form[edit]
Principle of good form
The principle of good form refers to the tendency to group together forms of similar shape, pattern, color, etc. Even in cases where two or more forms clearly overlap, the human brain interprets them in a way that allows people to differentiate different patterns and/or shapes. An example would be a pile of presents where a dozen packages of different size and shape are wrapped in just three or so patterns of wrapping paper, or the Olympic Rings.
See also[edit]
Global precedence
Neural processing for individual categories of objects
Pattern recognition
Perception
Structural information theory
Theory of indispensable attributes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ cf. Gray, Peter O. (2006): Psychology, 5th ed., New York: Worth, p. 281. ISBN 978-0-7167-0617-5
Jump up ^ Wolfe et al. 2008, pp. 78,80.
Jump up ^ Goldstein 2009, pp. 105–107.
Jump up ^ Banerjee 1994, pp. 107–108.
Jump up ^ Weiten 1998, pp. 144.
Jump up ^ Palmer, Neff & Beck 1997, pp. 63.
Jump up ^ Palmer 2003, pp. 180–181.
Bibliography[edit]
Banerjee, J. C. (1994). "Gestalt Theory of Perception". Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Psychological Terms. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 107–109. ISBN 978-81-85880-28-0.
Goldstein, E. Bruce (2009). "Perceiving Objects and Scenes § The Gestalt Approach to Object Perception". Sensation and perception (8th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-60149-4.
Palmer, Stephen; Neff, Jonathan; Beck, Diane (1997). "Grouping and Amodal Perception". In Rock, Irvin. Indirect perception. MIT Press/Bradford Books series in cognitive psychology. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-18177-8.
Palmer, Stephen E. (2003). "Visual Perception of Objects". In Healy, Alice F.; Proctor, Robert W.; Weiner, Irving B. Handbook of Psychology: Experimental psychology. 4. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-39262-0.
Weiten, Wayne (1998). Psychology: themes and variations (4th ed.). Brooks/Cole Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-534-34014-8.
Wolfe, Jeremy M.; Kluender, Keith R.; Levi, Dennis M.; Bartoshuk, Linda M.; Herz, Rachel S.; Klatzky, Roberta L.; Lederman, Susan J. (2008). "Gestalt Grouping Principles". Sensation and Perception (2nd ed.). Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-87893-938-1. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23.
Further reading[edit]
Enns, James T. (2003): Gestalt Principles of Perception. In: Lynn Nadel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science, London: Nature Publishing Group.
Todorovic, Dejan (2008). "Gestalt principles". Scholarpedia. 3 (12): 5345. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.5345.
Palmer, S.E. (1999). Vision Science: Photons to Phenomenology. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-16183-1.
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