text:
Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam
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Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
K. S. Adhiyaman
Written by
K. S. Adhiyaman,
Reema Rakesh Nath (dialogues)
Starring
Salman Khan
Shah Rukh Khan
Madhuri Dixit
Atul Agnihotri
Suman Ranganathan
Aishwarya Rai
Music by
Nadeem-Shravan
Daboo Malik
Nikhil-Vinay
Bali Brahmabhatt
Bappi Lahiri
Sajid-Wajid
Cinematography
T. Anandha Kumar (alias) T.Kaviyarasu
Edited by
D. N. Malik
Production
company
BMB Productions
Distributed by
Salman Khan Films
Release date
24 May 2002
Running time
175 minutes
Country
India
Language
Hindi
Budget
₹12 crore (equivalent to ₹33 crore or US$5.0 million in 2017)[1]
Box office
₹34.56 crore (equivalent to ₹94 crore or US$14 million in 2017)[2]
Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam (English: I am yours, darling) is a 2002 Hindi romantic drama film. It features Salman Khan, Shah Rukh Khan and Madhuri Dixit in the lead roles.[3] This is the second film to feature Salman Khan and Shah Rukh Khan where both are protagonists after Karan Arjun (1995). Shah Rukh Khan and Madhuri Dixit were paired up for the fourth time. Aishwarya Rai played a cameo in the movie.
The movie is K. S. Adhiyaman's first in Hindi, a remake of his own Tamil film, Thotta Chinungi. It took five years to make, with huge sabbaticals between shoots due to production problems.[4]
The rights of this movie are owned by Shah Rukh Khan's Red Chillies Entertainment.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Soundtrack
4.1 Track listing
5 Review
6 Box office
6.1 India
6.2 Overseas
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Dev Narayan (Alok Nath) lives with his widowed daughter Laxmi (Aruna Irani) and her children Radha and Prashant. Dev also looks after two orphaned children, Gopal and Nita. Laxmi believes that Dev is taking more care of Gopal and Nita, so she leaves the house with her children. When she spots an orphaned boy on the streets, she takes him in. Radha forms a sisterly bond with him and names him Suraj.
Years later, Suraj (Salman Khan) is now a famous and popular singer. Radha (Madhuri Dixit) is particularly fond of him – Suraj is grateful to her for contributing to his success. Meanwhile, Gopal (Shah Rukh Khan) has become a wealthy business tycoon. When Laxmi is killed in an accident, Radha and Prashant (Atul Agnihotri) are taken to live in Gopal’s house. Also living with them is Nita (Suman Ranganathan). Gopal asks Radha to marry him and she agrees. Before their wedding, Suraj asks Gopal to watch over Radha, as he loves her like a sister. On their wedding night, Gopal asks Radha who she loves most in the world. She answers her mother and Prashant. Gopal is hurt that she did not mention him. As time goes on, he starts to disapprove of two things. First, he does not like the fact that he and Radha are supporting Prashant financially and second, he does not like the fact that Radha is always on the phone with Suraj. After a misunderstanding, he loses his temper and throws Prashant out of the house.
Gopal soon suspects that Suraj and Radha are secretly seeing one another and throws her out of his house too. Radha goes to live with her relatives. Everybody thinks that Radha has simply moved out for a few days. However, when Gopal sends Radha a divorce note, Suraj realizes the situation. He and Prashant tell Radha they wish to speak to Gopal, but Radha does not want them to do so. Suraj secretly holds a meeting with him anyway. Gopal angrily confronts him, pulls out a loaded gun, and asks Suraj to shoot him. After an argument, he leaves. Suraj now believes that he is the reason for Radha’s divorce and feels guilty. He is determined to set things right. Radha realizes that Gopal was angry about her relationship with Suraj. She and Suraj agree never to meet again.
Suraj explains the situation to his girlfriend Suman (Aishwarya Rai). Suman talks to Gopal and explains where he went wrong. Gopal realises that he misunderstood Radha and Suraj’s sibling relationship for adultery. Just as Radha is about to commit suicide, Gopal stops her and they reconcile. They visit Suraj at his show. Gopal and Suraj apologise to one another and things end well.
Cast[edit]
Salman Khan as Suraj, Radha's Childhood Friend
Shah Rukh Khan as Gopal, Radha's Husband
Madhuri Dixit as Radha
Aishwarya Rai as Suman, Suraj's Girlfriend (Guest Appearance)
Atul Agnihotri as Prashant, Radha's Younger Brother
Suman Ranganathan as Nita, Gopal's Younger Sister
Aruna Irani as Laxmi, Radha and Prashant's Mother
Laxmikant Berde as Hasmukh,
Alok Nath as Dev Narayan, Gopal's Grandfather
Asha Sharma as Mona, Gopal's Secretary
Vikas Anand as Ramu
Dinesh Hingoo as Gopal's Lawyer
Production[edit]
Production was first reported in February 1996 when it was revealed that producer K. C. Bokadia had signed on K. S. Adhiyaman to remake his successful Tamil film Thotta Chinungi (1995) into Hindi. Initially it was revealed that Sunny Deol, Juhi Chawla and Aamir Khan were to play the three lead roles, though there ended up being a total change of cast, with Shahrukh Khan, Madhuri Dixit and Salman Khan replacing them.[6]
Soundtrack[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Planet Bollywood [7]
The music was composed by Nadeem-Shravan, Nikhil-Vinay, Daboo Malik, Bappi Lahiri, Bali Brahmabhatt, and Sajid-Wajid. Lyrics were penned by Sameer, Praveen Bhardwaj, Maya Govind, Kartik Avasthi, and Jalees Sherwani. The background score was composed by Uttam Singh. According to the Indian trade website Box Office India, with around 16,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's fifth highest-selling.[8]
Track listing[edit]
No.
Title
Lyrics
Music
Singer(s)
Length
1. "Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam" Sameer Nikhil-Vinay Anuradha Paudwal, Udit Narayan 05:58
2. "Khoye Khoye Din Hain" Praveen Bhardwaj Daboo Malik Anuradha Paudwal, Sonu Nigam 04:59
3. "Gale Mein Laal Taai" Maya Govind Bappi Lahiri Kumar Sanu, Bela Sulakhe 06:00
4. "Sab Kuchh Bhula Diya" Kartik Avasthi Bali Brahmabhatt Sonu Nigam 07:56
5. "Taaron Ka Chamakta" Sameer Nadeem-Shravan Udit Narayan, Bali Brahmabhatt 06:29
6. "Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam (Sad)" Sameer Nikhil-Vinay Sonu Nigam 02:22
7. "Na Na Nana" Praveen Bhardwaj Daboo Malik Sonu Nigam 05:18
8. "Dil Tod Aaya" Jalees Sherwani Sajid-Wajid Vinod Rathore 05:12
9. "Aa Gaya Aa Gaya" Sameer Nadeem-Shravan Udit Narayan 06:59
10. "Sab Kuchh Bhula Diya" Kartik Avasthi Bali Brahmabhatt Sapna Awasthi, Sonu Nigam 07:55
11. "Theme Music" Nikhil-Vinay Instrumental 00:49
Review[edit]
"Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam has sparkling star cast" said Taran Adarsh the Indian Film critic journalist.[9]
Reviewer Anita Bora writes "A medium-sized dose of love with a big dash of suspicion. Add to it several scoops of friendship. Towards the end, add a few drops of humor". She even says that "The premise of the film is simple. Jealousy. If you discount the fact the 'falling in love' was instant (but when is it not?), the topic is quite interesting. Haven't we all at some point read too much into situations, overreacted, undergone pangs of jealousy that seem downright silly later?"[10]
Another reviewer Margaret E. Redlich expresses that "I really liked the concept, of a husband who loves his wife but is not sure how she feels about him, if it is just a “good wife” or if she really cares. It’s an intriguing twist on the usual Indian film idea, of a woman automatically falling in love as soon as the wedding is over. Is that what a husband really wants, a wife who loves him just because she is married to him?"[11]
Box office[edit]
Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam grossed ₹22.26 crore (US$3.4 million) in India and $2.55 million (₹12.49 crore) in other countries, for a worldwide total of ₹34.76 crore (US$5.3 million), against its ₹12 crore (US$1.8 million) budget. It had a worldwide weekend opening of ₹11.11 crore (US$1.7 million), and grossed ₹17.23 crore (US$2.6 million) in its first week.[2] It is the 4th-highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2002 worldwide.[12]
India[edit]
It opened on Friday, May 24, 2002, across 300 screens, and earned ₹1.42 crore (US$220,000) nett on its opening day. It grossed ₹4.14 crore (US$630,000) nett in its opening weekend, and had a first week of ₹6.84 crore (US$1.0 million) nett. The film earned a total of ₹13.52 crore (US$2.1 million) nett, and was declared "Average" by Box Office India.[2] It is the 10th-highest-grossing film of 2002 in India.[13]
Overseas[edit]
It had an opening weekend of $875,000 (₹4.28 crore) and went on to gross $1.215 million (₹5.95 crore) in its first week. The film earned a total of $2.55 million (₹12.49 crore) at the end of its theatrical run.[2] Overseas, It is the 3rd-highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2002.[14]
Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam worldwide collections breakdown
Territory
Territory wise Collections break-up
India Nett Gross:
₹13.52 crore (US$2.1 million)
Distributor share:
₹7.56 crore (US$1.2 million)
Total Gross:
₹22.26 crore (US$3.4 million)
International
(Outside India) $2.55 million (₹12.49 crore)
Worldwide ₹34.76 crore (US$5.3 million)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam Budget". Box Office India. 22 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam Box office". Box Office India. 22 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0222024/
Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2002/05/31/hum_tumhare_hain_sanam_2002_review.shtml
Jump up ^ "Red Chillies Entertainments". www.redchillies.com. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
Jump up ^ https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/soc.culture.tamil/sandya$20sitaraman/soc.culture.tamil/1EPmpEGDWEg/8xqXWn0UH2YJ
Jump up ^ "Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam Music Review". Retrieved 17 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units)". Box Office India. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Hungama, Bollywood. "Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam Review - Bollywood Hungama". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
Jump up ^ "rediff.com: Movies: The Rediff Review: Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam". www.rediff.com. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
Jump up ^ "What is your review of Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam (2002 movie)? - Quora". www.quora.com. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
Jump up ^ "Top Worldwide Grossers 2002". Box Office India. 22 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top India Total Nett Gross 2002". Box Office India. 22 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top Overseas Gross 2002". Box Office India. 22 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
External links[edit]
Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
K. S. Adhiyaman
Thoorathu Sondham (1992)
Thotta Chinungi (1995)
Swarnamukhi (1998)
Bobbili Vamsam (1998) (Telugu)
Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam (2002) (Hindi)
Priyasakhi (2005)
Shaadi Karke Phas Gaya Yaar (2006) (Hindi)
Thoondil (2008)
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African Americans in the Revolutionary War
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Continental soldiers at Yorktown; on the left, an African-American soldier of the 1st Rhode Island Regiment.
In the American Revolution, gaining freedom was the strongest motive for black slaves who joined the Patriot or British armies. The free black may have been drafted or enlisted at his own volition. Nash says that they enlisted more often than did whites.[1]
Additional motives for those who joined the rebel American forces could have been a desire for adventure, belief in the goals of the Revolution, or the possibility of receiving a bounty. Bounties were both monetary payments and the chance to be given freedom; they were promised to those who joined either side of the war. Free blacks in the North and South fought on both sides of the Revolution; slaves were recruited to weaken those masters who supported the opposing cause.
Nash reports that most blacks fought on the patriot side; recent research concludes there were about 9000 black Patriot soldiers, counting the Continental Army and Navy, and state militia units, as well as privateers, wagoneers in the Army, servants to officers, and spies.[2] Ray Raphael notes that while thousands joined the Loyalists, many more, free and slave, sided with the Patriots.[3]
Crispus Attucks, shot dead by British soldiers in the Boston Massacre in 1770, is considered an iconic martyr of Patriots.
Contents
[hide]
1 African-American Patriots
2 African-American sailors
3 Patriot resistance to using African Americans
4 African-American Loyalists in British military service
5 Dunmore's proclamation
6 Patriot military response to Dunmore's proclamation
7 Black Regiment of Rhode Island
8 Fate of Black Loyalists
9 In popular culture
10 See also
11 Footnotes
12 Bibliography
African-American Patriots[edit]
Main article: Black Patriot
Engraving of Crispus Attucks being shot during the Boston Massacre. (John Bufford after William L. Champey, c. 1856)[4]
Prior to the revolution, many free African Americans supported the anti-British cause, most famously Crispus Attucks, believed to be the first person killed at the Boston Massacre. At the time of the American Revolution, some blacks had already enlisted as Minutemen. Both free and enslaved Africans had served in private militias, especially in the North, defending their villages against attacks by Native Americans. In March 1775, the Continental Congress assigned units of the Massachusetts militia as Minutemen. They were under orders to become activated if the British troops in Boston took the offensive. Peter Salem, who had been freed by his owner to join the Framingham militia, was one of the blacks in the military. He served for seven years. In the Revolutionary War, slave owners often let their slaves enlist in the war with promises of freedom, but many were put back into slavery after the conclusion of the war.[5]
In April 1775, at Lexington and Concord, blacks responded to the call and fought with Patriot forces. Prince Estabrook was wounded some time during the fighting on 19 April, probably at Lexington.[6] The Battle of Bunker Hill also had African-American soldiers fighting along with white Patriots, such as Peter Salem; Salem Poor, Barzillai Lew, Blaney Grusha,[citation needed] Titus Coburn, Alexander Ames, Cato Howe, and Seymour Burr. Many African Americans, both enslaved and free, wanted to join with the Patriots. They believed that they would achieve freedom or expand their civil rights.[7] In addition to the role of soldier, blacks also served as guides, messengers, and spies.
American states had to meet quotas of troops for the new Continental Army, and New England regiments recruited black slaves by promising freedom to those who served in the Continental Army. During the course of the war, about one-fifth of the northern army was black.[8] At the Siege of Yorktown in 1781, Baron Closen, a German officer in the French Royal Deux-Ponts Regiment, estimated the American army to be about one-quarter black.[9]
African-American sailors[edit]
Because of manpower shortages at sea, both the Continental Navy and Royal Navy signed African Americans into their navies. Even southern colonies, which worried about putting guns into the hands of slaves for the army, had no qualms about using blacks to pilot vessels and to handle the ammunition on ships.
In state navies, some blacks served as pilots: South Carolina had significant numbers of black pilots.[10]
Some African Americans had been captured from the Royal Navy and used by the Patriots on their vessels.
Patriot resistance to using African Americans[edit]
Revolutionary leaders began to be fearful of using blacks in the armed forces. They were afraid that slaves who were armed would rise against them. Slave owners became concerned that military service would eventually free their people.[citation needed]
In May 1775, the Massachusetts Committee of Safety enrolled slaves in the armies of the colony. The action was adopted by the Continental Congress when they took over the Patriot Army. But Horatio Gates in July 1775 issued an order to recruiters, ordering them not to enroll "any deserter from the Ministerial army, nor any stroller, negro or vagabond. . ." in the Continental Army.[11] Most blacks were integrated into existing military units, but some segregated units were formed.
African-American Loyalists in British military service[edit]
Main article: Black Loyalist
The British regular army had some fears that, if armed, blacks would start slave rebellions. Trying to placate southern planters, the British used African Americans as laborers, skilled workers, foragers and spies. Except for those blacks who joined Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment, only a few blacks, such as Seymour Burr, served in the British army while the fighting was concentrated in the North. It was not until the final months of the war, when manpower was low, that loyalists used blacks to fight for Britain in the South.[12]
In Savannah, Augusta, and Charleston, when threatened by Patriot forces, the British filled gaps in their troops with African Americans. In October 1779, about 200 Black Loyalist soldiers assisted the British in successfully defending Savannah against a joint French and rebel American attack.[13]
Dunmore's proclamation[edit]
Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, was determined to maintain British rule in the southern colonies and promised to free those slaves of rebel owners who fought for him. On November 7, 1775, he issued a proclamation: "I do hereby further declare all indented servants, Negroes, or others, (appertaining to Rebels,) free, that are able and willing to bear arms, they joining His Majesty's Troops." By December 1775 the British army had 300 slaves wearing a military uniform. Sewn on the breast of the uniform was the inscription "Liberty to Slaves". These slaves were designated as "Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment."
Patriot military response to Dunmore's proclamation[edit]
Dunmore's Black soldiers aroused fear among some Patriots. The Ethiopian unit was used most frequently in the South, where the African population was oppressed to the breaking point.[14] As a response to expressions of fear posed by armed blacks, in December 1775, Washington wrote a letter to Colonel Henry Lee III, stating that success in the war would come to whatever side could arm the blacks the fastest.[15] Washington issued orders to the recruiters to reenlist the free blacks who had already served in the army; he worried that some of these soldiers might cross over to the British side.
Congress in 1776 agreed with Washington and authorized re-enlistment of free blacks who had already served. Patriots in South Carolina and Georgia resisted enlisting slaves as armed soldiers. African Americans from northern units were generally assigned to fight in southern battles. In some Southern states, southern black slaves substituted for their masters in Patriot service.[citation needed]
Black Regiment of Rhode Island[edit]
In 1778, Rhode Island was having trouble recruiting enough white men to meet the troop quotas set by the Continental Congress. The Rhode Island Assembly decided to adopt a suggestion by General Varnum and enlist slaves in 1st Rhode Island Regiment.[16] Varnum had raised the idea in a letter to George Washington, who forwarded the letter to the governor of Rhode Island. On February 14, 1778, the Rhode Island Assembly voted to allow the enlistment of "every able-bodied negro, mulatto, or Indian man slave" who chose to do so, and that "every slave so enlisting shall, upon his passing muster before Colonel Christopher Greene, be immediately discharged from the service of his master or mistress, and be absolutely free...."[17] The owners of slaves who enlisted were to be compensated by the Assembly in an amount equal to the market value of the slave.
A total of 88 slaves enlisted in the regiment over the next four months, joined by some free blacks. The regiment eventually totaled about 225 men; probably fewer than 140 were blacks.[18] The 1st Rhode Island Regiment became the only regiment of the Continental Army to have segregated companies of black soldiers.
Under Colonel Greene, the regiment fought in the Battle of Rhode Island in August 1778. The regiment played a fairly minor but still-praised role in the battle. Its casualties were three killed, nine wounded, and eleven missing.[19]
Like most of the Continental Army, the regiment saw little action over the next few years, as the focus of the war had shifted to the south. In 1781, Greene and several of his black soldiers were killed in a skirmish with Loyalists. Greene's body was mutilated by the Loyalists, apparently as punishment for having led black soldiers against them.[20]
Fate of Black Loyalists[edit]
On July 21, 1781, as the final British ship left Savannah, more than 5,000 enslaved African Americans were transported with their Loyalist masters for Jamaica or St. Augustine. About 300 blacks in Savannah did not evacuate, fearing that they would be re-enslaved. They established a colony in the swamps of the Savannah River. By 1786, many were back in bondage.
The British evacuation of Charleston in December 1782 included many Loyalists and more than 5,000 blacks. More than half of these were slaves held by the Loyalists; they were taken by their masters for resettlement in the West Indies, where the Loyalists started or bought plantations. The British also settled freed slaves in Jamaica and other West Indian islands, eventually granting them land. Another 500 slaves were taken to east Florida, which remained under British control.[citation needed]
The British promised freedom to slaves who left rebels to side with the British. In New York City, which the British occupied, thousands of refugee slaves had migrated there to gain freedom. The British created a registry of escaped slaves, called the Book of Negroes. The registry included details of their enslavement, escape, and service to the British. If accepted, the former slave received a certificate entitling transport out of New York. By the time the Book of Negroes was closed, it had the names of 1336 men, 914 women, and 750 children, who were resettled in Nova Scotia. They were known in Canada as Black Loyalists. Sixty-five percent of those evacuated were from the South. About 200 former slaves were taken to London with British forces as free people.[21]
After the war, many freed blacks living in London and Nova Scotia struggled with discrimination, a slow pace of land grants and, in Canada, with the more severe climate. Supporters in England organized to establish a colony in West Africa for the resettlement of Poor Blacks of London, most of whom were former American slaves. Freetown was the first settlement established of what became the colony of Sierra Leone. Black Loyalists in Nova Scotia were also asked if they wanted to relocate. Many chose to go to Africa, and on January 15, 1792, 1,193 blacks left Halifax for West Africa and a new life. Later the African colony was supplemented by Afro-Caribbean maroons transported by the British from Jamaica, as well as Africans who were liberated by the British in their intervention in the Atlantic slave trade, after Britain prohibited it in 1807.
The African-American Patriots who served the Continental Army, found that the postwar military held no rewards for them. It was much reduced in size, and state legislatures such as Connecticut and Massachusetts in 1784 and 1785, respectively, banned all blacks, free or slave, from military service. Southern states also banned all slaves from their militias. North Carolina was among the states that allowed free people of color to serve in their militias and bear arms until the 1830s. In 1792, the United States Congress formally excluded African Americans from military service, allowing only "free able-bodied white male citizens" to serve.[22]
At the time of the ratification of the Constitution in 1789, free black men could vote in five of the thirteen states, including North Carolina. That demonstrated that they were considered citizens not only of their states but of the United States.[23]
Many slaves who fought in the war gained freedom, but others did not. Some owners reneged on their promises to free them after their service in the military.
Some African-American descendants of Revolutionary war veterans have documented their lineage. Professor Henry Louis Gates and Judge Lawrence W. Pierce, as examples, have joined the Sons of the American Revolution based on documenting male lines of ancestors who served.
In the first two decades following the Revolution, northern states abolished slavery, some by a gradual method. In the US as a whole, by 1810 the number of free blacks reached 186,446, or 13.5 percent of all blacks.[24] Northern states abolished slavery by law or in their new constitutions. By 1810, 75 percent of all African Americans in the North were free. By 1840, virtually all African Americans in the North were free.[24]
Although southern state legislatures maintained the institution of slavery, in the Upper South, especially, numerous slaveholders were inspired by revolutionary ideals to free their slaves. In addition, in this period Methodist, Baptist and Quaker preachers also urged manumission. The proportion of free blacks in the Upper South increased markedly, from less than 1 percent of all blacks to more than 10 percent, even as the number of slaves was increasing overall.[25] More than half of the number of free blacks in the United States were concentrated in the Upper South.[25] In Delaware, nearly 75 percent of blacks were free by 1810.[26] This was also a result of a changing economy, as many planters had been converting from labor-intensive tobacco to mixed commodity crops, with less need for slave labor.
After that period, few slaves were freed. The invention of the cotton gin made cultivation of short-staple cotton profitable, and the Deep South was developed for this product. This drove up the demand for slaves in that developing area, creating a demand for more than one million slaves to be transported to the Deep South in the domestic slave trade.[27]
In popular culture[edit]
The 2000 film, The Patriot, features an African-American character named Occam (played by Jay Arlen Jones). He is a slave who fights in the war in place of his master. After serving a year in the Continental Army, he becomes a free man and continues to serve with the militia until the end of the war.
In 2010, conservative talk-show host and columnist Glenn Beck held a series of "Founders Fridays" shows; one was about African Americans.[28] It was the highest-rated prime time cable news show for viewers between the ages of 25 and 54.[29]
The 2011 young adult novel, Forge, by Laurie Halse Anderson, follows a teenage African-American youth who escaped from slavery to join the war.[30]
See also[edit]
American Revolutionary War portal
National Liberty Memorial - proposed memorial to commemorate African Americans who fought in the Revolutionary War
The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution (History Book)
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Gary B. Nash, "The African Americans' Revolution," in Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution (2012), edited by Edward G Gray and Jane Kamensky, pp 250-70
Jump up ^ Nash, "The African Americans' Revolution," at p 254
Jump up ^ Ray Raphael, A People's History of the American Revolution (2001) p 281
Jump up ^ Thomas H. O'Connor, The Hub: Boston Past and Present (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2001), p. 56 ISBN 1555535445.
Jump up ^ "Fighting... Maybe for Freedom, but probably not?". History.
Jump up ^ "SALEM, April 25". Essex Gazette. Essex, Massachusetts. 25 April 1775. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Foner, 43.
Jump up ^ Liberty! The American Revolution (Documentary) Episode II:Blows Must Decide: 1774–1776. ©1997 Twin Cities Public Television, Inc. ISBN 1-4157-0217-9
Jump up ^ "The Revolution's Black Soldiers" by Robert A. Selig, Ph.D., American Revolution website, 2013-2014
Jump up ^ Foner, 70.
Jump up ^ "Continental Army". United States History. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Lanning, 145.
Jump up ^ Lanning, 148.
Jump up ^ White, Deborah; Bay, Mia; Martin, Waldo (2013). Freedon: on My Mind. Bostan: Bedford/St.Martin's. p. 129.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Nell, William C. (1855). "IV, Rhode Island". The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution. Robert F. Wallcut.
Jump up ^ Foner, 205.
Jump up ^ Foner, 75–76.
Jump up ^ Lanning, 76–77.
Jump up ^ Lanning, 79.
Jump up ^ Lanning, 161–162.
Jump up ^ Lanning, 181.
Jump up ^ Abraham Lincoln's Speech on the Dred Scott Decision, June 26, 1857 Archived September 8, 2002, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Peter Kolchin (1993), American Slavery, p. 81.
^ Jump up to: a b Peter Kolchin (1993), American Slavery, pp. 77–78, 81.
Jump up ^ Kolchin (1993), American Slavery, p. 78.
Jump up ^ Kolchin (1993), American Slavery, p. 87.
Jump up ^ "'Glenn Beck': Founders' Friday: African-American Founders". Fox News. 2010-03-28.
Jump up ^ "Glenn Beck’s African American Founders Special #1 On Cable News Friday". Mediaite. 2010-06-02.
Jump up ^ [2]
Bibliography[edit]
Blanck, Emily. "Seventeen eighty-three: the turning point in the law of slavery and freedom in Massachusetts." New England Quarterly (2002): 24-51. in JSTOR
Carretta, Vincent. Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a Genius in Bondage (University of Georgia Press, 2011)
Foner, Philip. Blacks in the American Revolution. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1976 ISBN 0837189462.
Frey, Sylvia R. Water from the Rock: Black Resistance in a Revolutionary Age (1992) excerpt and text search
Gilbert, Alan. Black Patriots and Loyalists: Fighting for Emancipation in the War for Independence (University of Chicago Press, 2012)
Kearse, Gregory S. "The Bucks of America & Prince Hall Freemasonry". Prince Hall Masonic Digest Newspaper, Washington, D.C. ( 2012): 8.
Lanning, Michael. African Americans in the Revolutionary War. New York: Kensington Publishing, 2000 ISBN 0806527161.
Nash, Gary B. "The African Americans' Revolution," in Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution (2012) edited by Edward G Gray and Jane Kamensky pp 250–70.
Nell, William C. The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution (1855) Full text
Piecuch, Jim. Three Peoples, One King: Loyalists, Indians, and Slaves in the Revolutionary South, 1775-1782 (Univ of South Carolina Press, 2008)
Quarles, Benjamin.The Negro in the American Revolution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1961 ISBN 0807846031.
Whitfield, Harvey Amani. "Black Loyalists and Black Slaves in Maritime Canada." History Compass 5.6 (2007) pp: 1980-1997.
Wood, Gordon. The American Revolution: A History. New York: Modern Library, 2002 ISBN 0679640576.
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