text:
French First Republic
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
French Republic
République française
1792–1804
Left: Flag (until 1794)
Right: Flag (from 1794)
Motto
Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité ou la Mort
Anthem
"La Marseillaise"[1]
French Republic (1801)
Capital Paris
Languages
French (official)
Occitan, Breton, Dutch, Basque
Religion
Constitutional Church
(21 September 1792—18 September 1794)
Cult of Reason
(October 1793—March 1794)
Cult of the Supreme Being
(7 May 1794—28 July 1794)
Secular state
(21 February 1795—?)
Culte décadaire
(3 February 1798—?)
Roman Catholicism, Calvinism, Lutheranism, Judaism
(15 July 1801—18 May 1804)
Government Authoritarian directorial republic
President of the National Convention
• 1792 Philippe Rühl (first)
• 1795 Jean Joseph Victor Génissieu (last)
President of the Directory
• 1795–1799 By rotation: 3 months duration
First Consul
• 1799–1804 Napoléon Bonaparte
Legislature Parliament
• Upper house Council of Ancients (1795–1799)
• Lower house
National Convention (1792–1795)
Council of Five Hundred (1795–1799)
Historical era French Revolutionary Wars
• Storming of the Bastille and French Revolution 14 July 1789
• Overthrow of Louis XVI 21 September 1792
• Committee of Public Safety and Reign of Terror 5 September 1793 to
28 July 1794
• (First) Abolition of slavery 4 February 1794
• Thermidorean Reaction 24 July 1794
• Coup of 18 Brumaire 9 November 1799
• Napoleon Bonaparte is proclaimed emperor by the Senate 18 May 1804
Currency livre (to 1794), franc, assignat
Preceded by Succeeded by
Kingdom of France (1791–92)
Austrian Netherlands
First French Empire
Today part of
France
Belgium
Germany
Netherlands
Luxembourg
Switzerland
In the history of France, the First Republic (French: Première République), officially the French Republic (République française), was founded on 22 September 1792 during the French Revolution. The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First Empire in 1804 under Napoleon, although the form of the government changed several times. This period was characterized by the fall of the monarchy, the establishment of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror, the Thermidorian Reaction and the founding of the Directory, and, finally, the creation of the Consulate and Napoleon's rise to power.
Contents
[hide]
1 End of the monarchy in France
2 The National Convention
3 The Directory
4 The Consulate
5 See also
6 References
End of the monarchy in France[edit]
Under the Legislative Assembly, which was in power before the proclamation of the First Republic, France was engaged in war with Prussia and Austria. In July 1792, the Duke of Brunswick, commanding general of the Austro–Prussian Army, issued his Brunswick Manifesto, in which he threatened the destruction of Paris should any harm come to King Louis XVI of France. The foreign threat exacerbated France's political turmoil amid the French Revolution and deepened the passion and sense of urgency among the various factions. In the violence of 10 August 1792, citizens stormed the Tuileries Palace, killing six hundred of the King's Swiss guards and insisting on the removal of the king.[2] A renewed fear of anti-revolutionary action prompted further violence, and in the first week of September 1792, mobs of Parisians broke into the city's prisons, killing over half of the prisoners. This included nobles, clergymen, and political prisoners, but also numerous common criminals, such as prostitutes and petty thieves, many murdered in their cells—raped, stabbed, and slashed to death. This became known as the September Massacres.[3]
Part of a series on the
History of France
Prehistory[show]
Palaeolithic
Mesolithic
Neolithic
Copper Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Ancient[show]
Greek colonies
Celtic Gaul until 50 BC
Roman Gaul 50 BC – 486 AD
Early Middle Ages[show]
Franks
Merovingians 481–751
Carolingians 751–987
Middle Ages[show]
Direct Capetians 987–1328
Valois 1328–1498
Early modern[show]
Ancien Régime
Valois-Orléans 1498–1515
Valois-Angoulême 1515–89
Bourbon 1589–1792
Long 19th century[show]
French Revolution 1789–1799
Kingdom of France 1791–92
First Republic 1792–1804
First Empire 1804–14
Restoration 1814–30
July Monarchy 1830–1848
Second Republic 1848–52
Second Empire 1852–70
Third Republic 1870–1940
20th century[show]
Third Republic 1870–1940
Free France
Vichy France
1940–44
Provisional Republic 1944–46
Fourth Republic 1946–58
Fifth Republic 1958–present
Timeline
France portal
v
t
e
The National Convention[edit]
Main article: National Convention
As a result of the spike in public violence and the political instability of the constitutional monarchy, a party of six members of France's Legislative Assembly was assigned the task of overseeing elections. The resulting Convention was founded with the dual purpose of abolishing the monarchy and drafting a new constitution. The Convention's first act, on 10 August 1792, was to establish the French First Republic and officially strip the king of all political powers. The King, by then a private citizen bearing his family name of Capet, was subsequently put on trial for crimes of high treason starting in December 1792. On 16 January 1793 he was convicted, and on 21 January, he was executed by guillotine.[4]
Throughout the winter of 1792 and spring of 1793, Paris was plagued by food riots and mass hunger. The new Convention did little to remedy the problem until late spring of 1793, occupied instead with matters of war. Finally, on 6 April 1793, the Convention created the Committee of Public Safety, and was given a monumental task: "To deal with the radical movements of the Enragés, food shortages and riots, the revolt in the Vendée and in Brittany, recent defeats of its armies, and the desertion of its commanding general."[5] Most notably, the Committee of Public Safety instated a policy of terror, and the guillotine began to fall on perceived enemies of the republic at an ever-increasing rate, beginning the period known today as the Reign of Terror.[6]
Despite growing discontent with the National Convention as a ruling body, in June the Convention drafted the Constitution of 1793, which was ratified by popular vote in early August. However, the Committee of Public Safety was seen as an "emergency" government, and the rights guaranteed by the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the new constitution were suspended under its control. The Committee's laws and policies took the revolution to unprecedented heights.
The Directory[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
After the arrest and execution of Robespierre in July 28, 1794, the Jacobin club was closed, and the surviving Girondins were reinstated. A year later, the National Convention adopted the Constitution of the Year III. They reestablished freedom of worship, began releasing large numbers of prisoners, and most importantly, initiated elections for a new legislative body. On 3 November 1795, the Directory was established. Under this system, France was led by a bicameral Parliament, consisting of an upper chamber called the Council of Elders (with 250 members) and a lower chamber called the Council of Five Hundred (with, accordingly, 500 members), and a collective Executive of five members called the Directory (from which the historical period gets its name). Due to internal instability, caused by hyperinflation of the paper monies called Assignats,[7] and French military disasters in 1798 and 1799, the Directory lasted only four years, until overthrown in 1799.[citation needed]
The Consulate[edit]
Napoleon Bonaparte seizes power during the Coup of 18 Brumaire
The period known as the French Consulate began with the coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799. Members of the Directory itself planned the coup, indicating clearly the failing power of the Directory. Napoleon Bonaparte was a co-conspirator in the coup, and became head of the government as the First Consul. He would later proclaim himself Emperor of the French, ending the First French Republic and ushering in the French First Empire.[8]
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to French First Republic.
French Republican Calendar
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mould, Michael (2011). The Routledge Dictionary of Cultural References in Modern French. New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 147. ISBN 978-1-136-82573-6. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Censer, Jack R. and Hunt, Lynn. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004.
Jump up ^ Doyle, William. The Oxford History of The French Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. pp 191–92.
Jump up ^ Doyle, William. The Oxford History of the French Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. pp 196.
Jump up ^ The French Revolution [videorecording] : liberté, egalité, fraternité, a hitler Jr. is born in blood / produced & directed by Doug Shultz ; written by Doug Shultz, Hilary Sio, Thomas Emil. [New York, N.Y.] : History Channel : Distributed in the U.S. by New Video, 2005.
Jump up ^ "Robespierre and the Terror | History Today". www.historytoday.com. Retrieved 2018-02-08.
Jump up ^ J.E. Sandrock: "Bank notes of the French Revolution" and First Republic
Jump up ^ "Paris: Capital of the 19th Century". library.brown.edu. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
[show]
v
t
e
French Revolution
Causes
Timeline
Ancien Régime
Revolution
Constitutional monarchy
Republic
Directory
Consulate
Glossary
[show]
Significant civil and political events by year
1788
Day of the Tiles (7 Jun 1788)
Assembly of Vizille (21 Jul 1788)
1789
What Is the Third Estate? (Jan 1789)
Réveillon riots (28 Apr 1789)
Convocation of the Estates-General (5 May 1789)
National Assembly (17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)
Tennis Court Oath (20 Jun 1789)
National Constituent Assembly (9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)
Storming of the Bastille (14 Jul 1789)
Great Fear (20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)
Abolition of Feudalism (4-11 Aug 1789)
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (27 Aug 1789)
Women's March on Versailles (5 Oct 1789)
1790
Abolition of the Parlements (Feb–Jul 1790)
Abolition of the Nobility (19 Jun 1790)
Civil Constitution of the Clergy (12 Jul 1790)
1791
Flight to Varennes (20–21 Jun 1791)
Champ de Mars Massacre (17 Jul 1791)
Declaration of Pillnitz (27 Aug 1791)
The Constitution of 1791 (3 Sep 1791)
Legislative Assembly (1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)
1792
France declares war (20 Apr 1792)
Brunswick Manifesto (25 Jul 1792)
Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary (Jun 1792)
10th of August (10 Aug 1792)
September Massacres (Sep 1792)
National Convention (20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)
First republic declared (22 Sep 1792)
1793
Execution of Louis XVI (21 Jan 1793)
Revolutionary Tribunal (9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)
Reign of Terror (27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)
Committee of Public Safety
Committee of General Security
Fall of the Girondists (2 Jun 1793)
Assassination of Marat (13 Jul 1793)
Levée en masse (23 Aug 1793)
The Death of Marat (painting)
Law of Suspects (17 Sep 1793)
Marie Antoinette is guillotined (16 Oct 1793)
Anti-clerical laws (throughout the year)
1794
Danton and Desmoulins guillotined (5 Apr 1794)
Law of 22 Prairial (10 Jun 1794)
Thermidorian Reaction (27 Jul 1794)
Robespierre guillotined (28 Jul 1794)
White Terror (Fall 1794)
Closing of the Jacobin Club (11 Nov 1794)
1795
Constitution of the Year III (22 Aug 1795)
Conspiracy of the Equals (Nov 1795)
Directoire (1795–99)
Council of Five Hundred
Council of Ancients
13 Vendémiaire 5 Oct 1795
1797
Coup of 18 Fructidor (4 Sep 1797)
Second Congress of Rastatt (Dec 1797)
1799
Coup of 30 Prairial VII (18 Jun 1799)
Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 Nov 1799)
Constitution of the Year VIII (24 Dec 1799)
Consulate
[show]
Revolutionary campaigns
1792
Verdun
Thionville
Valmy
Royalist Revolts
Chouannerie
Vendée
Dauphiné
Lille
Siege of Mainz
Jemappes
Namur (fr)
1793
First Coalition
Siege of Toulon (18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)
War in the Vendée
Battle of Neerwinden)
Battle of Famars (23 May 1793)
Expédition de Sardaigne (21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)
Battle of Kaiserslautern
Siege of Mainz
Battle of Wattignies
Battle of Hondschoote
Siege of Bellegarde
Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)
First Battle of Wissembourg (13 Oct 1793)
Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)
Second Battle of Wissembourg (26–27 Dec 1793)
1794
Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies (24 Apr 1794)
Battle of Boulou (Pyrenees) (30 Apr – 1 May 1794)
Battle of Tournay (22 May 1794)
Battle of Fleurus (26 Jun 1794)
Chouannerie
Battle of Tourcoing (18 May 1794)
Battle of Aldenhoven (2 Oct 1794)
1795
Peace of Basel
1796
Battle of Lonato (3–4 Aug 1796)
Battle of Castiglione (5 Aug 1796)
Battle of Theiningen
Battle of Neresheim (11 Aug 1796)
Battle of Amberg (24 Aug 1796)
Battle of Würzburg (3 Sep 1796)
Battle of Rovereto (4 Sep 1796)
First Battle of Bassano (8 Sep 1796)
Battle of Emmendingen (19 Oct 1796)
Battle of Schliengen (26 Oct 1796)
Second Battle of Bassano (6 Nov 1796)
Battle of Calliano (6–7 Nov 1796)
Battle of the Bridge of Arcole (15–17 Nov 1796)
The Ireland Expedition (Dec 1796)
1797
Naval Engagement off Brittany (13 Jan 1797)
Battle of Rivoli (14–15 Jan 1797)
Battle of the Bay of Cádiz (25 Jan 1797)
Treaty of Leoben (17 Apr 1797)
Battle of Neuwied (18 Apr 1797)
Treaty of Campo Formio (17 Oct 1797)
1798
French invasion of Switzerland (28 January – 17 May 1798)
French Invasion of Egypt (1798–1801)
Irish Rebellion of 1798 (23 May – 23 Sep 1798)
Quasi-War (1798–1800)
Peasants' War (12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)
1799
Second Coalition (1798–1802)
Siege of Acre (20 Mar – 21 May 1799)
Battle of Ostrach (20–21 Mar 1799)
Battle of Stockach (25 Mar 1799)
Battle of Magnano (5 Apr 1799)
Battle of Cassano (27 Apr 1799)
First Battle of Zurich (4–7 Jun 1799)
Battle of Trebbia (19 Jun 1799)
Battle of Novi (15 Aug 1799)
Second Battle of Zurich (25–26 Sep 1799)
1800
Battle of Marengo (14 Jun 1800)
Battle of Hohenlinden (3 Dec 1800)
League of Armed Neutrality (1800–02)
1801
Treaty of Lunéville (9 Feb 1801)
Treaty of Florence (18 Mar 1801)
Algeciras Campaign (8 Jul 1801)
1802
Treaty of Amiens (25 Mar 1802)
[show]
Military leaders
French Army
Eustache Charles d'Aoust
Pierre Augereau
Alexandre de Beauharnais
Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
Louis-Alexandre Berthier
Jean-Baptiste Bessières
Guillaume-Marie-Anne Brune
Jean François Carteaux
Jean Étienne Championnet
Chapuis de Tourville
Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
Louis-Nicolas Davout
Louis Desaix
Jacques François Dugommier
Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
Charles François Dumouriez
Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
Louis-Charles de Flers
Paul Grenier
Emmanuel de Grouchy
Jacques Maurice Hatry
Lazare Hoche
Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
François Christophe de Kellermann
Jean-Baptiste Kléber
Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
Jean Lannes
Charles Leclerc
Claude Lecourbe
François Joseph Lefebvre
Jacques MacDonald
Jean-Antoine Marbot
Jean Baptiste de Marbot
François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers
Auguste de Marmont
André Masséna
Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
Jean Victor Marie Moreau
Édouard Mortier, duc de Trévise
Joachim Murat
Michel Ney
Pierre-Jacques Osten (fr)
Nicolas Oudinot
Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon
Jean-Charles Pichegru
Józef Poniatowski
Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier
Joseph Souham
Jean-de-Dieu Soult
Louis-Gabriel Suchet
Belgrand de Vaubois
Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno
French Navy
Charles-Alexandre Linois
Opposition
Austria
József Alvinczi
Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
Count of Clerfayt (Walloon)
Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg
Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze (Swiss)
Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
Pál Kray (Hungarian)
Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc (French)
Maximilian Baillet de Latour (Walloon)
Karl Mack von Leiberich
Rudolf Ritter von Otto (Saxon)
Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich
Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló (Hungarian)
Karl Philipp Sebottendorf
Dagobert von Wurmser
Britain
Sir Ralph Abercromby
Admiral Sir James Saumarez
Admiral Sir Edward Pellew
Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
Dutch Republic
William V, Prince of Orange
Prussia
Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
Russia
Alexander Korsakov
Alexander Suvorov
Spain
Luis Firmin de Carvajal
Antonio Ricardos
[show]
Other significant figures and factions
Society of 1789
Jean Sylvain Bailly
Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
Isaac René Guy le Chapelier
Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
Nicolas de Condorcet
Feuillants
and monarchiens
Madame de Lamballe
Madame du Barry
Louis de Breteuil
Loménie de Brienne
Charles Alexandre de Calonne
de Chateaubriand
Jean Chouan
Grace Elliott
Arnaud de La Porte
Jean-Sifrein Maury
Jacques Necker
François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
Antoine Barnave
Lafayette
Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth
Charles Malo François Lameth
André Chénier
Jean-François Rewbell
Camille Jordan
Madame de Staël
Boissy d'Anglas
Jean-Charles Pichegru
Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
Girondists
Jacques Pierre Brissot
Roland de La Platière
Madame Roland
Father Henri Grégoire
Étienne Clavière
Marquis de Condorcet
Charlotte Corday
Marie Jean Hérault
Jean Baptiste Treilhard
Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac
Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
Jean Debry
Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil
Olympe de Gouges
Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux
The Plain
Abbé Sieyès
de Cambacérès
Charles François Lebrun
Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
Philippe Égalité
Louis Philippe I
Mirabeau
Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville
Jean Joseph Mounier
Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
François de Neufchâteau
Montagnards
Maximilien Robespierre
Georges Danton
Jean-Paul Marat
Camille Desmoulins
Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
Paul Nicolas, vicomte de Barras
Louis Philippe I
Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
Jacques-Louis David
Marquis de Sade
Georges Couthon
Roger Ducos
Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
Jean-Henri Voulland
Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas
Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier
Jean-Pierre-André Amar
Prieur de la Côte-d'Or
Prieur de la Marne
Gilbert Romme
Jean Bon Saint-André
Jean-Lambert Tallien
Pierre Louis Prieur
Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac
Antoine Christophe Saliceti
Hébertists
and Enragés
Jacques Hébert
Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
Charles-Philippe Ronsin
Antoine-François Momoro
François-Nicolas Vincent
François Chabot
Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte
Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
François Hanriot
Jacques Roux
Stanislas-Marie Maillard
Charles-Philippe Ronsin
Jean-François Varlet
Theophile Leclerc
Claire Lacombe
Pauline Léon
Gracchus Babeuf
Sylvain Maréchal
Others
Charles X
Louis XVI
Louis XVII
Louis XVIII
Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien
Louis Henri, Prince of Condé
Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
Marie Antoinette
Napoléon Bonaparte
Lucien Bonaparte
Joseph Bonaparte
Joseph Fesch
Joséphine de Beauharnais
Joachim Murat
Jean Sylvain Bailly
Jacques-Donatien Le Ray
Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes
Talleyrand
Thérésa Tallien
Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
Catherine Théot
List of people associated with the French Revolution
[show]
Influential thinkers
Les Lumières
Beaumarchais
Edmund Burke
Anacharsis Cloots
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
Pierre Claude François Daunou
Diderot
Benjamin Franklin
Thomas Jefferson
Antoine Lavoisier
Montesquieu
Thomas Paine
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Abbé Sieyès
Voltaire
Mary Wollstonecraft
[show]
Cultural impact
La Marseillaise
French Tricolour
Liberté, égalité, fraternité
Marianne
Bastille Day
Panthéon
French Republican Calendar
Cult of the Supreme Being
Cult of Reason
Temple of Reason
Sans-culottes
Metric system
Phrygian cap
Women in the French Revolution
Symbolism in the French Revolution
Historiography of the French Revolution
Influence of the French Revolution
[show]
v
t
e
France topics
History
Periods
Timeline
Prehistory
Celtic Gaul
Roman Gaul
Kingdom of the Visigoths
Francia
West Francia
Middle Ages
Early modern era
Long nineteenth century
Revolutionary era
Napoleonic era
Belle Époque
Twentieth century
Regimes
Absolute monarchy
Ancien Régime
First Republic
First Empire
Constitutional monarchy
Bourbon Restoration
July Monarchy
Second Republic
Second Empire
Government of National Defense
Third Republic
France during the Second World War
Free France
Vichy France
Provisional Government of the French Republic
Fourth Republic
Fifth Republic
Geography
Administrative divisions
Cities
Islands
Lakes
Mountains
Rivers
Politics
Constitution
Elections
presidential
Foreign relations
Government
Human rights
Intersex
LGBT
Judiciary
Law
enforcement
Military
Parliament
Political parties
Economy
Agriculture
Banking
Central bank
Economic history
Energy
Euro
Exports
Franc (former currency)
French subdivisions by GDP
Stock exchange
Taxation
Telecommunications
Tourism
Trade unions
Transport
Society
Crime
Demographics
Education
Health care
People
Poverty
Religion
Social class
Welfare
Culture
Architecture
Art
Cinema (comedy)
Cuisine
Fashion
Gardens
Language
Literature
Media
Music
Philosophy
Public holidays
Sport
Symbols
Theatre
Outline
Book
Category
Portal
WikiProject
Coordinates: 48°52′00″N 2°19′59″E / 48.86667°N 2.33306°E / 48.86667; 2.33306
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_First_Republic&oldid=843081138"
Categories:
Former countries in Europe
States and territories established in 1792
States and territories disestablished in 1804
French First Republic
Former countries in French history
Former republics
Modern history of France
1790s in France
1800s in France
Government of France
Political history of France by period
Republicanism in France
French Revolution
1792 establishments in France
1804 disestablishments in France
19th century in France
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from May 2012
Former country articles requiring maintenance
Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters
Articles needing additional references from September 2017
All articles needing additional references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015
Interlanguage link template link number
Articles containing French-language text
Coordinates on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
تۆرکجه
Bân-lâm-gú
Български
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Latina
Latviešu
مصرى
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Sicilianu
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
粵語
中文
44 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 May 2018, at 19:00.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center; line-height:1.2em; font-size:135%; font-weight:bold;

value: tr

values: text-align:center; line-height:1.2em; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold;

values: width:50px; border:0; vertical-align:middle; font-size:30%; line-height:105%;

values: vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:115%; border:0;

values: width:50px; border:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right; line-height:105%; font-size:30%;

value: tbody

value: table

values: width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; background:transparent;

attrs: colspan style

values: vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; padding:0.2em 0em 0.2em 0em;

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class title

values: display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;

values: display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px 0px;

values:
/wiki/File:France_Departement_1801.svg
image
Location of France, Republic 1

values: text-align:center; font-size:95%; padding:0.6em 0em 0.6em 0em;

values:
/wiki/Constitutional_Church
mw-redirect
Constitutional Church

values:
/wiki/Roman_Catholicism
mw-redirect
Roman Catholicism

values: List of Presidents of the National Convention

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_France
mw-redirect
Parliament of France

values: The Legislative Assembly and the fall of the French monarchy

values:
/wiki/Thermidorean_Reaction
mw-redirect
Thermidorean Reaction

values: border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;

values: width:100%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;

values: border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;

values: width:92%; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;

values: width:95%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto;

values: Edit section: End of the monarchy in France

values:
/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(France)
mw-redirect
Legislative Assembly (France)

values:
/wiki/10_August_(French_Revolution)
mw-redirect
10 August (French Revolution)

values:
/wiki/Swiss_guard
mw-redirect
Swiss guard

values: margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:65%; font-weight:normal;

values: background: none; font-size: 145%;padding: 0.15em 0.1em;line-height: 1.2em;

values: Carte de France dressée pour l'usage du Roy. Delisle Guillaume (1721)

values: padding: 0.2em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: Provisional Government of the French Republic

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values:
/wiki/Jacobin_club
mw-redirect
Jacobin club

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/French_First_Empire
mw-redirect
French First Empire

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Estates-General_of_1789
mw-redirect
Estates-General of 1789

values: Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup

values: Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values: Siege of Namur (1792) (page does not exist)

values:
noprint
font-size:85%; font-style: normal;

values: Campaigns of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Hondschoote_(1793)
mw-redirect
Battle of Hondschoote (1793)

values: Campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Boulou
mw-redirect
Battle of Boulou

values: Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values: Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bridge_of_Arcole
mw-redirect
Battle of the Bridge of Arcole

values:
/wiki/Exp%C3%A9dition_d%27Irlande
mw-redirect
Expédition d'Irlande

values: Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values: Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values: Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values: Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values: Campaigns of 1801 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values:
/wiki/Guillaume-Marie-Anne_Brune
mw-redirect
Guillaume-Marie-Anne Brune

values: Charles Bertin Gaston Chapuis de Tourville

values: Jean Baptiste Antoine Marcellin de Marbot

values: Pierre-Jacques Osten (page does not exist)

values: François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt

values: Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour

values: Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany

values: Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen

values: Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión

values:
/wiki/Society_of_1789
mw-redirect
Society of 1789

values: Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau

values:
/wiki/Nicolas_de_Condorcet
mw-redirect
Nicolas de Condorcet

values:
/wiki/Princess_Marie_Louise_of_Savoy
mw-redirect
Princess Marie Louise of Savoy

values: Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth

values: Jean-Marie Roland, vicomte de la Platière

values: Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance

values: Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras

values: Louis-Michel le Peletier, marquis de Saint-Fargeau

values:
/wiki/Jean_Bon_Saint-Andr%C3%A9
mw-redirect
Jean Bon Saint-André

values:
/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais
mw-redirect
Joséphine de Beauharnais

values: Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes

values: List of people associated with the French Revolution

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Visigoths
mw-redirect
Kingdom of the Visigoths

values: List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants

values:
/wiki/Banque_de_France
mw-redirect
Banque de France

values: List of French regions and overseas collectivities by GDP

values:
/wiki/Remarkable_Gardens_of_France
mw-redirect
Remarkable Gardens of France

values:
/wiki/Symbols_of_France
mw-redirect
Symbols of France

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: Category:States and territories established in 1792

values: Category:States and territories disestablished in 1804

values: Category:Former countries in French history

values: Category:Political history of France by period

values: Category:1804 disestablishments in France

values: Category:Former country articles requiring maintenance

values: Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015

values: Category:Interlanguage link template link number

values: Category:Articles containing French-language text

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/French_First_Republic
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: الجمهورية الفرنسية الأولى – Arabic

values: بیرینجی فرانسه جومهوریتی – South Azerbaijani

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: Hoat-lân-se Tē-it Kiōng-hô-kok – Chinese (Min Nan)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Първа френска република – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: جمهوری اول فرانسه – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 프랑스 제1공화국 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Ֆրանսիայի առաջին հանրապետություն – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: הרפובליקה הצרפתית הראשונה – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: საფრანგეთის პირველი რესპუბლიკა – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values: الجمهوريه الفرنسيه الاولى – Egyptian Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: フランス第一共和政 – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: Den første franske republikk – Norwegian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Primeira República Francesa – Portuguese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Первая французская республика – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values: පළමු ප්‍රංශ ජනරජය – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Прва француска република – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values: Prva Francuska Republika – Serbo-Croatian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: முதல் பிரெஞ்சுக் குடியரசு – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: สาธารณรัฐฝรั่งเศสที่ 1 – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Перша французька республіка – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: فرانسیسی جمہوریہ اول – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: 法蘭西第一共和國 – Cantonese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: 法兰西第一共和国 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-French_First_Republic rootpage-French_First_Republic skin-vector action-view


text:
Legal tender
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the payment medium. For the song, see Legal Tender (song).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Legal tender is a medium of payment recognized by a legal system to be valid for meeting a financial obligation.[1] Paper currency and coins are common forms of legal tender in many countries. Legal tender is variously defined in different jurisdictions. Formally, it is anything which when offered in payment extinguishes the debt. Thus, personal cheques, credit cards, and similar non-cash methods of payment are not usually legal tender. The law does not relieve the debt obligation until payment is tendered. Coins and banknotes are usually defined as legal tender. Some jurisdictions may forbid or restrict payment made other than by legal tender. For example, such a law might outlaw the use of foreign coins and bank notes or require a license to perform financial transactions in a foreign currency.
Generally, designation of a particular form of money as legal tender means "that the designated money is valid payment for all debts unless there is a specific agreement to the contrary".[2] In some jurisdictions legal tender can be refused as payment if no debt exists prior to the time of payment (where the obligation to pay may arise at the same time as the offer of payment). For example, vending machines and transport staff do not have to accept the largest denomination of banknote. Shopkeepers may reject large banknotes: this is covered by the legal concept known as invitation to treat. Under the law, United States money as identified above is a valid and legal offer of payment for antecedent debts when tendered to a creditor. By contrast, federal statutes do not require that someone who is not a pre-existing creditor must accept currency or coins as payment for goods or services. Private businesses may formulate their own policies on whether to accept cash unless state law requires otherwise.[3][4]
The right, in many jurisdictions, of a trader to refuse to do business with any person, means a purchaser may not insist on making a purchase and so declaring a legal tender in law, as anything other than an offered payment for debts already incurred would not be effective.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Withdrawal and replacement of legal tender
2.1 Demonetisation
2.2 Withdrawal from circulation
2.3 Cashless society
3 Commemorative issues
4 Status by country
4.1 Australia
4.1.1 History
4.2 Canada
4.3 China
4.4 Eurozone
4.5 France
4.6 Republic of Ireland
4.6.1 Irish history
4.7 India
4.8 New Zealand
4.9 Norway
4.10 Singapore and Brunei
4.11 Switzerland and Liechtenstein
4.12 Taiwan
4.13 Thailand
4.14 United Kingdom
4.15 United States
4.16 Venezuela
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links
Etymology[edit]
The term "legal tender" is from Middle English tendren, French tendre (verb form), meaning to offer. The Latin root is tendere (to stretch out), and the sense of tender as an offer is related to the etymology of the English word "extend" (to hold outward).[5]
Withdrawal and replacement of legal tender[edit]
Demonetisation[edit]
See also: Monetisation, Remonetisation, and Withdrawal of low-denomination coins
Coins and banknotes may cease to be legal tender if new notes of the same currency replace them or if a new currency is introduced replacing the former one.[6] Examples of this are:
The United Kingdom, adopting decimal currency in place of pounds, shillings, and pence in 1971, Banknotes remained unchanged (except for the replacement of the 10 shilling note by the 50 pence coin). In 1968 and 1969 decimal coins which had precise equivalent values in the old currency (5p, 10p, 50p - 1, 2, and 10 shillings respectively) were introduced, while decimal coins with no precise equivalent (½p, 1p, 2p equal to 1.2d (old pence), 2.4d, 4.8d respectively) were introduced on 15 February 1971. The smallest and largest non-decimal circulating coins, the half penny and half crown, were withdrawn in 1969, and the other non-decimal coins with no precise equivalent in the new currency (1d, 3d) were withdrawn later in 1971. Non-decimal coins with precise decimal equivalents (6d ( = 2½p), 1 and 2 shillings) remained legal tender either until the coins no longer circulated (1980 in the case of the 6d), or the equivalent decimal coins were reduced in size in the early 1990s. The 6d coin was permitted to remain in large circulation throughout the United Kingdom due to the London Underground committee's large investment in coin-operated ticketing machines that used it.[citation needed] Old coins returned to the Royal Mint through the UK banking system will be redeemed by exchanging them for legal tender currency with no time limits; but coins issued before 1947 have a higher value for their silver content than for their monetary value.[citation needed]
The successor states of the Soviet Union replacing the Soviet ruble in the 1990s.[citation needed]
Currencies used in the Eurozone before being replaced by the euro are not legal tender, but all banknotes are redeemable for euros for a minimum of 10 years (for certain notes, there is no time limit).[citation needed]
India demonetised its 500 and 1000 rupee notes on November 8, 2016. This action affected 86 percent of all cash in circulation. The demonetisation action was intended to curb black money, the hoarding of unaccounted cash, and sponsorship of terrorism, but also led to long queues from bank runs, leaving more than 30 people dead.[7] The old notes are now being replaced by new 500 and 2000 rupee notes.
Individual coins or banknotes can be demonetised and cease to be legal tender (for example, the pre-decimal United Kingdom farthing or the Bank of England 1 pound note), but the Bank of England does redeem all Bank of England banknotes by exchanging them for legal tender currency at its counters in London (or by post) regardless of how old they are. Banknotes issued by retail banks in the UK (Scotland and Northern Ireland) are not legal tender, but one of the criteria for legal protection under the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act is that banknotes must be payable on demand, therefore withdrawn notes remain a liability of the issuing bank without any time limits.[citation needed]
In the case of the euro, coins and banknotes of former national currencies were in some cases considered legal tender from 1 January 1999 until 28 February 2002. Legally, those coins and banknotes were considered non-decimal sub-divisions of the euro.[citation needed]
When the Iraqi Swiss dinar ceased to be legal tender in Iraq, it still circulated in the northern Kurdish regions, and despite lacking government backing, it had a stable market value for more than a decade. This example is often cited to demonstrate that the value of a currency is not derived purely from its legal status[citation needed] (but this currency would not be legal tender).
This is also true of the paper money issued by the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. The Confederate currency became worthless by its own terms after the war, since it could only be redeemed a stated number of years after a peace treaty was signed between the Confederacy and the United States (which never happened, as the Confederacy was defeated and dissolved).
Demonetisation is currently prohibited in the United States and the Coinage Act of 1965 applies to all US coins and currency regardless of age. The closest historical equivalent in the US, other than Confederate money, was from 1933 to 1974, when the government banned most private ownership of gold bullion, including gold coins held for non-numismatic purposes. Now, however, even surviving pre-1933 gold coins are legal tender under the 1964 act.[citation needed]
Withdrawal from circulation[edit]
Banknotes and coins may be withdrawn from circulation, but remain legal tender. United States banknotes issued at any date remain legal tender even after they are withdrawn from circulation. Canadian 1- and 2-dollar bills remain legal tender even if they have been withdrawn and replaced by coins, but Canadian $1,000 bills remain legal tender even if they are removed from circulation as they arrive at a bank. However, Bank of England notes that are withdrawn from circulation generally cease to be legal tender but remain redeemable for current currency at the Bank of England itself or by post. All paper and polymer issues of New Zealand banknotes issued from 1967 onwards (and 1- and 2-dollar notes until 1993) are still legal tender; however, 1- and 2-cent coins are no longer used in Australia and New Zealand.
Cashless society[edit]
Main article: Cashless society
A cashless society describes an economic state whereby financial transactions are not conducted with money in the form of physical banknotes or coins, but rather through the transfer of digital information (usually an electronic representation of money) between the transacting parties.[8] Cashless societies have existed, based on barter and other methods of exchange, and cashless transactions have also become possible using digital currencies such as bitcoin. However this article discusses and focuses on the term "cashless society" in the sense of a move towards, and implications of, a society where cash is replaced by its digital equivalent - in other words, legal tender (money) exists, is recorded, and is exchanged only in electronic digital form.
Commemorative issues[edit]
Sometimes currency issues such as commemorative coins or transfer bills may be issued that are not intended for public circulation but are nonetheless legal tender. An example of such currency is Maundy money. Some currency issuers, particularly the Scottish banks, issue special commemorative banknotes which are intended for ordinary circulation. As well, some standard coins are minted on higher-quality dies as 'uncirculated' versions of the coin, for collectors to purchase at a premium; these coins are nevertheless legal tender. Some countries issue precious-metal coins which have a currency value indicated on them which is far below the value of the metal the coin contains: these coins are known as "non-circulating legal tender" or "NCLT".
Status by country[edit]
Australia[edit]
In Australia, the creation of legal tender, in the form of notes and base metal coins, is the exclusive right of the Commonwealth (Federal) Government. According to section 115 of the Australian Constitution, "A State shall not coin money, nor make anything but gold and silver coin a legal tender in payment of debts."[9] Under this provision the Perth Mint, owned by the Western Australian Government, still produces gold and silver coins with legal tender status, the Australian Gold Nugget and Australian Silver Kookaburra. These, however, although having the status of legal tender, are almost never circulated or used in payment of debts, and are mostly considered bullion coins.
Australian notes are legal tender for all amounts, as established by the Reserve Bank Act 1959.[10] Under the provisions of the Currency Act 1965 Australian coins intended for general circulation, which are now produced at the Royal Australian Mint in Canberra, are also legal tender, but only for the following amounts:
not exceeding 20¢ if 1¢ and/or 2¢ coins are offered;
not exceeding $5 if any of 5¢, 10¢, 20¢ and 50¢ coins are offered;
not exceeding 10 times the face value if the coins offered are greater than 50¢ up to and including $10;
to any value for coins of other denominations above $10.[11]
The one cent and two cent coins have been withdrawn from circulation since February 1992 but remain legal tender.[12]
Although the Reserve Bank Act 1959 and the Currency Act 1965 establishes that Australian banknotes and coins have legal tender status, Australian banknotes and coins do not necessarily have to be used in transactions and refusal to accept payment in legal tender is not unlawful. It appears that a provider of goods or services is at liberty to set the commercial terms upon which payment will take place before the ‘contract’ for supply of the goods or services is entered into. If a provider of goods or services specifies other means of payment prior to the contract, then there is usually no obligation for legal tender to be accepted as payment. This is the case even when an existing debt is involved. However, refusal to accept legal tender in payment of an existing debt, where no other means of payment/settlement has been specified in advance, conceivably could have consequences in legal proceedings.[12][13]
Australia Post prohibits the sending of coins or banknotes, of any country, except via Registered Post.[14]
History[edit]
In 1901, notes in circulation in Australia consisted of bank notes payable in gold coin and issued by the trading banks, and Queensland Treasury notes. Bank notes circulated in all States except Queensland, but were not legal tender except for a brief period in 1893 in New South Wales. There were, however, some restrictions on their issue and other provisions for the protection of the public. Queensland Treasury notes were issued by the Queensland Government and were legal tender in that state. Notes of both categories continued in circulation until 1910, when the Commonwealth Parliament passed the Australian Notes Act 1910 and the Bank Notes Tax Act 1910. The Australian Notes Act 1910 prohibited the circulation of state notes as money, and the Bank Notes Tax Act 1910 imposed a tax of ten per cent, per annum, on "all bank notes issued or re-issued by any bank in the Commonwealth after the commencement of this Act, and not redeemed".[citation needed] These Acts effectively put an end to the issue of notes by the trading banks and the Queensland Treasury. The Reserve Bank Act 1959 expressly prohibits persons and states from issuing "a bill or note for the payment of money payable to bearer on demand and intended for circulation".[10]
Canada[edit]
In general, Canadian dollar banknotes issued by the Bank of Canada and coins issued under the authority of the Royal Canadian Mint Act are legal tender in Canada. However, commercial transactions may legally be settled in any manner agreed by the parties involved with the transactions. For example, convenience stores may refuse $100 bank notes if they feel that would put them at risk of being counterfeit victims; however, official policy suggests that the retailers should evaluate the impact of that approach. In the case that no mutually acceptable form of payment can be found for the tender, the parties involved should seek legal advice.[15]
As outlined in the Currency Act, there is a limit to the value of a transaction for which one may use only coins.[16] A payment in coins is a legal tender for no more than the following amounts for the following denominations of coins:
forty dollars if the denomination is two dollars or greater but does not exceed ten dollars;
twenty-five dollars if the denomination is one dollar;
ten dollars if the denomination is ten cents or greater but less than one dollar;
five dollars if the denomination is five cents; and
twenty-five cents if the denomination is one cent.
In the case of coins of a denomination greater than ten dollars, a payment is a legal tender for no more than the value of a single coin of that denomination. Where more than one amount is payable by one person to another on the same day under one or more obligations, the total of those amounts is deemed to be one amount due and payable on that day.
China[edit]
In the People's Republic of China, the official currency Renminbi serves as the unlimited legal tender for all transactions. It is by law that any public institution or individual must not refuse using the currency to settle public or private domestic owing.[17]
Eurozone[edit]
Euro coins and banknotes became legal tender in most countries of the Eurozone on January 1, 2002. Although one side of the coins is used for different national marks for each country, all coins and all banknotes are legal tender throughout the eurozone. Therefore, it is possible to find Irish euro coins in Greece and Finnish euro coins in Portugal, for instance. Although some eurozone countries do not put 1 cent and 2 cent coins into general circulation (prices in those countries are by general understanding always rounded to whole multiples of 5 cent), 1 cent and 2 cent coins from other eurozone countries remain legal tender in those countries.
Council Regulation (EC) No 974/98 limits the number of coins that can be offered for payment to fifty.[18] Governments that issue the coins must establish the euro as the only legal tender. Due to variations on the legislative meaning of legal tender in various member states and the ability of contract law to overrule the status of legal tender, it is possible for merchants to choose to refuse to accept euro banknotes and coins within specific countries within the Eurozone (the Netherlands, Germany, Finland and Ireland).[19] National laws may also impose restrictions as to maximal amounts that can be settled by coins or notes.
France[edit]
Legal tender was enacted the first time for gold and silver coins in the French Penal Code of 1807 (art. 475, 11°). In 1870, legal tender was extended to all notes of the Banque de France. Anyone refusing such monies for their whole value would be prosecuted (French Penal Code art. R. 642-3).
Republic of Ireland[edit]
See also: Coinage of the Republic of Ireland
According to the Economic and Monetary Union Act, 1998 of the Republic of Ireland which replaced the legal tender provisions that had been re-enacted in Irish legislation from previous British enactments, "No person, other than the Central Bank of Ireland and such persons as may be designated by the Minister by order, shall be obliged to accept more than 50 coins denominated in euro or in cent in any single transaction."
Irish history[edit]
The Decimal Currency Act, 1970 governed legal tender prior to the adoption of the euro and laid down the analogous provisions as in United Kingdom legislation (all inherited from previous British law), namely: coins denominated above 10 pence became legal tender for payment not exceeding 10 pounds, coins denominated not more than 10 pence became legal tender for payment not exceeding 5 pounds, and bronze coins became legal tender for payment not exceeding 20 pence.
India[edit]
The Indian rupee is the de facto legal tender currency in India. The Indian rupee is also legal tender in Nepal and Bhutan, but the Nepalese rupee and Bhutanese ngultrum are not legal tender in India. Both the Nepalese rupee and Bhutanese ngultrum are pegged with the Indian rupee.[20]
The Indian rupee used to be an official currency of other countries, including the Straits Settlements (now Singapore and parts of Malaysia), Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and the Trucial States (now the UAE).
In 1837, the Indian rupee was made the sole official currency of the Straits Settlements, as it was administered as a part of India. In 1845, the British replaced the Indian rupee with the Straits dollar after administration of the Straits Settlements separated from India earlier in that same year.
After partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, the Pakistani rupee came into existence, initially using Indian coins and Indian currency notes simply overstamped with the word "Pakistan". New coins and banknotes were issued in 1948.
The Gulf rupee, also known as the Persian Gulf rupee (XPGR), was introduced by the Government of India as a replacement for the Indian rupee for circulation exclusively outside the country with the Reserve Bank of India Amendment Act of 1 May 1959. This creation of a separate currency was an attempt to reduce the strain put on India's foreign reserves by gold smuggling.
Two states, Kuwait and Bahrain eventually replaced the Gulf rupee with their own currencies (the Kuwaiti dinar and the Bahraini dinar) after gaining independence from Britain in 1961 and 1965, respectively.
On 6 June 1966, India devalued the rupee. To avoid following this devaluation, several of the states using the rupee adopted their own currencies. Qatar and most of the Trucial States adopted the Qatar and Dubai riyal, whilst Abu Dhabi adopted the Bahraini dinar. Only Oman continued to use the Gulf rupee until 1970, with the government backing the currency at its old peg to the pound. Oman later replaced the Gulf rupee with its own rial in 1970.
On November 8, 2016, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that existing INR 500 and INR 1000 banknotes would no longer be accepted as legal tender with a view to curb counterfeiting, tax evasion and the parallel economy. War on corruption by tackling benami properties, black money, cash through demonetization and crackdown on the money network of the Hurriyat leaders in Jammu & Kashmir could have been possible under the strong and decisive leadership of Shri Narendra Modi.[21] The Reserve Bank of India outlined a scheme for holders of such banknotes to either deposit them into their bank accounts for full, unlimited value, or to exchange the banknotes for new, subject to a cap. [22]
New Zealand[edit]
New Zealand has a complex history of legal tender. English law applied, as applicable to local circumstances, from either 6 January 1840, when the Governor of New South Wales by proclamation annexed New Zealand, or from 14 January 1840 when Captain Hobson Royal Navy was sworn in as Lieutenant-Governor. The English Laws Act 1858 subsequently confirmed that English legislation passed prior to 14 January 1840 was and had been the law of New Zealand, as applicable to local circumstances. The (UK) Coinage Act 1816 therefore applied and British coins were confirmed as legal tender in New Zealand. Unusually, until 1989, the Reserve Bank did not have the right to issue coins as legal tender. Coins had to be issued by the Minister of Finance.
The history of bank notes was considerably more complex. In 1840, the Union Bank started issuing bank notes under provisions of British law, but these were not automatically legal tender.
In 1844, ordinances were passed making the Union Bank banknotes legal tender and authorising the government to issue debentures in small denominations, thus creating two sets of legal tender. These debentures were circulated but were traded at a discount to their face value because of distrust of the colonial government by the settler population. In 1845, the Ordinance was disallowed by the British Colonial office and they were recalled, not without first causing a panic among holders of the debentures.
In 1847, the Colonial Bank of Issue became the only issuer of legal tender. In 1856, however the Colonial Bank of Issue was disbanded and through the Paper Currency Act 1856, the Union Bank was confirmed once again as an issuer of legal tender. The Act also authorised the Oriental Bank to issue legal tender but this bank ceased operations in 1861.
Between 1861 and 1874, a number of other banks including the Bank of New Zealand, Bank of New South Wales, National Bank of New Zealand and Colonial Bank of New Zealand were created by Acts of Parliament and authorised to issue bank notes backed by gold, however these notes were not legal tender.
The 1893 Bank Note Issue Act allowed the government to declare a bank's right to issue legal tender. This enabled the government to make such a declaration to assist the Bank of New Zealand when in 1895 the bank encountered financial difficulties that could have led to its failure.
In 1914, the Banking Amendment Act gave legal tender status to bank notes from any issuer and removed the requirement that banks authorised to issue bank notes must redeem them on demand for gold (the gold standard).
In 1933, the Coinage Act created a specific New Zealand coinage and removed legal tender status from British coins. In the same year the Reserve Bank of New Zealand was established. The bank was given a monopoly on the issue of legal tender. The Reserve Bank also provided a mechanism through which the other issuers of legal tender could phase out their bank notes. These banknotes were convertible into British legal tender on demand at the Reserve Bank and remained so until the 1938 Sterling Exchange Suspension Notice that suspended provisions of a 1936 amendment of the 1933 Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act.
In 1964, the Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act restated that only notes issued by the Reserve Bank were legal tender. The Act also ended the right of individuals to redeem their bank notes for coin, effectively ending the distinction between coin and notes in New Zealand. The Act came into force in 1967 establishing as legal tender all New Zealand dollar five dollars banknotes and greater, all decimal coins, the pre-decimal sixpence, the shilling, and the florin. Also passed in 1964 was the Decimal Currency Act, which created the basis for a decimal currency, introduced in 1967.
As of 2005, banknotes were legal tender for all payments, and $1 and $2 coins were legal tender for payments up to $100, and 10c, 20c, and 50c silver coins were legal tender for payments up to $5. These older style silver coins were legal tender until October 2006, after which only the new 10c, 20c and 50c coins, introduced in August 2006, are legal.[23]
Norway[edit]
The Norwegian krone (NOK) is legal tender in Norway according to the Central Bank (Norwegian: Sentralbankloven) of 1985-05-24,[24] However, no-one is obliged to accept more than 25 coins of each denomination (of which currently 1, 5, 10 and 20 NOK denominations are in common circulation).
Singapore and Brunei[edit]
Singapore and Brunei have a Currency Interchangeability Agreement since 12 June 1967. Under the agreement, Singapore dollar and Brunei dollar are exchangeable at par without charge in both countries. As such, the currency of one country is accepted in the other country as "customary tender".[25]
Switzerland and Liechtenstein[edit]
Main article: Swiss franc
The Swiss franc is the only legal tender in Switzerland. Any payment consisting of up to 100 Swiss coins is legal tender; banknotes are legal tender for any amount.[26]
The sixth series of Swiss bank notes from 1976, recalled by the National Bank in 2000, is no longer legal tender, but can be exchanged in banks for current notes until April 2020.
The Swiss franc is also the legal tender of the Principality of Liechtenstein, which is joined to Switzerland in a customs union.
The Swiss franc is also the currency used for administrative and accounting purposes by most of the numerous international organisations that are headquartered in Switzerland.
Taiwan[edit]
Main article: New Taiwan dollar
The New Taiwan dollar issued by the Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is legal tender for all payments within the territory of the Republic of China, Taiwan.[27] However, since 2007,[28] candidates to become civil servants in elections in the Republic of China may no longer pay any deposit in coinage.[29]
Thailand[edit]
Main article: History of Thai money
Series 2 banknotes first issued in 1925 during the reign of Rama VI and continuing into the reign of Rama VII added the legend,
Thai: สัญญาจะจ่ายเงินให้แก่ผู้นำบัตรนี้มาขึ้นเป็นเงินตราสยาม
Promise to pay (silver to) bearer on demand in (silver) currency of Siam;
later changed in 1928 to be in line with The Currency Act, B.E. 2471[30] to
ธนบัตรเป็นเงินที่ชำระหนี้ได้ตามกฎหมาย
This note is legal tender (literal translation, silver in payment of debt) according to law.
The front has a guilloche design with twelve rays, and the back, depictions of the Royal Ploughing Ceremony. These were printed in 6 denominations — 1, 5, 10, 20,100 and 1000 baht—in two types printed by De La Rue of London, England.[31]
United Kingdom[edit]
Legal tender is solely for the guaranteed settlement of debts and does not affect any party's right of refusal of service in any transaction.[32]
In the 19th century, gold coins were legal tender to any amount, but silver coins were not legal tender for sums over 2 pounds nor bronze for sums over 1 shilling. This provision was retained in revised form at the introduction of decimal currency, and the Coinage Act 1971 laid down that coins denominated above 10 pence became legal tender for payment not exceeding 10 pounds, non-bronze coins denominated not more than 10 pence became legal tender for payment not exceeding 5 pounds, and bronze coins became legal tender for payment not exceeding 20 pence.
Throughout the United Kingdom, coins valued 1 pound, 2 pounds, and 5 pounds Sterling are legal tender in unlimited amounts. Twenty pence pieces and fifty pence pieces are legal tender in amounts up to 10 pounds; five pence pieces and ten pence pieces are legal tender in amounts up to 5 pounds; and pennies and two pence coins are legal tender in amounts up to 20 pence.[33] In accordance with the Coinage Act 1971,[34] gold sovereigns are also legal tender for any amount. Although it is not specifically mentioned on them, the face values of gold coins are 50p; £1; £2; and £5, a mere fraction of their worth as bullion. Five pound coins, although legal tender, are intended as souvenirs and are almost never seen in circulation.
Maundy money is legal tender but may not be accepted by retailers and is worth much more than face value due to its rarity value and silver content.
Bank of England notes are legal tender in England and Wales and are issued in the denominations of £5, £10, £20 and £50. They can always be redeemed at the Bank of England even if discontinued. Banknotes issued by Scottish and Northern Irish banks are not legal tender anywhere but are widely accepted with agreement between parties.[35] Thus legal tender in Scotland is limited to coin.
United States[edit]
Before the Civil War (1861 to 1865), silver coins were legal tender only up to the sum of $5. Before 1853, when U.S. silver coins were reduced in weight 7%, coins had exactly their value in metal (from 1830 to 1852). Two silver 50 cent coins had exactly $1 worth of silver. A gold U.S. dollar of 1849 had $1 worth of gold. With the flood of gold coming out of the California mines in the early 1850s, the price of silver rose (gold went down). Thus, 50 cent coins of 1840 to 1852 were worth 53 cents if melted down. The government could increase the value of the gold coins (expensive) or reduce the size of all U.S. silver coins. With the reduction of 1853, a 50-cent coin now had only 48 cents of silver. This is the reason for the $5 limit of silver coins as legal tender; paying somebody $100 in the new silver coins would be giving them $96 worth of silver. Most people preferred bank check or gold coins for large purchases.
During the early American Civil War, the federal government first issued United States Notes (the first greenback notes) which were not redeemable in gold and silver coins but could be used to pay "all dues" to the federal government. Since land purchases and duties on imports were payable only in gold or the new Demand Notes, the Demand Notes were bought by importers and land speculators for about 97 cents on the gold dollar and never lost value. 1862 greenbacks (Legal Tender Notes) at first traded for 97 cents on the dollar but gained/lost value depending on fortunes of the Union army. The value of Legal Tender Greenbacks swung wildly but trading was from 85 to 33 cents on the gold dollar.
This resulted in a situation in which the greenback "Legal Tender" notes of 1862 were fiat, and so gold and silver were held and paper circulated at a discount because of Gresham's Law. The 1861 Demand Notes were a huge success but robbed the customs house of much needed gold coin (interest on most bonds back then was paid in gold). A money-strapped Congress which had to pay for the war eventually adopted the Legal Tender Act of 1862, issuing United States Notes backed only by treasury securities, and compelled the people to accept the new notes at a discount; prices rose except for those who had gold and/or silver coins.
Following the Civil War, paper currency was disputed as to if it must be accepted as payment. In 1869, Hepburn v. Griswold found that Henry Griswold would not have to accept paper currency because it could not truly be "legal tender" and was unconstitutional as a legally enforceable means to pay debts. This led to the Legal Tender Cases in 1870, which overturned the previous ruling and established the paper currency as constitutional and proper legal tender that must be accepted in all situations.[36]
With the 1884 Supreme Court ruling in Juilliard v. Greenman, the "Supreme Court ruled that Congress had the right to issue notes to be legal tender for the payment of public and private debt. Legal-tender notes are treasury notes or banknotes that, in the eyes of the law, must be accepted in the payment of debts."[37] The ruling in the Legal Tender Cases (which include Juilliard v. Greenman) led to later courts to "support the federal government's invalidation of gold clauses in private contracts in the 1930s."[38]
On the other hand, coins made of gold or silver may not necessarily be legal tender, if they are not fiat money in the jurisdiction where they are proffered as payment. The Coinage Act of 1965 states (in part):
United States coins and currency (including Federal reserve notes and circulating notes of Federal reserve banks and national banks) are legal tender for all debts, public charges, taxes and dues. Foreign gold or silver coins are not legal tender for debts.
—  31 U.S.C. § 5103
There is no federal law stating that a private business, a person, or an organization must accept currency or coins for payment. Private businesses are free to create their own policies on whether or not they accept cash, unless there is a specific state law which says otherwise. For example, a bus line may prohibit payment of fares in cents or dollar bills. In addition, movie theaters, convenience stores, and gas stations may refuse to accept large denomination currency as a matter of policy or safety.[3][4]
Venezuela[edit]
On December 11, 2016, the Venezuelan Government announced demonetisation following almost 500% inflation in the country. People of the country were given 3 days to get rid of the 100 Bolivar notes (most widely used currency) post the introduction of new note of higher denominations. As of June 15, 2017, there has been 7 extensions (one per month) of the legal use of the 100 bolivares bill notes.Maduro prorrogó la vigencia del billete de 100 hasta el 20 de abril
See also[edit]
Currency
Gresham's law
Postage stamp demonetization
Standard of deferred payment
Seigniorage
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Legal Tender Guidelines". British Royal Mint Legal tender refers to that form of money which has been approved by the government as a legal form of exchange and has been guaranteed by the government to have a legal status to repay debts or exchange against some good or commodity. Retrieved 2007-09-02.
Jump up ^ Paul M. Horvitz, Monetary Policy and the Financial System, p. 14, Prentice-Hall, 3rd ed. (1974).
^ Jump up to: a b "Legal Tender Status". Resource Center. U.S. Department of the Treasury. 4 January 2011. Retrieved 2017-01-27.
^ Jump up to: a b "FRB: Is it legal for a business in the United States to refuse cash as a form of payment?". Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Federal Reserve System. 17 June 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Definition of tender as verb, in Merriam-Webster. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ Cross, Bill (2012). Dollar Default: How the Federal Reserve and the Government Betrayed Your Trust. pp. 15–16. ISBN 9781475261080.
Jump up ^ http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-suicides-heart-attacks-and-even-a-murder-among-33-deaths-since-decision-4378135/
Jump up ^ "THE COST OF CASH IN THE UNITED STATES" (PDF). The Fletcher School Tufts University. p. 9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA CONSTITUTION ACT - SECT 115 States not to coin money". Austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
^ Jump up to: a b Reserve Bank Act 1959
Jump up ^ CURRENCY ACT 1965
^ Jump up to: a b "RBA Banknotes: Legal Tender". Rba.gov.au.
Jump up ^ "Reserve Bank of Australia - Home Page". Rba.gov.au. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
Jump up ^ "Dangerous and prohibited goods and packaging guide", 'Australia Post', Accessed: 31 July 2015
Jump up ^ "Currency Counterfeiting - Frequently Asked Questions". Rcmp-grc.gc.ca. 2006-07-10. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
Jump up ^ "Canada's currency act". Retrieved 2011-07-08.
Jump up ^ "中华人民共和国人民币管理条例". www.pbc.gov.cn. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
Jump up ^ "Council Regulation (EC) No 974/98 of 3 May 1998 on the introduction of the euro" (PDF). Official Journal of the European Communities. Luxembourg. 41 (L 139): 1–5. 1998-05-11. ISSN 0378-6978. OCLC 104948742. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
Jump up ^ Euro Legal Tender Expert Group. "Report. Euro legal tender expert group (ELTEG)" (PDF). European Commission. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
Jump up ^ "Area handbook Series/ Bhutan (Nepal and Bhutan) / Glossary". Country-data.com. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
Jump up ^ "'The reputation of India'". indianexpress.com.
Jump up ^ http://finmin.nic.in/172521.pdf
Jump up ^ "Reserve Bank of New Zealand: Bulletin Vol. 66 No. 1" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-05-03.
Jump up ^ "Law regarding Norges Bank and monetary issues of 1985-05-24 no. 28, §14 (in Norwegian)".
Jump up ^ "Currency Interchangeability Agreement - Brunei Notes and Coins". Monetary Authority of Singapore. Retrieved 2014-11-24.
Jump up ^ Art. 3 of the Swiss law on Monetary Unit and means of payment. German, French and Italian versions.
Jump up ^ Article 13 of The Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan) Act.
Jump up ^ Legislative History of the Civil Servants Election And Recall Act, the 21st version: "The full text of 134 Articles amended and promulgated by President Order Hua-Tsung (1) Yi-Tzu No. 09500075641 on November 7, 2007 and enforced accordingly".
Jump up ^ Article 32 of the Civil Servants Election And Recall Act.
Jump up ^ พระราชบัญญัติเงินตราพุทธศักราช ๒๔๗๑ (PDF) (in Thai). ราชกิจจานุเบกษา เล่ม ๔๕ หน้าที่ ๒๕ - ๓๙ วันที่ ๑๕ เมษายน พ.ศ. ๒๔๗๑. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Banknotes, Series 2". Banknotes > History and Series of Banknotes >. Bank of Thailand. February 23, 2012. The design was printed on both sides....
Jump up ^ Legal Tender Guidelines. The Royal Mint.
Jump up ^ "Legal Tender Guidelines". Royal Mint. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
Jump up ^ Text of the Coinage Act 1971 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk Last accessed:3 May 2011
Jump up ^ "Bank of England Bank Notes FAQ". Bank of England.
Jump up ^ Hammond, Bray. Banks and Politics in America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991. pp. 108-109
Jump up ^ Allen, Larry. The Encyclopedia of Money. Santa Barbara: ABC CLIO, 2009. pp. 250-251
Jump up ^ Zywicki, Todd. "Article I, Section 8" in The Heritage Guide to the Constitution. Regnery Publishing, 2014. p. 147
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Legal Tender.
The Royal Mint - UK Legal Tender Guidelines
The Royal Mint - Legal tender status of stamps in the UK
Act to authorize the Issue of United States Notes, and for the Redemption or Funding thereof, and for Funding the Floating Debt of the United States. 37th Congress, 2d Session, Ch. 33, 12 Stat. 345. [Legal Tender Act]
Act to authorize an additional Issue of United States Notes, and for other purposes. 37th Congress, 2d Session, Ch. 142, 12 Stat. 532 [Second Legal Tender Act]
Act to provide Ways and Means for the Support of the Government. 37th Congress, 3d Session, Ch. 73, 12 Stat. 709 [Third legal Tender Act]
Authority control
GND: 4127284-5
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legal_tender&oldid=804544250"
Categories:
Business law
Monetary reform
Currency
Hidden categories:
CS1 uses Thai-language script (th)
CS1 Thai-language sources (th)
Articles needing additional references from November 2011
All articles needing additional references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014
Articles containing Norwegian-language text
Articles containing Thai-language text
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
भोजपुरी
Български
Boarisch
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
Galego
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Lietuvių
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Tagalog
اردو
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 October 2017, at 18:11.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

value: b

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: Edit section: Withdrawal and replacement of legal tender

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2007)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)

values:
/wiki/Successor_state
mw-redirect
Successor state

values:
nofollow
external text
http://demonetization.in

values:
/wiki/History_of_the_farthing
mw-redirect
History of the farthing

values: Edit section: Withdrawal from circulation

values:
/wiki/Digital_currencies
mw-redirect
Digital currencies

values:
/wiki/Maundy_money
mw-redirect
Maundy money

values:
/wiki/Australian_Constitution
mw-redirect
Australian Constitution

values:
/wiki/Commonwealth_Parliament
mw-redirect
Commonwealth Parliament

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)

values:
/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mint_Act
mw-redirect
Royal Canadian Mint Act

values:
/wiki/Banque_de_France
mw-redirect
Banque de France

values: Indian 500 and 1000 rupee currency demonetisation

values:
/wiki/Black_money
mw-redirect
Black money

values:
/wiki/Oriental_Bank
mw-redirect
Oriental Bank

values: Colonial Bank of New Zealand (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Florin_(New_Zealand_coin)
mw-redirect
Florin (New Zealand coin)

values: Edit section: Switzerland and Liechtenstein

values: Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan)

values:
/wiki/Republic_of_China
mw-redirect
Republic of China

values:
/wiki/Decimal_day
mw-redirect
Decimal day

values:
/wiki/British_one_pound_coin
mw-redirect
British one pound coin

values:
/wiki/British_two_pound_coin
mw-redirect
British two pound coin

values:
/wiki/British_five_pound_coin
mw-redirect
British five pound coin

values:
/wiki/Pound_Sterling
mw-redirect
Pound Sterling

values:
/wiki/Five_pence_(British_decimal_coin)
mw-redirect
Five pence (British decimal coin)

values:
/wiki/Ten_pence_(British_decimal_coin)
mw-redirect
Ten pence (British decimal coin)

values:
/wiki/Gold_sovereign
mw-redirect
Gold sovereign

values:
/wiki/Greenback_(money)
mw-redirect
Greenback (money)

values:
/wiki/Gresham%27s_Law
mw-redirect
Gresham's Law

values:
/wiki/United_States_Notes
mw-redirect
United States Notes

values:
/wiki/U.S._Department_of_the_Treasury
mw-redirect
U.S. Department of the Treasury

values:
nofollow
http://www.rba.gov.au/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.pbc.gov.cn/rhwg/000101f.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0378-6978

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/104948742

values:
nofollow
external free
http://finmin.nic.in/172521.pdf

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Legal Tender

values:
nofollow
external text
http://d-nb.info/gnd/4127284-5

values: Category:CS1 uses Thai-language script (th)

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2011

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014

values: Category:Articles containing Norwegian-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Thai-language text

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Legal_tender
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: عملة قانونية – Arabic

values: लीगल टेंडर – Bhojpuri

values: Законно платежно средство – Bulgarian

values: Νόμιμο χρήμα – Greek

values: پول قانونی – Persian

values: विमुद्रीकरण – Hindi

values: הילך חוקי – Hebrew

values: Законное платёжное средство – Russian

values: اسقاط زر – Urdu

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Legal_tender rootpage-Legal_tender vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view