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List of FA Cup Finals
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Further information: FA Cup Final
The Blackburn Rovers team which won the FA Cup in 1884. Team captain James Brown (front row, centre) holds the trophy.
The Football Association Challenge Cup, commonly known as the FA Cup, is a knockout competition in English football, organised by and named after The Football Association (the FA). It is the oldest existing football competition in the world,[1] having commenced in the 1871–72 season.[2] The tournament is open to all clubs in the top 10 levels of the English football league system, although a club's home stadium must meet certain requirements prior to entering the tournament.[3] The competition culminates at the end of the league season usually in May with the FA Cup Final, officially named The Football Association Challenge Cup Final Tie, which has traditionally been regarded as the showpiece finale of the English football season.[4]
All of the final venues, apart from four, have been in London with most being played at the original Wembley Stadium, which was used from 1923 until the stadium closed in 2000. The other venues that were used for the final prior to 1923 were Kennington Oval, Crystal Palace, Stamford Bridge and Lillie Bridge, all in London, Goodison Park in Liverpool and Fallowfield Stadium and Old Trafford in Manchester. The Millennium Stadium in Cardiff hosted the final for six years (2001–2006), while the new Wembley Stadium was under construction. Other grounds have been used for replays, which until 1999 took place if the initial match ended in a draw. The new Wembley Stadium has been the permanent venue of the final since 2007.
As of 2018, the record for the most wins is held by Arsenal with 13 victories.[2] The cup has been won by the same team in two or more consecutive years on ten occasions, and four teams have won consecutive finals more than once: Wanderers, Blackburn Rovers, Tottenham Hotspur and Arsenal.[2] The cup has been won by a non-English team once. The cup is currently held by Chelsea, who defeated Manchester United in the 2018 final.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Finals
2.1 Key
2.2 Results
3 Results by team
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Further information: History of the FA Cup
Tottenham Hotspur captain Arthur Grimsdell displays the cup to fans on the Tottenham High Road after Spurs' victory in the 1921 final, the first win by a London-based team for 20 years.
The winners of the first tournament were Wanderers, a team of former public schoolboys based in London, who went on to win the competition five times in its first seven seasons. The early winners of the competition were all teams of wealthy amateurs from the south of England,[5] but in 1883, Blackburn Olympic became the first team from the north to win the cup, defeating Old Etonians. Upon his team's return to Blackburn, Olympic captain Albert Warburton proclaimed: "The Cup is very welcome to Lancashire. It'll have a good home and it'll never go back to London."[6]
With the advent of professionalism at around the same time, the amateur teams quickly faded from prominence in the competition.[5] The leading professional clubs formed The Football League in 1888.[7] Since then, one non-league team has won the cup. Tottenham Hotspur, then of the Southern League, defeated Sheffield United of The Football League to win the 1901 final.[8] A year later Sheffield United returned to the final and won the cup, which then remained in the hands of Northern and Midland clubs until Tottenham won it again in 1921.[2] In 1927, Cardiff City, a team which plays in the English football league system despite being based in Wales, won the cup, the only non-English club to do so.[9] Scottish club Queens Park reached the final twice in the early years of the competition.[2]
Newcastle United enjoyed a brief spell of FA Cup dominance in the 1950s, winning the trophy three times in five years,[2] and in the 1960s, Tottenham Hotspur enjoyed a similar spell of success, with three wins in seven seasons. This marked the start of a successful period for London-based clubs, with 11 wins in 22 seasons.[10] Teams from the second tier of English football, at the time called the Second Division, experienced an unprecedented run of cup success between 1973 and 1980.[10] Sunderland won the cup in 1973, Southampton repeated the feat in 1976, and West Ham United won in 1980, the most recent victory by a team from outside the top division.[2][8]
Finals[edit]
Until 1999, a draw in the final would result in the match being replayed at a later date;[11] since then the final has always been decided on the day, with a penalty shootout as required.[12] As of 2017 a penalty shoot-out has been required on only two occasions, in the 2005 and 2006 finals. The competition did not take place during the First and Second World Wars, other than in the 1914–15 season, when it was completed, and the 1939–40 season, when it was abandoned during the qualifying rounds.[2]
Key[edit]
Key to list of winners
(R) Replay
* Match went to extra time
Match decided by a penalty shoot-out after extra time
Winning team won the Double
Italics Team from outside the top level of English football
(since the formation of The Football League in 1888)
All teams are English, except where marked (Scottish) or (Welsh).
Results[edit]
FA Cup winners
Season
Winners[2]
Score[2]
Runners–up[2]
Venue[13]
Attendance[13]
1871–72 FA Cup (1) !1871–72
Wanderers
1–0 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 2,000
1872–73 FA Cup (1) !1872–73
Wanderers
2–0 Oxford University Lillie Bridge 3,000
1873–74 FA Cup (1) !1873–74
Oxford University
2–0 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 2,000
1874–75 FA Cup (1) !1874–75
Royal Engineers
1–1 !* 1–1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 2,000
1874–75 FA Cup (2) !1874–75 (R)
Royal Engineers
2–0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 3,000
1875–76 FA Cup (1) !1875–76
Wanderers
1–1 !* 1–1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 3,500
1875–76 FA Cup (2) !1875–76 (R)
Wanderers
3–0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 1,500
1876–77 FA Cup (1) !1876–77
Wanderers
2–1 !* 2–1 * Oxford University Kennington Oval 3,000
1877–78 FA Cup (1) !1877–78
Wanderers
3–1 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 4,500
1878–79 FA Cup (1) !1878–79
Old Etonians
1–0 Clapham Rovers Kennington Oval 5,000
1879–80 FA Cup (1) !1879–80
Clapham Rovers
1–0 Oxford University Kennington Oval 6,000
1880–81 FA Cup (1) !1880–81
Old Carthusians
3–0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 4,000
1881–82 FA Cup (1) !1881–82
Old Etonians
1–0 Blackburn Rovers Kennington Oval 6,500
1882–83 FA Cup (1) !1882–83
Blackburn Olympic
2–1 !* 2–1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 8,000
1883–84 FA Cup (1) !1883–84
Blackburn Rovers
2–1 Queen's Park Kennington Oval 4,000
1884–85 FA Cup (1) !1884–85
Blackburn Rovers
2–0 Queen's Park Kennington Oval 12,500
1885–86 FA Cup (1) !1885–86
Blackburn Rovers
0–0 West Bromwich Albion Kennington Oval 15,000
1885–86 FA Cup (2) !1885–86 (R)
Blackburn Rovers
2–0 West Bromwich Albion Racecourse Ground !Racecourse Ground 12,000
1886–87 FA Cup (1) !1886–87
Aston Villa
2–0 West Bromwich Albion Kennington Oval 15,500
1887–88 FA Cup (1) !1887–88
West Bromwich Albion
2–1 Preston North End Kennington Oval 19,000
1888–89 FA Cup (1) !1888–89
Preston North End
3–0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Kennington Oval 22,000
1889–90 FA Cup (1) !1889–90
Blackburn Rovers
6–1 The Wednesday Kennington Oval 20,000
1890–91 FA Cup (1) !1890–91
Blackburn Rovers
3–1 Notts County Kennington Oval 23,000
1891–92 FA Cup (1) !1891–92
West Bromwich Albion
3–0 Aston Villa Kennington Oval 32,810
1892–93 FA Cup (1) !1892–93
Wolverhampton Wanderers
1–0 Everton Fallowfield Stadium 45,000
1893–94 FA Cup (1) !1893–94
Notts County
4–1 Bolton Wanderers Goodison Park 37,000
1894–95 FA Cup (1) !1894–95
Aston Villa
1–0 West Bromwich Albion Crystal Palace 42,560
1895–96 FA Cup (1) !1895–96
The Wednesday
2–1 Wolverhampton Wanderers Crystal Palace 48,836
1896–97 FA Cup (1) !1896–97
Aston Villa
3–2 Everton Crystal Palace 65,891
1897–98 FA Cup (1) !1897–98
Nottingham Forest
3–1 Derby County Crystal Palace 62,017
1898–99 FA Cup (1) !1898–99
Sheffield United
4–1 Derby County Crystal Palace 73,833
1899–1900 FA Cup (1) !1899–1900
Bury
4–0 Southampton Crystal Palace 68,945
1900–01 FA Cup (1) !1900–01
Tottenham Hotspur
2–2 Sheffield United Crystal Palace 110,820
1900–01 FA Cup (2) !1900–01 (R)
Tottenham Hotspur
3–1 Sheffield United Burnden Park 20,470
1901–02 FA Cup (1) !1901–02
Sheffield United
1–1 Southampton Crystal Palace 76,914
1901–02 FA Cup (2) !1901–02 (R)
Sheffield United
2–1 Southampton Crystal Palace 33,068
1902–03 FA Cup (1) !1902–03
Bury
6–0 Derby County Crystal Palace 63,102
1903–04 FA Cup (1) !1903–04
Manchester City
1–0 Bolton Wanderers Crystal Palace 61,374
1904–05 FA Cup (1) !1904–05
Aston Villa
2–0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 101,117
1905–06 FA Cup (1) !1905–06
Everton
1–0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 75,609
1906–07 FA Cup (1) !1906–07
The Wednesday
2–1 Everton Crystal Palace 84,594
1907–08 FA Cup (1) !1907–08
Wolverhampton Wanderers
3–1 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 74,697
1908–09 FA Cup (1) !1908–09
Manchester United
1–0 Bristol City Crystal Palace 71,401
1909–10 FA Cup (1) !1909–10
Newcastle United
1–1 Barnsley Crystal Palace 77,747
1909–10 FA Cup (2) !1909–10 (R)
Newcastle United
2–0 Barnsley Goodison Park 69,000
1910–11 FA Cup (1) !1910–11
Bradford City
0–0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 69,068
1910–11 FA Cup (2) !1910–11 (R)
Bradford City
1–0 Newcastle United Old Trafford 58,000
1911–12 FA Cup (1) !1911–12
Barnsley
0–0 West Bromwich Albion Crystal Palace 54,556
1911–12 FA Cup (2) !1911–12 (R)
Barnsley
1–0 !* 1–0 * West Bromwich Albion Bramall Lane 38,555
1912–13 FA Cup (1) !1912–13
Aston Villa
1–0 Sunderland Crystal Palace 121,919
1913–14 FA Cup (1) !1913–14
Burnley
1–0 Liverpool Crystal Palace 72,778
1914–15 FA Cup (1) !1914–15
Sheffield United
3–0 Chelsea Old Trafford 49,557
1919–20 FA Cup (1) !1919–20
Aston Villa
1–0 !* 1–0 * Huddersfield Town Stamford Bridge 50,018
1920–21 FA Cup (1) !1920–21
Tottenham Hotspur
1–0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Stamford Bridge 72,805
1921–22 FA Cup (1) !1921–22
Huddersfield Town
1–0 Preston North End Stamford Bridge 53,000
1922–23 FA Cup (1) !1922–23
Bolton Wanderers
2–0 West Ham United Wembley Stadium (original) 126,047[A]
1923–24 FA Cup (1) !1923–24
Newcastle United
2–0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium (original) 91,695
1924–25 FA Cup (1) !1924–25
Sheffield United
1–0 Cardiff City Wembley Stadium (original) 91,763
1925–26 FA Cup (1) !1925–26
Bolton Wanderers
1–0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium (original) 91,447
1926–27 FA Cup (1) !1926–27
Cardiff City
1–0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium (original) 91,206
1927–28 FA Cup (1) !1927–28
Blackburn Rovers
3–1 Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium (original) 92,041
1928–29 FA Cup (1) !1928–29
Bolton Wanderers
2–0 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium (original) 92,576
1929–30 FA Cup (1) !1929–30
Arsenal
2–0 Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium (original) 92,488
1930–31 FA Cup (1) !1930–31
West Bromwich Albion
2–1 Birmingham Wembley Stadium (original) 92,406
1931–32 FA Cup (1) !1931–32
Newcastle United
2–1 Arsenal Wembley Stadium (original) 92,298
1932–33 FA Cup (1) !1932–33
Everton
3–0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium (original) 92,950
1933–34 FA Cup (1) !1933–34
Manchester City
2–1 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium (original) 93,258
1934–35 FA Cup (1) !1934–35
Sheffield Wednesday
4–2 West Bromwich Albion Wembley Stadium (original) 93,204
1935–36 FA Cup (1) !1935–36
Arsenal
1–0 Sheffield United Wembley Stadium (original) 93,384
1936–37 FA Cup (1) !1936–37
Sunderland
3–1 Preston North End Wembley Stadium (original) 93,495
1937–38 FA Cup (1) !1937–38
Preston North End
1–0 !* 1–0 * Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium (original) 93,497
1938–39 FA Cup (1) !1938–39
Portsmouth
4–1 Wolverhampton Wanderers Wembley Stadium (original) 99,370
1945–46 FA Cup (1) !1945–46
Derby County
4–1 !* 4–1 * Charlton Athletic Wembley Stadium (original) 98,000
1946–47 FA Cup (1) !1946–47
Charlton Athletic
1–0 !* 1–0 * Burnley Wembley Stadium (original) 99,000
1947–48 FA Cup (1) !1947–48
Manchester United
4–2 Blackpool Wembley Stadium (original) 99,000
1948–49 FA Cup (1) !1948–49
Wolverhampton Wanderers
3–1 Leicester City Wembley Stadium (original) 99,500
1949–50 FA Cup (1) !1949–50
Arsenal
2–0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1950–51 FA Cup (1) !1950–51
Newcastle United
2–0 Blackpool Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1951–52 FA Cup (1) !1951–52
Newcastle United
1–0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1952–53 FA Cup (1) !1952–53
Blackpool
4–3 Bolton Wanderers Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1953–54 FA Cup (1) !1953–54
West Bromwich Albion
3–2 Preston North End Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1954–55 FA Cup (1) !1954–55
Newcastle United
3–1 Manchester City Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1955–56 FA Cup (1) !1955–56
Manchester City
3–1 Birmingham City Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1956–57 FA Cup (1) !1956–57
Aston Villa
2–1 Manchester United Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1957–58 FA Cup (1) !1957–58
Bolton Wanderers
2–0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1958–59 FA Cup (1) !1958–59
Nottingham Forest
2–1 Luton Town Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1959–60 FA Cup (1) !1959–60
Wolverhampton Wanderers
3–0 Blackburn Rovers Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1960–61 FA Cup (1) !1960–61
Tottenham Hotspur
2–0 Leicester City Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1961–62 FA Cup (1) !1961–62
Tottenham Hotspur
3–1 Burnley Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1962–63 FA Cup (1) !1962–63
Manchester United
3–1 Leicester City Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1963–64 FA Cup (1) !1963–64
West Ham United
3–2 Preston North End Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1964–65 FA Cup (1) !1964–65
Liverpool
2–1 !* 2–1 * Leeds United Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1965–66 FA Cup (1) !1965–66
Everton
3–2 Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1966–67 FA Cup (1) !1966–67
Tottenham Hotspur
2–1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1967–68 FA Cup (1) !1967–68
West Bromwich Albion
1–0 !* 1–0 * Everton Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1968–69 FA Cup (1) !1968–69
Manchester City
1–0 Leicester City Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1969–70 FA Cup (1) !1969–70
Chelsea
2–2 !* 2–2 * Leeds United Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1969–70 FA Cup (2) !1969–70 (R)
Chelsea
2–1 !* 2–1 * Leeds United Old Trafford 62,078
1970–71 FA Cup (1) !1970–71
Arsenal
2–1 !* 2–1 * Liverpool Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1971–72 FA Cup (1) !1971–72
Leeds United
1–0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1972–73 FA Cup (1) !1972–73
Sunderland
1–0 Leeds United Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1973–74 FA Cup (1) !1973–74
Liverpool
3–0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1974–75 FA Cup (1) !1974–75
West Ham United
2–0 Fulham Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1975–76 FA Cup (1) !1975–76
Southampton
1–0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1976–77 FA Cup (1) !1976–77
Manchester United
2–1 Liverpool Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1977–78 FA Cup (1) !1977–78
Ipswich Town
1–0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1978–79 FA Cup (1) !1978–79
Arsenal
3–2 Manchester United Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1979–80 FA Cup (1) !1979–80
West Ham United
1–0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1980–81 FA Cup (1) !1980–81
Tottenham Hotspur
1–1 !* 1–1 * Manchester City Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1980–81 FA Cup (2) !1980–81 (R)
Tottenham Hotspur
3–2 Manchester City Wembley Stadium (original) 92,000
1981–82 FA Cup (1) !1981–82
Tottenham Hotspur
1–1 !* 1–1 * Queens Park Rangers Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1981–82 FA Cup (2) !1981–82 (R)
Tottenham Hotspur
1–0 Queens Park Rangers Wembley Stadium (original) 90,000
1982–83 FA Cup (1) !1982–83
Manchester United
2–2 !* 2–2 * Brighton & Hove Albion Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1982–83 FA Cup (2) !1982–83 (R)
Manchester United
4–0 Brighton & Hove Albion Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1983–84 FA Cup (1) !1983–84
Everton
2–0 Watford Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1984–85 FA Cup (1) !1984–85
Manchester United
1–0 !* 1–0 * Everton Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1985–86 FA Cup (1) !1985–86
Liverpool
3–1 Everton Wembley Stadium (original) 98,000
1986–87 FA Cup (1) !1986–87
Coventry City
3–2 !* 3–2 * Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium (original) 98,000
1987–88 FA Cup (1) !1987–88
Wimbledon
1–0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium (original) 98,203
1988–89 FA Cup (1) !1988–89
Liverpool
3–2 !* 3–2 * Everton Wembley Stadium (original) 82,500
1989–90 FA Cup (1) !1989–90
Manchester United
3–3 !* 3–3 * Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium (original) 80,000
1989–90 FA Cup (2) !1989–90 (R)
Manchester United
1–0 Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium (original) 80,000
1990–91 FA Cup (1) !1990–91
Tottenham Hotspur
2–1 !* 2–1 * Nottingham Forest Wembley Stadium (original) 80,000
1991–92 FA Cup (1) !1991–92
Liverpool
2–0 Sunderland Wembley Stadium (original) 80,000
1992–93 FA Cup (1) !1992–93
Arsenal
1–1 !* 1–1 * Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium (original) 79,347
1992–93 FA Cup (2) !1992–93 (R)
Arsenal
2–1 !* 2–1 * Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium (original) 62,267
1993–94 FA Cup (1) !1993–94
Manchester United
4–0 Chelsea Wembley Stadium (original) 79,634
1994–95 FA Cup (1) !1994–95
Everton
1–0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium (original) 79,592
1995–96 FA Cup (1) !1995–96
Manchester United
1–0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium (original) 79,007
1996–97 FA Cup (1) !1996–97
Chelsea
2–0 Middlesbrough Wembley Stadium (original) 79,160
1997–98 FA Cup (1) !1997–98
Arsenal
2–0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium (original) 79,183
1998–99 FA Cup (1) !1998–99
Manchester United
2–0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium (original) 79,101
1999–2000 FA Cup (1) !1999–2000
Chelsea
1–0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium (original) 78,217
2000–01 FA Cup (1) !2000–01
Liverpool
2–1 Arsenal Millennium Stadium 72,500
2001–02 FA Cup (1) !2001–02
Arsenal
2–0 Chelsea Millennium Stadium 73,963
2002–03 FA Cup (1) !2002–03
Arsenal
1–0 Southampton Millennium Stadium 73,726
2003–04 FA Cup (1) !2003–04
Manchester United
3–0 Millwall Millennium Stadium 71,350
2004–05 FA Cup (1) !2004–05
Arsenal
0–0 ! 0–0 Manchester United Millennium Stadium 71,876
2005–06 FA Cup (1) !2005–06
Liverpool
3–3 ! 3–3 West Ham United Millennium Stadium 71,140
2006–07 FA Cup (1) !2006–07
Chelsea
1–0 !* 1–0 * Manchester United Wembley Stadium (new) 89,826
2007–08 FA Cup (1) !2007–08
Portsmouth
1–0 Cardiff City Wembley Stadium (new) 89,874
2008–09 FA Cup (1) !2008–09
Chelsea
2–1 Everton Wembley Stadium (new) 89,391
2009–10 FA Cup (1) !2009–10
Chelsea
1–0 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium (new) 88,335
2010–11 FA Cup (1) !2010–11
Manchester City
1–0 Stoke City Wembley Stadium (new) 88,643
2011–12 FA Cup (1) !2011–12
Chelsea
2–1 Liverpool Wembley Stadium (new) 89,041
2012–13 FA Cup (1) !2012–13
Wigan Athletic
1–0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium (new) 86,254
2013–14 FA Cup (1) !2013–14
Arsenal
3–2 !* 3–2 * Hull City Wembley Stadium (new) 89,345
2014–15 FA Cup (1) !2014–15
Arsenal
4–0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium (new) 89,283
2015–16 FA Cup (1) !2015–16
Manchester United
2–1 !* 2–1 * Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium (new) 88,619
2016–17 FA Cup (1) !2016–17
Arsenal
2–1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium (new) 89,472
2017–18 FA Cup (1) !2017–18
Chelsea
1–0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium (new) 87,647
A. ^ The official attendance for the 1923 final was reported as 126,047, but the actual figure is believed to be anywhere between 150,000 and 300,000.[14][15]
Results by team[edit]
Teams shown in italics are no longer in existence. Additionally, Queen's Park ceased to be eligible to enter the FA Cup after a Scottish Football Association ruling in 1887.[16]
Results by team
Club
Wins
First final won
Last final won
Runners-up
Last final lost
Total final appearances
Arsenal
13 1930 2017 7 2001 20
Manchester United
12 1909 2016 8 2018 20
Chelsea
8 1970 2018 5 2017 13
Tottenham Hotspur
8 1901 1991 1 1987 9
Liverpool
7 1965 2006 7 2012 14
Aston Villa
7 1887 1957 4 2015 11
Newcastle United
6 1910 1955 7 1999 13
Blackburn Rovers
6 1884 1928 2 1960 8
Everton
5 1906 1995 8 2009 13
Manchester City
5 1904 2011 5 2013 10
West Bromwich Albion
5 1888 1968 5 1935 10
Wanderers
5 1872 1878 0 – 5
Wolverhampton Wanderers
4 1893 1960 4 1939 8
Bolton Wanderers
4 1923 1958 3 1953 7
Sheffield United
4 1899 1925 2 1936 6
Sheffield Wednesday[A]
3 1896 1935 3 1993 6
West Ham United
3 1964 1980 2 2006 5
Preston North End
2 1889 1938 5 1964 7
Old Etonians
2 1879 1882 4 1883 6
Portsmouth
2 1939 2008 3 2010 5
Sunderland
2 1937 1973 2 1992 4
Nottingham Forest
2 1898 1959 1 1991 3
Bury
2 1900 1903 0 – 2
Huddersfield Town
1 1922 1922 4 1938 5
Derby County
1 1946 1946 3 1903 4
Leeds United
1 1972 1972 3 1973 4
Oxford University
1 1874 1874 3 1880 4
Royal Engineers
1 1875 1875 3 1878 4
Southampton
1 1976 1976 3 2003 4
Blackpool
1 1953 1953 2 1951 3
Burnley
1 1914 1914 2 1962 3
Cardiff City
1 1927 1927 2 2008 3
Charlton Athletic
1 1947 1947 1 1946 2
Barnsley
1 1912 1912 1 1910 2
Clapham Rovers
1 1880 1880 1 1879 2
Notts County
1 1894 1894 1 1891 2
Blackburn Olympic
1 1883 1883 0 – 1
Bradford City
1 1911 1911 0 – 1
Coventry City
1 1987 1987 0 – 1
Ipswich Town
1 1978 1978 0 – 1
Old Carthusians
1 1881 1881 0 – 1
Wigan Athletic
1 2013 2013 0 – 1
Wimbledon[B]
1 1988 1988 0 – 1
Leicester City
0 4 1969 4
Birmingham City
0 2 1956 2
Crystal Palace
0 2 2016 2
Queen's Park
0 2 1885 2
Brighton & Hove Albion
0 1 1983 1
Bristol City
0 1 1909 1
Fulham
0 1 1975 1
Hull City
0 1 2014 1
Luton Town
0 1 1959 1
Middlesbrough
0 1 1997 1
Millwall
0 1 2004 1
Queens Park Rangers
0 1 1982 1
Stoke City
0 1 2011 1
Watford
0 1 1984 1
Jump up ^ Sheffield Wednesday's total includes two wins and one defeat under the earlier name of The Wednesday.
Jump up ^ Wimbledon relocated in 2004 from south London to Milton Keynes rebranding the club as Milton Keynes Dons, but the current incarnation of the club considers that it was founded in 2004 and does not lay claim to the history or honours (including the FA Cup win) of Wimbledon.[17]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jury, Louise (7 January 2005). "FA Cup trophy's sale to set football memorabilia record". The Independent. Independent News & Media. Retrieved 24 October 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "F A Cup Summary – Contents". The Football Club History Database. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "FA Competition Administration". The Football Association. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Townsend, Nick (21 May 2000). "Football: FA Cup Final: Calamity for James as Di Matteo makes history". The Independent. Independent News & Media. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Soar, Phil; Tyler, Martin (1983). Encyclopedia of British Football. Willow Books. p. 19. ISBN 0-00-218049-9.
Jump up ^ Soar, Phil; Tyler, Martin. Encyclopedia of British Football. p. 20.
Jump up ^ Soar, Phil; Tyler, Martin. Encyclopedia of British Football. pp. 16–17.
^ Jump up to: a b Lyles, Christopher (5 January 2008). "FA Cup by numbers". Daily Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 24 October 2008.
Jump up ^ Shuttleworth, Peter (9 May 2008). "Cardiff in footsteps of FA Cup giants". BBC Sport. Retrieved 24 October 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Soar, Phil; Tyler, Martin. Encyclopedia of British Football. p. 27.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (4 February 2005). "FA Cup in danger of losing lustre". BBC Sport. Retrieved 24 October 2008.
Jump up ^ "Rules of The FA Challenge Cup". The Football Association. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Barnes, Stuart (2008). Nationwide Football Annual 2008–2009. SportsBooks Ltd. pp. 132, 134–143. ISBN 1-899807-72-1.
Jump up ^ Bateson, Bill; Sewell, Albert (1992). News of the World Football Annual 1992–93. Harper Collins. p. 219. ISBN 0-85543-188-1.
Jump up ^ "The F.A. Cup – Bolton's Victory – Record Crowds". The Times. News International. 30 May 1923. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
Jump up ^ "Ask Albert – Number 5". BBC Sport. 19 February 2001. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Merton to be given Dons trophies". BBC Sport. 2 August 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
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text:
Flag of Puerto Rico
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Puerto Rico
Name
Current flag of Puerto Rico
Adopted
1952
Variant flag of Puerto Rico
Name
(1895 flag version with Azul Celeste blue tone)
Variant flag of Puerto Rico
Name
(1952 flag version with dark blue tone)
Use
Civil and state flag, civil and state ensign
Design
Five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; blue ) isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large, white, five-pointed star in the center.(Official colors of the flag)
The flag of Puerto Rico represents and symbolizes the island of Puerto Rico and its people.
The origins of the current flag of Puerto Rico, adopted by the commonwealth of Puerto Rico in 1952, can be traced to 1868, when the first Puerto Rican flag, "The Revolutionary Flag of Lares", was conceived by Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances and embroidered by Mariana "Brazos de Oro" Bracetti. This flag was used in the short-lived Puerto Rican revolt against Spanish rule in the island, known as "El Grito de Lares".[1][2]
Juan de Mata Terreforte, an exiled veteran of "El Grito de Lares" and Vice-President of the Cuban Revolutionary Committee, in New York City, adopted the flag of Lares as the flag of Puerto Rico until 1895, when the current design, modeled after the Cuban flag, was unveiled and adopted by the 59 Puerto Rican exiles of the Cuban Revolutionary committee.[3] The new flag, which consisted of five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large, white, five-pointed star in the center, was first flown in Puerto Rico on March 24, 1897, during the "Intentona de Yauco" revolt. The use and display of the Puerto Rican flag was outlawed and the only flags permitted to be flown in Puerto Rico were the Spanish flag (1492 to 1898) and the flag of the United States (1898 to 1952).
In 1952, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico adopted the same flag design, which was unveiled in 1895 by the Puerto Rican exiles within the Cuban Revolutionary Committee, as its official standard. The color of the triangle that was used by the administration of Luis Muñoz Marín was the dark blue.[4] In 1995, the government of Puerto Rico issued a regulation regarding the use of the Puerto Rican flag titled: "Reglamento sobre el Uso en Puerto Rico de la Bandera del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico", in which the government specifies the colors to be used but does not specify any official color tones or shades. Therefore, it is not uncommon to see the flag of Puerto Rico with different shades of blue displayed in the island.[5] Several Puerto Rican flags, with darker shades than sky blue were aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery during its flight into outer space on March 15, 2009.[6][7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Spanish era
1.2 First indigenous design
1.3 Current design
1.4 Outlawing the flag
1.5 Formal adoption
1.6 Symbol of pride, defiance and protest
2 Diplomatic contact regarding similar flags
3 Gallery
4 See also
5 References
5.1 Footnotes
5.2 Primary sources
6 External links
History
Spanish era
Captain's Ensign of Columbus's Ships.
The introduction of a flag in Puerto Rico can be traced to when Christopher Columbus landed on the island's shore and with the flag appointed to him by the Spanish Crown claimed the island, which he named "San Juan Bautista", in the name of Spain. Columbus wrote in his logbook that on October 12, 1492, he used the Royal Flag, and that his captains used two flags which the Admiral carried in all the ships as ensign, each white with a green cross in the middle and an 'F' and 'Y', both green and crowned with golden, open royal crowns, for Ferdinand II of Aragon and Ysabel (Isabel I).[8] The conquistadores under the command of Juan Ponce de León proceeded to conquer and settle the island. They carried as their military standard the "Spanish Expedition Flag". After the island was conquered and colonized, the flag of Spain was used in Puerto Rico, same as it was used in all of its other colonies.[9]
Once the Spanish armed forces established themselves on the island they began the construction of military fortifications such as La Fortaleza, Fort San Felipe del Morro, Fort San Cristóbal and San Gerónimo. The Spanish Army designed the "Cross of Burgundy Flag" and adopted it as their standard. This flag flew wherever there was a Spanish military installation.[10]
First indigenous design
A photograph of the Lares revolutionary flag of 1868, also known as the "First Puerto Rican Flag" in Puerto Rico
The independence movement in Puerto Rico gained momentum with the liberation successes of Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín in South America. In 1868, local independence leader Ramón Emeterio Betances urged Mariana Bracetti to knit a revolutionary flag using the flag of the Dominican Republic as an example, promoting the then popular ideal of uniting the three caribbean islands into an Antillean Confederation. The materials for the flag were provided by Eduvigis Beauchamp Sterling, named Treasurer of the revolution by Betances.[11] The flag was divided in the middle by a white Latin cross, the two lower corners were red and the two upper corners were blue with a white star in the upper left blue corner. According to Puerto Rican poet Luis Lloréns Torres the white cross on it stands for the yearning for homeland redemption; the red squares, the blood poured by the heroes of the rebellion and the white star in the blue solitude square, stands for liberty and freedom.[12] The "Revolutionary Flag of Lares" was used in the short-lived rebellion against Spain in what became known as El Grito de Lares (The Cry of Lares).[13] The flag was proclaimed the national flag of the "Republic of Puerto Rico" by Francisco Ramírez Medina, who was sworn in as Puerto Rico's first president, and placed on the high altar of the Catholic Church of Lares, thus becoming the first Puerto Rican Flag.[1] The original Lares flag was taken by a Spanish army officer as a war prize. Many years later it was returned and transferred to the Puerto Rican people. It is now exhibited in the University of Puerto Rico's Museum.[1]
In 1873, following the abdication of Amadeus, Duke of Aosta, as King (1870–1873) and with Spain's change from Kingdom to Republic, the Spanish government issued a new colonial flag for Puerto Rico. The new flag, which was used until 1873, resembled the flag of Spain, with the difference that it had the coat of arms of Puerto Rico in the middle. Spain's flag once more flew over Puerto Rico with the restoration of the Spanish kingdom in 1873, until 1898 the year that the island became a possession of the United States under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1898) in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War.[14]
Current design
Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee
(standing L-R) Manuel Besosa, Aurelio Méndez Martínez, and Sotero Figueroa (seated L-R) Juan de M. Terreforte, D. Jose Julio Henna and Roberto H. Todd
Juan de Mata Terreforte, a leader of the Grito de Lares revolt who fought alongside Manuel Rojas, was exiled to New York City. He joined the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee and was named its Vice-President.[3] Terreforte and the members of the Revolutionary committee adopted the Flag of Lares as their standard. In 1892, the Committee was presented with the design of the current flag of Puerto Rico. The new flag's design has been attributed to various Puerto Ricans who were members of the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee in New York City.
Some sources document Francisco Gonzalo Marín with presenting a Puerto Rican flag prototype in 1895 for adoption by the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee in New York City. Marín has since been credited by some with the flag's design.[15] There is a letter written by Juan de Mata Terreforte which gives credit to Marin. The original contents of the letter in Spanish are the following:[16]
"La adopción de la bandera cubana con los colores invertidos me fue sugerida por el insigne patriota Francisco Gonzalo Marín en una carta que me escribió desde Jamaica. Yo hice la proposición a los patriotas puertorriqueños que asistieron al mitin de Chimney Hall y fue aprobada unánimemente."
Which translated in English states the following: The adaptation of the Cuban flag with the colors inverted was suggested by the patriot Francisco Gonzalo Marín in a letter which he wrote from Jamaica. I made the proposition to various Puerto Rican patriots during a meeting at Chimney Hall and it was approved unanimously.[16]
According to other accounts on June 12, 1892, disputed by scholar Armando Martí,[17] Antonio Vélez Alvarado was at his apartment at 219 Twenty-Third Street in Manhattan, when he stared at a Cuban flag for a few minutes, and then took a look at the blank wall in which it was being displayed. Vélez suddenly perceived an optical illusion, in which he perceived the image of the Cuban flag with the colors in the flag's triangle and stripes inverted. Almost immediately he visited a nearby merchant, Domingo Peraza, from whom he bought some crepe paper to build a crude prototype. He later displayed his prototype in a dinner meeting at his neighbor's house, where the owner, Micaela Dalmau vda. de Carreras, had invited José Martí as a guest. Martí was pleasantly impressed by the prototype, and made note of it in a newspaper article published in the Cuban revolutionary newspaper Patria, published on July 2 of that year. Acceptance of the prototype was slow in coming, but grew with time. Francisco Gonzalo Marín, who decided to have a proper flag sewn based on the prototype, presented the new flag's design in New York's "Chimney Corner Hall" a gathering place of independence advocates two years later. The Puerto Rican Flag (with the light blue triangle) soon came to symbolize the ideals of the Puerto Rican independence movement.[18]
Flag flown by Fidel Vélez and his men during the "Intentona de Yauco" revolt
In a letter written by Maria Manuela (Mima) Besosa, the daughter of the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee member Manuel Besosa, she stated that she sewed the flag. This created a belief that her father could have been its designer. In her letter she described the flag as one which consists of five stripes that alternate from red to white. Three of the stripes are red, and the other two are white. To the left of the flag is a light blue triangle that houses one white five-pointed star. Each part of this flag has its own meaning. The three red stripes represent the blood from the brave warriors. The two white stripes represent the victory and peace that they would have after gaining independence. The white star represented the island of Puerto Rico. The blue represents the sky and blue coastal waters. The triangle represents the three branches of government.[19] Finally, it is also believed by some that it was Lola Rodríguez de Tió who suggested that Puerto Ricans use the Cuban flag with its colors reversed as the model for their own standard.[20] The color of the Cuban flag's blue stripes, however, were a darker shade of blue, according to Professor Martí.
Even though the local newspaper "El Imparcial" on January 17, 1948, that Vélez Alvarado was the "Prócer Que Creó Bandera Patria" (The Father of the Puerto Rican Flag)[21] it may never be known who really designed the current flag, however what is known is that on December 22, 1895, the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee officially adopted the design which represents the current flag. In 1897, Antonio Mattei Lluberas visited the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee in New York City to plan an uprising in Yauco. He returned to Puerto Rico with a Puerto Rican flag[22] and on March 24, 1897, a group of men, led by Fidel Vélez, carried the Puerto Rican flag and attacked the barracks of Spanish Civil Guard of the town Yauco during the revolt against Spanish rule which became known as the "Intentona de Yauco" (Attempted Coup of Yauco). The revolt, which was the second and last major attempt against the Spaniards in the island, was the first time that the flag of Puerto Rico was used on Puerto Rican soil.[23][24]
Outlawing the flag
Puerto Rican flag removed by a soldier after the 1950 Jayuya Uprising.
From December 10, 1898 (the date of the annexation of Puerto Rico by the United States) up until 1952, it was considered a felony to display the Puerto Rican flag in public; the only flag permitted to be flown on the island was the flag of the United States.[25] However, the Puerto Rican flag was often used in the political assemblies of the pro-independence Liberal Party of Puerto Rico and in defiance by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. In 1932, the Nationalist Party used the flag as its emblem during the elections and in their parades. The Puerto Rico legislature presided by then President of the Puerto Rican Senate Luis Muñoz Marín, passed a bill on May 21, 1948, known as Law 53, making it illegal to display the Puerto Rico Flag, sing a Puerto Rican patriotic song and talk of independence for the islands of Puerto Rico. On June 10, 1948, the United States-appointed Governor of Puerto Rico, Jesús T. Piñero, a member of the ruling Popular Democratic Party (PDP), signed the bill which became known as the "Ley de la Mordaza" (Gag Law).[26] Later that same year Puerto Ricans were permitted to elect a governor and they elected Luis Muñoz Marín. During the Jayuya Uprising of 1950 against United States rule, members of the Nationalist party placed the Puerto Rican flag on top of the town hall; the flag was later taken down by a soldier.
Formal adoption
In 1952, Governor Luis Muñoz Marín and his administration adopted the Puerto Rican flag which was originally designed in 1892, and proclaimed it the official flag of Puerto Rico. The official adaptation of the flag has been interpreted by some as a ploy by Muñoz Marin to neutralize the independence movement in his own party.[27] There were some differences between the original flag of 1892 and the one of 1952 and the meaning of the colors was officially changed. Now the white bars stood for the republican form of government, rather than representing the victory and peace that Puerto Ricans were supposed to have after gaining independence.[28] The sky-blue of the triangle in the original flag was changed to dark blue, resembling that of the flag of the United States, to keep it distanced from its revolutionary roots. For nationalist leader Pedro Albizu Campos, having the flag represent the government was a desecration,[29] while the independence party accused the government of "corrupting beloved symbols".[27] In 1995, the government of Puerto Rico began to use the sky-blue version once more.[30][31] The government of Puerto Rico issued a regulation in regard to the use of the Puerto Rican flag titled: "Reglamento sobre el Uso en Puerto Rico de la Bandera del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico; Reglamento Núm. 5282." (Regulations in regard to the use in Puerto Rico of the flag of Commonwealth of Puerto Rico; Regulation No. 5282). In the regulation's "Artículo 2: Definiciones" and "Artículo 2: Descripción y simbolismo" (Article 2: Description and Article 2: Description and symbolism) the government specifies the colors to be used but does not specify any official color tones or shades and as such it is not unusual to see the flag with either tone of blue flown in official settings in Puerto Rico.[5]
Symbol of pride, defiance and protest
Among the many occasions in which the flag has been used as a symbol of pride was when the flag arrived in South Korea during the Korean War. On August 13, 1952, while the men of Puerto Rico's 65th Infantry Regiment (United States) were being attacked by enemy forces on Hill 346, the regiment unfurled the Puerto Rican Flag for the first time in history in a foreign combat zone. During the ceremony Regimental Chaplain Daniel Wilson stated the following:[32][33]
"Grant us Thy Peace and Power," the chaplain prayed for, "in this conflict against aggression and tyranny. Show us in Thy purpose Peace for all the men in the world. We dedicate this flag of the Associated Free State of Puerto Rico in Thy name."
The Commanding Officer Colonel Juan César Cordero Dávila was quoted as saying:[32][33]
"How beautiful is our flag, how it looks next to the stars and the stripes! Let the communists on the other side of the Yokkok River see it and listen to me those who understand Spanish if these words reach your trenches."
Two members of the 65th Infantry pose with the flag during the Korean War
On various occasions the flag has been used as a symbol of defiance and protest. In the 1954 attack of the United States House of Representatives in a protest against United States rule of the island, Nationalist leader Lolita Lebrón shouted "¡Viva Puerto Rico Libre!" ("Long live a Free Puerto Rico!") and unfurled the flag of Puerto Rico.[34] On November 5, 2000, Alberto De Jesus Mercado, better known as Tito Kayak, and five other Vieques activists stepped onto the top deck of the Statue of Liberty in New York City, then placed a Puerto Rican flag, with the triangle darker than the light-blue version[35] on the statue's crown, reenacting an earlier protest in the 1970s asking for the release of Puerto Rican prisoners, this time in protest of the United States Navy usage of the island of Vieques as a bombing range.[36]
On March 15, 2009, several Puerto Rican flags were aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery during its flight into outer space. Joseph M. Acaba, the first astronaut of Puerto Rican descent, who is assigned to the crew of STS-119 as a Mission Specialist Educator, carried on his person the flag as a symbol of his Puerto Rican heritage.[6] Acaba presented Governor Luis Fortuño and Secretary of State Kenneth McClintock with two of the flags during his visit in June 2009. The two flags' triangles had a darker blue hue.[37]
The flag is also the subject of the song "Que Bonita Bandera" (What a beautiful flag) written in 1968 and made popular by Puerto Rican folksinger Florencio "Ramito" Morales Ramos. Astronaut Acaba, requested that the crew be awakened on March 19, 2009 (Day 5), with the Puerto Rico folklore song, sung by Jose Gonzalez and Banda Criolla, during their space flight.[38]
Diplomatic contact regarding similar flags
In the 1950s Puerto Rico contacted Norway's Foreign Ministry in an attempt to have Norwegian shipping company Norled stop using a flag that has a significant[39] likeness to Puerto Rico's flag. Norway has not legally challenged the shipping company's position, that their flag is older than Puerto Rico's.[39] The shipping company's flag is still in use, as of 2014[update].[39]
Gallery
Flag of Province of Puerto Rico (1873–1898)
Lares revolutionary flag of 1868
Spanish–American War flag: flag of the Batallón Provisional No. 3 de Puerto Rico (3rd Provisional Battalion of Puerto Rico).
Flag of Spain (1873–1874) First Spanish Republic.
Original Puerto Rican flag design of 1895
Puerto Rican flag aboard the Discovery Space Shuttle (March 15, 2009)
See also
Puerto Rico portal
Heraldry portal
List of Puerto Rican flags
List of municipal flags of Puerto Rico
Coat of arms of Puerto Rico
Seal of Puerto Rico
Flag of Cuba, a similar flag with the red and blue reversed, and longer length
Det Stavangerske Dampskibsselskap - A Norwegian shipping company with a virtually identical flag in its logo
References
Footnotes
^ Jump up to: a b c "Puerto Rico". flagspot.net. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Puerto Rico - Cinco Siglos de Historia"; by: Francisco Sacrano; publisher: McGraw Hill Interamericana, SA, 1993; pag. 533
^ Jump up to: a b "Enciclopedia de Puerto Rico". enciclopediapr.org. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Flags of the World; Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Flags of the World, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009
^ Jump up to: a b Reglamento sobre el Uso en Puerto Rico de la Bandera del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico(Spanish), Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Retrieved on Feb. 25, 2009 (in Spanish)
^ Jump up to: a b "Boricua a Punto de Abordar El Discovery, Acaba llevara bandera de PR" - El Nuevo Dia; By Marcia Dunn Associated Press Archived 2009-03-12 at the Wayback Machine., Retrieved March 12, 2009 (Spanish)
Jump up ^ "The Flag of Puerto Rico | District of Puerto Rico". Retrieved 2015-06-11.
Jump up ^ Enchanted Learning, Zoom Explorers, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009
Jump up ^ Christopher Columbus' Flags 1492, Flags of the World, Retrieved February 25, 2009
Jump up ^ Spanish Burgundy Flag, University of Georgia, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009
Jump up ^ Julia Sosa. "Familia: Brief History on the Beauchamp Origens". ancestry.com. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lares--municipio de Puerto Rico-datos y fotos-videos". prfrogui.com. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Peres Moris, José, Historia de la Insurrección de Lares, 1871 (in Spanish), Library of Congress, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009
Jump up ^ Popular Expression and National Identity in Puerto Rico: The Struggle for Self, Community, and Nation; by Lillian Guerra; Pg. 200; Publisher: University Press of Florida; 1st edition (June 30, 1998); ISBN 0-8130-1594-4; ISBN 978-0-8130-1594-1
Jump up ^ "Latin America's Wars Volume I: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791-1899"; by Robert L. Scheina; Pg. 359; Publisher: Potomac Books Inc.; 1 edition (January 2003); ISBN 1-57488-449-2; ISBN 978-1-57488-449-4
^ Jump up to: a b "Vida, pasión y muerte de Francisco Gonzalo Marín [Pachín]". nireblog.com. Archived from the original on April 20, 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
Jump up ^ https://editorialakelarre.blogspot.com/2016/11/sobre-las-banderas-de-cuba-y-puerto-rico.html?showComment=1480645578550#c669442883047578527
Jump up ^ Antonio Vélez Alvarado, amigo y colaborador consecuente de Martí y Betances, Author: Dávila, Ovidio; pp. 11-13.; Publisher: San Juan, P.R. : Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña (Institute of Puerto Rican Culture), 2002. (in Spanish)
Jump up ^ Puerto Rico, Welcome to Puerto Rico, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009
Jump up ^ Lola Rodríguez de Tió, Library of Congress, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009
Jump up ^ "Muere Antonio Vélez Alvarado, Prócer Que Creó Bandera Patria", El Imparcial, January 17, 1948, pág. "B"
Jump up ^ "Historia militar de Puerto Rico"; by Hector Andres Negroni (Author); Pages: 307; Publisher: Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario (1992); Language: Spanish; ISBN 84-7844-138-7; ISBN 978-84-7844-138-9
Jump up ^ Sabia Usted? (in Spanish), Sabana Grande, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009
Jump up ^ The Flag, Flags of the World, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009
Jump up ^ Photos of the Jayuya Uprising, Latin American Studies, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009
Jump up ^ "History of Puerto Rico - 1900 - 1949". topuertorico.org. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics, and Identity"; by Nancy Morris, Published by Praeger/Greenwood 1995; ISBN 0-275-95452-8. P.51
Jump up ^ Flag of Puerto Rico by Martín Espada an authority and professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst Archived 2009-04-16 at the Wayback Machine., Martín Espada, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009
Jump up ^ "Luis Muñoz Marín: Puerto Rico's Democratic Revolution" Published by Editorial UPR, 2006; ISBN 0-8477-0158-1. P.90
Jump up ^ Flag of Puerto Rico, Flags of the World, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009
Jump up ^ Welcome to Puerto Rico - Flag of Puerto Rico, Welcome to Puerto Rico, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009
^ Jump up to: a b "Letter Col. Juan C. Cordero to Brig. Gen. Robert M. Bathurst, September 5, 1952." A transcription of said document is currently available at www.valerosos.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "Saviors of the Cause The Role of the Puerto Rican Soldier in One Man’s Crusade"; by Luis Asencio Camacho
Jump up ^ Associated Press (2004-02-29). "No one expected attack on Congress in 1954". Holland Sentinel. Archived from the original on 2005-03-22. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
Jump up ^ http://tlloh.com/puerto-rican-flag-on-the-statue-of-liberty/
Jump up ^ Vieques: A Photographically Illustrated Guide to the Island, Its History and Its Culture; by Gerald Singer; page 183; Publisher: Sombrero Publishing Company; ISBN 0-9641220-4-9; ISBN 978-0-9641220-4-8
Jump up ^ http://www.elnuevodia.com/visitaralaislajosephacaba-574513.html
Jump up ^ El Nuevo Dia Archived January 4, 2014, at the Wayback Machine., (Spanish newspaper) Retrieved March 21, 2009
^ Jump up to: a b c "Dette flagget skapte diplomatiske bruduljar". Bergens Tidende. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
Primary sources
Act No.1, Approved July 24, 1952.
Regulations on the Use of the Puerto Rico flag. Núm. 5282, August 3, 1995 (in Spanish)
Mapas, Escudos y Banderas de Puerto Rico (Actualized ed.). Puerto Rico: Láminas Latino. 2007. (in Spanish)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Puerto Rico.
Puerto Rico at Flags of the World
Puerto Rico flags at Vexilla mundi
The Flag of The Jatibonicu Taíno Tribal Nation
Academic Study on blue triangle in Puerto Rico flag
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