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List of best-selling mobile phones
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The Nokia 1100 (shown here) and 1110 are the world's best-selling handsets[1]
This is a list of best-selling mobile phones.
Contents
[hide]
1 Top-selling mobile phones
2 Annual best-selling handsets
2.1 1992
2.2 1996
2.3 1998
2.4 1999
2.5 2000
2.6 2002
2.7 2003
2.8 2004
2.9 2005
2.10 2006
2.11 2007
2.12 2008
2.13 2009
2.14 2010
2.15 2011
2.16 2012
2.17 2013
2.18 2014
2.19 2016
2.20 2017
3 Annual sales by manufacturer
3.1 1992
3.2 1993
3.3 1994
3.4 1995
3.5 1996
3.6 1997
3.7 1998
3.8 1999
3.9 2000
3.10 2001
3.11 2002
3.12 2003
3.13 2004
3.14 2005
3.15 2006
3.16 2007
3.17 2008
3.18 2009
3.19 2010
3.20 2011
3.21 2012
3.22 2013
3.23 2014
3.24 2015
3.25 2016
3.26 2017
4 References
Top-selling mobile phones[edit]
Manufacturer
Model
Form factor
Year
Graph (million units)
Nokia 1100 Bar 2003 250[1][2] 250
Nokia 1110 Bar 2005 250[1][2] 250
Apple iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 plus Touchscreen 2014 220[2] 220
Nokia 3210 Bar 1999 160[2] 160
Nokia 1200 Bar 2007 150[2] 150
Nokia 6600 Bar 2003 150[2] 150
Nokia 5230 Touchscreen 2009 150[2] 150
Samsung E1100 Bar 2009–12 150[2] 150
Nokia 2600 (2610/2626/2630) Bar 2004 135[2] 135
Motorola RAZR V3 Flip phone 2004 130[2] 130
Nokia 1600 (1650/1661) Bar 2006 130[2] 130
Nokia 3310 (3330) Bar 2000 126[2][3] 126
Nokia 1208 (1209) Bar 2007 100[2] 100
Samsung Galaxy S4 Touchscreen 2013 80[2] 80
Nokia 6010 (6020/6030) Bar 2004 75[2] 75
Apple iPhone 5 Touchscreen 2012–13 70[2] 70
Nokia 5130 (5220/5310) Bar 2007-09 65[2] 65
Apple iPhone 4S Touchscreen 2011–14 60[2][4] 60
Motorola StarTAC Flip phone 1996 60[2][5] 60
Motorola C200 Bar 2003–06 60[5] 60
Samsung Galaxy S III Touchscreen 2012–13 60[2] 60
Motorola C139 Bar 2005 60[4] 60
Samsung Galaxy S7 Touchscreen 2016 55[6] 55
Nokia 6230 (6233) Bar 2004 50[5] 50
Apple iPhone 4 Touchscreen 2010–13 50[4] 50
Nokia 3100 (3120) Bar 2003 50[5] 50
Samsung Galaxy S II Touchscreen 2011–12 40[5] 40
Apple iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus Touchscreen 2016 38.9[7] 38.9
Apple iPhone 3GS Touchscreen 2009–12 35[5] 35
Nokia 2650 Flip phone 2004 35[5] 35
Samsung Galaxy Note II Touchscreen 2012–13 30[8] 30
Samsung E250 Slider 2006 30[4] 30
Samsung Galaxy S Touchscreen 2010–12 25[9] 25
Samsung Galaxy S8 Touchscreen 2017 20[10] 20
HTC Thunderbolt Touchscreen 2011–12 16[4] 16
Sony Ericsson K300 Bar 2004 15[4] 15
Sony Ericsson K750 Bar 2005 15[4] 15
Research In Motion (RIM) BlackBerry Pearl Bar 2006 15[4] 15
Motorola Droid Bionic Touchscreen 2011 13[4] 13
Samsung Galaxy S5 Touchscreen 2014 12[11] 12
Annual best-selling handsets[edit]
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Note: The years represent when the phones were released into the market, not the number sold in that particular year. The number sold represents how many units were sold throughout its whole lifetime. The first cell phone was produced by Motorola. Since then there have been produced around 17.37 billion mobile phones.[citation needed]
The Motorola StarTAC from 1996 was the first phone to be widely popular
The Nokia 3310 from 2000 sold 126 million units
1992[edit]
Motorola Personal Phone, 8 million sold
1996[edit]
Nokia 1610, 100 million sold
Motorola StarTAC, 60 million sold

1998[edit]
Nokia 6120, 21 million sold
1999[edit]
Nokia 3210, 150 million sold
2000[edit]
Nokia 3310, 126 million sold
Nokia 8890, 15 million sold
Siemens M30/M35i, 15 million sold
2002[edit]
The Nokia 6100 and 6610 (above) from 2002 were the first colour-screen phones to sell over a million
Nokia 6100, 15 million sold
Nokia 6610, 15 million sold
Nokia 3510, 15 million sold
Siemens A50, 15 million sold
Samsung SGH-T100, 12 million sold
2003[edit]
The Nokia 6600 from 2003 was the first camera phone to sell over a million units
Nokia 1100, 250 million sold[1]
Nokia 3100/3120, 50 million sold
Nokia 3200/3220, 30 million sold
Nokia 2100, 20 million sold
Samsung SGH-E700, 15 million sold
Nokia N-Gage, 3 million sold
Nokia 6600, 2 million sold
2004[edit]
Nokia 2600/2610/2626/2630, 135 million sold
Motorola RAZR V3, 130 million sold
Nokia 6010/6020/6030, 75 million sold
Nokia 6230/6233, 50 million sold
Nokia 3220, 35 million sold
Nokia 2650, 35 million sold
Nokia 3120, 15 million sold
Nokia 6170, 15 million sold
Nokia 5140, 15 million sold
Nokia 7260, 15 million sold
Sony Ericsson K300, 15 million sold
Samsung SGH-D500, 12 million sold
2005[edit]
The Nokia N70 was the first smartphone to sell over a million
The Motorola Q from 2005 was the first QWERTY phone to sell over a million
Nokia 1110, 250 million sold[1]
Motorola/C139/C200, 60 million sold
Nokia N70/N72/N73, 45 million sold
Nokia 6101, 35 million sold
Nokia 6060, 35 million sold
Nokia 6270/6280, 30 million sold
Nokia 6670, 19 million sold
Motorola V220, 15 million sold
Motorola V195, 15 million sold
Sony Ericsson J300, 15 million sold
Sony Ericsson K750, 15 million sold
Nokia 6680, 15 million sold
Nokia 8800, 15 million sold
Nokia 6111, 15 million sold
Nokia 2680, 15 million sold
LG Chocolate, 15 million sold
Motorola Q, 1 million sold
2006[edit]
Nokia 1600/1650/1661, 130 million sold
Nokia 6070/6080, 50 million sold
Nokia 7360/7370/7380, 45 million sold
Nokia 6300, 35 million sold
Nokia 2310, 35 million sold
Nokia 5200/5300, 30 million sold
BlackBerry Pearl 8100, 15 million sold
BenQ-Siemens S68, 15 million sold
Sony Ericsson K310, 15 million sold
Sony Ericsson W810, 15 million sold
Sony Ericsson W300, 15 million sold
Motorola PEBL U6, 15 million sold
Motorola KRZR K1, 15 million sold
Motorola SLVR L6, 15 million sold
Motorola SLVR L7, 15 million sold
Nokia 6085, 15 million sold
Nokia 6125, 15 million sold
Nokia 6131, 15 million sold
Samsung SGH-D900, 3 million sold
Nokia 3250, 1 million sold
2007[edit]
The Nokia N95 was the first non-candybar smartphone to sell over a million
Nokia 2600 classic, 15 million sold
Nokia 2760, 15 million sold
Nokia 5610, 15 million sold
Nokia 3110 classic, 15 million sold
Nokia 6500 Slide, 15 million sold
Nokia 3500, 15 million sold
Nokia 6500 classic, 15 million sold
Samsung SGH-E250, 12 million sold
LG Shine, 8 million sold[4]
Nokia N95, 7 million sold
Apple iPhone, 7 million sold
LG Viewty (KU990), 2 million sold
HTC Touch, 2 million sold
Palm Centro, 2 million sold
2008[edit]
Apple's iPhone 3G, which sold 25 million units, managed to jointly top the table with a Nokia product
Apple iPhone 3G, 25 million sold
Nokia 2330 classic, 15 million sold
Nokia 7210 Supernova, 15 million sold
Nokia 5800 XpressMusic, 15 million sold
Nokia 5000, 15 million sold
Nokia E71, 15 million sold
Samsung Tocco (SGH-F480), 12 million sold
Samsung SGH-J700, 12 million sold
Samsung Tocco TouchWiz (SGH-F480), 5 million sold
Samsung Soul (SGH-U900), 1 million sold
2009[edit]
The Samsung Star/Tocco Lite (S5230) sold 10 million units
Nokia 5230, 159 million sold
Apple iPhone 3GS, 35 million sold
Samsung Tocco Ultra (S8300), 12 million sold
Samsung Star/Tocco Lite (S5230), 10 million sold
LG Cookie (KP500), 10 million sold
Alcatel One Touch Mini (OT-708), 5 million sold
Motorola Ming A1200, 3 million sold
Nokia N97, 2 million sold
Motorola Milestone/Droid, 1 million sold
HTC Magic, 1 million sold
2010[edit]
Apple iPhone 4, 40 million sold[12]
Samsung Galaxy S, 20 million sold[13]
Samsung S5620 Monte, 7 million sold
Nokia N8, 6 million sold
Motorola Milestone/Droid, 2 million sold
Samsung Wave (S8500), 2 million sold
2011[edit]
Samsung Galaxy S II, 40 million sold
Apple iPhone 4s,16.4 million sold
Samsung Galaxy Y, 15 million sold
HTC Evo 4G, 14 million sold
Motorola Droid Bionic, 13 million sold
ZTE Blade, 10 million sold
Samsung Infuse, 9 million sold
2012[edit]
Samsung Galaxy S III, 70 million sold
Xiaomi Mi 2, 10 million sold[14]
2013[edit]
Samsung Galaxy S4 40 million sold[15]
Nokia – all variants: 250 million sold[16]
Apple iPhone – all variants: 150 million sold[16]
2014[edit]
iPhone 6 Plus
iPhone 5s
Samsung Galaxy S4
Samsung Galaxy S5
iPhone 4s
HTC One M8
Samsung Galaxy S III
Samsung Galaxy Note 3
2016[edit]
iPhone 7, 50.8 million sold[17]
Samsung Galaxy S7, 12 million sold[18]
Redmi 3s prime
Lenovo K4 note
2017[edit]
¤Galaxy note 8 ¤Xiaomi Redmi Note 4 ¤Galaxy S8 and S8+ ¤IPhone X ¤Iphone 8 and 8+
Nokia 3,5,6

Annual sales by manufacturer[edit]
1992[edit]
NEC: 2 million sold
Nokia: 3 million sold[19]
Motorola: 4 million sold
1993[edit]
Nokia: 5 million sold
1994[edit]
Motorola 12 million sold
Nokia: 9 million sold
NEC: 6 million sold
1995[edit]
Nokia: 13 million sold
1996[edit]
Motorola: 60 million sold[20]
Nokia: 18 million sold[21]
1997[edit]
[22]
Motorola: 25.328 million sold
Nokia: 20.593 million sold
Ericsson: 15.914 million sold
Panasonic: 8.627 million sold
Alcatel: 2.631 million sold
Others: 34.725 million sold
1998[edit]
[23]
Nokia: 37.374 million sold
Motorola: 32.319 million sold[22]
Ericsson: 23.827 million sold
Panasonic: 13.397 million sold
Alcatel: 6.967 million sold
Samsung: 6 million sold
Others: 48.972 million sold
1999[edit]
[24]
Nokia: 76.335 million sold
Motorola: 47.817 million sold
Ericsson: 29.785 million sold
Samsung: 17.686 million sold
Panasonic: 15.580 million sold
Others: 98 million sold
2000[edit]
[25]
Nokia: 126.369 million sold
Motorola: 60.094 million sold
Ericsson: 41.467 million sold
Siemens: 26.989 million sold
Samsung: 20.639 million sold
Others: 140 million sold
2001[edit]
Nokia: 139.672 million sold[25]
Motorola: 59.092 million sold
Siemens: 29.753 million sold
Samsung: 28.234 million sold
Ericsson: 26.956 million sold
Others: 115.877 million sold
2002[edit]
[26]
Nokia: 151.4218 million (35.8% market share)
Motorola: 64.6401 million (15.3% market share)
Samsung: 41.6844 million (9.8% market share)
Siemens: 34.6180 million (8.2% market share)
Sony Ericsson: 23.1129 million (5.5% market share)
Others: 107.9414 million (25.5% market share)
Total: 423.4185 million (100% market share)
2003[edit]
[27]
Nokia: 180.6724 million (34.7% market share)
Motorola: 75.1771 million (14.5% market share)
Samsung: 54.4751 million (10.5% market share)
Siemens: 43.7543 million (8.4% market share)
Sony Ericsson: 26.6863 million (5.1% market share)
LG: 26.2137 million (5.0% market share)
Others: 113.0096 million (21.8% market share)
Total: 519.9855 million (100% market share)
2004[edit]
[28]
Nokia: 207.2313 million (30.7% market share)
Motorola: 104.1242 million (15.4% market share)
Samsung: 85.2384 million (12.6% market share)
Siemens: 48.4558 million (7.2% market share)
LG: 42.2768 million (6.3% market share)
Sony Ericsson: 42.0317 million (6.2% market share)
Others: 144.6437 million (21.6% market share)
Total: 674.0019 million (100% market share)
2005[edit]
[29]
Nokia: 265.6148 million (32.5% market share)
Motorola: 144.9204 million (17.7% market share)
Samsung: 103.7536 million (12.7% market share)
LG: 54.9246 million (6.7% market share)
Sony Ericsson: 51.7738 million (6.3% market share)
Siemens: 28.5906 million (3.5% market share)
Others: 166.9851 million (20.6% market share)
Total: 816.5629 million (100% market share)
2006[edit]
[30]
Nokia: 344.9159 million (34.8% market share)
Motorola: 209.2509 million (21.1% market share)
Samsung: 116.4801 million (11.8% market share)
Sony Ericsson: 73.6416 million (7.4% market share)
LG: 61.9860 million (6.3% market share)
Others: 184.5880 million (18.6% market share)
Total: 990.8625 million (100% market share)
2007[edit]
[31]
Nokia: 435.4531 million (37.8% market share)
Motorola: 164.307 million (14.3% market share)
Samsung: 154.5407 million (13.4% market share)
Sony Ericsson: 101.3584 million (8.8% market share)
LG: 78.5763 million (6.8% market share)
Apple: 2.3 million sold[32]
Others: 218.6043 million (18.9% market share)
Total: 1,152.8398 million (100% market share)
2008[edit]
[33]
Nokia: 472.3150 million (38.6% market share)
Samsung: 199.1820 million (16.3% market share)
Motorola: 106.5900 million (8.7% market share)
LG: 102.5554 million (8.4% market share)
Sony Ericsson: 93.4145 million (7.6% market share)
Apple: 12 million sold[34]
Others: 248.1890 million (20.4% market share)
Total: 1,222.2452 million (100% market share)
2009[edit]
[35]
Nokia: 440.8816 million (36.4% market share)
Samsung: 235.7720 million (19.5% market share)
LG: 122.0553 million (10.1%market share)
Motorola: 58.4752 million (4.8% market share)
Sony Ericsson: 54.8734 million (4.5% market share)
Apple: 24.889 million sold[36]
Others: 299.1792 million (24.7% market share)
Total: 1,211.2366 million (100% market share)
2010[edit]
[37]
Nokia: 461.3182 million (28.9% market share)
Samsung: 281.0658 million (17.6% market share)[38]
LG: 114.1546 million (7.1% market share)
Research in Motion: 47.4516 million (3.0% market share)
Apple: 46.5983 million (2.9% market share)[12][39]
Sony Ericsson: 41.8192 million (2.6% market share)
Motorola: 38.5537 million (2.4% market share)
ZTE: 28.7687 million (1.8% market share)[40]
HTC: 24.6884 million (1.5% market share)
Huawei: 23.8147 million (1.5% market share)
Others: 488.5693 million (30.6% market share)
Total: 1,596.8024 million (100% market share)
2011[edit]
[41]
Nokia: 422.4783 million (23.8% market share)
Samsung: 313.9042 million (17.7% market share)[42]
Apple: 89.2632 million (5.0% market share)
LG: 86.3709 million (4.9% market share)
ZTE: 56.8818 million (3.2% market share)[43]
Research in Motion: 51.5419 million (2.9% market share)
HTC: 43.2669 million (2.4% market share)
Huawei: 40.6634 million (2.3% market share)
Motorola: 40.2690 million (2.3% market share)
Sony Ericsson: 32.5975 million (1.8% market share)
Others: 597.3269 million (33.7% market share)
Total: 1,774.5641 million (100% market share)
2012[edit]
[44]
Samsung: 384.6312 million (22.0% market share)
Nokia: 333.9380 million (19.1% market share)
Apple: 130.1332 million (7.5% market share)
ZTE: 67.3444 million (3.9% market share)
LG: 58.0159 million (3.3% market share)
Huawei Technologies: 47.2883 million (2.7% market share)
TCL Communication: 37.1766 million (2.1% market share)
Research in Motion: 34.2103 million (2.0% market share)
Motorola: 33.9163 million (1.9% market share)
HTC: 32.1218 million (1.8% market share)
Others: 587.3996 million (33.6% market share)
Total: 1,746.1756 million (100% market share)
2013[edit]
[16]
2013 in mobile phones
Samsung: 444.4442 million (24.6% market share)
Nokia: 250.7931 million (13.9% market share)
Apple: 150.7859 million (8.3% market share)
LG: 69.0245 million (3.8% market share)
ZTE: 59.8988 million (3.3% market share)
Huawei: 53.2951 million (2.9% market share)
TCL Communication: 49.5313 million (2.7% market share)
Lenovo: 45.2847 million (2.5% market share)
Sony Mobile Communications: 37.5957 million (2.1% market share)
Yulong: 32.6014 million (1.8% market share)
Others: 613.7100 million (34% market share)
Total: 1,806.9647 million (100% market share)
2014[edit]
[45]
Samsung: 392.546 million (20.9% market share)
Apple: 191.426 million (10.2% market share)
Microsoft: 185.660 million (9.9% market share)
Lenovo Motorola: 84.029 million (4.5% market share)
LG: 76.096 million (4% market share)
Huawei: 70.499 million (3.8% market share)
TCL Communication: 64.026 million (3.4% market share)
Xiaomi: 56.529 million (3% market share)
ZTE: 53.910 million (2.9% market share)
Sony Mobile: 37.791 million (2% market share)
Micromax: 37.094 million (2% market share)
Others: 629.360 million (33.5% market share)
Total: 1,878.968 million (100% market share)
2015[edit]
[46]
Samsung: 320.4 million (22.5% market share)
Apple: 225.8506 million (15.9% market share)
Huawei: 104.0947 million (7.3% market share)
Lenovo: 72.7482 million (5.1% market share)
Xiaomi: 65.6186 million (4.6% market share)
Others: 635.3685 million (44.6% market share)
Total: 1423.9003 million (100% market share)
2016[edit]
[47]
Samsung: 306.4466 million (20.5% market share)
Apple: 216.0640 million (14.4% market share)
Huawei: 132.8249 million (8.9% market share)
OPPO: 85.2995 million (5.7% market share)
BBK Communication Equipment: 72.4086 million (4.8% market share)
Others: 682.3143 million (45.6% market share)
Total: 1,495.3580 million (100% market share)
2017[edit]
Samsung:317.3 million (21.6% market share)
Apple: 215.8 million (14.7% market share)
Huawei: 153.1 million (10.4% market share)
OPPO: 111.8 million (7.6% market share)
Xiaomi: 92.4 million (6.3% market share)
Others: 577.7 million (39.5% market share)
Total: 1,472.4 million (100% market share)
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Jump up ^ "Gartner Says Worldwide Mobile Device Sales to End Users Reached 1.6 Billion Units in 2010; Smartphone Sales Grew 72 Percent in 2010. (Worldwide Mobile Device Sales to End Users in 2010. Table: 1)". Gartner. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 8, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2011. [better source needed]
Jump up ^ "Apple - Press Info - Apple Reports First Quarter Results". apple.com. Archived from the original on January 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "About The Industry – Electronics TakeBack Coalition". Electronicstakeback.com. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gartner Says Worldwide Smartphone Sales Soared in Fourth Quarter of 2011 With 47 Percent Growth. (Worldwide Mobile Device Sales to End Users by Vendor in 2011. Table: 2)". Gartner. Archived from the original on January 24, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Samsung Electronics Annual Report" (PDF). Samsung Electronics. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 6, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "ZTE becomes world's fourth largest mobile phone vendor - GSMArena.com news". Gsmarena.com. Archived from the original on July 26, 2012. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gartner Says Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales Declined 1.7 Percent in 2012. (Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales to End Users by Vendor in 2012. Table: 2)". Gartner. Archived from the original on December 28, 2015. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Gartner Says Smartphone Sales Surpassed One Billion Units in 2014. (Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales to End Users by Vendor in 2014. Table: 4)". Gartner. Archived from the original on July 21, 2015. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Gartner Says Worldwide Smartphone Sales Grew 9.7 Percent in Fourth Quarter of 2015 (see Table 2)". Gartner. Archived from the original on June 13, 2017. Retrieved July 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Gartner Says Worldwide Sales of Smartphones Grew 7 Percent in the Fourth Quarter of 2016 (see Table 2)". Gartner. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
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Fynbos
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Mountain fynbos on the Cape Peninsula
A 360 degree photograph of fynbos in the Groot Winterhoek section of the Cape Fold Mountains about 18 months after a fire. New plants can be seen in various stages of growth following the fire. The infertile white soil that fynbos tends to grow in can also be clearly seen.
Fynbos (/ˈfeɪnbɒs/; Afrikaans pronunciation: [ˈfɛi̯nbos] meaning fine-leaved plants) is a small belt of natural shrubland or heathland vegetation located in the Western Cape and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa. This area is predominantly winter rainfall coastal and mountainous areas with a Mediterranean climate. The fynbos ecoregion is within the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome. In fields related to biogeography, fynbos is known for its exceptional degree of biodiversity[1] and endemism,[2] consisting about 80% (8,500 fynbos) species of the Cape floral kingdom where nearly 6,000 of them are endemic.[3] This land has faced severe threats and still does, but due to the many economic uses conservation efforts are being made to help restore it.
Contents
1 Overview and history
2 Cape Floral Kingdom
3 Flora
4 Ecoregions
5 Economic uses
6 Threats and conservation
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Overview and history[edit]
The word fynbos is often confusingly said to mean "fine bush" in Afrikaans, as "bos" means "bush". Typical fynbos foliage is ericoid rather than fine. The term, in its pre-Afrikaans, Dutch form, fynbosch, was recorded by Noble as being in casual use in the late 19th century.[4] In the early 20th century, John Bews referred to: "South-Western or Cape Region of Macchia or Fynbosch". He said: "In this well-known region where the rain occurs in winter and the summers are more or less dry, the dominant vegetation is of a sclerophyllous type and there is little or no natural grassland, though there are many grasses..."[5] He also refers to a high degree of endemism in the grasses in that region. Elsewhere he speaks of the term as "...applied by the inhabitants of the Cape to any sort of small woodland growth that does not include timber trees"; in the current vernacular, this still is the effective sense of the word.[1] However, in the technical, ecological sense, the constraints are more demanding. In the latter half of the 20th century, "fynbos" gained currency as the term for the "distinctive vegetation of the southwestern Cape".[1]
Cape Floral Kingdom[edit]
The Cape Floral Kingdom (Capensis) is one of only 6 floristic kingdoms in the world. It is also the smallest and richest per unit of area.
Main article: Cape Floristic Region
Fynbos – which grows in a 100-to-200-km-wide coastal belt stretching from Clanwilliam on the West coast to Port Elizabeth on the Southeast coast – forms part of the Cape floral kingdom, where it accounts for half of the surface area and 80% of the plant species. The fynbos in the western regions is richer and more varied than in the eastern regions of South Africa.
Of the world's six floral kingdoms, this is the smallest and richest per unit of area. The Holarctic kingdom, in contrast, incorporates the whole of the Northern Hemisphere north of the tropics. The diversity of fynbos plants is extremely high, with over 9000 species of plants occurring in the area, around 6200 of which are endemic, i.e. growing nowhere else in the world. South Africa's Western Cape has a very high species with one estimate finding diversity 8550 species in 89000 km2 which is higher than that estimated for Malayan forests, 7900 species in 132000 km2.[6] It has been claimed that it exceeds even the richest tropical rainforest in South America, including the Amazon.[3][unreliable source?] Of the Ericas, over 600 occur in the fynbos kingdom, while only two or three dozen have been described in the rest of the world. This is in an area of 46,000 km2 – by comparison, the Netherlands, with an area of 33,000 km2, has 1400 species, none of them endemic. Table Mountain in Cape Town supports 2200 species, more than the entire United Kingdom. Thus, although the fynbos covers only 6% of the area of southern Africa, it has half the species on the subcontinent – and in fact has almost 1 in 5 of all African plant species so far described.
Five main river systems traverse the Cape floral kingdom: the Oliphants River of the Western Cape; the Berg River which drains the West Coast Forelands plain stretching from the Cape Flats to the Olifants; the Breede, which is the largest river on the Cape; the Olifants River (Southern Cape); Gourits and the Groot Rivers which drain the Little Karoo basin and the South Coast Forelands; and the Baviaanskloof and Gamtoos Rivers to the east.
Flora[edit]
Peninsula Shale Fynbos flora on Devils Peak, Cape Town.
Gladiolus alatus flowers in Cape fynbos.
The most conspicuous components of the flora are evergreen sclerophyllous plants, many with ericoid leaves and gracile habit, as opposed to timber forest. Several plant families are conspicuous in fynbos; the Proteaceae are prominent, with genera such as Protea, Leucospermum (the "pincushions"), and Leucadendron (the silver tree and "cone bushes"). Proteas are represented by many species and are prominent in the landscape, generally with large striking flowers, many of which are pollinated by birds, and others by small mammals. Most of these do not have anything like ericoid leaves, and nor do most Rhamnaceae, Fabaceae, or Geraniaceae. Fynbos Ericaceae include more species of Erica than all other regions combined. They are popularly called heaths and are generally smaller plants bearing many small, tubular or globular flowers and ericoid leaves. Restionaceae also occur in greater variety in fynbos than anywhere else; their species are superficially grass-like. Many of them grow in wet areas such as seasonal marshes and spongy basins in the sources of mountain streams, but others grow in decidedly arid conditions.
Depending on the locality and the aspects under discussion, several other families have equal claim to being characteristic, including Asteraceae, Rutaceae, and Iridaceae.[1] More than 1400 bulb species occur among the fynbos, of which 96 are Gladiolus and 54 Lachenalia. Areas that are dominated by "renosterbos", Elytropappus rhinocerotis, (Asteraceae) are known as Renosterveld (Afrikaans for "rhinoceros veld").[1]
Ecoregions[edit]
The fynbos area has been divided into two very similar ecoregions: the lowland fynbos (below 300 m above sea level) on the sandy soil of the west coast, and the montane fynbos of the Cape Fold Belt.
Lowland fynbos, in this case Hangklip Sand Fynbos on the Cape Peninsula
Montane fynbos, in this case Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos on the Cape Peninsula
Renosterveld, in this case Swartland Shale Renosterveld
The Lowland Fynbos and Renosterveld experiences regular winter rainfall, especially to the west of Cape Agulhas. The ecoregion has been subdivided into 9 areas: the West Coast Forelands from the Cape Flats to the Olifants River (Western Cape); the Warm Bokkeveld basin around the town of Ceres; the Elgin Valley around the town of Elgin; the sandy Agulhas Plain on the coast; the Breede River valley around the town of Worcester; the South Coast Forelands from Caledon west to Mossel Bay; the south-eastern end of the Little Karoo; Langkloof valley; and the Southeastern Coast Forelands west from Tsitsikamma to Port Elizabeth.
The flora of the lowlands contains a high number of endemic species, and tends to favour larger plants than those growing on the hillier areas. They include the larger Restionaceae such as species of Elegia, Thamnochortus, and Willdenowia and proteas such as king protea (Protea cynaroides) and blushing bride (Serruria florida). Particular types of lowland fynbos include the shrubs and herbs of the coastal sand dunes, the mixture of ericoids and restoids with thickets of shrubs such as Maytenus, and other Celastraceae, sideroxylons and other Sapotaceae, and Rhus and other Anacardiaceae on the coastal sands; the classic fynbos of the sandplains of the West Coast Forelands, and the Agulhas Plain; the grassy fynbos of the hillier and wetter areas of the South and South-Eastern Coast Forelands; areas where fynbos and renosterveld are mixed; coastal renosterveld on the West and South Coast Forelands; and the inland renosterveld of the drier inland Little Karoo and Warm Bokkeveld.[7]
The area is also home to a large number of endemic creatures that have adapted to life in this area, such as the monkey beetles which pollinate Ixia viridiflora. Endemic species of fish in the five river systems occur in the area, too. Endemic reptiles and amphibians include a number of tortoises and the chameleon-like arum frog (Hyperolius horstockii).
The Montane Fynbos and Renosterveld is the area above 300 m, a total of 45,000 km2 of the Cape Fold Mountains. The same level of floral variety, including all three characteristic fynbos families, is found there, but ericas predominate. Because the higher and wetter areas are more protected and contain important water sources, the original flora is more intact than in the lowlands; but agriculture and global warming are still threats. The region includes the mountains in the west from the Cape Peninsula to the Kouebokkeveld Mountains, the south coast hinterland from Elgin to Port Elizabeth, the mountains north of the Little Karoo from Laingsburg to Willowmore, and the inselberg hills within the Little Karoo. About half of these areas are originally fynbos, and about half are renosterveld.
Many different microclimates occur, so the flora changes from west to east, and also varies with altitude up the hillsides away from the coast and according to compass direction. Lower elevations are covered with protea fynbos, with ericas taking over further up. Plant species include pincushions (Leucospermum). The wildlife includes a number of endemic bees, beetles, horseflies, and ants, and birds such as Cape sugarbirds and the orange-breasted sunbird. Many of these birds and insects are important and specific pollinators for the fynbos, such as the mountain pride butterfly (Aeropetes tulbaghia) which only visits red flowers such as Disa uniflora and pollinates 15 different species. Larger animals include antelopes, particularly Cape grysbok (Raphicerus melanotis), common duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia), and klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus). The extinct blue antelope and quagga were also fynbos natives.
Economic uses[edit]
Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia) are of economic importance, grown and harvested in large quantities in the Cederberg area, and providing important exports. Restios continue to be used for thatching, as they have for hundreds or even thousands of years. Proteas and other floral species are grown in many areas and their flowers harvested for export.
In many areas with Mediterranean climates, fynbos species have become popular garden plants, in particular aloes and geraniums, and in cooler regions are used as window plants.
A very large number of fynbos plant species are used in traditional medicine, and while only a tiny proportion have as yet been subjected to formal testing, many have already been identified as having medicinal properties.[8][9][10]
Threats and conservation[edit]
The regrowth of fynbos species, from around the trunk of a fallen invasive pine tree. Cape Town.
The fynbos is the region of South Africa most affected by invasive alien species which collectively cover around 10% of the entire country.[11][12] The most common invasive plants are wattles and hakeas, native to Australia, and pines native to Europe and the Californian coast of the United States.[11][13] Pines had been introduced to South Africa by the 19th century and the wattles were imported into the mid-1870s to stabilize sand dunes.[13] In 1997 it was estimated that invasion caused the fynbos region to decline in value by US$750 million per year.[11]
The Working for Water (WfW) program was started in 1995 by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry to control these invasive species which were shown to sequester 9.95% of usable surface water runoff.[11][13] Since then, over 1,000,00 hectares of land have been cleared of invasive species while providing jobs to around 20,000 people per year, most of which are women and unskilled workers.[12] Systematic monitoring of WfW's progress is lacking but there is anecdotal evidence that endemic silver peas have returned to Table Mountain after being thought extinct.[13]
Research and conservation
Researchers in a relatively remote stretch of Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos
Community conservation group for the critically endangered remnant of Lourensford Alluvium Fynbos at Harmony Flats, Cape Town.
See also[edit]
Heath (habitat)
Shrubland
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Manning, John (2008). Field Guide to Fynbos. Cape Town: Struik Publishers. ISBN 9781770072657.
Jump up ^ "Lowland fynbos and renosterveld". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fynbos, South Africa". panda.org. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Noble, John (1875). Descriptive handbook of the Cape Colony: its condition and resources. www.archive.org. Juta.
Jump up ^ Bews, John William (1918). The grasses and grasslands of South Africa. www.archive.org. Pietermaritzburg, P. David & Sons, Ltd., Printers.
Jump up ^ Kruger, F. J.; Taylor, H. C. (1980). "Plant Species Diversity in Cape Fynbos: Gamma and Delta Diversity". Vegetatio. 41 (2): 85–93. JSTOR 20145761.
Jump up ^ "Lowland fynbos and renosterveld". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
Jump up ^ "Working with fynbos - Fynbos Hub". fynboshub.co.za. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pig's ears and buchu brandy: medicinal plants of the fynbos – Table Mountain Aerial Cableway - Official Website". tablemountain.net. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Commercialization of South African Indigenous Crops: Aspects of Research and Cultivation of Products". purdue.edu. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "STATUS OF INVASIVE TREE SPECIES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
^ Jump up to: a b "Working for Water Programme". Department of Environmental Affairs. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Balmford, Andrew (2012). Wild Hope: On the Front Lines of Conservation Success. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 67–87. ISBN 978-0-226-03601-4.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fynbos.
Fynbos Paradise of South Africa
Images of Fynbos
Western Cape School Network on fynbos
"Protea Atlas Project" with excellent information and images.
Fauna & Flora International's work on fynbos
Fynbos Photography (organized taxonomically)
Conservation and Land Restoration Project at TerraPi,SA
"Montane fynbos and renosterveld". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
Data on invasive species in South Africa
WfW Program official page
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Coordinates: 34°10′0″S 18°22′30″E / 34.16667°S 18.37500°E / -34.16667; 18.37500
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