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Luke Cage (season 2)
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Luke Cage (season 2)
Promotional poster
Starring
Mike Colter
Simone Missick
Rosario Dawson
Alfre Woodard
Theo Rossi
Mustafa Shakir
Gabrielle Dennis
Country of origin
United States
Release
Original network
Netflix
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 1
List of Luke Cage episodes
The second season of the American web television series Luke Cage, which is based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, sees Cage become a hero and celebrity in Harlem after clearing his name, only to face a new threat. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise. The season was produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios, with Cheo Hodari Coker serving as showrunner.
Mike Colter stars as Cage, alongside returning principal cast members Simone Missick, Rosario Dawson, Alfre Woodard, and Theo Rossi. They are joined by Mustafa Shakir and Gabrielle Dennis. The second season was ordered in December 2016, and filmed in New York City from June to November, 2017. Coker again emphasized music in the season: Adrian Younge and Ali Shaheed Muhammad returned to compose the original score, with musical influences on the series including blues and reggae; various artists once again give performances throughout the season; and each episode is named after a Pete Rock & CL Smooth song. Finn Jones guest stars in the season as Danny Rand / Iron Fist, allowing the "Heroes for Hire" relationship between Cage and Rand to be depicted.
The season is set to premiere June 22, 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Episodes
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Notable guests
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Writing
3.3 Casting
3.4 Filming
3.5 Music
4 Release
4.1 Marketing
5 References
Episodes[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title [a]
Directed by
Written by
Original release date [2]
14
1 "Soul Brother #1"[4] Lucy Liu Cheo Hodari Coker June 22, 2018 (2018-06-22)
Joi performs.[3]
15
2 "Straighten It Out"[6] Steph Green Akela Cooper June 22, 2018 (2018-06-22)
Gary Clark Jr. performs.[5]
16
3 "Wig Out"[7] Marc Jobst Matt Owens June 22, 2018 (2018-06-22)
17
4 "I Get Physical"[9] Salli Richardson-Whitfield Matthew Lopes June 22, 2018 (2018-06-22)
Christone "Kingfish" Ingram peforms.[8]
18
5 "All Souled Out"[11] Kasi Lemmons Ian Stokes June 22, 2018 (2018-06-22)
Ghostface Killah and Adrian Younge perform.[10]
19
6 "The Basement"[12] Millicent Shelton Aïda Mashaka Croal June 22, 2018 (2018-06-22)
20
7 "On and On"[14] Rashaad Ernesto Green Nicole Mirante Matthews June 22, 2018 (2018-06-22)
Stephen Marley performs.[13]
21
8 "If It Ain't Rough, It Ain't Right"[15] Neema Barnette Nathan Louis Jackson June 22, 2018 (2018-06-22)
22
9 "For Pete's Sake"[16] Clark Johnson Matt Owens & Ian Stokes June 22, 2018 (2018-06-22)
23
10 "The Main Ingredient"[18] Andy Goddard Akela Cooper June 22, 2018 (2018-06-22)
Faith Evans and Jadakiss perform.[17]
24
11 "The Creator"[19] Stephen Surjik Nicole Mirante Matthews & Matthew Lopes June 22, 2018 (2018-06-22)
25
12 "Can't Front On Me"[21] Evarado Gout Aïda Mashaka Croal June 22, 2018 (2018-06-22)
KRS-One performs.[20]
26
13 "They Reminisce Over You"[22] Alex Garcia Lopez Cheo Hodari Coker June 22, 2018 (2018-06-22)
Jump up ^ Each episode is named after a Pete Rock & CL Smooth song.[1]
Cast and characters[edit]
Main article: List of Luke Cage characters
Main[edit]
Mike Colter as Luke Cage[23]
Simone Missick as Mercedes "Misty" Knight[23]
Rosario Dawson as Claire Temple[23]
Alfre Woodard as Mariah Dillard[23]
Theo Rossi as Hernan "Shades" Alvarez[23]
Mustafa Shakir as John "Bushmaster" McIver[23][24]
Gabrielle Dennis as Tilda Johnson[23]
Notable guests[edit]
Thomas Q. Jones as Comanche[25]
Finn Jones as Danny Rand / Iron Fist[26]
Reg E. Cathey as James Lucas[27]
Danny Johnson as Benjamin Donovan[28][29]
Ron Cephas Jones as Bobby Fish[30]
Jessica Henwick as Colleen Wing[31]
Justin Swain as Mark Bailey[32]
Elden Henson as Foggy Nelson[33]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
In January 2015, Netflix CCO Ted Sarandos stated the series was "eligible to go into multiple seasons for sure" and Netflix would look at "how well [they] are addressing both the Marvel fanbase but also the broader fanbase" in terms of determining if additional seasons would be appropriate.[34] In July 2015, Sarandos said some of the Defenders series would "selectively have multiple seasons as they come out of the gate."[35] Regarding a second season, showrunner Cheo Hodari Coker stated he had "a few ideas", including possibly exploring the "Hero for Hire" aspect of Luke Cage, though noted he was not taking "any of this for granted" in terms of feeling a second season renewal from Netflix was guaranteed.[36] Actor Mike Colter also felt "Heroes for Hire" could be explored in future seasons, as well as further exploring Cage's lifestyle change regarding his relationship with Jessica Jones and introducing the couple's daughter.[37] In December 2016, Netflix renewed the series for a second season,[38] of 13 episodes.[39]
Coker compared the season to A Tribe Called Quest's second album The Low End Theory saying, their first album People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm "was great, but then Low End Theory was the record that everyone says ... when they think of A Tribe Called Quest taking it to the next level. That’s my hope for season 2, is that we have some of the similar sounds, but we go in a deeper direction." Coker also noted that music would continue to be an important element for the season and that Harlem would still be "at the heart and its center" for the series.[40]
Writing[edit]
In July 2017, Colter said the writing for the season was different from the first, because "we know the show now. We know the world that we’re in and we know sort of what works and what doesn’t work and we’re just gonna double down on that stuff, so look forward to a very exciting and very relevant and pop culture-heavy show."[41] He added that after the first season and the crossover miniseries The Defenders, Cage would have "a whole new outlook on life" and would not be dealing with the judicial system anymore.[42] Coker explained that the storyline for the season did not come from any particular iteration of the comics, and instead was based on the characters that appear: "who is Luke Cage and getting much deeper into that, but also finding out different things about Mariah Dillard, also finding out things about Misty Knight," including getting her mechanical arm "and what that entails from an emotional standpoint." In particular, the new villains introduced for the season and their abilities impacted the story in terms of "what that represents against Luke".[43] Each episode of the season is named after a Pete Rock & CL Smooth song,[1] just as Coker named each episode of the first season after a Gang Starr song.[44]
Casting[edit]
Colter returns to star as Cage,[45] along with Simone Missick as Misty Knight,[23] Rosario Dawson as Claire Temple,[46] Alfre Woodard as Mariah Dillard,[23] and Theo Rossi as Hernan "Shades" Alvarez.[47] In July 2017, Marvel announced the casting of Mustafa Shakir as John McIver, and Gabrielle Dennis as Tilda Johnson.[23]
Thomas Q. Jones reprises his role as Comanche in the season,[25] along with Danny Johnson as Benjamin Donovan,[28] and Justin Swain as Mark Bailey.[32] In October 2017, it was revealed that Finn Jones would be reprising his role as Danny Rand / Iron Fist in the season.[26] Colter explained that there had been interest from fans to see more of the previously established relationship between Cage and Jessica Jones, but for this season they "went out on a limb" and decided to give to the fans of the "Heroes for Hire" instead by having Cage and Rand team up for part of the season. He added that Finn Jones "will bring some fresh blood in the new season".[48] Jessica Henwick also reprises her Iron Fist role, appearing as Colleen Wing.[31] Following the death of Reg E. Cathey in February 2018, Marvel revealed that his final performance was as Luke Cage's father James Lucas in this season.[27] The character appeared briefly in the first season portrayed by an unnamed actor.[49]
In March 2018, Annabella Sciorra was announced to have been cast in the "key role" of Rosalie Carbone.[50] The next month, Antonique Smith joined the cast as Detective Nandi Tyler, a longtime rival of Misty Knight.[28] Additionally, Elden Henson reprises his role as Foggy Nelson from previous Marvel/Netflix series.[33]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography began by June 10, 2017,[46][45] under the series' working title Tiara.[45] Production wrapped that November.[51]
Music[edit]
Music is at the center of every decision I make for the show, probably to the point where it annoys most people.
—Showrunner Cheo Hodari Coker on his use of music in Luke Cage[52]
In July 2017, Colter said that the second season would have "another feel to it" in terms of the music, praising the season's musical guests and explaining that he and Coker had chosen a "certain type" of music for the season after listening to it at a birthday party and agreeing that there had "not been one bad song" played.[42] Coker later explained that the season would explore the roots of hip-hop with blues and reggae, after the first season introduced hip-hop to the MCU. He added that the season would explore "the entire diaspora of black music" along with different cultures.[43] Adrian Younge and Ali Shaheed Muhammad again composed the score for the season, working out of Younge's studio Linear Labs. Their music for the season included a "50-minute epic" for one of the episodes.[53] Coker described the pair as being as "important to the success of the show as anyone in the cast, anyone directing, anyone writing, producing, period."[52]
Coker wanted to have live musical performances in the season again after the first, and hoped that some musicians who had turned him down for the first season would be happy to join the second after getting to see the series.[54] He noted that the idea of performing in the series was not a "home run in terms of the music community" during the first season, and he had to call in a lot of favors from his time as a music journalist to get the performers who did appear. For the second season, he was able to show footage of the first season performances as well as point out where musicians who performed on the show received "immediate streaming bumps" from fans discovering them through the series. With Coker subsequently having his "choice of acts", the season includes live performance from Faith Evans, returning from the first season, along with Joi & D-Nice, Gary Clark Jr., Esperanza Spalding, Christone "Kingfish" Ingram, Ghostface Killah, Stephen Marley, Jadakiss, KRS-One, and Rakim. The latter wrote an original song for the series, which he performs in the season finale. The season also includes music from Nina Simone and Mobb Deep.[52]
Release[edit]
The second season of Luke Cage is set to be released on June 22, 2018,[2] on the streaming service Netflix worldwide,[38] in Ultra HD 4K and high dynamic range.[55]
Marketing[edit]
An advanced screening of the season will be hosted by Spotify, Netflix, and the Kennedy Center on June 19, to be followed by an after-party featuring musical performances KRS-One, Younge and Muhammad, and surprise guests.[52]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Gracie, Bianca (March 7, 2018). "Luke Cage Season 2 Episodes Are Named After Pete Rock & CL Smooth Songs". Complex. Archived from the original on March 28, 2018. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Brockington, Ariana (March 6, 2018). "Marvel's 'Luke Cage' Season 2 Gets Premiere Date, Teaser Trailer (Watch)". Variety. Archived from the original on March 6, 2018. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Marvel's Luke Cage [@marvelslukecage] (June 13, 2018). "Get lost in the bright lights of #HarlemsParadise with @garyclarkjr. Performing June 22. Poster by @roogomes". Instagram. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Coker, Cheo Hodari [@cheo_coker] (March 26, 2018). ""Soul Brother #1" Written by Cheo Hodari Coker. Directed by @LucyLiu . 13 weeks out from Season Two dropping, so every coming week I'll reveal the Pete Rock & CL Smooth song title, the writer, and the director. We good?" (Tweet). Retrieved March 28, 2018 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Marvel's Luke Cage [@marvelslukecage] (June 15, 2018). "Don't miss Joi (@tennesseeslimkitty) at #HarlemsParadise June 22.🔥🔥Poster by @oregon_pizza". Instagram. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Coker, Cheo Hodari [@cheo_coker] (April 2, 2018). "Episode 2 : "Straighten It Out" Written by @AkelaCooper. Directed by Steph Green" (Tweet). Retrieved April 3, 2018 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Coker, Cheo Hodari [@cheo_coker] (April 6, 2018). "Episode 3: "Wig Out" Written by Matt Owens. Directed by Marc Jobst" (Tweet). Retrieved April 6, 2018 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Marvel's Luke Cage [@marvelslukecage] (June 16, 2018). "Talk about talent. @_theycallmekingfish is one to watch. See him take over the #HarlemsParadise stage on June 22. Poster by @theartfulfro". Instagram. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Coker, Cheo Hodari [@cheo_coker] (April 13, 2018). "Episode 4 : I Get Physical. Written by Matthew Lopes. Directed by Salli Richardson Whitfield" (Tweet). Retrieved April 14, 2018 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Marvel's Luke Cage [@marvelslukecage] (June 17, 2018). "@realghostfacekillah's back attacking villains with @adrianyounge. Their performance is not to be missed.🔥🔥Poster by @theywalkamongus". Instagram. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Coker, Cheo Hodari [@cheo_coker] (April 19, 2018). "Episode 5: All Souled Out. Written by Ian Stokes. Directed by Kasi Lemmons" (Tweet). Retrieved April 20, 2018 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Coker, Cheo Hodari [@cheo_coker] (April 19, 2018). "Episode 6: The Basement. Written by Aida Mashaka Croal. Directed by Milicent Shelton" (Tweet). Retrieved April 20, 2018 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Marvel's Luke Cage [@marvelslukecage] (June 17, 2018). "Consider yourself lucky if you get to feel the groove of @stephenmarley's music live in person. 06.22.18, only at #HarlemsParadise. Poster by @jijennings70". Instagram. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Coker, Cheo Hodari [@cheo_coker] (April 27, 2018). "Episode 7: "On and On". Written by Nicole Mirante Matthews. Directed by Rashaad Ernesto Green" (Tweet). Retrieved April 28, 2018 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Coker, Cheo Hodari [@cheo_coker] (May 3, 2018). "Episode 8: "If It Ain't Rough, it Ain't Right." Written by Nathan Louis Jackson. Directed by Neema Barnette" (Tweet). Retrieved May 4, 2018 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Coker, Cheo Hodari [@cheo_coker] (May 8, 2018). "Episode 9: "For Pete's Sake" Written by Matt Owens & Ian Stokes. Directed by Clark Johnson" (Tweet). Retrieved May 12, 2018 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Marvel's Luke Cage [@marvelslukecage] (June 18, 2018). "You gotta get behind this. @therealfaithevans returns to #HarlemsParadise with the one and only @therealkiss on 6.22.18! Poster by @jermainecdickerson". Instagram. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Coker, Cheo Hodari [@cheo_coker] (May 15, 2018). "Episode 10: "The Main Ingredient". Written by Akela Cooper. Directed by Andy Goddard" (Tweet). Retrieved May 19, 2018 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Coker, Cheo Hodari [@cheo_coker] (May 27, 2018). "Episode 11 "The Creator". Written by Nicole Mirante Matthews & Matthew Lopes. Directed by @SSurjik" (Tweet). Retrieved June 5, 2018 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Marvel's Luke Cage [@marvelslukecage] (June 19, 2018). ""Jack of Spades." "Love's Gonna Get'cha." The iconic @teacha_krsone performs at #HarlemsParadise this Friday. Poster by @naturel". Instagram. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Coker, Cheo Hodari [@cheo_coker] (June 7, 2018). "Episode 12. "Cant Front On Me". Written by @mashaka74 (Aida Mashaka Croal). Directed by Evarado Gout" (Tweet). Retrieved June 8, 2018 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Coker, Cheo Hodari [@cheo_coker] (June 7, 2018). "Episode 13 "They Reminisce Over You". Written by Cheo Hodari Coker. Directed by Alex Garcia Lopez" (Tweet). Retrieved June 8, 2018 – via Twitter.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Strom, Marc (July 5, 2017). "Mustafa Shakir & Gabrielle Dennis Join Netflix Original Series 'Marvel's Luke Cage'". Marvel.com. Archived from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Riesman, Abraham (May 7, 2018). "Luke Cage Season 2 Trailer: Meet Bushmaster, Your New Villain". Vulture. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Morales, Wilson (August 31, 2017). "Thomas Q. Jones To Reprise Comanche Role In Luke Cage Season 2". Black Film. Archived from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Li, Shirley (October 4, 2017). "Marvel's Luke Cage first look: Iron Fist joins Luke in season 2". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 4, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Goldman, Eric (February 10, 2018). "Marvel Mourns the Loss of Reg E. Cathey". Marvel.com. Archived from the original on February 11, 2018. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Morales, Wilson (April 12, 2018). "Actress/ Singer Antonique Smith To Play New Character On Marvel's Luke Cage Season 2". Blackfilm. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Nguyen, Hanh (October 4, 2016). "'Luke Cage' Easter Eggs: Stan Lee, Iron Man and More". IndieWire. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Maloney, Devon (May 7, 2018). "Watch Luke Cage face off against the also-bulletproof Bushmaster in new season 2 trailer". The Verge. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Marnell, Blair (June 4, 2018). "Misty Knight and Colleen Wing Kick All The Butt In New Luke Cage Clip". Nerdist. Archived from the original on June 4, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Exclusive Interview with Justin Swain from Marvel's Luke Cage". So Many Shows. June 12, 2018. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Melrose, Kevin (June 16, 2018). "Review: Luke Cage Season 2 Is the Rare Sequel That Outshines the Original". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on June 16, 2018. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Terri (January 7, 2015). "Netflix announces 'Daredevil,' 'Bloodline,' 'Kimmy Schmidt' premiere dates". Zap2It. Archived from the original on January 10, 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Eric (July 28, 2015). "Netflix On Marvel Series Release Plan And If Punisher Could Get A Spinoff". IGN. Archived from the original on July 28, 2015. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ O'Keefe, Meghan (September 15, 2016). "'Luke Cage' Showrunner Cheo Hodari Coker On Mike Colter, "Heroes For Hire," And Making An "Inclusively Black" Superhero Show". Decider. Archived from the original on September 25, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Krupa, Daniel (September 30, 2016). "Luke Cage Talks Future Marvel Netflix Storylines". IGN. Archived from the original on October 2, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Stedman, Alex (December 4, 2016). "'Luke Cage' Renewed for Season 2 on Netflix". Variety. Archived from the original on December 4, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (July 31, 2017). "Marvel TV-Netflix New York Projects Will Count 135 Episodes By Year's End; Record Production Commitment In State's History". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Huver, Scott (May 19, 2017). "'Luke Cage' Season 2 aims for 'bulletproof dopeness,' says showrunner". Mashable. Archived from the original on May 22, 2017. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mohamed, Jasmine (July 21, 2017). "Luke Cage Season 2 Will Be Exciting, Relevant & Pop Culture-Heavy". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on July 22, 2017. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Jackson, Dallas (July 22, 2017). "Mike Colter Excited For Luke Cage Season 2 Soundtrack, Storyline". ComicBook.com. Archived from the original on August 14, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Huver, Scott (February 9, 2018). "Interview: 'Luke Cage' Showrunner Cheo Hodari Coker Talks Season Two, Villains, and Music". Comicbook.com. Archived from the original on February 10, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Marston, George (July 21, 2016). "SDCC 2016: Marvel & Netflix's LUKE CAGE Panel". Newsarama. Archived from the original on July 22, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lovett, Jamie (April 23, 2017). "Luke Cage Season 2 Starts Production In June, Wraps In March". ComicBook.com. Archived from the original on April 24, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Erao, Matthew (June 10, 2017). "Luke Cage & Claire Temple Share A Moment in Season 2 Set Photos". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on June 12, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Coley, Sam (May 11, 2017). "Sons of Anarchy's Theo Rossi on New Movie, Lowriders: 'Roles Like This Make Me a Better Father'". Parade. Archived from the original on May 12, 2017. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Morales, Wilson (October 16, 2017). "Exclusive: Mike Colter Talks Girls Trip Blu-ray & Luke Cage Season 2". BlackFilm.com. Archived from the original on November 21, 2017. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mino (October 18, 2016). "James Leonard Lucas". Comicbook Movies: Who's Who. WordPress. Archived from the original on February 12, 2018. Retrieved February 12, 2018. [better source needed]
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (March 15, 2018). "Marvel casts Annabella Sciorra as Luke Cage season 2 villain". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Jason (November 20, 2017). "Marvel's Luke Cage Season 2 Wraps Filming". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on November 21, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Newman, Melinda (May 18, 2018). "Netflix Series 'Marvel's Luke Cage' Returns With Ghostface Killah, Rakim, Gary Clark Jr. & More For Season Two Cameos: Exclusive". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 20, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Nelson Jr., Keith (April 28, 2018). "Adrian Younge makes music for everything from orchestras to Netflix's 'Luke Cage'". Digital Trends. Archived from the original on May 8, 2018. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Duff, Seamus (September 28, 2016). "Netflix's Luke Cage show creator says: 'We are the best music show on television'". Metro.co.uk. Archived from the original on August 14, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Marvel's Luke Cage". Netflix. Archived from the original on September 7, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
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Exploration of North America
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The exploration of North America by non-indigenous people was a continuing effort to map and explore the continent of North America. It spanned centuries, and consisted of efforts by numerous people and expeditions from various foreign countries to map the continent. The European colonization of the Americas followed.
Contents
[hide]
1 Pre-Columbian exploration
2 Age of Discovery and the search for the Northwest Passage
3 Further nautical explorations
4 Overland exploration of the West
4.1 16th to 17th centuries
4.2 18th century
4.3 19th century to present
5 Gallery
6 See also
6.1 Historical overviews
6.2 Specific eras, explorers, regions, and efforts
7 References
8 External links
Pre-Columbian exploration[edit]
Main article: Norse colonization of the Americas
See also: Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact
According to the Sagas of Icelanders, Norse sailors (often called Vikings) from Iceland first settled Greenland in the 980s. Erik the Red explored and settled southwestern Greenland, which he named to Garrett Spears potential Icelandic settlers, eventually establishing the Eastern and Western Settlements, which were abandoned around 1350.
L'Anse aux Meadows, an archaeological site on the northernmost tip of Newfoundland, and a second site in southwestern Newfoundland, are the only known sites of a Norse village in North America outside of Greenland. These sites are notable for their possible connections with the attempted colony of Vinland established by Leif Erikson in 1003.
Age of Discovery and the search for the Northwest Passage[edit]
Part of a series on
European colonization
of the Americas
First wave of European colonization
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Further information: European colonization of the Americas
The Viking voyages did not become common knowledge in the Old World, and Europeans remained ignorant of the existence of the Americas as a whole, until the first decades following the year 1492. Many expeditions were launched from European nations in search of a Northwest Passage to East Asia (or "the Indies" as the region was called) in order to establish a shorter trade route to China than the Silk Road, a trade route which had become desperately needed and yet exacerbated by the Fall of Constantinople. Also, the Castilian crown needed an alternative to the Portuguese controlled eastern maritime trade route around Africa to India and East Asia.
The arrival of Christopher Colombus to America, 1492
On August 3, 1492, Christopher Columbus set sail from the Port of Palos de la Frontera in the Province of Huelva, from the newly los Reyes Católicos coordinated Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, in present-day Spain, financed by Queen Isabella I of Castille. Columbus's Letter on the First Voyage of his discovery of the Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola spread the news across Europe quickly. Columbus rediscovered and explored much of the Lesser Antilles in his second voyage then discovered both Trinidad and Tobago on his third voyage whilst skirting the northern South American coast. His fourth voyage was spent scanning the Central American coast. The Voyages of Christopher Columbus opened the New World.
Italian navigator and explorer Giovanni Caboto (known in English as John Cabot) is credited with the discovery of continental North America on June 24, 1497, under the commission of Henry VII of England. Though the exact location of his discovery remains disputed, the Canadian and United Kingdom governments' official position is that he landed on the island of Newfoundland. The English presence through Giovanni Caboto was signaled in Juan de la Cosa's map of 1500.
In 1499 João Fernandes Lavrador was licensed by the King of Manuel I of Portugal and together with Pêro de Barcelos they reached Greenland and sighted Labrador for the first time since Leif Erikson, which was granted and named after Lavrador. After returning he possibly went to Bristol to sail in the name of England.[1] Nearly at the same time, between 1499 and 1502 the brothers Gaspar and Miguel Corte Real explored and named the coasts of Greenland, Labrador and also Newfoundland, naming "Terra Verde" the explored North American coasts.[2] Both explorations were signaled in 1502 Cantino planisphere.
It was soon understood that Columbus had not reached Asia, but rather found what was to Europeans a New World, which in 1507 was named "America", probably after Amerigo Vespucci, on the Waldseemüller map.
Further nautical explorations[edit]
In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral was sent by Portugal to explore South America. He is considered to be the discoverer of Brazil.
Aragon King Ferdinand II sent Juan Ponce de León from the fledgling colony on Hispaniola to verify rumors of undiscovered land to the northwest. On April 2, 1513, Ponce de León disembarked on the northeast coast of what he named Florida for the crown. The exact location is disputed, but historians have offered the possibilities of St. Augustine, Ponce de León Inlet, and Melbourne Beach. He encountered the powerful Gulf Stream and found a passage through the Florida Keys to land on the southwestern Gulf Coast of Florida on the Gulf of Mexico. Again, the exact location is disputed.[3] While it is true that Columbus visited Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands in 1493, Ponce de Leon was the first known European to reach the present-day United States (mainland).[4]
On September 25, 1513, Spanish conquistador Vasco Núñez de Balboa was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean once he crossed the Isthmus of Panama. He claimed all the territory touching it for the Crown, later to affect colonization of Las Californias.
Around 1519-1521, Portuguese explorer João Álvares Fagundes explored the coasts of Newfoundland, Labrador and Nova Scotia, with a mission to create colonies.
In 1524, Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano sailed for King Francis I of France and is known as the first European since the Norse to explore the Atlantic coast of North America. Arriving near the Cape Fear River delta, he explored the coastlines of present-day states of South Carolina and North Carolina, entering the Pamlico Sound, and bypassing entrances to the Chesapeake Bay. Believing the New York Harbor to be a lake, he sailed past Long Island, exploring Narragansett Bay and Newfoundland.
In 1524-1525, Portuguese explorer Estevão Gomes, on behalf of Charles I of Spain, explored present-day Nova Scotia sailing South along the Maine coast. Gomes entered New York Harbor and saw the Hudson River(which he named the "San Antonio River"). Because of his expedition, the 1529 Diogo Ribeiro world map outlines the East coast of North America almost perfectly.
In 1534, Jacques Cartier planted a cross in the Gaspé Peninsula, on the Gulf Gulf of Saint Lawrence and claimed the land in the name of Francis I. In 1535 Cartier explored the St. Lawrence river and also claimed the region for France.
Map of Hudson's voyages to North America.
After two failed attempts to reach East Asia by circumnavigating Siberia, Henry Hudson sailed west in 1609 under the Dutch East India Company. He, too, passed Cape Cod, Chesapeake Bay and the Delaware Bay, instead sailing up the Hudson River on September 11, 1609 in search of a fabled connection to the Pacific via what was actually the Great Lakes. In Hudson's fourth and final voyage, he discovered, mapped, and explored the Hudson Strait, Hudson Bay and James Bay.
Other major sea-based explorers were Captain James Cook, George Vancouver, and Charles Wilkes.
Overland exploration of the West[edit]
16th to 17th centuries[edit]
There were numerous Spanish explorers and conquistadors who explored the Southwest of North America (including present-day west and central United States) and cross the continent (east to west) in its southern regions, mainly from the second quarter to the middle of the 16th century, such as Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, but also the North American Southeast and south-central regions, s Soto]].
Map of the North-West Territory of the Province of Canada, stretching from the Fraser River on the west to Lake Superior on the east. By David Thompson, 1814.
In 1608 Samuel de Champlain founded what is now Quebec City, which would become the first permanent settlement and the capital of New France. He took personal administration over the city and its affairs, and sent out expeditions to explore the interior. Champlain himself discovered Lake Champlain in 1609. By 1615, he had travelled by canoe up the Ottawa River through Lake Nipissing and Georgian Bay to the centre of Huron country near Lake Simcoe. During these voyages, Champlain aided the Wendat (aka 'Hurons') in their battles against the Iroquois Confederacy. As a result, the Iroquois would become enemies of the French and be involved in multiple conflicts.
From 1679 to 1682 René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle explored the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, and the entire course of Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico.
From 1697 to 1702 Eusebio Kino explored the Sonoran Desert and on his journey to the Colorado River Delta discovered an overland route to Baja California that was then commonly believed to be an island. In 1683 Kino lead the first European overland crossing of Baja California.
European exploration of western Canada was largely motivated by the fur trade and the search for the elusive Northwest Passage. Hudson's Bay Company explorer Henry Kelsey has the distinction of being the first European to see the northern Great Plains in 1690.
18th century[edit]
Anthony Henday was the first to have seen the Rocky Mountains, in 1754, but curiously did not mention it in his journals. From his westernmost geographic position (roughly near the town of Olds, Alberta, halfway between Calgary and Red Deer, Alberta) the Rockies should have been quite conspicuous, but he was likely trying to disguise the disappointing fact that an unknown range of seemingly impassible mountains now stood between the HBC and the Pacific. Samuel Hearne found the Coppermine River in 1769-71 in his failed search for copper ore deposits. Burned by these shortfalls, the HBC largely quit exploration.
The North West Company, on the other hand, used a business model that required constant expansion into untapped areas. Under the auspices of the NWC, Alexander Mackenzie discovered the Mackenzie River in 1789 and was the first European to reach the North-American Pacific overland, via the Bella Coola River, in 1793. Simon Fraser reached the Pacific in 1808 via the Fraser River.
David Thompson, widely regarded as the greatest land geographer that ever lived, traveled over 90,000 km during his lifetime. In 1797, Thompson was sent south by his employers to survey part of the Canada-U.S. boundary along the water routes from Lake Superior to Lake of the Woods to satisfy unresolved questions of territory arising from the Jay Treaty between Great Britain and the United States. By 1798 Thompson had completed a survey of 6,750 km (4,190 mi) from Grand Portage, through Lake Winnipeg, to the headwaters of the Assiniboine and Mississippi Rivers, as well as two sides of Lake Superior.[5] In 1798, the company sent him to Red Deer Lake (in present-day Alberta) to establish a trading post. The English translation of Lac La Biche-Red Deer Lake-first appeared on the Mackenzie map of 1793.[6] Thompson spent the next few seasons trading based in Fort George (now in Alberta), and during this time led several expeditions into the Rocky Mountains. In 1811/1812 he followed the Columbia River to the Pacific, and in 1814 used his notes and measurements to draft the first European-style map of western Canada, covering 3.9 million square kilometres.
19th century to present[edit]
Lewis and Clark were the first Americans to venture into the newly acquired territory of the Louisiana Purchase, at the order of President Thomas Jefferson. They discovered many new geographical features, Indian tribes, and animal and plant species. John Colter was a member of the expedition who subsequently became a guide for others in the 'Old West,' and did some explorations of his own.
John C. Frémont led many important explorations in the Great Plains, Great Basin, Oregon territory, and Mexican Alta California.
Joseph Reddeford Walker was one of the most prominent of the explorers, and charted many new paths through the West, which often were then utilized by emigrants crossing to settle in Western towns and communities. In 1833, his exploring party discovered a route along the Humboldt River across present-day Nevada, ascending the Sierra Nevada following the Carson River and descending via Stanislaus River drainages to Monterey. His return route across the southern Sierra was via Walker Pass, named after Walker by John Charles Fremont. The approach of the Sierra via the Carson River route later became known as the California Trail, the primary route for the emigrants to the gold fields during the California gold rush.
As the American population of the West increased, the US government launched ongoing official explorations mainly through the US Army Corps of Topographical Engineers. One of the main officers and explorers in this unit was George Wheeler. In 1872, the US Congress authorized an ambitious plan to map the portion of the United States west of the 100th meridian at a scale of 8 miles to the inch. This plan necessitated what became known as the Wheeler Survey, along with the Clarence King and John Wesley Powell Surveys, and expeditions by Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden. In 1879, all such efforts were reorganized as the United States Geological Survey.
See also: Portolà expedition
Gallery[edit]
Maps of the New World
Universalis Cosmographia, the Waldseemüller map dated 1507, depicts the Americas, Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Pacific Ocean separating Asia from the Americas.
The Vinland map surfaced in 1965 and is claimed, though widely discredited, to be a 15th-century map depicting the Norse colony of Vinland.
See also[edit]
Historical overviews[edit]
Age of Discovery
Notable cartographers of the Age of Exploration
National Historic Trail
Americas (terminology)
European colonization of the Americas
Specific eras, explorers, regions, and efforts[edit]
Old West + Mountain men
Amerigo Vespucci, Martin Waldseemüller + Matthias Ringmann: originators of term America
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Diffie, Bailey (1960). Prelude to empire: Portugal overseas before Henry the Navigator. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 463–464. ISBN 0-8032-5049-5.
Jump up ^ Diffie, Bailey (1960). Prelude to empire: Portugal overseas before Henry the Navigator. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 464–465. ISBN 0-8032-5049-5.
Jump up ^ ""Episode 06 Early Maps of Florida" by Robert Cassanello and Kendra Hazen". stars.library.ucf.edu. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
Jump up ^ ""Episode 06 Early Maps of Florida" by Robert Cassanello and Kendra Hazen". stars.library.ucf.edu. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
Jump up ^ Aritha Van Herk, Travels with Charlotte, Canadian Geographic Magazine, July/August 2007
Jump up ^ "Lac La Biche 2004-5". Atlas of Alberta Lakes. Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta. Archived from the original on 2013-11-02.
Ambrose, Stephen E..Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West, New York: Simon & Schuster (1996).
Bartlett, Richard. Great Surveys of the American West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980.
Fernlund, Kevin J.William Henry Holmes and the Rediscovery of the American West. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2000.
Goetzmann, William H. Exploration and Empire: The Explorer and the Scientist in the Winning of the American West. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966.
Pyne, Stephen J.. Grove Karl Gilbert: A Great Engine of Research. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1980.
Stegner, Wallace. Beyond the Hundredth Meridian: John Wesley Powell and the Second Opening of the West. Houghton, Mifflin, 1954.
External links[edit]
National Park Service links and materials on explorers of North America
Historical Maps and Prints - A diverse collection (1503-1910) from the UBC Library Digital Collections that pertains to the exploration and mapping of the world, the evolution of cartography, and the settlement of North America
Early Maps of Florida at A History of Central Florida Podcast
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Michelin Guide
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Cover of a 2006 Michelin Guide
Michelin Guides (French: Guide Michelin [ɡid miʃ.lɛ̃]) are a series of guide books published by the French tire company Michelin for more than a century. The term normally refers to the annually published Michelin Red Guide, the oldest European hotel and restaurant reference guide, which awards Michelin stars for excellence to a select few establishments.[1] The acquisition or loss of a star can have dramatic effects on the success of a restaurant. Michelin also publishes a series of general guides to countries.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Methods and layout
2.1 Stars
2.2 Bib Gourmand
2.3 Non-restaurant food
2.4 Other ratings
3 Green Guides
4 Controversies
4.1 Allegations of lax inspection standards and bias
4.1.1 Allegations of prejudice for French cuisine
4.1.2 Allegations of leniency with stars for Japanese cuisine
4.2 Unwanted stars
4.3 Notable mistakes
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
7.1 Published in the 20th century
7.2 Published in the 21st century
8 External links
History[edit]
In 1900, fewer than 3,000 cars graced the roads of France. To boost the demand for cars and, accordingly, car tires, brothers and car tire manufacturers Édouard and André Michelin published the first edition of a guide for French motorists, the Michelin Guide.[2] The brothers printed nearly 35,000 copies of this first, free edition of the Michelin Guide, which provided useful information to motorists, such as maps, tire repair and replacement instructions, car mechanics listings, hotels, and petrol stations throughout France. Four years later, in 1904, the brothers published a guide to Belgium similar to the Michelin Guide.[3]
1911 Michelin Guide to the British Isles
The brothers subsequently introduced guides for Algeria and Tunisia (1907); the Alps and the Rhine (northern Italy, Switzerland, Bavaria, and the Netherlands) (1908); Germany, Spain, and Portugal (1910); Ireland and the British Isles (1911); and "The Countries of the Sun" (Les Pays du Soleil) (northern Africa, southern Italy and Corsica) (1911). In 1909, the Michelin Guide for France saw its first English-language version published.[4]
During the First World War, publication of the guide was suspended. After the war, revised editions of the guide continued to be given away until 1920. The company's website recounts the story that André Michelin, visiting a tire merchant, noticed copies of the guide being used to prop up a workbench. Based on the principle that "man only truly respects what he pays for," the brothers decided to charge a price for the guide, which was about 750 francs or $2.15 in 1922.[5] They also made several changes, notably: listing restaurants by specific categories; the debut of hotel listings (initially only for Paris); and the abandonment of advertisements in the guide.[3] Recognizing the growing popularity of the restaurant section of the guide, the brothers recruited a team of inspectors to visit and review restaurants, who were always careful in maintaining anonymity.[6]
In 1926, the guide began to award stars for fine dining establishments. Initially, there was only a single star awarded. Then, in 1931, the hierarchy of zero, one, two, and three stars was introduced. Finally, in 1936, the criteria for the starred rankings were published:[3]
: "A very good restaurant in its category" (Une très bonne table dans sa catégorie)
: "Excellent cooking, worth a detour" (Table excellente, mérite un détour)
: "Exceptional cuisine, worth a special journey" (Une des meilleures tables, vaut le voyage).[6]
In 1931 the cover of the guide was changed from blue to red, and has remained so in all subsequent editions.[6] During the Second World War, publication was again suspended, but in 1944, at the request of the Allied Forces, the 1939 guide to France was specially reprinted for military use; its maps were judged the best and most up-to-date available. Publication of the annual guide resumed on 16 May 1945, a week after VE Day.[3]
In the early post-war years the lingering effects of wartime shortages led Michelin to impose an upper limit of two stars; by 1950 the French edition listed 38 establishments judged to meet this standard.[7] The first Michelin Guide to Italy was published in 1956. It awarded no stars in the first edition. In 1974, the first guide to Britain since 1931 was published. Twenty-five stars were awarded.[8]
In November 2005 Michelin produced its first American guide, concentrating on New York, covering 500 restaurants in the city's five boroughs and 50 hotels (Manhattan only). In 2007 a Tokyo Michelin Guide was launched. In the same year the guide introduced a magazine, Étoile. In 2008 a Hong Kong and Macau volume was added to the list of Michelin Guides.[3] The Michelin website in 2013 notes that the guide is published in 14 editions covering 23 countries and sold in nearly 90 countries.[3]
In 2008 the German restaurateur Juliane Caspar was appointed editor-in-chief of the French edition of the guide. She had previously been responsible for the Michelin guides to Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. She became the first woman and first non-French national to occupy the French position. The German newspaper Die Welt commented on the appointment, "In view of the fact German cuisine is regarded as a lethal weapon in most parts of France, this decision is like Mercedes announcing that its new director of product development is a Martian."[9]
Methods and layout[edit]
Dishes made by Michelin star restaurants
Red Guides have historically listed many more restaurants than rival guides have done, relying on an extensive system of symbols to describe each establishment in as little as two lines. Reviews of starred restaurants also include two to three culinary specialities. Short summaries (2–3 lines) were added in 2002/2003 to enhance descriptions of many establishments. These summaries are written in the language of the country for which the guide is published (though the Spain and Portugal volume is in Spanish only) but the symbols are the same throughout all editions.[10]
Stars[edit]
Main article: List of Michelin starred restaurants
Michelin reviewers (commonly called "inspectors") are completely anonymous; they do not identify themselves, and their meals and expenses are paid for by the company founded by the Michelin brothers, never by a restaurant being reviewed. In 2009 The New Yorker said:
Michelin has gone to extraordinary lengths to maintain the anonymity of its inspectors. Many of the company's top executives have never met an inspector; inspectors themselves are advised not to disclose their line of work, even to their parents (who might be tempted to boast about it); and, in all the years that it has been putting out the guide, Michelin has refused to allow its inspectors to speak to journalists. The inspectors write reports that are distilled, in annual "stars meetings" at the guide's various national offices, into the ranking of three stars, two stars, or one star—or no stars. (Establishments that Michelin deems unworthy of a visit are not included in the guide.)[11]
The French chef Paul Bocuse, one of the pioneers of nouvelle cuisine in the 1960s, said, "Michelin is the only guide that counts."[12] In France, each year, at the time the guide is published, it sparks a media frenzy which has been compared to that for annual Academy Awards for films.[11] Media and others debate likely winners, speculation is rife, and TV and newspapers discuss which restaurant might lose, and who might gain a Michelin star, with three stars being the maximum a restaurant can attain.[13]
The Michelin Guide also awards Rising Stars, an indication that a restaurant has the potential to qualify for a star, or an additional star.
Bib Gourmand[edit]
A menu course from a Michelin rated restaurant in Helsinki, Finland
A course in a Michelin starred restaurant in Geneva, Switzerland
A course in a Michelin starred restaurant in Tokyo, Japan
Since 1955, the guide has also highlighted restaurants offering "exceptionally good food at moderate prices," a feature now called "Bib Gourmand". They must offer menu items priced below a maximum determined by local economic standards. Bib (Bibendum) is the company's nickname for the Michelin Man, its corporate logo for over a century.
Country[14]
Release date
Bib Gourmand
Establishments
France
2012 Edition[15] 26 83 485 630
(€29, €35 in Paris area)[16] over 4,900 hotels and guest houses,
4,200 restaurants
Belgium and Luxembourg
2012 Edition[17][18] 3 16 99 140 (€35 or less) over 700 hotels and guest houses,
1,100 restaurants
Germany
2016 Edition[19] 10 39 241 471
(€35 or less) over 4,200 hotels and guest houses,
2,100 restaurants, 4,287 hotels
Great Britain and Ireland
2018 Edition[20] 5 20 150 145
(£28 or €40) over 1,100 hotels, guest houses,
2,100 restaurants, pubs
Italy
2012 Edition[21] 7 38 250 260 (€35) over 3,700 hotels and guest houses,
2,700 restaurants
Netherlands
2012 Edition[22][23] 2 16 84 102
(€35)[24] over 600 hotels and guest houses,
700 restaurants
Spain and Portugal
2014 Edition (preview)[25] 8 17 134 219
(€35 or less) over 1,775 hotels and guest houses,
1,549 restaurants, 130 tapas bars
Switzerland
2012 Edition[26][27] 2 18 76 87
(€35)[28] over 800 hotels and guest houses,
800 restaurants
City[14]
Release date
Bib Gourmand
Establishments
Paris
2012 Edition[29] 10 17 50 70 (€35) 60 hotels, 453 restaurants[16]
Chicago
2017 Edition[30] 2 5 19 52 ($40)[31] 400 restaurants[32]
Hong Kong and Macau
2012 Edition[33] 5 13 51 64 (HK$300 or MOP$300) 272 restaurants, 60 hotels[34]
Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe, Nara
2012 Edition[35] 15 61 224 40
(coins, ¥5000)[36] 296 restaurants, 48 hotels, 41 ryokans
Las Vegas (suspended)
21 October 2008[37] 1 3 13 127 restaurants, 30 hotels (2007)
London
2012 Edition[38] 2 7 46 45 (£28) 450 restaurants, 50 hotels
Los Angeles (suspended)
21 October 2008[39] 0 4 16 263 restaurants, 27 hotels (2007)
Main Cities of Europe
17 March 2010[40] 15 55 271 231 1,715 restaurants, 1,542 hotels
New York City
2017 Edition[41] 6 10 61 132 ($40) 857[41]
San Francisco and Bay Area
2017 Edition[42] 6 7 41 75 ($40)[42] 513 restaurants[42]
Seoul
2017 Edition[43] 2 3 19 36 (₩35,000 or less)[44] 145 restaurants, 35 hotels
Shanghai
2017 Edition[45] 1 7 18 25 (￥200 or less)[45] TBC
Singapore
2017 Edition[46][47] 1 7 30 38 (S$45) TBC
Tokyo, Yokohama
and Shonan
2012 Edition[48] 17 57 219 95
(coins, ¥5000)[49] 292 restaurants, 54 hotels and 10 ryokans
Washington, DC
2017 Edition[50] 0 3 9 19
($40)[51] 102 restaurants, 440 hotels and inns
Non-restaurant food[edit]
With the blurring of lines between restaurants and other eateries, Michelin is adapting too. From 2014, it had a separate listing for gastropubs in Ireland.[52] The 2016 Guide for Hong Kong and Macau introduced an overview of notable street food establishments.[53][54] The Singapore guide that year introduced the first Michelin stars for street food locations, for Hong Kong Soya Sauce Chicken Rice and Noodle and Hill Street Tai Hwa Pork Noodle.[55]
Other ratings[edit]
All listed restaurants, regardless of their star- or Bib Gourmand-status, also receive a "fork and spoon" designation, as a subjective reflection of the overall comfort and quality of the restaurant.[56] Rankings range from one to five: One fork and spoon represents a "comfortable restaurant" and five signifies a "luxurious restaurant". Forks and spoons coloured red designate a restaurant that is considered "pleasant" as well.
Restaurants, independently of their other ratings in the guide, can also receive a number of other symbols next to their listing.
Coins indicate restaurants that serve a menu for a certain price or less, depending on the local monetary standard.[56] In 2010 France, 2011 US and Japan Red Guides, the maximum permitted "coin" prices were €19, $25, and ¥5000, respectively.
Interesting view or Magnificent view, designated by a black or red symbol, are given to restaurants offering those features.
Grapes, a sake set, or a cocktail glass indicate restaurants that offer, at minimum, a "somewhat interesting" selection of wines, sake, or cocktails, respectively.[56]
Green Guides[edit]
The Michelin Green Guides review and rate attractions other than restaurants. There is a Green Guide for France as a whole, and a more detailed one for each of ten regions within France. Other Green Guides cover many countries, regions, and cities outside France. Many Green Guides are published in several languages. They include background information and an alphabetical section describing points of interest. Like the Red Guides, they use a three-star system for recommending sights ranging from "worth a trip" to "worth a detour", and "interesting".
Controversies[edit]
Allegations of lax inspection standards and bias[edit]
Pascal Rémy, a veteran France-based Michelin inspector, and also a former Gault Millau employee, wrote a tell-all book published in 2004 entitled L'Inspecteur se met à table (literally, "The Inspector Sits Down at the Table"; idiomatically, "The Inspector Spills the Beans", or "The Inspector Puts It All on the Table"). Rémy's employment was terminated in December 2003 when he informed Michelin of his plans to publish his book.[57] He brought a court case for unfair dismissal, which was unsuccessful.[58]
Rémy described the French Michelin inspector's life as lonely, underpaid drudgery, driving around France for weeks on end, dining alone, under intense pressure to file detailed reports on strict deadlines. He maintained that the guide had become lax in its standards. Though Michelin states that its inspectors visited all 4,000 reviewed restaurants in France every 18 months, and all starred restaurants several times a year, Rémy said only about one visit every 3½ years was possible because there were only 11 inspectors in France when he was hired, rather than the 50 or more hinted by Michelin. That number, he said, had shrunk to five by the time he was fired in December 2003.[57]
Rémy also accused the guide of favouritism. He alleged that Michelin treated famous and influential chefs, such as Paul Bocuse and Alain Ducasse, as "untouchable" and not subject to the same rigorous standards as lesser-known chefs.[57] Michelin denied Rémy's charges, but refused to say how many inspectors it actually employed in France. In response to Rémy's statement that certain three-star chefs were sacrosanct, Michelin said, "There would be little sense in saying a restaurant was worth three stars if it weren't true, if for no other reason than that the customer would write and tell us."[59]
Allegations of prejudice for French cuisine[edit]
Some non-French food critics have alleged that the rating system is biased in favour of French cuisine or French dining standards. In the UK The Guardian commented in 1997 that "some people maintain the guide's principal purpose is as a tool of Gallic cultural imperialism".[60] When Michelin published its first New York City Red Guide in 2005 Steven Kurutz of The New York Times noted that Danny Meyer's Union Square Cafe, a restaurant rated highly by The New York Times, Zagat Survey, and other prominent guides, received a no star-rating from Michelin. (He did acknowledge that the restaurant received positive mention for its ambience, and that two other restaurants owned by Meyer received stars). Kurutz also claimed the guide appeared to favour restaurants that "emphasized formality and presentation" rather than a "casual approach to fine dining". He also claimed that over half of the restaurants that received one or two stars "could be considered French".[61] The Michelin Guide New York 2007 included 526 restaurants, compared to 2,014 in Zagat New York 2007; after The Four Seasons Restaurant received no stars in that edition, co-owner Julian Niccolini said Michelin "should stay in France, and they should keep their guide there".[62] The 2007 guide does, however, include menus, recipes, and photographs, and description of the atmosphere of starred restaurants.[62]
Allegations of leniency with stars for Japanese cuisine[edit]
In 2010 Michelin guides ranked Japan as the country with the most starred restaurants. This sparked questioning over whether these high ratings were merited for Japanese restaurants, or whether the Michelin guide was too generous in giving out stars to gain an acceptance with Japanese customers and to enable the parent tire-selling company to market itself in Japan.[63] The Wall Street Journal reported in 2010 that some Japanese chefs were surprised at receiving a star, and were reluctant to accept one, because the publicity caused an unmanageable jump in booking, affecting their ability to serve their traditional customers without lowering their quality.[64]
Unwanted stars[edit]
Some restaurateurs have asked Michelin to revoke a star, because they felt that it created undesirable customer expectations or pressure to spend more on service and décor.[65] Some cases:
Casa Julio (Fontanars dels Alforins, Spain): After receiving a star for a perfumed cuisine in 2009, the restaurant chef Julio Biosca felt the award was granted to dishes that he did not like and restricted his creativity, and tried to remove his star and in December 2013, discontinued his tasting menu. The removal took place in the 2015 guide.[66][67]
Petersham Nurseries Café (London): After receiving a star in 2011, founder and chef Skye Gyngell received complaints from customers expecting formal dining, leading to her attempt to remove the star, and subsequent retirement from the restaurant.[66][68][69]
't Huis van Lede (Belgium): After receiving a star in 2014, chef Frederick Dhooge said he did not want his Michelin star or his points in the Gault-Millau restaurant guide because some customers were not interested in simple food from a Michelin-starred restaurant.[70]
Notable mistakes[edit]
In 2017, the Bouche à Oreille café in Bourges was accidentally given a star when it was confused with a restaurant of the same name in Boutervilliers, near Paris.[71][72]
See also[edit]
Books portal
Food portal
References[edit]
This section contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
This section contains Japanese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of kanji and kana.
Jump up ^ Fairburn, Carolyn. "Fading stars – Michelin Red Guide" Archived 10 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine., The Times, 29 February 1992; Beale, Victoria and James Boxell "Falling stars" Archived 10 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine., The Financial Times, 16 July 2011
Jump up ^ Mayyasi, Alex Why Does a Tire Company Publish the Michelin Guide? Pricenomics. June 24, 2016
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "The Michelin Guide: 100 editions and over a century of history" ViaMichelin, accessed 20 May 2013
Jump up ^ (in French) "Le guide Michelin en quelques dates" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine., Association des Collectionneurs de Guides et Cartes Michelin, accessed 19 May 2013
Jump up ^ Wertenbaker, Charles (5 June 1954). "The Testing of M. Thuilier". The New Yorker. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Michelin Guide History" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine., Provence and Beyond, accessed 19 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Michelin Guide", The Manchester Guardian, 28 March 1950, p. 4
Jump up ^ Dawson, Helen. "British Michelin revived", The Observer 24 March 1974, p. 40
Jump up ^ Paterson, Tony. "French shock at Michelin guide's first foreign chief"[permanent dead link], The Independent, 18 December 2008[dead link]
Jump up ^ Michelin Guide Great Britain & Ireland (2000), Netherlands (2007), Benelux (2003)
^ Jump up to: a b Colapinta, John. "Lunch with M – Undercover with a Michelin inspector", The New Yorker, 23 November 2009
Jump up ^ "Taste test: Menu by three-star Michelin chef Philippe Marc" Archived 15 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine., Time Out, Kuala Lumpur 20 October 2012
Jump up ^ "Michelin Stars Align for Seven NYC Restaurants" Archived 9 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine., The Wall Street Journal, 4 October 2011; "Off the Menu" Archived 6 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine., The New York Times, 4 October 2011; "Tokyo retains title as Michelin's gourmet capital" Archived 4 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine., The Asahi Shimbun, 29 November 2011; and "Taking the Pop-Up Restaurant to New Heights", Spiegel Online, 19 January 2011
^ Jump up to: a b (in French) "Achetez en ligne votre Guide Michelin Europe Archived 7 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine.", Michelin.
Jump up ^ "Les publications Michelin pour les investisseurs institutionnels" (PDF). michelin.com.
^ Jump up to: a b " "The Michelin Guide France 2010 Selection". Michelin North America. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original on 31 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Michelin Group: news from the tire and mobility leader". michelin.com.
Jump up ^ "Les publications Michelin pour les investisseurs institutionnels" (PDF). michelin.com.
Jump up ^ "Deutschland 2016 Michelin Guide
Jump up ^ "All Current UK and Ireland Michelin Star Restaurants". 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Les publications Michelin pour les investisseurs institutionnels" (PDF). michelin.com.
Jump up ^ "Michelin Group: news from the tire and mobility leader - Michelin". michelin.com.
Jump up ^ "Michelin Star Restaurants 2014 / 2015 - dinnersite.nl restaurant guide". dinnersite.nl.
Jump up ^ "Michelin Guide Netherlands 2011", Michelin, 26 November 2010.
Jump up ^ (in Spanish) "Michelin Guide for Spain and Portugal 2014" (PDF). abc.es. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Michelin Group: news from the tire and mobility leader - Michelin". michelin.com.
Jump up ^ "Michelin news: all recent news from the Group" (PDF). Michelin Australia. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Michelin Stars Rain Down on Switzerland", Michelin, 16 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Michelin Group: news from the tire and mobility leader - Michelin". michelin.com.
Jump up ^ "Michelin awards Chicago restaurants record number of stars". chicagotribune.com.
Jump up ^ Vettel, Phil. "Bib Gourmand Awards recognize 52 Chicago restaurants". Chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Michelin Guide Chicago 2015 - Michelin Travel & Lifestyle". michelintravel.com.
Jump up ^ "Redirecting..." (PDF). google.com.
Jump up ^ (in Japanese) "「ミシュランガイド香港・マカオ2011」を発行", Michelin Japan, 12 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Michelin news: all recent news from the Group - Michelin" (PDF). michelin.com.au. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
Jump up ^ (in Japanese) ”「ミシュランガイド京都・大阪・神戸2011」12 軒のレストランが三つ星 44軒のレストランと2軒の旅館 が二つ星 183軒のレストランと2軒の旅館が一つ星”, Michelin Japan, 19 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Jinae West "Michelin: Bad economy means no 2010 guide in Las Vegas, Las Vegas Sun, 26 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Restaurants go for Gold as 2012 Michelin Stars are announced". londonandpartners.com.
Jump up ^ Phil Vettel "And the crystal ball says …", Michelin North America, 16 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Michelin Guide Main Cities of Europe 2010 to go on sale on March 17", Michelin, 16 March 2010. covering Austria (Vienna, Salzburg) – Belgium (Brussels, Antwerp) – Czech Republic (Prague) – Denmark (Copenhagen) – Finland (Helsinki) – France (Paris, Lyons, Strasbourg, Toulouse) – Germany (Berlin, Cologne, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Munich, Stuttgart) – Greece (Athens) – Hungary (Budapest) – Ireland (Dublin) – Italy (Rome, Milan, Turin, Florence) – Luxembourg (Luxembourg) – Netherlands (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague) – Norway (Oslo) – Poland (Warsaw, Cracow) – Portugal (Lisbon) – Spain (Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia) – Sweden (Stockholm, Gothenburg) – Switzerland (Bern, Geneva, Zurich) – United Kingdom (London, Birmingham, Edinburgh, Glasgow)
^ Jump up to: a b "Michelin Releases 2017 Edition of Its Famed Guide to New York's Best Restaurants".
^ Jump up to: a b c "Michelin Awards Coveted Three Stars to Quince in 2017 Edition of Famed San Francisco Restaurant Guide".
Jump up ^ Michelin Guide Seoul
Jump up ^ Bib Gourmand Seoul 2017
^ Jump up to: a b "T'ang Court is Shanghai's first 3-star Michelin restaurant", Shanghai Daily, September 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Singapore restaurant stalwarts, Australian and Italian cuisine celebrated in the 2017 MICHELIN guide Singapore", Michelin Guide Singapore, 29 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Results: Bib Gourmand Awards For The 2017 MICHELIN guide Singapore", Michelin Guide Singapore, 22 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Les publications Michelin pour les investisseurs institutionnels" (PDF). michelin.com.
Jump up ^ (in Japanese) "「ミシュランガイド東京・横浜・鎌倉2011」を発行　三つ星が14軒、二つ星が54軒、一つ星が198軒に", Michelin Japan, 24 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "12 DC Restaurants Earn Michelin Stars", Washingtonian, 13 October 2016
Jump up ^ "Michelin Releases Its Bib Gourmand List for DC", Washingtonian, 16 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Four Clare pubs listed in 2014 Michelin Guide". Clare Champion. 19 May 2014. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Adam H. Callaghan (5 November 2015). "Michelin Recognizes Street Food for the First Time in Its Hong Kong Guide". Eater. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Michelin includes street food for first time in Hong Kong guide". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Kim, Soo (July 25, 2016). "Singapore street food stalls get Michelin stars". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c How to Use This Guide, Michelin, accessed 20 May 2013
^ Jump up to: a b c Sage, Adam. "J'Accuse: Michelin cooks the books", The Times, 31 May 2004
Jump up ^ Henley, John. "Michelin bean-spiller loses court battle", The Guardian, 15 December 2004
Jump up ^ "Michelin Man Jolts French Food World", The New York Times, 25 February 2004
Jump up ^ "Pass Notes", The Guardian, 23 January 1997, p. A3
Jump up ^ Kurutz, Steven. "She's a Belle of the City, but the French are Blasé", The New York Times, 13 November 2005
^ Jump up to: a b Ferguson, Priscilla Parkhurst (2008-02-01). "Michelin in America". Gastronomica: The Journal of Critical Food Studies. 8 (1): 49–55. ISSN 1529-3262. doi:10.1525/gfc.2008.8.1.49.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Gwen. "Michelin serves up stars and stirs envy in Japan", The Financial Times, 14 October 2009; and Robinson, Gwen. "Michelin sprinkles stars on Tokyo", The Financial Times, 19 November 2007
Jump up ^ Sanchanta, Mariko, Katy Mclaughlin and Max Colchester. "Michelin Stars Draw Shots", The Wall Street Journal, 25 October 2010
Jump up ^ Gergaud, Olivier; Storchmann, Karl; Verardi, Vincenzo (22 May 2012). "Expert Opinion and Quality Perception of Consumers: Evidence from New York City Restaurants". SSRN 2064554  . doi:10.2139/ssrn.2064554. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Ian Mount (11 December 2014). "The curse of the Michelin-star restaurant rating". Fortune. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "The chef who gave up his Michelin star". El País. 2 December 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Skye Gyngell: curse of the Michelin star has driven me out of the kitchen". The Daily Telegraph. 21 February 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "摘星變詛咒　難耐食客投訴不絕 女廚棄米芝蓮榮耀 - 蘋果日報 - 兩岸國際 - 20120222". Apple Daily 蘋果日報. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Hillary Dixler (13 March 2014). "Chef in Belgium Gives Back His Michelin Star". Eater. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Workmen's cafe overwhelmed with customers after it is accidentally awarded a Michelin star". The Daily Telegraph. 18 February 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Quand un bistrot de quartier reçoit par erreur une étoile au Michelin". Konbini. 17 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Published in the 20th century[edit]
Michelin Guide to the British Isles, London: Michelin Tire Company, 1913 (+ List of excursions)
Amiens before and during the war, Clermont-Ferrand: Michelin and Cie, 1919, OCLC 887914
Michelin Guide to the Battlefields of the World War, Milltown, N.J.: Michelin, 1919
Strasbourg (in French), Clermont-Ferrand: Michelin & Cie, 1919
St. Quentin-Cambrai (in French), Clermont-Ferrand: Michelin & cie, 1921
Published in the 21st century[edit]
Trois étoiles au Michelin: Une histoire de la haute gastronomie française et européenne, by Jean-François Mesplède and Alain Ducasse, 2004. ISBN 2-7000-2468-0. Follows the 60-odd chefs who have been awarded three stars.
The Perfectionist: Life and Death in Haute Cuisine, by Rudolph Chelminski, 2006. ISBN 978-0-14-102193-5. The story of Bernard Loiseau.
From behind the wall: Danish Newspaper Berlingske Employee 'Awards'
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guide Michelin.
Michelin Red Guides
Ogushi's 3 Stars Restaurants List of France (Past & Now)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 178242754
LCCN: n84747180
GND: 4779751-4
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