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Hanging Gardens of Babylon
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For other uses, see Hanging Garden (disambiguation).
This hand-coloured engraving, probably made in the 19th century after the first excavations in the Assyrian capitals, depicts the fabled Hanging Gardens, with the Tower of Babel in the background
Timeline and map of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and the other Wonders of the Ancient World
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, a term given by the ancient Hellenic culture. The Hanging Gardens were described as a remarkable feat of engineering with an ascending series of tiered gardens containing a wide variety of trees, shrubs, and vines. The gardens were said to have looked like a large green mountain constructed of mud bricks.
The Hanging Gardens is the only one of the seven ancient wonders for which the location has not been definitively established.[1] Traditionally they were said to have been built in the ancient city of Babylon, near present-day Hillah, Babil province, in Iraq. The Babylonian priest Berossus, writing in about 290 BC and quoted later by Josephus, attributed the gardens to Neo-Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II, who ruled between 605 and 562 BC. There are no extant Babylonian texts which mention the gardens, and no definitive archaeological evidence has been found in Babylon.[2][3]
Because no physical evidence for the Hanging Gardens has been found at Babylon, two theories have been suggested. One is that they were purely mythical, and the descriptions found in ancient Greek and Roman writers including Strabo, Diodorus Siculus and Quintus Curtius Rufus represent a romantic ideal of an eastern garden.[4] If it did indeed exist, it was destroyed sometime after the first century AD.[5][6] The other theory is that they were actually in the city of Nineveh, constructed by the Assyrian king Sennacherib.[7]
According to one legend, Nebuchadnezzar II built the Hanging Gardens for his Median wife, Queen Amytis, because she missed the green hills and valleys of her homeland. He also built a grand palace that came to be known as "The Marvel of the Mankind". Stephanie Dalley suggests that the original garden may have been a well-documented one that Assyrian King Sennacherib (704–681 BC) built in his capital city of Nineveh on the River Tigris, near the modern city of Mosul.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Descriptions
2 Scholarship and controversy
3 Hanging Garden at Nineveh
4 See also
5 References
6 Sources
7 External links
Descriptions
There are five principal writers whose descriptions of Babylon are extant in some form today. These writers concern themselves with the size of the Hanging Gardens, their overall design and means of irrigation, and why they were built.
Josephus (c.37–100 AD) quotes a description of the gardens by Berossus, a Babylonian priest of Marduk writing circa 290 BC.[1] Berossus described the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II and is the only source to credit that king with the construction of the Hanging Gardens.[9]
In this palace he erected very high walks, supported by stone pillars; and by planting what was called a pensile paradise, and replenishing it with all sorts of trees, he rendered the prospect an exact resemblance of a mountainous country. This he did to gratify his queen, because she had been brought up in Media, and was fond of a mountainous situation.[10]
Hanging gardens of Semiramis, by H. Waldeck
Diodorus Siculus (active c.60–30 BC) seems to have consulted the 4th century BC texts of both Cleitarchus (a historian of Alexander the Great) and Ctesias of Cnidus. Diodorus ascribes the construction to a Syrian king. He states that the garden was in the shape of a square, with each side approximately 4 plethora long. The garden was tiered, with the uppermost gallery being 50 cubits high. The walls, 22 feet thick, were made of brick. The bases of the tiered sections were sufficiently deep to provide root growth for the largest trees, and the gardens were irrigated from the nearby Euphrates.[11]
Quintus Curtius Rufus (fl. 1st century AD) probably drew on the same sources as Diodorus.[12] He states that the gardens were located on top of a citadel, which was 20 stadia in circumference. He attributes the building of the gardens to a Syrian king, again for the reason that his queen missed her homeland.
The account of Strabo (c.64 BC – 21 AD) possibly based his account on the lost account of Onesicritus from the 4th century BC[13] He mentions that the gardens were watered by means of a screw leading to the gardens from the Euphrates.
Philo of Byzantium (4th–5th century AD[14]) is the last of the classical sources. The description of the gardens in his A Handbook to the Seven Wonders of the World is thought to be independent of earlier Greek sources. The method of raising water by screw matches that described by Strabo.[15] He marvels at the engineering and ingenuity of building vast areas of deep soil, which had a tremendous mass, so far above the natural grade of the surrounding land. The irrigation techniques were also a marvel.
Scholarship and controversy
This copy of a bas relief from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal (669–631 BC) at Nineveh shows a luxurious garden watered by an aqueduct.
There is some controversy as to whether the Hanging Gardens were an actual construction or a poetic creation, owing to the lack of documentation in contemporaneous Babylonian sources. There is also no mention of Nebuchadnezzar's wife Amyitis (or any other wives), although a political marriage to a Median or Persian would not have been unusual.[16] Many records exist of Nebuchadnezzar's works, yet his long and complete inscriptions do not mention any garden.[17]
Herodotus, who describes Babylon in his Histories, does not mention the Hanging Gardens.[18]
To date, no archaeological evidence has been found at Babylon for the Hanging Gardens.[1] It is possible that evidence exists beneath the Euphrates, which cannot be excavated safely at present. The river flowed east of its current position during the time of Nebuchadnezzar II, and little is known about the western portion of Babylon.[19] Rollinger has suggested that Berossus attributed the Gardens to Nebuchadnezzar for political reasons, and that he had adopted the legend from elsewhere.[20]
A recent theory proposes that the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were actually constructed by the Assyrian king Sennacherib (reigned 704 – 681 BC) for his palace at Nineveh. Stephanie Dalley posits that during the intervening centuries the two sites became confused, and the extensive gardens at Sennacherib's palace were attributed to Nebuchadnezzar II's Babylon.[7] Recently discovered evidence includes excavation of a vast system of aqueducts inscribed to Sennacherib, which Dalley proposes were part of a 80-kilometre (50 mi) series of canals, dams, and aqueducts used to carry water to Nineveh with water-raising screws used to raise it to the upper levels of the gardens.[21]
Dalley bases her arguments on recent developments in the decipherment of contemporary Akkadian inscriptions. Her main points are:[22]
The name "Babylon", meaning "Gate of the Gods"[23] was applied to several Mesopotamian cities.[24] Sennacherib renamed the city gates of Nineveh after gods,[25] which suggests that he wished his city to be considered "a Babylon".
Only Josephus names Nebuchadnezzar as the king who built the gardens; although Nebuchadnezzar left many inscriptions, none mentions any garden or engineering works.[26] Diodorus Siculus and Quintus Curtius Rufus specify a "Syrian" king.
By contrast, Sennacherib left written descriptions,[27] and there is archaeological evidence of his water engineering.[28] His grandson Assurbanipal pictured the mature garden on a sculptured wall panel in his palace.[29]
Sennacherib called his new palace and garden "a wonder for all peoples". He describes the making and operation of screws to raise water in his garden.[30]
The descriptions of the classical authors fit closely to these contemporary records. Before the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC Alexander the Great camped for four days near the aqueduct at Jerwan.[31] The historians who travelled with him would have had ample time to investigate the enormous works around them, recording them in Greek. These first-hand accounts do not survive into our times but were quoted by later Greek writers.
Hanging Garden at Nineveh
King Sennacherib's Hanging Garden was considered a world wonder not just for its beauty – a year-round oasis of lush green in a dusty summer landscape – but also for the marvelous feats of water engineering that maintained the garden.[32]
There was a tradition of Assyrian royal garden building. King Ashurnasirpal II (883–859 BC) had created a canal, which cut through the mountains. Fruit tree orchards were planted. Also mentioned were pines, cypresses and junipers; almond trees, date trees, ebony, rosewood, olive, oak, tamarisk, walnut, terebinth, ash, fir, pomegranate, pear, quince, fig, and grapes.
Photo of Assyrian wall relief showing garden in the ancient city of Nineveh (Mosul Iraq)
Sennacherib is the only Mesopotamian king who has left a record of his love for his wife. Of Sennacherib's palace, he mentions the massive limestone blocks that reinforce the flood defences. Parts of the palace were excavated by Austin Henry Layard in the mid-19th century. His citadel plan shows contours which would be consistent with Sennacherib's garden, but its position has not been confirmed. The area has been used as a military base in recent times, making it difficult to investigate further.
A sculptured wall panel of Assurbanipal shows the garden in its maturity. One original panel[33] and the drawing of another[34] are held by the British Museum, although neither is on public display. Several features mentioned by the classical authors are discernible on these contemporary images.
The irrigation of such a garden demanded an upgraded water supply to the city of Nineveh. The canals stretched over 50 km into the mountains. Sennacherib was proud of the technologies he had employed and describes them in some detail on his inscriptions. At the headwater of Bavian (Khinnis)[35] his inscription mentions automatic sluice gates. An enormous aqueduct crossing the valley at Jerwan was constructed of over 2 million dressed stones. It used stone arches and waterproof cement.[36] On it is written:
Sennacherib king of the world king of Assyria. Over a great distance I had a watercourse directed to the environs of Nineveh, joining together the waters.... Over steep-sided valleys I spanned an aqueduct of white limestone blocks, I made those waters flow over it.
Sennacherib claims to be the first to deploy a new casting technique in place of the "lost-wax" process for his monumental (30 tonne) bronze castings.
Sennacherib could bring the water into his garden at a high level because it was sourced from further up the mountains. He then raised the water even higher by deploying his new water screws. This meant he could build a garden that towered above the landscape with large trees on the top of the terraces – a stunning artistic effect that surpassed those of his predecessors and which justifies his own claim to have built a "Wonder for all Peoples".
Stephanie Dalley used Jørgen Læssøe's refined translation of a prism inscription (Sennacherib's Annals), previously translated by Daniel David Luckenbill, to explain the techniques of lifting water. The inscription says:
In order that you draw water every day, I had ropes, cables of bronze and chains of bronze made, and instead of shadufs. I let ... beams (giŝmahhu) and the date palm (alamittu) stand over the wells (brūtu).
The water-raising mechanism was based on dioecious palm tree-trunks to be used as beams and cylinders to battle gravity, the same concept was later used by Archimedes to be known as Archimedes' screw. On one hand, the term giŝmahhu which literally means (tall tree-trunks); in which giŝ for wood/tree, mah for big/high, refers to female palm trees which have scallop-pattern trunks used as hollow pipes. On the other hand, alamittu refers to male palm trees which have spiral-pattern trunks used as cylinders to lift the water to the kirimāhu (high garden).[32]
See also
Folkewall
Green wall
Green roof
Historical hydroculture
History of gardening
References
^ Jump up to: a b c Finkel (1988) p. 41.
Jump up ^ Finkel (1988) p. 58.
Jump up ^ Finkel, Irving; Seymour, Michael (2008). Babylon: City of Wonders. London: British Museum Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-7141-1171-6.
Jump up ^ Finkel 2008
Jump up ^ "The Hanging Gardens of Babylon". Retrieved 5 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Hanging Gardens of Babylon". Retrieved 5 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Stephanie Dalley (1993). "Ancient Mesopotamian Gardens and the Identification of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon Resolved". Garden History. 21: 7. JSTOR 1587050.
Jump up ^ Dalley, Stephanie (2013). The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-966226-5.
Jump up ^ Finkel (2008) p. 108.
Jump up ^ Joseph. contr. Appion. lib. 1. c. 19.—Syncel. Chron. 220.—Euseb. Præp. Evan. lib. 9.
Jump up ^ Diodorus Siculus II.10-1-10
Jump up ^ History of Alexander V.1.35-5
Jump up ^ Strabo, Geography XVI.1.5, translation adapted from H.L. Jones, Loeb Classical Library edn (1961).
Jump up ^ This author is now thought to not be Philo the Engineer of Byzantium, but perhaps Philo the Paradoxographer of Byzantium; Stephanie Dalley, "More about the Hanging Gardens," in Of Pots and Pans: Papers on the Archaeology and History of Mesopotamia and Syria as presented to David Oates on his 75th Birthday, Edited by L. al-Gailani-Werr, J.E. Curtis, H. Martin, A. McMahon, J. Oates and J.E. Reade, (London), pp. 67–73 ISBN 1-897750-62-5.
Jump up ^ Dalley (2013), p. 40. Dalley bases her translation on Brodersen (1992) who uses an early Greek text. A previous translation by David Oates, based on a Latin text, is found in Finkel (1988) pp. 45–46.
Jump up ^ Finkel (2008) p. 109.
Jump up ^ Dalley (2013)
Jump up ^ Priestley, Jessica (2014). Herodotus and Hellenistic culture: Literary Studies in the Reception of the Histories. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 91.
Jump up ^ Joan Oates, Babylon, Revised Edition, Thames and Hudson, London (1986) p. 144 ISBN 0500273847.
Jump up ^ Rollinger, Robert "Berossos and the Monuments", ed. J Haubold et al, The World of Berossos, Wiesbaden (2013), p151
Jump up ^ Alberge, Dalya (5 May 2013). "Babylon's hanging garden: ancient scripts give clue to missing wonder". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Dalley, Stephanie (2013) The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced, Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-966226-5.
Jump up ^ AR George, Babylonian Topographical Texts, (1992)
Jump up ^ see for example Cuneiform Texts in the British Museum, Vol 19, page 25, line 25
Jump up ^ Pongratz-Leisten, Ina Sulmi Erub (1994),
Jump up ^ See Dalley (2013) ch 1 for a summary.
Jump up ^ Especially: the Iraq Museum prism dated 694 BC published by A Heidel, The Octagonal Sennacherib Prism in the Iraq Museum, Sumer 9 (1953); and the British Museum prism BM103000 of the same date
Jump up ^ T Jacobsen and S Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan (1935); Reade, Studies in Assyrian Geography, Revue d'Assyriologie 72 (1978); Channel 4 TV programme Secret History: Finding Babylon's Hanging Garden, 24th November 2013
Jump up ^ AH Layard, Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, (1853)
Jump up ^ Dalley (2013), pp. 62–63
Jump up ^ R Lane Fox, Alexander the Great (1973)
^ Jump up to: a b Stephanie Dalley (2013). The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: An Elusive World Wonder Traced. Oxford University Press. p. 65–82. ISBN 978-0-19-966226-5. The quotations in this section are the translations of the author and are reproduced with the permission of OUP.
Jump up ^ BM124939
Jump up ^ Original Drawing IV 77
Jump up ^ Layard (1853)
Jump up ^ Jacobsen (1935)
Sources
Finkel, Irving (1988). "The Hanging Gardens of Babylon". In Clayton, Peter; Price, Martin. The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. New York: Routledge. pp. 38 ff. ISBN 0-415-05036-7.
Finkel, Irving L.; Seymour, Michael J., eds. (2008). Babylon. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-538540-3.
Dalley, Stephanie (2013). The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-966226-5.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
How the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Work: The Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Plants in the Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Artistic Renditions of the Hanging Gardens and the city of Babylon
Animation of 3D virtual Hanging Gardens of Babylon
The Lost Gardens of Babylon Documentary produced by the PBS Series Secrets of the Dead
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values: حدائق بابل المعلقة – Arabic

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values: Семирамиданың аҫылмалы баҡсалары – Bashkir

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values: Висящи градини на Семирамида – Bulgarian

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values: Hanging Gardens of Babylon – Simple English

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values: Semiramidini viseći vrtovi – Serbo-Croatian

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values: สวนลอยบาบิโลน – Thai

values: Сади Семіраміди – Ukrainian

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from the album Shiver
B-side
"Frantic"[1]
Released
August 7, 2000
Format
CD single, 7" single
Genre
Country
Length
3:57
Label
Mercury Nashville
Songwriter(s)
Jamie O'Neal
Lisa Drew
Shaye Smith
Producer(s)
Keith Stegall
Jamie O'Neal singles chronology
"There Is No Arizona"
(2000) "When I Think About Angels"
(2001)
"There Is No Arizona"
(2000) "When I Think About Angels"
(2001)
"There Is No Arizona" is a song co-written and recorded by Australian country music artist Jamie O'Neal. It was released in August 2000 as the first single from O'Neal's debut album, Shiver. The song reached Number One on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts. It was written by O'Neal, Lisa Drew and Shaye Smith.
Contents
[hide]
1 Content
2 Music video
3 Chart performance
3.1 Year-end charts
4 References
Content[edit]
The narrator talks about how a man sets off to Arizona, and promises to send for the woman (the narrator) when he has things set up. Time goes by and she gets one postcard with no return address, then nothing more. She tries to hold out hope that he'll come back or send for her but finally, as her friends keep asking her when she's going, she realizes that the dream of having a better life with him in Arizona is never going to come true. She realizes that the wonderful, love-filled paradise she had hoped for was just a lie, or, to be generous, a pipe dream, the man told her when he left her. Her vision of Arizona does not exist.
Music video[edit]
The music video was directed by Lawrence Carroll and premiered in mid-2000.
Chart performance[edit]
"There Is No Arizona" debuted at number 69 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the chart week of August 12, 2000.
Chart (2000–2001)
Peak
position[1]
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[2] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[3] 40
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2001)
Position
US Country Songs (Billboard)[4] 29
Preceded by
"Tell Her"
by Lonestar Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks
number-one single
February 17, 2001 Succeeded by
"But for the Grace of God"
by Keith Urban
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 305. ISBN 0-89820-177-2.
Jump up ^ "Jamie O'Neal – Chart history" Billboard Hot Country Songs for Jamie O'Neal.
Jump up ^ "Jamie O'Neal – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Jamie O'Neal.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2001: Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2001. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
[hide]
v
t
e
Jamie O'Neal
Studio albums
Shiver
Brave
Eternal
Notable singles
"There Is No Arizona"
"When I Think About Angels"
"Shiver"
"Trying to Find Atlantis"
"Somebody's Hero"
"I Love My Life"
Guest singles
"I'm Not Gonna Do Anything Without You" (with Mark Wills)
"America the Beautiful"
Related articles
"How Far"

This 2000s country song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
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e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=There_Is_No_Arizona&oldid=783707505"
Categories:
2000 singles
2000 songs
Jamie O'Neal songs
Song recordings produced by Keith Stegall
Billboard Hot Country Songs number-one singles
Debut singles
Mercury Nashville singles
Songs written by Jamie O'Neal
Songs written by Shaye Smith
2000s country song stubs
Hidden categories:
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