text:
Mulligan (games)
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A mulligan is a second chance to perform an action, usually after the first chance went wrong through bad luck or a blunder. Its best-known meaning is in golf, whereby a player is informally allowed to replay a stroke, even though this is against the formal rules of golf. The term has also been applied to other sports and games, and to other fields generally. The origin of the term is unclear.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 Use in golf
3 In other games
3.1 Collectible card games
4 Use outside games
5 See also
6 References
Origin[edit]
There are many theories about the origin of the term. The United States Golf Association (USGA) cites three stories explaining that the term derived from the name of a Canadian golfer, David Mulligan, one time manager of the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City, who played at the Country Club of Montreal golf course, in Saint-Lambert near Montreal during the 1920s. One version has it that one day after hitting a poor tee shot, Mulligan re-teed and shot again. He called it a "correction shot," but his friends thought it more fitting to name the practice after him. David Mulligan then brought the concept from Canada to the famous U.S. golf club Winged Foot. A second version has the extra shot given to Mulligan due to his being jumpy and shaky after a difficult drive over the Victoria Bridge to the course. The final version of the David Mulligan story gives him an extra shot after having overslept, rushing to get ready to make the tee time.[1]
An alternative, later, etymology credits a different man named Mulligan – John A. "Buddy" Mulligan, a locker room attendant at Essex Fells Country Club in New Jersey.[2] In the 1930s, he would finish cleaning the locker room and, if no other members appeared, play a round with the assistant pro, Dave O'Connell, and a reporter and member, Des Sullivan, who was later golf editor for the Newark Evening News. One day his first shot was bad and he beseeched O'Connell and Sullivan to allow another shot since they "had been practicing all morning" and he had not. Once they agreed and the round finished, Mulligan proudly exclaimed to the members in his locker room for months how he had gotten an extra shot from the duo. The members loved it and soon began giving themselves "Mulligans" in his honor. Sullivan began using the term in his golf articles in the Newark Evening News. The Today Show TV program ran this story around 2005 and have it in their archives. Mulligan was located in the 1970s at the Lyons, New Jersey VA Hospital, helping with their golf facility. Des Sullivan, now semi-retired, wrote of this find in his July 22, 1970 column, in the Myrtle Beach Sun News.
Use in golf[edit]
In golf, a mulligan is a stroke that is replayed from the spot of the previous stroke without penalty, due to an errant shot made on the previous stroke. The result is that the hole is played and scored as if the first errant shot had never been made. This practice is disallowed entirely by strict rules in formal play and players who attempt it or agree to let it happen may be disqualified from sanctioned competitions.[3] However, in casual play, mulligans speed play by reducing the time spent searching for a lost ball, and reduce frustration and increase enjoyment of the game, as a player can "shake off" a bad shot more easily with their second chance.
The opposite of a mulligan is a "gilligan", which is to redo a successful stroke when so requested by your opponent.[4]
As mulligans aren't covered by strict rules – except to prohibit them – there are many variations of the practice among groups of players who do allow them in friendly games. If a mulligan is allowed to be used to replay any shot, each player is typically limited to 18 per round, sometimes 9 in the first 9 holes and 9 in the second nine.[5] Traditionally, mulligans can only be played on tee shots (which are notoriously difficult to make accurately), and sometimes they may only be played on the first tee shot of the round. In the case of a mulligan used to replay the first tee shot, multiple "mulligans" may be allowed under different names (Finnegan, Branagan, Flanagan or Craig) until the player has hit a playable tee shot.
Although certain players may wish to bank their shots, this is deemed un-sportsman-like and is generally frowned upon. Golf tournaments held for charity may sell mulligans to collect more money for the charity.[6]
In other games[edit]
The term has found a broader acceptance in both general speech and other games, meaning any minor mistake or unfortunate happenstance that is allowed to pass unnoticed and without consequence. In both senses, it is implied that a mulligan is forgiven because it was either made by a rank beginner, or it is unusual and not indicative of the level of play or conduct expected of the person who made the mulligan.
In Titan the rules in 1982 version allow a "First move mulligan" for an unfortunate dice roll.[7]
In classic rules of Merchant of Venus a piece of equipment on sale for players, called Mulligan Gear, permits a player to re-roll one of two dice in each of his movements.
In darts, the term may be used when a poorly thrown dart is re-thrown (for example, when an inexperienced player misses the board with a dart, or if someone has a bounceout, the dart may be re-thrown).
Collectible card games[edit]
In collectible card games, a mulligan refers to the process of adjusting which cards are in a player's initial hand of cards. Card games have various official rules for how mulligans are performed.
In Magic: The Gathering, a player may declare a mulligan after drawing his or her initial hand at the beginning of each game. If such a declaration is made, the player puts his or her cards back into his or her deck, shuffles, and draws a new hand with one fewer cards. The player may repeat this until satisfied, or until the number of cards in his or her hand reaches zero. After both players have established their starting hands, a player with fewer cards than his or her starting hand size may look at the top card of his or her deck and then return it to the top or put it on the bottom of his or her deck. The mulligan process has changed drastically over the history of the game. The current style is known as the Vancouver mulligan, as it was first used in 2015 at the Vancouver Pro Tour tournament.[8]
Other card games, such as Hearthstone and Shadowverse, use "partial mulligan" rules, in which players may choose which cards in their opening hands to keep and which ones they want to discard, drawing a new card from their deck for each discarded card.
In the Pokémon Trading Card Game each player needs at least one Basic Pokémon Card in their opening hand to start the game. The rules force players that do not fulfill this requirement to declare a mulligan, repeatedly if necessary, until they draw a hand that does.[9] To dissuade players from abusing this rule, their opponent may choose to draw one additional card for every mulligan performed.
In Dragon Ball Super Card Game, you are given the chance to mulligan. You may return any number of cards into your deck and shuffle it, then draw the same number of cards.
In the LCG Ashes: Rise of the Phoenixborn, there's a rule called The First Five where the player can choose the first five cards that comprise his first hand.
Use outside games[edit]
In politics, where the losing candidate in a party primary may be able to run again in the general election on another ballot line. In the 2006 Connecticut US Senate race, many Ned Lamont supporters accused Senator Joseph Lieberman of running a mulligan race as an independent, since he had lost the Democratic Party primary. In the 2008 American Democratic primary elections, the term mulligan has been used to describe the possible redo elections in Michigan and Florida, after their results were declared invalid due to the early scheduling of the contests, against Democratic party rules.[10]
The term has also been used to refer to provisions in syndicated loan documentation where lenders only get the right to accelerate their loans after two financial covenants are breached. This practice is rarer today but was popular with sponsors at the height of the credit boom in 2006/07, allowing them to postpone the date at which they needed to start negotiating a restructuring with lenders. The loan "mulligan" is to be contrasted with a "deemed cure" clause which would allow a covenant breach to be disregarded in the event the next covenant tests were met. In addition, it typically remains possible with loans carrying financial covenants for a borrower to "cure" covenant breaches after the event by injecting new cash equity.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Gimme
References[edit]
Jump up ^ FAQ — History of the term "Mulligan" USGA Museum Golf History
Jump up ^ Mulligan+ Golf Courses and Score Tracking
Jump up ^ http://lindamillergolf.blogspot.co.uk/2015_01_01_archive.html
Jump up ^ http://www.golftoday.co.uk/golf_a_z/articles/glossary.html#g
Jump up ^ Bogey Golf Association. gilligans. Archived 2012-07-23 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Tournament Golf. Mulligans. Archived 2009-06-01 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ ""Differences between the 1982 rules and older versions"".
Jump up ^ Calderaro, Marc. "THE VANCOUVER MULLIGAN RULE". Magic the Gathering. Wizards of the Coast LLC. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.pokemon.com/us/play-pokemon/about/tournaments-rules-and-resources/
Jump up ^ No election mulligans[permanent dead link]; The Michigan Daily; 19 February 2008; Retrieved on 24 March 2008
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mulligan_(games)&oldid=832305131"
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The Hollow Men
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see The Hollow Men (disambiguation).
"Not with a bang but a whimper" redirects here. For other uses, see Dissolution of the Soviet Union.
The Hollow Men
by T. S. Eliot
Written
1925
Country
England
Language
English
Lines
98
"The Hollow Men" (1925) is a poem by T. S. Eliot. Its themes are, like many of Eliot's poems, overlapping and fragmentary, but it is recognized to be concerned most with post-World War I Europe under the Treaty of Versailles (which Eliot despised: compare "Gerontion"), the difficulty of hope and religious conversion, and, as some critics argue, Eliot's own failed marriage (Vivienne Haigh-Wood Eliot might have been having an affair with Bertrand Russell).[1] The poem is divided into five parts and consists of 98 lines of which the last four are "probably the most quoted lines of any 20th-century poet writing in English".[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Journey of the character
2 Theme and context
3 Publication information
4 Influence in culture
4.1 Film
4.2 Literature
4.3 Multimedia
4.4 Video games
4.5 Music
4.6 Television
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Journey of the character[edit]
Eliot’s characters often undergo a journey - either physical or spiritual or both. The Hollow Men seems to follow the otherworldly journey of the spiritually dead. These “hollow men” have the realization, humility and acknowledgement of their guilt and their status as broken, lost souls.
The “hollow men” fail to transform their motions into actions, conception to creation, desire to fulfillment. This awareness of the split between thought and action coupled with their awareness of “death’s various kingdoms” and acute diagnosis of their hollowness, makes it hard for them to go forward and break through their spiritual sterility. And as the poem and their journey ends, they see “the horror, the horror” that Kurtz sees in The Heart of Darkness. There is a complete breakdown of language, prayer and the spirit as “the world ends/ Not with a bang but a whimper”.
Theme and context[edit]
Eliot wrote that he produced the title "The Hollow Men" by combining the titles of the romance "The Hollow Land" by William Morris with the poem "The Broken Men" by Rudyard Kipling:[3] but it is possible that this is one of Eliot's many constructed allusions, and that the title originates more transparently from Shakespeare's Julius Caesar or from the character Kurtz in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness who is referred to as a "hollow sham" and "hollow at the core".
The two epigraphs to the poem, "Mistah Kurtz – he dead" and "A penny for the Old Guy", are allusions to Conrad's character and to Guy Fawkes, attempted arsonist of the English house of Parliament, and his straw-man effigy that is burned each year in the United Kingdom on Guy Fawkes Night.
Some critics read the poem as told from three perspectives, each representing a phase of the passing of a soul into one of death's kingdoms ("death's dream kingdom", "death's twilight kingdom", and "death's other kingdom"). Eliot describes how we, the living, will be seen by "Those who have crossed/With direct eyes [...] not as lost/Violent souls, but only/As the hollow men/The stuffed men." The image of eyes figures prominently in the poem, notably in one of Eliot's most famous lines "Eyes I dare not meet in dreams". Such eyes are also generally accepted to be in reference to Dante's Beatrice (see below).
The poet depicts figures "Gathered on this beach of the tumid river" – drawing considerable influence from Dante's third and fourth cantos of the Inferno which describes Limbo, the first circle of Hell – showing man in his inability to cross into Hell itself or to even beg redemption, unable to speak with God. Dancing "round the prickly pear," the figures worship false gods, recalling children and reflecting Eliot's interpretation of Western culture after World War I.
The final stanza may be the most quoted of all of Eliot's poetry:
This is the way the world ends
This is the way the world ends
This is the way the world ends
Not with a bang but a whimper.
When asked if he would write these lines again, Eliot responded with a 'no':
One reason is that while the association of the H-bomb is irrelevant to it, it would today come to everyone's mind. Another is that he is not sure the world will end with either. People whose houses were bombed have told him they don't remember hearing anything.[4]
Other significant references include the Lord's Prayer, Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, and Conrad's An Outcast of the Islands ("Life is very long").
Publication information[edit]
The poem was first published as now known on 23 November 1925, in Eliot's Poems: 1909–1925. Eliot was known to collect poems and fragments of poems to produce new works. This is clearest to see in his poems The Hollow Men and "Ash-Wednesday" where he incorporated previously published poems to become sections of a larger work. In the case of The Hollow Men four of the five sections of the poem were previously published:
"Poème", published in the Winter 1924 edition of Commerce (with a French translation), became Part I of The Hollow Men.
Doris's Dream Songs in the November 1924 issue of Chapbook had the three poems: "Eyes that last I saw in tears", "The wind sprang up at four o'clock", and "This is the dead land." The third poem became Part III of The Hollow Men.
Three Eliot poems appeared in the January 1925 issue of his Criterion magazine: "Eyes I dare not meet in dreams", "Eyes that I last saw in tears", and "The eyes are not here". The first poem became Part II of The Hollow Men and the third became Part IV.
Additionally, the March 1925 of Dial published The Hollow Men, I-III which was finally transformed to The Hollow Men Parts I, II, and IV in Poems: 1909–1925.
(Publication information from Gallup)[5]
Influence in culture[edit]
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The Hollow Men has had a profound effect on the Anglo-American cultural lexicon—and by a relatively recent extension, world culture—since it was published in 1925. One source states that the last four lines of the poem are "probably the most quoted lines of any 20th-century poet writing in English."[2][6] The sheer variety of references moves some of the questions concerning the poem's significance outside the traditional domain of literary criticism and into the much broader category of cultural studies. Examples of such influences include:
Film[edit]
Eliot's poem was a strong influence on Francis Ford Coppola and the movie Apocalypse Now (1979), in which antagonist Colonel Kurtz (played by Marlon Brando) is depicted reading parts of the poem aloud to his followers. Furthermore, the Complete Dossier DVD release of the film includes a 17-minute special feature of Kurtz reciting the poem in its entirety. The poem's epigraph, "Mistah Kurtz - he dead", is a quote from Conrad's Heart of Darkness (1899), upon which the film is loosely based.
The final stanza is printed one line at a time at the beginning of the television production of Stephen King's The Stand (1994). The poem is also referenced in part by the character who feels responsible for the deadly "Captain Trips" virus being unleashed.
The trailer for the film Southland Tales (2006), directed by Richard Kelly, plays on the poem, stating: "This is the way the world ends, not with a whimper but with a bang." The film also quotes the line a number of times, mostly in voice-overs.[7]
Beverly Weston discusses the line "Life is very long" at the beginning of August: Osage County.
In George Cukor's classic remake of A Star Is Born (1954), Jack Carson's film studio PR man Matt Libby refers to the death of James Mason's character Norman Maine dismissively, quoting: "This is the way the world ends: not with a bang - with a whimper."
Literature[edit]
Stephen King's The Dark Tower series contains multiple references to "The Hollow Men" (as well as The Waste Land, most prominently The Dark Tower III: The Waste Lands (1991)).[8]
King also makes reference to "The Hollow Men" in Pet Sematary (1983) with: "Or maybe someone who had escaped from Eliot's poem about the hollow men. I should have been a pair of ragged claws," the latter sentence of which is taken from Eliot's poem "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" (1915).
Nevil Shute's novel, On the Beach (1957), takes its name from the second stanza of Part IV of the poem and extracts from the poem, including the passage in which the novel's title appears, have been printed in the front papers of some editions of the book including the 1957 first US edition.[9]
Kami Garcia's novel Beautiful Creatures contains this quote.
Karen Marie Moning's Fever Series novel, Shadowfever, contains quotes from this poem.
Multimedia[edit]
Chris Marker created a 19-minute multimedia piece for the Museum of Modern Art in New York City titled Owls At Noon Prelude: The Hollow Men (2005), which was influenced by Eliot's poem.[10]
In the card game Cards Against Humanity, there is a black card citing the last three lines of the poem, but allowing players to replace "a whimper" with the text of a white card, for humorous effect.
Video games[edit]
In the video game Shadow Man, the final boss, Legion, quotes "this is the way the world ends, Michael, not with a bang but with a whimper" just before giving the final blow to the protagonist in the bad ending.
The full poem is included in one of the flashbacks in Super Columbine Massacre RPG!
In the video game Kairo, there is a quote from the poem on a wall in the "supersecret" location.
In the video game Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty, the AI Colonel in the final speech quotes "And this is how the world ends. Not with a bang, but a whimper".[11]
Music[edit]
Denis ApIvor wrote a work called The Hollow Men for baritone, male chorus and orchestra around 1939. It had only one performance, in 1950, under the conductor Constant Lambert, and produced by the BBC through the influence of Edward Clark.[12]
The American new wave band Devo partially lifted from the poem for the chorus to the song "The Shadow" on their seventh album Total Devo (1988)
The song "Hollow Man" appears as the first track on the album Doppelgänger (1983) by the group Daniel Amos; the song is a paraphrase of Eliot's poem spoken over the music of "Ghost of the Heart" played backwards; "Ghost of the Heart" is the last song on the group's previous album ¡Alarma! (1981)
The Argentinian rock band Divididos has a song named after the poem ("Los hombres huecos") on their debut album 40 dibujos ahí en el piso (1988)
Members of the Minneapolis hiphop collective Doomtree have referenced this poem in a number of collective and individual songs, including the single "No Homeowners" on the collective's 2007 album False Hopes, ".38 Airweight" on 2015's All Hands, and in the single "Flash Paper" from member Sims's 2016 album More than Ever.
The last line of the poem is referenced in Amanda Palmer's song "Strength Through Music", based on the Columbine High School massacre.
Eliot's poem inspired The Hollow Men (1944), a piece for trumpet and string orchestra by composer Vincent Persichetti and one of his most popular works.[13]
Jon Foreman of Switchfoot says that the band's song "Meant to Live" is inspired by Eliot's poem.[14]
The Gaslamp Killer song In the Dark... has the lyrics "This is the way the world ends" in it.
The Greek black metal band Rotting Christ uses excerpts of the poem as lyrics for the song "Thine Is the Kingdom" on their album Sleep of the Angels. The final stanza of the poem is used as the song's chorus
Tim Minchin uses the last stanza at the end of his song: the Perineum Millennium.
The title song from The Smiths' studio album The Queen Is Dead features the closing repeated refrain, 'Life is very long', which the lyricist Morrissey has then personalised by adding the line 'when you're lonely'.
Axel Thesleff created a musical interpretation of the poem in form of a five-track LP.[15]
British 90s band EMF used the line "this is the way the world ends, this is the way the world ends, this is the way the world ends" using wordplay to add "not with a band" in their song Longtime on the album Schubert Dip[16]
The hardcore punk group Code Orange use lines of the poem in their song "IV (My Mind Is A Prison)".
The Australian band TISM has a song on their 1986 EP Form and Meaning reach Ultimate Communion about T.S. Eliot titled "Mistah Eliot, He Wanker".
The 2011 release by North Carolina-based band Scapegoat, I Am Alien, references the poem in the title track: "So thank you Mr. Elliot for showing us the way the world will end, Not with a bang, but with a whimper on the wind, And I've come to tell all of my friends, That it starts with a bang, but ends with the wind."
Frank Turner references The Hollow Men in his song "Sons of Liberty". His song "Anymore" also contains a reference to the last line of the poem.
Television[edit]
Japanese animation series: Highschool of the Dead - episode 12
British television series: Doctor Who ("The Lazarus Experiment") and Foyle's War (series 1, episode 3, which also name-drops "Ash Wednesday" and Horizons magazine, to which Eliot contributed)
American television shows: 30 Rock, The Big Bang Theory, Northern Exposure, the title of the finale of Dexter’s sixth season (in which the protagonist also quotes the titular verse), Dollhouse (on "The Hollow Men" episode), Frasier, Mad Men, and The X-Files (on the "Pusher" episode). "The Haunting Hour" ("Scarecrow") "The Stand" (The Plague)
British television series The Fall references the poem in its title and in series 1 episode 3 serial killer Paul Spector writes the lines 'Between the idea and the reality, Between the motion and the act falls the Shadow' in his journal of his murders.
Netflix television series "Travelers", Reilly Dolman's character Phillip references the poem in season 1 episode 5 when interrogated with the question "How does the world end?"
In the season 4 finale of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., Holden Radcliffe quotes the final stanza, but is unable to finish it as he gets erased from a virtual world that he created.[17]
See also[edit]
Heat death of the universe
References[edit]
Jump up ^ See, for instance, the biographically-oriented work of one of Eliot's editors and major critics, Ronald Schuchard.
^ Jump up to: a b "T.S. Eliot, the Poet, is Dead in London at 76". The New York Times. 5 January 1965. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Eliot, T. S. Inventions of the March Hare: Poems 1909–1917 (Harcourt, 1997) pp.395 ISBN 0-15-100274-6 Christopher Ricks, the editor, cited a letter dated 10 January 1935 to the Times Literary Supplement.
Jump up ^ 'T. S. Eliot at Seventy, and an Interview with Eliot' in Saturday Review. Henry Hewes. 13 September 1958 in Grant p. 705.
Jump up ^ Gallup, Donald. T. S. Eliot: A Bibliography (A Revised and Extended Edition) pp. 33, 210–11 (Harcourt Brace & World 1969).
Jump up ^ Murphy, Russell Elliott (2007). Critical companion to T.S. Eliot : a literary reference to his life and work. New York, NY: Facts On File. p. 257. ISBN 978-0816061839.
Jump up ^ Dargis, Manohla (14 November 2007). "Southland Tales". The New York Times. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ anon. "T.S Eliot: Timeless Influence on a Modern Generation". Brushed with mystery. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Shute, Nevil (1957). On The Beach. NY, NY: William Morrow and Company.
Jump up ^ "Chris Marker's short film: Owls At Noon, Prelude: The Hollow Men". MOMA.org. 2005.
Jump up ^ "Metal Gear Solid 2 ending analysis". junkerhq.net. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
Jump up ^ David Wright, Denis ApIvor
Jump up ^ Spector, Irwin (14 May 1969). "On Stage at K.U". Lawrence Journal World. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Switchfoot - Behind the Songs of The Beautiful Letdown". Retrieved 25 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Hollow Men LP by Axel Thesleff". soundcloud.com. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lyrics To EMF Longtime". metrolyrics.com. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Freeman, Molly (16 May 2017). "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 4 Finale Review & Discussion". Screen Rant. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
External links[edit]
Text of the poem with notes
[hide]
v
t
e
T. S. Eliot
Bibliography
Early poems
"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"
"Portrait of a Lady"
"Preludes"
"Whispers of Immortality"
"Gerontion"
The Waste Land
"The Hollow Men"
Ash Wednesday
Ariel Poems
Journey of the Magi
A Song for Simeon
Later poems
Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats
"Bustopher Jones"
"Gus: The Theatre Cat"
"Growltiger's Last Stand"
Burnt Norton
East Coker
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