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Italian city-states
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The Italian city-states were a political phenomenon of small independent states mostly in the central and northern Italian Peninsula between the 9th and the 15th centuries.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, urban settlements in Italy generally enjoyed a greater continuity than in the rest of western Europe. Many of these towns were survivors of earlier Etruscan, Umbrian and Roman towns which had existed within the Roman Empire. The republican institutions of Rome had also survived. Some feudal lords existed with a servile labour force and huge tracts of land, but by the 11th century, many cities, including Venice, Milan, Florence, Genoa, Pisa, Lucca, Cremona, Siena, Città di Castello, Perugia, and many others, had become large trading metropoles, able to obtain independence from their formal sovereigns.
Florence was one of the most important city-states in Italy
Contents
1 Early Italian city-states
2 Difference from northern Europe
3 Income
4 Literacy and numeracy
5 Communes
6 Princely states
7 Regional states
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References and sources
Early Italian city-states[edit]
The very first Italian city-state can be considered the Republic of Venice, which de facto broke apart from the Byzantine Empire since 742 (when the Doge title was finally subtracted from the appointment of the Byzantine emperor), becoming also de jure independent in the following centuries. The other first Italian city-states appeared in northern Italy as a result of a struggle to gain greater autonomy when not independent from the German Holy Roman Empire.[1] The Lombard League was an alliance formed around at its apex included most of the cities of northern Italy including Milan, Piacenza, Cremona, Mantua, Crema, Bergamo, Brescia, Bologna, Padua, Treviso, Vicenza, Verona, Lodi, Reggio Emilia and Parma, though its membership changed through time. Other city-states were associated to these "commune" cities, like Genoa, Turin and, in the Adriatic, Ragusa. Venice was never subjected to the Holy Roman Empire, but chose anyway to patronize the Lombard League, to oppose strong imperial control of the mainland.
In central Italy there were the city-states of Florence, Pisa, Lucca, Siena, Città di Castello, Perugia, Ancona and other ones. South of Rome and the Papal States were the city-states of Salerno, Amalfi, Bari, Naples and Trani which in 1130 were united in the newly created Norman Kingdom of Sicily.[2]
Around 1100, Genoa and Venice emerged as independent maritime republics. For Genoa – nominally – the Holy Roman Emperor was sovereign and the Bishop of Genoa was head of state; however, actual power was wielded by a number of consuls annually elected by popular assembly. Pisa and Amalfi also emerged as maritime republics: trade, shipbuilding and banking helped support their powerful navies in the Mediterranean in those medieval centuries.[3]
Difference from northern Europe[edit]
Between the 12th and 13th centuries, Italy was vastly different from feudal Europe north of the Alps. The Peninsula was a melange of political and cultural elements, not a unified state.
Marc Bloch and Fernand Braudel have argued that geography determined the history of the region; other scholars emphasize the absence of central political structures. The very mountainous nature of Italy's landscape was a barrier to effective inter-city communication. The Po plain, however, was an exception: it was the only large contiguous area, and most city states that fell to invasion were located there. Those that survived the longest were in the more rugged regions, such as Florence or Venice, which was protected by its lagoon. The rugged terrain of the Alps prevented the Holy Roman Emperors or various German princes and lords from attacking the northern part of Italy, safeguarding the country from permanent German political control. Largely for these reasons, no strong monarchies emerged as they did in the rest of Europe: authority of the Holy Roman Empire over northern Italian territory, especially after the year 1177, was de facto only nominal; instead there emerged the autonomous (sometime de facto independent) city-states.
The Most Serene Republic of Venice used to be a city-state, but then expanded and conquered several territories in mainland Italy (Domini di Terraferma) and abroad (Stato da Màr)
While those Roman, urban, republican sensibilities persisted, there were many movements and changes afoot. Italy first felt the changes in Europe from the 11th to the 13th centuries. Typically there was:
a rise in population―the population doubled in this period (the demographic explosion)
an emergence of huge cities (Venice, Florence and Milan had over 100,000 inhabitants by the 13th century in addition to many others such as Genoa, Bologna and Verona, which had over 50,000 inhabitants)
the rebuilding of the great cathedrals
substantial migration from country to city (in Italy the rate of urbanization reached 20%, making it the most urbanized society in the world at that time)
an agrarian revolution
the development of commerce
In recent writing on the city states, American scholar Rodney Stark emphasizes that they married responsive government, Christianity and the birth of capitalism.[4] He argues that these states were mostly republics, unlike the great European monarchies of France and Spain, where absolute power was vested in rulers who could and did stifle commerce. Keeping both direct Church control and imperial power at arm's length, the independent city republics prospered through commerce based on early capitalist principles, ultimately creating the conditions for the artistic and intellectual changes produced by the Renaissance.
Cambridge University historian and political philosopher Quentin Skinner[5] has pointed out how Otto of Freising, a German bishop who visited central Italy during the 12th century, commented that Italian towns had appeared to have exited from feudalism, so that their society was based on merchants and commerce. Even northern cities and states were also notable for their merchant republics, especially the Republic of Venice.[6] Compared to absolutist monarchies or other more centrally controlled states, the Italian communes and commercial republics enjoyed relative political freedom conducive to academic and artistic advancement. Geographically, and because of trade, Italian cities such as Venice became international trading and banking hubs and intellectual crossroads.
Harvard historian Niall Ferguson[7] points out that Florence and Venice, as well as several other Italian city-states, played a crucial innovative role in world financial developments, devising the main instruments and practices of banking and the emergence of new forms of social and economic organization.
Income[edit]
It is estimated that the per capita income of northern Italy nearly tripled from the 11th century to the 15th century. This was a highly mobile, demographically expanding society, fueled by the rapidly expanding Renaissance commerce.
In the 14th century, just as the Italian Renaissance was beginning, Italy was the economic capital of Western Europe: the Italian States were the top manufacturers of finished woolen products. However, with the Bubonic Plague in 1348, the birth of the English woolen industry and general warfare, Italy temporarily lost its economic advantage. However, by the late 15th century Italy was again in control of trade along the Mediterranean Sea. It found a new niche in luxury items like ceramics, glassware, lace and silk as well an experiencing a temporary rebirth in the woolen industry.
However, Italy would never regain its strong hold on textiles. And though it was the birthplace of banking, by the 16th century German and Dutch banks began taking away business. Discovery of the Americas as well as new trade routes to Africa and India by the Portuguese (which made Portugal the leading trading power) brought about the shift of economic power from Italy[8] to Portugal in the 16th century; from Portugal to Netherlands in the 17th century and from Netherlands to the United Kingdom in the 18th century.
Literacy and numeracy[edit]
By the 13th century, northern and central Italy had become the most literate society in the world. More than one-third of the male population could read in the vernacular (an unprecedented rate since the decline of the Western Roman Empire), as could a small but significant proportion of women.
The Italian city states were also highly numerate, given the importance of the new forms of bookkeeping that were essential to the trading and mercantile basis of society. Some of the most widely circulating books, such as the Liber Abaci by Leonardo Fibonacci of Pisa, included applications of mathematics and arithmetic to business practice[9] or were business manuals based on sophisticated numeracy.
Indeed, Luca Pacioli helped create the banking system of the Italian city-states with double-entry bookkeeping.[10] His 27-page treatise on bookkeeping contained the first known published work on that topic, and is said to have laid the foundation for double-entry bookkeeping (of Genoese merchants) as it is practiced today.[11]
Communes[edit]
During the 11th century in northern Italy a new political and social structure emerged: the city-state or commune. The civic culture which arose from this urbs was remarkable. In some places where communes arose (e.g. Britain and France), they were absorbed by the monarchical state as it emerged. They survived in northern and central Italy as in a handful of other regions throughout Europe to become independent and powerful city-states. In Italy the breakaway from their feudal overlords occurred in the late 12th century and 13th century, during the Investiture Controversy between the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor: Milan led the Lombard cities against the Holy Roman Emperors and defeated them, gaining independence (battles of Legnano, 1176, and Parma, 1248; see Lombard League).
Similar town revolts led to the foundation of city-states throughout medieval Europe, such as in Russia (Novgorod Republic, 12th century), in Flanders (Battle of Golden Spurs, 14th century) in Switzerland (the towns of the Old Swiss Confederacy, 14th century), in Germany (the Hanseatic League, 14th–15th century), and in Prussia (Thirteen Years' War, 15th century).
Some Italian city-states became great military powers very early on. Venice and Genoa acquired vast naval empires in the Mediterranean and Black Seas, some of which threatened those of the growing Ottoman Empire. During the Fourth Crusade (1204), Venice conquered a quarter of the Byzantine Empire.
Italy in 1494, after the Peace of Lodi
The Maritime Republics were one of the main products of this new civic and social culture based on commerce and exchange of knowledge with other areas of the world outside western Europe. The Republic of Ragusa and the Republic of Venice, for example, had important trade communications with the Muslim and Hindu world and this helped the initial development of the Italian Renaissance.
By the late 12th century, a new and remarkable society had emerged in Northern Italy; rich, mobile, expanding, with a mixed aristocracy and urban borghese (burgher) class, interested in urban institutions and republican government. But many of the new city-states also housed violent factions based on family, confraternity and brotherhood, which undermined their cohesion (for instance the Guelphs and Ghibellines).
Princely states[edit]
By 1300, most of these republics had become princely states dominated by a Signore. The exceptions were Venice, Florence, Lucca, and a few others, which remained republics in the face of an increasingly monarchic Europe. In many cases by 1400 the Signori were able to found a stable dynasty over their dominated city (or group of regional cities), obtaining also a nobility title of sovereignty by their formal superior, for example in 1395 Gian Galeazzo Visconti bought for 100,000 gold florins the title of Duke of Milan from the emperor Wenceslaus.
Regional states[edit]
In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, Milan, Venice, and Florence were able to conquer other city-states, creating regional states. The 1454 Peace of Lodi ended their struggle for hegemony in Italy, attaining a balance of power (see Italian Renaissance).
At the beginning of the 16th century, apart from some minor city-states like Lucca or San Marino, only the republican Venice was able to preserve her independence and to match the European monarchies of France and Spain and the Ottoman Empire (see Italian Wars).
See also[edit]
History of Italy
Medieval commune
Repubbliche Marinare
Guelphs and Ghibellines
Italian Renaissance
San Marino
Vatican City
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ (in Italian) Italian "Comuni"
Jump up ^ Franco Cardini & Marina Montesano. Storia Medievale. Le Monnier Università. Florence, 2006
Jump up ^ G. Benvenuti Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova, Venezia. Newton & Compton editori, Roma 1989.
Jump up ^ Stark, Rodney, The Victory of Reason, New York, Random House, 2005
Jump up ^ Skinner, Quentin, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, vol I: The Renaissance; vol II: The Age of Reformation, Cambridge University Press, p. 69
Jump up ^ Martin, J. and Romano, D., Venice Reconsidered, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University, 2000
Jump up ^ Ferguson, Niall, The Ascent of Money: The Financial History of the World. Penguin, 2008
Jump up ^ Matthews and Platt. The Western Humanities. Volume I: "Beginnings through the Renaissance". Mountain View: Mayfield Publishing Co., 1992
Jump up ^ Stark, Rodney, The Victory of Reason. Random House, New York: 2005
Jump up ^ Carruthers, Bruce G., & Espeland, Wendy Nelson, "Accounting for Rationality: Double-Entry Bookkeeping and the Rhetoric of Economic Rationality", American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 97, No. 1, July 1991, pp. 37
Jump up ^ Sangster, Alan: "The printing of Pacioli's Summa in 1494: How Many Copies Were Printed?" Accounting Historians Journal, John Carroll University, Cleveland, Ohio, June 2007.
References and sources[edit]
"Background to the Italian Renaissance", Washington State University
"The Rise of the Italian City-States"
"Italy's City-States", End of Europe's Middle Ages, University of Calgary
"City-states in Italy", Web Gallery of Art
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Synthetic element
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Synthetic elements
Rare radioactive natural elements; often produced artificially
In chemistry, a synthetic element is a chemical element that does not occur naturally on Earth, and can only be created artificially. So far, 24 synthetic elements have been created (those with atomic numbers 95–118). All are unstable, decaying with half-lives ranging from 15.6 million years to a few hundred microseconds.
Seven other elements were first created artificially and thus considered synthetic, but later discovered to exist naturally (in trace quantities) as well; among them plutonium—first synthesized in 1940—the one best known to laypeople, because of its use in atomic bombs and nuclear reactors.
Contents
[hide]
1 Properties
2 History
3 List of synthetic elements
3.1 Other elements usually produced through synthesis
4 References
5 External links
Properties[edit]
Synthetic elements are radioactive and decay rapidly into lighter elements—possessing half-lives so short, relative to the age of Earth (which formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago), that any atoms of these elements that may have existed when the Earth formed have long since decayed. Atoms of synthetic elements only occur on Earth as the product of atomic bombs or experiments that involve nuclear reactors or particle accelerators, via nuclear fusion or neutron absorption.
Atomic mass for natural elements is based on weighted average abundance of natural isotopes that occur in Earth's crust and atmosphere. For synthetic elements, the isotope depends on the means of synthesis, so the concept of natural isotope abundance has no meaning. Therefore, for synthetic elements the total nucleon count (protons plus neutrons) of the most stable isotope, i.e. the isotope with the longest half-life—is listed in brackets as the atomic mass.
History[edit]
The first element discovered through synthesis was technetium—its discovery being definitely confirmed in 1936. This discovery filled a gap in the periodic table, and the fact that no stable isotopes of technetium exist explains its natural absence on Earth (and the gap). With the longest-lived isotope of technetium, Tc-98, having a 4.2-million-year half-life, no technetium remains from the formation of the Earth. Only minute traces of technetium occur naturally in the Earth's crust—as a spontaneous fission product of uranium-238 or by neutron capture in molybdenum ores—but technetium is present naturally in red giant stars.
The first discovered synthetic element was curium, synthesized in 1944 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso by bombarding plutonium with alpha particles. The discoveries of americium, berkelium, and californium followed soon. Einsteinium and fermium were discovered by a team of scientists led by Albert Ghiorso in 1952 while studying the radioactive debris from the detonation of the first hydrogen bomb. The isotopes discovered were einsteinium-253, with a half-life of 20.5 days, and fermium-255, with a half-life of about 20 hours.
The discoveries of mendelevium, nobelium, lawrencium followed. During the height of the Cold War, the Soviet Union and United States independently discovered rutherfordium and dubnium. The naming and credit for discovery of those elements remained unresolved for many years but eventually shared credit was recognized by IUPAC/IUPAP in 1992. In 1997, IUPAC decided to give dubnium its current name honoring the city of Dubna where the Russian team made their discoveries since American-chosen names had already been used for many existing synthetic elements, while the name rutherfordium (chosen by the American team) was accepted for element 104.
No element with an atomic number greater than 99 has any use outside of scientific research, as they have extremely short half-lives.
List of synthetic elements[edit]
The following elements do not occur naturally on Earth. All are transuranium elements and have atomic numbers of 95 and higher.
Element name
Chemical
Symbol
Atomic
Number
First definite
synthesis
Americium Am 95 1944
Curium Cm 96 1944
Berkelium Bk 97 1949
Californium Cf 98 1950
Einsteinium Es 99 1952
Fermium Fm 100 1952
Mendelevium Md 101 1955
Nobelium No 102 1966
Lawrencium Lr 103 1971
Rutherfordium Rf 104 1966 (USSR), 1969 (U.S.) *
Dubnium Db 105 1968 (USSR), 1970 (U.S.) *
Seaborgium Sg 106 1974
Bohrium Bh 107 1981
Hassium Hs 108 1984
Meitnerium Mt 109 1982
Darmstadtium Ds 110 1994
Roentgenium Rg 111 1994
Copernicium Cn 112 1996
Nihonium Nh 113 2004
Flerovium Fl 114 2004
Moscovium Mc 115 2010
Livermorium Lv 116 2004
Tennessine Ts 117 2010
Oganesson Og 118 2006
* Shared credit for discovery.
Other elements usually produced through synthesis[edit]
All elements with atomic numbers 1 through 94 are naturally occurring at least in trace quantities, but the following elements are often produced through synthesis. Except for polonium, francium, actinium, and protactinium, they were all discovered through synthesis before being found in nature.
Element name
Chemical
Symbol
Atomic
Number
First definite
discovery
Technetium Tc 43 1936
Promethium Pm 61 1945
Polonium Po 84 1898
Astatine At 85 1940
Francium Fr 87 1939
Actinium Ac 89 1902
Protactinium Pa 91 1913
Neptunium Np 93 1940
Plutonium Pu 94 1940
References[edit]
External links[edit]
"einsteinium (Es) - chemical element". Britannica.com. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
"mendelevium (Md) - chemical element". Britannica.com. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
"synthetic elements". Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
"It's Elemental - The Element Fermium". Education.jlab.org. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_element&oldid=808741006"
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Nuclear physics
Synthetic elements
Lists of chemical elements
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Messi–Ronaldo rivalry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi before an international friendly between Argentina and Portugal in Geneva, Switzerland, 9 February 2011
This article is part of a series about
Lionel Messi
Argentine professional footballer
International goals
Career achievements
Comparisons to Cristiano Ronaldo
Films
Messi (2014)
Messi (2017)
v
t
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This article is part of a series about
Cristiano Ronaldo
Portuguese professional footballer
International goals
Career achievements
Comparisons to Lionel Messi
Namesakes
Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol
Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport
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Cristiano Ronaldo: The World at His Feet
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The Messi–Ronaldo rivalry is a football rivalry between fans of Argentinian forward Lionel Messi and Portuguese forward Cristiano Ronaldo and supposedly between the athletes themselves. Having won a combined ten Ballon d'Or/FIFA Ballon d'Or awards (5 each), both are widely regarded not only as the two best players of their generation, but also regarded by many as the greatest of all time. Both players have regularly broken the 50 goal barrier in a single season and have scored over 600 goals each in their careers for club and country.[1][2] Sports journalists and pundits regularly argue the individual merits of both players in an attempt to establish who they believe is the best player in modern football.[3][4][5][6][7] It has been compared to past global sports rivalries such as the Muhammad Ali–Joe Frazier rivalry in boxing, the Björn Borg–John McEnroe rivalry in tennis and the Ayrton Senna–Alain Prost rivalry in Formula One motor racing.[8][9][10]
Some commentators choose to analyse the differing physiques and playing styles of the two[11] while part of the debate revolves around the contrasting personalities of the two players: Ronaldo is sometimes described as someone of temperamental character while Messi is portrayed with reserved character.[12][13][14][15] It could be the case that this is why Messi is considered trustworthier and more likable by the public,[16] even though Ronaldo improved his reputation during 2013.[17]
At club level, Messi and Ronaldo represented rivals FC Barcelona and Real Madrid C.F., the two players facing each other at least twice every season in the world's most popular regular-season club game, El Clásico (among the most viewed annual sporting events), until Ronaldo's transfer to Italian club Juventus F.C. in 2018.[18][19] Off the field, they are the face of two rival sportswear manufacturers, Messi of Adidas and Ronaldo of Nike, which are also the kit suppliers of their national teams and the opposite for their clubs.[20][21][22] The two highest paid players in football, Ronaldo and Messi are among the world's best paid sports' stars in combined income from salaries, bonuses and off-field earnings. In 2016, Ronaldo was first on Forbes list of the best paid athletes, earning $88 million, with Messi being second at $81.4 million.[23] They have the two biggest social media followings in the world among sportspeople with a combined 211 million Facebook fans, with Ronaldo having 122 million and Messi having 89 million.[24] With a combined Facebook, Instagram and Twitter, Ronaldo has 321 million to be the most famous celebrity on social media and Messi has 181 million excluding Twitter.[25][26]
Contents
1 History
2 Relationship between Messi and Ronaldo
3 Awards and records
4 Player statistics
5 Head-to-head
5.1 Results
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
It's only the media, the press, who wants us to be at loggerheads but I've never fought with Cristiano.
—Messi addresses his perceived rivalry with Ronaldo[27]
I like to see all good players, and Messi is one of them. He is a player, I really enjoy seeing him on the pitch, and all the great players.
—Ronaldo talks about Messi in an interview with Fox Sports Argentina[28]
In 2007, Ronaldo and Messi finished as runners-up to A.C. Milan's Kaká in both the Ballon d'Or, an award rewarded to the player voted as the best in the world by an international panel of sports journalists; and the FIFA World Player of the Year, an award voted for by coaches and captains of international teams. In an interview that year, Messi was quoted as saying "Cristiano Ronaldo is an extraordinary player and it would be brilliant to be in the same team as him".[29][30]
They first played in a game together when Manchester United were drawn to play Barcelona in the 2007–08 UEFA Champions League semi-finals and were immediately pitted as major rivals.[31][32][33] Ronaldo missed a penalty in the first leg,[34] but United eventually advanced to the final via a Paul Scholes goal.[35] At the end of the year, Ronaldo was awarded the Ballon d'Or and vowed that he would win the award again.[36][37]
The 2009 UEFA Champions League Final was contested between Manchester United and Barcelona on 27 May 2009 at Stadio Olimpico in Rome, Italy. The match, described as a "dream clash",[38] was again hyped as the latest battle between the two, this time to settle who was the best player in the world;[39][40] Ronaldo claimed he was the better of the two[41] while Messi's club-mate Xavi sided with him.[42] United manager Alex Ferguson was more diplomatic, praising both players as being amongst the world's elite talents.[43][44] Messi, playing in a central role he was unaccustomed to so he would avoid a direct battle with United left-back Patrice Evra,[45] scored Barcelona's second in a 2–0 victory with a header in the 70th minute.[46] Meanwhile, Ronaldo was subdued for much of the game despite some early chances to score and his frustration eventually showed when he was booked for a rash tackle on Carles Puyol.[47][48]
Relationship between Messi and Ronaldo[edit]
In a 2015 interview, Ronaldo commented on the rivalry by saying that "I think we push each other sometimes in the competition, this is why the competition is so high"[49] while Ronaldo's manager during his time at Manchester United Alex Ferguson opined that "I don't think the rivalry against each other bothers them. I think they have their own personal pride in terms of wanting to be the best".[50] Messi has denied any rivalry, saying that it was "only the media, the press, who wants us to be at loggerheads but I've never fought with Cristiano".[51]
However, it is widely argued and documented that there's an atmosphere of tension between the duo, with Guillem Balagué claiming in Messi that Ronaldo refers to the Argentine counterpart as "motherfucker" behind his back,[52][53] and Luca Caioli saying in his book, Ronaldo: The Obsession for Perfection, that according to his sources, Ronaldo heats up when watching Messi play.[54] In response to claims that he and Messi do not get on well on a personal level, Ronaldo commented: "We don't have a relationship outside the world of football, just as we don't with a lot of other players", before adding that in years to come he hopes they can laugh about it together, stating: "We have to look on this rivalry with a positive spirit, because it's a good thing".[55] On 13 November 2014, Ronaldo also threatened to take legal action over the remarks made by Balagué.[56]
Awards and records[edit]
Throughout the existence of the rivalry, the pair have dominated awards ceremonies and broken a multitude of goalscoring records for both club and country, feats which have been described as "incredible", "ridiculous" and "remarkable".[57][58][59] The rivalry itself has been described as one about records and reputation of the players, rather than one based in loathing.[60][61]
Ronaldo is the UEFA Champions League all-time top goalscorer while Messi is second. The two had broken each other's record over the course of 2015 after Messi surpassed the previous record holder Raúl in November 2014.[62] Ronaldo opened a gap in the 2015–16 season when he became the first player to score double figures in the group stage of the Champions League, setting the record at 11 goals.[63] They are the first two players to score 100 goals in UEFA Champions League history.[64]
Player statistics[edit]
Club statistics
As of 10 July 2018
Lionel Messi
Season
League
Cup
Europe
Other
Total
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
2004–05 7 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 9 1
2005–06 17 6 2 1 6 1 0 0 25 8
2006–07 26 14 2 2 5 1 3 0 36 17
2007–08 28 10 3 0 9 6 0 0 40 16
2008–09 31 23 8 6 12 9 0 0 51 38
2009–10 35 34 3 1 11 8 4 4 53 47
2010–11 33 31 7 7 13 12 2 3 55 53
2011–12 37 50 7 3 11 14 5 6 60 73
2012–13 32 46 5 4 11 8 2 2 50 60
2013–14 31 28 6 5 7 8 2 0 46 41
2014–15 38 43 6 5 13 10 0 0 57 58
2015–16 33 26 5 5 7 6 4 4 49 41
2016–17 34 37 7 5 9 11 2 1 52 54
2017–18 36 34 6 4 10 6 2 1 54 45
Total
418
383
68
48
125
100
26
21
637
552
Cristiano Ronaldo
Season
League
Cup
Europe
Other
Total
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
2002–03 25 3 3 2 3 0 0 0 31 5
2003–04 29 4 6 2 5 0 0 0 40 6
2004–05 33 5 9 4 8 0 0 0 50 9
2005–06 33 9 6 2 8 1 0 0 47 12
2006–07 34 17 8 3 11 3 0 0 53 23
2007–08 34 31 3 3 11 8 1 0 49 42
2008–09 33 18 6 3 12 4 2 1 53 26
2009–10 29 26 0 0 6 7 0 0 35 33
2010–11 34 40 8 7 12 6 0 0 54 53
2011–12 38 46 5 3 10 10 2 1 55 60
2012–13 34 34 7 7 12 12 2 2 55 55
2013–14 30 31 6 3 11 17 0 0 47 51
2014–15 35 48 2 1 12 10 5 2 54 61
2015–16 36 35 0 0 12 16 0 0 48 51
2016–17 29 25 2 1 13 12 2 4 46 42
2017–18 27 26 0 0 13 15 4 3 44 44
Total
513
398
71
41
159
121
18
13
761
573
International statistics
As of 27 March 2018
Lionel Messi[65]
Season
Tournament
Qualifiers
Friendlies
Total
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
2005–06 3 1 3 0 4 1 10 2
2006–07 6 2 0 0 4 2 10 4
2007–08 0 0 6 2 4 1 10 3
2008–09 0 0 8 2 1 1 9 3
2009–10 5 0 4 0 2 1 11 1
2010–11 4 0 0 0 7 4 11 4
2011–12 0 0 4 3 5 7 9 9
2012–13 0 0 8 5 4 4 12 9
2013–14 7 4 1 2 3 1 11 7
2014–15 6 1 0 0 4 3 10 4
2015–16 5 5 2 1 3 3 10 9
2016–17 0 0 4 3 1 0 5 3
2017–18 4 1 5 3 0 0 9 4
Total
36
13
44
21
42
27
127
62
Cristiano Ronaldo[66]
Season
Tournament
Qualifiers
Friendlies
Total
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
2003–04 6 2 0 0 7 0 13 2
2004–05 0 0 8 7 2 0 10 7
2005–06 6 1 4 0 5 2 15 3
2006–07 0 0 6 5 2 0 8 5
2007–08 3 1 7 3 2 0 12 4
2008–09 0 0 4 0 3 1 7 1
2009–10 4 1 3 0 4 0 11 1
2010–11 0 0 3 2 2 1 5 3
2011–12 5 3 5 5 4 1 14 9
2012–13 0 0 6 1 3 3 9 4
2013–14 3 1 4 7 3 3 10 11
2014–15 0 0 4 5 2 0 6 5
2015–16 7 3 2 0 4 3 13 6
2016–17 4 2 5 11 1 1 10 14
2017–18 4 4 4 4 2 2 10 10
Total
38
14
65
50
46
17
154
85
Head-to-head[edit]
In recent years, it has been said that the rivalry between Real Madrid and Barcelona has been "encapsulated" by the individual rivalry between Ronaldo and Messi,[67][68] with neither player ever participating in a goalless El Clásico.[69]
See also: List of El Clásico matches
Legend
Final
Semi-final
No.
Date
Competition
Home team
Away team
Score
Goals scored by the duo
1 23 April 2008 Champions League Barcelona Manchester United 0–0
2 29 April 2008 Champions League Manchester United Barcelona 1–0
3 27 May 2009 Champions League Manchester United Barcelona 0–2 Messi ( 70')
4 29 November 2009 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 1–0
5 10 April 2010 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 0–2 Messi ( 33')
6 29 November 2010 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 5–0
7 9 February 2011 Friendly Argentina Portugal 2–1 Ronaldo ( 53'), Messi ( 83' (pen.))
8 16 April 2011 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 1–1 Messi ( 51' (pen.)), Ronaldo ( 81' (pen.))
9 20 April 2011 Copa del Rey Real Madrid Barcelona 1–0 (a.e.t.) Ronaldo ( 103')
10 27 April 2011 Champions League Real Madrid Barcelona 0–2 Messi ( 76', 87')
11 3 May 2011 Champions League Barcelona Real Madrid 1–1
12 14 August 2011 Supercopa de España Real Madrid Barcelona 2–2 Messi ( 45')
13 17 August 2011 Supercopa de España Barcelona Real Madrid 3–2 Ronaldo ( 20'), Messi ( 53', 88')
14 10 December 2011 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 1–3
15 18 January 2012 Copa del Rey Real Madrid Barcelona 1–2 Ronaldo ( 11')
16 25 January 2012 Copa del Rey Barcelona Real Madrid 2–2 Ronaldo ( 68')
17 21 April 2012 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 1–2 Ronaldo ( 73')
18 23 August 2012 Supercopa de España Barcelona Real Madrid 3–2 Ronaldo ( 55'), Messi ( 70' (pen.))
19 29 August 2012 Supercopa de España Real Madrid Barcelona 2–1 Ronaldo ( 19'), Messi ( 45')
20 7 October 2012 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 2–2 Ronaldo ( 23', 66'), Messi ( 31', 61')
21 30 January 2013 Copa del Rey Real Madrid Barcelona 1–1
22 26 February 2013 Copa del Rey Barcelona Real Madrid 1–3 Ronaldo ( 12', 57')
23 2 March 2013 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 2–1 Messi ( 18')
24 26 October 2013 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 2–1
25 23 March 2014 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 3–4 Messi ( 42', 65' (pen.), 84' (pen.)), Ronaldo ( 55' (pen.))
26 25 October 2014 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 3–1 Ronaldo ( 35' (pen.))
27 18 November 2014 Friendly Argentina Portugal 0–1
28 22 March 2015 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 2–1 Ronaldo ( 31')
29 21 November 2015 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 0–4
30 2 April 2016 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 1–2 Ronaldo ( 85')
31 3 December 2016 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 1–1
32 23 April 2017 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 2–3 Messi ( 33', 90+2')
33 13 August 2017 Supercopa de España Barcelona Real Madrid 1–3 Messi ( 77' (pen.)), Ronaldo ( 80')
34 23 December 2017 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 0–3 Messi ( 64' (pen.))
35 6 May 2018 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 2–2 Ronaldo ( 14'), Messi ( 52')
Results[edit]
Competition
Games played
Messi wins
Draws
Ronaldo wins
Messi goals
Ronaldo goals
La Liga
18 10 4 4 12 9
Champions League
5 2 2 1 3 0
Copa del Rey
5 1 2 2 0 5
Supercopa de España
5 2 1 2 6 4
Friendly
2 1 0 1 1 1
Total official matches
35
16
9
10
22
19
Last updated 6 May 2018
References[edit]
Notes
Citations
Jump up ^ "Lionel Messi hails 400 goals for Barcelona and Argentina". BBC. 28 September 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Cristiano Ronaldo reaches 400-goal milestone and dedicates achievement to Eusébio after Real Madrid win". The Daily Telegraph. 7 January 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Smith, Ben (20 April 2012). "Barcelona's Messi v Real Madrid's Ronaldo". BBC. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Rice, Simon (10 April 2013). "Lionel Messi v Cristiano Ronaldo – world's greatest players locked in new battle". The Independent. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Mendes, Chris (24 June 2014). "Cristiano Ronaldo's personal duel with Lionel Messi is affecting his performances for Portugal". The Telegraph. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Rob (8 October 2012). "Messi and Ronaldo: 2 Stars in Their Own Universe". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Marcotti, Gabriele (18 March 2012). "The Phenomenon of Messi and Ronaldo". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Hunter, Graham (28 November 2010). "The game's best rivalry". ESPN. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Messi v Ronaldo". Sky Sports. 17 October 2011. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Special Two". The Times. 21 December 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2014. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Hughes, Rob (13 September 2011). "Ronaldo May Look Like the Best, but There Is Someone Better". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Hayward, Paul (26 May 2009). "Cristiano Ronaldo versus Lionel Messi pits showman against shy man". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Tim (24 November 2013). "Cristiano Ronaldo: he's got a god-given talent – and he knows it". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Calvin, Michael (15 June 2014). "Crunch time for Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo". The Independent. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Storey, Daniel (16 June 2014). "Ronaldo: The world's best?". Sky Sports. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Messi vs Ronaldo" (PDF). Nielsen Sports. 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Balagué, Guillem (14 January 2014). "Ballon d'Or: Cristiano Ronaldo's improved image helped win, says Guillem Balague". Sky Sports. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Badenhausen, Kurt (16 May 2014). "Lionel Messi Reaches $50 Million-A-Year Deal With Barcelona". Forbes. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Cristiano Ronaldo: Juventus sign Real Madrid forward for £99.2m". BBC. 10 July 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Nike vs Adidas Adds Faces to World Cup Sports Marketing Rivalry". NBC. 28 May 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Ricadela, Aaron (3 June 2014). "Ronaldo World Cup Ad Goes Global as Web Starts to Trump TV". Bloomberg. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Messi vs Ronaldo Rivalry – Who is the Best?".
Jump up ^ Ben Reynolds (8 June 2016). "Cristiano Ronaldo first footballer to top Forbes rich list of highest-earning athletes". Sky Sports. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Facebook fan pages". Fan Page List.com. Retrieved 29 January 2015
Jump up ^ Embury-dennis, Tom (15 March 2015). "Cristiano Ronaldo goes top of the Facebook charts as Real Madrid star overtakes Shakira to become most liked person". Daily Mail. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ronaldo makes history with 100m followers on Facebook". Yahoo. 14 October 2014. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Barcelona's Lionel Messi blames media for inventing rivalry with Real Madrid's Cristiano Ronaldo". 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cristiano Ronaldo: I enjoy watching Messi". 2 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Brown, Lucas (28 February 2007). "Messi full of praise for Ronaldo". Sky Sports. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Messi keen to team up with Ronaldo". World Soccer. 28 February 2007. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Garside, Kevin (23 April 2008). "Ronaldo v Messi: Gifted duo who share a path". The Telegraph. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Is Cristiano Ronaldo a better player than Lionel Messi?". The Guardian. 23 April 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Marcus, Jeffrey (23 April 2008). "Ronaldo, Messi and 20 Other Guys". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ McCarra, Kevin (24 April 2008). "Ronaldo fluffs penalty but United hold firm". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Rutledge, Lewis (29 April 2008). "Scholes seals final spot". Sky Sports. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Roughley, Gregg (2 December 2008). "Ronaldo beats off Messi and Torres to scoop Ballon d'Or". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Norrish, Mike (2 December 2008). "Manchester United's Cristiano Ronaldo wins Ballon d'Or and says best is yet to come". The Telegraph. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Ley, John; Ogden, Mark (27 May 2009). "Manchester United v Barcelona: Cristiano Ronaldo versus Lionel Messi in dream clash". The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Lawton, James (8 May 2009). "Stage is set for Ronaldo v Messi, the sparkling final Europe deserves". The Independent. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Longman, Jeré (26 May 2009). "Champions League Final May Settle Ronaldo-Messi Debate". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ronaldo – I'm still No.1". Sky Sports. 24 May 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Lowe, Sid (26 May 2009). "Cristiano Ronaldo is not in the same league as Lionel Messi, says Xavi". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Fergie: Ronaldo and Messi top class". Manchester Evening News. 19 May 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Ogden, Mark (25 May 2009). "Sir Alex Ferguson cannot separate Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi". The Telegraph. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Mole, Giles (28 May 2009). "Manchester United v Barcelona: Lionel Messi centre of attention in Rome". The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Hayward, Paul (27 May 2009). "As gladiators clash, Messi is the champion". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Williams, Richard (27 May 2009). "Cristiano Ronaldo in a mess as Lionel Messi takes lead role on grand stage". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Manchester United v Barcelona: Cristiano Ronaldo clockwatch". The Telegraph. 28 May 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Montague, James; Pinto, Pedro (29 May 2012). "Cristiano Ronaldo: I'm better than Messi". CNN. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Palmer, Kevin (20 December 2012). "Fergie: Ronaldo and Messi are equals". ESPN. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Barcelona's Lionel Messi blames media for inventing rivalry with Real Madrid's Cristiano Ronaldo". The Telegraph. 15 August 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Haisley, Billy (11 November 2014). "Book: Ronaldo Refers To Messi As "Motherfucker" Behind His Back". Deadspin. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Balagué, Guillem (11 November 2014). "Revealed: Cristiano Ronaldo's obscene nickname for Lionel Messi in the Real Madrid dressing room". The Telegraph. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Caioli, Luca. "Messi is like Kryptonite to Cristiano Ronaldo's Superman: The story behind football's greatest modern rivalry". Goal. Retrieved 15 July 2018. Real Madrid insiders say that seeing Cristiano Ronaldo in front of the TV watching Messi play is priceless. When his agent Jorge Mendes is watching with him, he tries to calm him down by saying that people don’t understand anything about football, that the Barça No. 10 doesn’t deserve to be the best in the world.
Jump up ^ ""Messi and I are colleagues, work friends". Marca. Retrieved 21 November 2014
Jump up ^ Lezra, Gabe (13 November 2014). "Could Cristiano Ronaldo Win a Libel Suit Against Guillem Balague?". Managing Madrid. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Adamson, Mike (10 December 2012). "Lionel Messi's incredible recordbreaking year in numbers". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Hyde, Marina (10 December 2014). "Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi: tit-for-tat miracles getting ridiculous". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Harland, Nick (8 December 2014). "Cristiano Ronaldo's remarkable Real Madrid goalscoring record in full". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Smith, Jim (11 November 2014). "Cristiano Ronaldo versus Lionel Messi is a rivalry to write history rather than a bitter personal feud". The Telegraph. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "As another record falls, Ronaldo and Messi continue to drive each other to greater heights". The National. 18 October 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Apoel Nic 0–4 Barcelona". BBC Sport. 25 November 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ronaldo sets goals record for Champions League group stage". Reuters. 8 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo goal for goal". UEFA. 11 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Mamrud, Roberto. "Lionel Andrés Messi". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Mamrud, Roberto. "Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Bate, Adam (25 October 2013). "Fear and Loathing". Sky Sports. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Rigg, Nicholas (20 March 2015). "Lionel Messi vs Cristiano Ronaldo: Real Madrid's superstar heads into El Clasico in the shadow of the Barcelona magician". The Independent. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Lowe, Sid (20 March 2015). "Barcelona vs. Real Madrid, Messi vs. Ronaldo always more than just a game". ESPN. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
External links[edit]
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