text:
Jarawas (Andaman Islands)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Jarawas
Aong
Total population
(approx. 250–400 (estimate)
380 (2011 Census of India)[1])
Regions with significant populations
Western side of South Andaman and Middle Andaman Islands (India)
Languages
Jarawa, one of the Ongan languages
Religion
traditional
Related ethnic groups
Other indigenous Andamanese peoples, particularly Onge
The Jarawas (also Järawa, Jarwa) (Jarawa: Aong, pronounced [əŋ][2]) are an indigenous people of the Andaman Islands in India. They live in parts of South Andaman and Middle Andaman Islands, and their present numbers are estimated at between 250–400 individuals. They have largely shunned interaction with outsiders, and many particulars of their society, culture and traditions are poorly understood.
The Jarawas are recognised as an Adivasi group in India. Along with other indigenous Andamanese peoples, they have inhabited the islands for at least several thousand years, and most likely a great deal longer. The Andaman Islands have been known to outsiders since antiquity; however, until quite recent times they were infrequently visited, and such contacts were predominantly sporadic and temporary. For the greater portion of their history their only significant contact has been with other Andamanese groups. Through many decades, the contact to the tribe has diminished quite significantly.
There is some indication that the Jarawa regarded the now-extinct Jangil tribe as a parent tribe from which they split centuries or millennia ago, even though the Jarawa outnumbered (and eventually out-survived) the Jangil.[3] The Jangil (also called the Rutland Island Aka Bea) were presumed extinct by 1931.[4]
The Jarawa are a designated Scheduled Tribe in India.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Contact, settlements and dislocation
1.1 Hunting & diet
2 Impact of the Great Andaman Trunk Road
3 Impact of tourism
4 See also
5 References
Contact, settlements and dislocation[edit]
Comparative map showing distributions of various Andamanese tribes in the Andaman Islands – early 1800s versus present-day (2004). Notables:
(a) Rapid depopulation of the original southeastern Jarawa homeland in the 1789–1793 period
(b) Onge and Great Andamanese shrinkage to isolated settlements
(c) Complete Jangil extinction by 1931
(d) Jarawa move to occupy depopulated former west coast homeland of the Great Andamanese
(e) Only the Sentinelese zone is somewhat intact
Before the 19th century, the Jarawa homelands were located in the southeast part of South Andaman Island and nearby islets. With the establishment of the initial British settlement, these are suspected to have been largely depopulated by disease shortly after 1789.[6] The Great Andamanese tribes were similarly depopulated by the introduction of alcohol and opium, leaving open the western areas which the Jarawa gradually made their new homeland. The spreading of opium and alcohol was to some extent sponsored by the colonial authorities in order to depopulate the Jarawa.[7] The immigration of mainland Indian and Karen (Burmese) settlers, beginning about two centuries ago, accelerated this process. Prior to their initiating contact with settled populations in 1997, the Jarawa were noted for vigorously maintaining their independence and distance from external groups, actively discouraging most incursions and attempts at contact. Since 1998, they have been in increasing contact with the outside world and have increasingly been the initiators of such contact. All contact, especially with tourists, remains extremely dangerous to the Jarawa due to the risk of disease.[8] Of the remaining Andamanese peoples, only the Sentinelese have been able to maintain a more isolated situation, and their society and traditions persist with little variance from their practices they observed before the first significant contacts were made.[citation needed] Today the Jarawa are in regular contact with the outside world through settlements on the fringes of their Reserve, through daily contact with outsiders along the Andaman Trunk Road and at jetties, marketplaces and hospitals near the road and at settlements near the reserve, with some children even showing up at mainstream schools and asking to be educated along with settler children.[9]
The Jarawas are hostile towards outsiders and are sometimes accessible to Indian linguists.[10]
The Jarawas are the only remaining Negrito remnants of the Andaman Islands out of four. Other than having a history as traditional hunter-forager-fishermen, they also had reputations as warriors and uncompromising defenders of their territory. The Jarawas lived through British encroachment in the 19th century, as well as Japanese occupation later on.[11]
Jarawas currently have a population of 270 remaining. Their primary threat is a highway, Andaman Trunk Road, running through their territory and reserve of 1,028 square kilometers of dense evergreen forests.[12]
Hunting & diet[edit]
As the Jarawas are a nomadic tribe, they hunt endemic wild pigs, monitor lizards and other quarry with bows and arrows. They would keep no dogs to help hunting, until recently to become more similar to the Onges and Andamanese.[11]
Since this is an island tribe, food sources in the ocean are highly important to them. Men would fish with bows and arrows in shallow water. Women would catch fish with baskets.
Mollusks, dugongs and turtles are a major part of the Jarawa diet. Besides meat and seafood, Jarawas love to collect fruit, tubers and honey from the forest. In order to get the honey from the bees, they would use a plant extract to calm the bees.
The Jarawa bow, made of chuiood (Sageraca elliptica) is also known as "aao" in their own language. The arrow is called "patho". The wooden head of the arrow is made of areca wood. To make the iron head arrow, called "aetaho" in their language, they use iron and areca wood or babmo. Their chest guard in order to go hunting or for any raids is called "kekad".[13]
Impact of the Great Andaman Trunk Road[edit]
The biggest threat to the Jarawa in recent years came from the building of the Great Andaman Trunk Road through their newer western forest homeland in the 1970s.[14][15] In late 1997, some Jarawa started coming out of their forest to visit nearby settlements for the first time. Within months a serious measles epidemic broke out.[citation needed] In 2006 the Jarawa suffered another outbreak of measles.[citation needed] No deaths were reported.
The impact of the highway, in addition to widespread encroachment, poaching and commercial exploitation of Jarawa lands, caused a lawsuit to be filed with the Calcutta High Court, which has jurisdiction over the islands. The case escalated to the Supreme Court of India as a Public Interest Litigation (PIL). The Society for Andaman and Nicobar Ecology, the Bombay Natural History Society and Pune-based Kalpavriksh joined in the petition, resulting in a landmark High Court judgment in 2001, directing the administration to take steps to protect the Jarawa from encroachment and contact, as well as preemptively ruling out any program that involved relocating the Jarawa to a new reservation. Planned extensions of the highway were also prohibited by the court.[16] However, the Light of Andamans editorialised that the changes to the Jarawa were likely irreversible and should have been assessed more thoroughly before the road was built.[14]
Impact of tourism[edit]
A major problem is the volume of sightseeing tours that are operated by private companies, where tourists view, photograph or otherwise attempt interactions with Jarawas, who are often begging by the highway. These are illegal under Indian law, and in March 2008, the Tourism Department of the Andaman and Nicobar administration issued a fresh warning to tour operators that attempting contact with Jarawas, photographing them, stopping vehicles while transiting through their land or offering them rides were prohibited under the Protection of Aboriginal Tribes Regulation, 1956 and would be prosecuted under a strict interpretation of the statute.[17] It has been alleged, however, that these rules are openly being flouted with over 500 tourists being taken to view Jarawas daily by private tour operators, while technically being shown as transiting to legitimate destinations and resulting in continuing daily interaction between the Jarawa and day tourists inside the reserve area.[17]
In 2006, the Indian travel company Barefoot had established a resort 3 km distant from the Jarawa reserve. The development was the subject of a recent court case brought by a small section of Andaman authorities who wanted to stop the resort, and appealed against a Calcutta High Court ruling allowing it to continue.[18] Barefoot won that case.[citation needed]
Some Indian tourism companies bring tourists close to their secluded areas where the natives are tossed food from the caravans.[19] In 2012, a video shot by a tourist showed women encouraged to dance by an off-camera policeman.[19]
On 21 January 2013 a Bench of Justices G.S. Singhvi and H.L. Gokhale passed an interim order banning the tourists from taking trunk road passing through Jarawa area. As a response to this interim order, a petition was filed on behalf of local inhabitants which stated that the Andaman Trunk Road is a very vital road and connects more than 350 villages. The Supreme Court therefore, on 5 March 2013 reversed its interim order, allowing the road to be fully re-opened, but with vehicles only being allowed to travel in large convoys four times a day.
See also[edit]
Andamanese
Jangil
Negrito
Andaman Islands
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/SC_ST/PCA-A11_Appendix/ST-35-PCA-A11-APPENDIX.xlsx
Jump up ^ Kumar, Pramod (2012). Descriptive and Typological study of Jarawa (Ph.D.). Jawaharlal Nehru University.
Jump up ^ Maurice Vidal Portman (1898), Notes on the Languages of the South Andaman Group of Tribes, Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Government of India, ... 'Jangil' is here used for 'Ancestors.' I found that this word was used by the very ancient Aka-Bea-da for the name of the hostile inland tribe in the South Andaman, who are now known as Jarawas and who belong to the Onge group of tribes.
Jump up ^ George van Driem (2001), Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region : Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language, BRILL, ISBN 90-04-12062-9, ... The Aka-Kol tribe of Middle Andaman went extinct by 1921. The Oko-Juwoi of Middle Andaman and the Aka-Bea of South Andaman and Rutland Island were extinct by 1931. The Akar-Bale of Ritchie's Archipelago, the Aka-Kede of Middle Andaman and the A-Pucikwar of South Andaman Island soon followed. By 1951, the census counted a total of only 23 Greater Andamanese and 10 Sentinelese. That means that just ten men, twelve women and one child remained of the Aka-Kora, Aka-Cari and Aka-Jeru tribes of Greater Andaman and only ten natives of North Sentinel Island ...
Jump up ^ "List of notified Scheduled Tribes" (PDF). Census India. p. 27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Sita Venkateswar (2004), Development and Ethnocide: Colonial Practices in the Andaman Islands, IWGIA, ISBN 87-91563-04-6, ... As I have suggested previously, it is probable that some disease was introduced among the coastal groups by Lieutenant Colebrooke and Blair's first settlement in 1789, resulting in a marked reduction of their population. The four years that the British occupied their initial site on the south-east of South Andaman were sufficient to have decimated the coastal populations of the groups referred to as Jarawa by the Aka-bea-da ...
Jump up ^ Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Francesco Cavalli-Sforza (1995), The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution, Basic Books, ISBN 0-201-44231-0, ... Contact with whites, and the British in particular, has virtually destroyed them. Illness, alcohol, and the will of the colonials all played their part; the British governor of the time mentions in his diary that he received instructions to destroy them with alcohol and opium. He succeeded completely with one group. The others reacted violently ...
Jump up ^ "Jarawa", Survival International, 2009, retrieved 2009-07-06, ... The principal threat to the Jarawa's existence comes from encroachment onto their land, which was sparked by the building of a highway through their forest in the 1970s. The road brings settlers, poachers and loggers, who steal the tribe's game and expose them to disease...
Jump up ^ Jarawa"primitives" and welfare politics in the Andaman Islands by Dr. Vishvajit Pandya 2 June 2007 http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/originals/PandyaWelfare/pandya-jarawawelfare.htm "The early history of Jarawa hostility towards outsiders was brought to a gradual end by a series of friendly contacts by the Indian administration which continued till 1998–99 when the Jarawa community on its own came in close sustained contact with the outside world. Despite the changing trajectories of the history of contact between Jarawas and outsiders, what remains significantly unchanged are perceptions of the Jarawa from colonial to post-colonial times." "The Jarawa no longer loiter on the roadside, waiting for charity from passing people. They now allow themselves to be photographed against payment in kind. The ATR has changed the Jarawa and made them conscious that they are objects of discipline for the administration or commodities for gawking tourists in search of the "exotic" in the Andamans. This understanding has helped them to negotiate situations involving outsiders with increasing confidence." "Jarawa seeking medical help are moved to the local medical establishments at once. It is no longer a situation of outsiders trying to convince Jarawa to come out and seek medical assistance. They do so willingly at their own initiative" "These Jarawa, as has been experienced, are very friendly, speak Hindi very fluently and regularly visit the local inhabitants for food. It has also been observed that a group of about 80 Jarawa who regularly visit the Tirur area are so friendly with the people that a few of the Jarawa children recently approached the local teacher for admission in the school as they had observed other children studying in the school/college".
Jump up ^ "A Bibliographical Introduction to Andamanese Linguistics". [dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b "Palaeolithic Cognitive Inheritance in Aesthetic Behavior of the Jarawas of the Andaman Islands". [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Database for Indigenous Cultural Evolution" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Jarawa" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b "Editorial: After ATR what?", The Light of Andamans, 32 (2), 6 Jan 2006, ... The Great Andaman Trunk Road was constructed over the dead bodies of the APWD mazdoors, the Jarawas and the bush police personnel ... The road is mired in controversy, a very serious one at that ... the Jarawas have gone through a churning. They have acquired all, almost all, the vices of civilization. They have taken to eating rice and dal, taking tobacco and gutka and maybe even submitting to sexual exploitation whether by choice or due to allurement. They too have gone too far. The irony is: nobody knows how to save the tribe. Nobody is sure closing the ATR would save them. Yet they have to maintain the position. If the tribal civilization disintegrates even after closing the road, it is nobody's loss; except the islanders. Barring a few, the tribal rights activists don't belong to the islands ...
Jump up ^ Anvita Abbi (2006), Endangered Languages of the Andaman Islands, Lincom Europa, ... The building of the Andaman Grand Trunk road has exposed Jarawas to the city dwellers and exploitation. Their fish catch and game are bought for a simple packet of biscuits. Jarawa children have become very fond of biscuits and loiter on the street to satisfy their desire from visiting tourists. These are highly endangered tribes, yet a slight increase in the population such as an increase from 19 in 1961 to 50 [refer to the table 2 given above] of Great Andamanese builds some hope. Nine days after giant waves struck the Little Andaman Island, a child was born at a relief camp at soccer stadium and the Ongre tribe of hunters and gatherers took a step away from extinction. Post-Tsunami life for tribes is varied. While Jarawas are least affected by the calamity ...
Jump up ^ "The road to destruction", India Together, retrieved 2008-11-19, ... In 1998, in an issue relating to excessive logging activities in Little Andaman and the danger posed to the Onge tribe, the Pune-based environmental action group Kalpavriksh, the Port Blair-based SANE and the Mumbai-based Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) filed a writ petition before the Kolkata High Court. The administration stonewalled it. It was argued that the matter could be taken up only in the Supreme Court, and the case landed there ...
^ Jump up to: a b "जारवा के इलाकों में पयर्टकों का प्रवेश बंद (Tourists' entry to Jarawa areas forbidden)", oneIndia.in, 5 March 2008, retrieved 2008-11-24, ... इस आदेश का उल्लंघन करने वाले आपरेटरों के खिलाफ कड़ी कानूनी कार्रवाई की जायेगी. बयान में कहा गया कि यह जनजाति क्षेत्र केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश के प्रोटेक्श्न आफ एबोआरिजिनल ट्राइब्स रेगुलेशन एक्ट (1956) के अतंगर्त आते हैं (Violators will be prosecuted strictly. These tribal areas fall under the purview of the union territory's Protection of Aboriginal Tribes Regulation, 1956)... अंडमान ट्रंक रोड (एटीआर) पर पर्यटकों को ले जाते समय वाहनों को रोका नहीं जाये और न ही जारवा जनजाति के लोगों को अपने वाहन में बैठाया जाये. उन्हें यह भी कहा गया कि वे यह भी ध्यान रखे कि न तो जारवा जनजाति के फोटो लिये जाये और न ही उनकी वीडियोग्राफी की जाये (Vehicles in which tourists are transit via the ATR are not permitted to stop or offer rides to Jarawa tribal members. Photography and videography of Jarawas is prohibited) ... गणेशन ने कहा कि आधिकारिक तौर पर यह दिखाया जाता है कि पर्यटकों को एटीआर होकर बारातंत द्वीप की सैर कराई जाती है ... हर रोज करीब पांच सौ से अधिक पर्यटकों (Ganeshan said that, while on paper tourists are shown as transiting to Baratang Island ... over 500 are being taken to view Jarawas every day) ....
Jump up ^ "Indian Luxury Resort Endangers Isolated Jarawa Tribe", Ecoworldly, archived from the original on 25 June 2009, retrieved 2009-07-03, The survival of the Jarawa tribe, on the Andaman Islands in India, is threatened by the construction of a luxury resort ...
^ Jump up to: a b Chamberlain, Gethin (7 January 2012). "Andaman Islands tribe threatened by lure of mass tourism". The Guardian. London.
"The lost tribe", Al Jazeera report, 20 April 2012
"The Jarawa", Survival International website
"Jarawa and the road to destruction, from the India Together website
"The Jarawa Tribal Reserve Dossier: Cultural & Biological Diversities in the Andaman Islands", edited by Pankaj Sekhsaria and Vishvajit Pandya, 212pp, Paris: UNESCO, 2010
Saini, Ajay (2016) "What Murdered the Mixed-Race Jarawa Baby?" Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 51(15) http://www.epw.in/journal/2016/15/web-exclusives/what-murdered-%E2%80%9Cmixed-race%E2%80%9D-jarawa-baby.html
Mirante, Edith (2014) "The Wind in the Bamboo: Journeys in Search of Asia's 'Negrito' Indigenous Peoples" Bangkok, Orchid Press.
Mukerjee, Madhusree (2003) "The Land of Naked People: Encounters with Stone Age Islanders" Boston, Houghton Mifflin.
Sekhsaria, Pankaj (2003) Troubled Islands: Writings on the Indigenous Peoples and Environment of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Pune, India: Kalpavriksh and LEAD.
Venkateswar, Sita (2004) "Development and Ethnocide: Colonial Practices in the Andaman Islands" Copenhagen, International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
[hide]
v
t
e
Negritos
Andaman Islands
Andamanese
Great Andamanese
Bale
Bea
Bo
Jeru
Juwoi
Cari
Kede
Kol
Kora
Pucikwar
Jangil
Jarawa
Onge
Sentinelese
Malaysia
Semang
Batek
Jahai
Kensiu
Kintaq
Lanoh
Mendriq
Philippines
Aeta
Ati
Batak
Mamanwa
Thailand
Mani
Italics indicate extinct groups
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jarawas_(Andaman_Islands)&oldid=800468779"
Categories:
Ethnic groups in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Indigenous peoples of South Asia
Uncontacted peoples
Scheduled Tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from April 2017
Use Indian English from August 2013
All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English
Use dmy dates from March 2013
"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation
Articles using Template:Infobox ethnic group with deprecated parameters
Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
বাংলা
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
한국어
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Lietuvių
മലയാളം
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Polski
Română
Русский
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
தமிழ்
ไทย
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 September 2017, at 18:56.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: b

value: sup

values:
/wiki/Traditional_religion
mw-redirect
Traditional religion

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values:
/wiki/Andamanese_peoples
mw-redirect
Andamanese peoples

values: Edit section: Contact, settlements and dislocation

values:
/wiki/Onge_people
mw-redirect
Onge people

values:
/wiki/Sentinelese_people
mw-redirect
Sentinelese people

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Impact of the Great Andaman Trunk Road

values:
/wiki/Great_Andaman_Trunk_Road
mw-redirect
Great Andaman Trunk Road

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2008)

values:
/wiki/Public_Interest_Litigation
mw-redirect
Public Interest Litigation

values: Kalpavriksh (environmental organization) (page does not exist)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Andamanese_people
mw-redirect
Andamanese people

values:
/wiki/Bale_people
mw-redirect
Bale people

values:
/wiki/Jeru_people
mw-redirect
Jeru people

values:
/wiki/Juwoi_people
mw-redirect
Juwoi people

values:
/wiki/Kede_people
mw-redirect
Kede people

values:
/wiki/Kol_people_(Andaman)
mw-redirect
Kol people (Andaman)

values:
/wiki/Pucikwar_people
mw-redirect
Pucikwar people

values:
/wiki/Jarawa_(Andaman_Islands)
mw-redirect
Jarawa (Andaman Islands)

values:
/wiki/Ati_(Philippines)
mw-redirect
Ati (Philippines)

values:
/wiki/Batak_(Philippines)
mw-redirect
Batak (Philippines)

values:
/wiki/Mani_people
mw-redirect
Mani people

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Ethnic groups in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands

values: Category:Indigenous peoples of South Asia

values: Category:Scheduled Tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2017

values: Category:Use Indian English from August 2013

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English

values: Category:"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation

values: Category:Articles using Template:Infobox ethnic group with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Jarawas_(Andaman_Islands)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: জারোয়া জাতিগোষ্ঠী – Bangla

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarawa
Jarawa – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarawa
Jarawa – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values: जारवा – Hindi

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarawa
Jarawa – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: जारवा – Newari

values: ਜਾਰਵਾ ਕਬੀਲਾ – Punjabi

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarawa
Jarawa – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarawa
Jarawa – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values: Джарава (народ) – Russian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarawa
Jarawa – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarawat
Jarawat – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values: ஜாரவா பழங்குடியினர் – Tamil

values: จาราวา – Thai

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Jarawas_Andaman_Islands rootpage-Jarawas_Andaman_Islands skin-vector action-view


text:
Asphalt concrete
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Blacktop" redirects here. For other uses, see Blacktop (disambiguation).
Asphalt batch mix plant
A machine laying asphalt concrete, fed from a dump truck
Asphalt concrete (commonly called asphalt,[1] blacktop, or pavement in North America, and tarmac or bitumen macadam or rolled asphalt in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland) is a composite material commonly used to surface roads, parking lots, airports, as well as the core of embankment dams.[2] It consists of mineral aggregate bound together with asphalt, laid in layers, and compacted. The process was refined and enhanced by Belgian inventor and U.S. immigrant Edward de Smedt.[3]
The terms asphalt (or asphaltic) concrete, bituminous asphalt concrete, and bituminous mixture are typically used only in engineering and construction documents, which define concrete as any composite material composed of mineral aggregate adhered with a binder. The abbreviation, AC, is sometimes used for asphalt concrete but can also denote asphalt content or asphalt cement, referring to the liquid asphalt portion of the composite material.
Contents
[hide]
1 Mixture formulations
2 Performance characteristics
3 Degradation and restoration
3.1 Prevention and repair of degradation
4 Recycling
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Mixture formulations[edit]
As shown in this cross-section, many older roadways are smoothed by applying a thin layer of asphalt concrete to the existing portland cement concrete, creating a composite pavement.
Mixing of asphalt and aggregate is accomplished in one of several ways:[4]
Hot-mix asphalt concrete (commonly abbreviated as HMA)
This is produced by heating the asphalt binder to decrease its viscosity, and drying the aggregate to remove moisture from it prior to mixing. Mixing is generally performed with the aggregate at about 300 °F (roughly 150 °C) for virgin asphalt and 330 °F (166 °C) for polymer modified asphalt, and the asphalt cement at 200 °F (95 °C). Paving and compaction must be performed while the asphalt is sufficiently hot. In many countries paving is restricted to summer months because in winter the compacted base will cool the asphalt too much before it is able to be packed to the required density. HMA is the form of asphalt concrete most commonly used on high traffic pavements such as those on major highways, racetracks and airfields. It is also used as an environmental liner for landfills, reservoirs, and fish hatchery ponds.[5]
Asphaltic concrete laying machine in operation in Laredo, Texas
Warm-mix asphalt concrete (commonly abbreviated as WMA)
This is produced by adding either zeolites, waxes, asphalt emulsions, or sometimes even water to the asphalt binder prior to mixing. This allows significantly lower mixing and laying temperatures and results in lower consumption of fossil fuels, thus releasing less carbon dioxide, aerosols and vapors. Not only are working conditions improved, but the lower laying-temperature also leads to more rapid availability of the surface for use, which is important for construction sites with critical time schedules. The usage of these additives in hot mixed asphalt (above) may afford easier compaction and allow cold weather paving or longer hauls. Use of warm mix is rapidly expanding. A survey of US asphalt producers found that nearly 25% of asphalt produced in 2012 was warm mix, a 416% increase since 2009.[6]
Cold-mix asphalt concrete
This is produced by emulsifying the asphalt in water with (essentially) soap prior to mixing with the aggregate. While in its emulsified state the asphalt is less viscous and the mixture is easy to work and compact. The emulsion will break after enough water evaporates and the cold mix will, ideally, take on the properties of an HMA pavement. Cold mix is commonly used as a patching material and on lesser trafficked service roads.
Cut-back asphalt concrete
Is a form of cold mix asphalt produced by dissolving the binder in kerosene or another lighter fraction of petroleum prior to mixing with the aggregate. While in its dissolved state the asphalt is less viscous and the mix is easy to work and compact. After the mix is laid down the lighter fraction evaporates. Because of concerns with pollution from the volatile organic compounds in the lighter fraction, cut-back asphalt has been largely replaced by asphalt emulsion.[7]
Mastic asphalt concrete, or sheet asphalt
This is produced by heating hard grade blown bitumen (i.e., partly oxidised) in a green cooker (mixer) until it has become a viscous liquid after which the aggregate mix is then added.
The bitumen aggregate mixture is cooked (matured) for around 6–8 hours and once it is ready the mastic asphalt mixer is transported to the work site where experienced layers empty the mixer and either machine or hand lay the mastic asphalt contents on to the road. Mastic asphalt concrete is generally laid to a thickness of around 3⁄4–1 3⁄16 inches (20–30 mm) for footpath and road applications and around 3⁄8 of an inch (10 mm) for flooring or roof applications.
High-modulus asphalt concrete, sometimes referred to by the French-language acronym EMÉ (enrobé à module élevé)
This uses a very hard bituminous (penetration 10/20), sometimes modified, in proportions close to 6% on the weight of the aggregates, and a proportion of mineral powder also high, between 8–10%, to create an asphalt concrete layer with a high modulus of elasticity, of the order of 13000 MPa, as well as very high fatigue strengths.[8] High-modulus asphalt layers are used both in reinforcement operations and in the construction of new reinforcements for medium and heavy traffic. In base layers, they tend to exhibit a greater capacity of absorbing tensions and, in general, better fatigue resistance.[9]
In addition to the asphalt and aggregate, additives, such as polymers, and antistripping agents may be added to improve the properties of the final product.
Asphalt concrete pavements—especially those at airfields—are sometimes called tarmac for historical reasons, although they do not contain tar and are not constructed using the macadam process.
A variety of specialty asphalt concrete mixtures have been developed to meet specific needs, such as stone-matrix asphalt, which is designed to ensure a very strong wearing surface, or porous asphalt pavements, which are permeable and allow water to drain through the pavement for controlling stormwater.
Performance characteristics[edit]
An airport taxiway, one of the uses of asphalt concrete
Different types of asphalt concrete have different performance characteristics in terms of surface durability, tire wear, braking efficiency and roadway noise. In principle, the determination of appropriate asphalt performance characteristics must take into account the volume of traffic in each vehicle category, and the performance requirements of the friction course. Asphalt concrete generates less roadway noise than a Portland cement concrete surface, and is typically less noisy than chip seal surfaces.[10][11]
Because tire noise is generated through the conversion of kinetic energy to sound waves, more noise is produced as the speed of a vehicle increases. The notion that highway design might take into account acoustical engineering considerations, including the selection of the type of surface paving, arose in the early 1970s.[12][13] With regard to structural performance, the asphalt behaviour depends on a variety of factors including the material, loading and environmental condition. Furthermore, the performance of pavement varies over time. Therefore, the long-term behaviour of asphalt pavement is different from its short-term performance. The LTPP is a research program by the FHWA, which is specifically focusing on long-term pavement behaviour.[14][15]
Degradation and restoration[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Asphalt damaged by frost heaves
Asphalt deterioration can include crocodile cracking, potholes, upheaval, raveling, bleeding, rutting, shoving, stripping, and grade depressions. In cold climates, frost heaves can crack asphalt even in one winter. Filling the cracks with bitumen is a temporary fix, but only proper compaction and drainage can slow this process.
Factors that cause asphalt concrete to deteriorate over time mostly fall into one of three categories: construction quality, environmental considerations, and traffic loads. Often, damage results from combinations of factors in all three categories.
Construction quality is critical to pavement performance. This includes the construction of utility trenches and appurtenances that are placed in the pavement after construction. Lack of compaction in the surface of the asphalt, especially on the longitudinal joint can reduce the life of a pavement by 30 to 40%. Service trenches in pavements after construction have been said to reduce the life of the pavement by 50%, mainly due to the lack of compaction in the trench, and also because of water intrusion through improperly sealed joints.
Environmental factors include heat and cold, the presence of water in the subbase or subgrade soil underlying the pavement, and frost heaves.
High temperatures soften the asphalt binder, allowing heavy tire loads to deform the pavement into ruts. Paradoxically, high heat and strong sunlight also cause the asphalt to oxidize, becoming stiffer and less resilient, leading to crack formation. Cold temperatures can cause cracks as the asphalt contracts. Cold asphalt is also less resilient and more vulnerable to cracking.
Water trapped under the pavement softens the subbase and subgrade, making the road more vulnerable to traffic loads. Water under the road freezes and expands in cold weather, causing and enlarging cracks. In spring thaw, the ground thaws from the top down, so water is trapped between the pavement above and the still-frozen soil underneath. This layer of saturated soil provides little support for the road above, leading to the formation of potholes. This is more of a problem for silty or clay soils than sandy or gravelly soils. Some jurisdictions pass frost laws to reduce the allowable weight of trucks during the spring thaw season and protect their roads.
The damage a vehicle causes is proportional to the axle load raised to the fourth power,[16] so doubling the weight an axle carries actually causes 16 times as much damage. Wheels cause the road to flex slightly, resulting in fatigue cracking, which often leads to crocodile cracking. Vehicle speed also plays a role. Slowly moving vehicles stress the road over a longer period of time, increasing ruts, cracking, and corrugations in the asphalt pavement.
Other causes of damage include heat damage from vehicle fires, or solvent action from chemical spills.
Prevention and repair of degradation[edit]
The life of a road can be prolonged through good design, construction and maintenance practices. During design, engineers measure the traffic on a road, paying special attention to the number and types of trucks. They also evaluate the subsoil to see how much load it can withstand. The pavement and subbase thicknesses are designed to withstand the wheel loads. Sometimes, geogrids are used to reinforce the subbase and further strengthen the roads. Drainage, including ditches, storm drains and underdrains are used to remove water from the roadbed, preventing it from weakening the subbase and subsoil.
Good maintenance practices center on keeping water out of the pavement, subbase and subsoil. Maintaining and cleaning ditches and storm drains will extend the life of the road at low cost. Sealing small cracks with bituminous crack sealer prevents water from enlarging cracks through frost weathering, or percolating down to the subbase and softening it.
For somewhat more distressed roads, a chip seal or similar surface treatment may be applied. As the number, width and length of cracks increases, more intensive repairs are needed. In order of generally increasing expense, these include thin asphalt overlays, multicourse overlays, grinding off the top course and overlaying, in-place recycling, or full-depth reconstruction of the roadway.
It is far less expensive to keep a road in good condition than it is to repair it once it has deteriorated. This is why some agencies place the priority on preventive maintenance of roads in good condition, rather than reconstructing roads in poor condition. Poor roads are upgraded as resources and budget allow. In terms of lifetime cost and long term pavement conditions, this will result in better system performance. Agencies that concentrate on restoring their bad roads often find that by the time they've repaired them all, the roads that were in good condition have deteriorated.[17]
Some agencies use a pavement management system to help prioritize maintenance and repairs.
Recycling[edit]
A small-scale asphalt recycler
Asphalt concrete is 100% recyclable and is the most widely reused construction material in the world. Very little asphalt concrete — less than 1 percent, according to a 2011 survey by the Federal Highway Administration and the National Asphalt Pavement Association — is actually disposed of in landfills.[18]
There is asphalt recycling on a large scale (known as in-place asphalt recycling or asphalt recycling performed at a hot mix plant) and asphalt recycling on a smaller scale. For small scale asphalt recycling, the user separates asphalt material into three different categories:
Blacktop cookies
Chunks of virgin uncompacted hot mix asphalt which can be used for pothole repair. The use of blacktop cookies has been investigated as a less expensive, less labor-intensive, more durable alternative to repairing potholes with cold patch. In a program in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, workers purchased new hot mix asphalt and spread it liberally on the ground to produce approximately 25 lb. wafers. Once cooled, the wafers could be stored until reheated in a hotbox to make minor road repairs. Blacktop cookies may also be produced from leftover material from paving jobs.[19]
Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP)
Chunks of asphalt that have been removed from a road, parking lot or driveway are considered RAP. These chunks of asphalt typically are ripped up when making a routine asphalt repair, man hole repair, catch basin repair or sewer main repair. Because the asphalt has been compacted, RAP is a denser asphalt material and typically takes longer to recycle than blacktop cookies.
Asphalt millings
Small pieces of asphalt produced by mechanically grinding asphalt surfaces are referred to as asphalt millings. Large millings that have a rich, black tint indicating a high asphalt cement content are best for asphalt recycling purposes. Surface millings are recommended over full depth millings when choosing asphalt millings to recycle. Full depth millings usually contain sub-base contaminants such as gravel, mud and sand. These sub base contaminants will leach oil away from original asphalt and dry out the material in the recycling process. Asphalt milled from asphalt is better than asphalt milled from concrete. When milling asphalt from concrete the dust that is created is not compatible with asphalt products because it is not asphalt.[20]
Small scale asphalt recycling will usually involve high speed on-site asphalt recycling equipment or overnight soft heat asphalt recycling.
Small scale asphalt recycling is used when wanting to make smaller road repairs vs. large scale asphalt recycling which is done for making new asphalt or for tearing up old asphalt and simultaneously recycling / replacing existing asphalt. Recycled asphalt is very effective for pothole and utility cut repairs. The recycled asphalt will generally last as long or longer than the road around it as new asphalt cement has been added back to the material.[21]
For larger scale asphalt recycling, several in-place recycling techniques have been developed to rejuvenate oxidized binders and remove cracking, although the recycled material is generally not very water-tight or smooth and should be overlaid with a new layer of asphalt concrete. Cold in-place recycling mills off the top layers of asphalt concrete and mixes the resulting loose millings with asphalt emulsion. The mixture is then placed back down on the roadway and compacted. The water in the emulsion is allowed to evaporate for a week or so, and new hot-mix asphalt is laid on top.
Asphalt concrete that is removed from a pavement is usually stockpiled for later use as aggregate for new hot mix asphalt at an asphalt plant. This reclaimed material, or RAP, is crushed to a consistent gradation and added to the HMA mixing process. Sometimes waste materials, such as asphalt roofing shingles, crushed glass, or rubber from old tires, are added to asphalt concrete as is the case with rubberized asphalt, but there is a concern that the hybrid material may not be recyclable.
See also[edit]
Asphalt
Asphalt plant
Free floating screed
Paver
Plastic armour
Road surface
Sealcoat
Stamped asphalt
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2011. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-547-04101-8.
Jump up ^ "Asphalt concrete cores for embankment dams". International Water Power and Dam Construction. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
Jump up ^ [1] – History of roads.
Jump up ^ "Asphalt Pavement Technologies". Asphalt Pavement Alliance. Retrieved 2014-09-13.
Jump up ^ "Asphalt for Environmental Liners (PS 17)" (PDF). National Asphalt Pavement Association. 1984-11-15. Retrieved 2014-09-13.
Jump up ^ "Survey finds growth in recycled materials for asphalt". Construction Demolition Recycling. February 5, 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-02-23.
Jump up ^ Asphalt Paving Principles (PDF). Cornell Local Roads Program. 2003.
Jump up ^ Jones, Jason; Bryant, Peter (March 2015). High Modulus Asphalt (EME2) Pavement Design (Technical Note 142) (PDF). Fortitude Valley, Queensland, Australia: State of Queensland (Australia) Department of Transport and Main Roads. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
Jump up ^ Balkema, AA; Choi, YK; Collop, AC; Airey, GD. Assessment of Durability of High Modulus Base (HMB) Materials. 6th International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads and Airfields. ISBN 90-5809-398-0.
Jump up ^ John Shadely, Acoustical analysis of the New Jersey Turnpike widening project between Raritan and East Brunswick, Bolt Beranek and Newman, 1973
Jump up ^ [2] C Michael Hogan, Analysis of Highway Noise, Journal of Soil, Air and Water Pollution, Springer Verlag Publishing, Netherlands, Vol. 2, Number 3 / September, 1973
Jump up ^ John Shadely, Acoustical analysis of the New Jersey Turnpike widening project between Raritan and East Brunswick, Bolt Beranek and Newman, 1973
Jump up ^ [3] C Michael Hogan, Analysis of Highway Noise, Journal of Soil, Air and Water Pollution, Springer Verlag Publishing, Netherlands, Vol. 2, Number 3 / September, 1973
Jump up ^ "Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology Coordinating, Developing, and Delivering Highway Transportation Innovations". fhwa.dot.gov.
Jump up ^ "TRB: Long-Term Pavement Performance Studies".
Jump up ^ Equivalent Single Axle Load "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-08-24. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
Jump up ^ "Pavement Management Primer" (PDF). Federal Highway Administration, U.S Department of Transportation. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
Jump up ^ IS 138: Asphalt Pavement Industry Survey on the Use of RAP, RAS, and WMA — 2009–2011 (PDF). Lanham, Maryland: National Asphalt Pavement Association. 17 April 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
Jump up ^ ""Blacktop Cookies" for Pothole Patching" (PDF). The Bridge, vol. 23, num. 2. Michigan's Local Technical Assistance Program. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Asphalt Recycling". Falcon Road Maintenance Equipment. Archived from the original on June 15, 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Asphalt Repairs with Recycled Asphalt". Falcon Road Maintenance Equipment. Archived from the original on June 15, 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
External links[edit]
The National Asphalt Pavement Association
The Asphalt Pavement Alliance
Asphalt Education Partnership
Common types of asphalt distress
[show]
v
t
e
Streets and roadways
Types of road
Limited-access
Freeway / Motorway
Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway
Elevated highway
By country
Australia
Brazil
Canada
China
Croatia
Czech Republic
Germany
Greece
Hong Kong
India
Ireland
Italy
Pakistan
Portugal
Spain
United Kingdom
United States
Main roads
Arterial road
Collector road
County highway
Express-collector setup
Farm-to-market road
Highway
Link road
Two-lane expressway
2+1 road
2+2 road
Parkway
Super two
Trunk road
Highway systems by country
Local roads
Alley
Backroad
Bicycle boulevard
Boulevard
Country lane
Dead end
Driveway
Frontage road
Green lane
Main street
Primitive road
Road
Side road
Single carriageway
Single-track road
Street
Sunken lane
Other terms
Channelization
Concurrency
Detour
Hierarchy of roads
Private highway
Route number
Special route
Business route
Street hierarchy
Toll road
Road junctions
Interchanges
(grade-separated)
Cloverleaf
Diamond
Free-flow
Directional T
Diverging diamond
Parclo
Raindrop
Roundabout
Single-point urban (SPUI)
Stack
Three-level diamond
Trumpet
Intersections
(at-grade)
3-way junction
Bowtie
Box junction
Continuous flow
Hook turn
Jughandle
Michigan left
Offset T-intersection
Protected intersection
Quadrant roadway
Right-in/right-out (RIRO)
Roundabout
Seagull intersection
Split intersection
Superstreet
Texas U-turn
Traffic circle
Turnaround
Surfaces
Asphalt concrete
Bioasphalt
Brick
Chipseal
Cobblestone
Concrete
Reinforced concrete
Corduroy
Crocodile cracking
Crushed stone
Diamond grinding of pavement
Dirt
Full depth recycling
Glassphalt
Gravel
Ice
Macadam
Pavement milling
Permeable
Plank
Rubberized asphalt
Sealcoat
Sett
Stamped asphalt
Tarmac
Texture
Road hazards
Aquaplaning
Black ice
Bleeding
Crosswind
Dead Man's Curve
Expansion joint
Fog
Ford
Hairpin turn
Level crossing
Manhole cover
Oil spill
Oversize load
Pothole
Road debris
Road slipperiness
Road train
Roadkill
Rockfall
Rut
Speed bump
Storm drain
Washboarding
Washout
Whiteout
Space and time allocation
Barrier transfer machine
Bicycle lane
Climbing lane
Complete streets
Contraflow lane
Contraflow lane reversal
High-occupancy toll lane
High-occupancy vehicle lane
Lane
Living street
Managed lane
Median / Central reservation
Motorcycle lane
Passing lane
Pedestrian crossing
Pedestrian zone
Refuge island
Reversible lane
Road diet
Road verge
Runaway truck ramp
Shared space
Sidewalk / Pavement
Shoulder
Street running railway
Traffic calming
Traffic directionality
Traffic island
Traffic lanes
Traffic signal preemption
Unused highway
Wide outside lane
Woonerf
Demarcation
Bollard
Botts' dots
Cable barrier
Cat's eye (road)
Concrete step barrier
Constant-slope barrier
Curb
F-Shape barrier
Guard rail
Jersey barrier
Kassel kerb
Noise barrier
Raised pavement marker
Road surface marking
Rumble strip
Traffic barrier
Traffic cone
Structures
Bridge
Causeway
Overpass / Flyover
Underpass / Tunnel
Glossary of road transport terms
Road types by features
[show]
v
t
e
Recycling
Materials
Aluminium
Asphalt
Concrete
Copper
Cotton
Energy
Glass
Gypsum
Paper
Plastic
Refrigerant
Scrap
Timber
Vegetable oil
Water
Products
Appliances
Automotive oil
Batteries
Bottles
PET bottles
Computers
Drugs
Fluorescent lamps
Lumber
Mobile phones
Paint
Ships
Textiles
Tires
Vehicles
Apparatus
Bins
Blue bags
Blue boxes
Codes
Collection
Materials recovery facility
Waste sorting
Countries
Brazil
Canada
Ireland
Japan
The Netherlands
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Northern Ireland
United States
Concepts
Dematerialization
Downcycling
Eco-industrial park
Ecodesign
Extended producer responsibility
Freecycling
Industrial ecology
Industrial metabolism
Land recycling
Material flow analysis
Precycling
Product stewardship
Recursive recycling
Recycling (ecological)
Resource recovery
Reuse of excreta
Repurposing
Reuse
Upcycling
Urban lumberjacking
Waste hierarchy
Waste minimisation
Waste picking
Zero waste
See also
Cogeneration
Composting
Container deposit legislation
Dumpster diving
Ethical consumerism
Freeganism
Simple living
Waste
Waste-to-energy
Waste collection
Waste management law
Waste management
Waste management concepts
Environment portal
Category
by country
by material
by product
organizations
Index
Commons
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asphalt_concrete&oldid=841332124"
Categories:
Building materials
Asphalt
Concrete
Road construction
Pavements
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from February 2017
All articles needing additional references
Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Български
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Հայերեն
Italiano
Кыргызча
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Nederlands
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
Polski
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Тоҷикӣ
Українська
Tiếng Việt
15 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 15 May 2018, at 05:53.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Blacktop_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Blacktop (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

values:
/wiki/Asphalt_batch_mix_plant
mw-redirect
Asphalt batch mix plant

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Portland_cement_concrete
mw-redirect
Portland cement concrete

values:
/wiki/Pavement_(roads)
mw-redirect
Pavement (roads)

values:
/wiki/Stone-matrix_asphalt
mw-redirect
Stone-matrix asphalt

values:
/wiki/Porous_asphalt
mw-redirect
Porous asphalt

values: Edit section: Performance characteristics

values: Edit section: Degradation and restoration

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Frost_heave
mw-redirect
Frost heave

values: Edit section: Prevention and repair of degradation

values:
/wiki/Pavement_management_system
mw-redirect
Pavement management system

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://driveasphalt.org/technologies

values:
nofollow
external text
http://falconrme.com/asphalt.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.falconrme.com/about_us.htm

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.asphaltpavement.org

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.driveasphalt.org

values: Category:Limited-access roads by country

values:
/wiki/Raindrop_interchange
mw-redirect
Raindrop interchange

values:
/wiki/Bicycle_lane
mw-redirect
Bicycle lane

values:
/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic
mw-redirect
Right- and left-hand traffic

values:
/wiki/Traffic_lanes
mw-redirect
Traffic lanes

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Asphalt_concrete
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Асфалтобетон – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt
Asphalt – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: بتن آسفالتی – Persian

values: 아스팔트 콘크리트 – Korean

values: Ասֆալտբետոն – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: Асфальт-бетон – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Асфальтобетон – Russian

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asfaltti
Asfaltti – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asfalt
Asfalt – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: แอสฟอลต์คอนกรีต – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Асфалтубетон – Tajik

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values: Асфальтобетон – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Asphalt_concrete rootpage-Asphalt_concrete skin-vector action-view


text:
Royal Central School of Speech & Drama
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Royal Central School" redirects here. For other uses, see Royal Central (disambiguation).
Royal Central School
of Speech & Drama
Type
Public university
Drama school
Established
1906
2005: Incorporated into the University of London
Chancellor
The Princess Royal (University of London)
Principal
Gavin Henderson
Students
1,100 (2016/17)[1]
Undergraduates
655 (2016/17)[1]
Postgraduates
390 (2016/17)[1]
Location
London, England
Campus
Urban
Affiliations
University of London
Website
www.cssd.ac.uk
The Royal Central School of Speech & Drama was founded by Elsie Fogerty in 1906 to offer a new form of training in speech and drama for young actors and other students. It became a constituent of the University of London in 2005 and its prominent alumni include Laurence Olivier, Vanessa Redgrave, Judi Dench, Harold Pinter and Kit Harington.
Contents
[hide]
1 Courses
2 History
2.1 1906 – 1992
2.2 2004 – A University Conservatoire
3 Buildings
4 Administration
5 Curriculum
6 Research
7 Notable alumni
8 References
9 External links
Courses[edit]
The school offers undergraduate, postgraduate, research degrees, and short courses in acting, actor training, applied theatre, theatre crafts and making, design, drama therapy, movement, musical theatre, performance, producing, puppetry, research, scenography, stage management, teacher training, technical arts, voice, and writing.
On 9 October 2008 the school announced that Harold Pinter (1930–2008), the 2005 Nobel Laureate in Literature and Central alumnus, had agreed to become its president and to receive an honorary fellowship in the school's graduation ceremony on 10 December 2008,[2][3] but Pinter had to receive it in absentia, because of ill health,[4][5] and he died two weeks later.[6] Michael Grandage, a Central graduate and artistic director of the Donmar Warehouse, has now been appointed President.
History[edit]
The Embassy Theatre
1906 – 1992[edit]
Elsie Fogerty founded The Central School of Speech Training and Dramatic Art at the Royal Albert Hall in 1906. Fogerty was a specialist in speech training and held a firm belief in the social importance of education. She was committed to advancing the study of theatre as an academic discipline.
In 1957 the school moved from the Royal Albert Hall, having acquired the lease of the Embassy Theatre at Swiss Cottage and its associated buildings. By 1961 three distinct departments had been established within Central. The stage department was running its three-year course for actors, with alumni including Laurence Olivier and Peggy Ashcroft already a part of its history, and a two-year course for stage managers. The teacher training department was preparing students for its own diploma, which was a recognised teaching qualification, and for the London University Diploma in Dramatic Art. That diploma had been instituted in 1912 as a result of Fogerty's campaign for the recognition of drama and drama teaching as subjects worthy of serious academic study. By this time, the school was as known for its speech therapy department as for its work in training actors.
In 1972 Central became grant-aided by the Inner London Education Authority. In 1989 it was incorporated as a higher education college in its own right and funded directly by government. Central had been offering degrees since 1986, firstly validated by the Council for National Academic Awards and from 1992 by the Open University.
2004 – A University Conservatoire[edit]
In 2004 the Privy Council granted the Central the power to award its own taught degrees. In 2005 students from the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art transferred to Central after a 100-year history of significant contributions to stage and screen. In the same year, the school was designated as the Higher Education Funding Council for England's Centre for Excellence in Training for Theatre. With effect from September 2005 Central became a college of the University of London, finally realising the ambitions articulated a hundred years earlier by its founder Elsie Fogerty.[citation needed]
Apart from its notable alumni, who include Laurence Olivier, Vanessa Redgrave, Judi Dench, Cameron Mackintosh, Harold Pinter, Jason Isaacs and James Fox, the school has had some notable staff. In the 1960s Yat Malmgren taught movement, based on principles derived from Laban; Cicely Berry taught voice to students and later the Royal Shakespeare Company, John Allen, principal from 1972 to 1978, founded the Glyndebourne Children's Theatre, was the leading organiser of the Communist Party's Unity Theatre, London, where he coordinated the first Living Newspaper, Busmen (1937), and was a founding member of the Group Theatre, also in the mid-1930s; Litz Pisk was Head of Movement (1964–1970), having previously worked with Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill in Vienna, and then Michel Saint-Denis at the Old Vic Theatre School.
On 29 November 2012 the adjective "Royal" was bestowed on the school by Elizabeth II in recognition of its reputation as a "world-class institution for exceptional professional training in theatre and performance studies". It is entitled to use it in official documentation, although it continues to be colloquially referred to as "Central". The school's Patron, HRH Princess Alexandra of Kent, played a role in recommending the institution for the adjective.[7]
Buildings[edit]
The school is located at Swiss Cottage in North London, an area which is being redeveloped as a "civic and cultural quarter" which includes a new extension building for the school, replacing 1960's accommodation. The school's theatre is located inside the new building which was awarded a BREEAM rating of "very good". [8]
Administration[edit]
On 9 October 2008, the school announced that Harold Pinter, who attended the school in 1950–51, had agreed to become its president,[2] succeeding Labour Party politician Peter Mandelson, who had rejoined the government of Prime Minister Gordon Brown; previous presidents of the school included Dame Judi Dench and Lord Laurence Olivier.[3] Current president of Central is Michael Grandage, CBE, Artistic Director of the Donmar Warehouse and alumnus of Central School of Speech & Drama
Current Principal Gavin Henderson CBE is an English arts administrator, conductor and trumpeter. Deputy Principal / Deputy CEO / Clerk to Governors, Deborah Scully; prior to joining Central, Debbie held a number of roles in the former Inner London Education Authority (ILEA). These included Deputy Senior Administrative Officer (1985–1987) and Registrar (1981–1985) at Southwark College, London; Divisional Office Management Clerk (1980–1981); and roles at Westminster College, London 1976–1981) and ILEA Accounts (1974–1976).
Deputy Principal (Academic)and Professor of Theatre, Simon Shepherd, joined Central in 2001. Previously a Professor of Drama at Goldsmiths, University of London, and before that Professor of Drama at the University of Nottingham, which he left in 1996.
Dean of Studies and Professor of Sound, Ross Brown, formerly a painter, then a professional composer, performer and sound designer in theatre, Ross holds the first Chair in Theatre Sound in the UK. Since 1994, the aim of Ross' research has been to establish the subjects of theatre sound and aurality and advance their study by located them within a broader epistemology of sound and a framework of relevant theories and histories.
Director of Research, Robin Nelson, is a long-term member of the IFTR’s Theatre and Intermediality research group. Nelson joined Central in 2010 to support research development. In this context his work championing "practice as research" (PaR) is particularly relevant, but he has broad interests in theatre and media. Robin has held a range of posts in the HE sector; he is an Emeritus Professor of Manchester Metropolitan University where for over a decade he has been a member of the senior staff, finally involved in research management. He was an invited member of the Drama, Dance & Performing Arts RAE sub-panel in 2007/08.
Curriculum[edit]
In addition to being an acting school, the Central School of Speech & Drama offers training and education in a broad range of vocational and applied theatre specialties available, providing courses in acting, voice studies, producing, design for the stage, applied theatre & education, drama and movement therapy, lighting design and production, media and drama education, musical theatre, performance arts, prop making, puppetry, scenic art, scenic construction, costume construction, scenography, set design, theatre sound, stage management, technical and production management, directing and writing.
Research[edit]
In the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise the majority of Central's submission was judged "world leading" or "internationally excellent". The school has been ranked highly by The Guardian, placing it sixth in its league table of specialist institutions[9] and ninth for Drama and Dance.[10]
Central has more than 55 academic staff and a wide range of visiting lecturers and artists.
The school has over 20 doctoral candidates[11] and the first graduate of the programme, Broderick Chow, was awarded his PhD at the December 2010 graduation ceremony.[12]
Notable alumni[edit]
See also: Category:Alumni of the Central School of Speech and Drama
Joss Ackland CBE
Riz Ahmed – (Nightcrawler, Centurion)
Dame Peggy Ashcroft
Cicely Berry CBE
Claire Blume CBE
Adam Bond
Jeremy Brett – (Sherlock Holmes (1984 TV series))
Akosua Busia
Mabel Constanduros
Wendy Craig
Peter Davison – (Doctor Who, Law & Order: UK)
Dame Judi Dench – (Shakespeare in Love, James Bond)
Christopher Eccleston – (Doctor Who, Thor: The Dark World, The Leftovers)
Jennifer Ehle – (Fifty Shades of Grey, The King's Speech)
Janet Ellis - (Blue Peter)
Barry Evans – (Here We Go Round The Mulberry Bush, Mind Your Language)
Carrie Fisher – (Star Wars, Hannah and Her Sisters)
William Fox
James Frain – (The Tudors, Tron: Legacy)
Martin Freeman – (Sherlock, The Hobbit)
Dawn French – (The Vicar of Dibley, French and Saunders)
Gael Garcia Bernal – (Babel, Rosewater)
Alexia Gardner – (Singer-Songwriter)
Andrew Garfield – (The Amazing Spider-Man, The Social Network)
Jamie Glover - (Waterloo Road, Harry Potter and the Cursed Child)
Kenneth Haigh
Kit Harington – (Game of Thrones, Pompeii)
Ryan Hawley – (Emmerdale)[13]
Bob Hoskins – (Super Mario Bros., Who Framed Roger Rabbit)
Ian Hunter
Jason Issacs – (Harry Potter, Brotherhood)
Caroline John – (Love Actually, Doctor Who)
Alice Krige – (Chariots of Fire, Star Trek: First Contact)
John Laurie - (Dad's Army)
Alison Leggatt
Angus Macfadyen – (Braveheart, Saw)
Elspeth March
Virginia McKenna OBE
Graham Norton
Sir Laurence Olivier – (Hamlet, Clash of the Titans)
Henry Oscar
Richard Pasco CBE
Tom Payne – (The Physician, The Walking Dead)
Mouche Phillips – (The Gods of Wheat Street, H2O: Just Add Water)
Frederick Piper
Harold Pinter CH, CBE
James Purefoy – (Rome, The Following)
Vanessa Redgrave CBE – (Julia, Mary, Queen of Scots)
Tony Robinson - (Blackadder)
Natasha Richardson – (The Parent Trap, Patty Hearst)
Jennifer Saunders – (Absolutely Fabulous, French and Saunders)
Rufus Sewell – (A Knight's Tale, Dark City)
Robert Speaight
Karla Souza – (How to Get Away with Murder)
Catherine Tate – (Doctor Who, The Office)
Fagun Thakrar
Dame Sybil Thorndike
Ann Todd
Kathleen Turner – (Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Peggy Sue Got Married)
Mary Ure
Marda Vanne
Kevin Whately – (Inspector Morse, Lewis, Peak Practice)
Julia Wilson-Dickson – dialect coach (Mighty Aphrodite, The Theory of Everything)[14]
Frank Windsor
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "2016/17 Students by HE provider, level, mode and domicile" (CSV). Higher Education Statistics Agency. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Central Announces New President" (Web) (Press release). Central School of Speech and Drama (University of London). 9 October 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Alistair Smith (14 October 2008). "Pinter Replaces Mandelson as Central President" (Web). The Stage. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
Jump up ^ "Degree Honour for Playwright Pinter" (Web). Press Association (Hosted by Google). 11 December 2008. Retrieved 11 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Central's 2008 Graduation Ceremony". The Royal Central School of Speech and Drama (University of London). 12 December 2008. Archived from the original (Web) on 29 December 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009. Honorary Fellowships for Harold Pinter, Jo Brand and Penny Francis.
Jump up ^ Mark Taylor-Batty, comp. "In Memoriam". Harold Pinter Society Webpages. The Harold Pinter Society and the University of Leeds. Archived from the original (Web) on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2009. Harold Pinter – playwright, poet, actor, director, political activist – died on 24 December 2008, aged 78.
Jump up ^ "Central School of Speech and Drama celebrates new Royal Title". cssd.ac.uk.
Jump up ^ Page on Central School building, Ellis and Moore Consulting Engineers.
Jump up ^ "University guide 2011: Specialist institutions league table". The Guardian. London. 8 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "University guide 2011: Drama and dance". The Guardian. London. 8 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Student profiles.
Jump up ^ "Central awards its first PhD" (Web). Central School of Speech and Drama. 12 January 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ryan Hawley CV". – Creative Artists Management. Retrieved 2016-02-22.
Jump up ^ Wilson-Dickson, Andrew (18 October 2015). "Julia Wilson-Dickson obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
External links[edit]
"Education Guide" (Higher Education) in The Guardian
Central School of Speech and Drama – Official Website
[show]
v
t
e
University of London
Colleges and
institutions
Current
Birkbeck
City
Courtauld Institute of Art
Goldsmiths
Heythrop College
Institute of Cancer Research
King's College London (KCL)
London Business School
London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE)
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Queen Mary
Royal Academy of Music
Royal Central School of Speech and Drama
Royal Holloway (RHUL)
Royal Veterinary College
St. George's
School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS)
University College London (UCL)
Former and
defunct
Bedford College
Chelsea College of Science and Technology
Imperial College London
Institute of Education
Institute of Psychiatry
Institute for the Study of the Americas
London Consortium
New College London
Queen Elizabeth College
Regent's Park College
Royal Postgraduate Medical School
School of Pharmacy
School of Slavonic and East European Studies
University Marine Biological Station Millport
St Thomas's Hospital Medical School
Westfield College
Wye College
Central bodies
and
programmes
Senate House Libraries
School of Advanced Study
Institute of Advanced Legal Studies
Institute of Classical Studies
Institute of Commonwealth Studies
Institute of English Studies
Institute of Historical Research
Centre for Metropolitan History
Institute of Latin American Studies
Institute of Modern Languages Research
Institute of Philosophy
Warburg Institute
University of London Institute in Paris
University of London (formerly International Programmes)
People
Chancellor: HRH The Princess Royal
Vice-Chancellor: Sir Adrian Smith
Visitor: Lord President of the Council
Academics
Alumni
Heads of Colleges
List of University of London people
Places and
buildings
Current
Bloomsbury
Gordon Square
Halls of residence
College Hall
Connaught Hall
The Garden Halls
International Hall
Lillian Penson Hall
Nutford House
Malet Street
Russell Square
Senate House
Tavistock Square
Torrington Square
Woburn Square
Former
6 Burlington Gardens
Church of Christ the King
Halls of residence
Canterbury Hall
Commonwealth Hall
Hughes Parry Hall
Other
Academic dress
The Careers Group
History
London Student
University of London Big Band
University of London Boat Club
University of London Computer Centre
University of London Union (Rebranded)
Parliamentary Constituency (Abolished)
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Federation of Drama Schools
Academy of Live and Recorded Arts
Arts Educational School, London
Birmingham Conservatoire
Bristol Old Vic Theatre School
Drama Centre London
Drama Studio London
East 15 Acting School
Guildford School of Acting
Guildhall School of Music and Drama
Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts
London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art
Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts
Manchester School of Theatre
Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts
The Oxford School of Drama
Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Rose Bruford College
Royal Central School of Speech and Drama
Royal Conservatoire of Scotland
Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama
[show]
Links to related articles
[show]
v
t
e
Performing arts schools in the United Kingdom
[hide]
Acting
Academy of Live and Recorded Arts
Arts Educational Schools, London
Birmingham School of Acting
Bristol Old Vic Theatre School
Central School of Speech and Drama
City Academy
Drama Centre London
Drama Studio London
East 15 Acting School
Guildford School of Acting
Guildhall School of Music & Drama
Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts
Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts
London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art
Manchester School of Theatre
Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts
Oxford School of Drama
Pauline Quirke Academy
Rose Bruford College
Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Royal Conservatoire of Scotland
Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama
Stella Mann College of Performing Arts
Tring Park School for the Performing Arts
[show]
Dance
Bird College
Central School of Ballet
City Academy
Elmhurst School for Dance
English National Ballet School
The Hammond School
Laine Theatre Arts
London Contemporary Dance School
Masters Performing Arts College
Northern School of Contemporary Dance
Pauline Quirke Academy
Performers College
Royal Ballet School
Scottish School of Contemporary Dance
Stella Mann College of Performing Arts
Tring Park School for the Performing Arts
Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance
Urdang Academy
[show]
Music
See: Music Schools in the United Kingdom
[show]
Musical theatre
Arts Educational Schools, London
Bird College
City Academy
Guildford School of Acting
The Hammond School
Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts
Laine Theatre Arts
Masters Performing Arts College
Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts
Musical Theatre Academy
Performers College
SLP College
Stella Mann College of Performing Arts
Tring Park School for the Performing Arts
Urdang Academy
[show]
Secondary
Arts Educational Schools, London
BRIT School
Dance School of Scotland
The Hammond School
Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts
Sylvia Young Theatre School
Tring Park School for the Performing Arts
[show]
Former
Bush Davies School of Theatre Arts
[show]
v
t
e
Universities and colleges in London
Education in London
Universities
University
of London
Birkbeck
Central School of Speech and Drama
City
Courtauld Institute of Art
Goldsmiths
Heythrop College
Institute of Cancer Research
King's College London
London Business School
London School of Economics
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Queen Mary
Royal Academy of Music
Royal Holloway
Royal Veterinary College
School of Advanced Study
St George's
SOAS
University College London
Other
University of the Arts London
BPP
Brunel
East London
Greenwich
Kingston
Imperial College London
University of Law
London Met
London South Bank
Middlesex
Regent's University London
Richmond
Roehampton
Royal College of Art
St Mary's
Westminster
West London
Other university-level colleges
London School of Journalism
New College of the Humanities
Pearson College
Further education colleges
Barking & Dagenham
Barnet & Southgate
Bexley
Bromley
Capel Manor
Carshalton
City & Islington
City Lit
City of Westminster
Croydon
Ealing, Hammersmith & West London
Fashion Retail
Greenwich
Haringey, Enfield & North East London
Harrow
Havering
Hillcroft
Kensington & Chelsea
Kingston
Lambeth
Lewisham Southwark
Marine Society
Mary Ward
Morley
New City
Newham
North West London
Richmond Adult
Richmond upon Thames
Sutton
South Thames
Stanmore
Uxbridge
Waltham Forest
West Thames
Westminster Kingsway
Workers' Educational
Working Men's
Sixth form colleges
Big Creative
BSix
Christ the King
Coulsdon
ELAM
Haringey
Harris Westminster
Havering
John Ruskin
King's London Maths
Leyton
London Academy of Excellence
Newham
St Charles
St Dominic's
St Francis Xavier
Sir George Monoux
Tech City
William Morris
Woodhouse
List
[show]
v
t
e
Universities in the United Kingdom
England
East Anglia
Anglia Ruskin
BPP
Cambridge
East Anglia
Norwich University of the Arts
Suffolk
London
University
of London
Birkbeck
City
Courtauld
Goldsmiths
Heythrop
Institute of Cancer Research
KCL
London Business School
LSE
LSHTM
Queen Mary
Royal Academy of Music
RCSSD
Royal Holloway
Royal Veterinary College
St George's
SOAS
UCL
Other
BPP
Brunel
East London
Greenwich
Imperial
Kingston
Law
London Met
London South Bank
Middlesex
Regent's University London
Richmond, The American International University in London
Royal College of Art
Royal College of Music
Roehampton
St Mary's
University of the Arts London
Westminster
West London
Midlands
Aston
BPP
Birmingham
Birmingham City
Bishop Grosseteste
Coventry
De Montfort
Derby
Harper Adams
Keele
Law
Leicester
Lincoln
Loughborough
Newman
Northampton
Nottingham
Nottingham Trent
Staffordshire
University College Birmingham
Warwick
Wolverhampton
Worcester
North
Bolton
BPP
Bradford
Central Lancashire
Chester
Cumbria
Durham
Edge Hill
Huddersfield
Hull
Lancaster
Law
Leeds
Leeds Beckett
Leeds Trinity
Liverpool
Liverpool Hope
Liverpool John Moores
LSTM
Manchester
Manchester Metropolitan
Newcastle
Northumbria
Salford
Sheffield
Sheffield Hallam
Sunderland
Teesside
York
York St. John
South
Arts University Bournemouth
Ashridge
Bath
Bath Spa
Bedfordshire
Bournemouth
BPP
Brighton
Bristol
Buckingham
Buckinghamshire New
Canterbury Christ Church
Chichester
Cranfield
Creative Arts
Essex
Exeter
Falmouth
Gloucestershire
Hertfordshire
Kent
Law
Oxford
Oxford Brookes
Plymouth
Portsmouth
Reading
Royal Agricultural University
St Mark & St John
Southampton
Southampton Solent
Surrey
Sussex
UWE
Winchester
Northern Ireland
Queen's
Ulster
Scotland
Aberdeen
Abertay Dundee
Dundee
Edinburgh
Edinburgh Napier
Glasgow
Glasgow Caledonian
Heriot-Watt
Highlands and Islands
Queen Margaret
Robert Gordon
Royal Conservatoire of Scotland
St Andrews
Stirling
Strathclyde
West of Scotland
Wales
Aberystwyth
Bangor
Cardiff
Cardiff Metropolitan
South Wales
Swansea
Swansea Metropolitan
UW Trinity Saint David
Wrexham Glyndŵr
Overseas territories
Bermuda College
Cayman Islands Law School
International College of the Cayman Islands
Saint James School of Medicine
St. Matthew's University
University of Gibraltar
University College of the Cayman Islands
University of Science, Arts and Technology
University of the West Indies
Crown dependencies
University of the Channel Islands in Guernsey
Non−geographic
Lambeth degrees
Open University
University of London International Programmes
Related
List by date of foundation (Third-oldest in England)
List by endowment
List by enrollment
Colleges within universities
Degree abbreviations
National Union of Students
Rankings
Undergraduate degree classification
UCAS
HEFCE
Scottish Funding Council
Category
Commons
List
Coordinates: 51°32′39″N 0°10′26″W / 51.5442°N 0.1738°W / 51.5442; -0.1738
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Central_School_of_Speech_%26_Drama&oldid=831931905"
Categories:
University of London
Central School of Speech and Drama
Drama schools in London
1906 establishments in England
Educational institutions established in 1906
Hidden categories:
Use British English from November 2011
Use dmy dates from November 2016
Instances of Infobox university using image size
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012
Pages using div col with deprecated parameters
Coordinates on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Deutsch
Français
Italiano
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Română
Русский
Українська
اردو
中文
5 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 22 March 2018, at 22:04.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Royal_Central_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Royal Central (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: caption

values: Royal Central School of Speech and Drama logo.png

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: th

attrs: scope style

attrs: href title

values:
/wiki/Principal_(university)
mw-redirect
Principal (university)

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.cssd.ac.uk

values: Edit section: 2004 – A University Conservatoire

values:
/wiki/Privy_Council
mw-redirect
Privy Council

values: Higher Education Funding Council for England

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/James_Fox_(actor)
mw-redirect
James Fox (actor)

values:
/wiki/Princess_Alexandra_of_Kent
mw-redirect
Princess Alexandra of Kent

values:
/wiki/Voice_training
mw-redirect
Voice training

values:
/wiki/Creative_therapy
mw-redirect
Creative therapy

values:
/wiki/Performance_arts
mw-redirect
Performance arts

values:
/wiki/Theatre_sound
mw-redirect
Theatre sound

values: Stage production management (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Stage_direction
mw-redirect
Stage direction

values:
/wiki/Claire_Blume
mw-redirect
Claire Blume

values: Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush (film)

values:
/wiki/Gael_Garcia_Bernal
mw-redirect
Gael Garcia Bernal

values:
/wiki/Jason_Issacs
mw-redirect
Jason Issacs

values:
/wiki/Saw_(film_series)
mw-redirect
Saw (film series)

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-3

values: -moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3;

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.cssd.ac.uk

values: background: #003F87; color: white; border:2px solid #ED2939;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;

values: background: #003F87; color: white; border:2px solid #ED2939;;width:1%;background: #ED2939; color: white

values: width:1%;background:white; color: #003F87; border:1px solid #ED2939;

values: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine

values: Category:Former colleges of the University of London

values:
/wiki/Bedford_College_(London)
mw-redirect
Bedford College (London)

values: Chelsea College of Science and Technology

values:
/wiki/Institute_of_Education
mw-redirect
Institute of Education

values:
/wiki/Institute_of_Psychiatry
mw-redirect
Institute of Psychiatry

values: UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies

values: University Marine Biological Station Millport

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Institute of Philosophy, University of London

values: University of London International Programmes

values: Category:People associated with the University of London

values: List of Chancellors of the University of London

values: List of Vice-Chancellors of the University of London

values: Category:Academics of the University of London

values: Category:Alumni of the University of London

values: Heads of Colleges of the University of London

values: Category:University of London intercollegiate halls of residence

values: Academic dress of the University of London

values: London University (UK Parliament constituency)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Federation of Drama Schools

values: London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art

values: Royal Central School of Speech and Drama

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template:Performing arts schools in the United Kingdom

values: Template talk:Performing arts schools in the United Kingdom

values:
/wiki/City_Academy_(UK)
mw-redirect
City Academy (UK)

values: Tring Park School for the Performing Arts

values: nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Elmhurst_School_for_Dance
mw-redirect
Elmhurst School for Dance

values: Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values: Template:Music schools in the United Kingdom

values: Template:Universities and colleges in London

values: Template talk:Universities and colleges in London

values: Category:Universities and colleges in London

values:
/wiki/Heythrop_College
mw-redirect
Heythrop College

values:
/wiki/Queen_Mary,_University_of_London
mw-redirect
Queen Mary, University of London

values:
/wiki/Brunel_University
mw-redirect
Brunel University

values:
/wiki/Roehampton_University
mw-redirect
Roehampton University

values:
/wiki/Pearson_College_(United_Kingdom)
mw-redirect
Pearson College (United Kingdom)

values: Bromley College of Further & Higher Education

values: Ealing, Hammersmith and West London College

values: The College of Haringey, Enfield and North East London

values: Havering College of Further and Higher Education

values:
/wiki/Hillcroft_College
mw-redirect
Hillcroft College

values:
/wiki/Richmond_Adult_Community_College
mw-redirect
Richmond Adult Community College

values: King's College London Mathematics School

values: List of universities and higher education colleges in London

values: Template:Universities in the United Kingdom

values: Template talk:Universities in the United Kingdom

values:
/wiki/Newcastle_University_(England)
mw-redirect
Newcastle University (England)

values:
/wiki/Ashridge_Business_School
mw-redirect
Ashridge Business School

values:
/wiki/Southampton_Solent_University
mw-redirect
Southampton Solent University

values:
/wiki/University_of_the_West_of_England
mw-redirect
University of the West of England

values: List of universities in Northern Ireland

values: List of universities in the United Kingdom

values: International College of the Cayman Islands

values: University College of the Cayman Islands

values: University of Science, Arts and Technology

values: University of the Channel Islands in Guernsey

values: List of UK universities by date of foundation

values: Third-oldest university in England debate

values: List of universities in the United Kingdom by enrollment

values: Colleges within universities in the United Kingdom

values: National Union of Students (United Kingdom)

values: Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom

values: British undergraduate degree classification

values: Category:Universities in the United Kingdom

values: commons:Category:Universities and colleges in the United Kingdom

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: Category:Central School of Speech and Drama

values: Category:Educational institutions established in 1906

values: Category:Use British English from November 2011

values: Category:Use dmy dates from November 2016

values: Category:Instances of Infobox university using image size

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012

values: Category:Pages using div col with deprecated parameters

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: Central School of Speech and Drama – German

values: Central School of Speech and Drama – French

values: Royal Central School of Speech and Drama – Italian

values: Central School of Speech and Drama – Dutch

values: セントラル・スクール・オブ・スピーチ・アンド・ドラマ – Japanese

values: Central School of Speech and Drama – Norwegian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Central School of Speech and Drama – Polish

values: Central School of Speech and Drama – Romanian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Центральная школа сценической речи и драматического искусства – Russian

values: Центральна школа сценічної мови та драматичного мистецтва – Ukrainian

values: سنٹرل اسکول آف اسپیچ اینڈ ڈراما – Urdu

values: 中央演講和戲劇學院 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Royal_Central_School_of_Speech_Drama rootpage-Royal_Central_School_of_Speech_Drama skin-vector action-view


text:
How Long Has This Been Going On (disambiguation)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
How Long Has This Been Going On may refer to:
"How Long Has This Been Going On?", a 1927 song by George and Ira Gershwin
How Long Has This Been Going On? (Sarah Vaughan album), a 1978 album
How Long Has This Been Going On (Van Morrison album), a 1996 album with Georgie Fame and Friends
"How Long" (Ace song), 1974
"How Long" (Charlie Puth song), 2017
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title How Long Has This Been Going On.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_Long_Has_This_Been_Going_On_(disambiguation)&oldid=823522456"
Categories:
Disambiguation pages
Hidden categories:
All article disambiguation pages
All disambiguation pages
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Edit links
This page was last edited on 1 February 2018, at 19:37.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: p

value: li

value: i

value: ul

values: padding: 0.25em 0.4em; font-style: italic;

values: metadata plainlinks dmbox dmbox-disambig

values: Category:All article disambiguation pages

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: How Long Has This Been Going On? (Begriffsklärung) – German

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-How_Long_Has_This_Been_Going_On_disambiguation rootpage-How_Long_Has_This_Been_Going_On_disambiguation skin-vector action-view