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Mount Carmel
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For other uses, see Mount Carmel (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Carmel (biblical settlement).
Mount Carmel
Mount Carmel
Hebrew: הר הכרמל Karem El/Har Ha'Karmel
Arabic: الكرمل/جبل مار إلياس Kurmul/Jabal Mar Elyas
Mount Carmel at sunset, as seen from the entrance of Kibbutz Ma'agan Michael
Highest point
Elevation
525.4 m (1,724 ft)
Dimensions
Length
39 km (24 mi)
Width
8 km (5.0 mi)
Naming
Etymology
Literally, in Hebrew: Mount God's vineyard, and Mount St Elijah in Arabic
Geography
Country
Israel
District
Haifa
Range coordinates
32°44′N 35°03′E / 32.733°N 35.050°E / 32.733; 35.050Coordinates: 32°44′N 35°03′E / 32.733°N 35.050°E / 32.733; 35.050
Geology
Type of rock
Limestone and flint
A view of Mount Carmel in 1894.
University of Haifa atop Mount Carmel
Shrine of the Báb, the Baha'i Gardens and Terraces, and the German Colony.
Mount Carmel (Hebrew: הַר הַכַּרְמֶל, Har HaKarmel ISO 259-3 Har ha Karmell (lit. God's vineyard); Arabic: الكرمل, Al-Kurmul, or Arabic: جبل مار إلياس, Jabal Mar Elyas (lit. Mount Saint Elias/Elijah) is a coastal mountain range in northern Israel stretching from the Mediterranean Sea towards the southeast. The range is a UNESCO biosphere reserve. A number of towns are situated there, most notably the city of Haifa, Israel's third largest city, located on the northern slope.
The name is presumed to be directly from the Hebrew language word Carmel (כַּרְמֶל), which means "fresh" (planted), or "vineyard" (planted).
Contents
1 Geography and geology
2 History
2.1 Paleolithic history
2.2 As a strategic location
2.3 As a sacred location
2.3.1 Elijah
2.3.2 Carmelites
2.3.3 Bahá'í Faith
2.3.4 Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Geography and geology[edit]
The phrase "Mount Carmel" has been used in three distinct ways:[1]
To refer to the 39 km-long (24-mile long) mountain range, stretching as far in the southeast as Jenin.
To refer to the northwestern 19 km (12 mi) of the mountain range.
To refer to the headland at the northwestern end of the range.
The Carmel range is approximately 6.5 to 8 kilometres (4.0 to 5.0 miles) wide, sloping gradually towards the southwest, but forming a steep ridge on the northeastern face, 546 metres (1,791 feet) high. The Jezreel Valley lies to the immediate northeast. The range forms a natural barrier in the landscape, just as the Jezreel Valley forms a natural passageway, and consequently the mountain range and the valley have had a large impact on migration and invasions through the Levant over time.[1] The mountain formation is an admixture of limestone and flint, containing many caves, and covered in several volcanic rocks.[1][2] The sloped side of the mountain is covered with luxuriant vegetation, including oak, pine, olive, and laurel trees.[2]
Several modern towns are located on the range, including Yokneam on the eastern ridge, Zikhron Ya'akov on the southern slope, the Druze communities of Daliyat al-Karmel and Isfiya on the more central part of the ridge, and the towns of Nesher, Tirat Hakarmel, and the city of Haifa, on the far northwestern promontory and its base. There is also a small kibbutz called Beit Oren, which is located on one of the highest points in the range to the southeast of Haifa.
Panorama of the Carmel mountain range
History[edit]
Paleolithic history[edit]
As part of a 1929–1934 campaign,[3] between 1930 and 1932, Dorothy Garrod excavated four caves, and a number of rock shelters, in the Carmel mountain range at el-Wad, el-Tabun, and Es Skhul.[4] Garrod discovered Neanderthal and early modern human remains, including the skeleton of a Neanderthal female, named Tabun I, which is regarded as one of the most important human fossils ever found.[5] The excavation at el-Tabun produced the longest stratigraphic record in the region, spanning 600,000 or more years of human activity.[6] The four caves and rock-shelters (Tabun, Jamal, el-Wad, and Skhul) together yield results from the Lower Paleolithic to the present day, representing roughly a million years of human evolution.[7] There are also several well-preserved burials of Neanderthals and Homo sapiens and passage from nomadic hunter-gatherer groups to complex, sedentary agricultural societies is extensively documented at the site. Taken together, these emphasize the paramount significance of the Mount Carmel caves for the study of human cultural and biological evolution within the framework of palaeo-ecological changes."[8]
In 2012, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee added sites of human evolution at Mount Carmel to the List of World Heritage Sites.[9][10][11] The World Heritage Site includes four caves (Tabun, Jamal, el-Wad, and Skhul) on the southern side of the Nahal Me’arot/Wadi El-Mughara Valley. The site fulfils criteria in two separate categories, "natural" and "cultural".[10]
As a strategic location[edit]
View from Carmel to Haifa.
Due to the lush vegetation on the sloped hillside, and many caves on the steeper side, Carmel became the haunt of criminals;[1] Carmel was seen as a place offering an escape from God, as implied by the Book of Amos.[1][12] According to the Books of Kings, Elisha travelled to Carmel straight after cursing a group of young men because they had mocked him and the ascension of Elijah by jeering, "Go on up, bald man!" After this, bears came out of the forest and mauled 42 of them.[13] This does not necessarily imply that Elisha had sought asylum there from any potential backlash,[1] although the description in the Book of Amos, of the location being a refuge, is dated by textual scholars to be earlier than the accounts of Elisha in the Book of Kings,[14][15] and according to Strabo it had continued to be a place of refuge until at least the first century.[16]
According to Epiphanius,[17] and Josephus,[18] Mount Carmel had been the stronghold of the Essenes that came from a place in Galilee named Nazareth; this Essene group are sometimes referred to as Nazareans, possibly akin to Nazarenes, which followed the teachings of Jesus (Yeshua).[19]
During World War I, Mount Carmel played a significant strategic role. The (20th century) Battle of Megiddo took place at the head of a pass through the Carmel Ridge, which overlooks the Valley of Jezreel from the south. General Allenby led the British in the battle, which was the turning point in the war against the Ottoman Empire. The Jezreel Valley had played host to many battles before, including the very historically significant Battle of Megiddo between the Egyptians and Canaanites, but it was only in the 20th century battle that the Carmel Ridge itself played a significant part, due to the developments in munitions.
Archaeologists have discovered ancient wine and oil presses at various locations on Mt. Carmel.[1][2]
As a sacred location[edit]
In ancient Canaanite culture, high places were frequently considered to be sacred, and Mount Carmel appears to have been no exception; Thutmose III lists a holy headland among his Canaanite territories, and if this equates to Carmel, as Egyptologists such as Maspero believe, then it would indicate that the mountain headland was considered sacred from at least the 15th century BC.[1] According to the Books of Kings, there was an altar to Yahweh on the mountain, which had fallen into ruin by the time of Ahab, but Elijah built a new one.[20] Iamblichus describes Pythagoras visiting the mountain on account of its reputation for sacredness, stating that it was the most holy of all mountains, and access was forbidden to many, while Tacitus states that there was an oracle situated there, which Vespasian visited for a consultation;[2] Tacitus states that there was an altar there,[1] but without any image upon it,[1][2] and without a temple around it.[2]
Elijah[edit]
The Grotto of Elijah.
In mainstream Jewish, Christian, and Islamic[1] thought, Elijah is indelibly associated with the mountain, and he is regarded as having sometimes resided in a grotto on the mountain. Indeed, one name for Mount Carmel is جبل مار إلياس (Jabal Mar Elyas; Mount Saint Elias). In the Books of Kings, Elijah challenges 450 prophets of a particular Baal to a contest at the altar on Mount Carmel to determine whose deity was genuinely in control of the Kingdom of Israel; since the narrative is set during the rule of Ahab and his association with the Phoenicians, biblical scholars suspect that the Baal in question was probably Melqart.[21]
According to the Bible in 1 Kings 18, the challenge was to see which deity could light a sacrifice by fire. After the prophets of Baal had failed to achieve this, Elijah had water poured on his sacrifice to saturate the altar and then he prayed; fire fell and consumed the sacrifice, wood, stones, soil, and water which prompted the Israelite witnesses to proclaim, "The LORD, He is God! The LORD, He is God!" In the account, Elijah announced the end to a long drought; clouds gathered, the sky turned black, and it rained heavily.
Though there is no biblical reason to assume that the account of Elijah's victory refers to any particular part of Mount Carmel,[1] Islamic tradition places it at a point known as El-Maharrakah, meaning the burning.[2]
Two places have been appointed as possible site for the story about the battle against the priests of Baal. The slaughter could have taken place near the river Kishon, at the mountain base, in an amphitheater-like flat area. The site where the offering took place is traditionally placed on the mountain above Yokneam, on the road to the Druze village of Daliyat del-Karmil, where there is a monastery built in 1868 called El-Muhraqa ("the Sacrifice").
Although archeological clues are absent, it has a point in its favor because it has a spring, from which water could have been drawn to wet Elijah's offering, and secondly there is a sea view, where Elijah looked out to see the cloud announcing rain. On the other hand, in the Bible text it says that Elijah had to climb up to see the sea. There is an altar in the monastery which is claimed to be the one that Elijah built up in God's honor, but that is unlikely as it's not made of the local limestone.[22]
Carmelites[edit]
A statue of Elijah in the crypt of the monastery on Mount Carmel. According to Carmelite tradition, the crypt was originally the Cave of Elijah.
A Catholic religious order was founded on Mount Carmel in the 12th century, named the Carmelites, in reference to the mountain range; the founder of the Carmelites is unknown; in the original Rule or 'Letter of Life' given by Albert, the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem who was resident in Acre, around the year 1210 this hermit is referred to simply as 'Brother B'; he probably died around the date 1210 and could have been either a pilgrim, someone serving out a penance or a crusader who had stayed in the Holy Land. The Order was founded at the site that it claimed had been the location of Elijah's cave, 1,700 feet (520 m) above sea level at the northwestern end of the mountain range;[1] this, perhaps not coincidentally, is also the highest natural point of the mountain range. Though there is no documentary evidence to support it, Carmelite tradition suggests that a community of Jewish hermits had lived at the site from the time of Elijah until the Carmelites were founded there; prefixed to the Carmelite Constitution of 1281 was the claim that from the time when Elijah and Elisha had dwelt devoutly on Mount Carmel, priests and prophets, Jewish and Christian, had lived "praiseworthy lives in holy penitence" adjacent to the site of the "fountain of Elisha" in an uninterrupted succession.
A Carmelite monastery was founded at the site shortly after the Order itself was created, and was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary under the title of "Star of the Sea" ("stella maris" in Latin), a common medieval presentation of her.[1] Although Louis IX of France is sometimes named as the founder, he was not, and had merely visited it in 1252.[2] The Carmelite Order grew to be one of the major Catholic religious orders worldwide, although the monastery at Carmel has had a less successful history. During the Crusades the monastery often changed hands, frequently being converted into a mosque;[2] under Islamic control the location came to be known as "El-Maharrakah", meaning "place of burning", in reference to the account of Elijah's challenge to the priests of Hadad.[2] In 1799 the building was finally converted into a hospital, by Napoleon, but in 1821 the surviving structure was destroyed by the pasha of Damascus.[2] A new monastery was later constructed directly over a nearby cave, after funds were collected by the Carmelite Order for restoration of the monastery.[2] The cave, which now forms the crypt of the monastic church, is termed "Elijah's grotto" by the Discalced Carmelite friars who have custody of the monastery.[2]
One of the oldest scapulars is associated with Mount Carmel and the Carmelites. According to Carmelite tradition, the Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel was first given to St. Simon Stock, an English Carmelite, by the Blessed Virgin Mary. The Carmelites refer to her under the title "Our Lady of Mount Carmel," and celebrate 16 July as her feast day.
Bahá'í Faith[edit]
The Shrine of the Báb and its Terraces on Mount Carmel, 2004.
Mount Carmel is considered a sacred place for Bahá'ís around the world, and is the location of the Bahá'í World Centre and the Shrine of the Báb. The location of the Bahá'í holy places has its roots in the imprisonment of the religion's founder, Bahá'u'lláh, near Haifa by the Ottoman Empire during the Ottoman Empire's rule over Palestine.
The Shrine of the Báb is a structure where the remains of the Báb, the founder of Bábism and forerunner of Bahá'u'lláh in the Bahá'í Faith, have been laid to rest. The shrine's precise location on Mount Carmel was designated by Bahá'u'lláh himself and the Báb's remains were laid to rest on March 21, 1909 in a six-room mausoleum made of local stone. The construction of the shrine with a golden dome was completed over the mausoleum in 1953,[23] and a series of decorative terraces around the shrine were completed in 2001. The white marbles used were from the same ancient source that most Athenian masterpieces were using, the Penteliko Mountain.
Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, writing in the Tablet of Carmel, designated the area around the shrine as the location for the administrative headquarters of the religion; the Bahá'í administrative buildings were constructed adjacent to the decorative terraces, and are referred to as the Arc, on account of their physical arrangement.
Ahmadiyya Muslim Community[edit]
The Kababir Mosque.
The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has its largest Israeli mosque on Mount Carmel known as the Mahmood Mosque in Kababir. It is a unique structure composed of two minarets.[24] The mosque was once visited by the president of Israel, Shimon Peres, for an iftar dinner.[25]
See also[edit]
Mount Carmel National Park
Nahal Me'arot Nature Reserve
Mount Carmel Forest Fire (2010)
Sacred Heart Chapel, Haifa
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Jewish encyclopedia
Jump up ^ Callander, Jane (2004). "Garrod, Dorothy Annie Elizabeth (1892–1968)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2011-02-14.
Jump up ^ "Timeline in the Understanding of Neanderthals". Retrieved 2007-07-13.
Jump up ^ Christopher Stringer, custodian of Tabun I, Natural History Museum, quoted in an exhibition in honour of Garrod; Callander and Smith, 1998
Jump up ^ "From 'small, dark and alive' to 'cripplingly shy': Dorothy Garrod as the first woman Professor at Cambridge". Archived from the original on 2009-02-28. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
Jump up ^ "Excavations and Surveys / Prehistory Division". The Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa. Retrieved 2016-04-18.
Jump up ^ "The Zinman Institute of Archaeology – Excavations and Surveys". Arch.haifa.ac.il. Archived from the original on March 13, 2013. Retrieved 2009-01-19. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ "Newest UNESCO World Heritage Site-Carmel Caves" (Press release). Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2012-07-02. Retrieved 2016-04-19.
^ Jump up to: a b Sharon Udasin (2012-06-29). "4 Mount Carmel Caves Nominated to Join UNESCO". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2016-04-19.
Jump up ^ "Twenty-six new sites inscribed on UNESCO World Heritage List this year" (Press release). UNESCO. 2012-07-02. Retrieved 2016-04-19.
Jump up ^ Amos 9:3
Jump up ^ 2 Kings 2:25
Jump up ^ Jewish Encyclopedia, Books of Kings
Jump up ^ Jewish Encyclopedia, Book of Amos
Jump up ^ Strabo, Geographica
Jump up ^ Epiphanius of Salamis, Panarion 1:18
Jump up ^ Josephus, War of the Jews
Jump up ^ J Gordon Melton, Encyclopedia of American Religions
Jump up ^ 1 Kings 18:30-32
Jump up ^ Peake's commentary on the Bible
Jump up ^ "Mount Carmel". www.jewishmag.com. Retrieved 2016-01-30.
Jump up ^ "Golden anniversary of the Queen of Carmel". Bahá'í World News Service. 2003-10-12. Retrieved 2007-05-12.
Jump up ^ "Holy Sites in Haifa". Tour-Haifa. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Shimon Peres visits Ahmadiyya Mosque in Kababir Israel". youtube. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mount Carmel.
UNESCO Biosphere Reserves Directory
UNESCO World Heritage List
Mount Carmel – BiblePlaces.com, pictures and text illuminating the biblical site
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text:
Articles of association
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the articles adopted by the First Continental Congress in 1774, see Continental Association.
This article is part of a series on
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v
t
e
In corporate governance, a company's articles of association (AoA, called articles of incorporation in some jurisdictions) is a document which, along with the memorandum of association (in cases where the memorandum exists) form the company's constitution, defines the responsibilities of the directors, the kind of business to be undertaken, and the means by which the shareholders exert control over the board of directors.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Other countries
3 Contents
4 Directors
5 Shareholders
6 Memorandum of association
7 Board meetings
8 Annual general meeting
9 Resolutions
10 Model articles of association
11 Companies Act 2006
12 See also
13 Notes
14 External links
Overview[edit]
A company is an incorporated body so there should be some rules and regulations formed for the management of its internal affairs and conduct of its business as well as the relation between the members and the company. Moreover, the rights and duties of its members and the company are to be recorded. This is why Articles of Association are necessary. The Articles of Association is a document that contains the purpose of the company as well as the duties and responsibilities of its members defined and recorded clearly. It is an important document which needs to be filed with the Registrar of Companies.
Other countries[edit]
The term articles of association of a company, or articles of incorporation, of an American or Canadian Company, are often simply referred to as articles (and are often capitalized as an abbreviation for the full term). The Articles are a requirement for the establishment of a company under the law of India, the United Kingdom, Nigeria, Pakistan and many other countries. Together with the memorandum of association, they are the constitution of a company. The equivalent term for LLC is Articles of Organization. Roughly equivalent terms operate in other countries, such as Gesellschaftsvertrag in Germany, statuts in France, statut in Poland,[1] статут (Latin: statut) in Ukraine, Jeong-gwan in South Korea.
In South Africa, from the new Companies Act 2008 which commenced in 2011, articles and memoranda of association have been replaced by a "memorandum of incorporation" or "MOI". The MOI gives considerably more scope to vary how to the company is governed than the previous arrangement.[2][3]
Contents[edit]
The following is largely based on British Company Law, references which are made at the end of this Article.
The Articles can cover a medley of topics, not all of which is required in a country's law. Although all terms are not discussed, they may cover:
The issuing of shares (also called stock), different voting rights attached to different classes of shares
Valuation of intellectual rights, say, the valuations of the IPR of one partner and, in a similar way as how we value real estate of another partner
The appointments of directors - which shows whether a shareholder dominates or shares equality with all of the contributors
Directors meetings - the quorum and percentage of vote
Management decisions - whether the board manages or a founder
Transferability of shares - assignment rights of the founders or other members of the company do
Special voting rights of a Chairman, and his/her mode of election
The dividend policy - a percentage of profits to be declared when there is profit or otherwise
Winding up - the conditions, notice to members
Confidentiality of know-how and the founders' agreement and penalties for disclosure
First right of refusal - purchase rights and counter-bid by a founder
Directors[edit]
A Company is essentially run by the shareholders, but for convenience, and day-to-day working, by the elected Directors. Usually, the shareholders elect a Board of Directors (BOD) at the Annual General Meeting (AGM), which may be statutory (e.g. India).
The number of Directors depends on the size of the Company and statutory requirements. The Chairperson is generally a well-known outsider but he /she may be a working Executive of the company, typically of an American Company. The Directors may, or may not, be employees of the Company.
Shareholders[edit]
In the emerging countries there are usually some major shareholders who come together to form the company. Each usually has the right to nominate, without objection of the other, a certain number of Directors who become nominees for the election by the shareholder body at the AGM. The Treasurer and Chairperson is usually the privilege of one of the JV partners (which nomination can be shared). Shareholders may also elect Independent Directors (from the public). The Chair would be a person not associated with the promoters of the company, a person is generally a well-known outsider. Once elected, the BOD manages the Company. The shareholders play no part till the next AGM/EGM.
Memorandum of association[edit]
The Objectives and the purpose of the Company are determined in advance by the shareholders and the Memorandum of Association (MOA), if separate, which denotes the name of the Company, its Head- Office, street address, and (founding) Directors and the main purposes of the Company - for public access. It cannot be changed except at an AGM or Extraordinary General Meeting (EGM) and statutory allowance. The MOA is generally filed with a Registrar of Companies who is an appointee of the Government of the country. For their assurance, the shareholders are permitt of the Memorandum of Association. Any matter in the Articles of Association not within the scope of the Memorandum of Association of the company is void.
Board meetings[edit]
The Board meets several times each year. At each meeting there is an 'agenda' before it. A minimum number of Directors (a quorum) is required to meet. This is either determined by the 'by-laws' or is a statutory requirement. It is presided over by the Chairperson, or in his absence, by the Vice-Chair. The Directors survey their area of responsibility. They may determine to make a 'Resolution' at the next AGM or if it is an urgent matter, at an EGM. The Directors who are the electives of one major shareholder, may present his/her view but this is not necessarily so - they may have to view the Objectives of the Company and competitive position. The Chair may have to break the vote if there is a tie. At the AGM, the various Resolutions are put to vote.
Annual general meeting[edit]
The AGM is called with a notice sent to all shareholders with a clear interval. A certain quorum of shareholders is required to meet. If the quorum requirement is not met, it is canceled and another Meeting called. If it at that too a quorum is not met, a Third Meeting may be called and the members present, unlimited by the quorum, take all decisions. There are variations to this among companies and countries.
Decisions are taken by a show of hands; the Chair is always present. Where decisions are made by a show of hands is challenged, it is met by a count of votes. Voting can be taken in person or by marking the paper sent by the Company. A person who is not a shareholder of the Company can vote if he/she has the 'proxy', an authorization from the shareholder. Each share carries the number of votes attached to it. Some votes maybe for the decision, others not.
Resolutions[edit]
There are two types of resolutions, known as an Ordinary Resolution and a Special Resolution.
A Special Resolution can be tabled at a Director's Meeting. The Ordinary Resolution requires the endorsement by a majority vote, sometimes easily met by partners' vote. The Special Resolution requires a 60,70 or 80% of the vote as stipulated by the constitution of the Company. Shareholders other than partners may vote. The matters which require the Ordinary and Special Resolution to be passed are enumerated in Company or Corporate Law. Special Resolutions covering some topics may be a statutory requirement.
Model articles of association[edit]
In the United Kingdom, model articles of association, known as Table A have been published since 1865.[4] The articles of association of most companies incorporated prior to 1 October 2009 – particularly small companies – are Table A, or closely derived from it. However, a company is free to incorporate under different articles of association, or to amend its articles of association at any time by a special resolution of its shareholders, provided that they meet the requirements and restrictions of the Companies Acts. Such requirements tend to be more onerous for public companies than for private ones. In Hong Kong, the Companies Registry provides four samples of model Articles of Association[5], and they are known as Sample A, B, C, and D respectively[6][7][8][9]. Sample A and B are both designed for a private company (the most common company type). Sample C for a public company. Sample D for a company limited by guarantee. Apparently, the Hong Kong Companies Registry decided to give more than one sample of model Articles of Association rather than one size fits all.
Companies Act 2006[edit]
The Companies Act 2006 received Royal Assent on 8 November 2006 and was fully implemented on 1 October 2009. It provides a new form of Model Articles for companies incorporated in the United Kingdom. Under the new legislation, the articles of association will become the single constitutional document for a UK company, and will subsume the majority of the role previously filled by the separate memorandum of association.[10]
See also[edit]
List of company registers
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Articles of Agreement Law & Legal Definition
Jump up ^ Delport, Piet "The New Companies Act Manual" (Lexis Nexis)
Jump up ^ How to make your MOI "mooi"
Jump up ^ Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 - Table B
Jump up ^ http://www.cr.gov.hk/en/faq/faq01.htm#06
Jump up ^ http://www.cr.gov.hk/en/companies_ordinance/docs/AA_Sample_A.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.cr.gov.hk/en/companies_ordinance/docs/AA_Sample_B.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.cr.gov.hk/en/companies_ordinance/docs/AA_Sample_C.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.cr.gov.hk/en/companies_ordinance/docs/AA_Sample_D.pdf
Jump up ^ Under the law prior to the 2006 Act, in the event of any inconsistency between the memorandum and the articles, the memorandum usually prevailed: see Ashbury v Watson (1885) 30 Ch D 376.
External links[edit]
Legislation.gov.uk
Companies House (for England, Wales and Scotland)
Articles of Association (Table A)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Articles_of_association&oldid=813991949"
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text:
The Wild Colonial Boy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"The Wild Colonial Boy" is a traditional anonymous Irish-Australian ballad of which there are many different versions, the most prominent being the Irish and Australian versions. The original was about Jack Donahue, an Irish rebel who became a convict, then a bushranger,[1] and was eventually shot dead by police. This version was outlawed as seditious, so the name in the song was changed to Jack Doolan. The Irish version is about a Jack Duggan, young emigrant who left the town of Castlemaine, County Kerry, Ireland, for Australia in the early 19th century. According to the song, he spent his time "robbing from the rich to feed the poor". In the song, Duggan is fatally wounded in an ambush when he is shot in the heart by Fitzroy.
"The Wild Colonial Boy" has been recorded by Dr. Hook, Rolf Harris, Larry Kirwan, John Doyle, The Irish Rovers and The Clancy Brothers, among others, and was featured in the film The Quiet Man.
Contents
[hide]
1 Irish lyrics
2 Australian lyrics
3 In popular culture
4 References
5 External links
Irish lyrics[edit]
The lyrics are as follows:
There was a wild colonial boy,
Jack Duggan was his name
He was born and raised in Ireland,
in a place called Castlemaine
He was his father's only son,
his mother's pride and joy
And dearly did his parents love
the wild colonial boy
At the early age of sixteen years,
he left his native home
And to Australia's sunny shore,
he was inclined to roam
He robbed the rich, he helped the poor,
he shot James MacEvoy
A terror to Australia was
the wild colonial boy
One morning on the prairie,
as Jack he rode along
A-listening to the mocking bird,
a-singing a cheerful song
Up stepped a band of troopers:
Kelly, Davis and Fitzroy
They all set out to capture him,
the wild colonial boy
Surrender now, Jack Duggan,
for you see we're three to one.
Surrender in the Queen's high name,
you are a plundering son
Jack drew two pistols from his belt,
he proudly waved them high.
"I'll fight, but not surrender,"
said the wild colonial boy
The Wild Colonial Boy
Tune for The Wild Colonial Boy
Problems playing this file? See media help.
He fired a shot at Kelly,
which brought him to the ground
And turning round to Davis,
he received a fatal wound
A bullet pierced his proud young heart,
from the pistol of Fitzroy
And that was how they captured him,
the wild colonial boy
Australian lyrics[edit]
The Australian version is quite different. It is about a boy named Jack Dolan, born in Castlemaine. The poem then continues on to tell of his exploits without mentioning his moving to Australia, which implies that the Castlemaine in question is that in Victoria.
Here is one version of the "Jack Dolan/Doolan/Duggan" poem:
Chorus:
Come along my hearties,
We'll roam the mountains high,
Together we will plunder,
Together we will ride.
We'll scar over valleys,
And gallop for the plains,
And scorn to live in
slavery, bound down by iron chains.
It's of a wild Colonial Boy,
Jack Dolan was his name,
Of poor but honest parents,
He was born in Castlemaine.
He was his father's only son,
His mother's pride and joy,
And so dearly did his parents love
The wild Colonial Boy.
When scarcely sixteen years of age,
He left his father's home,
And through Australia's sunny shores
A bushranger did roam.
He'd rob the largest squatters,
Their stock he would destroy,
A terror to Australia was
The wild Colonial Boy.
In sixty-one this daring youth
Commenced his wild career,
With a heart that knew no danger,
No stranger did he fear.
He bailed up the Beechworth roll mail-coach,
And robbed Judge MacEvoy,
Who trembled and gave up his gold to
The wild Colonial Boy.
He bade the judge "Good morning,"
And told him to beware,
That he'd never rob a poor man
Who wafted on the square,
Three mounted troopers came in sight,
Kelly, Davis and Fitzroy,
Who thought that they would capture him,
The wild Colonial Boy.
"Surrender now, Jack Dolan,
You see we're three to one.
Surrender in the queen's high name,
You daring highwayman."
Jack drew a pistol from his belt,
And waved it like a toy,
"I'll fight, but not surrender,"
Cried the wild Colonial Boy.
He fired at Trooper Kelly,
And brought him to the ground,
And in return from Davis,
He received a mortal wound.
All shattered through the jaws he lay,
Still firing at Fitzroy,
And that's the way they captured him –
The wild Colonial Boy.
In popular culture[edit]
The album Ireland in Song by Cathy Maguire includes the Irish version of the song.
In the United States, a version of this song was popularized by folk singer Burl Ives.
Dr. Hook recorded a version of this song on American Bandstand (1981). It was mentioned by Dennis Locorriere that the royalties went to charity.
Billy Walker recorded the song as B-side to his hit, "Charlie's Shoes", in 1962. He included it in his album Greatest Hits.
The walking skeleton in Robert Frost's poem "The Witch of Coos" is said to have been searching for a way out of the house, because he wanted to sing his favorite song, "The Wild Colonial Boy", in the snow.
A portion of the Irish version can be heard in the 1952 film The Quiet Man.
Mick Jagger sings this song in the 1970 movie Ned Kelly, which is about the real-life Australian outlaw of the same name. According to The Argus report in November 1880, Anne Jones had asked her son to sing the ballad when the Kelly gang were at her hotel in June that year.[2]
The Pogues and The Dubliners released "Jack's Heroes", a 1990 single celebrating the Republic of Ireland national football team, which uses the tune of "The Wild Colonial Boy".[3]
A waltz version of the tune features in the ball scene in Baz Luhrmann's film Australia (2008).
Damien Leith released a version on his 2015 album Songs From Ireland.
Sung by Paddy Carmody (Robert Mitchum), in the hotel scene of the 1960 movie The Sundowners.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://members.ozemail.com.au/~clancyann/rebelgirlhistory.html
Jump up ^ "Charge of Harbouring the Kelly Gang". The Argus. Melbourne. 26 November 1880. p. 6. Retrieved 13 October 2013 – via National Library of Australia.
Jump up ^ Moran, Fran (9 January 2002). "Singles, B Sides, Eclectica". The Parting Glass: An Annotated Pogues Lyrics Page. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
External links[edit]
Australian Dictionary of Biography entry for Jack Doolan by Granville Allen Mawer
Australian Dictionary of Biography entry for Jack Donohoe by Russel Ward
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International Indian School Ajman
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Indian School Ajman.
International Indian School Ajman
المدرسة الهندیة العالمیةالخاصة عجمان
Address
Al Zahra
Ajman, Ajman
United Arab Emirates
Coordinates
25°24′2.67″N 55°29′46.37″E / 25.4007417°N 55.4962139°E / 25.4007417; 55.4962139Coordinates: 25°24′2.67″N 55°29′46.37″E / 25.4007417°N 55.4962139°E / 25.4007417; 55.4962139
Information
Type
Secondary
Motto
Honouring our legacy, Defining the Future
Established
2002
Director
Mrs. Sunita Chhibber
Principal
Mrs. Qurrat Ul Ain
Headmistress
Mrs. Hilda Mary
Number of students
5000+
Houses
Red, Blue, Green and Yellow
Information
+971 6 7408300
Website
http://iisajman.org/
The International Indian School is an English medium school and was founded in 2002 in Ajman, United Arab Emirates.[1] The school is one of the fastest growing schools in Ajman. The school is recognized by the Ministry of Education, U.A.E. and affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi.
The school has four sections, that is, the KG section, the primary section (grade 1-4), the boys section (grade 5-12 boys) and girls section (grade 5-12 girls), each one administrated by a section supervisor.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "School Profile". internationalindianschool.com. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
External links[edit]
iisajman.org

This United Arab Emirates location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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