text:
Call forwarding
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Call forwarding, or call diversion, is a telephony feature of some telephone switching systems which redirects a telephone call to another destination, which may be, for example, a mobile or another telephone number where the desired called party is available. Call forwarding was invented by Ernest J. Bonanno.[1] In North America, the forwarded line usually rings once to remind the customer using call forwarding that the call is being redirected. More consistently, the forwarded line indicates its condition by stutter dial tone. Call forwarding typically can redirect incoming calls to any other domestic telephone number, but the owner of the forwarded line must pay any toll charges for forwarded calls. Call forwarding is often enabled by dialing *72 followed by the telephone number to which calls should be forwarded. Once someone answers, call forwarding is in effect. If no one answers or the line is busy, the dialing sequence must be repeated to effect call forwarding. Call forwarding is disabled by dialing *73. This feature requires a subscription from the telephone company. Also available in some areas is Remote Access to call forwarding, which permit the control over call forwarding from telephones other than the subscriber's telephone. VOIP and cable telephone systems also often allow call forwarding to be set up and directed via their web portals.
In Europe, most networks indicate that unconditional call forwarding is active with a special dial tone. When the phone is picked up it is immediately apparent that calls are being forwarded.
Contents
[hide]
1 Terminology
2 Keypad codes
2.1 North America
2.2 Europe
2.3 Mobile (cell) phones
3 Uses
4 See also
5 Notes
6 External links
Terminology[edit]
The ISDN Diversion supplementary services[2] standards document uses "diversion" as a general term to encompass specific features including "Call Forwarding Busy", "Call Forwarding No Reply" and "Call Deflection".
The terms call forwarding and call diversion are both used to refer to any feature that allows a call to be routed to a third party, and the terms are generally interchangeable.
Keypad codes[edit]
North America[edit]
Special types of call forwarding can be activated only if the line is busy, or if there is no answer, or even only for calls from selected numbers. In North America, the NANP generally uses the following vertical service codes to control call forwarding:
Forward service
Activation
Deactivation
Number change
All calls *72[phone number]
*72[1+phone number] (in some larger cities) *73
On busy or no answer *68 *81
From select callers *63 *81
On ISDN *56
Customer-programmable features (where available):
Busy line *90 *91 *41
No answer *92 *93 *611
The Sprint Nextel cellphone company uses these:[3]
Forward service
Activation
Deactivation
On busy or no answer *28[phone number] *38
On busy *74[phone number] *740
On no answer *73[phone number] *730
Immediately *72[phone number] *720
As of Jan 2012, Sprint charges 20 cents per minute for unconditional call forwarding, conditional call forwarding is included however.[4]
Some carriers (including Verizon Wireless) use *71 for conditional forwarding although this is not standard.[5]
Sometimes, to deactivate a call forwarding, *720 will work on cellphones.
Europe[edit]
Most EU fixed-line carriers use the following codes based on CEPT and ETSI standards developed in the 1970s on both POTS and ISDN lines: (There may be some variation to these, but the unconditional code *21*, is very much universally standard on EU telephone lines.) The general syntax for all European service codes always follows the pattern below:
Forward service
Activate
Cancel & Deregister
Cancel & Retain
Status
Reestablish
Unconditional forwarding:
all calls (unconditionally) *21*[phone number]# #21# #21# *#21# *21#
Conditional forwarding:
if busy *69*[phone number]# or *67*[phone number]# #69# or #67# #69# or #67# *#69# or *#67# *69# or *67#
if not answered *61*[phone number]# #61# #61# *#61# *61#
Mobile (cell) phones[edit]
For GSM/3GSM (UMTS) phones, the GSM standard defines the following forwarding Unstructured Supplementary Service Data. These were developed by ETSI and are based on standard European diversion codes and are similar to those used on most landlines in the EU:[6]
Forward service
Activate
Cancel & Deregister
Cancel & Retain
Status
Reestablish
Unconditional forwarding:
all calls *21*[phone number]# ##21# #21# *#21# *21#
Conditional forwarding:
if busy *67*[phone number]# ##67# #67# *#67# *67#
if not answered *61*[phone number]# ##61# #61# *#61# (incl. time delay) *61#
if out of reach *62*[phone number]# ##62# #62# *#62# *62#
all forwards *002*[phone number]# ##002# #002# *#002# *002#
all conditional forwards *004*[phone number]# ##004# #004# *#004# *004#
If the prefix to the forwarding command is "**" (instead of the usual "*"), then the phone number in that command is registered in the network. If after that the forwarding is deactivated using a command with a single "#", then later it will be possible to re-activate this forwarding again with a simple "*" command without a phone number in it. The forwarding will be re-activated to the number registered in the network. For example, if one uses the out-of-reach code in a forwarding command:
**62*7035551212#
and after that one deactivates the forwarding:
#62#
then later it will be possible to re-activate the out-of-reach forwarding without specifying a number:
*62#
After the above command, all calls made to the phone, while it is out of reach, will be forwarded to 7035551212. It is possible to activate the feature to a number other than the registered number, while still retaining the registered number for later use. For example, issuing the command:
*62*7185551212#
will result in calls being forwarded to 7185551212 (and not to the registered number 7035551212). However, if later a command is issued:
*62#
then the calls will again be forwarded to the registered number 7035551212 (and not to the number from the previous forwarding command 7185551212).
Additionally, in GSM networks, such as T-Mobile and AT&T Mobility in USA, and all mobile networks in EU, it is possible to set the number of seconds the phone will ring before forwarding. This is specified by inserting "*SC*XX" prior to the final "#" of the forwarding command, where "SC" is a service type code (11 for voice, 25 for data, 13 for fax), and "XX" is the number of seconds in increments of 5 seconds. If "SC" is omitted (just "**XX") then by default all service types will be forwarded. For example, forwarding on no-answer can be set with:
*61*[phone number]**[seconds]#
In some networks there may be a limit of not more than 30 seconds before forwarding (i.e. “XX” can only be 05, 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30; all greater values, like 45 and 60, will result in the forwarding command being rejected and an error message returned).
Uses[edit]
Diverting calls can increase one's availability to a caller. The main alternative is an answering machine or voicemail, but some callers do not wish to leave a recorded message, suspecting that the party will delay returning their messages.
Some businesses find that the human touch can improve contact, thus sales, but traditional wired answering services are expensive, so they have their calls forwarded to a call center, so the client can reach an operator instead of an answering machine or voice mail. Before the availability of call forwarding, commercial answering services needed to physically connect to every line for which they provided after-hours response; this required their offices be located near the local central exchange and be fed by a huge multi-pair trunk in which a separate pair of wires existed for each client subscriber. With call forwarding, there is no physical connection to the client's main telephone service, which is merely call-forwarded to the answering service (usually on a direct inward dial number) at the end of the business day.
Often, a suburb of a large city is a toll call from many suburban exchanges on the opposite side of the same city, even though all of these suburbs are a local call to the city centre. A business located in such a suburb may therefore benefit from obtaining a downtown number as an "extender", to be permanently forwarded to their geographic suburban number.
Where unlimited local calls are flat-rated and long-distance incurs high per-minute charges, the downtown number's wider local calling area represents a commercial advantage. Markham (directly north of Toronto) is long-distance to Mississauga (directly west of Toronto) . A Markham business with a forwarded 416 number could receive calls from Toronto's entire local calling area without incurring long-distance tolls (as both legs, Mississauga → Toronto and Toronto → Markham, are each a local call).
Some services offer international call forwarding by allocating for the customer a local virtual phone number which is forwarded to any other international destination. The number was permanently forwarded and had no associated telephone line. As a means to obtain an inbound number from another town or region for business use, "remote call forwarding" schemes tend to be far less expensive than foreign exchange lines but more costly than using voice over IP to obtain a local number in the chosen city.
Call forwarding can also assist travelers who do not have international cell phone plans and who wish to continue to receive their voicemails through a VOIP voicemail very easily while abroad.
See also[edit]
Follow-me
Hunting (telephony)
Remote call forwarding
GSM USSD codes - Unstructured Supplementary Service Data: list of standard GSM codes for network and SIM related functions
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Bonanno, Ernest J. (1963-09-24). "CA 671260 - Call Forwarding Arrangement". Canadian Patents Database. Canadian Intellectual Property Office. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
Jump up ^ ETSI (1995-01-04). "ISDN Diversion supplementary services ETS 300 207". ISDN Specification. European Telecommunications Standards Institute. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
Jump up ^ "Find out more about call forwarding". Support and Services. Sprint.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
Jump up ^ "iPhone 4S/Call Forwarding". Support and Services. Sprint.com. 2012-01-17. Retrieved 2012-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Calling features: No Answer/Busy Transfer". Support. Verizon Wireless. Retrieved 2012-06-24.
Jump up ^ "GSM feature codes". Tips and Secrets. Gecko Beach. Retrieved 2010-07-26.
External links[edit]
Call Forwarding User manual, Bell Canada
hide
v
t
e
Telecommunications
History
Beacon
Broadcasting
Cable protection system
Cable TV
Communications satellite
Computer network
Drums
Electrical telegraph
Fax
Heliographs
Hydraulic telegraph
Internet
Mass media
Mobile phone
Optical telecommunication
Optical telegraphy
Pager
Photophone
Prepay mobile phone
Radio
Radiotelephone
Satellite communications
Semaphore
Smartphone
Smoke signals
Telecommunications history
Telautograph
Telegraphy
Teleprinter (teletype)
Telephone
The Telephone Cases
Television
Timeline of communication technology
Undersea telegraph line
Videoconferencing
Videophone
Videotelephony
Whistled language
Pioneers
Edwin Howard Armstrong
John Logie Baird
Paul Baran
Alexander Graham Bell
Tim Berners-Lee
Jagadish Chandra Bose
Vint Cerf
Claude Chappe
Donald Davies
Lee de Forest
Philo Farnsworth
Reginald Fessenden
Elisha Gray
Erna Schneider Hoover
Charles K. Kao
Hedy Lamarr
Innocenzo Manzetti
Guglielmo Marconi
Antonio Meucci
Radia Perlman
Alexander Stepanovich Popov
Johann Philipp Reis
Nikola Tesla
Camille Tissot
Alfred Vail
Charles Wheatstone
Vladimir K. Zworykin
Transmission
media
Coaxial cable
Fiber-optic communication
Optical fiber
Free-space optical communication
Molecular communication
Radio waves
Transmission line
Network topology
and switching
Links
Nodes
Terminal node
Network switching (circuit
packet)
Telephone exchange
Multiplexing
Space-division
Frequency-division
Time-division
Polarization-division
Orbital angular-momentum
Code-division
Networks
ARPANET
BITNET
Cellular network
Computer
CYCLADES
Ethernet
FidoNet
Internet
ISDN
LAN
Mobile
NGN
NPL network
Public Switched Telephone
Radio
Telecommunications equipment
Television
Telex
WAN
Wireless
World Wide Web
Category
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Call_forwarding&oldid=848381906"
Categories:
Calling features
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
فارسی
Français
Italiano
Македонски
Русский
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 1 July 2018, at 15:47 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Mobile_telephone
mw-redirect
Mobile telephone

value: sup

value: p

values:
/wiki/Sprint_Nextel
mw-redirect
Sprint Nextel

values: European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations

values:
/wiki/Call_center
mw-redirect
Call center

values:
/wiki/Answering_service
mw-redirect
Answering service

values:
/wiki/Mississauga,_Ontario
mw-redirect
Mississauga, Ontario

values:
/wiki/Area_code_416
mw-redirect
Area code 416

values:
/wiki/Foreign_exchange_line
mw-redirect
Foreign exchange line

values:
/wiki/Hunting_(telephony)
mw-redirect
Hunting (telephony)

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/File:Telecom-icon.svg
image
Telecommunications symbol

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: navigation navbox Telecommunications padding:3px

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Call_forwarding
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Εκτροπή κλήσεων – Greek

values: خدمات هدایت تماس – Persian

values: Пренасочување на повик – Macedonian

values: Переадресация вызова – Russian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Call_forwarding rootpage-Call_forwarding skin-vector action-view


text:
Warsaw Pact
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Warsaw Convention or Treaty of Warsaw.
For other uses, see Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (disambiguation).
Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance
Russian: Договор о дружбе, сотрудничестве и взаимной помощи
Member states in 1990 (dark green)
Former member states (light green)
Motto
Union of peace and socialism
Formation
14 May 1955 in Warsaw, Poland
Dissolved
1 July 1991
Type
Military alliance
Headquarters
Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Membership
Albania
(withdrew in 1968)
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Hungary
Poland
Romania
Soviet Union
Supreme Commander
Petr Lushev (last)
Chief of Combined Staff
Vladimir Lobov (last)
Eastern Bloc
Soviet Socialist Republics[show]
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Byelorussia
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kirghizia
Latvia
Lithuania
Moldavia
Russian SFSR
Tajikistan
Turkmenia
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Allied states[show]
Hungarian People's Republic
Polish People's Republic
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
Socialist Republic of Romania
German Democratic Republic
People's Republic of Bulgaria
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
(to 1948)
People's Socialist Republic of Albania
(to 1961)
Republic of Cuba
People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada
People's Republic of Benin
People's Republic of the Congo
People's Republic of Angola
People's Republic of Mozambique
People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Somali Democratic Republic
(to 1977)
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
Mongolian People's Republic
People's Republic of China
(to 1961)
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Lao People's Democratic Republic
People's Republic of Kampuchea
Related organizations[show]
Cominform
COMECON
Warsaw Pact
World Federation of
Trade Unions (WFTU)
World Federation of
Democratic Youth (WFDY)
Dissent and opposition[show]
Forest Brothers
in Lithuania
in Latvia
in Estonia
Operation "Jungle"
Ukrainian Insurgent Army
Goryani movement (Bulgaria)
Romanian anti-communism
Polish Cursed Soldiers
1953 uprisings
in Plzeň
in East Germany
1956 protests
in Georgia
in Poznań
Hungarian Revolution of 1956
Novocherkassk massacre (Russia)
1968 events
Prague Spring
Invasion of Czechoslovakia
Red Square demonstration
Charter 77 (Czechoslovakia)
Solidarity (Poland)
Jeltoqsan (Kazakhstan)
Braşov Rebellion (Romania)
January Events (Lithuania)
The Barricades (Latvia)
April 9 tragedy (Georgia)
Black January (Azerbaijan)
Cold War events[show]
Marshall Plan
1948 Czechoslovak coup
Tito–Stalin split
Berlin Blockade
1961 Berlin Wall crisis
Cuban Missile Crisis
1980 Moscow Olympics
Decline[show]
Singing Revolution
Polish Round Table Agreement
Revolutions of 1989
Fall of the Berlin Wall
January 1991
in Lithuania
in Latvia
Breakup of Yugoslavia
Yugoslav Wars
End of the Soviet Union
Fall of communism in Albania
v
t
e
The Warsaw Pact, formally the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance,[1] was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO[2][3][4][5] in 1955 per the London and Paris Conferences of 1954,[6][7][8][9][10] but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe.[11]
The Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power[12] or counterweight[13] to NATO; there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis and in proxy wars. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs.[13] Its largest military engagement was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 (with the participation of all Pact nations except Albania, Romania and East Germany),[12] which, in part, resulted in Albania withdrawing from the pact less than a month later. The Pact began to unravel in its entirety with the spread of the Revolutions of 1989 through the Eastern Bloc, beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland[14] and its electoral success in June 1989.
East Germany withdrew from the Pact in 1990. On 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defence and foreign ministers from the six remaining member states in Hungary. The USSR itself was dissolved in December 1991, although most of the former Soviet republics formed the Collective Security Treaty Organization shortly thereafter. Throughout the following 20 years, the seven Warsaw Pact countries outside the USSR each joined NATO (East Germany through its reunification with West Germany; and the Czech and Slovak republics as separate countries).
Contents
[hide]
1 Nomenclature
2 Structure
3 Strategy
4 History
4.1 Beginnings
4.2 Members
4.3 During Cold War
4.4 End of the Cold War
5 Central and Eastern Europe after the Warsaw Treaty
6 Gallery
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Works cited
9 Further reading
9.1 Other languages
9.2 Memoirs
10 External links
Nomenclature[edit]
Soviet philatelic commemoration: At its 20th anniversary in 1975, the Warsaw Pact remains On Guard for Peace and Socialism.
In the Western Bloc, the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance is often called the Warsaw Pact military alliance—abbreviated WAPA, Warpac and WP. Elsewhere, in the former member states, the Warsaw Treaty is known as:
Albanian: Pakti i miqësisë, bashkëpunimit dhe i ndihmës së përbashkët
Belarusian: Дагавор аб дружбе, супрацоўніцтве і ўзаемнай дапамозе
Romanized Belarusian: Dagavor ab druzhe, supratsoŭnitstve i ŭzaemnaŭ dapamoze
Bulgarian: Договор за дружба, сътрудничество и взаимопомощ
Romanized Bulgarian: Dogovor za druzhba, satrudnichestvo i vzaimopomosht
Czech: Smlouva o přátelství, spolupráci a vzájemné pomoci
Slovak: Zmluva o priateľstve, spolupráci a vzájomnej pomoci
German: Vertrag über Freundschaft, Zusammenarbeit und gegenseitigen Beistand
Hungarian: Barátsági, együttműködési és kölcsönös segítségnyújtási szerződés
Polish: Układ o przyjaźni, współpracy i pomocy wzajemnej
Romanian: Tratatul de prietenie, cooperare și asistență mutuală
Russian: Договор о дружбе, сотрудничестве и взаимной помощи
Romanized Russian: Dogovor o druzhbe, sotrudnichestve i vzaimnoy pomoshchi
Ukrainian: Договір про дружбу, співробітництво і взаємну допомогу
Romanized Ukrainian: Dogovir pro druzhbu, spivrobitnitstvo i vzaêmnu dopomogu
Structure[edit]
The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization which commanded and controlled all the military forces of the member countries was also a First Deputy Minister of Defence of the USSR, and the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Therefore, although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces.[15]
Strategy[edit]
The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. The Soviets wanted to keep their part of Europe theirs and not let the Americans take it from them. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the global socialist movement. A corollary to this idea was the necessity of intervention if a country appeared to be violating core socialist ideas and Communist Party functions, which was explicitly stated in the Brezhnev Doctrine.[16] Geostrategic principles also drove the Soviet Union with the desire to create a buffer zone to prevent invasion of its territory by Western European powers.
History[edit]
Beginnings[edit]
The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This section relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Cold War (1945–90): NATO (blue) vs. the Warsaw Pact (red), the status of forces in 1973
Before the creation of the Warsaw Pact, Czechoslovak leadership, fearful of a rearmed Germany, sought to create a security pact with East Germany and Poland.[9] These states protested strongly against the re-militarization of West Germany.[17] The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO. Soviet leaders, like many European countries on both sides of the Iron Curtain, feared Germany being once again a military power and a direct threat. The terrible consequences of German militarism remained a fresh memory among the Soviets and Eastern Europeans.[3][4][18][19][20] As the Soviet Union already had bilateral treaties with all of its eastern satellites, the Pact has been long considered 'superfluous',[21] and because of the rushed way in which it was conceived, NATO officials labeled it as a 'cardboard castle'.[22] Previously, in March 1954, the USSR, fearing the restoration of German militarism in West Germany, requested admission to NATO.[23][24][25]
The Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference of January–February 1954. Soviet foreign minister Molotov made proposals to have Germany reunified[26] and elections for a pan-German government,[27] under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers' armies and German neutrality,[28] but all were refused by the other foreign ministers, Dulles (USA), Eden (UK) and Bidault (France).[29] Proposals for the reunification of Germany were nothing new: earlier on 20 March 1952, talks about a German reunification, initiated by the so-called 'Stalin Note', ended after the United Kingdom, France and the United States insisted that a unified Germany should not be neutral and should be free to join the European Defence Community and rearm. James Dunn (USA), who met in Paris with Eden, Adenauer and Robert Schuman (France), affirmed that "the object should be to avoid discussion with the Russians and to press on the European Defense Community".[30] According to John Gaddis "there was little inclination in Western capitals to explore this offer" from USSR.[31] While historian Rolf Steininger asserts that Adenauer's conviction that "neutralization means sovietization" was the main factor in the rejection of the Soviet proposals,[32] Adenauer also feared that German unification might have resulted in the end of the CDU's dominance in the West German Bundestag.[33]
Consequently, Molotov, fearing that the EDC would be directed in the future against the USSR and "seeking to prevent the formation of groups of European States directed against other European States",[34] made a proposal for a General European Treaty on Collective Security in Europe "open to all European States without regard as to their social systems"[34] which would have included the unified Germany (thus making the EDC – perceived by the USSR as a threat – unusable). But Eden, Dulles and Bidault opposed the proposal.[35]
One month later, the proposed European Treaty was rejected not only by supporters of the EDC but also by Western opponents of the European Defence Community (like French Gaullist leader Palewski) who perceived it as "unacceptable in its present form because it excludes the USA from participation in the collective security system in Europe".[36] The Soviets then decided to make a new proposal to the governments of the USA, UK and France to accept the participation of the USA in the proposed General European Agreement.[36] And considering that another argument deployed against the Soviet proposal was that it was perceived by Western powers as "directed against the North Atlantic Pact and its liquidation",[36][37] the Soviets decided to declare their "readiness to examine jointly with other interested parties the question of the participation of the USSR in the North Atlantic bloc", specifying that "the admittance of the USA into the General European Agreement should not be conditional on the three Western powers agreeing to the USSR joining the North Atlantic Pact".[36]
Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by the UK, US and French governments shortly after.[25][38] Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO "must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella."[39][incomplete short citation] He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954[40] saying that "the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force".[41]
In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO.[42]
Memories of the Nazi occupation were still strong, and the rearmament of Germany was feared by France too.[4][43] On 30 August 1954 French Parliament rejected the EDC, thus ensuring its failure[44] and blocking a major objective of US policy towards Europe: to associate Germany militarily with the West.[45] The US Department of State started to elaborate alternatives: Germany would be invited to join NATO or, in the case of French obstructionism, strategies to circumvent a French veto would be implemented in order to obtain a German rearmament outside NATO.[46]
On 23 October 1954 – only nine years after Allies (UK, USA and USSR) defeated Nazi Germany ending World War II in Europe – the admission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the North Atlantic Pact was finally decided. The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as "a decisive turning point in the history of our continent" by Halvard Lange, Foreign Affairs Minister of Norway at the time.[47] In November 1954, the USSR requested a new European Security Treaty,[48] in order to make a final attempt to not have a remilitarized West Germany potentially opposed to the Soviet Union, with no success.
Warsaw Pact "Big Seven" threats
On 14 May 1955, the USSR and other seven European countries "reaffirming their desire for the establishment of a system of European collective security based on the participation of all European states irrespective of their social and political systems"[49] established the Warsaw Pact in response to the integration of the Federal Republic of Germany into NATO,[3][5] declaring that: "a remilitarized Western Germany and the integration of the latter in the North-Atlantic bloc [...] increase the danger of another war and constitutes a threat to the national security of the peaceable states; [...] in these circumstances the peaceable European states must take the necessary measures to safeguard their security".[49]
One of the founding members, East Germany was allowed to re-arm by the Soviet Union and the National People's Army was established as the armed forces of the country to counter the rearmament of West Germany.
Members[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defence of any member who would be attacked. Relations among the treaty signatories were based upon mutual non-intervention in the internal affairs of the member countries, respect for national sovereignty, and political independence. However, almost all governments of those member states were indirectly controlled by the Soviet Union.
The founding signatories to the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance consisted of the following communist governments:
People's Republic of Albania (withheld support in 1961 because of the Soviet-Albanian split, formally withdrew in 1968)
People's Republic of Bulgaria
Czechoslovak Republic (Czechoslovak Socialist Republic from 1960)
German Democratic Republic (withdrew on 2 October 1990 after dissolution of state)
Hungarian People's Republic
Polish People's Republic
Romanian People's Republic (from 1965 the Socialist Republic of Romania)
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
In July 1963 the Mongolian People's Republic asked to join the Warsaw Pact under Article 9 of the treaty. Due to the emerging Sino-Soviet split, Mongolia remained on observer status. The Soviet Government agreed to station troops in Mongolia in 1966.[citation needed]
During Cold War[edit]
Main article: Cold War
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage. These included the Korean War, Vietnam War, Bay of Pigs invasion, Dirty War, Cambodian–Vietnamese War and the others.
In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens.
The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania, participated in the invasion.
End of the Cold War[edit]
Beginning at the Cold War's conclusion, in late 1989, popular civil and political public discontent forced the Communist governments of the Warsaw Treaty countries from power, while independent national politics made feasible with the perestroika and glasnost induced institutional collapse of Communist government in the USSR.[50]
Between 1989 and 1991, Communist governments were overthrown in Albania, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union.
On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defence and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary.[51] On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR.[52] In fact, the treaty was de facto disbanded in December 1989 during the violent revolution in Romania, which toppled the communist government, without military intervention from other member states.[citation needed] The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991.
Central and Eastern Europe after the Warsaw Treaty[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009.
Russia and some other post-USSR states joined in the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) in 1992, or the Shanghai Five in 1996 (renamed the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) after Uzbekistan's addition in 2001).
In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine – a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defence, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s – which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed]
Gallery[edit]
Badge Warsaw Pact. Union of peace and socialism
Badge Warsaw Pact. Brothers in arms (1970)
Badge A participant in joint exercises of Warsaw Pact "STIT" (1972)
Badge 25 years Warsaw Pact (1980)
Badge Air Forces Warsaw Pact
Badge Warsaw Pact. The participants of the joint exercises in Bulgaria (1982)
Jubilee badge 30 years of the Warsaw Pact (1985)
See also[edit]
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) - Modern military alliance between former Soviet states.
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) - Modern Eurasian political, economic and military organization.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Text of Warsaw Pact" (PDF). United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Yost, David S. (1998). NATO Transformed: The Alliance's New Roles in International Security. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press. p. 31. ISBN 1-878379-81-X.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Formation of Nato and Warsaw Pact". History Channel. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Warsaw Pact is formed". History Channel. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "In reaction to West Germany's NATO accession, the Soviet Union and its Eastern European client states formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955." Citation from: NATO website. "A short history of NATO". nato.int. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Broadhurst, Arlene Idol (1982). The Future of European Alliance Systems. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p. 137. ISBN 0-86531-413-6.
Jump up ^ Christopher Cook, Dictionary of Historical Terms (1983)
Jump up ^ The Columbia Enclopedia, fifth edition (1993) p. 2926
^ Jump up to: a b The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered: International Relations in Eastern Europe, 1955–1969 Laurien Crump Routledge, p. 21–22, 11.02.2015
Jump up ^ The Oder-Neisse Line: The United States, Poland, and Germany in the Cold War Debra J. Allen page 158 "Treaties approving Bonn's participation in NATO were ratified in May 1955...shortly thereafter Soviet Union...created the Warsaw Pact to counter the perceived threat of NATO"
Jump up ^ "Warsaw Pact: Wartime Status-Instruments of Soviet Control". Wilson Center. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Amos Yoder (1993). Communism in Transition: The End of the Soviet Empires. Taylor & Francis. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-8448-1738-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Bob Reinalda (11 September 2009). Routledge History of International Organizations: From 1815 to the Present Day. Routledge. p. 369. ISBN 978-1-134-02405-6.
Jump up ^ [1] Cover Story: The Holy Alliance By Carl Bernstein Sunday, June 24, 2001
Jump up ^ Fes'kov, V. I.; Kalashnikov, K. A.; Golikov, V. I. (2004). Sovetskai͡a Armii͡a v gody "kholodnoĭ voĭny," 1945–1991 [The Soviet Army in the Cold War Years (1945–1991)]. Tomsk: Tomsk University Publisher. p. 6. ISBN 5-7511-1819-7.
Jump up ^ ' 'The Review of Politics Volume' ', 34, No. 2 (April 1972), pp. 190–209
Jump up ^ Europa Antoni Czubiński Wydawn. Poznańskie, 1998, page 298
Jump up ^ World Politics: The Menu for Choice page 87 Bruce Russett, Harvey Starr, David Kinsella - 2009 The Warsaw Pact was established in 1955 as a response to West Germany's entry into NATO; German militarism was still a recent memory among the Soviets and East Europeans.
Jump up ^ "When the Federal Republic of Germany entered NATO in early May 1955, the Soviets feared the consequences of a strengthened NATO and a rearmed West Germany". Citation from: United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. "The Warsaw Treaty Organization, 1955". Office of the Historian. history.state.gov. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "1955: After objecting to Germany's admission into NATO, the Soviet Union joins Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania in forming the Warsaw Pact.". See chronology in: "Fast facts about NATO". CBC News. 6 April 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
Jump up ^ The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered: International Relations in Eastern Europe, 1955–1969 Laurien Crump Routledge, p. 17, 11.02.2015
Jump up ^ The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered: International Relations in Eastern Europe, 1955–1969 Laurien Crump Routledge, pag. 1, 11.02.2015
Jump up ^ "Soviet Union request to join NATO" (PDF). Nato.int. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "1954: Soviet Union suggests it should join NATO to preserve peace in Europe. U.S. and U.K. reject this". See chronology in: "Fast facts about NATO". CBC News. 6 April 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Proposal of Soviet adherence to NATO as reported in the Foreign Relations of the United States Collection". UWDC FRUS Library. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Molotov 1954a, p. 197,201.
Jump up ^ Molotov 1954a, p. 202.
Jump up ^ Molotov 1954a, p. 197–198, 203, 212.
Jump up ^ Molotov 1954a, p. 211–212, 216.
Jump up ^ Steininger, Rolf (1991). The German Question: The Stalin Note of 1952 and the Problem of Reunification. Columbia Univ Press. p. 56.
Jump up ^ Gaddis, John (1997). We Know Now: Rethinking Cold War History. Clarendon Press. p. 126.
Jump up ^ Steininger, Rolf (1991). The German Question: The Stalin Note of 1952 and the Problem of Reunification. Columbia Univ Press. p. 80.
Jump up ^ Steininger, Rolf (1991). The German Question: The Stalin Note of 1952 and the Problem of Reunification. Columbia Univ Press. p. 103.
^ Jump up to: a b "Draft general European Treaty on collective security in Europe — Molotov proposal (Berlin, 10 February 1954)" (PDF). CVCE. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Molotov 1954a, p. 214.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "MOLOTOV'S PROPOSAL THAT THE USSR JOIN NATO, MARCH 1954". Wilson Center. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Molotov 1954a, p. 216,.
Jump up ^ "Final text of tripartite reply to Soviet note" (PDF). Nato website. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Jordan, p. 65.
Jump up ^ Ian Traynor. "Soviets tried to join Nato in 1954". the Guardian.
Jump up ^ "Memo by Lord Ismay, Secretary General of NATO" (PDF). Nato.int. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Adenauer 1966a, p. 662.
Jump up ^ "The refusal to ratify the EDC Treaty". CVCE. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Debates in the French National Assembly on 30 August 1954". CVCE. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "US positions on alternatives to EDC". United States Department of State / FRUS collection. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "US positions on german rearmament outside NATO". United States Department of State / FRUS collection. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "West Germany accepted into Nato". BBC News. 9 May 1955. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Indivisible Germany: Illusion or Reality?" James H. Wolfe Springer Science & Business Media, 06.12.2012 page 73
^ Jump up to: a b "Text of the Warsaw Security Pact (see preamble)". Avalon Project. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
Jump up ^ The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought, third edition, 1999, pp. 637–8
Jump up ^ "Warsaw Pact and Comecon To Dissolve This Week". Csmonitor.com. 26 February 1991. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Havel, Václav (2007). To the Castle and Back. Trans. Paul Wilson. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-26641-5.
Works cited[edit]
Adenauer, Konrad (1966a). Memorie 1945–1953 (in Italian). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. [dead link]
Molotov, Vyacheslav (1954a). La conferenza di Berlino (in Italian). Ed. di cultura sociale.
This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/.
Further reading[edit]
Faringdon, Hugh. Confrontation: the strategic geography of NATO and the Warsaw Pact. (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986.)
Heuser, Beatrice (1998). "Victory in a Nuclear War? A Comparison of NATO and WTO War Aims and Strategies". Contemporary European History. 7 (3): 311–327. doi:10.1017/S0960777300004264.
Mackintosh, Malcolm. The evolution of the Warsaw Pact (International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1969)
Kramer, Mark N. "Civil-military relations in the Warsaw Pact, The East European component," International Affairs, Vol. 61, No. 1, Winter 1984–85.
Lewis, William Julian (1982). The Warsaw Pact: Arms, Doctrine, and Strategy. Cambridge, Mass.: Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis. ISBN 978-0-07-031746-8.
Mastny, Vojtech; Byrne, Malcolm (2005). A Cardboard Castle ?: An Inside History of the Warsaw Pact, 1955–1991. Budapest: Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-7326-07-3.
A. James McAdams, "East Germany and Detente." Cambridge University Press, 1985.
McAdams, A. James. "Germany Divided: From the Wall to Reunification." Princeton University Press, 1992 and 1993.
Other languages[edit]
Umbach, Frank (2005). Das rote Bündnis: Entwicklung und Zerfall des Warschauer Paktes 1955 bis 1991 (in German). Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86153-362-7.
Wahl, Alfred (2007). La seconda vita del nazismo nella Germania del dopoguerra (in Italian). Torino: Lindau. ISBN 978-88-7180-662-4. – Original Ed.: Wahl, Alfred (2006). La seconde histoire du nazisme dans l'Allemagne fédérale depuis 1945 (in French). Paris: Armand Colin. ISBN 2-200-26844-0.
Memoirs[edit]
Adenauer, Konrad (1966b). Konrad Adenauer Memoirs 1945–53. Henry Regnery Company.
Molotov, Vyacheslav (1954b). Statements at Berlin Conference of Foreign Ministers of U.S.S.R., France, Great Britain and U.S.A., January 25-February 18, 1954. Foreign Languages Publishing House.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Warsaw Pact.
"What was the Warsaw Pact?". North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
The Woodrow Wilson Center Cold War International History Project's Warsaw Pact Document Collection
Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security
Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Soviet Union / Appendix C: The Warsaw Pact (1989)
Map of Russia and the Warsaw Pact (omniatlas.com)
Map of Europe and the Warsaw Pact (omniatlas.com)
The Warsaw Pact, 1955-1968. by Hugh Collins Embry. Contain extensive documentation of the Pacts first 13 years.
[show]
v
t
e
Cold War
USA
USSR
ANZUS
NATO
Non-Aligned Movement
SEATO
Warsaw Pact
Cold War II
1940s
Morgenthau Plan
Hukbalahap Rebellion
Dekemvriana
Percentages Agreement
Yalta Conference
Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
Forest Brothers
Operation Priboi
Operation Jungle
Occupation of the Baltic states
Cursed soldiers
Operation Unthinkable
Operation Downfall
Potsdam Conference
Gouzenko Affair
Division of Korea
Operation Masterdom
Operation Beleaguer
Operation Blacklist Forty
Iran crisis of 1946
Greek Civil War
Baruch Plan
Corfu Channel incident
Turkish Straits crisis
Restatement of Policy on Germany
First Indochina War
Truman Doctrine
Asian Relations Conference
May 1947 Crises
Marshall Plan
Comecon
1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
Tito–Stalin Split
Berlin Blockade
Western betrayal
Iron Curtain
Eastern Bloc
Western Bloc
Chinese Civil War (Second round)
Malayan Emergency
Albanian Subversion
1950s
Papua conflict
Bamboo Curtain
Korean War
McCarthyism
Egyptian Revolution of 1952
1953 Iranian coup d'état
Uprising of 1953 in East Germany
Dirty War (Mexico)
Bricker Amendment
1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
Partition of Vietnam
Vietnam War
First Taiwan Strait Crisis
Geneva Summit (1955)
Bandung Conference
Poznań 1956 protests
Hungarian Revolution of 1956
Suez Crisis
"We will bury you"
Operation Gladio
Arab Cold War
Syrian Crisis of 1957
1958 Lebanon crisis
Iraqi 14 July Revolution
Sputnik crisis
Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
1959 Tibetan uprising
Cuban Revolution
Kitchen Debate
Sino-Soviet split
1960s
Congo Crisis
1960 U-2 incident
Bay of Pigs Invasion
1960 Turkish coup d'état
Soviet–Albanian split
Berlin Crisis of 1961
Berlin Wall
Portuguese Colonial War
Angolan War of Independence
Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
Mozambican War of Independence
Cuban Missile Crisis
Sino-Indian War
Communist insurgency in Sarawak
Iraqi Ramadan Revolution
Eritrean War of Independence
Sand War
North Yemen Civil War
Aden Emergency
1963 Syrian coup d'état
Vietnam War
Shifta War
Guatemalan Civil War
Colombian conflict
Nicaraguan Revolution
1964 Brazilian coup d'état
Dominican Civil War
South African Border War
Transition to the New Order
Domino theory
ASEAN Declaration
Laotian Civil War
1966 Syrian coup d'état
Argentine Revolution
Korean DMZ conflict
Greek military junta of 1967–74
Years of Lead (Italy)
USS Pueblo incident
Six-Day War
War of Attrition
Dhofar Rebellion
Al-Wadiah War
Protests of 1968
French May
Tlatelolco massacre
Cultural Revolution
Prague Spring
1968 Polish political crisis
Communist insurgency in Malaysia
Invasion of Czechoslovakia
Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution
Goulash Communism
Sino-Soviet border conflict
CPP–NPA–NDF rebellion
Corrective Move
1970s
Détente
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Black September in Jordan
Corrective Movement (Syria)
Cambodian Civil War
Koza riot
Realpolitik
Ping-pong diplomacy
Ugandan-Tanzanian War
1971 Turkish military memorandum
Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
Four Power Agreement on Berlin
Bangladesh Liberation War
1972 Nixon visit to China
North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
Yemenite War of 1972
NDF Rebellion
Eritrean Civil Wars
1973 Chilean coup d'état
Yom Kippur War
1973 oil crisis
Carnation Revolution
Spanish transition
Metapolitefsi
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
Rhodesian Bush War
Angolan Civil War
Mozambican Civil War
Oromo conflict
Ogaden War
Ethiopian Civil War
Lebanese Civil War
Sino-Albanian split
Cambodian–Vietnamese War
Sino-Vietnamese War
Operation Condor
Dirty War (Argentina)
1976 Argentine coup d'état
Korean Air Lines Flight 902
Yemenite War of 1979
Grand Mosque seizure
Iranian Revolution
Saur Revolution
New Jewel Movement
1979 Herat uprising
Seven Days to the River Rhine
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
1980s
Soviet–Afghan War
1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
1980 Turkish coup d'état
Peruvian conflict
Casamance conflict
Ugandan Bush War
Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
Eritrean Civil Wars
1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
Ndogboyosoi War
United States invasion of Grenada
Able Archer 83
Star Wars
Iran–Iraq War
Somali Rebellion
1986 Black Sea incident
1988 Black Sea bumping incident
South Yemen Civil War
Bougainville Civil War
8888 Uprising
Solidarity
Soviet reaction
Contras
Central American crisis
RYAN
Korean Air Lines Flight 007
People Power Revolution
Glasnost
Perestroika
Nagorno-Karabakh War
Afghan Civil War
United States invasion of Panama
1988 Polish strikes
Tiananmen Square protests of 1989
Revolutions of 1989
Fall of the Berlin Wall
Velvet Revolution
Romanian Revolution
Die Wende
1990s
Mongolian Revolution of 1990
German reunification
Yemeni unification
Fall of communism in Albania
Breakup of Yugoslavia
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
Frozen conflicts
Abkhazia
China-Taiwan
Korea
Nagorno-Karabakh
South Ossetia
Transnistria
Sino-Indian border dispute
North Borneo dispute
Foreign policy
Truman Doctrine
Containment
Eisenhower Doctrine
Domino theory
Hallstein Doctrine
Kennedy Doctrine
Peaceful coexistence
Ostpolitik
Johnson Doctrine
Brezhnev Doctrine
Nixon Doctrine
Ulbricht Doctrine
Carter Doctrine
Reagan Doctrine
Rollback
Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War
Ideologies
Capitalism
Chicago school
Keynesianism
Monetarism
Neoclassical economics
Reaganomics
Supply-side economics
Thatcherism
Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Castroism
Eurocommunism
Guevarism
Hoxhaism
Juche
Maoism
Trotskyism
Naxalism
Stalinism
Titoism
Other
Fascism
Islamism
Liberal democracy
Social democracy
Third-Worldism
White supremacy
Organizations
ASEAN
CIA
Comecon
EEC
KGB
MI6
Non-Aligned Movement
SAARC
Safari Club
Stasi
Propaganda
Active measures
Crusade for Freedom
Izvestia
Pravda
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
Red Scare
TASS
Voice of America
Voice of Russia
Races
Arms race
Nuclear arms race
Space Race
See also
Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
Soviet espionage in the United States
Soviet Union–United States relations
USSR–USA summits
Russian espionage in the United States
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
Russia–NATO relations
Brinkmanship
CIA and the Cultural Cold War
Cold War II
Category
Commons
Portal
Timeline
List of conflicts
[show]
v
t
e
Countries of Eastern and Central Europe during their Communist period
Albania
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Hungary
Poland
Romania
Yugoslavia
Soviet Russia / Soviet Union: 1917–27
1927–53
1953–64
1964–82
1982–91
Byelorussia
Ukraine
Eastern Bloc
Warsaw Pact
Comecon
[show]
v
t
e
Eastern Bloc
Soviet Union
Communism
Formation
Secret Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact protocol
Soviet invasion of Poland
Soviet occupations
Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
Baltic states
Hungary
Romania
Yalta Conference
Annexed as, or
into, SSRs
Eastern Finland
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Memel
East Prussia
West Belarus
Western Ukraine
Moldavia
Satellite states
Hungarian People's Republic
Polish People's Republic
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
Socialist Republic of Romania
German Democratic Republic
People's Republic of Albania (to 1961)
People's Republic of Bulgaria
Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (to 1948)
Annexing SSRs
Russian SFSR
Ukrainian SSR
Byelorussian SSR
Organizations
Cominform
COMECON
Warsaw Pact
World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU)
World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY)
Revolts and
opposition
Welles Declaration
Goryani Movement
Forest Brothers
Ukrainian Insurgent Army
Operation Jungle
Baltic state continuity
Baltic Legations (1940–1991)
Cursed soldiers
Rebellion of Cazin 1950
1953 uprising in Plzeň
1953 East German uprising
1956 Georgian demonstrations
1956 Poznań protests
1956 Hungarian Revolution
Novocherkassk massacre
1965 Yerevan demonstrations
Prague Spring / Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
Brezhnev Doctrine
1968 Red Square demonstration
1968 student demonstrations in Belgrade
1968 protests in Kosovo
1970 Polish protests
Croatian Spring
1972 unrest in Lithuania SSR
June 1976 protests
Solidarity / Soviet reaction / Martial law
1981 protests in Kosovo
Reagan Doctrine
Jeltoqsan
Karabakh movement
April 9 tragedy
Romanian Revolution
Black January
Cold War events
Marshall Plan
Berlin Blockade
Tito–Stalin split
1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
1961 Berlin Wall crisis
Conditions
Emigration and defection (list of defectors)
Sovietization of the Baltic states
Information dissemination
Politics
Economies
Telephone tapping
Decline
Revolutions of 1989
Fall of the Berlin Wall
Romanian Revolution
Fall of communism in Albania
Singing Revolution
Collapse of the Soviet Union
Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
January 1991 events in Lithuania
January 1991 events in Latvia
Post-Cold War topics
Baltic Assembly
Collective Security Treaty Organization
Commonwealth of Independent States
Craiova Group
European Union
European migrant crisis
Eurasian Economic Union
NATO
Post-Soviet states
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
Visegrad Group
[show]
v
t
e
Treaties of Hungary
9–10th century (age of Magyars)
Legend of the white horse (894)
1000–1301 (Árpád dynasty)
Personal union of Hungary and Croatia (1102)
Hungarian–Byzantine Treaties (1153–1167)
Treaty of Pressburg (1271)

1302–1526 (Middle ages to Tripartition)
Treaty of Enns (1336)
Hungarian–Lithuanian Treaty (1351)
Hungarian–Neapolitan Treaty (1352)
Treaty of Zara (1358)
Treaty of Lubowla (1412)
Peace of Szeged (1444)
Peace Treaty of Wiener Neustadt (1463)
Treaty of Ófalu (1474)
Treaty of Brno (1478)
Treaty of Piotrków (1479)
Peace of Olomouc (1479)
Treaty of Pressburg (1491)
First Congress of Vienna (1515)
Dual reign, Ottoman vassalship,
reconquest and Napoleonic Wars
(1526–1848)
Franco-Hungarian alliance (1526)
Treaty of Nagyvárad (1538)
Treaty of Gyalu (1541)
Confessio Pentapolitana (1549)
Treaty of Speyer (1570)
Treaty of Szatmár (1711)
1526-1848 (Royal Hungary to Independence)
Truce of Adrianople (1547)
Treaty of Adrianople (1568)
Treaty of Vienna (1606)
Peace of Zsitvatorok (1606)
Peace of Vasvár (1664)
Holy League (1684)
Treaty of Karlowitz (1699)
Treaty of Passarowitz (1718)
Pragmatic Sanction (1723)
Treaty of Belgrade (1739)
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)
First Partition of Poland (1772)
Treaty of Sistova (1791)
Treaty of Campo Formio (1797)
Treaty of Schönbrunn (1809)
Congress of Vienna (1815)
(1570–1711) (Principality of Transylvania)
Peace of Nikolsburg (1621)
Treaty of Pressburg (1626)
Treaty of Nymwegen (1679)
Austria-Hungary
to the end of World War I
(1848–1922)
Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
Croatian–Hungarian Settlement (1868)
League of the Three Emperors (1873)
Treaty of Bern (1874)
Reichstadt Agreement (1876)
Budapest Convention of 1877 (1877)
Treaty of Berlin (1878)
Dual Alliance (1879)
Triple Alliance (1882)
Boxer Protocol (1901)
Treaty of London (1913)
Armistice of Focșani (1917)
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Ukraine (1918)
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)
Treaty of Bucharest (1918)
Armistice of Villa Giusti (1918)
Treaty of Trianon (1920)
Armistice with Romania (1920)
Bill of dethronement (1921)
U.S.–Hungarian Peace Treaty (1921)
Covenant of the League of Nations (1922)
Modern age (1922–)
Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary (1922–46)
Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic (1949–89)
Treaties of the Third Republic of Hungary (1989–)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 130896299
LCCN: n50002351
ISNI: 0000 0001 2158 1586
GND: 14767-9
SUDOC: 026397188
BNF: cb11865226c (data)
NDL: 00574154
NKC: kn20030519006
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warsaw_Pact&oldid=825610717"
Categories:
Warsaw Pact
Eastern Bloc
1991 in politics
20th-century military alliances
Bulgaria–Soviet Union relations
Cold War treaties
Communism
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
Former international organizations
Germany–Soviet Union relations
History of Poland (1989–present)
History of Warsaw
International military organizations
International political organizations
Military alliances involving Bulgaria
Military alliances involving Czechoslovakia
Military alliances involving Hungary
Military alliances involving Poland
Military alliances involving Romania
Military alliances involving the Soviet Union
Modern Europe
Organizations established in 1955
Organizations disestablished in 1991
Poland–Soviet Union relations
Treaties concluded in 1955
Treaties entered into force in 1955
Treaties of East Germany
Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
Treaties of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania
Treaties of the Socialist Republic of Romania
Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations
Hungary–Soviet Union relations
Treaties establishing intergovernmental organizations
Cold War terminology
Hidden categories:
Articles containing Russian-language text
Articles containing Albanian-language text
Articles containing Belarusian-language text
Articles containing Bulgarian-language text
Articles containing Czech-language text
Articles containing Slovak-language text
Articles containing German-language text
Articles containing Hungarian-language text
Articles containing Polish-language text
Articles containing Romanian-language text
Articles containing Ukrainian-language text
NPOV disputes from October 2015
All NPOV disputes
Articles lacking reliable references from December 2015
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles needing more detailed references
Articles needing additional references from December 2014
All articles needing additional references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016
Articles needing additional references from October 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007
CS1 Italian-language sources (it)
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from July 2016
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies
CS1 German-language sources (de)
CS1 French-language sources (fr)
Use dmy dates from September 2015
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
Alemannisch
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Gàidhlig
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ქართული
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Кыргызча
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Ligure
Limburgs
Lumbaart
Magyar
Македонски
مصرى
مازِرونی
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Sardu
Scots
Shqip
Sicilianu
Simple English
سنڌي
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
ייִדיש
粵語
Zazaki
Žemaitėška
中文
83 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 February 2018, at 11:03.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

values:
/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Treaty of Warsaw (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: caption

value: span

attrs: lang xml:lang

values: ru ru

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

values: Warsaw Pact in 1990 (orthographic projection).svg

values:
/wiki/Russian_SFSR
mw-redirect
Russian SFSR

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Hungary
mw-redirect
People's Republic of Hungary

values:
/wiki/File:Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg
image
The Eastern Bloc

values: padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;

values:
NavToggle
NavToggle1
#
color: rgb(240, 240, 240);

values: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values:
NavToggle
NavToggle2
#
color: rgb(240, 240, 240);

values: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

values:
/wiki/Tito-Stalin_split
mw-redirect
Tito-Stalin split

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;

values: People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)

values: People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

values:
NavToggle
NavToggle3
#
color: rgb(240, 240, 240);

values:
NavToggle
NavToggle4
#
color: rgb(240, 240, 240);

values:
/wiki/Latvian_national_partisans
mw-redirect
Latvian national partisans

values: Romanian anti-communist resistance movement

values:
/wiki/Cursed_Soldiers
mw-redirect
Cursed Soldiers

values:
padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;
hlist hlist-separated

values:
/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_Rebellion
mw-redirect
Brașov Rebellion

values:
NavToggle
NavToggle5
#
color: rgb(240, 240, 240);

values:
/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split
mw-redirect
Tito–Stalin split

values:
NavToggle
NavToggle6
#
color: rgb(240, 240, 240);

values:
/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall
mw-redirect
Fall of the Berlin Wall

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width:19.0em;

values:
/wiki/Collective_defence
mw-redirect
Collective defence

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources

values:
/wiki/European_Defence_Community
mw-redirect
European Defence Community

values: More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (February 2017)

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/National_sovereignty
mw-redirect
National sovereignty

values:
/wiki/Soviet-Albanian_split
mw-redirect
Soviet-Albanian split

values:
/wiki/Communist_Romania
mw-redirect
Communist Romania

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_invasion
mw-redirect
Bay of Pigs invasion

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)

values: Edit section: Central and Eastern Europe after the Warsaw Treaty

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values:
/wiki/Shanghai_Five
mw-redirect
Shanghai Five

values:
/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organization
mw-redirect
Shanghai Cooperation Organization

values:
/wiki/First_strike
mw-redirect
First strike

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2007)

values:
/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)
mw-redirect
History (U.S. TV channel)

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Copyright status of work by the U.S. government

values:
nofollow
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/
external free

values:
nofollow
http://www.php.isn.ethz.ch/
external text

values:
/wiki/Percentages_Agreement
mw-redirect
Percentages Agreement

values:
/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)
mw-redirect
Geneva Conference (1954)

values:
/wiki/Omani_Civil_War_(1963-76)
mw-redirect
Omani Civil War (1963-76)

values: Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–89)

values: Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

values:
/wiki/Ugandan-Tanzanian_War
mw-redirect
Ugandan-Tanzanian War

values:
/wiki/1972_Nixon_visit_to_China
mw-redirect
1972 Nixon visit to China

values: Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–81

values: Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War

values: South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

values: Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War

values: List of Soviet Union–United States summits

values:
/wiki/Brinkmanship_(Cold_War)
mw-redirect
Brinkmanship (Cold War)

values: List of conflicts related to the Cold War

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template:Communist Eastern and Central Europe

values: Template talk:Communist Eastern and Central Europe

values:
/wiki/File:Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg
image
Warsaw Pact Logo

values:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 2px 0px 0px

values:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–27)

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Soviet_occupations
mw-redirect
Soviet occupations

values: Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

values:
/wiki/Occupation_of_Baltic_states
mw-redirect
Occupation of Baltic states

values:
/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Hungary
mw-redirect
Soviet occupation of Hungary

values:
navbox-image
10
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/West_Belarus
mw-redirect
West Belarus

values: Soviet annexation of Western Ukraine, 1939–1940

values:
/wiki/Rebellion_of_Cazin_1950
mw-redirect
Rebellion of Cazin 1950

values:
/wiki/1968_protests_in_Kosovo
mw-redirect
1968 protests in Kosovo

values: Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981

values: List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc defectors

values:
/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_economies
mw-redirect
Eastern Bloc economies

values:
/wiki/Visegrad_Group
mw-redirect
Visegrad Group

values: col navbox-title 3 background:lightsteelblue;

values: Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Coa Hungary Country History (855-1301).svg

values: Coa Hungary Country History Venczel (1301-1305).svg

values: Coa Hungary Country History Otto (1305-1307).svg

values: Coa Hungary Country History Charles I (1310-1342).svg

values: Coa Hungary Country History Vladislaus I (1440–1444).svg

values: Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus 3(1458-1490).svg

values: Coa Hungary Country History Vladislas II (1490–1516).jpg

values:
/wiki/Treaty_of_Zara
mw-redirect
Treaty of Zara

values: Coat of arms of the House of Habsburg.png

values:
/wiki/Royal_Hungary
mw-redirect
Royal Hungary

values: Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)

values: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)

values: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia–Central Powers)

values: Charles I of Austria's attempts to retake the throne of Hungary

values: Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)

values: Category:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic

values: Category:Treaties of the Third Republic of Hungary

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/130896299

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000121581586

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/14767-9

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/026397188

values: Category:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union

values: Category:History of Poland (1989–present)

values: Category:Military alliances involving Bulgaria

values: Category:Military alliances involving Czechoslovakia

values: Category:Military alliances involving Hungary

values: Category:Military alliances involving Poland

values: Category:Military alliances involving Romania

values: Category:Military alliances involving the Soviet Union

values: Category:Organizations established in 1955

values: Category:Organizations disestablished in 1991

values: Category:Treaties entered into force in 1955

values: Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria

values: Category:Treaties of the Polish People's Republic

values: Category:Treaties of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania

values: Category:Treaties of the Socialist Republic of Romania

values: Category:Treaties establishing intergovernmental organizations

values: Category:Articles containing Russian-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Albanian-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Belarusian-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Bulgarian-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Czech-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Slovak-language text

values: Category:Articles containing German-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Hungarian-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Polish-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Romanian-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Ukrainian-language text

values: Category:NPOV disputes from October 2015

values: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from December 2015

values: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

values: Category:Articles needing more detailed references

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2014

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007

values: Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2016

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies

values: Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)

values: Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)

values: Category:Use dmy dates from September 2015

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/Warsaw_Pact
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values: حلف وارسو – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ar
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values: Varşava Müqaviləsi Təşkilatı – Azerbaijani

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: ওয়ারশ চুক্তি – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values: Варшаўскі дагавор – Belarusian

values: Варшаўская дамова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: Варшавски договор – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: Varssavi Lepingu Organisatsioon – Estonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Σύμφωνο της Βαρσοβίας – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-es
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: پیمان ورشو – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 바르샤바 조약 기구 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Վարշավայի պայմանագրի կազմակերպություն – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: वारसा संधि – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-id
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: ברית ורשה – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: ვარშავის პაქტი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Варшава келісімі ұйымы – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values: Варшавa келишими – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values: Varšuvos sutarties organizacija – Lithuanian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lij
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values: Варшавски договор – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ms
display: none;

values: Варшавын гэрээ – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: ワルシャワ条約機構 – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values: ਵਾਰਸਾ ਪੈਕਟ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Организация Варшавского договора – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: وارسا معاهدو – Sindhi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Варшавски пакт – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: வார்சா உடன்பாடு – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Варшава килешүе – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: กติกาสัญญาวอร์ซอ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Варшавський договір (1955) – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: وارسا معاہدہ – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ur
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values: ווארשע פאקט – Yiddish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-diq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg
display: none;

values: 华沙条约组织 – Chinese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Warsaw_Pact rootpage-Warsaw_Pact skin-vector action-view