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List of deaths at the Berlin Wall
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One of many memorials to those who died at the Berlin Wall
There were numerous deaths at the Berlin Wall, which stood as a barrier between West Berlin and East Germany from 13 August 1961 until 9 November 1989. Before the rise of the Berlin Wall in 1961, 3.5 million East Germans circumvented Eastern Bloc emigration restrictions, many by crossing over the border from East Berlin into West Berlin, from where they could then travel to West Germany and other Western European countries. Between 1961 and 1989, the Wall prevented almost all such emigration.[1]
The state-funded Centre for Contemporary History (ZZF) in Potsdam has confirmed at least 140 deaths, including people attempting to escape, border guards, and innocent parties. However, researchers at the Checkpoint Charlie Museum and some others had estimated the death toll to be significantly higher.[2]
The escape attempts claimed the lives of a wide variety of people, from a child as young as one to an 80-year-old woman, and many died because of the accidental or illegal actions of the guards. In numerous legal cases throughout the 1990s, several border guards, along with political officials responsible for the defence policies, were found guilty of manslaughter and served probation or were jailed for their role in the Berlin Wall deaths. Out of an estimated number of 5,000 escapees, a total of 239 people died while trying to cross the Berlin Wall.
Contents
[hide]
1 Historical background
2 Identifying the death toll
3 Criteria
4 Controversy about the number of casualties
5 First and last deaths
6 Causes and periods of deaths
6.1 Deaths by year
7 Locations, demographics and motivations of the victims
7.1 Deaths by population demographic
8 East German responses to deaths
9 West German responses to deaths
10 Western Allies' responses to deaths
11 Legal cases
12 Deaths
13 Commemoration
13.1 Memorial sites
13.2 Commemoration services
14 Footnotes
15 See also
16 References
17 Sources
Historical background[edit]
Wreath laying at the 25th anniversary of the Berlin Wall in 1986.
Wreaths at the 25th anniversary of the Berlin Wall in 1986.
After World War II, Berlin had been divided into four sectors controlled by the Allies: the US, the Soviet Union, Great Britain and France. The sector borders inside the city could in general be used freely for passage out of the German Democratic Republic, even after the border between the Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR had been continually closed off, starting in 1952. The outer border of West Berlin, which was also the border between West-Berlin and the GDR, had also been closed down in 1952. During the night of 12 to 13 August 1961 the National People's Army, the German Border Police, the Volkspolizei and the Combat Groups of the Working Class locked down all passages between the Soviet sector and the three West sectors; construction of border protection facilities began.
During the first years border fortifications inside the city mostly consisted of brick walls with a top made of barbed wire. Clay bricks and concrete slabs were used for construction. Further obstacles of barbed wire and upstate walls delimitated the East and at some places, like Bernauer Straße, bricked-up buildings formed the boundary line. The buildings were situated on East-Berlin territory, whereas the pavement in front of the houses belonged to West-Berlin. In many places safety installations of West-Berlin's outer ring consisted of metal fences and barbed wire barriers. Technologically advanced upgrading took place later on and only in 1975 L-shaped concrete segments that were known from the fall of the Wall were added.
Identifying the death toll[edit]
Monument to the Berlin Wall with part of the concrete wall in the background
A section of the Berlin Wall in 1986
Identifying deaths specifically attributable to the Berlin Wall is not straightforward. Although East Germans were aware of deaths on the Wall from West German media broadcasts which they were able to receive, reliable information was closely held by the East German authorities. A number of different West German institutions kept their own records. These included the West Berlin police, the Central Registry of State Judicial Administration in Salzgitter (which tracked all border fatalities) and the Arbeitsgruppe 13 August (Working Group 13 August), a West Berlin association. Within the jurisdiction of the West-Berlin police, the State Security Department was responsible for the registration of known incidents. The records distinguish between individuals who died at the outer border of West-Berlin (80 incidents), unclear incidents (with 5 possible wall victims) and border guards who were shot. The Central Registry of State Judicial Administrations in Salzgitter, was also given a mandate to collect evidence of actual or attempted murder in the GDR. In 1991, it published the "Salzgitter-Report" with the names of 78 victims. However, since the Registration Agency had no access to the GDR archives, the data was regarded as incomplete.[3] Both agencies mainly listed incidents that could have been observed from West-Berlin or had been reported by fugitives or border patrols who left the GDR.
After the fall of the Wall, criminal investigations into border killings were launched by the Investigating Agency for Governmental and Party Crimes (ZERV) and the Berlin public prosecutor's office.[4] Each of these institutions used different criteria to count deaths. In 2000, the ZERV compared data from the central registration office in Salzgitter with findings in GDR archives and made a total of 122 cases of targeted killing by GDR state organs at the border to West-Berlin. This list was a pre-inquiry for the prosecution departments of Berlin and Neuruppin, which in turn gave attention to legal processing.[5] The Salzgitter registry recorded incidents in which "suspicion of a criminal act was justified", while the Arbeitsgruppe 13 August, which also manages the house at Checkpoint Charlie and is run by the artist Alexandra Hildebrandt, widow of the founder Rainer Hildebrandt, counted "all victims who died in connection with flight and/or the border regime", including deaths by accidents or drowning, or deaths of border soldiers and policemen in suicides or firearms accidents. This gave them the figure of 235 deaths compared to the significantly lower number of 78 according to the Salzgitter registry.[6]
The results, which are described as "temporary" by the working group, are regularly presented at press conferences on 13 August.[7] The list is consistently revised with new cases being included and old ones abandoned. The Checkpoint Charlie Museum gives the number at 245 deaths, though this includes suicides by border guards and bodies found in the water even when there was no obvious link to them being an escapee. They also state that the first person to die at the Wall was in fact an East German officer who committed suicide.[8]
In 2005, the Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer (Centre for Contemporary History and the Berlin Wall Memorial Site and Documentation Centre) established a research project to definitively "establish the number and identities of the individuals who died at the Berlin Wall between 1961 and 1989 and to document their lives and deaths through historical and biographical research". The project was funded by the Federal Agency for Civic Education, Deutschlandradio and the Federal Commissioner of Culture and Media.[9] The results were published on the website www.chronik-der-mauer.de and in a book titled "Todesopfer an der Berliner Mauer" (2009). The project outlines the victims’ biographies, the causes of death and the sources that were used. At the time, no reliable or official information was available about the number of fatalities at the Wall. The project found that 136 people had died,[10][11] using the criteria of "either an attempted escape or a temporal and spatial link between the death and the border regime". Not all had died immediately – one fatality occurred years later – and not all were caused by acts of violence. After reviewing 575 deaths, the project team found that at least 140 people died in shootings, were killed in accidents or committed suicide after failing to cross the Wall.[12]
Criteria[edit]
Every investigation committee had its own criteria of which cases could be counted as wall victims. The ZERV investigations focused on a working legal guilt, while the ZZF and the Arbeitsgemeinschaft 13. August developed their own criteria that went beyond purely legal guilt. The ZZF criteria required the victim to have a background for the attempted escape or to have both a temporal and a spatial connection to the border regime. Five groups were developed from the examined cases:
Fugitives shot and killed or fatally injured by East German security forces while trying to cross the Wall;
Fugitives who died while attempting to cross the Wall, or who committed suicide when their attempt failed, or who suffered fatal injuries in the course of their attempt;
People from East and West who were shot and killed or fatally injured by East German security forces;
People from East and West who died or were fatally injured as a result of the actions or inaction of the East German security forces;
Members of the East German border troops who were killed or suffered fatal injuries while on duty.[13]
The definition coined by the Arbeitsgruppe 13. August reaches further. It includes border guards that committed suicide and cold cases involving bodies found in boundary waters.
However, a thorough investigation of all natural cases of death has not been completed yet. One third of all files from the police of transport are gone, entire annual reports of the 1970s are missing. Analyzing the daily records of border guards and to examine activities in areas that had been under surveillance might have presented an alternative but could not be realized because of financial issues.[14] Another 16 cases of drowning could not definitively be connected to the Wall. Many other travellers from East and West Germany and Czechoslovakia died immediately before, during or after passing through checkpoints in Berlin, with a published figure of 251 deaths: most were the result of cardiac arrest.[12]
Controversy about the number of casualties[edit]
The exact number of casualties is unknown. There are different numbers that each derive from different investigations that used different definitions of what a victim in this case should be. Therefore, the numbers are hardly comparable. On top of that, some results are published infrequently or investigations were ceased with a provisional number. There is also a publicly held controversy between two groups regarding the number of victims. The opponents are the Arbeitsgemeinschaft 13. August and the ZZF. The former's numbers are higher, as they include, according to ZZF's Hans-Hermann Hertle, victims with an unclear or unsure connection to the border regime. After the ZZF published its interim results in August 2006, Alexandra Hildebrandt of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft has accused them of withholding numbers to invoke a more positive picture of East Germany. She argues that the ZZF project was funded by a coalition of social democrats and leftists.[15] In 2008 the Arbeitsgemeinschaft claimed that since 1961 222 people had died because of the Berlin Wall. Hertle doubted these numbers, as they evidently included some survivors. As of 2006, 36 survivors were listed as deceased because of the Wall, and some victims were mentioned more than once.[15] Because of these shortcomings, he assessed the list as an "extensive record of suspected cases" that "failed to set up a scientifically verifiable standard".[4] Berlin's Governing Mayor Klaus Wowereit commented on the dispute with the words "Every single dead was one too many."[16] In 2009, Hildebrandt reported of 245 dead caused by the Wall. According to her research, the first Wall victim was a suicidal GDR officer and not Ida Siekmann, as Hildebrandt also included border guards that committed suicide and cold cases of bodies found in boundary waters in her list. Another difference in Hertle's and Hildebrandt's list can be explained by the fact that Hertle had additional access to incomplete files from transport police. Therefore, their accounts vary in regard to the people that died of natural causes during border controls. Hurtle argues with a total of 251 of such cases, while Hildebrandt only compiled 38 of these cases.[8]
Information on the dead can be found mainly in the administrative and military archives of West and East Germany. However, the records of Stasi, which were administered by the Stasi federal commissioner, are not completely accessible. Some parts, especially from the later years, were destroyed when the ministry was disbanded, some are not yet sifted. Additionally, due to the Stasi records law, many records can only be looked at in the form of anonymized excerpts. An amendment from 2007 allows direct access to research projects, provided certain conditions are met. The East German Border Troop records are kept at the Bundeswehr archive, as the border troops were part of the East German National People Army. According to Hertle, when border troop, Stasi and the records from Western authorities are evaluated, one has to take into account the "values, interests and constraints of the record-keeping authorities and, by extension, of the respective power relations." The families of the victims can be another source, but were often fed with false information and therefore can only seldom answer questions regarding the events themselves.
First and last deaths[edit]
When Berlin was a divided city, the Berlin Wall ran along Bernauer Straße. The street itself belonged to the French sector of West Berlin and the East German authorities declared that the windows and doors that led out onto Bernauer Straße should be bricked up. In the early morning of 22 August 1961, Ida Siekmann was the first of 98 people to die while attempting to escape. She was living on the fourth floor of number 48 (third floor, 3te Stock, by German standards), threw bedding and some possessions down onto the street, and jumped out of the window of her apartment.[17][18][19] She fell on the sidewalk and was severely injured, dying shortly afterwards on her way to the Lazarus Hospital.[17][20] On 8 March 1989, Winfried Freudenberg became the last person to die in an attempt to escape from East Germany to West Berlin across the Berlin Wall by falling from his balloon.[21][22]
Causes and periods of deaths[edit]
Berlin Wall
East German border guards retrieving the body of Günter Litfin from the River Spree
The Berlin Wall, like the much longer inner German border between East and West Germany, was designed with two purposes in mind: to obstruct would-be border-crossers and to enable border guards to detect and stop illegal border crossings. In its final form, the 156 km (97 mi) wall consisted of inner and outer concrete walls separated by a "death strip"[12] some 15 m (49 ft) to 150 m (490 ft) wide. It was guarded by around 11,500 Grenztruppen, the Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic who were authorised to use any means necessary, including firearms, to prevent border breaches. The shooting orders, or Schießbefehl, issued to the border guards instructed that people attempting to cross the Wall were criminals, and that the use of deadly force was required to deal with them: "Do not hesitate to use your firearm, not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children, which is a tactic the traitors have often used".[23] Some guards have since claimed that the motto at the time was "a dead refugee is better than an escaped one".[24] At first, wounded or shot refugees were left out in the open until they were removed, so that people from West Berlin and the western press could see them as well. After the reactions to the public death of Peter Fechter, border guards were ordered to move any casualties out of West Berlin's field of view. Negative reporting was sought to be prevented. Because of this, border guards often pulled people down into the car-moat that was part of the whole border security system. In some cases, the removal of the body was done only after nightfall.
The principal cause of death was shooting. Of the 140 fatalities, 99 (70.7%) were shot dead, not only escapees but also individuals on either side who were not attempting to escape, and East German border guards killed on duty. 101 of the fatalities were attempted border-crossers, of which all but three were East Germans (the exceptions were Franciszek Piesik and Czesław Kukuczka, Polish citizens, and Vladimir Ivanovich Odinzov, a Soviet Soldier). 68 of them were killed in shootings. Another 30 people died as a result of shootings or fatal accidents sustained while in the vicinity of the Wall but not trying to cross it. Eight East German border soldiers were killed on duty by escapees, escape helpers, fellow soldiers, or the West Berlin police. Three people committed suicide after escape attempts failed.[12]
About half of those who lost their lives on the Wall were killed in the first five years after it was originally installed. Death rates fell from then on, and took a particularly dramatic downturn after 1976. Nearly 86% of the Wall's victims, 120 people, died between 1961 and 1975; between 1976 and 1989 only 19 died. Several factors account for this reduction. The Wall became even more impregnable owing to technical improvements carried out in the mid-1970s and more restrictions were put on the area adjoining the Wall, making it more difficult to reach in the first place. The signing of the Helsinki Accords in 1975 led to new opportunities to cross the border legally, resulting in a rise in emigration applications and a corresponding fall in escape attempts.[12]
Deaths by year[edit]
1960s
Year
Number of deaths
1960
0
1961
12
1962
22
1963
10
1964
10
1965
12
1966
12
1967
2
1968
7
1969
3
1970s
Year
Number of deaths
1970
9
1971
4
1972
4
1973
5
1974
4
1975
4
1976
0
1977
2
1978
0
1979
1
1980s
Year
Number of deaths
1980
2
1981
4
1982
1
1983
1
1984
1
1985
0
1986
4
1987
1
1988
0
1989
3
Locations, demographics and motivations of the victims[edit]
Map showing the location of the Berlin Wall and the legal crossing points in use from 1963
Around two-thirds of the victims were killed in inner Berlin, accounting for 93 of the 140. Berlin-Mitte and Treptow were the inner-city districts with the most fatalities; nearly half of the 64 escapees who died on the sector border lost their lives in those two districts. The remaining third died on the city's outskirts where the suburbs of West Berlin intersected with towns and villages in East Germany.[12] Several victims, including most of the children, drowned in the Spree or the Havel.
Most of those who died (comprising 78% of the fugitive victims) were young men aged between 16 and 30. Married men accounted for 20% of the deaths while only 8 (6%) were women. Nine children younger than 16 years old died, whereas 94 victims were aged between 21 and 30.[13] The overwhelming majority came from East Berlin and the surrounding area.[12]
Their motives for escaping evolved over time. Those who fled in the years shortly after the Wall was built had experienced the formerly open border first-hand and often had relatives in the West or had traveled there. By contrast, later escapees had grown up with the closed border, desired greater freedom and were dissatisfied with conditions in East Germany. Their attempts to escape were often triggered by specific events such as a wish to avoid conscription, repression by the authorities or the refusal of a request to emigrate. Many escapees had previously clashed with the state authorities and had been imprisoned for political offenses, often related to earlier unsuccessful escape attempts.[12]
Deaths by population demographic[edit]
Age
Range
Number of deaths
80+
1
70–79
0
60–69
3
50–59
2
40–49
7
30–39
18
20–29
76
10–19
26
0–9
6
Unknown
1
Sex
Number of deaths
Male
132
Female
8
East German responses to deaths[edit]
East German memorial to border guards killed at the Berlin Wall, August 1986. It was demolished following the fall of the Wall.
The use of lethal force on the Berlin Wall was an integral part of the East German state's policy towards its border system. Nonetheless, the East German government was well aware that border killings had undesirable consequences. The West German, US, British and French authorities protested killings when they occurred and the international reputation of East Germany was damaged as a result. It also undermined the East German government's support at home.[25]
The Stasi, East Germany's secret police, adopted a policy of concealing killings as much as possible. In the case of the November 1986 shooting of Michael Bittner at the Wall, a Stasi report commented: "The political sensitivity of the state border to Berlin (West) made it necessary to conceal the incident. Rumours about the incident had to be prevented from circulating, with information passing to West Berlin or the FRG [West Germany]." The Stasi took charge of "corpse cases" and those injured while trying to cross the border, who were transported to hospitals run by the Stasi or the police where they would recuperate before being transferred to Stasi prisons. The Stasi also took sole responsibility for the disposal of the dead and their possessions. Bodies were not returned to relatives but were cremated, usually at the crematorium at Baumschulenweg. Occasionally the cost of the cremations was covered by the victims themselves using money taken from their pockets.[25]
Stasi officers posing as policemen would inform the relatives, though not before trying to obtain "valuable pieces of information on the border violation". Deaths would be stated as being due to "a border provocation of his own causing", "a fatal accident of his own causing" or "drowning in a border waterway". Every border death was investigated in detail to identify how the attempt had been made, whether there were any vulnerabilities in the border system that needed to be remedied and whether anyone else had been involved. If necessary, the family, relatives, friends, colleagues and neighbours were put under surveillance. The reports produced following such cases were sent to the relevant member of the East German Politburo for consideration.[25]
The one exception to the general rule of concealment and obfuscation was that of border guards who died on duty. Most were killed either deliberately or accidentally by escapees or escape helpers. The dead guards were hailed by East German government propaganda as heroes, but West German public opinion was divided about the morality of killing border guards. Some took the view that escapees were entitled to use force in the course of crossing the border, but (as in one case tried in a West Berlin court) others saw the guard's life as taking priority over an escapee's freedom.[12]
In those cases they did not manage to conceal, however, the GDR's media was subject to stringent controls by the Stasi as well as the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, using Neues Deutschland, the GDR's second largest daily newspaper, as their zentralorgan. Through its own television station, the GDR government controlled the content shown in television broadcasting as well. The GDR border troops‘ actions were being portrayed as legitimate border defense and the people who were killed while trying to escape were defamed both in official statements as well as in reports of the state-controlled media. In 1962, East German journalist Karl-Eduard von Schnitzler commented on the death of Peter Fechter in the television program Der schwarze Kanal: "The life of every single one of our brave boys in uniform is worth more than the life of a lawbreaker to us. Staying away from the border, you can save yourself blood, tears and screams."[26] SED newspaper Neues Deutschland claimed Fechter was driven into suicide by "front city bandits" as well as accusing him of being homosexual.[27] [28] In similar fashion, Günter Litfin was falsely depicted as being a homosexual, a prostitute as well as a criminal. In 1966, the Berliner Zeitung depicted Eduard Wroblewski as antisocial and being wanted as a Foreign Legionnaire for serious crimes in the district of Halle.[29] These cases were exemplary of representatives of the press constructing false allegations in order to defame killed escapees.
West German responses to deaths[edit]
In cases of death, the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin and Mayor issued statements of indignation concerning the deceased, the Wall and the situation in the GDR. In some cases, the Senate of Western Berlin asked the respective American, British or French authorities to lodge a protest at the Soviet site. Up until the late sixties, terms like Wall of Shame (German: "Schandmauer" or "Mauer der Schande") were used by politicians from Western Berlin to denominate the wall.[30] Speaking to the press, representatives also used misrepresented incidents as examples and depicted GDR state organs as responsible. After Rudolf Müller had shot the border guard Reinhold Huhn and flown west through a self-made tunnel, Egon Bahr, speaker of the Senate at that time, announced he had only thrown him an "uppercut".[31] The western press also adopted this misstatement and used the heading "trigger-happy Vopos (colloquial German term for "Volkspolizei", the East German People´s Police) killed own post."[31] In other cases, the press published stories using drastic language to accuse the Wall as well as the people in charge. After Günter Litfins death, the "B.Z."-tabloid wrote: "Ulbricht´s manhunters became murderers!" The Frankfurter Allgemeine commented on the "brutal cold-bloodedness" of the guards.[32]
The cases that were known in West Berlin provoked demonstrations among the population. Members of the Senate inspected the crime scenes and spoke to the press as well as public audiences. Various groups, and also individuals, launched protest campaigns against the Wall and the shootings. The fact that Peter Fechter bled to death in plain view of the public without anybody being able to help him lead to spontaneous mass demonstrations, which in turn resulted in riots in the following night. West Berlin policemen and US soldiers prevented a storming of the Wall.[33] Buses bringing Soviet soldiers to the Tiergarten where they were to guard the Soviet War Memorial were pelted with stones by protesters.[34] The incident also lead to anti-American protests, which were condemned by Willy Brandt.[35] In the ensuing time, loudspeaker cars were sporadically set up at the Wall, urging the GDR border guards not to shoot at refugees and warning them of possible consequences.[33] As a result of the shootings, West German groups lodged complaints with the UN Commission on Human Rights. The non-partisan Kuratorium Unteilbares Deutschland (Committee for an Indivisible Germany) sold protest placards and lapel pins in all of West Germany against the border regime and its consequences. Initially, West Berlin's regulatory authorities gave fugitives covering fire if they were being fired at by GDR border guards. This resulted in at least one lethal incident on 23 May 1962, when the border guard Peter Göring was shot dead by a West Berlin policeman while firing 44 times at a fleeing boy.[36]
In 1991 Berlin's public prosecution department rendered this incident assistance in emergency and self-defence in consequence of the police officer stating that he felt his life being threatened.[29] In many cases West Berliner rescuers were not able to reach wounded persons because they were either on GDR territory or in East Berlin. They had no authorization to set foot into this territory, so that a trespassing would have been life-endangering for the rescue workers. The four children Çetin Mert, Cengaver Katrancı, Siegfried Kroboth and Giuseppe Savoca, who fell into the Spree at the Gröben riverside between the years 1972 and 1975, could not be rescued even though West Berlin rescue forces arrived quickly on site.[37] In April 1983 the transit passenger Rudolf Burkert died of a heart attack during an interrogation at the border checkpoint Derwitz. During a subsequent autopsy in West Germany several external injuries were detected, so that an external forceful impact could not be ruled out as the cause of death. This lethal incident resulted not only in negative press reports but also led to an intervention by Helmut Kohl and Franz Josef Strauss. For the imminent public-sector loans they imposed on the GDR the condition to conduct humane border controls. Two further deaths of West Germans in transit traffic, shortly after Burkert's death, set off demonstrations against the GDR regime and a broad media discussion.[38] In the period that followed inspections decreased in transit traffic.
Western Allies' responses to deaths[edit]
After cases of death became public, the Western Allies lodged a protest at the Soviet government.[39] In many known cases, the Western Allies did not react to requests for help. In the case of Peter Fechter, local US soldiers stated that they were not allowed to cross border and enter East Berlin, although this was permitted to Allied military personnel when uniforms are worn. Major General Albert Watson, Town Major at that time, thus contacted his superiors in the White House, without receiving clear orders. Watson said: "This is a case for which I don’t have any imperatives."[40] President Kennedy was concerned over this issue and dispatched Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy to the Town Major to call for preventative measures against such incidents. Bundy, who already resided in Berlin for a pre-scheduled visit in 1962, informed Willy Brandt about the President´s intention to back him up on this issue.[35] He however clarified to Brandt and Adenauer, that US support ends at the wall, as there will be no efforts to dislodge it.[41] Ten days after Fechter´s death, Konrad Adenauer contacted the French President Charles de Gaulle, to send a letter to Nikita Khrushchev through him. De Gaulle offered his cooperation.[39] Under the involvement of Willy Brandt, the four City Commanders reached an agreement concerning military ambulances from the western allies, which were now allowed to pick up injured persons from the border zone, to bring them to hospitals in East Berlin.[35]
Legal cases[edit]
Many of those involved in the killings at the Berlin Wall were investigated in a number of legal proceedings. Trials investigated border guards and senior political officials for their responsibility for the killings, some of which were believed to be unlawful.
Members of the National Defence Council, the political group responsible for the policies regarding the Berlin Wall, and the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) were brought to court in the 1990s. In 1997 Egon Krenz, who had in 1989 become the last Communist leader of East Germany, was sentenced to six-and-a-half years in prison for the manslaughter of four Germans who were shot while attempting to cross the Berlin Wall. Other men to be given jail sentences include the Defence Minister at the time, Heinz Kessler, his deputy Fritz Streletz, Günter Schabowski and Günther Kleiber.[42]
In 2009 an interview with Kessler showed that, although he was sad about the deaths, he believed the Wall should never have been removed:
I deplore the fact that East Germans were shot while trying to flee westward, but the Berlin Wall served a useful purpose. It contributed to a polarisation between the two blocs, but it also gave a certain stability to their relationship. While the Wall was standing, there was peace. Today there's hardly a place that isn't in flames. Were you ever in East Germany? It was a wonderful country![43]
Two other key members of the National Defence Council, chairman Erich Honecker and Stasi leader Erich Mielke, were also investigated. However, during the trial both men were seriously ill and the court controversially decided to drop the cases.[42] Honecker died in 1994 and Mielke, who had served some time in jail for the 1931 murder of two police captains, died in 2000.
Many guards were themselves investigated for their actions, with the final case closing on 12 February 2004. In some of the cases there was insufficient evidence to identify which guard had fired the fatal shot and thus no prosecution could be made. Others were sentenced to probation for their role in the shootings.[24] Only the guard who shot Walter Kittel was charged for manslaughter and sentenced to 10 years in prison. Numerous guards were the same ones who had been awarded a Medal for Exemplary Border Service or other award for the killing.[44][45][46][47]
Deaths[edit]
Memorial to Ida Siekmann
Memorial to Günter Litfin
Memorial to Olga Segler
Memorial to Bernd Lünser
Memorial to Dieter Wohlfahrt
Newspaper story about Peter Göring
Peter Fechter
Egon Schultz
Memorial to Heinz Sokolowski
Memorial to Willi Marzahn
Memorial to Karl-Heinz Kube
Rolf Henniger
Memorial to Buckhard Niering
Dietmar Schwietzer
Memorial to Chris Gueffroy
The Centre for Contemporary History and the Berlin Wall Memorial Site and Documentation Centre identified 136 people who died at the Berlin Wall. They detailed the event surrounding each death, stating where possible the role of the person. This is listed here as:
Escapee – a person who had clear signs of attempting to escape
No intention – a person who showed no obvious intent to cross the border
Guard – a border guard on duty
Suicide – a person who approached the guards with the intention of being killed
Note: Some deaths occurred days or even years after the event at the Berlin Wall, with all the victims later dying in hospital.
No.
Name
Date of birth
Date of death
Age
Role
Event details
7000100000000000000♠1 Siekmann, IdaIda Siekmann
[17][18][19][20] 000000001902-08-23-000023 August 1902 000000001961-08-22-000022 August 1961 58 Escapee Died from internal injuries after she jumped out the window of her apartment at Bernauer Straße 48.
7000200000000000000♠2 Litfin, GünterGünter Litfin
[48] 000000001937-01-19-000019 January 1937 000000001961-08-24-000024 August 1961 24 Escapee Shot in Humboldt Harbour
7000300000000000000♠3 Hoff, RolandRoland Hoff
[49] 000000001934-03-19-000019 March 1934 000000001961-08-29-000029 August 1961 27 Escapee Shot in the Teltow Canal
7000400000000000000♠4 Urban, RudolfRudolf Urban
[50] 000000001914-06-06-00006 June 1914 000000001961-09-17-000017 September 1961 47 Escapee Fell while climbing out the window of his apartment at Bernauer Straße 1, and died of pneumonia in the Lazarus hospitala
7000500000000000000♠5 Segler, OlgaOlga Segler
[51] 000000001881-07-31-000031 July 1881 000000001961-09-26-000026 September 1961 80 Escapee Jumped from her home at Bernauer Straße 34 and died a day later from internal injuries
7000600000000000000♠6 Lünser, BerndBernd Lünser
[52] 000000001939-03-11-000011 March 1939 000000001961-10-04-00004 October 1961 22 Escapee Fell from the roof at Bernauer Straße 44 while fighting with GDR border patrol
7000700000000000000♠7 Düllick, UdoUdo Düllick
[53] 000000001936-03-08-00008 March 1936 000000001961-10-05-00005 October 1961 25 Escapee Drowned in the Spree
7000800000000000000♠8 Probst, WernerWerner Probst
[54] 000000001936-06-18-000018 June 1936 000000001961-10-14-000014 October 1961 25 Escapee Shot in the Spree
7000900000000000000♠9 Lehmann, LotharLothar Lehmann
[55] 000000001942-01-28-000028 January 1942 000000001961-11-26-000026 November 1961 19 Escapee Drowned in the Havel
7001100000000000000♠10 Wohlfahrt, DieterDieter Wohlfahrt
[56] 000000001941-05-27-000027 May 1941 000000001961-12-09-00009 December 1961 20 Escapee Shot while helping others escape
7001110000000000000♠11 Krüger, IngoIngo Krüger
[57] 000000001940-01-31-000031 January 1940 000000001961-12-10-000010 December 1961 21 Escapee Drowned in the Spree – defective diving equipment
7001120000000000000♠12 Feldhahn, GeorgGeorg Feldhahn
[58] 000000001941-08-12-000012 August 1941 000000001961-12-19-000019 December 1961 20 No intention Drowned in the Spree after desertion; body found on 11 March 1962
7001130000000000000♠13 Schmiel, DoritDorit Schmiel
[59] 000000001941-04-25-000025 April 1941 000000001962-02-19-000019 February 1962 20 Escapee Shot at Wilhelmsruher Damm at the sector border between Berlin-Pankow and Berlin-Reinickendorf
7001140000000000000♠14 Jercha, HeinzHeinz Jercha
[60] 000000001937-07-01-00001 July 1937 000000001962-03-27-000027 March 1962 24 Helper of escapees Shot at Heidelberger Strasse 75 at the sector border between Berlin-Treptow and Berlin-Neukölln
7001150000000000000♠15 Held, PhilippPhilipp Held
[61] 000000001942-05-02-00002 May 1942 000000001962-04-01-0000April 1962 19 Escapee Drowned in the Spree on or after 8 April; body found on 22 April
7001160000000000000♠16 Brueske, KlausKlaus Brueske
[62] 000000001938-09-14-000014 September 1938 000000001962-04-18-000018 April 1962 23 Escapee Suffocatedb
7001170000000000000♠17 Böhme, PeterPeter Böhme
[63] 000000001942-08-17-000017 August 1942 000000001962-04-18-000018 April 1962 19 Escapee Shot in a fire-fight
7001180000000000000♠18 Schmidtchen, JörgenJörgen Schmidtchen
[64] 000000001941-06-28-000028 June 1941 000000001962-04-18-000018 April 1962 20 Guard Shot by escapee Peter Bohme at Gleisdreieck Griebnitzsee on the outer ring between Potsdam-Babelsberg and Berlin-Zehlendorf
7001190000000000000♠19 Frank, HorstHorst Frank
[65] 000000001942-05-07-00007 May 1942 000000001962-04-29-000029 April 1962 19 Escapee Shot at the "Schönholz" garden settlement at the sector border between Berlin-Pankow and Berlin-Reinickendorf
7001200000000000000♠20 Göring, PeterPeter Göring
[12][66] 000000001940-12-28-000028 December 1940 000000001962-05-23-000023 May 1962 21 Guard Shot; stray bullet from West Berlin police
7001210000000000000♠21 Haberlandt, LutzLutz Haberlandt
[67] 000000001938-04-29-000029 April 1938 000000001962-05-27-000027 May 1962 24 Escapee Shot
7001220000000000000♠22 Hannemann, AxelAxel Hannemann
[68] 000000001945-04-27-000027 April 1945 000000001962-06-05-00005 June 1962 17 Escapee Shot in the Spree
7001230000000000000♠23 Kelm, ErnaErna Kelm
[69] 000000001908-07-21-000021 July 1908 000000001962-06-11-000011 June 1962 53 Escapee Drowned in the Havel
7001240000000000000♠24 Glöde, WolfgangWolfgang Glöde
[70] 000000001949-02-01-00001 February 1949 000000001962-06-11-000011 June 1962 13 No intention Shot accidentally by a guard showing him his AK-47
7001250000000000000♠25 Huhn, ReinholdReinhold Huhn
[71] 000000001942-03-08-00008 March 1942 000000001962-06-18-000018 June 1962 20 Guard Shot by escapees
7001260000000000000♠26 Noffke, SiegfriedSiegfried Noffke
[72] 000000001939-12-09-00009 December 1939 000000001962-06-28-000028 June 1962 22 Escapee Shot
7001270000000000000♠27 Fechter, PeterPeter Fechter
[73] 000000001944-01-14-000014 January 1944 000000001962-08-17-000017 August 1962 18 Escapee Shot
7001280000000000000♠28 Wesa, Hans-DieterHans-Dieter Wesa
[74] 000000001943-01-10-000010 January 1943 000000001962-08-23-000023 August 1962 19 Escapee Shot
7001290000000000000♠29 Mundt, ErnstErnst Mundt
[75] 000000001921-12-02-00002 December 1921 000000001962-09-04-00004 September 1962 40 Escapee Shot
7001300000000000000♠30 Seling, GünterGünter Seling
[76] 000000001940-04-28-000028 April 1940 000000001962-09-30-000030 September 1962 22 Guard Shot by accident
7001310000000000000♠31 Walzer, AntonAnton Walzer
[77] 000000001902-04-27-000027 April 1902 000000001962-10-08-00008 October 1962 60 Escapee Shot in the Spree
7001320000000000000♠32 Plischke, HorstHorst Plischke
[78] 000000001932-07-12-000012 July 1932 000000001962-11-19-000019 November 1962 30 Escapee Drowned in the Spree; body found on 10 March 1963
7001330000000000000♠33 Reck, OtfriedOtfried Reck
[79] 000000001944-12-14-000014 December 1944 000000001962-11-27-000027 November 1962 17 Escapee Shot
7001340000000000000♠34 Wiedenhöft, GünterGünter Wiedenhöft
[80] 000000001942-02-14-000014 February 1942 000000001962-12-05-00005 December 1962 20 Escapee Drowned
7001350000000000000♠35 Räwel, HansHans Räwel
[81] 000000001942-12-11-000011 December 1942 000000001963-01-01-00001 January 1963 20 Escapee Shot in the Spree
7001360000000000000♠36 Kutscher, HorstHorst Kutscher
[82] 000000001931-07-05-00005 July 1931 000000001963-01-15-000015 January 1963 31 Escapee Shot
7001370000000000000♠37 Kreitlow, PeterPeter Kreitlow
[83] 000000001943-01-15-000015 January 1943 000000001963-01-24-000024 January 1963 20 Escapee Shot by Soviet troops
7001380000000000000♠38 Muszynski, Wolf-OlafWolf-Olaf Muszynski
[84] 000000001947-02-01-00001 February 1947 000000001963-02-01-0000February 1963/ 000000001963-03-01-0000March 1963 16 Escapee Drowned in the Spree
7001390000000000000♠39 Mädler, PeterPeter Mädler
[47] 000000001943-07-10-000010 July 1943 000000001963-04-26-000026 April 1963 19 Escapee Shot in the Teltow Canal
7001400000000000000♠40 Widera, SiegfriedSiegfried Widera
[85] 000000001941-02-12-000012 February 1941 000000001963-09-08-00008 September 1963 22 Guard Bludgeoned with a metal rod on 23 August 1963
7001410000000000000♠41 Schröter, KlausKlaus Schröter
[86] 000000001940-02-21-000021 February 1940 000000001963-11-04-00004 November 1963 23 Escapee Drowned in the Spree after being shot
7001420000000000000♠42 Schulz, DietmarDietmar Schulz
[87] 000000001939-10-21-000021 October 1939 000000001963-11-25-000025 November 1963 24 Escapee Hit by a train
7001430000000000000♠43 Berger, DieterDieter Berger
[88] 000000001939-10-27-000027 October 1939 000000001963-12-13-000013 December 1963 24 No intention Shot while drunkenly climbing the fence
7001440000000000000♠44 Schultz, PaulPaul Schultz
[89] 000000001945-10-02-00002 October 1945 000000001963-12-25-000025 December 1963 18 Escapee Shot
7001450000000000000♠45 Hayn, WalterWalter Hayn
[90] 000000001939-01-31-000031 January 1939 000000001964-02-27-000027 February 1964 25 Escapee Shot
7001460000000000000♠46 Philipp, AdolfAdolf Philipp
[91] 000000001943-08-13-000013 August 1943 000000001964-05-05-00005 May 1964 20 No intention Shot after threatening the border guards with a gun
7001470000000000000♠47 Heike, WalterWalter Heike
[92] 000000001934-09-20-000020 September 1934 000000001964-06-22-000022 June 1964 29 Escapee Shot
7001480000000000000♠48 Wolscht, NorbertNorbert Wolscht
[93] 000000001943-10-27-000027 October 1943 000000001964-07-28-000028 July 1964 20 Escapee Drowned in the Havel
7001490000000000000♠49 Gneiser, RainerRainer Gneiser
[94] 000000001944-11-10-000010 November 1944 000000001964-07-28-000028 July 1964 19 Escapee Drowned in the Havel
7001500000000000000♠50 Trabant, HildegardHildegard Trabant
[95] 000000001927-06-12-000012 June 1927 000000001964-08-18-000018 August 1964 37 Escapee Shot while running away from the wall after a failed escape attempt
7001510000000000000♠51 Mispelhorn, WernhardWernhard Mispelhorn
[96] 000000001945-11-10-000010 November 1945 000000001964-08-20-000020 August 1964 18 Escapee Shot on 18 August 1964
7001520000000000000♠52 Schultz, EgonEgon Schultz
[97] 000000001943-01-04-00004 January 1943 000000001964-10-05-00005 October 1964 21 Guard Shot accidentally in a fire-fight
7001530000000000000♠53 Wolf, Hans-JoachimHans-Joachim Wolf
[98] 000000001944-08-08-00008 August 1944 000000001964-11-26-000026 November 1964 20 Escapee Shot
7001540000000000000♠54 Mehr, JoachimJoachim Mehr
[99] 000000001945-04-03-00003 April 1945 000000001964-12-03-00003 December 1964 19 Escapee Shot
7001550000000000000♠55 Unidentified man
[100] Unknown 000000001965-01-19-000019 January 1965 Unknown Escapee Drowned in the Spree
7001560000000000000♠56 Buttkus, ChristianChristian Buttkus
[101] 000000001944-02-21-000021 February 1944 000000001965-03-04-00004 March 1965 21 Escapee Shot
7001570000000000000♠57 Krzemien, UlrichUlrich Krzemien
[102] 000000001940-09-13-000013 September 1940 000000001965-03-25-000025 March 1965 24 West-East-Crossing Escaped 1962, drowned in the Spree while crossing to East Berlin
7001580000000000000♠58 Hauptmann, Hans-PeterHans-Peter Hauptmann
[103] 000000001939-03-20-000020 March 1939 000000001965-05-03-00003 May 1965 26 No intention Shot on 25 April 1965 during an argument with border guards
7001590000000000000♠59 Döbler, HermannHermann Döbler
[104] 000000001922-10-28-000028 October 1922 000000001965-06-15-000015 June 1965 42 No intention Shot after unintentionally piloting his boat too close to the border along the Teltow Canal
7001600000000000000♠60 Kratzel, KlausKlaus Kratzel
[105] 000000001940-03-03-00003 March 1940 000000001965-08-08-00008 August 1965 25 Escapee Hit by a train
7001610000000000000♠61 Garten, KlausKlaus Garten
[106] 000000001941-07-19-000019 July 1941 000000001965-08-18-000018 August 1965 24 Escapee Shot
7001620000000000000♠62 Kittel, WalterWalter Kittel
[107] 000000001942-05-21-000021 May 1942 000000001965-10-18-000018 October 1965 23 Escapee Shot after surrenderingc
7001630000000000000♠63 Cyrus, HeinzHeinz Cyrus
[108] 000000001936-06-05-00005 June 1936 000000001965-11-11-000011 November 1965 29 Escapee Fell from the fourth floor of a building he fled to
7001640000000000000♠64 Sokolowski, HeinzHeinz Sokolowski
[109] 000000001917-12-17-000017 December 1917 000000001965-11-25-000025 November 1965 47 Escapee Shot
7001650000000000000♠65 Kühn, ErichErich Kühn
[110] 000000001903-02-27-000027 February 1903 000000001965-12-03-00003 December 1965 62 Escapee Peritonitis after being shot
7001660000000000000♠66 Schöneberger, HeinzHeinz Schöneberger
[111] 000000001938-06-07-00007 June 1938 000000001965-12-26-000026 December 1965 27 Escapee Shot
7001670000000000000♠67 Brandes, DieterDieter Brandes
[112] 000000001946-10-23-000023 October 1946 000000001966-01-11-000011 January 1966 19 Escapee Circulatory failure after being shot on 9 June 1965
7001680000000000000♠68 Block, WilliWilli Block
[113] 000000001934-06-05-00005 June 1934 000000001966-02-07-00007 February 1966 31 Escapee Shot
7001690000000000000♠69 Schleusener, LotharLothar Schleusener
[114] 000000001953-01-14-000014 January 1953 000000001966-03-14-000014 March 1966 13 Escapee Shot
7001700000000000000♠70 Hartmann, JörgJörg Hartmann
[115] 000000001955-10-27-000027 October 1955 000000001966-03-14-000014 March 1966 10 Escapee Shot
7001710000000000000♠71 Marzahn, WilliWilli Marzahn
[116] 000000001944-06-03-00003 June 1944 000000001966-03-19-000019 March 1966 21 Escapee Shot in a fire-fight
7001720000000000000♠72 Schulz, EberhardEberhard Schulz
[117] 000000001946-03-11-000011 March 1946 000000001966-03-30-000030 March 1966 20 Escapee Shot
7001730000000000000♠73 Kollender, MichaelMichael Kollenderd
[45] 000000001945-02-19-000019 February 1945 000000001966-04-25-000025 April 1966 21 Escapee Shot
7001740000000000000♠74 Stretz, PaulPaul Stretz
[118] 000000001935-02-28-000028 February 1935 000000001966-04-29-000029 April 1966 31 No intention Shot while bathing in the Berlin-Spandau Ship Canal; had been drinking earlier in the evening
7001750000000000000♠75 Wroblewski, EduardEduard Wroblewski
[119] 000000001933-03-03-00003 March 1933 000000001966-07-26-000026 July 1966 33 Escapee Shot while trying to escape (under alcohol) at the outer ring in Mahlow on the border to Lichtenrade near the former S-Bahn dam; He had managed to escape for the first time in 1952, but after nine months returned to the GDR
7001760000000000000♠76 Schmidt, HeinzHeinz Schmidt
[46] 000000001919-10-26-000026 October 1919 000000001966-08-29-000029 August 1966 46 No intention Shot while bathing in the Berlin-Spandau Ship Canal
7001770000000000000♠77 Senk, AndreasAndreas Senk
[120] 000000001960-01-01-00001960 000000001966-09-13-000013 September 1966 6 No intention Drowned in the Spreee
7001780000000000000♠78 Kube, Karl-HeinzKarl-Heinz Kube
[121] 000000001949-04-10-000010 April 1949 000000001966-12-16-000016 December 1966 17 Escapee Shot while trying to escape in Kleinmachnow near the Teltower harbor; the co-refugee was arrested
7001790000000000000♠79 Sahmland, MaxMax Sahmland
[122] 000000001929-03-28-000028 March 1929 000000001967-01-27-000027 January 1967 37 Escapee Shot; body discovered on 8 March 1967
7001800000000000000♠80 Piesik, FranciszekFranciszek Piesik
[123] 000000001942-11-23-000023 November 1942 000000001967-10-17-000017 October 1967 24 Escapee (Polish citizen) Drowned
7001810000000000000♠81 Weckeiser, ElkeElke Weckeiser
[124] 000000001945-10-31-000031 October 1945 000000001968-02-18-000018 February 1968 22 Escapee Shot on 18 February 1968 attempting to escape with Elke Weckeiser on the sector border opposite the Reichstag building near the Kronprinzenbrücke, died on 19 February 1968; was in 1962 voluntarily entered the GDR with his first wife
7001820000000000000♠82 Weckeiser, DieterDieter Weckeiser
[124] 000000001943-02-15-000015 February 1943 000000001968-02-19-000019 February 1968 25 Escapee Shot on 18 February 1968
7001830000000000000♠83 Mende, HerbertHerbert Mende
[125] 000000001939-02-09-00009 February 1939 000000001968-03-10-000010 March 1968 29 No intention Shot on 7 July 1962f
7001840000000000000♠84 Lehmann, BerndBernd Lehmann
[126] 000000001949-07-31-000031 July 1949 000000001968-05-28-000028 May 1968 18 Escapee Drowned in the Spree
7001850000000000000♠85 Krug, SiegfriedSiegfried Krug
[127] 000000001939-07-22-000022 July 1939 000000001968-07-06-00006 July 1968 28 No intention Living in West Germany, legal entry to East Berlin, shot while marching into the border zone and refused to stop
7001860000000000000♠86 Körner, HorstHorst Körner
[128] 000000001947-07-12-000012 July 1947 000000001968-11-15-000015 November 1968 21 Escapee Shot at Klein-Glienicke/Schlosspark Babelsberg
7001870000000000000♠87 Henniger, RolfRolf Henniger
[129] 000000001941-11-30-000030 November 1941 000000001968-11-15-000015 November 1968 26 Guard Shot by escapee Horst Körner at Klein-Glienicke/Schlosspark Babelsberg
7001880000000000000♠88 Lange, JohannesJohannes Lange
[130] 000000001940-12-17-000017 December 1940 000000001969-04-09-00009 April 1969 28 Escapee Shot near Adalbertstraße/Leuschnerdamm
7001890000000000000♠89 Kluge, Klaus-JürgenKlaus-Jürgen Kluge
[131] 000000001948-07-25-000025 July 1948 000000001969-09-13-000013 September 1969 21 Escapee Shot near Helmut-Just-Brücke
7001900000000000000♠90 Lis, LeoLeo Lis
[132] 000000001924-05-10-000010 May 1924 000000001969-09-20-000020 September 1969 45 Escapee Shot near Nordbahnhof
7001910000000000000♠91 Wehage, EckhardEckhard Wehage
[133] 000000001948-07-08-00008 July 1948 000000001970-03-10-000010 March 1970 21 Escapee Began suicide after a failed attempt to flee the hijacking of an Interflug aircraft from East to West Berlin with her husband.g
7001920000000000000♠92 Wehage, ChristelChristel Wehage
[133] 000000001946-12-15-000015 December 1946 000000001970-03-10-000010 March 1970 23 Escapee Began suicide after a failed attempt to flee the hijacking of an Interflug aircraft from East to West Berlin with her husband.g
7001930000000000000♠93 Müller, HeinzHeinz Müller
[134] 000000001943-05-16-000016 May 1943 000000001970-06-19-000019 June 1970 27 No intention West German, who was arrested for unknown reasons - possibly under the influence of alcohol - from the West German side in the barrier at the sector border in Berlin-Friedrichshain near the Schilling Bridge and shot there
7001940000000000000♠94 Born, WilliWilli Born
[135] 000000001950-07-19-000019 July 1950 000000001970-07-07-00007 July 1970 19 Escapee Suicide during failed escape attempt when he was put by border guards
7001950000000000000♠95 Ehrlich, FriedhelmFriedhelm Ehrlich
[136] 000000001950-07-11-000011 July 1950 000000001970-08-02-00002 August 1970 20 No intention Called to the NVA and last serving in a border company, Ehrlich penetrated into the sector border area near the Leipziger Straße / Staerkstrasse at the outer ring in Glienicke / Nordbahn (circle Oranienburg) without alcohol and loud (inter alia loud whistling); was then asked, then faked a weapon and the border troops have called for shooting, whereupon a soldier shot him and u. a. met a leg main artery; First aid was not provided, Ehrlich bled to hospital after being admitted; Flight intent unclear
7001960000000000000♠96 Thiem, GeraldGerald Thiem
[137] 000000001928-09-06-00006 September 1928 000000001970-08-07-00007 August 1970 41 Unclear For reasons unknown, the border dries from West Berlin to East Berlin; was shot on the sector border between Neukölln and Treptow, Kiefholzstraße / Höhe Puderstraße, and died on the way to the East Berlin hospital
7001970000000000000♠97 Kliem, HelmutHelmut Kliem
[138] 000000001939-06-02-00002 June 1939 000000001970-11-13-000013 November 1970 31 No intention Approached - involved in a conversation and under the influence of alcohol - accidentally a frontier plant on the outer ring in Falkensee, district Falkenhöh, near Pestalozzistraße, and was shot at removing the plant; his passenger was injured but not charged with illegal border crossing; Incident in the GDR as a (hushed) accident scored
7001980000000000000♠98 Hans-Joachim, ZockZock Hans-Joachim
[139] 000000001940-01-26-000026 January 1940 000000001970-11-01-0000November 1970 30 Escapee Drowned between 14 and 17 November 1970 in the Spree
7001990000000000000♠99 Friese, Christian-PeterChristian-Peter Friese
[140] 000000001948-08-05-00005 August 1948 000000001970-12-25-000025 December 1970 22 Escapee Shot while trying to escape at the sector border in Treptow, in the area Köllnische Heide / Dammweg
7002100000000000000♠100 Kabelitz, Rolf-DieterRolf-Dieter Kabelitz
[141] 000000001951-06-23-000023 June 1951 000000001971-01-30-000030 January 1971 19 Escapee Upon entering the border area on the outer ring between Bergfelde (circle Oranienburg) and Reinickendorf discovered on January 7 and shot back to GDR after the persecution and seriously injured; suffered from a spreading internal infection with fever bouts and disturbances of consciousness in the hospital; died on January 30, finally, of a pneumonia diagnosed on the morning of the day; Intentional escape likely, but contested in interrogations at the hospital.
7002101000000000000♠101 Hoffmann, WolfgangWolfgang Hoffmann
[142] 000000001942-09-01-00001 September 1942 000000001971-07-15-000015 July 1971 28 West-east-crossing Escaped 1961, arrested on a border crossing point while asking for legal entry to East Berlin, then jumped out of a police station window
7002102000000000000♠102 Kühl, WernerWerner Kühl
[143] 000000001949-01-10-000010 January 1949 000000001971-07-24-000024 July 1971 22 West-east-crossing While attempting to secretly cross the border from West Berlin to East Berlin with a friend - presumably for the purpose of settling in the GDR - shot dead at the sector border in Treptow near the bridge Britzer Allee / Baumschulenweg; Friend was captured in the East and expelled to the West on August 30
7002103000000000000♠103 Beilig, DieterDieter Beilig
[144] 000000001941-09-05-00005 September 1941 000000001971-10-02-00002 October 1971 30 West-east-crossing Shot; trying to escape through a window after being arrested at Berlin-Mitte, in Brandenburg Gate.
7002104000000000000♠104 Kullack, HorstHorst Kullack
[145] 000000001948-11-20-000020 November 1948 000000001972-01-21-000021 January 1972 23 Escapee Shot on 1 January 1972 at Lichtenrade
7002105000000000000♠105 Weylandt, ManfredManfred Weylandt
[146] 000000001942-07-12-000012 July 1942 000000001972-02-14-000014 February 1972 29 Escapee Drowned in the Spree after being shot
7002106000000000000♠106 Schulze, KlausKlaus Schulze
[147] 000000001952-10-13-000013 October 1952 000000001972-03-07-00007 March 1972 19 Escapee Shot at Pestalozzistraße in Falkensee
7002107000000000000♠107 Katrancı, CengaverCengaver Katrancı
[148] 000000001964-01-01-00001964 000000001972-10-30-000030 October 1972 8 No intention Drowned in the Spreee
7002108000000000000♠108 H., HolgerHolger H.
[149] 000000001971-01-01-00001971 000000001973-01-22-000022 January 1973 1 Escapee Suffocationh
7002109000000000000♠109 Frommann, VolkerVolker Frommann
[150] 000000001944-04-23-000023 April 1944 000000001973-03-05-00005 March 1973 29 Escapee Jumped from a train on 1 March 1973
7002110000000000000♠110 Einsiedel, HorstHorst Einsiedel
[151] 000000001940-02-08-00008 February 1940 000000001973-03-15-000015 March 1973 33 Escapee Shot in the boundary area of Pankow
7002111000000000000♠111 Gertzki, ManfredManfred Gertzki
[152] 000000001942-05-17-000017 May 1942 000000001973-04-27-000027 April 1973 30 Escapee Shot/drowned in the Spree
7002112000000000000♠112 Kroboth, SiegfriedSiegfried Kroboth
[153] 000000001968-01-01-00001968 000000001973-05-14-000014 May 1973 5 No intention Drowned in the Spreee
7002113000000000000♠113 Niering, BurkhardBurkhard Niering
[154] 000000001950-09-01-00001 September 1950 000000001974-01-05-00005 January 1974 23 Escapee Shot while trying to cross Checkpoint Charlie with a hostage
7002114000000000000♠114 Kukuczka, CzesławCzesław Kukuczka
[155] 000000001935-07-23-000023 July 1935 000000001974-03-29-000029 March 1974 39 Escapee (Polish citizen) Shot while attempting to flee East Berlin via the Friedrichstrasse train station.
7002115000000000000♠115 Sprenger, JohannesJohannes Sprenger
[156] 000000001905-12-03-00003 December 1905 000000001974-05-10-000010 May 1974 68 Suicidei Shot while entering the sector border area in Berlin-Altglienicke, near Hornkleepfad, between Treptow and Neukölln. The intention to flee is unlikely, as the retiree was allowed to tour West Germany legally and had already done so twice. He had health problems due to lung cancer (but he was not aware of the exact diagnosis). Because of this and because of the farewell words to his wife took the MfS and after reunification also the Berlin district court (Mauerschützenprozesse) suicide.
7002116000000000000♠116 Savoca, GiuseppeGiuseppe Savoca
[157] 000000001968-04-22-000022 April 1968 000000001974-06-15-000015 June 1974 6 No intention Drowned in the Spree at Kreuzberg, West Berline
7002117000000000000♠117 Halli, HerbertHerbert Halli
[158] 000000001953-11-24-000024 November 1953 000000001975-04-03-00003 April 1975 21 Escapee Shot at the boundary border of Berlin-Mitte, Zimmer/Otto-Grotewohl-Straße.
7002118000000000000♠118 Mert, ÇetinÇetin Mert
[159] 000000001970-05-11-000011 May 1970 000000001975-05-11-000011 May 1975 5 No intention Drowned in the Spree at Kreuzberg, West Berline
7002119000000000000♠119 Kiebler, HerbertHerbert Kiebler
[160] 000000001952-03-24-000024 March 1952 000000001975-06-27-000027 June 1975 23 Escapee Shot in Außenring in Mahlow, around the boundary of Lichtenrade, western part of the Fernstraße 96.
7002120000000000000♠120 Hennig, LotharLothar Hennig
[161] 000000001954-06-30-000030 June 1954 000000001975-11-05-00005 November 1975 21 No intention Shot near to the border while running home
7002121000000000000♠121 Schwietzer, DietmarDietmar Schwietzer
[162] 000000001958-02-21-000021 February 1958 000000001977-02-16-000016 February 1977 18 Escapee Shot in Schönwalde, Berliner Allee
7002122000000000000♠122 Weise, HenriHenri Weise
[163] 000000001954-07-13-000013 July 1954 000000001977-05-01-0000May 1977 18 Escapee Drowned in the Spree; body found on 27 July 1977
7002123000000000000♠123 Odinzov, VladimirVladimir Odinzov
[164] 000000001960-01-01-00001960 000000001979-02-02-00002 February 1979 22 Escapee (Soviet soldier) Shot on the village road in Seeburg at the outer ring between Seeburg (Kreis Potsdam) and Berlin-Spandau
7002124000000000000♠124 Steinhauer, UlrichUlrich Steinhauer
[165] 000000001956-03-13-000013 March 1956 000000001980-11-04-00004 November 1980 24 Guard Shot by a deserting colleague
7002125000000000000♠125 Jirkowsky, MarienettaMarienetta Jirkowsky
[166] 000000001962-08-25-000025 August 1962 000000001980-11-22-000022 November 1980 18 Escapee Shot in Hohen Neuendorf, near the Invalidensiedlung/Florastraße; Two co-refugees managed to escape
7002126000000000000♠126 Peter, GrohganzGrohganz Peter
[167] 000000001948-09-25-000025 September 1948 000000001980-12-10-000010 December 1980/ 000000001981-02-09-00009 February 1981 33 Escapee Shot in Premnitz
7002127000000000000♠127 Muschol, JohannesJohannes Muschol
[168] 000000001949-05-31-000031 May 1949 000000001981-03-16-000016 March 1981 31 West-east-crossing Mentally disturbed, shot while crossing the wall from West Berlin to East Berlin
7002128000000000000♠128 Starrost, Hans-JürgenHans-Jürgen Starrost
[169] 000000001954-06-24-000024 June 1954 000000001981-04-16-000016 April 1981 26 Escapee Shot in Teltow-Sigridshorst
7002129000000000000♠129 Taubmann, ThomasThomas Taubmann
[170] 000000001955-07-22-000022 July 1955 000000001981-12-12-000012 December 1981 26 Escapee Tried to escape with a train and crashed deadly when jumping from the train
7002130000000000000♠130 Freie, Lothar FritzLothar Fritz Freie
[171] 000000001955-02-08-00008 February 1955 000000001982-06-06-00006 June 1982 27 No intention Coming from West Berlin, shot while nightly wandering around in a confusing terrain at the border
7002131000000000000♠131 Proksch, SilvioSilvio Proksch
[172] 000000001962-03-03-00003 March 1962 000000001983-12-25-000025 December 1983 21 Escapee Shot at the sector border in Pankow am Bürgerpark near the Leonhard-Frank-Strasse during a spontaneous escape attempt under considerable influence of alcohol
7002132000000000000♠132 Schmidt, MichaelMichael Schmidt
[173] 000000001964-10-20-000020 October 1964 000000001984-12-01-00001 December 1984 20 Escapee Shot in Pankow/Wollankstraße
7002133000000000000♠133 Liebeke, RainerRainer Liebeke
[174] 000000001951-09-11-000011 September 1951 000000001986-09-03-00003 September 1986 34 Escapee Drowned in the Sacrower See
7002134000000000000♠134 Mäder, ManfredManfred Mäder
[175] 000000001948-08-23-000023 August 1948 000000001986-11-21-000021 November 1986 38 Escapee Shot alongside René Groß in Treptow
7002135000000000000♠135 Groß, RenéRené Groß
[176] 000000001964-05-01-00001 May 1964 000000001986-11-21-000021 November 1986 22 Escapee Shot alongside Manfred Mäder in Treptow
7002136000000000000♠136 Bittner, MichaelMichael Bittner
[177] 000000001961-08-31-000031 August 1961 000000001986-11-24-000024 November 1986 25 Escapee Shot in Glienicke/Nordbahn
7002137000000000000♠137 Schmidt, LutzLutz Schmidt
[178] 000000001962-07-08-00008 July 1962 000000001987-02-12-000012 February 1987 24 Escapee Shot in Treptow
7002138000000000000♠138 Diederichs, IngolfIngolf Diederichs
[179] 000000001964-04-13-000013 April 1964 000000001989-01-13-000013 January 1989 24 Escapee Jumped from a train at Bösebrücke/Grenzübergangsstelle Bornholmer Straße
7002139000000000000♠139 Gueffroy, ChrisChris Gueffroy
[22][180] 000000001968-06-21-000021 June 1968 000000001989-02-05-00005 February 1989 20 Escapee Shot in Britz
7002140000000000000♠140 Freudenberg, WinfriedWinfried Freudenberg
[21][22] 000000001956-08-29-000029 August 1956 000000001989-03-08-00008 March 1989 32 Escapee Balloon crash
Commemoration[edit]
There has been commemoration of the victims both before and after the German reunification. There are various memorial sites and memorial services. There are also streets and squares that have been named after the dead.
Memorial sites[edit]
Remains of the Wall, part of the Berlin Wall Memorial, on the corner between Bernauerstraße and Bergstraße, seen from the east (2015). The grass covers what used to be the "death strip". The rusted monument in the centre of the picture displays the names and photographs of the victims. The grey building in the background is also part of the memorial site.
In remembrance of the victims there have been erected numerous memorial sites, funded by private initiatives and public bodies on the orders of the Berlin boroughs, the Berlin House of Representatives or the federal government, which are placed over various places in Berlin. The oldest date back to the days when the Wall was still standing. They include monuments, crucifixes and memorial stones, and were visited by foreign politicians during state visits. Together with the border installations, there were also some memorial sites that were removed when the Wall fell. Sites for fallen border guards were especially affected by this. Until the tenth anniversary of the building of the Wall, for every victim the private Berliner Bürger-Verein ("Berlin Citizen Association") placed a white wooden cross at the scene of the event. They were aided in their effort by the senate of West-Berlin. On 13 August 1971, the memorial site Weiße Keuze ("White Crosses") was inaugurated on the east side of the Reichstag building.
On a fence in front of the wall, there were memorial crosses with the names and date of death on them.[181] However, since the government moved to Berlin, the white crosses had to be relocated in 1995 from the eastern side of the Reichstag. The new location is on the west side of the building at a fence of the Tiergarten. 2003, Wolfgang Thierse inaugurated a new memorial designed by Jan Wehberg with the same name as the one on Reichstagufer. On seven both-sided inscribed crosses are the names of the 13 deaths. Another memorial of the Civil Association was in Bernauer Straße.[182] Other victims are remembered through commemorative plates embedded in sidewalks and other installations which are nearby their death spot. On October 2004, the Working Group 13 August built the Freedom Memorial at Checkpoint Charlie. It reminds people of the victims of the Berlin Wall and the inner German border with 1067 crosses. The memorial had to be removed after about half a year because the landowners terminated the lease with the working group.[183]
With the help of other artists, performance artist Ben Wagin founded the Parliament of Trees in the former death strip on the east side of the Spree River, opposite the Reichstag. 258 names of victims of the Wall are listed on granite slabs. Some listed as "unknown man" or "unknown woman" are merely identified with a date of death. The collection, which was created in 1990, contains people who were later not considered to be victims of the Wall. Black and white painted segments of the Wall stand in the background. The memorial needed to be minimized for the construction of the Marie-Elisabeth-Lüders-Haus. In 2005, a further memorial was opened in the basement of the Bundestag building. They used wall segments of the former Parliament of Trees. In 1998, the Republic of Germany and the state of Berlin established the Berlin Wall Memorial on Bernauer Straße and declared it as a national memorial. The memorial harks back to a draft drawn up by the architects Kohlhoff & Kohlhoff. Later, it was extended and today it includes the Berlin Wall Documentation Center, a visiting center, the Chapel of Reconciliation, the Window of Remembrance with portraits of those who lost their lives on the grounds of the Berlin Wall, and a 60-meter-long section of the former border installations which is enclosed by steel walls at both ends.
The northern wall bears the inscription:"In memory of the city's division from 13. August 1961 to 9. November 1989 and in commemoration of the victims of the communist reign of violence". In remembrance of the Building of the Berlin Wall's 50th anniversary the foundation "Berliner Mauer" erected 29 steles, which commemorate the victims, along the former border between West Germany and the GDR. Apart from the 3,6 meters large, orange pillars, several signs inform about the wall victims. A planned stele for Lothar Hennig in Sacrow was not built for the time being, because Henning is viewed skeptically as a result of his actions for the MfS as a former IM .[184]
Commemoration services[edit]
Several organizations – for a large part associations or private initiatives – have been carrying out annual commemoration services in Berlin ever since the first casualties occurred. These services are usually held on the anniversary of the building of the Berlin Wall; they were partially supported by West Berlin's district offices or by the senate minutes. As a result of this, the "Hour of Silence" was introduced for silent prayers on every 13 August between 20 and 21 o’clock. Ever since 13 August 1990, the Federal State of Berlin commemorates the deaths. This ceremony takes place every year at the "Peter-Fechter-Kreuz" in the Zimmerstraße near Checkpoint Charlie.[185] Besides these, there are also many commemoration services and protests against the Berlin Wall at other locations in Germany and abroad on 13 August.[186] An annual commemoration service of the fall of the Berlin Wall takes place on November 9 each year at Eureka College in Illinois, United States, the alma mater of President Ronald Reagan.[187]
Footnotes[edit]
^a Rudolf Urban and his wife both tried to climb out from a window at their home of Bernauer Straße 1 on 19 August 1961 while trying to escape but fell to the ground and were injured. They both went to hospital with their injuries.
^b Tried to break through the border crossing in a truck filled with sand and gravel; he was shot several times and suffocated in the sand that entered the cab after the truck crashed.
^c Had surrendered when he was shot; the border guard responsible was found guilty of murder in 1992.
^d National People's Army soldier who had deserted
e ^1 ^2 ^3 ^4 ^5 In these five cases the guards were accused of obstructing the rescue of those who were drowning.
^f After an evening of dancing on 7 July 1962 Mende was escorted to a guard house for not having sufficient identification. Believing the matter over, he ran towards the bus home and was shot. He died nearly six years later.
g ^1 ^2 Married couple Eckhardt and Christel committed suicide after a failed plane hijacking.
^h Was hiding with his parents in the crates in the back of a truck crossing the border when he began to cry. His mother held his mouth and he died of suffocation.
^i Ruled as a suicide by a court in Berlin, Sprenger was shot as he approached a watchtower. He had been diagnosed with lung cancer and had told his wife that he would return in a coffin.
See also[edit]
Republikflucht
History of Berlin
The Tunnel (NBC documentary)
Chapel of Reconciliation
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Baron, Udo. Hertle, Hans-Hermann. Lutz Schmidt, Berlin Wall Memorial. Accessed 30 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Ahrends, Martin. Baron, Udo. Ingolf Diederichs, Berlin Wall Memorial. Accessed 30 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Baron, Udo. Hertle, Hans-Hermann. Chris Gueffroy, Berlin Wall Memorial. Accessed 30 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Feierliche Übergabe des Erinnerungsortes "Mauerkreuze"". Stadtentwicklung Berlin. 17 June 2003.
Jump up ^ Kaminsky, Annette. Orte des Erinnerns: Gedenkzeichen, Gedenkstätten und Museen zur Diktatur in SBZ und DDR.
Jump up ^ Sontheimer, Michael (2005). "Zweiter Tod". Der Spiegel (27): 50.
Jump up ^ Metzner, Thorsten (8 August 2011). "Stelen für Mauertote – Das Opfer, das ein Spitzel war". in: Der Tagesspiegel.
Jump up ^ Hertle, Hans-Hermann (2009). Maria Nooke: Die Todesopfer an der Berliner Mauer 1961–1989. Ein biographisches Handbuch. Berlin. ISBN 978-3-86153-517-1.
Jump up ^ Wolfrum, Edgar. Die Mauer. In: Étienne François, Hagen Schulze: Deutsche Erinnerungsorte. ISBN 3-406-50987-8.
Jump up ^ http://www.pjstar.com/x1659494167/College-to-mark-Berlin-Walls-fall
Sources[edit]
Grafe, Roman (2002). Die Grenze durch Deutschland - eine Chronik von 1945 bis 1990. Berlin: Siedler. ISBN 3-88680-744-4.
Grathwol, Robert P.; Moorhus, Donita M. (1999). American Forces in Berlin: Cold War Outpost, 1945-1994. New York: New York UP. ISBN 978-0-7881-2504-1.
Hertle, Hans-Hermann; Nooke, Maria (2009). Die Todesopfer an der Berliner Mauer 1961–1989. Ein biographisches Handbuch. Berlin: Ch. Links. ISBN 978-3-86153-517-1.
Hofmann, Arne (2007). The emergence of détente in Europe: Brandt, Kennedy and the formation of Ostpolitik. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-38637-1.
Lappenküper, Ulrich (2001). Die Deutsch-französischen Beziehungen, 1949-1963: 1949-1958, Band 1. Oldenbourg: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN 3-486-56522-2.
Major, Patrick (2009). Behind the Berlin Wall: East Germany and the Frontiers of Power. Oxford: Oxford UP. ISBN 978-0-19-924328-0.
Stötzel, Georg; Wengeler, Martin; Böke, Karin (1995). Kontroverse Begriffe: Geschichte des öffentlichen Sprachgebrauchs in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Band 4 von Sprache, Politik, Öffentlichkeit. Berlin: De Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-014652-5.
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