text:
United States Secretary of Education
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Secretary of Education of the United States of America
Seal of the Department of Education
Flag of the Secretary of Education
Incumbent
Betsy DeVos
since February 7, 2017
United States Department of Education
Style
Madam Secretary
Reports to
The President
Seat
Washington, D.C.
Appointer
The President
with Senate advice and consent
Constituting instrument
20 U.S.C. § 3411
Formation
November 30, 1979; 37 years ago (1979-11-30)
First holder
Shirley Hufstedler
Succession
Sixteenth[1]
Deputy
Deputy Secretary of Education
Salary
Executive Schedule, level 1
Website
www.ed.gov
Education in the United States
By state + insular areas
By subject area
History of
Issues: Finance – Law – Literacy – Reform
Levels: Primary – Secondary – Higher
Organizations
Education portal
United States portal
v
t
e
The United States Secretary of Education is the head of the U.S. Department of Education. The Secretary advises the President on federal policies, programs, and activities related to education in the United States. As a member of the President's Executive Cabinet, this Secretary is fifteenth in the line of succession to the presidency.
Contents
[hide]
1 Function
2 List of Secretaries
2.1 List of Secretaries of Health, Education, and Welfare
2.2 List of Secretaries of Education
3 Living former Secretaries
4 References
5 External links
Function[edit]
The United States Secretary of Education is a member of the President's Cabinet and is the fifteenth in the United States presidential line of succession.[2] This Secretary deals with federal influence over education policy, and heads the U.S. Department of Education.[3]
The Secretary is advised by the National Advisory Committee on Institutional Quality and Integrity, an advisory committee, on "matters related to accreditation and to the eligibility and certification process for institutions of higher education."[4]
List of Secretaries[edit]
Prior to the creation of the Department of Education in 1979, Education was part of the ambit of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Parties
Democratic Republican
Status
Denotes an Acting Secretary of Education
List of Secretaries of Health, Education, and Welfare[edit]
No.
Portrait
Name
State of residence
Took office
Left office
President
1
Oveta Culp Hobby Texas April 11, 1953 July 31, 1955 Dwight D. Eisenhower
2
Marion B. Folsom New York August 2, 1955 July 31, 1958
3
Arthur S. Flemming Ohio August 1, 1958 January 19, 1961
4
Abraham A. Ribicoff Connecticut January 21, 1961 July 13, 1962 John F. Kennedy
5
Anthony J. Celebrezze Ohio July 31, 1962 August 17, 1965
Lyndon B. Johnson
6
John W. Gardner California August 18, 1965 March 1, 1968
7
Wilbur J. Cohen Michigan May 16, 1968 January 20, 1969
8
Robert H. Finch California January 21, 1969 June 23, 1970 Richard Nixon
9
Elliot L. Richardson Massachusetts June 24, 1970 January 29, 1973
10
Caspar W. Weinberger California February 12, 1973 August 8, 1975
Gerald Ford
11
F. David Mathews Alabama August 8, 1975 January 20, 1977
12
Joseph A. Califano Jr. District of Columbia January 25, 1977 August 3, 1979 Jimmy Carter
13
Patricia Roberts Harris District of Columbia August 3, 1979 May 4, 1980[5]
List of Secretaries of Education[edit]
No.
Portrait
name
State of Residence
Took Office
Left Office
President
1
Shirley Hufstedler California November 30, 1979 January 20, 1981 Jimmy Carter
2
Terrel Bell Utah January 22, 1981 January 20, 1985 Ronald Reagan
William Bennett New York February 6, 1985 September 20, 1988
3
4
Lauro Cavazos Texas September 20, 1988 December 12, 1990
George H. W. Bush
–
Ted Sanders
Acting Illinois December 12, 1990 March 22, 1991
5
Lamar Alexander Tennessee March 22, 1991 January 20, 1993
6
Richard Riley South Carolina January 21, 1993 January 20, 2001 Bill Clinton
7
Rod Paige Texas January 20, 2001 January 20, 2005 George W. Bush
8
Margaret Spellings Texas January 20, 2005 January 20, 2009
9
Arne Duncan[6] Illinois January 21, 2009 January 1, 2016 Barack Obama
10
John King Jr.[6] New York January 1, 2016 March 14, 2016
March 14, 2016 January 20, 2017
–
Phil Rosenfelt
Acting Virginia January 20, 2017 February 7, 2017 Donald Trump
11
Betsy DeVos Michigan February 7, 2017 Incumbent
Living former Secretaries[edit]
See also: List of living former members of the United States Cabinet
As of October 2017, there are eight living former Secretaries of Education, the oldest being Lauro Cavazos (served 1988–1990, born 1927).[citation needed] The most recent Secretary of Education to die was Shirley Hufstedler (served 1979–1981, born 1925) on March 30, 2016.[citation needed] The most recently serving Secretary to die was Terrel Bell (served 1981–1985, born 1921) on June 22, 1996.
Name
Term
Date of birth (and age)
William Bennett 1985–1988 (1943-07-31) July 31, 1943 (age 74)
Lauro Cavazos 1988–1990 (1927-01-04) January 4, 1927 (age 90)
Lamar Alexander 1990-1993 (1940-07-06) July 6, 1940 (age 77)
Richard Riley 1993–2001 (1933-01-02) January 2, 1933 (age 84)
Rod Paige 2001–2005 (1933-06-17) June 17, 1933 (age 84)
Margaret Spellings 2005–2009 (1957-11-30) November 30, 1957 (age 59)
Arne Duncan[6] 2009–2015 (1964-11-06) November 6, 1964 (age 52)
John King Jr. 2016–2017 1975 (age 41–42)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/19
Jump up ^ Wilson, Reid (October 20, 2013). "The Presidential order of succession". The Washington Post. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "US Department of Education Principal Office Functional Statements". United States Department of Education. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
Jump up ^ NACIQI Staff (November 23, 2016). "Welcome". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, National Advisory Committee on Institutional Quality and Integrity (NACIQI). Retrieved November 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Harris was Secretary on May 4, 1980, when the office changed names from Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare to Secretary of Health and Human Services. Because the department merely changed names, she did not need to be confirmed again, and her term continued uninterrupted.
^ Jump up to: a b c Eilperin, Juliet; Layton, Lyndsey & Brown, Emma (October 2, 2015). "U.S. Education Secretary Arne Duncan to step down at end of year". Washington Post. Retrieved 23 November 2016. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
External links[edit]
Government of the United States portal
Education portal
"ED Staff Organization: Management Offices". U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved April 11, 2007. – Includes the Secretary of Education
Current U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded by
Rick Perry
as Secretary of Energy Order of Precedence of the United States
as Secretary of Education Succeeded by
David Shulkin
as Secretary of Veterans Affairs
Current U.S. presidential line of succession
Preceded by
Secretary of Energy
Rick Perry 15th in line Succeeded by
Secretary of Veterans Affairs
David Shulkin
[show]
v
t
e
United States Secretaries of Education
Hufstedler
Bell
Bennett
Cavazos
Alexander
Riley
Paige
Spellings
Duncan
King
DeVos
[show]
v
t
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Agencies under the United States Department of Education
Headquarters: 400 Maryland Avenue SW
(Education Department Building)
Betsy Devos, Secretary of Education
Vacant, Acting Deputy Secretary of Education
Secretary of Education
Office for Civil Rights
Institute of Education Sciences
Deputy Secretary of Education
Office of Safe and Drug Free Schools
Office of Innovation and Improvement
Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services
Office of English Language Acquisition
Office of Elementary and Secondary Education
Under Secretary of Education
Office of Federal Student Aid
Office of Career, Technical, and Adult Education
Office of Postsecondary Education
White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities
Programs
National Center for Education Statistics
National Library of Education
National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research
Office of Migrant Education
Education Resources Information Center
National Assessment of Educational Progress
Independent organizations
Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance
National Institute for Literacy
National Assessment Governing Board
National Board for Education Sciences
White House Initiative on Tribal Colleges and Universities
White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanics
[show]
v
t
e
Leaders of the United States federal executive departments
Current
Agriculture
Commerce
Defense
Education
Energy
Health and Human Services
Homeland Security
Housing and Urban Development
Interior
Justice
Labor
State
Transportation
Treasury
Veterans Affairs
Past
Commerce and Labor
Health, Education, and Welfare
Navy
Post Office
War
[show]
v
t
e
Presidential line of succession in the United States of America
Vice President (Mike Pence)
Speaker of the House of Representatives (Paul Ryan)
President pro tempore of the Senate (Orrin Hatch)
Secretary of State (Rex Tillerson)
Secretary of the Treasury (Steven Mnuchin)
Secretary of Defense (James Mattis)
Attorney General (Jeff Sessions)
Secretary of the Interior (Ryan Zinke)
Secretary of Agriculture (Sonny Perdue)
Secretary of Commerce (Wilbur Ross)
Secretary of Labor (Alex Acosta)
Secretary of Health and Human Services (Vacant)
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (Ben Carson)
Secretary of Transportation (Elaine Chao[a])
Secretary of Energy (Rick Perry)
Secretary of Education (Betsy DeVos)
Secretary of Veterans Affairs (David Shulkin)
Secretary of Homeland Security (Vacant)
Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation, she is not a natural-born citizen (acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization) and thus ineligible for the Presidency.
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text:
Blinded by the Light
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Blinded by the Light"
Single by Bruce Springsteen
from the album Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J.
B-side
"The Angel"
Released
February 1973
Recorded
August–September 1972
914 Sound Studios, Blauvelt, New York
Genre
Rock
Length
5:06
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Bruce Springsteen
Producer(s)
Mike Appel, Jim Cretecos
Bruce Springsteen singles chronology
"Blinded by the Light"
(1973) "Spirit in the Night"
(1973)
Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J. track listing
Side one
"Blinded by the Light"
"Growin' Up"
"Mary Queen of Arkansas"
"Does This Bus Stop at 82nd Street?"
"Lost in the Flood"
Side two
"The Angel"
"For You"
"Spirit in the Night"
"It's Hard to Be a Saint in the City"
"Blinded by the Light"
Single by Manfred Mann's Earth Band
from the album The Roaring Silence
B-side
"Starbird No. 2"
Released
August 6, 1976
Format
7"
Recorded
1976, Workhouse Studios, London
Genre
Progressive rock, hard rock
Length
7:08 (album version)
3:48 (single version)
Label
Bronze Records
Songwriter(s)
Bruce Springsteen
Producer(s)
Manfred Mann and Earth Band
Manfred Mann's Earth Band singles chronology
"Spirits in the Night"
(1975) "Blinded by the Light"
(1976) "Questions"
(1976)
Audio sample
file
help
"Blinded by the Light" is a song written and recorded by Bruce Springsteen, which first appeared on his 1973 debut album Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J. A cover by British rock band Manfred Mann's Earth Band reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States in February 1977 and was also a top ten hit in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Canada.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Cover versions and reissues
1.2 Lyrics
2 Personnel
3 Chart performance
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The song came about when Columbia president Clive Davis, upon listening to an early version of Greetings from Asbury Park N.J., felt the album lacked a potential single. Springsteen wrote this and "Spirit in the Night" in response.
According to Springsteen, the song came about from going through a rhyming dictionary in search of appropriate words. The first line of the song, "Madman drummers, bummers, and Indians in the summers with a teenage diplomat" is autobiographical—"Madman drummers" is a reference to drummer Vini Lopez, known as "Mad Man" (later changed to "Mad Dog"); "Indians in the summer" refers to the name of Springsteen's old Little League team; "teenage diplomat" refers to himself.[citation needed] The remainder of the song tells of many unrelated events, with the refrain of "Blinded by the light, cut loose like a deuce, another runner in the night."
"Blinded by the Light" was the first song on, and first single from, Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J. Springsteen's version was commercially unsuccessful and did not appear on the music charts.
Cover versions and reissues[edit]
Manfred Mann's Earth Band released a version of the song on their 1976 album The Roaring Silence. Their version includes the "Chopsticks" melody played on piano near the end of the bridge of the song. The track reached #1 on both the Billboard Hot 100 and the Canadian RPM charts. Manfred Mann's Earth Band's recording of "Blinded by the Light" is Springsteen's only #1 single as a songwriter on the Hot 100 (he never had a #1 as a performer except as part of USA for Africa).
In 2002, Danish act Funkstar De Luxe released its disco version of this song. A "jazzified" version can be found on Springsteen's 2007 video and audio release Live in Dublin, recorded with The Sessions Band.
The song is used in the films Blow, Running with Scissors, and Super Troopers 2.
Lyrics[edit]
Manfred Mann's Earth Band's recording of the song changes the lyrics. The most prominent change is in the chorus, where Springsteen's "cut loose like a deuce" is replaced with "revved up like a deuce."[1][2][a] This is commonly misheard as "wrapped up like a douche" (the V sound in "revved" is almost unpronounced, and the S sound in "deuce" comes across as "SH" due to a significant lisp).[3][4] The lyric is actually a reference to a hot rod "deuce coupe." Springsteen was fond of classic hot rods in his youth, hence the line "revved up like a deuce, another runner in the night." Springsteen himself has joked about the controversy, claiming that it was not until Manfred Mann rewrote the song to be about a feminine hygiene product that it became popular.[5]
Personnel[edit]
Original version
Bruce Springsteen – vocals, guitar, bass, keyboards
Vini "Mad Dog" Lopez – drums, backing vocals
Clarence Clemons – saxophone, backing vocals
with
Harold Wheeler – piano
Manfred Mann's Earth Band cover
Manfred Mann – organ, piano, keyboards, backing vocals
Colin Pattenden – bass
Dave Flett – guitar
Chris Hamlet Thompson – vocals, guitar
Chris Slade – drums, backing vocals
with
Doreen Chanter – backing vocals
Irene Chanter – backing vocals
Susanne Lynch – backing vocals
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1976-77)
Peak
position
Australia[6] 11
Canada RPM 1
Netherlands 19
New Zealand 8
UK Singles Chart[7] 6
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[8] 1
U.S. Cash Box Top 100[9] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1976)
Rank
Australia[10] 88
Chart (1977)
Rank
Canada[11] 28
US Billboard Hot 100[12] 36
US Cash Box[13] 52
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The word "deuce," in both the Springsteen and Earth Band versions, refers to a 1932 model Ford.[citation needed]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Buzzelli, Mike (April 26, 2010). "Revved up like a deuce, another runner in the night". Observer-Reporter. Archived from the original on June 2, 2010. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ "VH1 Storytellers: Bruce Springsteen". Archived from the original on December 7, 2009. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Manfred Mann's Earth Band : Blinded by the Light : Real Lyric: Blinded by the light, revved up like a deuce, another runner in the night : Misheard: Blinded by the light, wrapped up like a douche". Kissthisguy.com. Retrieved 2016-05-08.
Jump up ^ "Q: "Blinded By the Light, Revved Up Like a…" What?". Blogcritics.org. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Bruce Springsteen". VH1 Storytellers. Episode 62. April 23, 2005. VH1.
Jump up ^ "Australian Chart Book". Austchartbook.com.au. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. pp. 346/6. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ "Cash Box Top 100 2/05/77". Archived from the original on May 25, 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-25.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Forum - Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". Australian-charts.com. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada". Bac-lac.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ "Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1977". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
External links[edit]
1970s portal
"Blinded by the Light" lyrics from Bruce Springsteen's official site

show
v
t
e
Manfred Mann's Earth Band
Manfred Mann
Mick Rogers
Robert Hart
John Lingwood
Steve Kinch
Chris Thompson
Steve Waller
Chris Slade
Colin Pattenden
Pat King
Jimmy Copley
Clive Bunker
Dave Flett
Matt Irving
Shona Laing
Richard Marcangelo
Geoff Britton
Noel McCalla
John Trotter
Geoff Dunn
Pete May
Studio albums
Manfred Mann's Earth Band
Glorified Magnified
Messin' (Get Your Rocks Off)
Solar Fire
The Good Earth
Nightingales and Bombers
The Roaring Silence
Watch
Angel Station
Chance
Somewhere in Afrika
Criminal Tango
Masque
Plains Music
Soft Vengeance
2006
Live albums
Budapest Live
Mann Alive
Compilations
Blinded by the Light: The Very Best of Manfred Mann's Earth Band
The Best of Manfred Mann's Earth Band Re-Mastered
The Best of Manfred Mann's Earth Band Re-Mastered Volume II
Odds & Sods - Mis-takes & Out-takes
Songs
"I'll Be Gone"
"Blinded by the Light"
"Spirit in the Night"
"Mighty Quinn"
"Davy's on the Road Again"
"Don't Kill It Carol"
"For You"
"Redemption Song"
Related articles
Discography
Manfred Mann
Manfred Mann Chapter Three
The Manfreds
show
v
t
e
Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band
Bruce Springsteen
Garry Tallent
Roy Bittan
Max Weinberg
Steven Van Zandt
Nils Lofgren
Patti Scialfa
Jake Clemons
Charles Giordano
Soozie Tyrell
Former members
Ernest Carter
Clarence Clemons
Danny Federici
Vini Lopez
David Sancious
Former touring musicians
Everett Bradley
Barry Danielian
Clark Gayton
Curtis King
Suki Lahav
Ed Manion
The Miami Horns
Cindy Mizelle
Michelle Moore
Tom Morello
Curt Ramm
Jay Weinberg
Studio albums
Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J. (1973)
The Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle (1973)
Born to Run (1975)
Darkness on the Edge of Town (1978)
The River (1980)
Nebraska (1982)
Born in the U.S.A. (1984)
Tunnel of Love (1987)
Human Touch (1992)
Lucky Town (1992)
The Ghost of Tom Joad (1995)
The Rising (2002)
Devils & Dust (2005)
We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions (2006)
Magic (2007)
Working on a Dream (2009)
Wrecking Ball (2012)
High Hopes (2014)
Live albums &
Bruce Springsteen Archives
Live 1975–85 (1986)
In Concert/MTV Plugged (1993)
Live in New York City (2001)
Hammersmith Odeon London '75 (2006)
Live in Dublin (2007)
Live from the Carousel (2011)
Apollo Theater 3/09/12 (2014)
The Agora, Cleveland 1978 (2015)
Tower Theater, Philadelphia 1975 (2015)
Nassau Coliseum, New York 1980 (2015)
Brendan Byrne Arena, New Jersey 1984 (2015)
LA Sports Arena, California 1988 (2015)
Schottenstein Center, Ohio 2005 (2015)
Ippodromo delle Capannelle, Rome 2013 (2015)
Arizona State University, Tempe 1980 (2015)
The Christic Shows 1990 (2016)
HSBC Arena, Buffalo, NY, 11/22/09 (2016)
Scottrade Center, St. Louis, MO, 8/23/08 (2017)
Olympiastadion, Helsinki, July 31, 2012 (2017)
Wachovia Spectrum, Philadelphia, PA 10/20/09 (2017)
Palace Theatre, Albany 1977 (2017)
Auditorium Theatre, Rochester, NY 1977 (2017)
King's Hall, Belfast March 19, 1996 (2017)
The Summit, Houston, TX December 8, 1978 (2017)
Compilations
Greatest Hits (1995)
18 Tracks (1999)
The Essential Bruce Springsteen (2003)
Greatest Hits (2009)
The Promise (2010)
Collection: 1973–2012 (2013)
Chapter and Verse (2016)
Box sets
The Born in the U.S.A. 12" Single Collection (1985)
Tracks (1998)
The Collection (2004)
Born to Run: 30th Anniversary Edition (2005)
The Collection 1973–1984 (2010)
The Promise: The Darkness on the Edge of Town Story (2010)
The Album Collection Vol. 1 1973–1984 (2014)
The Ties That Bind: The River Collection (2015)
EPs
Live Collection (1987)
Chimes of Freedom (1988)
Blood Brothers (1996)
PBS Exclusive (2007)
Magic Tour Highlights (2008)
American Beauty (2014)
Singles
"Blinded by the Light" (1973)
"Spirit in the Night" (1973)
"4th of July, Asbury Park (Sandy)" (1974)
"Born to Run" (1975)
"Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out" (1976)
"Prove It All Night" (1978)
"Badlands" (1978)
"The Promised Land" (1978)
"Rosalita (Come Out Tonight)" (1979)
"Hungry Heart" (1980)
"Fade Away" (1981)
"Sherry Darling" (1981)
"The River" (1981)
"Cadillac Ranch" (1981)
"Point Blank" (1981)
"Atlantic City" (1982)
"Open All Night" (1982)
"Dancing in the Dark" (1984)
"Cover Me" (1984)
"Born in the U.S.A." (1984)
"I'm on Fire" (1985)
"Glory Days" (1985)
"I'm Goin' Down" (1985)
"My Hometown" (1985)
"Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town" (1985)
"War" (1986)
"Fire" (1987)
"Brilliant Disguise" (1987)
"Tunnel of Love" (1987)
"One Step Up" (1988)
"Tougher Than the Rest" (1988)
"Spare Parts" (1988)
"Human Touch" (1992)
"57 Channels (And Nothin' On)" (1992)
"Better Days" (1992)
"Streets of Philadelphia" (1994)
"Secret Garden" (1995)
"The Ghost of Tom Joad" (1996)
"Sad Eyes" (1999)
"The Rising" (2002)
"Lonesome Day" (2002)
"Waitin' on a Sunny Day" (2003)
"Devils & Dust" (2005)
"All The Way Home" (2005)
"Radio Nowhere" (2007)
"Girls in Their Summer Clothes" (2008)
"Working on a Dream" (2008)
"My Lucky Day" (2008)
"The Wrestler" (2009)
"We Take Care of Our Own" (2012)
"Death to My Hometown" (2012)
"High Hopes" (2013)
"Just Like Fire Would" (2014)
Charting songs
"Be True" (1981)
"Ramrod" (1981)
"Nebraska" (1982)
"Johnny 99" (1982)
"No Surrender" (1984)
"Stand on It" (1985)
"Trapped" (live) (1985)
"Because the Night" (live) (1986)
"Chimes of Freedom" (live) (1988)
"Youngstown" (1995)
"American Skin (41 Shots)" (2001)
"Pay Me My Money Down" (2006)
"Long Walk Home" (2006)
"My City of Ruins" (2011)
"Rocky Ground" (2012)
Other notable songs
"Growin' Up" (1973)
"For You" (1973)
"Incident on 57th Street" (1973)
"The Fever" (1973)
"Thunder Road" (1975)
"Night" (1975)
"Backstreets" (1975)
"She's the One" (1975)
"Meeting Across the River" (1975)
"Jungleland" (1975)
"Adam Raised a Cain" (1978)
"Racing in the Street" (1978)
"Darkness on the Edge of Town" (1978)
"Stay" (1979)
"The Ties That Bind" (1980)
"Independence Day" (1980)
"Out in the Street" (1980)
"Stolen Car" (1980)
"Wreck on the Highway" (1980)
"Highway Patrolman" (1982)
"Darlington County" (1984)
"Working on the Highway" (1984)
"Downbound Train" (1984)
"Bobby Jean" (1984)
"Pink Cadillac" (1984)
"Jersey Girl" (1986)
"Light of Day" (1993)
"The New Timer" (1995)
"Land of Hope and Dreams" (2012)
"Hunter of Invisible Game" (2014)
Video releases
Video Anthology / 1978–88 (1989)
In Concert/MTV Plugged (1992)
Blood Brothers (1996)
The Complete Video Anthology / 1978–2000 (2001)
Live in New York City (2001)
Live in Barcelona (2003)
VH1 Storytellers (2005)
Wings For Wheels (2005)
Hammersmith Odeon London '75 (2005)
Live in Dublin (2007)
Magic Tour Highlights (2008)
London Calling: Live in Hyde Park (2010)
The Promise: The Making of Darkness on the Edge of Town (2010)
Springsteen & I (2013)
Born in the U.S.A. Live: London 2013 (2014)
A MusiCares Tribute to Bruce Springsteen (2014)
Bruce Springsteen's High Hopes (2014)
High Hopes in South Africa (2014)
Hunter of Invisible Game (2014)
Concerts
Born to Run tours (1974–77)
Darkness Tour (1978)
The River Tour (1980–81)
Born in the U.S.A. Tour (1984–85)
Tunnel of Love Express (1988)
Human Rights Now! (1988)
Bruce Springsteen 1992–1993 World Tour (1992–93)
Ghost of Tom Joad Tour (1995–97)
Reunion Tour (1999–2000)
Rising Tour (2002–03)
Vote for Change (2004)
Devils & Dust Tour (2005)
Seeger Sessions Band Tour (2006)
Magic Tour (2007–08)
Working on a Dream Tour (2009)
Wrecking Ball Tour (2012-13)
High Hopes Tour (2014)
The River Tour 2016 (2016)
Summer '17 (2017)
Springsteen on Broadway (2017-18)
Related
Discography
E Street Band
Steel Mill
The Sessions Band
The Miami Horns
Born to Run autobiography
E Street Radio
Little Steven's Underground Garage
Outlaw Pete
Mike Appel
Jon Landau
Brendan O'Brien
Bob Clearmountain
The Max Weinberg 7
Southside Johnny
Joe Grushecky
Badlands: A Tribute to Bruce Springsteen's Nebraska
Greetings from E Street
Book
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blinded_by_the_Light&oldid=853151640"
Categories:
1973 singles
1976 singles
1977 singles
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Bruce Springsteen songs
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Songs written by Bruce Springsteen
Columbia Records singles
Song recordings produced by Mike Appel
Debut singles
1972 songs
Bronze Records singles
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text:
End-of-file
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In computing, end-of-file (commonly abbreviated EOF[1]) is a condition in a computer operating system where no more data can be read from a data source. The data source is usually called a file or stream.
In the C Standard Library, the character reading functions such as getchar return a value equal to the symbolic value (macro) EOF to indicate that an end-of-file condition has occurred. The actual value of EOF is system-dependent (but is commonly -1, such as in glibc[2]) and is distinct from all valid character codes. Block-reading functions return the number of bytes read, and if this is fewer than asked for, then the end of file was reached or an error occurred (checking of errno or dedicated function, such as ferror is often required to determine which).
EOF character[edit]
This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (March 2015)
Input from a terminal never really "ends" (unless the device is disconnected), but it is useful to enter more than one "file" into a terminal, so a key sequence is reserved to indicate end of input. In UNIX the translation of the keystroke to EOF is performed by the terminal driver, so a program does not need to distinguish terminals from other input files. By default, the driver converts a Control-D character at the start of a line into an end-of-file indicator. To insert an actual Control-D (ASCII 04) character into the input stream, the user precedes it with a "quote" command character (usually Control-V). AmigaDOS is similar but uses Control-\ instead of Control-D.
In Microsoft's DOS and Windows (and in CP/M and many DEC operating systems), reading from the terminal will never produce an EOF. Instead, programs recognize that the source is a terminal (or other "character device") and interpret a given reserved character or sequence as an end-of-file indicator; most commonly this is an ASCII Control-Z, code 26. Some MS-DOS programs, including parts of the Microsoft MS-DOS shell (COMMAND.COM) and operating-system utility programs (such as EDLIN), treat a Control-Z in a text file as marking the end of meaningful data, and/or append a Control-Z to the end when writing a text file. This was done for two reasons:
Backward compatibility with CP/M. The CP/M file system only recorded the lengths of files in multiples of 128-byte "records", so by convention a Control-Z character was used to mark the end of meaningful data if it ended in the middle of a record. The MS-DOS filesystem has always recorded the exact byte-length of files, so this was never necessary on MS-DOS.
It allows programs to use the same code to read input from both a terminal and a text file.
In the ANSI X3.27-1969 magnetic tape standard, the end of file was indicated by a tape mark, which consisted of a gap of approximately 3.5 inches of tape followed by a single byte containing the character 13 (hex) for nine-track tapes and 17 (octal) for seven-track tapes.[3] The end-of-tape, commonly abbreviated as EOT, was indicated by two tape marks. This was the standard used, for example, on IBM 360. The reflective strip that was used to announce impending physical end of tape was also called an EOT marker.
See also[edit]
Computer science portal
End-of-transmission character
Substitute character
End of message
Here document
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wayne Pollock. "Shell Here Document Overview". hccfl.edu. Archived from the original on 2014-05-29. Retrieved 2014-05-28.
Jump up ^ https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_mono/libc.html#EOF-and-Errors
Jump up ^ http://www.loc.gov/marc/specifications/specexchtape2.html#mark
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=End-of-file&oldid=779768627"
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text:
List of dates for Easter
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Dates for Easter in the past and coming 20 years
(1998–2038 in Gregorian dates)
Year
Western
Eastern
1998
April 12 April 19
1999
April 4 April 11
2000
April 23 April 30
2001
April 15
2002
March 31 May 5
2003
April 20 April 27
2004
April 11
2005
March 27 May 1
2006
April 16 April 23
2007
April 8
2008
March 23 April 27
2009
April 12 April 19
2010
April 4
2011
April 24
2012
April 8 April 15
2013
March 31 May 5
2014
April 20
2015
April 5 April 12
2016
March 27 May 1
2017
April 16
2018
April 1 April 8
2019
April 21 April 28
2020
April 12 April 19
2021
April 4 May 2
2022
April 17 April 24
2023
April 9 April 16
2024
March 31 May 5
2025
April 20
2026
April 5 April 12
2027
March 28 May 2
2028
April 16
2029
April 1 April 8
2030
April 21 April 28
2031
April 13
2032
March 28 May 2
2033
April 17 April 24
2034
April 9
2035
March 25 April 29
2036
April 13 April 20
2037
April 5
2038
April 25
This is a list of dates for Easter. The Easter dates also affect when Ash Wednesday, the Ascension of the Lord and Pentecost occur.
Contents
[hide]
1 Earliest Easter
2 Latest Easter
3 Western and Orthodox Easter on the same date
4 Range of dates for Western and Orthodox Easter
5 Public holidays
6 References
7 External links
Earliest Easter[edit]
Western/Gregorian
In 1818 the Paschal Full Moon fell on Saturday March 21 (the equinox). Therefore, the following day, March 22, was Easter. It will not fall as early again until 2285, a span of 467 years. The next earliest Easter between 1818 and 2285 (March 23) occurred in 1845, 1856, 1913 and 2008, and will occur again in 2160--a 11, 57, 95 and 152-year gap, respectively.
Orthodox/Julian
The earliest dates for Easter in the Eastern Orthodox Church between 1875 and 2099 are, 22 March 1915 and 22 March 2010. Both dates are equivalent to April 4 in the Gregorian Calendar.
Latest Easter[edit]
Western/Gregorian
In 1943 Easter fell on Sunday, April 25. The ecclesiastical full moon did not occur until Saturday, March 20; because it came before the vernal equinox, the paschal full moon did not happen until Sunday, April 18. Consequently, Easter was the following Sunday (April 25). Easter will not fall as late again until 2038—a span of 95 years. The second latest date for Easter, April 24, occurred in 2011. The latter occurred in 1859 and will not happen again until 2095—152 and 84 years, respectively. However between years 5121 and 6482, Easter will be no later than April 24.
Orthodox/Julian
The latest dates for Orthodox Easter between 1875 and 2099 are 25 April 1983 and 25 April 2078. Both dates are equivalent to May 8 in the Gregorian Calendar. Orthodox Easter has not had an May 7 Gregorian date yet; it will happen in 2051 unless these churches change to another calendar.
Western and Orthodox Easter on the same date[edit]
Despite using calendars that are apart by 13 days, Easter 2014 fell on the same date. According to the Western (Gregorian) calendar, the first Paschal Full Moon after the Spring Equinox (March 21) fell on Monday, April 14, 2014. The following Sunday, April 20, was, therefore, Easter Day.
According to the Orthodox (Julian) calendar (which is 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar), the Spring Equinox also falls on March 21. However, in the Gregorian Calendar, this is April 3. The first Orthodox Full Moon after the Equinox falls on (Julian) Tuesday, April 2, 2014 (Gregorian April 15). The following Sunday, (Julian) April 7, is, therefore, Easter Day (Gregorian April 20).
Range of dates for Western and Orthodox Easter[edit]
Both calendars (Gregorian and Julian) calculate Easter as falling on dates between March 22 and April 25. However, because of the 13-day difference, any member of an Orthodox church would observe that the Western Easter falls between March 10 and April 12 on the Julian calendar. Conversely, any member of a Western church would observe that Orthodox Easter falls between April 4 and May 8 on the Gregorian calendar.
Beginning March 14, 2100 (Gregorian; February 29 Julian), the difference between the Julian and Gregorian calendars will increase to 14 days.
Public holidays[edit]
In Hungary, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, South Africa and New Zealand, Easter comprises two public holidays, Good Friday and Easter Monday:
In the United Kingdom in 2000 and 2011, the May Day bank holiday was one week after Easter Monday, causing there to be three consecutive weeks with a bank holiday. In 2011, a bank holiday was declared on Friday 29 April for the Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton;[1] consequently there were four bank holidays within three consecutive calendar weeks (including two in one week), creating two consecutive four-day weekends (Friday 22 — Monday 25 April and Friday 29 April — Monday 2 May), with a three-day working week in between (Tuesday 26 — Thursday 28 April).
In Australia, ANZAC Day is a public holiday on 25 April. In 2000 and 2011, this created a five-day weekend over Easter: in 2000, Easter Monday fell on 24 April, with Easter Tuesday, 25 April, then being ANZAC Day; in 2011, ANZAC Day and Easter Monday coincided on Monday 25 April, which led to a substitute public holiday being declared for Tuesday 26 April.[2] In 2003 and 2014, ANZAC Day fell on Easter Friday, and in 2019 it will fall on Easter Thursday, and in 2038 it will fall on Easter Sunday; the consequence is three-day working weeks immediately following the Easter weekend.
The accompanying table provides both sets of dates, for recent decades and forthcoming years—see the computus article for more details on the calculation.
Easter is not a federal holiday in the United States. In North Carolina, however, it was a public holiday from 1935 to 1987.[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Royal Wedding Bank Holiday in the United Kingdom".
Jump up ^ https://www.afei.org.au/public-holidays
Jump up ^ "Easter Monday in the United States". TimeandDate.com. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
External links[edit]
http://tlarsen2.tripod.com/thomaslarsen/easterdates.html – has a much larger list of dates
A chronology since Council Nicaea "Date of Easter Sunday" Father Kevin Michael Laughery, as observed by Western Christians since A.D. 326 (last updated Tuesday, November 4, 2008)
Interactive calculator generates historical feast dates in Julian calendar prior to 1582 Gregorian reforms
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_dates_for_Easter&oldid=827866027"
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Ependyma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Ependyma
Section of central canal of the spinal cord, showing ependymal and neuroglial cells
Photomicrograph of normal ependymal cells at 400× magnification in human autopsy tissue
Identifiers
MeSH
A08.186.211.276.460
TA
A14.1.00.022
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Ependyma is the thin neuroectodermal lining of the ventricular system of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord, made up of ependymal cells.[1] Ependyma is one of the four types of neuroglia in the central nervous system (CNS). It is involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and is shown to serve as a reservoir for neuroregeneration.
Contents
[hide]
1 Ependymal cells
2 Function
2.1 CSF
2.2 Neuroregeneration
3 Pathology
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Ependymal cells[edit]
The ependyma is made up of ependymal cells called ependymocytes, a type of glial cell. These cells line the CSF-filled ventricles in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. These are nervous tissue cells with a ciliated simple columnar[2] form much like that of some mucosal epithelial cells.
The basal membranes of these cells are characterized by tentacle-like extensions that attach to astrocytes.
Function[edit]
CSF[edit]
Lining the CSF-filled ventricles, the ependymal cells play an important role in the production and regulation of CSF. Their apical surfaces are covered in a layer of cilia, which circulate CSF around the CNS. Their apical surfaces are also covered with microvilli, which absorb CSF. Within the ventricles of the brain, a population of modified ependymal cells and capillaries together known as the tela choroidea form a structure called the choroid plexus, which produces the CSF.[3]
Modified tight junctions between epithelial cells control fluid release. This release allows free exchange between CSF and nervous tissue of brain and spinal cord, which is why sampling of CSF (e.g. through a "spinal tap") provides a window to the CNS.
Neuroregeneration[edit]
Jonas Frisén and his colleagues at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm provided evidence that ependymal cells act as reservoir cells in the forebrain, which can be activated after stroke and as in vivo and in vitro stem cells in the spinal cord. However, these cells did not self-renew and were subsequently depleted as they generated new neurons, thus failing to satisfy the requirement for stem cells.[4][5] One study observed that ependymal cells from the lining of the lateral ventricle might be a source for cells which can be transplanted into the cochlea to reverse hearing loss.[6]
Pathology[edit]
Ependymoma is a tumor of the ependymal cells most commonly found in the fourth ventricle.
See also[edit]
Ependymin, glycoprotein isolated from the ependyma
Tanycyte
Neuroglia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "ependyma". The Free Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Histology, a text in atlas, M. Ross 2011, 6th edition page 367
Jump up ^ Sadler, T. (2010). Langman's medical embryology (11th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott William & Wilkins. p. 305. ISBN 978-0-7817-9069-7.
Jump up ^ Johansson CB, Momma S, Clarke DL, Risling M, Lendahl U, Frisen J (1999). "Identification of a neural stem cell in the adult mammalian central nervous system". Cell. 96 (1): 25–34. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80956-3. PMID 9989494.
Jump up ^ Carlén M, Meletis K, Göritz C, Darsalia V, Evergren E, Tanigaki K, Amendola M, Barnabé-Heider F, Yeung MS, Naldini L, Honjo T, Kokaia Z, Shupliakov O, Cassidy RM, Lindvall O, Frisén J (2009). "Forebrain ependymal cells are Notch-dependent and generate neuroblasts and astrocytes after stroke". Nature Neuroscience. 12 (3): 259–267. doi:10.1038/nn.2268. PMID 19234458.
Jump up ^ "Brain cell hope for hearing loss". BBC News. 2008-12-09. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
External links[edit]
Illustrations at ucsf.edu
Atlas at mcg.edu
[hide]
v
t
e
Nervous tissue
CNS
Tissue Types
Grey matter
White matter
Projection fibers
Association fiber
Commissural fiber
Lemniscus
Funiculus
Fasciculus
Nerve tract
Decussation
Commissure
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Meninges
Cell Types
Neuronal
Pyramidal
Purkinje
Granule
Glial
insulating:
Myelination: Oligodendrocyte
other
Astrocyte
Radial glial cell
Ependymal cells
Tanycyte
Microglia
PNS
General
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Root
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Root
Ramus
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Gray
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Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers
Postganglionic nerve fibers)
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Myelination: Schwann cell
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nerve fibers
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Bipolar
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Interneuron
Renshaw
Afferent nerve fiber/
Sensory neuron
GSA
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SSA
SVA
fibers
Ia or Aα
Ib or Golgi or Aα
II or Aβ and Aγ
III or Aδ or fast pain
IV or C or slow pain
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Upper motor neuron
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α motorneuron
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Termination
Synapse
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Postsynaptic density
Autapse
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Sensory receptors
Meissner's corpuscle
Merkel nerve ending
Pacinian corpuscle
Ruffini ending
Muscle spindle
Free nerve ending
Nociceptor
Olfactory receptor neuron
Photoreceptor cell
Hair cell
Taste bud
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ependyma&oldid=815912127"
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