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The Old Man and the Sea
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For other uses, see The Old Man and the Sea (disambiguation).
The Old Man and the Sea
Original book cover
Author
Ernest Hemingway
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Literary Fiction
Published
1952 (Charles Scribner's Sons)
Media type
Print (hardback & paperback)
Pages
127
Awards
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction (1953)
Nobel Prize in Literature (1954)
ISBN
0-684-80122-1
OCLC
19793
Dewey Decimal
813.52
LC Class
PS3515.E37
The Old Man and the Sea is a short novel written by the American author Ernest Hemingway in 1951 in Cuba, and published in 1952.[1] It was the last major work of fiction by Hemingway that was published during his lifetime. One of his most famous works, it tells the story of Santiago, an aging Cuban fisherman who struggles with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf Stream off the coast of Cuba.[2]
In 1953, The Old Man and the Sea was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and it was cited by the Nobel Committee as contributing to their awarding of the Nobel Prize in Literature to Hemingway in 1954.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Background and publication
3 Literary significance and criticism
4 Legacy
5 References
5.1 Sources
6 Further reading
7 External links
Plot summary[edit]
The Old Man and the Sea tells the story of a battle between an aging, experienced fisherman, Santiago, and a large marlin. The story opens with Santiago having gone 84 days without catching a fish, and now being seen as "salao," the worst form of unluckiness. He is so unlucky that his young apprentice, Manolin, has been forbidden by his parents to sail with him and has been told instead to fish with successful fishermen. The boy visits Santiago's shack each night, hauling his fishing gear, preparing food, talking about American baseball and his favorite player, Joe DiMaggio. Santiago tells Manolin that on the next day, he will venture far out into the Gulf Stream, north of Cuba in the Straits of Florida to fish, confident that his unlucky streak is near its end.
On the eighty-fifth day of his unlucky streak, Santiago takes his skiff into the Gulf Stream, sets his lines and, by noon, has his bait taken by a big fish that he is sure is a marlin. Unable to haul in the great marlin, Santiago is instead pulled by the marlin, and two days and nights pass with Santiago holding onto the line. Though wounded by the struggle and in pain, Santiago expresses a compassionate appreciation for his adversary, often referring to him as a brother. He also determines that, because of the fish's great dignity, no one shall deserve to eat the marlin.
On the third day, the fish begins to circle the skiff. Santiago, worn out and almost delirious, uses all his remaining strength to pull the fish onto its side and stab the marlin with a harpoon. Santiago straps the marlin to the side of his skiff and heads home, thinking about the high price the fish will bring him at the market and how many people he will feed.
On his way in to shore, sharks are attracted to the marlin's blood. Santiago kills a great mako shark with his harpoon, but he loses the weapon. He makes a new harpoon by strapping his knife to the end of an oar to help ward off the next line of sharks; five sharks are slain and many others are driven away. But the sharks keep coming, and by nightfall the sharks have almost devoured the marlin's entire carcass, leaving a skeleton consisting mostly of its backbone, its tail and its head. Santiago knows that he is defeated and tells the sharks of how they have killed his dreams. Upon reaching the shore before dawn on the next day, Santiago struggles to his shack, carrying the heavy mast on his shoulder, leaving the fish head and the bones on the shore. Once home, he slumps onto his bed and falls into a deep sleep.
A group of fishermen gather the next day around the boat where the fish's skeleton is still attached. One of the fishermen measures it to be 18 feet (5.5 m) from nose to tail. Pedrico is given the head of the fish, and the other fishermen tell Manolin to tell the old man how sorry they are. Tourists at the nearby café mistakenly take it for a shark. The boy, worried about the old man, cries upon finding him safe asleep and at his injured hands. Manolin brings him newspapers and coffee. When the old man wakes, they promise to fish together once again. Upon his return to sleep, Santiago dreams of his youth—of lions on an African beach.
Background and publication[edit]
No good book has ever been written that has in it symbols arrived at beforehand and stuck in .... I tried to make a real old man, a real boy, a real sea and a real fish and real sharks. But if I made them good and true enough they would mean many things.
Ernest Hemingway in 1954[3]
Written in 1951, and published in 1952 , The Old Man and the Sea is Hemingway's final full-length work published during his lifetime. The book, dedicated to "Charlie Scribner" and to Hemingway's literary editor "Max Perkins",[4][5] was featured in Life magazine on September 1, 1952, and five million copies of the magazine were sold in two days.[6]
The Old Man and the Sea became a Book of the Month Club selection, and made Hemingway a celebrity.[7] Published in book form on September 1, 1952, the first edition print run was 50,000 copies.[8] The illustrated edition featured black and white pictures by Charles Tunnicliffe and Raymond Sheppard.[9]
In May 1953, the novel received the Pulitzer Prize[9] and was specifically cited when in 1954 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature which he dedicated to the Cuban people.[10][11] The success of The Old Man and the Sea made Hemingway an international celebrity.[7] The Old Man and the Sea is taught at schools around the world and continues to earn foreign royalties.[12]
Literary significance and criticism[edit]
The Old Man and the Sea served to reinvigorate Hemingway's literary reputation and prompted a reexamination of his entire body of work. The novel was initially received with much popularity; it restored many readers' confidence in Hemingway's capability as an author. Its publisher, Scribner's, on an early dust jacket, called the novel a "new classic," and many critics favorably compared it with such works as William Faulkner's short story The Bear and Herman Melville's novel Moby-Dick.
Ernest Hemingway and Henry ("Mike") Strater with the remaining 500 lbs of an estimated 1000 lb marlin that was half-eaten by sharks before it could be landed in the Bahamas in 1935. See Pilar for details of this episode.
Gregorio Fuentes, who many critics believe was an inspiration for Santiago, was a blue-eyed man born on Lanzarote in the Canary Islands. After going to sea at age ten on ships that called in African ports, he migrated permanently to Cuba when he was 22. After 82 years in Cuba, Fuentes attempted to reclaim his Spanish citizenship in 2001.[13] Critics have noted that Santiago was also at least 22 when he immigrated from Spain to Cuba, and thus old enough to be considered an immigrant—and a foreigner—in Cuba.[14]
Hemingway at first planned to use Santiago's story, which became The Old Man and the Sea, as part of an intimacy between mother and son. Relationships in the book relate to the Bible, which he referred to as "The Sea Book". Some aspects of it did appear in the posthumously published Islands in the Stream. Hemingway mentions the real life experience of an old fisherman almost identical to that of Santiago and his marlin in On the Blue Water: A Gulf Stream Letter (Esquire, April 1936).[15][16]
Joseph Waldmeir's essay "Confiteor Hominem: Ernest Hemingway's Religion of Man" is a favorable critical reading of the novel—and one which has defined analytical considerations since. Perhaps the most memorable claim is Waldmeir's answer to the question—What is the book's message?
The answer assumes a third level on which The Old Man and the Sea must be read—as a sort of allegorical commentary on all his previous work, by means of which it may be established that the religious overtones of The Old Man and the Sea are not peculiar to that book among Hemingway's works, and that Hemingway has finally taken the decisive step in elevating what might be called his philosophy of Manhood to the level of a religion.[17]
Waldmeir considered the function of the novel's Christian imagery, made most evident through Hemingway's obvious reference to the crucifixion of Christ following Santiago's sighting of the sharks that reads:
"Ay," he said aloud. There is no translation for this word and perhaps it is just a noise such as a man might make, involuntarily, feeling the nail go through his hands and into the wood.[18]
One of the most outspoken critics of The Old Man and the Sea is Robert P. Weeks. His 1962 piece "Fakery in The Old Man and the Sea" presents his claim that the novel is a weak and unexpected divergence from the typical, realistic Hemingway (referring to the rest of Hemingway's body of work as "earlier glories").[19] In juxtaposing this novel against Hemingway's previous works, Weeks contends:
The difference, however, in the effectiveness with which Hemingway employs this characteristic device in his best work and in The Old Man and the Sea is illuminating. The work of fiction in which Hemingway devoted the most attention to natural objects, The Old Man and the Sea, is pieced out with an extraordinary quantity of fakery, extraordinary because one would expect to find no inexactness, no romanticizing of natural objects in a writer who loathed W.H. Hudson, could not read Thoreau, deplored Melville's rhetoric in Moby Dick, and who was himself criticized by other writers, notably Faulkner, for his devotion to the facts and his unwillingness to 'invent.'[19]
Some critics suggest Hemingway wrote The Old Man and the Sea in reaction against the overtly negative criticism he received for Across the River and into the Trees.
Legacy[edit]
In 1954 Hemingway donated his Nobel prize gold medal in Literature to the venerated Marian image of Our Lady of Charity. The Swedish medal was stolen in 1986, but was returned later upon the threat of Raul Castro.[20]
The Old Man and the Sea has been adapted for the screen three times: a 1958 film starring Spencer Tracy, a 1990 miniseries starring Anthony Quinn, and a 1999 animated short film. It is often taught in high schools as a part of the American Literature curriculum.
In 2003 the book was listed at number 173 on the BBC's The Big Read poll of the UK's 200 "best-loved novels."[21] The book is featured in a 2007 episode of American animated comedy series South Park.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Editors (25 August 1952). "From Ernest Hemingway to the Editors of Life". Life. Time Inc. 33 (8): 124. ISSN 0024-3019. Hemingway's work is a 27,000-word novel called The Old Man and the Sea. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved January 31, 2005.
Jump up ^ "Books: An American Storyteller". TIME. December 13, 1954. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hemingway. The Old Man and the Sea. p. 5
Jump up ^ Perkins, Maxwell (2004). Bruccoli, Matthew J.; Baughman, Judith, eds. The sons of Maxwell Perkins: letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Thomas Wolfe, and their editor. University of South Carolina Press. p. xxvii. ISBN 1-57003-548-2.
Jump up ^ "A Hemingway timeline Any man's life, told truly, is a novel". The Kansas City Star. KansasCity.com. June 27, 1999. Archived from the original on October 12, 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-29.
^ Jump up to: a b Desnoyers, p. 13
Jump up ^ Oliver 1999, p. 247
^ Jump up to: a b Meyers 1985, p. 489
Jump up ^ "Heroes:Life with Papa". TIME. November 8, 1954. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved October 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ Meyers 1985, p. 485
Jump up ^ "El pescador que inspiró a Hemingway 'El viejo y el mar' recupera la nacionalidad española". Retrieved June 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Herlihy, Jeffrey. "Eyes the same color as the sea: Santiago's Expatriation from Spain and Ethnic Otherness and in Hemingway's the Old Man and the Sea". Hemingway Review. Retrieved 2015-04-17.
Jump up ^ Old Man and the Sea. Introduction: The Ripening of a Masterpiece. Simon and Schuster. Retrieved September 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Hemingway, Ernest (edited by William White) (1967). By-Line: Ernest Hemingway. Selected articles and dispatches of four decades. New York: Scribner's.
Jump up ^ Joseph Waldmeir (1957). "Confiteor Hominem: Ernest Hemingway's Religion of Man". Papers of the Michigan Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. XLII: 349–356.
Jump up ^ Hemingway. The Old Man and the Sea. p. 118
^ Jump up to: a b Robert P. Weeks, Robert P. (1962). "Fakery in The Old Man and the Sea". College English. XXIV (3): 188–192. doi:10.2307/373283. JSTOR 373283.
Jump up ^ "Huffington Post". The Huffington Post. March 27, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "BBC – The Big Read". BBC. April 2003, Retrieved August 23, 2017
Sources[edit]
Desnoyers, Megan Floyd. "Ernest Hemingway: A Storyteller's Legacy". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library Online Resources. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved December 9, 2011.
Meyers, Jeffrey (1985). Hemingway: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-42126-4.
Oliver, Charles M. (1999). Ernest Hemingway A to Z: The Essential Reference to the Life and Work. New York: Checkmark. ISBN 0-8160-3467-2.
Further reading[edit]
Baker, Carlos (1972). Hemingway: The Writer as Artist (4th ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01305-5.
Jobes, Katharine T., ed. (1968). Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Old Man and the Sea. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-633917-4.
Mellow, James R. (1992). Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences. New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-37777-3.
Young, Philip (1952). Ernest Hemingway. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston. ISBN 0-8166-0191-7.
External links[edit]
The Old Man and the Sea at Faded Page (Canada)
Rare, Unseen: Hemingway in Cuba—slideshow by Life magazine
"Michael Palin's Hemingway Adventure: Cuba". PBS. Retrieved January 21, 2006.
Awards and achievements
Preceded by
Winston Churchill
1953 Nobel Prize in Literature
1954 Succeeded by
Halldór Laxness
1955
[show]
v
t
e
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
1918–1925
His Family by Ernest Poole (1918)
The Magnificent Ambersons by Booth Tarkington (1919)
The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton (1921)
Alice Adams by Booth Tarkington (1922)
One of Ours by Willa Cather (1923)
The Able McLaughlins by Margaret Wilson (1924)
So Big by Edna Ferber (1925)
1926–1950
Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis (declined) (1926)
Early Autumn by Louis Bromfield (1927)
The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder (1928)
Scarlet Sister Mary by Julia Peterkin (1929)
Laughing Boy by Oliver La Farge (1930)
Years of Grace by Margaret Ayer Barnes (1931)
The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck (1932)
The Store by Thomas Sigismund Stribling (1933)
Lamb in His Bosom by Caroline Pafford Miller (1934)
Now in November by Josephine Winslow Johnson (1935)
Honey in the Horn by Harold L. Davis (1936)
Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell (1937)
The Late George Apley by John Phillips Marquand (1938)
The Yearling by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings (1939)
The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck (1940)
In This Our Life by Ellen Glasgow (1942)
Dragon's Teeth by Upton Sinclair (1943)
Journey in the Dark by Martin Flavin (1944)
A Bell for Adano by John Hersey (1945)
All the King's Men by Robert Penn Warren (1947)
Tales of the South Pacific by James A. Michener (1948)
Guard of Honor by James Gould Cozzens (1949)
The Way West by A. B. Guthrie Jr. (1950)
1951–1975
The Town by Conrad Richter (1951)
The Caine Mutiny by Herman Wouk (1952)
The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway (1953)
A Fable by William Faulkner (1955)
Andersonville by MacKinlay Kantor (1956)
A Death in the Family by James Agee (1958)
The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters by Robert Lewis Taylor (1959)
Advise and Consent by Allen Drury (1960)
To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee (1961)
The Edge of Sadness by Edwin O'Connor (1962)
The Reivers by William Faulkner (1963)
The Keepers of the House by Shirley Ann Grau (1965)
The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter by Katherine Anne Porter (1966)
The Fixer by Bernard Malamud (1967)
The Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron (1968)
House Made of Dawn by N. Scott Momaday (1969)
The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford by Jean Stafford (1970)
Angle of Repose by Wallace Stegner (1972)
The Optimist's Daughter by Eudora Welty (1973)
The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara (1975)
1976–2000
Humboldt's Gift by Saul Bellow (1976)
Elbow Room by James Alan McPherson (1978)
The Stories of John Cheever by John Cheever (1979)
The Executioner's Song by Norman Mailer (1980)
A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole (1981)
Rabbit Is Rich by John Updike (1982)
The Color Purple by Alice Walker (1983)
Ironweed by William Kennedy (1984)
Foreign Affairs by Alison Lurie (1985)
Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry (1986)
A Summons to Memphis by Peter Taylor (1987)
Beloved by Toni Morrison (1988)
Breathing Lessons by Anne Tyler (1989)
The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love by Oscar Hijuelos (1990)
Rabbit at Rest by John Updike (1991)
A Thousand Acres by Jane Smiley (1992)
A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain by Robert Olen Butler (1993)
The Shipping News by E. Annie Proulx (1994)
The Stone Diaries by Carol Shields (1995)
Independence Day by Richard Ford (1996)
Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer by Steven Millhauser (1997)
American Pastoral by Philip Roth (1998)
The Hours by Michael Cunningham (1999)
Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri (2000)
2001–present
The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay by Michael Chabon (2001)
Empire Falls by Richard Russo (2002)
Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides (2003)
The Known World by Edward P. Jones (2004)
Gilead by Marilynne Robinson (2005)
March by Geraldine Brooks (2006)
The Road by Cormac McCarthy (2007)
The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao by Junot Díaz (2008)
Olive Kitteridge by Elizabeth Strout (2009)
Tinkers by Paul Harding (2010)
A Visit from the Goon Squad by Jennifer Egan (2011)
No award given (2012)
The Orphan Master's Son by Adam Johnson (2013)
The Goldfinch by Donna Tartt (2014)
All the Light We Cannot See by Anthony Doerr (2015)
The Sympathizer by Viet Thanh Nguyen (2016)
The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Ernest Hemingway
Bibliography
Novels
The Torrents of Spring (1926)
The Sun Also Rises (1926)
A Farewell to Arms (1929)
To Have and Have Not (1937)
For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)
Across the River and into the Trees (1950)
The Old Man and the Sea (1952)
Non-fiction
Death in the Afternoon (1932)
Green Hills of Africa (1935)
Posthumous
A Moveable Feast (1964)
Islands in the Stream (1970)
The Dangerous Summer (1985)
The Garden of Eden (1986)
True at First Light (1999)
Under Kilimanjaro (2005)
Short stories
"Indian Camp" (1925)
"The Doctor and the Doctor's Wife" (1925)
"The End of Something" (1925)
"The Three-Day Blow" (1925)
"The Battler" (1925)
"A Very Short Story" (1925)
"Soldier's Home" (1925)
"The Revolutionist" (1925)
"Mr. and Mrs. Elliot" (1925)
"Cat in the Rain" (1925)
"Out of Season" (1925)
"Cross Country Snow" (1925)
"My Old Man" (1925)
"Big Two-Hearted River" (1925)
"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place" (1926)
"A Canary for One" (1926)
"Fifty Grand" (1927)
"Hills Like White Elephants" (1927)
"The Killers" (1927)
"The Undefeated" (1927)
"Che Ti Dice La Patria?" (1927)
"In Another Country" (1927)
"On the Quai at Smyrna" (1930)
"Fathers and Sons" (1932)
"A Day's Wait" (1933)
"The Gambler, the Nun, and the Radio" (1933)
"A Way You'll Never Be" (1933)
"The Snows of Kilimanjaro" (1936)
"The Capital of the World" (1936)
"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber" (1936)
Short story
collections
Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923)
In Our Time (1925)
Men Without Women (1927)
Winner Take Nothing (1933)
The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories (1938)
The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1961)
The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War (1969)
The Nick Adams Stories (1972)
The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway (1987)
Ernest Hemingway: The Collected Stories (1995)
Story fragments
"On Writing"
Poetry
88 Poems (1979)
Complete Poems
Letters and
journalism
Ernest Hemingway Selected Letters 1917–1961 (1981)
Dateline: Toronto (1985)
The Cambridge Edition of the Letters of Ernest Hemingway (2011)
Adaptations
The Sun Also Rises
1957 film
1984 film
Opera
The Select (The Sun Also Rises)
Ballet
"The Killers"
1946 film
1956 film
1964 film
Bukowski short story
A Farewell to Arms
1932 film
1957 film
1966 TV series
To Have and Have Not
1944 film
The Breaking Point (1950)
The Gun Runners (1958)
Captain Khorshid (1987)
For Whom the Bell Tolls
1943 film
1965 TV series
Metallica song
The Old Man and the Sea
1958 film
1990 miniseries
1999 film
Other film adaptations
The Macomber Affair (1947)
The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1952)
Hemingway's Adventures of a Young Man (1962)
Islands in the Stream (1977)
See also
Nick Adams
Michigan cottage
Idaho house
Key West home
Hotel Ambos Mundos, Havana home
Finca Vigía, Cuba home
Pilar (boat)
The Spanish Earth (1937 film)
Bacall to Arms (1946 cartoon)
Hello Hemingway (1990 film)
In Love and War (1996 film)
Hemingway & Gellhorn (2012 film)
Cooper & Hemingway: The True Gen (2013 documentary)
Papa: Hemingway in Cuba (2015 film)
Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award
Kennedy Library Hemingway collection
Family
Elizabeth Hadley Richardson (first wife)
Jack Hemingway (son)
Pauline Pfeiffer (second wife)
Patrick Hemingway (son)
Gregory Hemingway (son)
Martha Gellhorn (third wife)
Mary Welsh Hemingway (fourth wife)
Grace Hall Hemingway (mother)
Leicester Hemingway (brother)
[show]
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e
Billfish
Swordfish (1 species)
Xiphiidae
Marlin
Sailfish (2 species)
Atlantic sailfish
Indo-Pacific sailfish
Istiompax (1 species)
Black marlin
Makaira (2 species)
Atlantic blue marlin
Indo-Pacific blue marlin
Kajikia (2 species)
White marlin
Striped marlin
Tetrapturus (4 species)
Shortbill spearfish
Roundscale spearfish
Mediterranean spearfish
Longbill spearfish
Related topics
Apex predators
Predatory fish
Oceanic fish
Big-game fishing
Marlin fishing
Marlin (magazine)
Gray's paradox
Protosphyraena (fossil)
Scombridae
Straddling Fish Stocks Agreement
The Old Man and the Sea
Authority control
GND: 4099230-5
BNF: cb122159627 (data)
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text:
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
PUPPP
Left side view of abdomen
Classification and external resources
ICD-10
O99.7 (ILDS O99.740)
DiseasesDB
30030
eMedicine
derm/351
[edit on Wikidata]
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP), known in United Kingdom as polymorphic eruption of pregnancy (PEP),[1] is a chronic hives-like rash that strikes some women during pregnancy. Although extremely annoying for its sufferers (because of the itch), it presents no long-term risk for either the mother or unborn child. PUPPP frequently begins on the abdomen and spreads to the legs, feet, arms, chest, and neck.[2]
Papules and plaques usually start appearing on the abdomen (although not on the umbilicus/bellybutton) and often spreads to the legs, chest, underarms, etc. The face is usually also spared and does not seem to become affected.
Skin distension (stretching) is a common factor in PUPPP, which is more common in mothers with large fundal measurements and/or those who are carrying large babies, twins, and triplets. The papules and plaques often first appear within stretch marks.
Certain studies reveal that this condition is more frequent in women carrying boys, although no formal research has been conducted. Statistics cite that 70% of PUPPP sufferers deliver boys. Some researchers think it has to do with male DNA interacting with the mother's body causing irritation.
PUPPP's occurs in about 1 in every 200 pregnancies and is not always easy to diagnose.[citation needed]
Front view of abdomen
Side view of abdomen
Feet and ankle view
Contents
[hide]
1 Cause
2 Treatment
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Cause[edit]
The cause of the condition is generally unknown,.[1] There is a correlation between the PUPPP rash and dairy. When some women stop drinking dairy the rash has been known to go away.[citation needed] This skin condition occurs mostly in first pregnancies (primigravida), in the third trimester and is more likely with multiple pregnancies (more so with triplets than twins or singletons).[3][4]
Other than additional associations with hypertension and induction of labour, there are no observed difference in the outcome of the pregnancy for mothers or babies.[5]
Treatment[edit]
Soothing mild cases during pregnancy consists mainly of the application of topical moisturising creams or aqueous/emollient ointments. Class I or II corticosteroid creams and ointments are used in more aggressive cases, and oral (systemic) corticosteroids can be used to treat very severe cases—although the benefits of a pregnant woman's ingesting high-potency corticosteroids must be weighed carefully against possible (and mostly unknown) risks to the developing fetus or fetuses. Rarely, in unusually persistent and distressing cases, some women have had their labor induced as soon as they are considered to be at term (37 weeks).[6]
Antihistamine tablets may be prescribed to provide relief from the itch, although they are generally considered much less effective than corticosteroid treatments,[7] and may act as little more than a sleep aid.
Pine tar soap/body wash can bring relief as can keeping the skin chilled such as through a cold shower or iced cloths.
In the majority of cases, PUPPP resolves spontaneously within a week of delivery. However, a few women continue to experience symptoms long into the postpartum period.
See also[edit]
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
List of cutaneous conditions
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Matz H, Orion E, Wolf R (Mar–Apr 2006). "Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy: polymorphic eruption of pregnancy (PUPPP)". Clin Dermatol. 24 (2): 105–8. PMID 16487883. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2005.10.010.
Jump up ^ Tunzi M, Gray GR (January 2007). "Common skin conditions during pregnancy". Am Fam Physician. 75 (2): 211–8. PMID 17263216.
Jump up ^ Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques of Pregnancy derm/351 at eMedicine
Jump up ^ Brzoza Z, Kasperska-Zajac A, Oleś E, Rogala B (Jan–Feb 2007). "Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy". J Midwifery Women's Health. 52 (1): 44–8. PMID 17207750. doi:10.1016/j.jmwh.2006.09.007.
Jump up ^ Ohel I, Levy A, Silberstein T, Holcberg G, Sheiner E (May 2006). "Pregnancy outcome of patients with pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy". J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 19 (5): 305–8. PMID 16753771. doi:10.1080/14767050600590573.
Jump up ^ De G, De G (January 2002). "Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy: an unusual case" (PDF). J Am Osteopath Assoc. 102 (1): 44–6. PMID 11837341.
Jump up ^ Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques of Pregnancy~treatment at eMedicine
External links[edit]
Medical images of PUPPP/Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy
[hide]
v
t
e
Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (O, 630–679)
Pregnancy
Pregnancy with
abortive outcome
Ectopic pregnancy
Abdominal pregnancy
Cervical pregnancy
Interstitial pregnancy
Ovarian pregnancy
Molar pregnancy
Miscarriage
Stillbirth
Oedema, proteinuria and
hypertensive disorders
Gestational hypertension
Pre-eclampsia
HELLP syndrome
Eclampsia
Other, predominantly
related to pregnancy
Digestive system
Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
Gestational diabetes
Hepatitis E
Hyperemesis gravidarum
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
Integumentary system /
dermatoses of pregnancy
Gestational pemphigoid
Impetigo herpetiformis
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
Linea nigra
Prurigo gestationis
Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
Striae gravidarum
Nervous system
Chorea gravidarum
Blood
Gestational thrombocytopenia
Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability
Maternal care related to the
fetus and amniotic cavity
amniotic fluid
Oligohydramnios
Polyhydramnios
Braxton Hicks contractions
chorion / amnion
Amniotic band syndrome
Chorioamnionitis
Chorionic hematoma
Monoamniotic twins
Premature rupture of membranes
Obstetrical hemorrhage
Antepartum
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Circumvallate placenta
Monochorionic twins
Placenta praevia
Placental abruption
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
Labor
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Cephalopelvic disproportion
Dystocia
Shoulder dystocia
Fetal distress
Locked twins
Obstetrical hemorrhage
Postpartum
Pain management during childbirth
placenta
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Preterm birth
Postmature birth
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Uterine rupture
Vasa praevia
Puerperal
Breastfeeding difficulties
Lactation failure
Galactorrhea
Cracked nipples
Breast engorgement
Diastasis symphysis pubis
Peripartum cardiomyopathy
Postpartum depression
Postpartum thyroiditis
Puerperal fever
Puerperal mastitis
Other
Concomitant conditions
Diabetes mellitus
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Thyroid disorders
Maternal death
Sexual activity during pregnancy
http://www.whatispupps.com/PUPPSFACTS.html
http://www.pupppcleanse.com
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Categories:
Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium
Pregnancy-related cutaneous conditions
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text:
Kevin Peter Hall
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by PokeFan10025 (talk | contribs) at 07:04, 19 August 2017 (said he was 7'3 in his early life column). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.
Revision as of 07:04, 19 August 2017 by PokeFan10025 (talk | contribs) (said he was 7'3 in his early life column)
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Kevin Peter Hall
Born
(1955-05-09)May 9, 1955
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Died
April 10, 1991(1991-04-10) (aged 35)
Hollywood, California, U.S.
Cause of death
AIDS-related pneumonia
Education
Penn Hills High School
Alma mater
George Washington University
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1978–1991
Known for
The Predator
Height
7 ft 3 in (221 cm)
Spouse(s)
Alaina Reed Hall (m. 1988–91)
Kevin Peter Hall (May 9, 1955 – April 10, 1991) was an American actor best known for his roles as the title character in the first two films in the Predator franchise and the title character of Harry in the film and television series, Harry and the Hendersons. He also appeared in the television series Misfits of Science and 227 along with the film, Without Warning.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life and death
4 Honors
5 Filmography
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Hall was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His parents were of above-average stature; his father, Charles Hall, was 6 ft 6 in, and his mother, Sylvia Hall, was 6 ft 2 in. At 7 ft 3 in (218 cm) tall,[1] he was the tallest of seven brothers, all over 6 ft 5 in. During his high school years at Penn Hills High School, he excelled at basketball and earned a scholarship to George Washington University in Washington, D.C. In college, Hall continued to play basketball and majored in Theatrical Arts.[2] After graduation, Hall moved to Venezuela to play basketball. His nephew, Jamie Hall, is a stunt performer, best known as the polar bear performer in the 2015 horror/thriller film Unnatural.[3]
Career[edit]
Hall made his acting debut in the 1979 horror film Prophecy. Due to his height, he was often cast in monster roles. He appeared as the alien in the 1980 horror film Without Warning and as Gorvil in the 1982 television movie Mazes and Monsters. In 1985, he co-starred in the short-lived series Misfits of Science. He guest-starred on the sitcom Night Court as a huge but gentle mental patient who humorously towered over bailiff Bull Shannon, played by Richard Moll, who is 6 ft 8 in (203 cm), and a fellow mental patient, played by James Cromwell, who is 6 ft 7 in (201 cm). The next year, Hall portrayed yet another monster in the horror film Monster in the Closet, followed by the role of Harry in Harry and the Hendersons.
In 1986, Hall was cast as the main antagonist in Predator, starring Arnold Schwarzenegger. During its developmental stages, the Predator was going to be played by Jean-Claude Van Damme, who played the Predator for the first few scenes, but was not billed in the end credits. The producers decided to recast the role with Hall so that the Predator could more convincingly dominate the film's human characters with its greater size. Hall would go on to reprise the role in the 1990 sequel.
Following his role in Predator, Hall appeared in the film Big Top Pee-wee (1988) and had a guest spot on Star Trek: The Next Generation. From 1989 to 1990, he had a recurring role on the NBC sitcom 227. In 1990, Hall reprised his role as Harry in the television series Harry and the Hendersons, based on the 1987 film of the same name. He died during the series' first season.
Personal life and death[edit]
Hall met actress Alaina Reed while taping a guest role on the television show 227. The couple would marry both on the show and in real life.[4]
While working on the TV series Harry and the Hendersons, Hall announced that he had contracted HIV from a blood transfusion.[5] He died from AIDS-related pneumonia on April 10, 1991,[6] a month short of his 36th birthday.[6]
Honors[edit]
Hall was posthumously inducted into the Penn Hills Hall of Fame as part of the inaugural class on May 8, 2009.[7]
Filmography[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1979 Prophecy Mutant bear Uncredited
1980 Without Warning The Alien Credited as Kevin Hall
1982 Mazes and Monsters Gorvil Television movie
1983 One Dark Night Eddie
1984 The Wild Life Bouncer Credited as Kevin Hall
1984 E/R Donald Haines Episode: "Mr. Fix-It"
1985 Night Court Wendell Martin Episode: "Nuts About Harry"
1985 The Dukes of Hazzard Floyd Malone Episode: "Opening Night at the Boar's Nest"
1985 to 1986 Misfits of Science Dr. Elvin "El" Lincoln 16 episodes
1986 Monster in the Closet Monster
1987 Harry and the Hendersons Harry
1987 Predator The Predator/Helicopter pilot
1988 Big Top Pee-wee Big John
1989 Rodney Dangerfield: Opening Night at Rodney's Place Richard Small Television special
1989 Shannon's Deal Harry Television movie
1989 Star Trek: The Next Generation Leyor Episode: "The Price"
1989 to 1990 227 Warren Merriwether 11 episodes
1990 Predator 2 The Predator
1990 to 1991 Harry and the Hendersons (TV series) Harry 4 episodes
1991 Highway to Hell Charon
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Halliwell, Leslie; Walker, John (2003). Halliwell's Who's Who In the Movies (15 ed.). HarperCollins. p. 209. ISBN 0-06-053423-0.
Jump up ^ Donnelley, Paul (2005-11-01). Fade To Black: A Book Of Movie Obituaries (3 ed.). Omnibus Press. p. 436. ISBN 1-84449-430-6.
Jump up ^ "Unnatural: combined with the bear performer, Jamie Hall, who is actually the nephew of Kevin Peter Hall, who played the Predator—which was great!". Fangoria. 2015-02-16. Retrieved 2015-02-16.
Jump up ^ "Actor Kevin Peter Hall Dies In L.A. At Age 35". Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. 80 (2): 62. 2009-04-29. ISSN 0021-5996.
Jump up ^ Snauffer, Douglas; Thurm, Joel (2008). The Show Must Go on: How the Deaths of Lead Actors Have Affected Television. McFarland. p. 201. ISBN 0-7864-3295-0.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kevin Peter Hall, Actor, 35". The New York Times. 1991-04-19. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
Jump up ^ "Penn Hills Arts and Music Education". Phameonline.org. 2009.
External links[edit]
Biography portal
Kevin Peter Hall on IMDb
Kevin Peter Hall at Memory Alpha (a Star Trek wiki)
Kevin Peter Hall at Find a Grave
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 86364756
LCCN: no2009058160
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Peter_Hall&oldid=796205593"
Categories:
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