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Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
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Victor Emmanuel III
Portrait in 1919
King of Italy (more...)
Reign
29 July 1900 – 9 May 1946
Predecessor
Umberto I
Successor
Umberto II
Prime Ministers
See list
Emperor of Ethiopia
Reign
9 May 1936 – 5 May 1941
Predecessor
Haile Selassie I
Successor
Haile Selassie I
King of the Albanians
Reign
16 April 1939 –
8 September 1943
Predecessor
Zog I
Successor
Zog I (formally)
Prime Ministers
See list
Born
(1869-11-11)11 November 1869
Naples, Kingdom of Italy
Died
28 December 1947(1947-12-28) (aged 78)
Alexandria, Kingdom of Egypt
Burial
Sanctuary of Vicoforte, Vicoforte, Italy
Consort
Elena of Montenegro
Issue
Princess Yolanda, Countess of Bergolo
Mafalda, Landgravine of Hesse
Umberto II of Italy
Giovanna, Tsaritsa of Bulgaria
Maria Francesca, Princess of Bourbon-Parma
Full name
Vittorio Emanuele Ferdinando Maria Gennaro
House
Savoy
Father
Umberto I of Italy
Mother
Margherita of Savoy
Signature
Italian Royalty
House of Savoy
Victor Emmanuel II
Children
Marie Clothilde, Princess Napoléon
Umberto I
Amadeo I of Spain
Prince Oddone, Duke of Montferrat
Maria Pia, Queen of Portugal and the Algarves
Prince Carlo Alberto, Duke of Chablais
Prince Vittorio Emanuele
Prince Vittorio Emanuele, Count of Geneva
Grandchildren
Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta
Prince Vittorio Emanuele, Count of Turin
Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi
Prince Umberto, Count of Salemi
Great Grandchildren
Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta
Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta
Great Great Grandchildren
Princess Margherita, Dowager Archduchess of Austria-Este
Princess Maria Cristina
Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta
Great Great Great Grandchildren
Princess Bianca
Prince Aimone, Duke of Apulia
Princess Mafalda
Great Great Great Grandchildren
Prince Umberto
Prince Amedeo
Princess Isabella
Umberto I
Children
Victor Emmanuel III
Victor Emmanuel III
Children
Princess Yolanda, Countess of Bergolo
Princess Mafalda, Landgravine of Hesse
Umberto II
Giovanna, Tsaritsa of Bulgaria
Maria Francesca, Princess Luigi of Bourbon-Parma
Umberto II
Children
Maria Pia, Princess Michel of Bourbon-Parma
Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples
Princess Maria Gabriella
Princess Maria Beatrice
Grandchildren
Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice
Great Grandchildren
Princess Vittoria
Princess Luisa
v
t
e
Victor Emmanuel III (Vittorio Emanuele Ferdinando Maria Gennaro di Savoia; Italian: Vittorio Emanuele III, Albanian: Viktor Emanueli III; 11 November 1869 – 28 December 1947) was the King of Italy from 29 July 1900 until his abdication on 9 May 1946. In addition, he claimed the thrones of Ethiopia and Albania as Emperor of Ethiopia (1936–41) and King of the Albanians (1939–43), claims not recognised by the other great powers. During his reign of nearly 46 years, which began after the assassination of his father Umberto I, the Kingdom of Italy became involved in two world wars. His reign also encompassed the birth, rise, and fall of Italian Fascism. He appointed Benito Mussolini as Prime Minister in 1922 and deposed him in 1943.
Victor Emmanuel abdicated his throne in 1946 in favour of his son Umberto II, hoping to strengthen support for the monarchy against an ultimately successful referendum to abolish it. He then went into exile to Alexandria, Egypt, where he died and was buried the following year. His remains were returned in 2017 to rest in Italy.
He was called by the Italians Il Re soldato (The Soldier King) for having led his country during both the world wars; and, after Italy's victory in the First World War Il Re vittorioso[1] (The Victorious King). He was also nicknamed Sciaboletta[1] ("little saber") due to his height of 1.53 m (5 ft 0 in).
Contents
1 Biography
1.1 Early years
1.2 Accession to the throne
1.3 Support for Mussolini
1.3.1 March on Rome
1.3.2 Lateran Treaty
1.4 Loss of popular support
1.4.1 Emperor of Ethiopia
1.4.2 King of the Albanians
1.5 Final efforts to save crown
1.5.1 Coup d'état against Mussolini
1.5.2 Armistice with the Allies
1.5.3 1946 referendum
1.5.4 2017 Repatriation
2 Legacy
3 Titles, styles and honours
3.1 Titles and styles
3.2 Honours
3.2.1 Italian
3.2.2 Foreign
4 Titles of the Crown of Italy
5 Ancestors
6 Family
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Biography[edit]
Early years[edit]
Young Victor Emmanuel with his mother, Margherita of Savoy, 1876.
Victor Emmanuel as a teenager, 1886.
Victor Emmanuel in 1895.
Victor Emmanuel was born in Naples, Italy. He was the only child of Umberto I, King of Italy, and his consort (his first cousin through descent from his grandfather Charles Albert of Sardinia), Princess Margherita of Savoy. Margherita was the daughter of the Duke of Genoa.
Victor Emmanuel III by Vanity Fair artist Libero Prosperi, 1902.
Unlike his paternal first cousin's son, the 1.98 m (6-foot 6") tall Amedeo, 3rd Duke of Aosta, Victor Emmanuel was short of stature even by 19th-century standards, to the point that today he would appear diminutive. He was just 1.53 m tall (just over 5 feet).[2] From birth until his accession, Victor Emmanuel was known by the title of the Prince of Naples.
On 24 October 1896, Prince Victor Emmanuel married Princess Elena of Montenegro.
Accession to the throne[edit]
On 29 July 1900, at the age of 30, Victor Emmanuel acceded to the throne upon his father's assassination. The only advice that his father Umberto ever gave his heir was "Remember: to be a king, all you need to know is how to sign your name, read a newspaper, and mount a horse".[citation needed] His early years showed evidence that, by the standards of the Savoy monarchy, he was a man committed to constitutional government. Indeed, even though his father was killed by an anarchist, the new King showed a commitment to constitutional freedoms.
Though parliamentary rule had been firmly established in Italy, the Statuto Albertino, or constitution, granted the king considerable residual powers. For instance, he had the right to appoint the Prime Minister even if the individual in question did not command majority support in the Chamber of Deputies. A shy and somewhat withdrawn individual, the King hated the day-to-day stresses of Italian politics, though the country's chronic political instability forced him to intervene on no fewer than ten occasions between 1900 and 1922 to solve parliamentary crises.
When World War I began, Italy at first remained neutral, despite being part of the Triple Alliance (albeit it was signed on defensive terms and Italy objected that the Sarajevo assassination did not qualify as aggression). However, in 1915, Italy signed several secret treaties committing her to enter the war on the side of the Triple Entente. Most of the politicians opposed war, however, and the Italian Chamber of Deputies forced Prime Minister Antonio Salandra to resign. At this juncture, Victor Emmanuel declined Salandra's resignation and personally made the decision for Italy to enter the war. He was well within his rights to do so under the Statuto, which stipulated that ultimate authority for declaring war rested with the crown.
Popular[citation needed] demonstrations in favor of the war were staged in Rome, with 200,000 gathering on 16 May 1915,[3] in the Piazza del Popolo. However, the corrupt and disorganised war effort, the stunning loss of life suffered by the Italian army, especially at the great defeat of Caporetto, and the Post–World War I recession turned the King against what he perceived as an inefficient political bourgeoisie. Nevertheless, the King visited the various areas of northern Italy suffering repeated strikes and mortar hits from elements of the fighting there, and demonstrated considerable courage and concern in personally visiting many people, his wife the queen taking turns with nurses in caring for Italy's wounded. It was at this time, the period of World War I, that the King enjoyed the genuine affection of the majority of his people.[citation needed] Still, during the war he received about 400 threatening letters from people of every social background, mostly working class.[4]
Support for Mussolini[edit]
The economic depression which followed World War I gave rise to much extremism among Italy's sorely tried working classes. This caused the country as a whole to become politically unstable. Benito Mussolini, soon to be Italy's Fascist dictator, took advantage of this instability for his rise to power.
March on Rome[edit]
King Victor Emmanuel III (right) with King Albert I of the Belgians (left). This photograph shows Victor Emmanuel's small physical stature.
In 1922, Mussolini led a force of his Fascist supporters on a March on Rome. Prime Minister Luigi Facta and his cabinet drafted a decree of martial law. After some hesitation the King refused to sign it, citing doubts about the ability of the army to contain the uprising.
Fascist violence had been growing in intensity throughout the summer and autumn of 1922, climaxing in rumours of a possible coup. General Pietro Badoglio told the King that the military would be able without difficulty to rout the rebels, who numbered no more than 10,000 men.[citation needed]
The troops were loyal to the King. Even Cesare Maria De Vecchi, commander of the Blackshirts, and one of the organisers of the March on Rome, told Mussolini that he would not act against the wishes of the monarch. It was at this point that the Fascist leader considered leaving Italy altogether. But then, minutes before midnight, he received a telegram from the King inviting him to Rome. By midday on 30 October, he had been appointed President of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister), at the age of 39, with no previous experience of office, and with only 35 Fascist deputies in the Chamber.
Victor Emmanuel in Darfo Boario Terme after the Gleno Dam disaster, 1923
The King failed to move against the Mussolini regime's abuses of power (including, as early as 1924, the assassination of Giacomo Matteotti and other opposition MPs) and remained silent during the winter of 1925–26 when Mussolini dropped all pretense of democracy. Later that year, Mussolini passed a law declaring that he was responsible to the King, not Parliament. Although under the Statuto Albertino Italian governments were formally answerable only to the monarch, it had been a strong constitutional convention since at least the 1860s that they were actually answerable to Parliament. By 1928, practically the only check on Mussolini's power was the King's prerogative of dismissing him from office, even if that prerogative could only be exercised on the advice of the Fascist Grand Council, a body that only Mussolini could convene.[citation needed]
Though the King claimed in his memoirs that it was the fear of a civil war that motivated his actions, it would seem that he received some 'alternative' advice, possibly from the archconservative Antonio Salandra as well as General Armando Diaz, that it would be better to do a deal with Mussolini.[citation needed]
Whatever the circumstances, Victor Emmanuel showed weakness from a position of strength, with dire future consequences for Italy and for the monarchy itself. Fascism was a force of opposition to left-wing radicalism. This appealed to many people in Italy at the time, and certainly to the King. In many ways, the events from 1922 to 1943 demonstrated that the monarchy and the moneyed class, for different reasons, felt Mussolini and his regime offered an option that, after years of political chaos, was more appealing than what they perceived as the alternative: socialism and anarchism. Both the spectre of the Russian Revolution and the tragedies of World War I played a large part in these political decisions. At the same time, the Crown became so closely identified with Fascism that by the time Victor Emmanuel was able to shake himself loose from it, it was too late to save the monarchy.[citation needed]
Lateran Treaty[edit]
In 1929, Mussolini, on behalf of the King, signed the Lateran Treaty. The treaty was one of the three agreements made that year between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See. On 7 June 1929, the Lateran Treaty was ratified and the "Roman Question" was settled.
Loss of popular support[edit]
Victor Emmanuel, 1913 portrait.
The Italian monarchy enjoyed popular support for decades.[citation needed] Foreigners noted how even as late as the 1940s newsreel images of King Victor Emmanuel and Queen Elena, born Princess Elena of Montenegro, evoked applause, sometimes cheering, when played in cinemas, in contrast to the hostile silence shown toward images of Fascist leaders.[citation needed]
On 30 March 1938, the Italian Parliament established the rank of First Marshal of the Empire for Victor Emmanuel and Mussolini. This new rank was the highest rank in the Italian military. His equivalence with Mussolini was seen by the king as offensive, and a clear sign that the ultimate goal of the fascist was to get rid of him.
As popular[citation needed] as Victor Emmanuel was, several of his decisions proved fatal to the monarchy. Among these decisions were his assumption of the imperial crown of Ethiopia, his public silence when Mussolini's Fascist government issued its notorious racial purity laws, and his assumption of the crown of Albania.
Emperor of Ethiopia[edit]
Victor Emmanuel III visiting Hungary - 1937
King Victor Emmanuel III in his uniform as Marshal of Italy in 1936.
Prior to his government's invasion of Ethiopia, Victor Emmanuel travelled in 1934 to Italian Somaliland, where he celebrated his 65th birthday on November 11.[5][6] In 1936, Victor Emmanuel assumed the crown as Emperor of Ethiopia. His decision to do this was not universally accepted. Victor Emmanuel was only able to assume the crown after the Italian Army invaded Ethiopia (Abyssinia) and overthrew Emperor Haile Selassie during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War.
The League of Nations condemned Italy's participation in this war and the Italian claim by right of conquest to Ethiopia was rejected by some major powers, such as the United States and the Soviet Union, but was accepted by Great Britain and France in 1938. In 1941 Italy's possession of Ethiopia came to an end only after five years of its annexation to the Italian Empire.
The term of the last acting Viceroy of Italian East Africa, including Eritrea and Italian Somaliland, ended on 27 November 1941 with surrender to the allies. In November 1943 Victor Emmanuel renounced his claims to the titles of Emperor of Ethiopia and King of Albania,[7] recognizing the previous holders of those titles as legitimate.
King of the Albanians[edit]
The crown of the King of the Albanians had been assumed by Victor Emmanuel in 1939 when Italian forces invaded the nearly defenseless monarchy across the Adriatic Sea and caused King Zog I to flee. The Italian invasion of Albania was generally seen as the act of a stronger nation taking unfair advantage of a weaker neighbour.[citation needed]
In 1941, while in Tirana, the monarch escaped an assassination attempt by the 19-year-old Albanian patriot Vasil Laçi.[8] Later, this attempt was cited by Communist Albania as a sign of the general discontent among the oppressed Albanian population. A second attempt by Dimitri Mikhaliov in Albania gave the Italians an excuse to affirm a possible connection with Greece as a result of the monarch's assent to the Greco-Italian War.
Image of Victor Emmanuel on a 1941 lira.
Final efforts to save crown[edit]
On 10 June 1940, ignoring advice that the country was unprepared, Mussolini made the fatal decision to have Italy enter World War II on the side of Nazi Germany. Almost from the beginning, disaster followed disaster. In 1940 and 1941, Italian armies in North Africa and in Greece suffered humiliating defeats. During the invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, Victor Emmanuel moved to a villa owned by the Pirzio Biroli family at Brazzacco in order to be close to the front.[9] In late 1941, Italian East Africa was lost. In 1942, Italian Libya was lost. Early in 1943, the ten divisions of the "Italian Army in Russia" (Armata Italiana in Russia, or ARMIR) were crushed in a side-action in the Battle of Stalingrad. Before the end of 1943, the last Italian forces in Tunisia had surrendered and Sicily had been taken by the Allies. Hampered by lack of fuel as well as several serious defeats, the Italian Navy spent most of the war confined to port. As a result the Mediterranean Sea was not in any real sense Italy's Mare Nostrum. While the Air Force generally did better than the Army or the Navy, it was chronically short of modern aircraft.
As Italy's fortunes worsened, the popularity of the King suffered. One coffee-house ditty went as follows:
Quando Vittorio era soltanto re
Si bevea del buon caffè.
Poi divenne Imperatore
Se ne sentì solo l’odore.
Oggi che è anche Re d’Albania
Anche l’odore l’ han portato via.
E se avremo un’altra vittoria
Ci mancherà anche la cicoria.
When our Victor was plain King,
Coffee was a common thing.
When an Emperor he was made,
Coffee's odour it did fade.
Since he got Albania's throne,
Even the odour has flown.
And if we have another victory
We're also going to lose our chicory.[10]
On 19 July 1943, Rome was bombed for the first time in the war, further cementing the Italian people's disillusionment with their once-popular[citation needed] King.
Coup d'état against Mussolini[edit]
Main article: 25 Luglio
On the night of 25 July 1943, the Grand Council of Fascism voted to adopt an Ordine del Giorno (order of the day) proposed by Count Dino Grandi to ask Victor Emmanuel to resume his full constitutional powers under Article 5 of the Statuto. In effect, this was a motion of no confidence in Mussolini.
The following afternoon, Mussolini asked for an audience with the king at Villa Savoia. When Mussolini tried to tell Victor Emmanuel about the Grand Council's vote, Victor Emmanuel abruptly cut him off and told him that he was dismissing him as Prime Minister in favour of Marshal Pietro Badoglio. He then ordered Mussolini's arrest and he proceeded to renounce the usurped Ethiopian and Albanian crowns in favour of the legitimate monarchs of those states. Victor Emmanuel had been planning this move to get rid of the dictator for some time.[citation needed]
Publicly, Victor Emmanuel and Badoglio claimed that Italy would continue the war as a member of the Axis. Privately, they both began negotiating with the Allies for an armistice. Court circles—including Crown Princess Marie-José—had already been putting out feelers to the Allies before Mussolini's ousting.[citation needed]
Armistice with the Allies[edit]
On 8 September 1943, Victor Emmanuel publicly announced an armistice with the Allies. Confusion reigned as Italian forces were left without orders, and the Germans, who had been expecting this move for some time, quickly disarmed and interned Italian troops and took control in the occupied Balkans, France and the Dodecanese, as well as in Italy itself. Many of the units that did not surrender joined forces with the Allies against the Germans.
Fearing a German advance on Rome, Victor Emmanuel and his government fled south to Brindisi. This choice may have been necessary to protect his safety; indeed, Hitler had planned to arrest him shortly after Mussolini's overthrow. Nonetheless, it still came as a surprise to many observers inside and outside Italy. Unfavourable comparisons were drawn with King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, who refused to leave London during the Blitz, and of Pope Pius XII, who mixed with Rome's crowds and prayed with them after Rome's working-class neighborhood of Quartiere San Lorenzo had been destroyed by bombing.
Ultimately, the Badoglio government in southern Italy raised the Italian Co-Belligerent Army (Esercito Cobelligerante del Sud), the Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force (Aviazione Cobelligerante Italiana), and the Italian Co-Belligerent Navy (Marina Cobelligerante del Sud). All three forces were loyal to the King.
On 12 September, the Germans launched Operation Eiche and rescued Mussolini from captivity. In a short time, he established a new Fascist state in northern Italy, the Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana). This was never more than a German-dominated puppet state, but it did compete for the allegiance of the Italian people with Badoglio's government in the south.
Realizing that he was too tainted by his earlier support of the Fascist regime, in April 1944 Victor Emmanuel transferred most of his powers to his son, Crown Prince Umberto. By so doing, Victor Emmanuel relinquished most of his power while retaining the title of king. This status was formalized shortly after Rome was liberated on 4 June, when he turned over his remaining powers to Umberto and named him Lieutenant General of the Realm.
1946 referendum[edit]
Within a year, public opinion forced a referendum on whether to retain the monarchy or become a republic. In hopes of helping the monarchist cause, Victor Emmanuel formally abdicated on 9 May 1946. His son ascended to the throne as Umberto II. This move failed. In the referendum held a month later, 52 percent of voters favoured a republic, and the Kingdom of Italy was no more. Some historians (such as Sir Charles Petrie) have speculated that the result might have been different if Victor Emmanuel had abdicated in favour of Umberto shortly after the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943, or at the latest had abdicated outright in 1944 rather than simply transferring his powers to his son. Umberto had been widely praised for his performance as de facto head of state beginning in 1944, and his relative popularity might have saved the monarchy. The Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini declared that he would not come back to Italy as a subject of the "degenerate king" and more generally as long as the house of Savoy was ruling;[11] Benedetto Croce had previously stated in 1944 that "as long as the present king remains head of state, we feel that Fascism has not ended, (...) that it will be reborn, more or less disguised".[12]
In any event, once the referendum's result was certified, Victor Emmanuel and all other male members of the House of Savoy were required to leave the country. Taking refuge in Egypt, where he was welcomed with great honor by King Faruk, Victor Emmanuel died in Alexandria a year later, of pulmonary congestion.[13] He was interred behind the altar of St Catherine's Cathedral. He was the last surviving grandchild of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy. In 1948, Time magazine included an article about "The Little King".[10]
2017 Repatriation[edit]
On December 17, 2017, an Italian air force military plane officially repatriated the remains of Victor Emmanuel III, which were transferred from Alexandria to the sanctuary of Vicoforte, near Turin, and interred alongside those of Elena, that had been transferred two days earlier from Montpellier, France.[14]
Tomb of Victor Emmanuel III at the sanctuary of Vicoforte.
Legacy[edit]
Busts of King Victor Emmanuel III and Queen Elena; forecourt of the Russian Orthodox Church (Church of Christ the Saviour, St. Catherine and St. Seraph), Sanremo, Italy.
The abdication prior to the referendum probably brought back to the minds of undecided voters the monarchy's role during the Fascist period and the King's own actions (or lack of them), at the very moment monarchists hoped voters would focus on the positive impression created by Umberto and his wife, Maria José, over the previous two years. The "May" King and Queen, Umberto and Maria José, in Umberto's brief, month-long reign, were unable to shift the burden of recent history and opinion.
Victor Emmanuel III was one of the most prolific coin collectors of all time, having amassed approximately 100,000 specimens dating from the fall of the Roman Empire up to the Unification of Italy. On his abdication, the collection was donated to the Italian people, except for the coins of the House of Savoy which he took with him to Egypt. On the death of Umberto II in 1983, the Savoy coins joined the rest of the collection in the National Museum of Rome. Between 1910 and 1943, Victor Emmanuel wrote the 20-volume Corpus Nummorum Italicorum, which catalogued each specimen in his collection.[15] He was awarded the medal of the Royal Numismatic Society in 1904.
At one point, there was an avenue in Paris named Avenue Victor-Emmanuel III, but the king's support of the Axis Powers led the road to be renamed Franklin D. Roosevelt Avenue following the end of World War II.[16]
Titles, styles and honours[edit]
Styles of
King Victor Emmanuel III
Reference style
His Majesty
Spoken style
Your Majesty
Alternative style
Sir
Titles and styles[edit]
11 November 1869 – 29 July 1900: His Royal Highness The Prince of Naples
29 July 1900 – 9 May 1946: His Majesty The King of Italy
9 May 1936 – 5 May 1941: His Imperial Majesty The Emperor of Ethiopia
16 April 1939 – 8 September 1943: His Majesty The King of the Albanians
9 May 1946 – 28 December 1947 His Majesty King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
Honours[edit]
Italian[edit]
He was Grand Master of the following orders:[17]
Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation
Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Military Order of Savoy
Civil Order of Savoy
Order of the Crown of Italy
Colonial Order of the Star of Italy
Order of Besa (Italian Albania)
Order of Skanderbeg (Italian Albania)
Order of the Roman Eagle
Mauritian Medal for military merit of 10 Lustrums
War Merit Cross
Commemorative Medal for the Italo-Austrian War 1915–1918
Commemorative Medal of Campaigns of Independence Wars
Commemorative Medal of the Unity of Italy
Foreign[edit]
Austria-Hungary: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary - 1887[18]
Kingdom of Bulgaria: Knight of the Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius
Czechoslovakia: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion - 1925[19]
Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant - 23 September 1891[17][20]
Estonia: VR III/1 of the Cross of Liberty
Finland: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland - 1920
German Empire: Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle[17]
Bavaria: Knight of the Order of St. Hubert[17]
Saxony: Knight of the Order of the Rue Crown[17]
Holy See: Knight of the Supreme Order of Christ - 2 January 1932
Japan: Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum
Republic of Latvia: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Lāčplēsis
Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Military Hospitaller Order of Malta[17]
Kingdom of Montenegro: Knight of the Order of Saint Peter of Cetinje
Poland:
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle
Knight Grand Cross of the Virtuti Militari
Kingdom of Portugal:
Sash of the Three Orders
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword[21]
Qajar dynasty: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion and the Sun - 1902[22]
Russian Empire: Knight of the Order of St. Andrew[17]
Spain:
Kingdom of Spain: Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece - 1878[17][23]
Francoist Spain: Collar of the Order of the Yoke and Arrows - 1 October 1937[24]
Sweden: Knight of the Order of the Seraphim - 15 April 1888[17]
United Kingdom:
Extra Knight of the Order of the Garter - 3 August 1891[17][25] (expelled in 1941)
Royal Victorian Chain - 18 November 1903[26] (expelled in 1941)
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath - 1916 (expelled in 1941)
Titles of the Crown of Italy[edit]
Relief of coat of arms of Victor Emmanuel III in Rhodes, Greece
From 1860 to 1946, the following titles were used by the King of Italy:
Victor Emmanuel III, by the Grace of God and the Will of the Nation, King of Italy, King of Sardinia, Cyprus, Jerusalem, Armenia, Duke of Savoy, count of Maurienne, Marquis (of the Holy Roman Empire) in Italy; Prince of Piedmont, Carignano, Oneglia, Poirino, Trino; Prince and Perpetual vicar of the Holy Roman Empire; prince of Carmagnola, Montmellian with Arbin and Francin, prince bailliff of the Duchy of Aosta, Prince of Chieri, Dronero, Crescentino, Riva di Chieri and Banna, Busca, Bene, Brà, Duke of Genoa, Monferrat, Aosta, Duke of Chablais, Genevois, Duke of Piacenza, Marquis of Saluzzo (Saluces), Ivrea, Susa, of Maro, Oristano, Cesana, Savona, Tarantasia, Borgomanero and Cureggio, Caselle, Rivoli, Pianezza, Govone, Salussola, Racconigi with Tegerone, Migliabruna and Motturone, Cavallermaggiore, Marene, Modane and Lanslebourg, Livorno Ferraris, Santhià Agliè, Centallo and Demonte, Desana, Ghemme, Vigone, Count of Barge, Villafranca, Ginevra, Nizza, Tenda, Romont, Asti, Alessandria, del Goceano, Novara, Tortona, Bobbio, Soissons, Sant'Antioco, Pollenzo, Roccabruna, Tricerro, Bairo, Ozegna, of Apertole, Baron of Vaud and of Faucigni, Lord of Vercelli, Pinerolo, of Lomellina, of Valle Sesia, of Ceva Marquisate, Overlord of Monaco, Roccabruna and 11/12th of Menton, Noble patrician of Venice, patrician of Ferrara.
Ancestors[edit]
showAncestors of Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
16. Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano
8. Charles Albert of Sardinia
17. Princess Maria Christina of Saxony
4. Victor Emmanuel II of Italy
18. Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany
9. Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria
19. Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily
2. Umberto I of Italy
20. Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
10. Archduke Rainer of Austria
21. Infanta Maria Louisa of Spain
5. Archduchess Adelaide of Austria
22. Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano (= 16)
11. Princess Elisabeth of Savoy
23. Princess Maria Christina of Saxony (= 17)
1. Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
24. Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano (= 16, 22)
12. Charles Albert of Sardinia (= 8)
25. Princess Maria Christina of Saxony (= 17, 23)
6. Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa
26. Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany (= 18)
13. Maria Theresa of Austria (= 9)
27. Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily (= 19)
3. Princess Margherita of Savoy-Genoa
28. Maximilian, Hereditary Prince of Saxony
14. John of Saxony
29. Princess Carolina of Parma
7. Princess Elisabeth of Saxony
30. Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
15. Princess Amalie Auguste of Bavaria
31. Princess Caroline of Baden
Family[edit]
Giovanna of Italy, Tsaritsa of Bulgaria, 1937.
In 1896 he married princess Elena of Montenegro (1873–1952), daughter of Nicholas I, King of Montenegro. Their issue included:
Yolanda Margherita Milena Elisabetta Romana Maria (1901–1986), married to Giorgio Carlo Calvi, Count of Bergolo, (1887–1977);
Mafalda Maria Elisabetta Anna Romana (1902–1944), married to Prince Philipp of Hesse (1896–1980) with issue; she died in the Nazi concentration camp at Buchenwald;
Umberto Nicola Tommaso Giovanni Maria, later Umberto II, King of Italy (1904–1983) married to Princess Marie José of Belgium (1906–2001), with issue.
Giovanna Elisabetta Antonia Romana Maria (1907–2000), married to King Boris III of Bulgaria (1894–1943), and mother of Simeon II, King and later Prime Minister of Bulgaria.
Maria Francesca Anna Romana (1914–2001), who married Prince Luigi of Bourbon–Parma (1899–1967), with issue.
See also[edit]
Kingdom of Italy
Italian Empire
Amedeo, 3rd Duke of Aosta, Viceroy and Governor-General of Italian East Africa
Aimone, 4th Duke of Aosta, titular king Tomislav II of Croatia
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References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Angelo D'Orsi. "Vittorio Emanuele III, se questo è un re vittorioso…". Il Manifesto. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Biography for King Victor Emmanuel III". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
Jump up ^ 10
Jump up ^ "Lettere al re (1914-1918)". Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
Jump up ^ American Philatelic Association. The American Philatelist, Volume 110, Issues 7-12. p. 618.
Jump up ^ Gufu Oba. Nomads in the Shadows of Empires: Contests, Conflicts and Legacies on the Southern Ethiopian-Northern Kenyan Frontier. p. 160.
Jump up ^ Indor Montanelli, Mario Cervi, Storia d'italia. L'Italia della guerra civile, RCS, 2003.
Jump up ^ Owen Pearson, Albania in Occupation and War: From Fascism to Communism 1940–1945, 2006, p.153, ISBN 1-84511-104-4
Jump up ^ Cervi, Mario (1972). The Hollow Legions. Mussolini’s Blunder in Greece, 1940–1941 [Storia della guerra di Grecia: ottobre 1940 – aprile 1941]. trans. Eric Mosbacher. London: Chatto and Windus. p. 279. ISBN 0-70111-351-0.
^ Jump up to: a b The Little King TIME Magazine, 5 January 1948
Jump up ^ Arturo Toscanini
Jump up ^ Vittorio Emanuele III
Jump up ^ Paolo Griseri. "Il fascismo, le leggi razziali, la fuga". La Repubblica. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nicole Winfield. "Remains of Exiled Italian King to be Returned after 70 years". ABC News. Retrieved December 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Great Collections - King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy" (PDF). Muenzgeschicte.ch. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
Jump up ^ Roland Pozzo di Borgo, Les Champs-Élysées: trois siècles d'histoire, 1997
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Justus Perthes, Almanach de Gotha 1913 (1913) page 49
Jump up ^ "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Kolana Řádu Bílého lva aneb hlavy států v řetězech" (in Czech), Czech Medals and Orders Society. Retrieved 2018-08-09.
Jump up ^ Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 466. ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2.
Jump up ^ "Grand Crosses of the Order of the Tower and Sword". geneall.net. Retrieved 2018-08-09.
Jump up ^ "Court Circular". The Times (36775). London. 23 May 1902. p. 7.
Jump up ^ "Toison Espagnole (Spanish Fleece) - 19th century" (in French), Chevaliers de la Toison D'or. Retrieved 2018-08-09.
Jump up ^ "Decreto Número 373" (in Spanish), Boletín Oficial del Estado (349). 4 October 1937.
Jump up ^ Wm. A. Shaw, The Knights of England, Volume I (London, 1906) page 68
Jump up ^ Wm. A. Shaw, The Knights of England, Volume I (London, 1906) page 416
Mack Smith, Denis (1989). Italy and its Monarchy. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05132-8.
Reference 4: James Rennell Rodd [British Ambassador to Italy before and during the Great War]. Social and Diplomatic Memories. Third Series. 1902-1919. London, 1925.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Victor Emmanuel III of Italy.
Wikisource has the text of the 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica article Victor Emmanuel III..
Genealogy of recent members of the House of Savoy
King Vittorio Emanuele III
Newspaper clippings about Victor Emmanuel III of Italy in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics (ZBW)
Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
House of Savoy
Born: 11 November 1869 Died: 28 December 1947
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15th Generation
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Vittorio Emanuele, Count of Turin***
Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi***
Umberto, Count of Salemi***
Ferdinando, Duke of Genoa**
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*** Prince of Savoy-Aosta
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy&oldid=861848416"
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The Heart of Saturday Night
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The Heart of Saturday Night
Studio album by Tom Waits
Released
October 15, 1974 (1974-10-15)[1]
Genre
Folk, blues, jazz[2]
Length
41:28
Label
Asylum
Producer
Bones Howe
Tom Waits chronology
Closing Time
(1973)Closing Time1973 The Heart of Saturday Night
(1974) Nighthawks at the Diner
(1975)Nighthawks at the Diner1975
Singles from The Heart of Saturday Night
"Blue Skies (non-album single)"
Released: October 1974
"San Diego Serenade"
Released: 1975
The Heart of Saturday Night is the second studio album by singer and songwriter Tom Waits, released in 1974 on Asylum Records. The title song was written as a tribute to Jack Kerouac.[3]
Contents
1 Cover
2 Critical reception
3 Track listing
4 Personnel
5 Certifications
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
Cover[edit]
The album cover is based on In the Wee Small Hours by Frank Sinatra.[4] It is an illustration featuring a tired Tom Waits being observed by a blonde prostitute as he exits a neon-lit cocktail lounge late at night.[5] Cal Schenkel was the art director and the cover art was created by Lyn Lascaro.[4]
Critical reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [2]
Christgau's Record Guide C+[6]
Pitchfork 7.9/10[7]
Q [8]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide [9]
The Village Voice B–[10]
In a contemporary review for The Village Voice, Janet Maslin regarded the songs as tawdry affectations of "a boozy vertigo" marred by Waits' vague lyrics and ill-advised puns on an album that is "too self-consciously limited" in mood. "It demands to be listened to after hours", Maslin wrote, "when that cloud of self-pitying gloom has descended and the vino is close at hand".[11] Fellow Village Voice critic Robert Christgau was also critical of Waits' compositions, writing that "there might be as many coverable songs here as there were on his first album if mournful melodies didn't merge into neo imagery in the spindrift dirge of the honky-tonk beatnik night. Dig?"[10]
In a retrospective review, Buddy Seigal was more impressed by Waits' "touchingly, unashamedly sentimental" songs, calling The Heart of Saturday Night perhaps the singer's most "mature, ingenuous and fully realized" album.[12] In 2003, it was ranked number 339 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, his highest placing.[citation needed]
Track listing[edit]
All songs written and composed by Tom Waits.
Side one
No.
Title
Length
1. "New Coat of Paint" 3:23
2. "San Diego Serenade" 3:30
3. "Semi Suite" 3:29
4. "Shiver Me Timbers" 4:26
5. "Diamonds on My Windshield" 3:12
6. "(Looking for) The Heart of Saturday Night" 3:53
Side two
No.
Title
Length
1. "Fumblin' with the Blues" 3:02
2. "Please Call Me, Baby" 4:25
3. "Depot, Depot" 3:46
4. "Drunk on the Moon" 5:06
5. "The Ghosts of Saturday Night (After Hours at Napoleone's Pizza House)" 3:16
Total length: 41:28
Personnel[edit]
All personnel credits adapted from the album's liner notes.[13]
Performer
Tom Waits – vocals, piano, guitar
Musicians
Jim Hughart – double bass
Pete Christlieb – tenor saxophone
Tom Scott - clarinet
Jim Gordon – drums
Bob Alcivar – arranger
Technical personnel
Bones Howe – producer, engineer
Geoff Howe – engineer
Terry Dunavan – mastering
Design personnel
Cal Schenkel – art direction
Lyn Lascaro – illustrations
Scott Smith – photography
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United Kingdom (BPI)[14]
Gold 100,000^
Summaries
^shipments figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Releases". ANTI-. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Ruhlmann, William. Review: The Heart of Saturday Night. Allmusic. Retrieved on 2009-08-05.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qt5Ecm78hj8&sns=fb
^ Jump up to: a b Art Director: Cal Schenkel Cover Art: Napoleon aka Lyn Lascaro 339) The Heart of Saturday Night : Rolling Stone
Jump up ^ Jacobs 2010
Jump up ^ Christgau, Robert (1981). "Tom Waits: The Heart of a Saturday Night". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the '70s. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0306804093. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ M. Deusner, Stephen (March 24, 2018). "Tom Waits: The Heart of Saturday Night". Pitchfork. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Columnist. "Review: The Heart of Saturday Night. Q: 100. October 1992.
Jump up ^ "Tom Waits: Album Guide". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on September 19, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Christgau, Robert (October 24, 1974). "Consumer Guide (49)". The Village Voice. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Maslin, Janet. "Tom Waits: On the Road, On the Town". The Village Voice. p. 106.
Jump up ^ Siegal, Buddy. Review: The Heart of Saturday Night. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on 2009-08-05.
Jump up ^ The Heart of Saturday Night (CD). Tom Waits. Asylum Records. 1974. 7559-60597-2.
Jump up ^ "British album certifications – Tom Waits – The Heart of Saturday Night". British Phonographic Industry. Select albums in the Format field. Select Gold in the Certification field. Enter The Heart of Saturday Night in the search field and then press Enter.
Bibliography[edit]
Jacobs, Jay (2010). Wild Years: The Music and Myth of Tom Waits (illustrated, revised ed.). ECW Press. ISBN 9781554902613.
External links[edit]
The Heart of Saturday Night at Discogs
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Tom Waits
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Discography
Kathleen Brennan
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Step Right Up: The Songs of Tom Waits
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