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America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins
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America the Beautiful
Silver Bullion Coin
United States
Value
0.25 U.S. dollar
Mass
155.5 g (5.00 troy oz)
Diameter
76.2 mm (3 in)
Thickness
3.25 mm (0.128 in)
Edge
Plain with incuse inscriptions
Composition
99.9% Ag
Years of minting
2010–present
Obverse
Design
George Washington
Designer
John Flanagan (1932 version) from a 1786 bust by Houdon / William Cousins (modification to Flanagan's design)
Design date
1999
Reverse
Design
Yellowstone
Designer
Don Everhart
Design date
June 1, 2010
The America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins comprise a series of silver bullion coins with a face value of a quarter dollar. The coins contain five troy ounces of silver, making them the largest silver bullion coins ever issued by the United States Mint. The design of the coins duplicates exactly—though enlarged—each of the America the Beautiful Quarters. They have been issued since 2010 and will continue to be issued until at least 2021. The coins are available for sale during the year in which their corresponding circulating coin is issued. The coins are distributed by the United States Mint's network of authorized bullion dealers, and may be resold at the discretion of the Director of the National Park Service.
Contents
[hide]
1 Differences between uncirculated and bullion versions
2 Design
3 Legislative history
4 Minting history
5 Coins released to date in the Series
6 See also
7 Notes
8 External links
Differences between uncirculated and bullion versions[edit]
There are three main differences between the uncirculated and bullion versions of the coin:
The uncirculated coin comes with a certificate of authenticity from the Mint and is placed inside a plastic capsule and then in a box; the bullion version is shipped in tubes of 10 coins. The tubes are shipped by the mint in "monster boxes," ten tubes to a box, and the contents are sold at the retailer's discretion.
Uncirculated coins are vapor blasted after minting, giving them a matte finish, while bullion coins have a shinier finish.
Under the "In God We Trust" inscription, the uncirculated coins feature a "P" mint mark representing the Philadelphia mint whereas the bullion coins do not have a mint mark.
Design[edit]
A normal sized quarter (left) sitting next to a bullion coin in a plastic holder (right).
All coins in the series feature a common obverse depicting George Washington in a restored version of the portrait created by John Flanagan for the 1932 Washington Quarter, while the reverse feature five individual designs for each year of the program (one in 2021), each depicting a national park or national site (one from each state, the federal district, and each territory ). Unlike the reeded edge of the normal quarter, the silver coins have a smooth edge inscribed with the coin specifications: .999 FINE SILVER 5.0 OUNCE.
Legislative history[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
America's Beautiful National Parks Quarter Dollar Coin Act of 2008
The program is authorized by Title II of the America’s Beautiful National Parks Quarter Dollar Coin Act of 2008.[1]
Minting history[edit]
A new coining press from Germany was installed on March 1, 2010, at the Philadelphia Mint for use in producing the America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins. The press provides up to 1,000 metric tons (1,100 short tons) of pressure for each strike and can produce in excess of 1 million coins per year. Silver planchets for the series will be supplied by Sunshine Minting.[2]
In conjunction with the April 27, 2010, meeting of the Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee in Philadelphia, committee members were shown examples of the America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins.[3]
Coins released to date in the Series[edit]
Year
No.
State/territory
Site
US Mint Item#
Release Date
Bullion Mintage[4]
Uncirculated Mintage
2010 1 Arkansas Hot Springs National Park NP1 4/19/2010 33,000 27,000
2 Wyoming Yellowstone National Park NP2 6/1/2010 33,000 27,000
3 California Yosemite National Park NP3 7/26/2010 33,000 27,000
4 Arizona Grand Canyon National Park NP4 9/20/2010 33,000 26,019
5 Oregon Mount Hood National Forest NP5 11/15/2010 33,000 26,928
2011 6 Pennsylvania Gettysburg National Military Park NP6 1/24/2011 126,700 24,625
7 Montana Glacier National Park NP7 4/4/2011 126,700 20,856
8 Washington Olympic National Park NP8 6/13/2011 104,900 18,398
9 Mississippi Vicksburg National Military Park NP9 8/29/2011 58,100 18,594
10 Oklahoma Chickasaw National Recreation Area NP10 11/14/2011 48,700 16,827
2012 11 Puerto Rico El Yunque National Forest NQ0 1/23/2012 24,000 17,314
12 New Mexico Chaco Culture National Historical Park NQ1 4/2/2012 24,400 17,146
13 Maine Acadia National Park NQ2 6/11/2012 25,400 14,978
14 Hawai'i Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park NQ3 8/27/2012 20,000 14,863
15 Alaska Denali National Park NQ4 11/5/2012 20,000 15,225
2013 16 New Hampshire White Mountain National Forest NQ5 1/28/2013 35,000 20,530
17 Ohio Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial NQ6 4/1/2013 30,000 17,707
18 Nevada Great Basin National Park NQ7 6/10/2013 30,000 17,792
19 Maryland Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine NQ8 8/27/2013 30,000 19,802
20 South Dakota Mount Rushmore National Memorial NQ9 11/4/2013 35,000 23,547
2014 21 Tennessee Great Smoky Mountains National Park NR1 1/27/2014 33,000 24,710
22 Virginia Shenandoah National Park NR2 3/31/2014 28,000 28,451
23 Utah Arches National Park NR3 6/9/2014 22,000 28,434
24 Colorado Great Sand Dunes National Park NR4 8/25/2014 22,000 24,103
25 Florida Everglades National Park NR5 11/3/2014 34,000 22,732
2015 26 Nebraska Homestead National Monument of America SN1 2/9/2015 35,000 21,286
27 Louisiana Kisatchie National Forest SN2 4/13/2015 42,000 19,449
28 North Carolina Blue Ridge Parkway SN3 6/22/2015 45,000 17,461
29 Delaware Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge SN4 9/14/2015 45,000 17,309
30 New York Saratoga National Historical Park SN5 11/16/2015 45,000 17,563
2016 31 Illinois Shawnee National Forest 16AJ 2/1/2016 105,000 18,781
32 Kentucky Cumberland Gap National Historical Park 16AK 4/4/2016 75,000 18,713
33 West Virginia Harpers Ferry National Historical Park 16AL 6/6/2016 48,000 18,896
34 North Dakota Theodore Roosevelt National Park 16AM 8/29/2016 40,000 18,917
35 South Carolina Fort Moultrie (Fort Sumter National Monument) 16AN 11/14/2016 35,000 17,502+
2017 36 Iowa Effigy Mounds National Monument 17AJ 2/6/2017 35,000 15,804+
37 District of Columbia Frederick Douglass National Historic Site 17AK 4/3/2017 20,000 15,746+
38 Missouri Ozark National Scenic Riverways 17AL 6/5/2017 20,000 14,732+
39 New Jersey Ellis Island (Statue of Liberty National Monument) 17AM 8/28/2017 40,000 14,642+
40 Indiana George Rogers Clark National Historical Park 11/13/2017* TBA TBA
2018 41 Michigan Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore TBA TBA TBA
42 Wisconsin Apostle Islands National Lakeshore TBA TBA TBA
43 Minnesota Voyageurs National Park TBA TBA TBA
44 Georgia Cumberland Island National Seashore TBA TBA TBA
45 Rhode Island Block Island National Wildlife Refuge TBA TBA TBA
2019 46 Massachusetts Lowell National Historical Park TBA TBA TBA
47 Northern Mariana Island American Memorial Park TBA TBA TBA
48 Guam War in the Pacific National Historical Park TBA TBA TBA
49 Texas San Antonio Missions National Historical Park TBA TBA TBA
50 Idaho Frank Church River of No Return Wilderness TBA TBA TBA
2020 51 American Samoa National Park of American Samoa TBA TBA TBA
52 Connecticut Weir Farm National Historic Site TBA TBA TBA
53 U.S. Virgin Islands Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve TBA TBA TBA
54 Vermont Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park TBA TBA TBA
55 Kansas Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve TBA TBA TBA
2021 56 Alabama Tuskegee Airman National Historic Site TBA TBA TBA
See also[edit]
Numismatics portal
America the Beautiful Quarters
American Silver Eagle
Silver as an investment
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Pub.L. 110–456
Jump up ^ Numismatic News (February 26, 2010). "Press Purchased for New Silver Coins". Numismaster.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2010. Retrieved March 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ Harper, Dave (April 28, 2010). "CCAC Makes History on Twitter". Buzz with Dave Harper. Numismatic News. Archived from the original on 16 May 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Bullion Sales/Mintage Figures - 2017 America the Beautiful Silver Bullion 5 oz Coins Bullion". United States Mint. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
External links[edit]
United States Mint America the Beautiful Quarters Program
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text:
Equilibrium moisture content
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Equilibrium moisture content of wood versus humidity and temperature, according to the Hailwood-Horrobin equation.
The equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of a hygroscopic material surrounded at least partially by air is the moisture content at which the material is neither gaining nor losing moisture. The value of the EMC depends on the material and the relative humidity and temperature of the air with which it is in contact. The speed with which it is approached depends on the properties of the material, the surface-area-to-volume ratio of its shape, and the speed with which humidity is carried away or towards the material (e.g. diffusion in stagnant air or convection in moving air).
Contents
[hide]
1 Equilibrium moisture content of grains
2 Equilibrium moisture content of wood
3 Equilibrium moisture content of sands, soils and building materials
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 External links
Equilibrium moisture content of grains[edit]
The moisture content of grains is an essential property in food storage. The moisture content that is safe for long-term storage is 12% for corn, sorghum, rice and wheat and 11% for soybean[1]
At a constant relative humidity of air, the EMC will drop by about 0.5% for every increase of 10 °C air temperature.[2]
The following table shows the equilibriums for a number of grains (data from [1]). These values are only approximations since the exact values depend on the specific variety of a grain.[2]
Corn kernels
Soybean
Sorghum
Long Grain Rice
Durum Wheat
°C 1.7 10.0 21.1 37.8 1.7 10.0 21.1 37.8 1.7 10.0 21.1 37.8 1.7 10.0 21.1 37.8 1.7 10.0 21.1 37.8
RH
°F 35 50 70 100 35 50 70 100 35 50 70 100 35 50 70 100 35 50 70 100
25
9.3 8.6 7.9 7.1 5.9 5.7 5.5 5.2 11.5 10.9 10.2 9.3 9.2 8.6 8.0 7.3 8.3 8.0 7.7 7.2
30
10.3 9.5 8.7 7.8 6.5 6.3 6.1 5.7 12.1 11.5 10.8 9.9 10.1 9.5 8.8 8.0 8.9 8.7 8.3 7.7
35
11.2 10.4 9.5 8.5 7.1 6.9 6.6 6.2 12.7 12.1 11.4 10.5 10.9 10.3 9.5 8.7 9.6 9.3 8.9 8.3
40
12.1 11.2 10.3 9.2 7.8 7.6 7.3 6.9 13.3 12.7 12.0 11.1 11.7 11.0 10.3 9.4 10.2 9.9 9.5 8.8
45
13.0 12.0 11.0 9.9 8.6 8.3 8.0 7.5 13.8 13.3 12.6 11.7 12.5 11.8 11.0 10.0 10.9 10.5 10.1 9.4
50
13.9 12.9 11.8 10.6 9.4 9.1 8.8 8.3 14.4 13.8 13.2 12.3 13.3 12.5 11.7 10.7 11.5 11.2 10.7 10.0
55
14.8 13.7 12.6 11.3 10.3 10.0 9.7 9.1 15.0 14.4 13.8 12.9 14.1 13.3 12.4 11.3 12.2 11.9 11.4 10.6
60
15.7 14.5 13.4 12.0 11.5 11.1 10.7 10.1 15.6 15.1 14.4 13.6 14.9 14.0 13.1 12.0 13.0 12.6 12.1 11.3
65
16.6 15.4 14.2 12.8 12.8 12.4 11.9 11.3 16.3 15.7 15.1 14.3 15.7 14.8 13.8 12.7 13.8 13.4 12.8 12.0
70
17.6 16.3 15.0 13.6 14.4 14.0 13.5 12.7 17.0 16.5 15.8 15.0 16.6 15.7 14.6 13.4 14.7 14.3 13.7 12.8
75
18.7 17.3 16.0 14.5 16.4 16.0 15.4 14.5 17.8 17.3 16.7 15.9 17.6 16.5 15.5 14.2 15.8 15.4 14.7 13.8
80
19.8 18.5 17.0 15.4 19.1 18.6 17.9 17.0 18.8 18.2 17.6 16.9 18.6 17.5 16.4 15.1 17.1 16.6 16.0 15.0
85
21.2 19.8 18.2 16.5 22.9 22.3 21.6 20.5 19.9 19.4 18.8 18.0 19.8 18.7 17.5 16.1 18.8 18.3 17.6 16.5
90
22.9 21.4 19.8 17.9 28.9 28.2 27.3 26.1 21.4 20.9 20.3 19.6 21.3 20.1 18.9 17.4 21.3 20.7 20.0 18.8
Equilibrium moisture content of wood[edit]
The moisture content of wood below the fiber saturation point is a function of both relative humidity and temperature of surrounding air. The moisture content (M) of wood is defined as:
M = m − m o d m o d {\displaystyle M={\frac {m-m_{od}}{m_{od}}}}
where m is the mass of the wood (with moisture) and m o d {\displaystyle m_{od}} is the oven-dry mass of wood (i.e. no moisture).[3] If the wood is placed in an environment at a particular temperature and relative humidity, its moisture content will generally begin to change in time, until it is finally in equilibrium with its surroundings, and the moisture content no longer changes in time. This moisture content is the EMC of the wood for that temperature and relative humidity.
The Hailwood-Horrobin equation for two hydrates is often used to approximate the relationship between EMC, temperature (T), and relative humidity (h):[4][5][6]
M e q = 1800 W [ k h 1 − k h + k 1 k h + 2 k 1 k 2 k 2 h 2 1 + k 1 k h + k 1 k 2 k 2 h 2 ] {\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {eq} }={\frac {1800}{W}}\left[{\frac {kh}{1-kh}}\,+\,{\frac {k_{1}kh+2k_{1}k_{2}k^{2}h^{2}}{1+k_{1}kh+k_{1}k_{2}k^{2}h^{2}}}\right]}
where Meq is the equilibrium moisture content (percent), T is the temperature (degrees Fahrenheit), h is the relative humidity (fractional) and:
W = 330 + 0.452 T + 0.00415 T 2 {\displaystyle W=330+0.452\,T+0.00415\,T^{2}}
k = 0.791 + 4.63 × 10 − 4 T − 8.44 × 10 − 7 T 2 {\displaystyle k=0.791+4.63\times 10^{-4}\,T-8.44\times 10^{-7}\,T^{2}}
k 1 = 6.34 + 7.75 × 10 − 4 T − 9.35 × 10 − 5 T 2 {\displaystyle k_{1}=6.34+7.75\times 10^{-4}\,T-9.35\times 10^{-5}\,T^{2}}
k 2 = 1.09 + 2.84 × 10 − 2 T − 9.04 × 10 − 5 T 2 {\displaystyle k_{2}=1.09+2.84\times 10^{-2}\,T-9.04\times 10^{-5}\,T^{2}}
This equation does not account for the slight variations with wood species, state of mechanical stress, and/or hysteresis. It is an empirical fit to tabulated data provided in the same reference, and closely agrees with the tabulated data. For example, at T=140 deg F, h=0.55, EMC=8.4% from the above equation, while EMC=8.0% from the tabulated data.
Equilibrium moisture content of sands, soils and building materials[edit]
Materials such as stones, sand and ceramics are considered 'dry' and have much lower equilibrium moisture content than organic material like wood and leather. [7] typically a fraction of a percent by weight when in equilibrium of air of Relative humidity 10% to 90%. This affects the rate that buildings need to dry out after construction, typical cements starting with 40-60% water content. This is also important for construction materials such as render reinforced with organic materials, as modest changes in content of different types of straw and wood shavings have a significant influence on the overall moisture content[8]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Sadakam, Samy Grain Drying Tools: Equilibrium Moisture Content Tables and Psychrometric Charts. Univ. Arkansas, FSA1074
^ Jump up to: a b FAO. 2011. Rural structures in the tropics. Design and development. Chapter 16: Grain crop drying, handling, and storage. Rome. http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2433e/i2433e10.pdf
Jump up ^ What is Equilibrium Moisture Content? http://www.wagnermeters.com/wood-moisture-meter/moisture-content-and-equilibrium-determined-by-relative-humidity/
Jump up ^ Hailwood, A.J.; S. Horrobin (1946). "Absorption of water by polymers: analysis in terms of a simple model". Trans. Faraday Soc. 42B: 84–102.
Jump up ^ Rasmussen, E.F. (1988). Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture., ed. Dry Kiln Operators Manual. Hardwood Research Council.
Jump up ^ Eleotério, Jackson Roberto; Clóvis Roberto Haselein; Nestor Pedro Giacomini. "A Program to Estimate the Equilibrium Moisture Content of Wood" (PDF). Ciência Florestal. 8 (1): 13–22. ISSN 0103-9954. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
Jump up ^ Leivo, Virpi & Rantala, Jukka. (2003). Moisture Behavior of Slab-On-Ground Structures
Jump up ^ An experimental investigation on equilibrium moisture content of earth plasters with natural reinforcement fibres for straw bale buildings Taha Ashour, Heiko Georg , Wei Wu
Bibliography[edit]
Hoadley, R. Bruce (2000). Understanding Wood: A Craftsman’s Guide to Wood Technology (2nd. ed.). Taunton Press. ISBN 1-56158-358-8.
Robert J. Ross, ed. (2010). Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material (PDF). US Forest Products Laboratory. pp. 4–3–4–4. General Technical Report FPL–GTR–190.
External links[edit]
"The Who, Why, When and How of Moisture Equilibration". Image Permanence Institute. Rochester Institute of Technology. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equilibrium_moisture_content&oldid=802001219"
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Big Jake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the film. For the character in the children's TV series, see Big Jake (character).
Not to be confused with Big Brother Jake, Big Rude Jake, or Jake (disambiguation).
Big Jake
The second version of the theatrical release poster.
Directed by
George Sherman
Produced by
Michael Wayne
Screenplay by
Harry Julian Fink
R. M. Fink
Starring
John Wayne
Richard Boone
Maureen O'Hara
Patrick Wayne
Christopher Mitchum
Narrated by
George Fenneman
Music by
Elmer Bernstein
Cinematography
William H. Clothier
Edited by
Harry Gerstad
Production
company
Batjac Productions
Distributed by
Cinema Center Films through National General Pictures
Release date
May 26, 1971 (1971-05-26)
Running time
110 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Box office
$7.5 million (North American rentals)[1][2]
Big Jake is a 1971 Technicolor Western. It was the final film for George Sherman in a directing career of more than 30 years. It grossed $7.5 million in the US.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Main cast
3 Production
4 DVD
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1909, there is a raid on the McCandles family ranch by a gang of ruthless outlaws led by John Fain. They massacre the ranch hands and kidnap Little Jake, the grandson, leaving a ransom note and heading back for Mexico, where they have been hiding out. Martha, the head of the family, is offered the help of both the army and the Texas Rangers in hunting the gang. She replies that this will be "a harsh and unpleasant kind of business and will require an extremely harsh and unpleasant kind of person to see it through." In consequence, she sends for her estranged husband, the aging Jacob "Big Jake" McCandles, a near-legendary gunfighter who wanders the west with his Rough Collie, simply named Dog.
When Jake arrives by train, he and Martha discuss a plan to take the ransom to the kidnappers, a million dollars in a big red strongbox, although Jake warns that, "Pay or not, we run the risk of never seeing the boy again". Then his son Michael rides up on a motorcycle, bringing word that he has seen the kidnappers in the Chilicothe Canyon. The Texas Ranger captain is present and offers the services of his men, equipped with three REO touring cars. They, however, are ambushed and their cars put out of action. Jake, preferring the old ways, has followed on horseback, accompanied by an old Apache associate, Sam Sharpnose. He is now joined by his sons, Michael and James, with whom his relations are tense because of his desertion of the family ten years before.
That night, Fain rides into their camp to make arrangements for the handover, telling Jake that they will “send the boy's body back in a basket" if anything should go wrong. Both men deny any personal stake in the business, each claiming to be "just a messenger boy". The family party crosses into Mexico the next day and checks into a hotel. Knowing that they have been followed by another gang intent on stealing the strongbox, Jake sets a trap for them and they are all killed. During the attack, the chest is blasted open, revealing clipped bundles of newspaper instead of money. Michael and James become suspicious of Jake and the three slug it out, but Jake assures them that it was both his and Martha's idea. James fears for Little Jake's life, but Jake tells them they'll have to go in anyway.
A thunderstorm breaks and Pop Dawson, one of the outlaws, arrives to give them the details of the exchange. He warns them that a sniper will have a gun trained on the boy in case of a double-cross. Jake arranges for Michael to follow after them to take care of the sharp shooter and convinces Dawson that he had been killed in the fight. At the hideout, Jake is led in alone to where Fain and four other gang members are waiting, one of them holding a shotgun on the boy. Jake tosses the key of the chest to Fain, who opens it up to discover that he has been tricked.
Fain orders his brother Will to kill the boy but he is shot by Jake. Dog is wounded by the sniper and Jake is wounded in the leg before Michael kills him. Jake tells the boy to escape but Little Jake is hunted by the machete wielding John Goodfellow, who has already hacked Sam to death. Dog comes to the rescue and is himself killed before Big Jake arrives and impales Goodfellow on a pitchfork. Fain rides up and is preparing to finish off the two of them when Michael arrives from where he had been waiting in ambush and blasts him off his horse. Before he dies, Fain asks, "Who are you?" When Jake answers, "Jacob McCandles," Fain says, "I thought you was dead," as have other characters during the course of the film. “Not hardly," Jake replies.
With Little Jake rescued, and the broken family bonded, they prepare to head home.
Main cast[edit]
John Wayne as Jacob McCandles
Richard Boone as John Fain (Leader of Fain's Gang)
Maureen O'Hara as Martha McCandles
Patrick Wayne as James McCandles
Christopher Mitchum as Michael McCandles
Bruce Cabot as Sam Sharpnose
Bobby Vinton as Jeff McCandles
Glenn Corbett as O'Brien, aka Breed (John Fain's Gang)
John Doucette as Texas Ranger Capt. Buck Duggan
Jim Davis as Head of lynching party
John Agar as Bert Ryan
Harry Carey Jr. as Pop Dawson (as Harry Cary, Jr.) (John Fain's Gang)
Gregg Palmer as John Goodfellow (John Fain's Gang)
Jim Burk as Trooper (John Fain's Gang)
Dean Smith as James William "Kid" Duffy (John Fain's Gang)
Robert Warner as Will Fain (John Fain's Brother, John Fain's Gang)
Jeff Wingfield as Billy Devries (John Fain's Gang)
Everett Creach as Walt Devries (John Fain's Gang)
Roy Jenson as Gunman at bathhouse in Escondero
Virginia Capers as Delilah
Hank Worden as Hank
Ethan Wayne as Little Jake McCandles
William Walker as Moses Brown
George Fenneman as Narrator
Tom Hennesy as Mr. Sweet
Chuck Roberson as Texas Ranger
Bernard Fox as the Scottish Shepherd
Production[edit]
John Wayne and Richard Boone at the film's premiere at John Wayne Theatre at Knott's Berry Farm in 1971
Written as The Million Dollar Kidnapping, which was used as the shooting title, it was filmed from early October to early December 1970, in the Mexican states of Durango and Zacatecas,[3] including scenes shot at the El Saltito waterfall and Sierra De Organos (in the municipality of Sombrerete, Zacatecas).[4]
John Wayne's real-life son, Patrick Wayne, portrays James McCandles in the film, while Robert Mitchum's son, Christopher Mitchum plays Michael McCandles. Wayne's youngest son Ethan Wayne is seen as his grandson, Little Jake, in the movie.
DVD[edit]
Big Jake was released to DVD by Paramount Home Entertainment on April 29, 2003 as a Region 1 widescreen DVD and on May 31, 2011 as a Region 1 widescreen Blu-ray DVD.
See also[edit]
List of American films of 1971
John Wayne filmography
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Big Jake, Box Office Information The Numbers. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "All-time Film Rental Champs", Variety, 7 January 1976 p 44
Jump up ^ Eyles, Allen (1979). John Wayne. A. S. Barnes. ISBN 978-0-498-02487-0.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Howard (2008). Stagecoach to Tombstone: The Filmgoers' Guide to the Great Westerns. I.B. Tauris. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-84511-498-5.
External links[edit]
Big Jake on IMDb
Big Jake at Rotten Tomatoes
Big Jake at AllMovie
Big Jake at the TCM Movie Database
Big Jake at the American Film Institute Catalog
Big Jake at Box Office Mojo
[hide]
v
t
e
George Sherman
Wild Horse Rodeo (1937)
The Purple Vigilantes (1938)
Outlaws of Sonora (1938)
Riders of the Black Hills (1938)
Heroes of the Hills (1938)
Pals of the Saddle (1938)
Overland Stage Raiders (1938)
Rhythm of the Saddle (1938)
Santa Fe Stampede (1938)
Red River Range (1938)
Mexicali Rose (1939)
The Night Riders (1939)
Three Texas Steers (1939)
Wyoming Outlaw (1939)
Colorado Sunset (1939)
New Frontier (1939)
The Kansas Terrors (1939)
Rovin' Tumbleweeds (1939)
Cowboys from Texas (1939)
South of the Border (1939)
Ghost Valley Raiders (1940)
Covered Wagon Days (1940)
Rocky Mountain Rangers (1940)
One Man's Law (1940)
The Tulsa Kid (1940)
Under Texas Skies (1940)
Frontier Vengeance (1940)
The Trail Blazers (1940)
Texas Terrors (1940)
Lone Star Raiders (1940)
Wyoming Wildcat (1941)
The Phantom Cowboy (1941)
Two Gun Sheriff (1941)
Desert Bandit (1941)
Kansas Cyclone (1941)
Citadel of Crime (1941)
The Apache Kid (1941)
Death Valley Outlaws (1941)
A Missouri Outlaw (1941)
Arizona Terrors (1942)
Stagecoach Express (1942)
Jesse James, Jr. (1942)
The Cyclone Kid (1942)
The Sombrero Kid (1942)
X Marks the Spot (1942)
London Blackout Murders (1943)
The Mantrap (1943)
False Faces (1943)
The West Side Kid (1943)
A Scream in the Dark (1943)
Mystery Broadcast (1943)
The Lady and the Monster (1944)
Storm Over Lisbon (1944)
The Crime Doctor's Courage (1945)
Renegades (1946)
The Bandit of Sherwood Forest (1946)
The Secret of the Whistler (1946)
Last of the Redskins (1947)
Relentless (1948)
Black Bart (1948)
River Lady (1948)
Feudin', Fussin' and A-Fightin' (1948)
Larceny (1948)
Red Canyon (1949)
Yes Sir, That's My Baby (1949)
Sword in the Desert (1949)
Calamity Jane and Sam Bass (1949)
Comanche Territory (1950)
The Sleeping City (1950)
Tomahawk (1951)
The Golden Horde (1951)
The Raging Tide (1951)
Steel Town (1952)
The Battle at Apache Pass (1952)
Back at the Front (1952)
Against All Flags (1952)
The Lone Hand (1953)
The Veils of Bagdad (1953)
War Arrow (1953)
Border River (1954)
Johnny Dark (1954)
Chief Crazy Horse (1955)
Count Three and Pray (1955)
The Treasure of Pancho Villa (1955)
Comanche (1956)
Ten Days to Tulara (1958)
The Son of Robin Hood (1959)
Hell Bent for Leather (1960)
The Enemy General (1960)
The Wizard of Baghdad (1960)
The Fiercest Heart (1961)
Panic Button (1964)
Smoky (1966)
Big Jake (1971)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Jake&oldid=809373407"
Categories:
1971 films
English-language films
1970s Western (genre) films
American films
American Western (genre) films
Films directed by George Sherman
Batjac Productions films
Film scores by Elmer Bernstein
Films produced by John Wayne
Films set in 1909
Films set in Texas
Films set in Mexico
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This page was last edited on 8 November 2017, at 18:19.
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Marketing research
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Marketing research is "the process or set of processes that links the producers, customers, and end users to the marketer through information used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems; generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions; monitor marketing performance; and improve understanding of marketing as a process. Marketing research specifies the information required to address these issues, designs the method for collecting information, manages and implements the data collection process, analyzes the results, and communicates the findings and their implications."[1]
It is the systematic gathering, recording, and analysis of qualitative and quantitative data about issues relating to marketing products and services. The goal of marketing research is to identify and assess how changing elements of the marketing mix impacts customer behavior. The term is commonly interchanged with market research; however, expert practitioners may wish to draw a distinction, in that market research is concerned specifically with markets, while marketing research is concerned specifically about marketing processes.[2]
Marketing research is often partitioned into two sets of categorical pairs, either by target market:
Consumer marketing research, and
Business-to-business (B2B) marketing research.
Or, alternatively, by methodological approach:
Qualitative marketing research, and
Quantitative marketing research.
Consumer marketing research is a form of applied sociology that concentrates on understanding the preferences, attitudes, and behaviors of consumers in a market-based economy, and it aims to understand the effects and comparative success of marketing campaigns[citation needed]. The field of consumer marketing research as a statistical science was pioneered by Arthur Nielsen with the founding of the ACNielsen Company in 1923.[3]
Thus, marketing research may also be described as the systematic and objective identification, collection, analysis, and dissemination of information for the purpose of assisting management in decision making related to the identification and solution of problems and opportunities in marketing.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Role
2 History
3 Characteristics
4 Related business research
5 Classification
6 Types
7 Methods
8 Business to business
9 Small businesses and nonprofits
10 International plan
11 Common terms
12 Careers
13 Corporate hierarchy
14 See also
15 Notes
16 References
17 External links
Role[edit]
The purpose of marketing research (MR) is to provide management with relevant, accurate, reliable, valid, and up to date market information. Competitive marketing environment and the ever-increasing costs attributed to poor decision making require that marketing research provide sound information. Sound decisions are not based on gut feeling, intuition, or even pure judgment.
Managers make numerous strategic and tactical decisions in the process of identifying and satisfying customer needs. They make decisions about potential opportunities, target market selection, market segmentation, planning and implementing marketing programs, marketing performance, and control. These decisions are complicated by interactions between the controllable marketing variables of product, pricing, promotion, and distribution. Further complications are added by uncontrollable environmental factors such as general economic conditions, technology, public policies and laws, political environment, competition, and social and cultural changes. Another factor in this mix is the complexity of consumers. Marketing research helps the marketing manager link the marketing variables with the environment and the consumers. It helps remove some of the uncertainty by providing relevant information about the marketing variables, environment, and consumers. In the absence of relevant information, consumers' response to marketing programs cannot be predicted reliably or accurately. Ongoing marketing research programs provide information on controllable and non-controllable factors and consumers; this information enhances the effectiveness of decisions made by marketing managers.[5]
Traditionally, marketing researchers were responsible for providing the relevant information and marketing decisions were made by the managers. However, the roles are changing and marketing researchers are becoming more involved in decision making, whereas marketing managers are becoming more involved with research. The role of marketing research in managerial decision making is explained further using the framework of the DECIDE model.
History[edit]
Marketing research has evolved in the decades since Arthur Nielsen established it as a viable industry, one that would grow hand-in-hand with the B2B and B2C economies. Markets naturally evolve, and since the birth of ACNielsen, when research was mainly conducted by in-person focus groups and pen-and-paper surveys, the rise of the Internet and the proliferation of corporate websites have changed the means by which research is executed.
Web analytics were born out of the need to track the behavior of site visitors and, as the popularity of e-commerce and web advertising grew, businesses demanded details on the information created by new practices in web data collection, such as click-through and exit rates. As the Internet boomed, websites became larger and more complex and the possibility of two-way communication between businesses and their consumers became a reality. Provided with the capacity to interact with online customers, Researchers were able to collect large amounts of data that were previously unavailable, further propelling the marketing research industry.
In the new millennium, as the Internet continued to develop and websites became more interactive, data collection and analysis became more commonplace for those marketing research firms whose clients had a web presence. With the explosive growth of the online marketplace came new competition for companies; no longer were businesses merely competing with the shop down the road — competition was now represented by a global force. Retail outlets were appearing online and the previous need for bricks-and-mortar stores was diminishing at a greater pace than online competition was growing.With so many online channels for consumers to make purchases, companies needed newer and more compelling methods, in combination with messages that resonated more effectively, to capture the attention of the average consumer.
Having access to web data did not automatically provide companies with the rationale behind the behavior of users visiting their sites, which provoked the marketing research industry to develop new and better ways of tracking, collecting and interpreting information. This led to the development of various tools like online focus groups and pop-up or website intercept surveys. These types of services allowed companies to dig deeper into the motivations of consumers, augmenting their insights and utilizing this data to drive market share.
As information around the world became more accessible, increased competition led companies to demand more of market researchers. It was no longer sufficient to follow trends in web behavior or track sales data; companies now needed access to consumer behavior throughout the entire purchase process.This meant the Marketing Research Industry, again, needed to adapt to the rapidly changing needs of the marketplace, and to the demands of companies looking fora competitive edge.
Today, marketing research has adapted to innovations in technology and the corresponding ease with which information is available. B2B and B2C companies are working hard to stay competitive and they now demand both quantitative (“What”) and qualitative (“Why?”) marketing research in order to better understand their target audience and the motivations behind customer behaviors.
This demand is driving marketing researchers to develop new platforms for interactive, two-way communication between their firms and consumers. Mobile devices such as Smart Phones are the best example of an emerging platform that enables businesses to connect with their customers throughout the entire buying process. Innovative research firms, such as OnResearch with their OnMobile app, are now providing businesses with the means to reach consumers from the point of initial investigation through to the decision and, ultimately, the purchase.
As personal mobile devices become more capable and widespread, the marketing research industry will look to further capitalize on this trend. Mobile devices present the perfect channel for research firms to retrieve immediate impressions from buyers and to provide their clients with a holistic view of the consumers within their target markets, and beyond. Now, more than ever, innovation is the key to success for Marketing Researchers. Marketing Research Clients are beginning to demand highly personalized and specifically-focused products from the marketing research firms; big data is great for identifying general market segments, but is less capable of identifying key factors of niche markets, which now defines the competitive edge companies are looking for in this mobile-digital age.
Characteristics[edit]
First, marketing research is systematic. Thus systematic planning is required at all the stages of the marketing research process. The procedures followed at each stage are methodologically sound, well documented, and, as much as possible, planned in advance. Marketing research uses the scientific method in that data are collected and analyzed to test prior notions or hypotheses. Experts in marketing research have shown that studies featuring multiple and often competing hypotheses yield more meaningful results than those featuring only one dominant hypothesis.[6]
Marketing research is objective. It attempts to provide accurate information that reflects a true state of affairs. It should be conducted impartially. While research is always influenced by the researcher's research philosophy, it should be free from the personal or political biases of the researcher or the management. Research which is motivated by personal or political gain involves a breach of professional standards. Such research is deliberately biased so as to result in predetermined findings. The objective nature of marketing research underscores the importance of ethical considerations. Also, researchers should always be objective with regard to the selection of information to be featured in reference texts because such literature should offer a comprehensive view on marketing. Research has shown, however, that many marketing textbooks do not feature important principles in marketing research.[7]
Related business research[edit]
Other forms of business research include:
Market research is broader in scope and examines all aspects of a business environment. It asks questions about competitors, market structure, government regulations, economic trends, technological advances, and numerous other factors that make up the business environment (see environmental scanning). Sometimes the term refers more particularly to the financial analysis of companies, industries, or sectors. In this case, financial analysts usually carry out the research and provide the results to investment advisors and potential investors.
Product research — This looks at what products can be produced with available technology, and what new product innovations near-future technology can develop (see new product development).
Advertising research - is a specialized form of marketing research conducted to improve the efficacy of advertising. Copy testing, also known as "pre-testing," is a form of customized research that predicts in-market performance of an ad before it airs, by analyzing audience levels of attention, brand linkage, motivation, entertainment, and communication, as well as breaking down the ad’s flow of attention and flow of emotion. Pre-testing is also used on ads still in rough (ripomatic or animatic) form. (Young, p. 213)
Classification[edit]
Organizations engage in marketing research for two reasons: firstly, to identify and, secondly, to solve marketing problems. This distinction serves as a basis for classifying marketing research into problem identification research and problem solving research.
Problem identification research is undertaken to help identify problems which are, perhaps, not apparent on the surface and yet exist or are likely to arise in the future like company image, market characteristics, sales analysis, short-range forecasting, long range forecasting, and business trends research. Research of this type provides information about the marketing environment and helps diagnose a problem. For example, the findings of problem solving research are used in making decisions which will solve specific marketing problems.
The Stanford Research Institute, on the other hand, conducts an annual survey of consumers that is used to classify persons into homogeneous groups for segmentation purposes. The National Purchase Diary panel (NPD) maintains the largest diary panel in the United States.
Standardized services are research studies conducted for different client firms but in a standard way. For example, procedures for measuring advertising effectiveness have been standardized so that the results can be compared across studies and evaluative norms can be established. The Starch Readership Survey is the most widely used service for evaluating print advertisements; another well-known service is the Gallup and Robinson Magazine Impact Studies. These services are also sold on a syndicated basis.
Customized services offer a wide variety of marketing research services customized to suit a client's specific needs. Each marketing research project is treated uniquely.
Limited-service suppliers specialize in one or a few phases of the marketing research project. Services offered by such suppliers are classified as field services, coding and data entry, data analysis, analytical services, and branded products. Field services collect data through the internet, traditional mail, in-person, or telephone interviewing, and firms that specialize in interviewing are called field service organizations. These organizations may range from small proprietary organizations which operate locally to large multinational organizations with WATS line interviewing facilities. Some organizations maintain extensive interviewing facilities across the country for interviewing shoppers in malls.
Coding and data entry services include editing completed questionnaires, developing a coding scheme, and transcribing the data on to diskettes or magnetic tapes for input into the computer. NRC Data Systems provides such services.
Analytical services include designing and pretesting questionnaires, determining the best means of collecting data, designing sampling plans, and other aspects of the research design. Some complex marketing research projects require knowledge of sophisticated procedures, including specialized experimental designs, and analytical techniques such as conjoint analysis and multidimensional scaling. This kind of expertise can be obtained from firms and consultants specializing in analytical services.
Data analysis services are offered by firms, also known as tab houses, that specialize in computer analysis of quantitative data such as those obtained in large surveys. Initially most data analysis firms supplied only tabulations (frequency counts) and cross tabulations (frequency counts that describe two or more variables simultaneously). With the proliferation of software, many firms now have the capability to analyze their own data, but, data analysis firms are still in demand.[citation needed]
Branded marketing research products and services are specialized data collection and analysis procedures developed to address specific types of marketing research problems. These procedures are patented, given brand names, and marketed like any other branded product.
Types[edit]
Marketing research techniques come in many forms, including:
Ad Tracking – periodic or continuous in-market research to monitor a brand’s performance using measures such as brand awareness, brand preference, and product usage. (Young, 2005)
Advertising Research – used to predict copy testing or track the efficacy of advertisements for any medium, measured by the ad’s ability to get attention (measured with AttentionTracking), communicate the message, build the brand’s image, and motivate the consumer to purchase the product or service. (Young, 2005)
Brand awareness research — the extent to which consumers can recall or recognize a brand name or product name
Brand association research — what do consumers associate with the brand?
Brand attribute research — what are the key traits that describe the brand promise?
Brand name testing - what do consumers feel about the names of the products?
Buyer decision making process— to determine what motivates people to buy and what decision-making process they use; over the last decade, Neuromarketing emerged from the convergence of neuroscience and marketing, aiming to understand consumer decision making process
Commercial eye tracking research — examine advertisements, package designs, websites, etc. by analyzing visual behavior of the consumer
Concept testing - to test the acceptance of a concept by target consumers
Coolhunting (also known as trendspotting) - to make observations and predictions in changes of new or existing cultural trends in areas such as fashion, music, films, television, youth culture and lifestyle
Copy testing – predicts in-market performance of an ad before it airs by analyzing audience levels of attention, brand linkage, motivation, entertainment, and communication, as well as breaking down the ad’s flow of attention and flow of emotion. (Young, p 213)
Customer satisfaction research - quantitative or qualitative studies that yields an understanding of a customer's satisfaction with a transaction
Demand estimation — to determine the approximate level of demand for the product
Distribution channel audits — to assess distributors’ and retailers’ attitudes toward a product, brand, or company
Internet strategic intelligence — searching for customer opinions in the Internet: chats, forums, web pages, blogs... where people express freely about their experiences with products, becoming strong opinion formers.
Marketing effectiveness and analytics — Building models and measuring results to determine the effectiveness of individual marketing activities.
Mystery consumer or mystery shopping - An employee or representative of the market research firm anonymously contacts a salesperson and indicates he or she is shopping for a product. The shopper then records the entire experience. This method is often used for quality control or for researching competitors' products.
Positioning research — how does the target market see the brand relative to competitors? - what does the brand stand for?
Price elasticity testing — to determine how sensitive customers are to price changes
Sales forecasting — to determine the expected level of sales given the level of demand. With respect to other factors like Advertising expenditure, sales promotion etc.
Segmentation research - to determine the demographic, psychographic, cultural, and behavioral characteristics of potential buyers
Online panel - a group of individual who accepted to respond to marketing research online
Store audit — to measure the sales of a product or product line at a statistically selected store sample in order to determine market share, or to determine whether a retail store provides adequate service
Test marketing — a small-scale product launch used to determine the likely acceptance of the product when it is introduced into a wider market
Viral Marketing Research - refers to marketing research designed to estimate the probability that specific communications will be transmitted throughout an individual's Social Network. Estimates of Social Networking Potential (SNP) are combined with estimates of selling effectiveness to estimate ROI on specific combinations of messages and media.
All of these forms of marketing research can be classified as either problem-identification research or as problem-solving research.
There are two main sources of data — primary and secondary. Primary research is conducted from scratch. It is original and collected to solve the problem in hand. Secondary research already exists since it has been collected for other purposes. It is conducted on data published previously and usually by someone else. Secondary research costs far less than primary research, but seldom comes in a form that exactly meets the needs of the researcher.
A similar distinction exists between exploratory research and conclusive research. Exploratory research provides insights into and comprehension of an issue or situation. It should draw definitive conclusions only with extreme caution. Conclusive research draws conclusions: the results of the study can be generalized to the whole population.
Exploratory research is conducted to explore a problem to get some basic idea about the solution at the preliminary stages of research. It may serve as the input to conclusive research. Exploratory research information is collected by focus group interviews, reviewing literature or books, discussing with experts, etc. This is unstructured and qualitative in nature. If a secondary source of data is unable to serve the purpose, a convenience sample of small size can be collected. Conclusive research is conducted to draw some conclusion about the problem. It is essentially, structured and quantitative research, and the output of this research is the input to management information systems (MIS).
Exploratory research is also conducted to simplify the findings of the conclusive or descriptive research, if the findings are very hard to interpret for the marketing managers.
Methods[edit]
Methodologically, marketing research uses the following types of research designs:[8]
Based on questioning
Qualitative marketing research - generally used for exploratory purposes — small number of respondents — not generalizable to the whole population — statistical significance and confidence not calculated — examples include focus groups, in-depth interviews, and projective techniques
Quantitative marketing research - generally used to draw conclusions — tests a specific hypothesis - uses random sampling techniques so as to infer from the sample to the population — involves a large number of respondents — examples include surveys and questionnaires. Techniques include choice modelling, maximum difference preference scaling, and covariance analysis.
Based on observations
Ethnographic studies — by nature qualitative, the researcher observes social phenomena in their natural setting — observations can occur cross-sectionally (observations made at one time) or longitudinally (observations occur over several time-periods) - examples include product-use analysis and computer cookie traces. See also Ethnography and Observational techniques.
Experimental techniques - by nature quantitative, the researcher creates a quasi-artificial environment to try to control spurious factors, then manipulates at least one of the variables — examples include purchase laboratories and test markets
Researchers often use more than one research design. They may start with secondary research to get background information, then conduct a focus group (qualitative research design) to explore the issues. Finally they might do a full nationwide survey (quantitative research design) in order to devise specific recommendations for the client.
Business to business[edit]
Business to business (B2B) research is inevitably more complicated than consumer research. The researchers need to know what type of multi-faceted approach will answer the objectives, since seldom is it possible to find the answers using just one method. Finding the right respondents is crucial in B2B research since they are often busy, and may not want to participate. Encouraging them to “open up” is yet another skill required of the B2B researcher. Last, but not least, most business research leads to strategic decisions and this means that the business researcher must have expertise in developing strategies that are strongly rooted in the research findings and acceptable to the client.
There are four key factors that make B2B market research special and different from consumer markets:[9]
The decision making unit is far more complex in B2B markets than in consumer markets
B2B products and their applications are more complex than consumer products
B2B marketers address a much smaller number of customers who are very much larger in their consumption of products than is the case in consumer markets
Personal relationships are of critical importance in B2B markets.
Small businesses and nonprofits[edit]
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Marketing research does not only occur in huge corporations with many employees and a large budget. Marketing information can be derived by observing the environment of their location and the competitions location. Small scale surveys and focus groups are low cost ways to gather information from potential and existing customers. Most secondary data (statistics, demographics, etc.) is available to the public in libraries or on the internet and can be easily accessed by a small business owner.
Below are some steps that could be done by SME (Small Medium Enterprise) to analyze the market:
Provide secondary and or primary data (if necessary);
Analyze Macro & Micro Economic data (e.g. Supply & Demand, GDP, Price change, Economic growth, Sales by sector/industries, interest rate, number of investment/ divestment, I/O, CPI, Social analysis, etc.);
Implement the marketing mix concept, which is consist of: Place, Price, Product, Promotion, People, Process, Physical Evidence and also Political & social situation to analyze global market situation);
Analyze market trends, growth, market size, market share, market competition (e.g. SWOT analysis, B/C Analysis, channel mapping identities of key channels, drivers of customers loyalty and satisfaction, brand perception, satisfaction levels, current competitor-channel relationship analysis, etc.), etc.;
Determine market segment, market target, market forecast and market position;
Formulating market strategy & also investigating the possibility of partnership/ collaboration (e.g. Profiling & SWOT analysis of potential partners, evaluating business partnership.)
Combine those analysis with the SME's business plan/ business model analysis (e.g. Business description, Business process, Business strategy, Revenue model, Business expansion, Return of Investment, Financial analysis (Company History, Financial assumption, Cost/Benefit Analysis, Projected profit & Loss, Cash flow, Balance sheet & business Ratio, etc.).
Note as important : Overall analysis should be based on 6W+1H (What, When, Where, Which, Who, Why and How) question.
International plan[edit]
International Marketing Research follows the same path as domestic research, but there are a few more problems that may arise. Customers in international markets may have very different customs, cultures, and expectations from the same company. In this case, Marketing Research relies more on primary data rather than secondary information. Gathering the primary data can be hindered by language, literacy and access to technology. Basic Cultural and Market intelligence information will be needed to maximize the research effectiveness. Some of the steps that would help overcoming barriers include:
Collect secondary information on the country under study from reliable international source e.g. WHO and IMF
Collect secondary information on the product/service under study from available sources
Collect secondary information on product manufacturers and service providers under study in relevant country
Collect secondary information on culture and common business practices
Ask questions to get better understanding of reasons behind any recommendations for a specific methodology
Common terms[edit]
Market research techniques resemble those used in political polling and social science research. Meta-analysis (also called the Schmidt-Hunter technique) refers to a statistical method of combining data from multiple studies or from several types of studies. Conceptualization means the process of converting vague mental images into definable concepts. Operationalization is the process of converting concepts into specific observable behaviors that a researcher can measure. Precision refers to the exactness of any given measure. Reliability refers to the likelihood that a given operationalized construct will yield the same results if re-measured. Validity refers to the extent to which a measure provides data that captures the meaning of the operationalized construct as defined in the study. It asks, “Are we measuring what we intended to measure?”
Applied research sets out to prove a specific hypothesis of value to the clients paying for the research. For example, a cigarette company might commission research that attempts to show that cigarettes are good for one's health. Many researchers have ethical misgivings about doing applied research.
Sugging (from SUG, for "selling under the guise" of market research) forms a sales technique in which sales people pretend to conduct marketing research, but with the real purpose of obtaining buyer motivation and buyer decision-making information to be used in a subsequent sales call.
Frugging comprises the practice of soliciting funds under the pretense of being a research organization.
Careers[edit]
Some of the positions available in marketing research include vice president of marketing research, research director, assistant director of research, project manager, field work director, statistician/data processing specialist, senior analyst, analyst, junior analyst and operational supervisor.[10]
The most common entry-level position in marketing research for people with bachelor's degrees (e.g., BBA) is as operational supervisor. These people are responsible for supervising a well-defined set of operations, including field work, data editing, and coding, and may be involved in programming and data analysis. Another entry-level position for BBAs is assistant project manager. An assistant project manager will learn and assist in questionnaire design, review field instructions, and monitor timing and costs of studies. In the marketing research industry, however, there is a growing preference for people with master's degrees. Those with MBA or equivalent degrees are likely to be employed as project managers.[10]
A small number of business schools also offer a more specialized Master of Marketing Research (MMR) degree. An MMR typically prepares students for a wide range of research methodologies and focuses on learning both in the classroom and the field.
The typical entry-level position in a business firm would be junior research analyst (for BBAs) or research analyst (for MBAs or MMRs). The junior analyst and the research analyst learn about the particular industry and receive training from a senior staff member, usually the marketing research manager. The junior analyst position includes a training program to prepare individuals for the responsibilities of a research analyst, including coordinating with the marketing department and sales force to develop goals for product exposure. The research analyst responsibilities include checking all data for accuracy, comparing and contrasting new research with established norms, and analyzing primary and secondary data for the purpose of market forecasting.
As these job titles indicate, people with a variety of backgrounds and skills are needed in marketing research. Technical specialists such as statisticians obviously need strong backgrounds in statistics and data analysis. Other positions, such as research director, call for managing the work of others and require more general skills. To prepare for a career in marketing research, students usually:
Take all the marketing courses.
Take courses in statistics and quantitative methods.
Acquire computer skills.
Take courses in psychology and consumer behavior.
Acquire effective written and verbal communication skills.
Think creatively.[10]
Corporate hierarchy[edit]
Vice-President of Marketing Research: This is the senior position in marketing research. The VP is responsible for the entire marketing research operation of the company and serves on the top management team. Sets the objectives and goals of the marketing research department.
Research Director: Also a senior position, the director has the overall responsibility for the development and execution of all the marketing research projects.
Assistant Director of Research: Serves as an administrative assistant to the director and supervises some of the other marketing research staff members.
(Senior) Project Manager: Has overall responsibility for design, implementation, and management of research projects.
Statistician/Data Processing Specialist: Serves as an expert on theory and application of statistical techniques. Responsibilities include experimental design, data processing, and analysis.
Senior Analyst: Participates in the development of projects and directs the operational execution of the assigned projects. Works closely with the analyst, junior analyst, and other personnel in developing the research design and data collection. Prepares the final report. The primary responsibility for meeting time and cost constraints rests with the senior analyst.
Analyst: Handles the details involved in executing the project. Designs and pretests the questionnaires and conducts a preliminary analysis of the data.
Junior Analyst: Handles routine assignments such as secondary data analysis, editing and coding of questionnaires, and simple statistical analysis.
Field Work Director: Responsible for the selection, training, supervision, and evaluation of interviewers and other field workers.[11]
See also[edit]
Ad Tracking
A/B testing
Advertising research
Commercial eye tracking
Copy testing
Consumer behavior
Experimental techniques
Enterprise Feedback Management (EFM)
Global Marketing
Integrated Marketing Communications
Journal of Marketing Research
Knowledge management
List of marketing research firms
Marketing
Marketing Research Association
Marketing research mix
Market research
Marketing research process
Master of Marketing Research
Observational techniques
Propaganda
Quantitative marketing research
Qualitative marketing research
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Definition of Marketing, American Marketing Association. http://www.marketingpower.com/AboutAMA/Pages/DefinitionofMarketing.aspx. Retrieved 2011-12-02. Approved by the AMA Board of Directors in October 2007, the Marketing Accountability Standards Board (MASB) endorses this definition as part of its ongoing Common Language in Marketing Project.
Jump up ^ McDonald, Malcolm (2007), Marketing Plans (6th ed.), Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN 978-0-7506-8386-9
Jump up ^ http://www.nielsenmedia.com/nc/portal/site/Public/menuitem.d7deb7344c5a8ffe818e6c1047a062a0/?vgnextoid=10097f5e82854010VgnVCM100000880a260aRCRD
Jump up ^ Malhotra, Naresha K. (2002), Basic Marketing Research: A Decision-Making Approach, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, ISBN 978-0-13-376856-5, ISBN 0-13-376856-2. ISBN 0-13-009048-4. ISBN 978-0-13-009048-5
Jump up ^ Twedt, Dick Warren (1983), 1983 Survey of Marketing Research, Chicago: American Marketing Association
Jump up ^ J. Scott Armstrong, Roderick J. Brodie and Andrew G. Parsons (2001). "Hypotheses in Marketing Science: Literature Review and Publication Audit" (PDF). Marketing Letters. 12 (2): 171–187. doi:10.1023/a:1011169104290.
Jump up ^ J. Scott Armstrong and Randall L. Schultz (1993). "Principles Involving Marketing Policies: An Empirical Assessment" (PDF). Marketing Letters. 4 (3): 253–265. doi:10.1007/bf00999231.
Jump up ^ Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation 2006 (5th Edition) by Naresh Malhotra. ISBN 0-13-222117-9
Jump up ^ Business-to-Business Marketing By Paul Hague, Nick Hague and Matt Harrison (undated) accessed October 9, 2006
^ Jump up to: a b c Boudreaux, Michael (March 1984), "Prepare for Your Future in Marketing, Your Interviews, and Something 'Extra'", Student Edition Marketing News (2): 3–4
Jump up ^ Kinnear, Thomas C.; Root, Ann R. (1988), 1988 Survey of Marketing Research, Chicago: American Marketing Association
References[edit]
Bradley, Nigel Marketing Research. Tools and Techniques.Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007 ISBN 0-19-928196-3 ISBN 978-0-19-928196-1
Marder, Eric The Laws of Choice—Predicting Customer Behavior (The Free Press division of Simon & Schuster, 1997. ISBN 0-684-83545-2
Young, Charles E, The Advertising Handbook, Ideas in Flight, Seattle, WA, April 2005. ISBN 0-9765574-0-1
Kotler, Philip and Armstrong, Gary Principles of Marketing Pearson, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2007 ISBN 978-0-13-239002-6, ISBN 0-13-239002-7
Berghoff, Hartmut, Philip Scranton, and Uwe Spiekermann, eds., The Rise of Marketing and Market Research (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), ISBN 978-0-230-34106-7
External links[edit]
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