text:
Netherland Dwarf rabbit
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A Netherland Dwarf rabbit
(Note the short ears, brachycephalic head, and cobby body)
Ruby-eyed white color variety
FOR COMPARISON
A Polish breed rabbit
(Note the longer ears and lack of brachycephalic head, with less cobbiness)
Ruby-eyed white color variety
The Netherland Dwarf is a breed of domestic rabbit that originated in the Netherlands. Weighing 1.1–2.5 pounds (0.50–1.13 kg),[1][2] the Netherland Dwarf is one of the smallest rabbit breeds. Its popularity as a pet or show rabbit may stem from its neotenic appearance. The Netherland Dwarf is recognized by both the American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA)[1] and the British Rabbit Council (BRC).[2] The Netherland Dwarf is often confused with the Polish breed of rabbit, but the latter has longer ears, a non-brachycephalic head, and less cobbiness.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Appearance
3 Netherland Dwarfs as pets
4 Behavior
5 Diet
6 Dwarf breeds
7 Breeding
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
The Netherland Dwarf breed was first produced in the Netherlands in the early 20th century. Small Polish rabbits were bred with smaller wild rabbits;[3] after several generations the resulting animal was a very small domestic rabbit available in a wide variety of colors and patterns. Netherland Dwarfs were first imported into the United Kingdom in 1948.[3] In the 1960s and 1970s the United States imported its first Netherland Dwarf rabbits. The breed was accepted by the American Rabbit Breeders Association in 1969 using a modification of the British standard.[3]
Early dwarfs, even into the 1970s and 1980s, had fearful and sometimes aggressive temperaments. This was a result of breeders selecting wild breeding animals for their size. The first dwarf rabbits behaved more like these wild rabbits than domestic animals and were not good pets. However, through generations of selective breeding, the modern Netherland Dwarf has become a gentle, friendly pet rabbit, though it still can retain a more energetic disposition than larger breeds.
11-week-old Netherland Dwarf rabbit. (Vienna Marked Black Otter)
Appearance[edit]
Young blue-eyed-white Netherland Dwarf eating timothy hay.
The Netherland Dwarf's head and eyes are disproportionately large with respect to its short-coupled and stout ("cobby")[4] body. Its ears are notably short and carried high on the head and its face is rounded and brachycephalic. These neotenic features, a result of dwarfism, cause the Netherland Dwarf to retain an infantile appearance even into adulthood.
1½ year old red-eyed-white (REW) Netherland Dwarf.
The Netherland Dwarf has been bred in a wide variety of colors[citation needed], including: Ruby Eyed White, Blue Eyed White, Black, Blue, Chocolate, Lilac, Red, Siamese Sable, Siamese Smoke, Sealpoint, Blue Point, Chocolate Point, Tortoiseshell, Agouti, Red Agouti, Opal, Cinnamon, Lynx, Chinchilla, Squirrel, Tan, Marten Sable, Marten Smoke, Black Otter, Blue Otter, Chocolate Otter, Lilac Otter, Fox, Orange, Fawn, Hotot, Himalayan, Harlequin, Magpie, Broken, Butterfly, Mantle and EMD[clarify].
Netherland Dwarfs as pets[edit]
Main article: Domestic rabbit § As pets
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Due to their size and overall disposition, Netherlands Dwarfs often do not make good pets for children (although suitability will vary between individual rabbits). There is often a mismatch with small children, because they like to play with the pet or pick it up to cuddle with it. Dwarf rabbits do not like to be picked up or held tightly; and they can bite, scratch or struggle wildly if the child does so. This often leads to accidents if the child drops them out of fright, leading to major injuries because a rabbit has very fragile bones. Larger breeds of rabbits are recommended for children, because they have fewer issues with temperament.
However, dwarf rabbits can make excellent pets for adults. They thrive in a quiet, stable environment with plenty of human interaction. They are trainable, quiet and clean. Grooming needs are minimal, but the rabbit enjoys a daily brushing. Time is needed to bond with the rabbit and to build trust, because Dwarf breeds are often more nervous and more aloof than larger breeds. However, when the rabbit has bonded with their owner they make affectionate pets.
Behavior[edit]
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They can be litter-trained because they have a natural tendency to choose the same spot for their droppings.
Netherlands Dwarfs can be skittish, wild, and/or of a disagreeable nature. This is a leftover stereotype from the beginnings of the breed. This has changed through selective breeding; however, they are skittish and aloof. They are extremely active and energetic, requiring the same amount of exercise as other breeds of rabbit. They also have a higher tendency towards nervousness and stress. As with any species, disposition will vary from individual to individual.
Diet[edit]
This section is written like a manual or guidebook. Please help rewrite this section from a descriptive, neutral point of view, and remove advice or instruction. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A 4-week-old Netherlands Dwarf rabbit from a litter of four in St. Catharines, ON, Canada.
Their diet consists of good quality pellets, veggies , and an unlimited supply of hay. Root vegetables and fruit are high in sugar and should not be given often or in large amounts. Pellets should be fed in limited amounts—1/8 cup per pound of body weight. Vegetables,namely dark, leafy greens, should also be given, at 2 cups or more per 6 pounds of body weight.[5])
At a juvenile age, Netherland Dwarfs (as with most other rabbit breeds) should be fed unlimited quantities of alfalfa pellets and hay. As they age, the alfalfa should be gradually replaced with other hays and pellets. The pellets should be reduced to proportion with the weight of the rabbit. [6]
Dwarf breeds[edit]
An adult female Netherland Dwarf, Black Self.
Main article: Dwarf rabbit
Rabbit breeds derived from breeding larger rabbits with the Netherland Dwarf (or any rabbit with a dwarf gene) are known as dwarf breeds. Most smaller breeds, like the Mini Rex, the Jersey Wooly, and the Holland Lop, are results of such breedings. Generally dwarf breeds are slightly larger than the typical Netherland Dwarf, not growing larger than 4 to 5 lb (1.8 to 2.3 kg). Most have shortened faces compared to larger rabbits, and some even preserve the rounded head, large eyes, or small ears of the Netherland Dwarf. These features make them look little. Specifically, the Netherland Dwarf body should be round, compact, and equally broad from front to back. Dwarf rabbits also have short legs and a large head in relation to the body. Their foreheads are broad and they have well developed muzzles. Furthermore, the eyes are large and prominent. Their ears are erect and close together, reaching between one and three inches in length. They have to be shorter than 2 inches and a half (ARBA), if not, this is a disqualification from competition in the Netherland Dwarf breed. Dwarf rabbits typically weigh 2 to 2.5 pounds according to ARBA.[7]
Breeding[edit]
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A one-year-old Chestnut (Agouti in UK) Netherland Dwarf
The gene (symbol Dw) responsible for the common appearance of the dwarf was discovered in the United States during the beginning of the 20th century. When two "true dwarfs" (both buck and doe) are bred, the genetic pattern which makes them "true dwarfs" (Dwdw) ensures that 25 percentage of their offspring will inherit the lethal genetic combination dwdw. These offspring, often called "peanuts" by rabbit breeders, are destined to struggle with life for up to three weeks, and then to die. Reasons behind the death are unknown, but it is believed that peanuts have underdeveloped digestive tracts. The condition is 100% fatal, although if fed by hand every hour and kept warm it is possible for a peanut to survive, even though it will be handicapped for its entire life. Many ethical breeders humanely euthanize peanuts upon finding them soon after birth. Peanuts are easily distinguished from non-peanuts; they have extremely pinched hindquarters, a bulbous head, and their ears are often set further back than normal (sometimes almost onto the neck).
If two true dwarfs are bred, the statistical result will be 25% fatal 25% false, and 50% true. The actual numbers of true/false/peanuts in a real litter varies. "False Dwarfs" tend to have longer bodies, longer/larger ears, longer faces, and are mostly heavier than the 2.5 pound maximum weight for showing. While false dwarfs (referred to as BUD' s by breeders, BUD meaning big ugly doe) do not make good show rabbits, does from a good background are vital to a breeder's program. They have the same "good genes" as a true dwarf and are capable mothers, possibly even having larger and more successful litters than true dwarfs. Also False Dwarfs are unable to produce peanuts. Their litters will be 50% false dwarfs and 50% true dwarfs if they are bred to a true dwarf buck.False dwarfs are easily judged for quality as the traits are generally the same, only bigger. Ear thickness/shape, fullness of hindquarter, topline, and other traits are the same.
It is common practice among Netherland Dwarf breeders to breed a proven show quality true dwarf buck to a quality false dwarf doe. This eliminates the chance of peanuts and yields quality offspring. The chances of false dwarfs is higher, but those offspring generally go toward breeding (some false dwarf bucks have proven themselves valuable to a breeding program) or are sold as pets. Usually false dwarf bucks are not kept by breeders.
See also[edit]
Rabbits and hares portal
Dwarf rabbit
List of rabbit breeds
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "ARBA Recognized Breeds". American Rabbit Breeders Association. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Breed Standards 2016-2020" (PDF). British Rabbit Council. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c American Rabbit Breeders Association (2000). Official Guide Book: Raising Better Rabbits & Cavies. Bloomington, IL: American Rabbit Breeders Association, Inc. p. 65.
Jump up ^ Baskett, Nancy K.; Newman, Jerry A., eds. (1 July 2014). 4-H Rabbit Project Leader Guide: Introduction, Glossary, and References (PDF) (WSU Extension Bulletin EM075E ed.). Washington State University. pp. 19, 25. Retrieved 5 April 2018. Cobby — Short and stocky, close-coupled; very compact. Stocky — Compact, stout, and cobby.
Jump up ^ http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/diet.html
Jump up ^ http://rabbit.org/faq-diet/
Jump up ^ Wegler, Monika. "The Dwarf Breeds." My Dwarf Rabbit. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's, 2008. 26-31. Print.
External links[edit]
American Netherland Dwarf Rabbit Club
Dwarf Rabbits Articles
Netherland Dwarf Rabbit Breed History
Breeds of Rabbits Chart
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Term of office
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
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The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the English-speaking world and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A term of office is the length of time a person serves in a particular elected office. In many jurisdictions there is a defined limit on how long terms of office may be before the officeholder must be subject to re-election. Some jurisdictions exercise term limits, setting a maximum number of terms an individual may hold in a particular office.
Contents
[hide]
1 United Kingdom
1.1 Monarch
1.2 House of Commons
1.3 House of Lords
1.4 Devolved administrations
1.5 Other elected offices
2 United States
2.1 Federal
2.2 State and territories
3 Canada
3.1 Monarch
3.2 Viceroys
3.3 House of Commons
3.4 Senate
3.5 Provincial and Territorial Legislatures
4 Terms of office by country
5 See also
6 References
United Kingdom[edit]
Being the origin of the Westminster system, aspects of the United Kingdom's system of government are replicated in many other countries.
Monarch[edit]
The monarch serves as head of state until his or her death or abdication.
House of Commons[edit]
See also: House of Commons of the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom Members of Parliament (MPs) in the House of Commons are elected for the duration of the parliament. Following dissolution of the Parliament, a general election is held which consists of simultaneous elections for all seats. For most MPs this means that their terms of office are identical to the duration of the Parliament, though an individual's term may be cut short by death or resignation. An MP elected in a by-election mid-way through a Parliament, regardless of how long they have occupied the seat, is not exempt from facing re-election at the next general election.
The Septennial Act 1715 provided that a Parliament expired seven years after it had been summoned; this maximum period was reduced to five years by the Parliament Act 1911. Prior to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 parliaments had no minimum duration. Parliaments could be dissolved early by the monarch at the Prime Minister's request. Early dissolutions occurred when the make-up of Parliament made forming government impossible (as occurred in 1974), or, more commonly, when the incumbent government reasoned an early general election would improve their re-election chances (e.g. 2001). The Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 mandated that Parliaments should last their full five years. Early dissolution is still possible, but under much more limited circumstances.
Because the government and Prime Minister are effectively indirectly elected through the Commons, the terms of Parliaments and MPs do not directly apply to offices of government, though in practice these are affected by changes in Parliament. While, strictly speaking, a Prime Minister whose incumbency spans multiple Parliaments only serves one, unbroken, term of office, some writers may refer to the different Parliaments as separate terms.[1]
House of Lords[edit]
Hereditary peers and life peers retain membership of the House of Lords for life, though members can resign or be expelled. Lords Spiritual hold membership of the House of Lords until the end of their time as bishops, though a senior bishop may be made a life peer upon the end of their bishopric (e.g. George Carey, made Baron Carey of Clifton the day after he ceased being Archbishop of Canterbury).
Devolved administrations[edit]
The devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are variations on the system of government used at Westminster.
The office of the leader of the devolved administrations has no numeric term limit imposed upon it. However, in the case of the Scottish Government and the Welsh Assembly Government there are fixed terms for which the legislatures can sit. This is imposed at four years. Elections may be held before this time but only if no administration can be formed, which has not happened yet.
Other elected offices[edit]
Offices of local government other regional elected officials follow similar rules to the national offices discussed above, with persons elected to fixed terms of a few years.
United States[edit]
Federal[edit]
Main article: Federal government of the United States
In the United States, the president of the United States is elected indirectly through the United States Electoral College to a four-year term, with a term limit of two terms (totaling eight years) or a maximum of ten years if the president acted as president for two years or less in a term where another was elected as president, imposed by the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1951.
U.S. Representatives serve two-year terms. U.S. Senators serve six-years terms.
Federal judges have different terms in office. Article I judges; such as those that sit on the United States bankruptcy courts, United States Tax Court, and United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, and certain other federal courts and other forms of adjudicative bodies serve limited terms: The Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces for 15 years, bankruptcy courts for 14. However, the majority of the federal judiciary; Article III judges, such as those of the Supreme Court, courts of appeal, and federal district courts; serve for life.
State and territories[edit]
Main article: State governments of the United States
The terms of office for officials in state governments varies according to the provisions of state constitutions and state law.
The term for state governors is four years in all states but Vermont and New Hampshire; the Vermont and New Hampshire governors serve for two years.
The National Conference of State Legislatures reported in January 2007 that among state legislatures [1]:
44 states had terms of office for the lower house of the state legislature (often termed the state House of Representatives) at two years. Five (Alabama, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, and North Dakota) had terms of office at four years. (The Nebraska Legislature is an exception and has a unicameral legislature with members elected for four years.)
37 states had terms of office for the upper house of the state legislature (often termed the state Senate) at four years. Twelve (Arizona, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont) had terms of office at two years.
Among territories of the United States:
In the American Samoa Fono, members of the House serve two-year terms while members of the Senate serve six-year terms.
Members of both chambers of the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico have four-year terms.
Members of both chambers of the Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature have two-year terms.
The Legislature of Guam and Legislature of the Virgin Islands are unicameral and Senators have two-year terms.
Members of Council of the District of Columbia serve a four-year term.
Canada[edit]
As a former British territory following the Westminster System, there are many similarities with the United Kingdom, although with some variations based on local customs, the federal system of government and the absentee monarch.
Monarch[edit]
Being a Commonwealth realm, Canada shares a monarch with the United Kingdom and 14 other countries, who serves as head of state of all 16 realms until their death or abdication.
Viceroys[edit]
The Governor General is appointed by the monarch as his/her personal representative on the advice of the Prime Minister, and serves for an indefinite term, though the normal convention is 5 years. Similarly, the Lieutenant Governors, who represent the monarch at the provincial level, are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister (usually also with consultation of the relevant provincial premier), and generally also serve 5 year terms by convention. The territories have Commissioners, who are not representatives of the monarch, but are instead appointed by and represent the Governor-in-Council (i.e. the federal cabinet), and conventionally serve for about 5 years.
House of Commons[edit]
See also: House of Commons of Canada
Similar to the United Kingdom, MPs serve for the duration of the Parliament. They may resign before the end of a Parliament or be elected in by-elections during the middle of a Parliament.
Under the Constitution Act, 1867, a Parliament may last for a maximum of 5 years from the most recent election before expiring, although all Parliaments to date have been dissolved before they could expire. Bill C-16, introduced in the 39th Parliament, provided for fixed election dates every 4 years on the third Monday in October, beginning in 2009. However, the Prime Minister may still advise the Governor General to dissolve Parliament at any time.
As in the United Kingdom, the cabinet and head of government are indirectly elected based on the composition of the House of Commons, they are not technically affected by the terms of legislators or Parliaments. In practice however, the terms of government office holders are affected by changes in the House of Commons, and those who serve for multiple consecutive Parliaments are generally considered to have served a single term. The term of a government generally ends when it is defeated on a confidence matter or the governing party fails to gain enough seats in a general election.
Senate[edit]
Senators are appointed to the Canadian Senate to represent a province by the Governor General of Canada on the advice of the Prime Minister, and serve until the mandatory retirement age of 75. Senators appointed before the passage of the British North America Act, 1965 served for life. Senators may also resign from office or be expelled from the Senate.
Provincial and Territorial Legislatures[edit]
See also: Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories
Provincial legislatures and the legislature of the Yukon function very similarly to the federal House of Commons. MLAs (called MPPs in Ontario, MNAs in Quebec, and MHAs in Newfoundland and Labrador) serve for the duration of the legislature, though they may resign before the legislature is dissolved or be elected in by-elections between general elections. The legislatures of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut operate using a consensus model, but are similar otherwise. The premiers and their cabinets are selected in the same way as in the House of Commons, and like at the federal level, the term of a provincial government can be ended by defeat in a general election or the loss of the legislature's confidence.
All provincial legislatures except that of Nova Scotia have fixed-term election legislation in place, as does the legislature of the Northwest Territories. Premiers may also advise Lieutenant Governors to dissolve legislatures at any time before the prescribed election date.
Terms of office by country[edit]
Heads of state
Upper houses
Lower houses and heads of government
Legend
Not applicable Varies Until removed
<3 3 4 5 6 7 >7
Numbers in years unless stated otherwise. Note that some countries where fixed-term elections are uncommon, the legislature is almost always dissolved earlier than its expiry date. "Until removed from office" refers to offices that don't have fixed terms; in these cases, the officeholder(s) may serve indefinitely until death, abdication, resignation, retirement, or forcible removal from office (such as impeachment).
In cases where the head of government is a different person from the head of state, its term of office is identical to the chamber that elected it (the legislature if it is unicameral, or most usually the lower house if it is bicameral), unless it doesn't survive a vote of no confidence.
Country
Head of state
Members of the upper house*
Members of the lower (or sole) house
Afghanistan 5 3, 4 and 5 5
Albania 5 N/A 4
Algeria 5 N/A 5
Andorra Until removed from office (Bishop of Urgel); 5 (President of France) N/A 4
Angola 5 N/A 5
Antigua and Barbuda Until removed from office 5 5
Argentina 4 6 4
Armenia 5 N/A 5
Australia Until removed from office 6 3
Austria 6 4 to 6 5
Azerbaijan 5 N/A 5
Bahamas Until removed from office 5 5
Bahrain Until removed from office N/A 4
Bangladesh 5 N/A 5
Barbados Until removed from office 5 5
Belarus 5 4 4
Belgium Until removed from office 5 4
Benin 5 N/A 5
Bhutan Until removed from office 5 5
Bolivia 5 5 5
Bosnia and Herzegovina 4 4 4
Botswana 5 N/A 5
Brazil 4 8 4
Bulgaria 5 N/A 4
Burkina Faso 5 N/A 5
Burundi 5 5 5
Brunei Until removed from office N/A Until removed from office
Cambodia Until removed from office 6 5
Cameroon 7 N/A 5
Canada Until removed from office Until removed from office 5
Cape Verde 5 N/A 5
Central African Republic 5 N/A 5
Chad 5 N/A 4
Chile 4 8 4
China 5 N/A 5
Colombia 4 4 4
Congo 7 6 5
Comoros 5 N/A 5
Ivory Coast 5 N/A 5
Costa Rica 4 N/A 4
Croatia 5 N/A 4
Cuba 5 N/A 5
Cyprus 5 N/A 5
Czech Republic 5 6 4
Democratic Republic of the Congo 5 5 4
Denmark Until removed from office N/A 4
Djibouti 6 N/A 5
Dominica 5 N/A 5
Dominican Republic 4 4 4
Ecuador 4 N/A 4
Egypt 4 N/A 5
El Salvador 5 N/A 3
Equatorial Guinea 5 N/A 5
Estonia 5 N/A 4
Ethiopia 6 N/A 5
Fiji 5 5 5
Finland 6 N/A 4
France 5 6 5
Gabon 7 6 5
Gambia 5 N/A 5
Georgia 5 N/A 4
Germany 5 4 to 5 4
Ghana 4 N/A 4
Greece 5 N/A 4
Grenada Until removed from office 5 5
Guatemala 4 N/A 4
Guinea 5 N/A 5
Guinea-Bissau 5 N/A 5
Guyana 5 N/A 5
Haiti 5 6 4
Honduras 4 N/A 4
Hungary 5 N/A 4
Iceland 4 N/A 4
India 5 6 5
Indonesia 5 5 5
Iran 4 N/A 4
Iraq 4 N/A 4
Ireland 7 5 5
Israel 7 N/A 4
Italy[2] 7 5 5
Jamaica Until removed from office 5 5
Japan Until removed from office 6 4
Jordan Until removed from office 4 4
Kazakhstan 5 6 5
Kenya 5 5 5
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Tuvalu Until removed from office N/A 4
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Vanuatu 5 N/A 4
Vatican City Until removed from office N/A Until removed from office
Venezuela 6 N/A 5
Vietnam 5 N/A 5
Yemen 7 N/A 6
Zambia 5 N/A 5
Zimbabwe 5 5 5
*Excludes senators for life.
See also[edit]
Term limits in the United States
Term limit
Reelection
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Margaret Thatcher". Biography.com. Retrieved 5 February 2016. During her three terms…
Jump up ^ In this country the ‘’prorogatio’’, unlike the real extension of the term, does not affect the duration of the electoral mandate, but only concerns the exercise of the powers in the interval between the deadline, natural or anticipated, of this mandate, and the entry into office of the new elected body Buonomo, Giampiero (2003). "Norme regionali annullate, ma sulla «prorogatio» del Consiglio passa il federalismo". Diritto&Giustizia edizione online. – via Questia (subscription required)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Term_of_office&oldid=795580331"
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Against All Odds (1984 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Against All Odds
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Taylor Hackford
Produced by
William S. Gilmore
Taylor Hackford
Screenplay by
Eric Hughes
Based on
Out of the Past
by Daniel Mainwaring
Starring
Rachel Ward
Jeff Bridges
James Woods
Alex Karras
Jane Greer
Richard Widmark
Music by
Larry Carlton
Cinematography
Donald E. Thorin
Edited by
Fredric Steinkamp
William Steinkamp
Distributed by
Columbia Pictures
Release date
March 2, 1984 (1984-03-02)
Running time
121 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$13 million
Box office
$21.7 million
Against All Odds is a 1984 American romantic neo-noir thriller film. A remake of Out of the Past (1947), the film that currently holds a "Fresh" score of 67% on review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes. Against All Odds was directed by Taylor Hackford and stars Rachel Ward, Jeff Bridges and James Woods alongside Jane Greer (who had starred in Out of the Past), Alex Karras, Richard Widmark and Dorian Harewood. The film revolves around an aging American football star who is hired by a mobster to find his girlfriend.
The film's soundtrack, nominated for a Grammy Award, featured songs from Big Country, Kid Creole & the Coconuts, Stevie Nicks and Genesis breakout stars Mike Rutherford, Peter Gabriel and Phil Collins; the latter performed the title song, which was nominated for an Academy Award as Best Original Song and for a Golden Globe Award as Best Original Song, being one of the top-selling singles of 1984.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Soundtrack
4 Production notes
5 Reception
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Professional football player Terry Brogan (Jeff Bridges) is released by his team. Aging, injured and in need of money, he is contacted by an old acquaintance, the shady gambler and nightclub owner Jake Wise (James Woods), who wants Terry to find Jake's girlfriend Jessie Wyler (Rachel Ward), daughter of the Outlaws' owner. Jake claims that Jessie assaulted him, stole money and fled. Terry is reluctant to take on the job, but needs the money and knows Wise is capable of blackmailing him.
Terry gets in touch with Jessie's mother (Jane Greer), ostensibly to find out where Jessie can be found, but mainly to convince Mrs. Wyler and her business partner Ben Caxton (Richard Widmark) to reinstate him on the team. Mrs. Wyler makes clear that she has no interest in his football career. She's willing to pay him more than Jake would if he will find Jessie for her. Beyond that, she has no use for him. Hank Sully (Alex Karras), the team's trainer, strongly advises Terry to stay away from Jake and offers to help Terry get a coaching job. Terry is convinced his days as a player are not over and instead decides to work for Jake to tide him over until the next season, when he can try to continue his playing career.
Terry finds Jessie living in Cozumel. He makes multiple attempts to approach Jessie, but she rebuffs him, aware that he must have been sent by either Jake or her mother. Terry tires of pursuing a spoiled brat and packs to leave, but Jessie appreciates that he hasn't revealed her whereabouts and invites him to see where she is staying. They become lovers. Terry confides the leverage Jake has over him is the knowledge that Terry once shaved points in an important game after he had fallen into debt.
Terry and Jessie remain happily together for a few weeks, with Terry continuing to tell Jake he's been unsuccessful in locating her. Sully is sent by Jake to investigate. He catches the lovers alone at the ruins of Chichen Itza. Wielding a gun, Sully demands that Terry turn over the girl and warns him she's "no good." He, too, has been involved in corruption with Jake's sports syndicate. A struggle between the men ensues and Jessie fatally shoots Sully. She wants to flee, as the two will be unable to offer an explanation that will allow them to avoid jail. But when Terry refuses, insisting that the two cannot just run away from the matter, Jessie abandons him.
After disposing of Sully's body, Terry returns to Los Angeles and finds to his astonishment that Jessie has returned to Jake. He is bitter toward her, but Jake maintains a hold over him with the point-shaving incident, as well as Sully's sudden disappearance. Terry is sent to break into the office of Kirsch (Saul Rubinek), the team's corrupt lawyer, who is also involved in Jake's gambling operation. Terry's mission is to retrieve Kirsch's files, which implicate everyone involved.
Terry breaks into the office only to find Kirsch dead. A security guard has been hired to kill Terry and make it look like Terry committed the murder. Terry fights off the security guard, then hides Kirsch's body. He finds a local bar frequented by Kirsch's secretary, Edie (Swoosie Kurtz), where he tells her what has happened and that she too is in danger. Edie tells him about a secret box that contains the information to bring down the entire syndicate and local politicians. They return to the office to retrieve the box, where a fight occurs with another two guards, but again Terry escapes, this time with Edie and the files.
Jessie remains at Jake's side but claims to be still in love with Terry. She knows that Jake is behind Kirsch's murder and informs Caxton, telling him that Jake has been handling bets on his old football team using information he's been given by Sully and Kirsch. What she doesn't know is that Caxton is actually Jake's boss at the syndicate.
Caxton takes charge. He arranges to meet Terry at the site of a new construction project that he and Mrs. Wyler are backing. Terry is able to disarm Caxton's armed henchman Tommy (Dorian Harewood). He says his price for turning over the files is that Caxton must take down Jake. Caxton indicates he is receptive to that idea, whereupon Jake pulls his own gun and threatens to kill Jessie, forcing Terry to drop his weapon. While the men have their attention focused on each other, Jessie retrieves the dropped gun and shoots Jake.
Having killed both Jake and Sully, she must agree to terms set by Caxton to avoid going to jail. Caxton's terms include Jessie returning to her estranged mother's side and ending her relationship with Terry.
Months later, Terry stays in the background while attending a publicity function for Caxton's and Mrs. Wyler's construction project. He just wants a last look at Jessie before leaving Los Angeles to play for a team in Miami. Caxton reminds him that he is no longer a part of Jessie's life. Terry acknowledges that this is true for the moment, but predicts that some day Jessie will break free of the hold that Caxton and Mrs. Wyler have on her. In the meantime, all Terry and Jessie can do is stare at one another from a distance.
Cast[edit]
Jeff Bridges as Terry Brogan
Rachel Ward as Jessie Wyler
James Woods as Jake Wise
Alex Karras as Hank Sully
Jane Greer as Mrs. Grace Wyler
Richard Widmark as Ben Caxton
Dorian Harewood as Tommy
Swoosie Kurtz as Edie
Saul Rubinek as Steve Kirsch
Pat Corley as Ed Phillips
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: Against All Odds (soundtrack)
Production notes[edit]
The film featured two cameo appearances by stars of Out of the Past on which the film is based. Jane Greer, who was the star of Out of the Past, plays Rachel Ward's mother. Greer held the infant Jeff Bridges in 1951's "The Company She Keeps" in a scene with his real life mom, Dorothy Bridges. Paul Valentine, who played hood Joe Stephanos in the first film, played a councilman in Against All Odds.
Jeff Bridges' age and appearance in this film is used as a reference to re-create a 35-year-old version of him for the characters of Kevin Flynn and CLU in the film Tron: Legacy, released in December 2010.[1]
Reception[edit]
The film has a 67% score on Rotten Tomatoes based on nine critic reviews.[2]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "We used Jeff's performance of CLU and remapped it onto a digital version of himself at 35 years old. I used the movie Against All Odds as a reference for CLU's appearance." - Tron: Legacy Director Joseph Kosinski Forces of Geek: Celebrate Your Pop Culture Obsessions1: FOG! Chats With TRON: Evolution Director Joseph Kosinski
Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/against_all_odds/
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Against All Odds
Against All Odds on IMDb
Against All Odds at Rotten Tomatoes
Against All Odds at Box Office Mojo
Against All Odds at AllMovie
hide
v
t
e
Films directed by Taylor Hackford
Teenage Father (1978)
The Idolmaker (1980)
An Officer and a Gentleman (1982)
Against All Odds (1984)
White Nights (1985)
Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll (1987)
Everybody's All-American (1988)
Blood In Blood Out (1993)
Dolores Claiborne (1995)
The Devil's Advocate (1997)
Proof of Life (2000)
Ray (2004)
Love Ranch (2010)
Parker (2013)
The Comedian (2016)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Against_All_Odds_(1984_film)&oldid=858540673"
Categories:
1984 films
English-language films
American film remakes
1980s thriller films
American films
American thriller films
Neo-noir
American romantic drama films
1980s crime films
Films directed by Taylor Hackford
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in Mexico
Columbia Pictures films
Films scored by Michel Colombier
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text:
Definitely, Maybe
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Definitely Maybe (disambiguation).
Definitely, Maybe
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Adam Brooks
Produced by
Tim Bevan
Eric Fellner
Written by
Adam Brooks
Starring
Ryan Reynolds
Isla Fisher
Derek Luke
Abigail Breslin
Elizabeth Banks
Rachel Weisz
Music by
Clint Mansell
Cinematography
Florian Ballhaus
Edited by
Peter Teschner
Production
companies
StudioCanal
Working Title Films
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
February 14, 2008 (2008-02-14)
Running time
111 minutes[1]
Country
Germany[2]
United Kingdom[2]
United States[2]
France[2]
Language
English
Box office
$55.4 million
Definitely, Maybe is a 2008 romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Adam Brooks, and starring Ryan Reynolds, Isla Fisher, Rachel Weisz, Elizabeth Banks, Abigail Breslin, and Kevin Kline. Set in New York City during the 1990s, the film is about a political consultant who tries to help his eleven-year-old daughter understand his impending divorce by telling her the story of his past romantic relationships and how he ended up marrying her mother. The film grossed $55 million worldwide.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Music
4 Release
5 Reception
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
38-year-old father Will Hayes is in the midst of a divorce. After her first sex-ed class, his 10-year-old daughter Maya insists on hearing the story of how her parents met. Will reluctantly gives in, but decides to change the names and some of the facts relating to the various love affairs of his youth, thereby creating a love mystery; Maya is left guessing which of the women will turn out to be her mother. The story he tells Maya is depicted in flashbacks. From time to time the film switches back to the present, where Maya comments (often critically) and asks questions.
The story begins in 1992 when Will, an idealistic political operative, moves away from Wisconsin and his college sweetheart, Emily, to New York City, where he works on the Clinton campaign. Over the years, Will becomes involved with three women who enter his life, including Summer Hartley, an aspiring journalist, and April the copy girl for the campaign. Will and April have a chance meeting outside work, where Will reveals he is going to propose to Emily. When Will practices his proposal to Emily on April, she is taken aback by Will's wholehearted words and replies, "Definitely, maybe." They go back to her apartment, where April has multiple copies of Jane Eyre in her collection, explaining that her father gave her a copy with an inscription in the front shortly before he died, and the book was later lost. She has spent years looking through copies of Jane Eyre at secondhand stores hoping to find the copy her father gave her, but she buys any copy she finds that has an inscription. They kiss, but Will abruptly stops and leaves.
Emily comes back to New York where she confesses, just after Will proposes, that she slept with his roommate. She did it on purpose to break up with Will, saying that she is "letting him go" because she does not share his passionate ambitions. After Clinton is elected, Will opens a campaigning business with most of his work colleagues, which enjoys a good amount of success.
Before Will left Wisconsin, Emily asked Will to deliver a package to her former roommate, Summer Hartley, who is living in New York City. Will first meets Summer when he gives her the package, a diary that she wrote when she was a teenager (which, among other things, tells of her brief affair with Emily). He finds she is going out with a famous writer who is old enough to be her father. The writer breaks up with Summer, and Will starts a relationship with her. April quits her job and leaves to travel around the world. When she returns, she plans to tell Will that she loves him, but discovers that he is planning to propose marriage to Summer. April half-heartedly congratulates him instead. Summer writes an offensive article about one of Will's clients. Will cannot forgive this conflict of interest, and he ends his relationship with Summer. As a result of the article, Will loses his business and his dream of a political career ends, with all of his friends abandoning him.
April calls after a long absence and finds that Will has a new job, but is despondent and depressed, feelings further exacerbated when she reveals she has a new boyfriend named Kevin. She throws a birthday party for him, reuniting him with his old colleagues. Will gets drunk and confesses he loves April. When she tells him he should've told her when he had his life together, he starts an argument with her when he implies that she is wasting her life working in a book store. Some time later, Will passes a used book store and finds the copy of Jane Eyre that April has been seeking with the note from her father. Will goes to April's apartment to give her the book, but he decides against it when he meets Kevin, who is now living with her.
Emily moves to New York City, and she and Will rekindle their relationship after a run-in at a party of Summer's they both were attending. Maya correctly guesses that "Emily" is her mother. Maya states that it is unfortunate that the story has a sad ending, but Will explains that the story has a happy ending: Maya.
Will learns that April is single again, and he attempts to give her the copy of Jane Eyre. When she discovers that he has been holding onto the book for years, she grows upset and asks him to leave.
Maya is happy to have figured out the story, but she realizes that her father still loves April: he changed the name of her mother, Sarah, to Emily in the story, and the name of Natasha to Summer, but he did not change April's name. Maya makes Will have an epiphany, realizing that he is miserable without April. On the spur of the moment they take a taxi to go meet April. April does not let them into her apartment. As they walk away, April runs out and asks about the story. Will confesses to April that he held on to the copy of Jane Eyre because it was the only thing he had left of her. April hugs Will and takes them in to hear the story. As Maya passes through the doorway, April jumps into Will's arms and kisses him.
Cast[edit]
Ryan Reynolds as William Matthew 'Will' Hayes
Isla Fisher as April Hoffman
Derek Luke as Russell T. McCormack
Abigail Breslin as Maya Hayes
Elizabeth Banks as "Emily Jones"/ Sarah
Rachel Weisz as "Summer Hartley"/ Natasha
Kevin Kline as Professor Hampton Roth
Adam Ferrara as Gareth
Annie Parisse as Anne
Liane Balaban as Kelly
Nestor Serrano as Arthur Robredo
Marc Bonan as Kevin
Alexie Gilmore as Olivia
Kevin Corrigan as Simon
Music[edit]
The film was scored by English composer Clint Mansell. Lakeshore Records released the score on March 18, 2008. All Music Guide reviewer William Ruhlmann praised the album as filled with "sweet, melodic numbers that often seem to lack only a lyric to turn them into pop songs". He also stated that it functioned as "light accompaniment to an equally light entertainment".[3]
Release[edit]
In its opening weekend, the film grossed $9.8 million in 2,204 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking #5 at the box office.[4] As of September 28, 2008, the film has grossed $55,447,968 worldwide.[5]
The film was released on DVD June 24, 2008, with a widescreen transfer, deleted scenes, two short featurettes, and a commentary track by Reynolds and director Brooks.
Reception[edit]
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 71% of critics gave the film positive reviews based on 144 reviews; the average rating is 6.5/10. The site's consensus reads: "With a clever script and charismatic leads, Definitely, Maybe is a refreshing entry into the romantic comedy genre."[6] Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 59 out of 100 based on 30 reviews.[7]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Definitely, Maybe (12A)". British Board of Film Classification. January 7, 2008. Retrieved December 1, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Definitely, Maybe (2008)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 2017-01-19.
Jump up ^ "Clint Mansell Definitely, Maybe [Original Score]". www.allmusic.com. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Definitely, Maybe (2008) - Weekend Box Office Results". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
Jump up ^ "Definitely, Maybe (2008)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
Jump up ^ "Definitely, Maybe – Movie Reviews, Trailers, Pictures – Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Definitely, Maybe (2008): Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
External links[edit]
Film in the United States portal
France portal
United Kingdom portal
Germany portal
Comedy portal
2000s portal
Official site
Definitely, Maybe on IMDb
Definitely, Maybe at Box Office Mojo
Definitely, Maybe at Rotten Tomatoes
Definitely, Maybe at Metacritic
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Films directed by Adam Brooks
Almost You (1985)
Red Riding Hood (1989)
The Invisible Circus (2001)
Definitely, Maybe (2008)
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Clint Mansell
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Sonny
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Definitely,_Maybe&oldid=801040280"
Categories:
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