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Mr. Toad's Wild Ride
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This article is about the amusement park ride. For the film, see The Wind in the Willows (1996 film). For the theme and 1949 film, see The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad.
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Mr. Toad's Wild Ride
Disneyland
Area
Fantasyland
Coordinates
33°48′48″N 117°55′07″W / 33.8133°N 117.9187°W / 33.8133; -117.9187Coordinates: 33°48′48″N 117°55′07″W / 33.8133°N 117.9187°W / 33.8133; -117.9187
Status
Operating
Opening date
July 17, 1955 (1955-07-17)
Magic Kingdom
Area
Fantasyland
Coordinates
28°25′12″N 81°34′49″W / 28.4199°N 81.5802°W / 28.4199; -81.5802
Status
Closed
Opening date
October 1, 1971 (1971-10-01)
Closing date
September 7, 1998 (1998-09-07)
Replaced by
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh
General statistics
Designer
WED Enterprises
Theme
The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad
Vehicles
16
Riders per vehicle
2
Vehicle names
Mr. Toad, Toady, Ratty, Moley, MacBadger, Cyril, Winky and Weasel
Audio-Animatronics
17
Mr. Toad's Wild Ride is a dark ride at Disneyland Park, also formerly located at the Magic Kingdom. Originally planned to be a roller coaster, it became a dark ride attraction because Walt Disney only wanted attractions that were appropriate for all ages. It is one of the few remaining attractions that was operational on the park's opening day in 1955 (although the current version of the ride opened in 1983). The ride's story is based on Disney's adaptation of The Wind in the Willows (1908), one of the two segments of the film The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949). It is currently operating in Fantasyland.
Corey Burton performs every voice at the attraction, except for the usage of audio from the film. Disneyland Paris also has a restaurant named Toad Hall.
Contents
[hide]
1 Disneyland version
2 Magic Kingdom version
2.1 Right Track
2.2 Left Track
3 Disneyland Paris
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Disneyland version[edit]
The interior of Toad Hall, seen from the queue shortly before boarding.
The interior.
Guests enter a re-creation of Toad Hall, passing by artistic works commemorating characters from The Wind in the Willows. A large mural shows the adventures of Toad and his motorcar, foreshadowing various scenes in the ride. This mural has a hidden reference to Walt Disney and his love for trains in the form of a train named "W.E.D. Rail".[1]Guests hop aboard miniature, early 1900s (decade)-era, multicolored motorcars. The name of one of the characters from the film (Mr. Toad, Toady, Ratty, Moley, MacBadger, Cyril, Winky, or Weasel) is inscribed on each motorcar.
Passengers begin their journey by crashing into a library, where MacBadger is seen teetering atop a ladder with a stack of books. They then crash through the fireplace, where fiberoptic effects simulate the scattering of embers on the floor. Narrowly avoiding a falling suit of armor, the passengers break through a set of doors to find the interior hallway of Toad Hall in disarray, as weasels swing from chandeliers. Guests then enter the dining room, where Moley is eating at a dinner table and gets knocked aside.
Upon leaving Toad Hall, guests travel through the countryside, passing Ratty's house, aggravating policemen and terrifying a farmer and his sheep. Making a right turn, guests head for the docks and get the impression that their car will plunge into the river, but quickly make a sharp turn in a different direction and enter a warehouse full of barrels and crates containing explosives. Guests crash through a brick wall as the warehouse's contents explode. They then head out into the streets of London, narrowly avoid a collision with a delivery truck, and enter Winkie's Pub, where Mr. Winkie the bartender holds two beer mugs. He ducks down, leaving the mugs spinning in the air (this gag is recycled from the 1971 Florida version of the ride).
Passengers then enter the town square, where the cars wreak further havoc on the citizens. A working fountain featuring Toad and Cyril Proudbottom stands in the center of the town. Behind this statue is one of Lady Justice peeking out from under her blindfold. Next, guests enter a jury-less courtroom, where the riders are proclaimed guilty by a judge (based on the film's prosecutor for the Crown). The cars then enter what is presumed to be a dark prison cell before abruptly turning right and landing on railroad tracks. The vehicles bounce along the tracks in the dark before colliding head-on with an oncoming train.
Passengers then arrive at the ride's final scene: a tongue-in-cheek depiction of Hell not inspired by any scene in the movie or book. The entire room is heated, and the scenery features small devils who bounce up and down. Passengers also see a demon who resembles the Judge from the courtroom scene. Near the end of the scene, a towering green dragon emerges and attempts to burn the riders to a crisp. A glowing light is seen in the back of its throat and choking, coughing noises are heard while the motorcar speeds away. Granted a reprieve, the passengers eventually "escape" to the ride's loading and unloading area, where they disembark. In The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad, Mr. Toad never actually goes to hell at all. Instead, he escapes from jail by wearing a woman's night dress and affecting the voice of a female.
The installation at Disneyland was manufactured by Arrow Development.[2] Many of the voices of the characters on the attraction were provided by Corey Burton.
Magic Kingdom version[edit]
Mr. Toad's Wild Ride was one of the Magic Kingdom's opening day attractions on October 1, 1971. Although it was modeled after the Disneyland attraction, it had some unique characteristics that set it apart from its California counterpart. The most obvious was that the Florida incarnation had two separate boarding areas. The vehicles (in the form of jalopies) in each boarding area were on separate tracks that followed different paths, so riders would get a slightly different ride, depending on where they boarded.
Like its counterpart at Disneyland, it was not a thrill ride, but it was not slow and quiet like most dark rides. It made sudden turns and often the vehicle would move at full speed towards an obstacle, which would move out of the way at the last second. At one point the vehicles on different tracks would head directly towards each other, giving the sense of an oncoming collision. It was a very stylized attraction and resembled a cartoon more than any other Disney ride. It contained highly ornate plywood characters and sets that were very reminiscent of the multiplane camerawork featured in many Disney films.
Mr. Toad's Wild Ride closed on September 7, 1998, and was subsequently replaced with The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh. Minor tributes to the ride can be found in Disney World, including paintings of Mr. Toad and Moley within the Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh attraction and a statue of Toad in a pet cemetery outside of Haunted Mansion. There was much controversy over the attraction's closure, including in parks protests.
The two tracks of the Walt Disney World version of Mr. Toad's Wild Ride did not pass through all of the same show scenes. Thus, each track gave riders an almost completely different set of scenes to pass through.
Right Track[edit]
On the Right Track, guests first passed through the library (similar to the Disneyland version) then broke out of Toad Hall and passed through a barnyard, coming face to face with a sheep, a pig and a couple of cows along the way. After passing through a small tunnel with several warning signs, known as the One Way Street, guests made a turn into a central plaza. Traveling around the turn, the vehicles passed a policeman signaling riders to stop with his whistle. Guests then made a right hand turn into the courtroom and saw the judge (who in this version was actually a policeman holding a gavel). Upon making another right hand turn, the vehicles passed by several policemen and weasel convicts and then entered several weasel-filled jail cells.
After winding through the cells, guests emerged out into Shireland, passing by a shootout between the police and some weasels (using red lights to simulate gunfire). Several of the police barriers then moved aside revealing a railroad crossing, complete with a ringing bell. The gate then moved aside (presumably breaking apart), and the vehicles made a right hand turn onto the tracks. The vehicles traveled along the railroad tracks until getting hit by a train (with guests seeing the headlight of the locomotive). A door then opened, revealing the "Hell" scene. Afterwards, guests went through a door back to the boarding area.
Left Track[edit]
From the boarding area to the plaza, the Left Track passed through three scenes not seen in the Right Track: Toad's trophy room, a kitchen, and a Gypsy camp. After going through the One Way Street and rounding the plaza, instead of entering the courtroom, guests continued on and entered Winky's Tavern. Mr Winky the bartender, who was holding two beer mugs, could then be seen ducking down, leaving the mugs spinning in the air (this gag was recycled for the revamped 1983 California version of the ride). The vehicles then made a right hand turn and guests could see the weasels hiding out in the tavern among the ale barrels. Following this, guests emerged into the night countryside. Passing by Ratty's house (where Ratty only appeared once and Moley was seen on a boat), the vehicles reached a railroad crossing. This gate moved aside, and vehicles made a left hand turn onto the railroad tracks. As on the Right Track, the headlight of the locomotive was visible before the train hit the guests. The "Hell" scene on this track was merely a mirror image of the Right Track's "Hell" sequence.
Disneyland Paris[edit]
Despite the fact that Disneyland Paris does not have a Mr. Toad's Wild Ride in operation even though according to Tony Baxter in early plans there was to be a version of the ride closer to the movie with the most notable change being that instead of Hell for the ending Toad would blast off in his flying machine. Instead they have a restaurant named Toad Hall in Fantasyland. This restaurant opened with the park on April 12, 1992. The exterior is based on Disneyland California's 1983 exterior, except the front sign says "Toad Hall" in gold letters. Inside, there are paintings of Toad in many famous paintings, like the Mona Lisa. You can also see "artifacts" from The Wind in the Willows and The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad. The restaurant sells British and American food, since the film on which the attraction is based takes place in the United Kingdom. There is both outdoor and indoor seating.
See also[edit]
List of current Disneyland attractions
Magic Kingdom attraction and entertainment history
Mr. Toad's Wild Ride (film)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hidden Walts - Search for hidden references to Walt Disney - Disneyland Secrets and History (YouTube video). Fresh Baked. December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gurr, Bob (27 November 2013). "DESIGN: Those Were The Times – No.23 1955 Arrow Development – Ed Morgan and Karl Bacon". MiceChat. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
Further reading[edit]
MR. TOAD ATTRACTION WILL FINALLY CROAK September 2, 1998
MR. TOAD LEARNS: IT AIN'T EASY BEING GREEN September 8, 1998
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mr. Toad's Wild Ride.
Official website at Disneyland
Mr. Toad's Wild Ride A renown mountain bike route near South Lake Tahoe, California
Passport to Dreams Old & New in-depth article commemorating WDW's Mr. Toad's Wild Ride
Jim Hill Media An up-close look at some figures from WDW's Mr. Toad's Wild Ride
AllEarsNet
Mr. Toad's Wild Ride from GoSleepGo
Save Mr. Toad's Wild Ride!
Virtual Toad a virtual reconstruction of WDW's Mr. Toad's Wild Ride
Walt Dated World
Widen Your World
Mr. Toad's Wild Ride from YouTube
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Mr. Toad
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The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad
1946 TV Version
1983 film
1984–1987 TV series
1987 film
1988 film
1995 film
1996 film
2006 film
Stage Adaptations
Toad of Toad Hall
The Wind in the Willows (musical)
Related works
Mole's Christmas
A Tale Of Two Toads
Oh, Mr. Toad
Tales of the Willows by William Horwood
Mr. Toad's Wild Ride
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Bubble Guppies
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bubble Guppies
Genre
Animation[1]
Pre-school
Musical
Comedy
Created by
Jonny Belt and Robert Scull
Voices of
Brianna Gentilella
Jay Gragnani
Issac Ryan Brown
Grace Kaufman
Tori Feinstein
Jet Jurgensmeyr
Tino Insana
Frank Welker
Kayla Erickson
Theme music composer
Terry Fryer
Opening theme
"Bubble Guppies!"
Ending theme
Various ending themes
Composer(s)
Nick Balaban
Michael Rubin
John Angier
Country of origin
United States
Canada
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
4
No. of episodes
80 (list of episodes)
Production
Running time
22–23 minutes
Production company(s)
Wild Brain Productions (2011)
Selfie Girl Productions
Nelvana (2011–16)
Nickelodeon Animation Studios
Distributor
MTV Networks (United States)
Corus Entertainment (International)
Release
Original network
Nick Jr.
Picture format
SDTV (480i) (Season 1)
HDTV (1080i) (Season 2-4)
Audio format
Dolby Digital 5.1 (2011–16) (NTSC)
Original release
January 24, 2011 (2011-01-24) – October 21, 2016 (2016-10-21)
External links
Website
bubbleguppies.nickjr.com
Bubble Guppies is a preschool children's television series produced for Nickelodeon and created by Jonny Belt and Robert Scull.[2] The series is produced by using Autodesk Maya 3D software and revolves around the underwater adventures of a group of merperson preschoolers.[3] The program premiered on Monday, January 24, 2011 and ended on Friday, October 21, 2016.
Contents
[hide]
1 Format
2 Characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
2.3 Minor
3 Episodes
4 Changes in seasons 2-4
5 Mobile streaming
6 Production
7 References
8 External links
Format[edit]
The Guppies live in the fictional underwater city of Bubbletucky.[4]
All episodes follow a similar format. The episode starts with an introduction by Molly, saying 'Hi: it's me: Molly: and it's time for-' only to be stopped by Gil performing an act related to the episode's subject. One of the two then states 'It's time for Bubble Guppies!', and the theme song plays. After the theme song, the Little Fish say the episode's name.
An event may occur when one or more characters is proceeding to school. For example: Avi breaks his tail in "Call a Clambulance!" when Oona was going to school. Afterwards, the school day begins with all the Bubble Guppies saying "Good morning, Mr. Grouper!" Later, a Guppie tells Mr. Grouper about the earlier experience. He suggests, "Let's think about it," and the characters discuss the topic. A song follows, focusing on the episode's main topic. Usually, Molly or Gil sing this song, but there are episodes where Deema or Mr. Grouper sing it instead.
One of the Guppies may go to a shop that mostly focuses on the topic (example: a doctor's office in "Call a Clambulance!"). The owner of the shop (usually played by Deema) will ask questions about what he or she needs. Jokes and silly responses will eventually lead to the correct necessity. Mr. Grouper usually ends this segment by asking, "Excuse me, what time is it?" in a call-and-response pattern, with the Guppies responding, "It's time for lunch!" three times.
At lunch, three of the characters make a food joke about the subject of the episode (example: Molly gets pizza and a banana, Oona gets a sandwich and a cookie, and Deema gets a sandwich and an ice cream "sun"-dae in The Moon Rocks!). (Note: In almost every episode after the lunch segment, the little fish say the transition quote "That's silly!" or "That's ridiculous!" after saying the lunch joke.) After lunch, another Gil and Molly sketch is shown.
After the sketch, some classroom activity is shown further reinforcing that episode's theme, or Mr. Grouper talks more about the topic. This is often ended when Mr. Grouper says, "Line up everybody. It's time to go outside," followed by the "outside song". Outside the classroom, the Guppies act out a story about the topic, interfused with Adobe Flash-animated graphics. Once back inside, a second song is typically performed. Afterward, Gil and Molly do another sketch.
The Guppies may then go on a field trip that focuses on the topic. This may focus on a problem shown earlier and involves the key characters. The episode concludes with a final sketch by Gil and Molly, followed by a shorter version of the theme song. The credits then roll which include a song played earlier in that episode.
The voice cast is based in New York and California and the dialogue is recorded at New York-based Dubway Studios and Rhumba Recorders and Burbank-based Nickelodeon Animation Studio.
Heavy metal speaker Ozzy Osbourne guest starred as Sid Fishy in the 2015 episode Super Guppies.[5]
Characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Molly ("The Natural Born Leader")[6] (voiced by Brianna Gentilella, and Bailey Gambertoglio) is a guppy girl with a caring personality. She is a co-host of the show with Gil and is a natural leader of the group.[7][8] She has long pink hair, brown skin, brown eyes, a swirly bikini top, and a blue swirly tail. Molly appears alongside Gil in the transitional segments, where she aids Gil in hopes that problems won't arise.
Gil ("The Turbo-Charged Boy")[6] (voiced by Zachary Gordon, Jacob Bertrand (speaking voice), Teddy Walsh (singing voice), and Jay Gragnani) is a guppy boy with a silly personality.[7] He has blue hair, blue eyes, and a green camouflage tail. Gil gets scared easily, and appears alongside Molly in the transitional segments. In those segments, Gil often attempts to do something but with unexpected results.
Goby ("The Make Believer")[6] (voiced by Jelani Imani, Christopher Borger (singing for Season 1), Marleik "Mar Mar" Walker (2013-2015), Johntae Limpscomb (singing for The Puppy and the Ring!), and Isaac Ryan Brown) is a guppy boy with an imaginative personality.[7] He has indigo hair, brown eyes, and a purple/blue wavy tail.
Deema ("The Drama Queen")[6] (voiced by Angelina Wahler, Selena Ann Gonzalez (singing for Season 1), and Grace Kaufman) is a guppy girl with a zany personality.[7] She has orange/yellow curly hair, blue eyes, orange earrings, which she did wear in "Temple of the Lost Puppy," and an orange/yellow spotted bikini top and tail. Deema has a wild imagination and often plays the role of shopkeeper in the "store" segments.
Oona ("The Sweetie Pie")[6] (voiced by Reyna Shaskan, and Tori Feinstein) is a guppy girl with a sweet personality.[7] She has purple hair in two pigtails with a pink star shaped clip, brown eyes, and a purple/pink striped tail. Oona is the only female Bubble Guppy whose tail is attached to her top.
Nonny ("Mr. Cautious")[6] (voiced by Eamon Pirruccello, and Jet Jurgensmeyer, and Eason Rytter (singing for The Puppy and the Ring!)) is an intelligent guppy boy.[7] He has orange hair, green eyes, a blue scuba mask (his glasses), and a green striped tail. Despite not smiling a lot, he is the most polite and mature member of the group. He is smart and helps Deema pronounce words and helps his friends answer their questions.
Mr. Grouper (voiced by Tino Insana (speaking voice) (speaking for 2013-2015), (Chris Phillips) (singing voice) is the Guppies' teacher. He is an orange and yellow fish. (although most of his body is orange)[7] Mr. Grouper respects the kids' imaginations, ideas, and suggestions. Oddly, Mr. Grouper can also change his body into different colors like red, yellow, green, blue, purple, pink, lime green, olive green, navy blue, magenta, white, turquoise, brown, white, black, gray, and can be able to return to his normal body color orange. ( In "The Crayon Prix," Mr. Grouper changed his body color more than once. {All other episodes, Mr. Grouper changed his body color once.}) Once Mr. Grouper changes his body color, the Guppies will have almost 100% of the time a lot of fun with him.
Little Fish (voiced by Skai Jackson, Mia Vavasseur, and Kalya Erickson) are a trio of fish that look alike and frequently answer questions that are put to the home audience by the main characters.[7]
Bubble Puppy (voiced by Frank Welker) is Gil's adopted pet puppy.[7] He has orange and white fur and a green collar with a yellow fish license.
Recurring[edit]
Clam (voiced by Chris Phillips) is a mollusk living in the classroom. "Happy Clam Day"
Mr. Grumpfish (voiced by Glenn Leopold) is a large fish who is almost always frowning.
Minor[edit]
Big Blue Fish (voiced by Chris Phillips) is a big blue fish.
Bubble Kitty is a purple kitten.
Bubble Kitty's Owner (voiced by Kari Wahlgren) is the African lobster.
Buddy is a bottle nose dolphin.
Scuba Lobster (voiced by Chris Phillips) is a diver.
Mia is Molly's little sister.
Stylee (voiced by Keke Palmer) is a world-famous pop star.
Crabs, Snails, Lobsters, and Starfish (voiced by Chris Phillips, Candi Milo and Kari Wahlgren), are background characters appearing in many series.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Bubble Guppies episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 20 January 24, 2011 (2011-01-24) October 24, 2011 (2011-10-24)
2 20 November 4, 2011 (2011-11-04) May 2, 2013 (2013-05-02)
3 26 August 12, 2013 (2013-08-12) June 19, 2015 (2015-06-19)
4 14[9]
[dead link] May 21, 2015 (2015-05-21) October 21, 2016 (2016-10-21)[10]
Changes in seasons 2-4[edit]
The dance song comes after the outside sketch instead of before
There is no second "Lets think about it" sketch
All six guppies say "Field trip" before the said segment happens. This did not happen in season 1
A bubble pop transition goes from the classroom to a location based on the topic. In season 1, the topic's location is already set up after the lunch song ends.
Mobile streaming[edit]
In May and September 2017, 20 episodes of the show were made available for streaming on the NOGGIN video service as one of three shows with interactive playalong episodes. Season 3 has the linear TV episodes while Season 4 has the interactive episodes.
Production[edit]
Season 3 of Bubble Guppies premiered on August 12, 2013, with an episode entitled, Bubble Guppies: Get Ready for School.[11][12] Season 4 of Bubble Guppies premiered on May 21, 2015.
On November 15, 2016, Nickelodeon announced the series would not be renewed for a fifth season.[13][better source needed]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Bubble Guppies". commonsensemedia.org. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Genzlinger, Neil (January 23, 2011). "Splish Splash: Fantastical Fish Tales". New York Times.
Jump up ^ Bryson, Carey. "Bubble Guppies – TV Show Review for Parents". About.com:Kids, Movies & TV. About.com. Retrieved 2010-04-10.
Jump up ^ "Bubble Guppies". TV.com. CBS Interactive. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ozzy Osbourne Will Play 'Sid Fishy' in New Show 'Bubble Guppies' – Rolling Stone". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f https://web.archive.org/web/20171210200916/http://www.nickelodeonafrica.com/shows/bubble-guppies/characters/goby/q20tv0
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "About the Cast". Archived from the original on November 30, 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Character Descriptions". Bubble Guppies Press Site. Viacom International, Inc. Archived from the original on November 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 26, 2015. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/bubble-guppies/listings/
Jump up ^ "Bubble Guppies – Bubble Guppies Printables, Crafts, Recipes, & Games – Nick Jr". nickjr.com. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bubble Guppies - Show page - TV Listing - Zap2it.com". Zap2it. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bubble Guppies: Nickelodeon Series Cancelled; No Season Five (Report)". TV Series Finale. November 15, 2016. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official Website
Bubble Guppies on IMDb
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Tin can
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the historic North Carolina basketball arena, see Tin Can (basketball arena). For the American naval slang term, see destroyer.
A tin can, tin (especially in British English, Australian English and Canadian English), steel can,[1] steel packaging or a can, is a container for the distribution or storage of goods, composed of thin metal. Many cans require opening by cutting the "end" open; others have removable covers. Cans hold diverse contents: foods, beverages, oil, chemicals, etc. Steel cans are made of tinplate (tin-coated steel) or of tin-free steel. In some dialects, even aluminium cans are called "tin cans".
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Description
3 Materials
4 Standard sizes
5 Fabrication of cans
6 Opening cans
7 Recycling
8 Health issues
8.1 Dissolution of tin into the food
8.2 Bisphenol-A
9 See also
10 References
10.1 General references, further reading
11 External links
History[edit]
The tin canning process was allegedly created by Frenchman Philippe de Girard and the idea passed to British merchant Peter Durand who was used as an agent to patent Girard's idea in 1810.[2] The canning concept was based on experimental food preservation work in glass containers the year before by the French inventor Nicholas Appert. Durand did not pursue food canning, but, in 1812, sold his patent to two Englishmen, Bryan Donkin and John Hall, who refined the process and product, and set up the world's first commercial canning factory on Southwark Park Road, London. By 1813 they were producing their first tin canned goods for the Royal Navy. By 1820, tin canisters or cans were being used for gunpowder, seeds, and turpentine.
Early tin cans were sealed by soldering with a tin-lead alloy, which could lead to lead poisoning. Infamously, in the 1845 Arctic expedition of Sir John Franklin, crew members suffered from severe lead poisoning, thought to be caused by eating tin canned food. More recent research suggests the lead poisoning was more likely to have been caused by the water pipe system on the two ships.
In 1901 in the United States, the American Can Company was founded, at the time producing 90% of United States tin cans.[3]
Description[edit]
Most cans are right circular cylinders with identical and parallel round tops and bottoms with vertical sides. However, cans for small volumes or particularly-shaped contents, the top and bottom may be rounded-corner rectangles or ovals. Other contents may suit a can that is somewhat conical in shape.
Fabrication of most cans results in at least one rim—a narrow ring slightly larger than the outside diameter of the rest of the can. The flat surfaces of rimmed cans are recessed from the edge of any rim (toward the middle of the can) by about the width of the rim; the inside diameter of a rim, adjacent to this recessed surface, is slightly smaller than the inside diameter of the rest of the can.
Three-piece can construction results in top and bottom rims. In two-piece construction, one piece is a flat top and the other a deep-drawn cup-shaped piece that combines the (at least roughly) cylindrical wall and the round base. Transition between wall and base is usually gradual. Such cans have a single rim at the top. Some cans have a separate cover that slides onto the top or is hinged.
Two piece steel cans can be made by "drawing" to form the bottom and sides and adding an "end" at the top: these do not have side seams. Cans can be fabricated with separate slip-on, or friction fit covers and with covers attached by hinges. Various easy opening methods are available.[4]
In the mid-20th century, a few milk products were packaged in nearly rimless cans, reflecting different construction; in this case, one flat surface had a hole (for filling the nearly complete can) that was sealed after filling with a quickly solidifying drop of molten solder. Concern arose that the milk contained unsafe levels of lead leached from this solder plug.
Compressed gas with dispensing valve
Flip-top can[5] with hinged cover
can of lighter fluid
Special can for dispensing oil
Camp stove fuel in “F-Style” can[5]
Paint can with double friction cover (plug)
Can with slip on cover
Can of shoe polish
Tea tin
Materials[edit]
An empty tin can
No cans currently in wide use are composed primarily or wholly of tin;[6] that term rather reflects the nearly exclusive use in cans, until the second half of the 20th century, of tinplate steel, which combined the physical strength and relatively low price of steel with the corrosion resistance of tin. Depending on contents and available coatings, some canneries still use tin-free steel.
In some local dialects, any metal can, even aluminium, might be called a "tin can". Use of aluminium in cans began in 1957.[7] Aluminium is less costly than tin-plated steel but offers the same resistance to corrosion in addition to greater malleability, resulting in ease of manufacture; this gave rise to the two-piece can, where all but the top of the can is simply stamped out of a single piece of aluminium, rather than laboriously constructed from three pieces of steel.
A can traditionally has a printed paper or plastic label glued to the outside of the curved surface, indicating its contents. Some labels contain additional information, such as recipes, on the reverse side. Recently labels are more often printed directly onto the metal before or after the metal sheet is formed into the individual cans.
In modern times, the majority of food cans in the UK[8] have been lined with a plastic coating containing bisphenol A (BPA). The coating prevents acids and other substances from corroding the tin or aluminium of the can, but leaching of BPA into the can's contents is currently (as of 2013) being investigated as a potential health hazard.
Standard sizes[edit]
Coffee tin with slip-on cover
Cans come in a variety of shapes: two common ones are the "soup tin" and the "tuna tin." Walls are often stiffened with rib bulges, especially on larger cans, to help the can resist dents that can cause seams to split.
Can sizes in the United States have an assortment of designations and sizes. For example, size 7/8 contains one serving of half a cup with an estimated weight of 4 ounces; size 1 "picnic" has two or three servings totalling one and a quarter cups with an estimated weight of 10½ ounces; size 303 has four servings totalling 2 cups weighing 15½ ounces; and size 10 cans, most widely used by food services selling to cafeterias and restaurants, have twenty-five servings totalling 13 cups with an estimated weight of 103½ ounces (size of a roughly 3 pound coffee can). These are U.S. customary cups (not British Imperial standard).
In the United States, cook books sometimes reference cans by size. The Can Manufacturers Institute defines these sizes, expressing them in three-digit numbers, as measured in whole and sixteenths of an inch for the container's nominal outside dimensions: a 307 x 512 would thus measure 3 and 7/16" in diameter by 5 and 3/4" (12/16") in height. Older can numbers are often expressed as single digits, their contents being calculated for room-temperature water as approximately eleven ounces (#1 "picnic" can), twenty ounces (#2), thirty-two ounces (#3) fifty-eight ounces (#5) and one-hundred-ten ounces (#10 "coffee" can).[9]
Can Name
Dimensions (inches)
Capacity (U.S. fluid ounces)
No. 2 can equivalent
Typical products
6Z 22⁄16 x 31⁄2 6.08 0.295
8Z Short 211⁄16 x 3 7.93 0.386
8Z Tall 211⁄16 x 32⁄8 8.68 0.422
No. I (Picnic) 211⁄16 x 4 10.94 0.532
No. 211 Cylinder 211⁄16 x 414⁄16 13.56 0.660
No. 300 3 x 47⁄16 15.22 0.741 Cranberry Sauce, Pork & Beans
No. 300 Cylinder 3 x 59⁄16 19.40 0.945
No. I Tall 31⁄16 x 411⁄16 16.70 0.813
No. 303 33⁄16 x 43⁄8 16.88 0.821 Fruits, Vegetables, Soups
No. 303 Cylinder 33⁄16 x 59⁄16 21.86 1.060
No. 2 Vacuum 37⁄16 x 33⁄8 14.71 0.716
No. 2 37⁄16 x 49⁄16 20.55 1.000 Juices, Soups, Vegetables
Jumbo 37⁄16 x 55⁄8 25.80 1.2537
No. 2 Cylinder 37⁄16 x 56⁄8 26.40 1.284
No. 1.25 41⁄16 x 23⁄8 13.81 0.672
No. 2.5 41⁄16 x 411⁄16 29.79 1.450 Fruits, Vegetables
No. 3 Vacuum 41⁄4 x 37⁄16 23.90 1.162
No. 3 Cylinder 41⁄4 x 7 51.70 2.515
No. 5 51⁄8 x 55⁄8 59.10 2.8744 Fruit Juice, Soups
No. 10 63⁄16 x 7 109.43 5.325 Fruits, Vegetables
In parts of the world using the metric system, tins are made in 250, 500, 750 ml (millilitre) and 1 L (litre) sizes (250 ml is approximately 1 cup or 8 ounces). Cans imported from the USA often have odd sizes such as 3.8 L (1 US gallon), 1.9 L (1/2 US gallon), and 946 ml (2 US pints / 1 quart).
In the UK and Australia, cans are usually measured by net weight. A standard size tin can holds roughly 400g; the weight can vary between 385g and 425g, depending on the density of the contents. The smaller half sized can holds roughly 200g, and it can vary between 170g and 225g.
Fabrication of cans[edit]
Rimmed three-piece can construction involves several stages;
Forming a tube and welding or soldering the seam of the sides
Joining the bottom end to the tube
Printing or attaching labels to the can
Filling the can with content; sterilization or retorting is required for many food products
Joining the wall and top "end".
Double seam rims are crucial to the joining of the wall to a top or bottom surface. An extremely tight fit between the pieces must be accomplished to prevent leakage; the process of accomplishing this radically deforms the rims of the parts. Part of the tube that forms the wall is bent, almost at its end, turning outward through 90 degrees, and then bent further, toward the middle of the tube, until it is parallel to the rest of the tube, a total bend of 180 degrees.
The outer edge of the flat piece is bent against this toward the middle of the tubular wall, until parallel with the wall, turning inward through 90 degrees. The edge of bent portion is bent further through another 90 degrees, inward now toward the axis of the tube and parallel to the main portion of the flat piece, making a total bend of 180 degrees. It is bent far enough inward that its circular edge is now slightly smaller in diameter than the edge of the tube. Bending it yet further, until it is parallel with the tube's axis, gives it a total bend of 270 degrees. It now envelops the outward rim of the tube.
Looking outward from the axis of the tube, the first surface is the unbent portion of the tube. Slightly further out is a narrow portion of the top, including its edge. The outward-bent portion of the tube, including its edge, is still slightly further out. Furthest out is the 90-degree-bent portion of the flat surface.
The combined interacting forces, as the portion of the flat surface adjacent to the interior of the tube is indented toward the middle of the tube and then outward forward the axis of the tube, and the other bent portions of the flat piece and the tube are all forced toward the axis of the tube, drives these five thicknesses of metal against each other from inside and out, forming a "dry" joint so tight that welding or solder is not needed to strengthen or seal it. Illustrations of this process can be found here.
Inside of a tin can.
Opening cans[edit]
The first cans were heavy-weight containers that required ingenuity to open, with implements such as knives. Not until several years later, after can manufacturers started using thinner metal sheets, were any dedicated can openers developed.
While beverage cans or cans of fluid such as broth can merely be punctured to remove the product, solid or semisolid contents require removing one end of the can. This can be accomplished with a heavy knife or other sharp tool—but can openers are much more convenient.
Some cans, such as those used for sardines, have a specially scored lid so that the user can break out the metal by the leverage of winding it around a slotted church key. Until the mid-20th century, some sardine tins had solder-attached lids, and the winding key worked by forcing the solder joint apart.
The advent of pull tabs in beverage cans spread to the canning of various food products, such as pet food or nuts (and non-food products such as motor oil and tennis balls). The ends are known as easy open lids because they open without any tools or implements.[10] An additional innovation developed for specifically for food cans uses a tab that is bent slightly upwards, creating a larger surface area for easier finger access.[11]
Cans can be made with easy open features. Some cans have screw caps for pouring liquids and resealing. Some have hinged covers or slip-on covers for easy access. Paint cans often have a removable plug on the top for access and for reclosing.
A can opener
Pull open top
Keyed side opening
Easy open sardine can
Stay-on tab
Recycling[edit]
Steel from cans and other sources is the most recycled packaging material.[12] Around 65% of steel cans are recycled.[13] In the United States, 63% of steel cans are recycled, compared to 52% of aluminium cans.[14] In Europe the recycling rate in 2011 is about 74%.[12] Much can recycling occurs at the smelters, but individual consumers also directly reuse cans in various ways. For instance some people use two tin cans to form a camp or survival stove to cook small meals.[citation needed]
Health issues[edit]
Dissolution of tin into the food[edit]
Tin is corrosion resistant, but acidic food like fruits and vegetables can corrode the tin layer. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea have been reported after ingesting canned food containing 200 mg/kg of tin.[15] A 2002 study showed that 99.5% of 1200 tested cans contained below the UK regulatory limit of 200 mg/kg of tin, an improvement over most previous studies largely attributed to the increased use of fully lacquered cans for acidic foods, and concluded that the results do not raise any long term food safety concerns for consumers. The two non-compliant products were voluntarily recalled.[16]
Evidence of tin impurities can be indicated by color, as in the case of pears, but lack of color change does not guarantee that a food is not tainted with tin.[17]
Bisphenol-A[edit]
Main article: Bisphenol-A
The chemical compound Bisphenol A found in can linings "...is associated with organizational changes in the prostate, breast, testis, mammary glands, body size, brain structure and chemistry, and behavior of laboratory animals",[18] unborn children and adults.
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a controversial chemical compound present in commercially available tin can plastic linings[19] and transferred to canned food. The inside of the can is coated with an epoxy coating, in an attempt to prevent food or beverage from coming into contact with the metal. The longer food is in a can, and the warmer and more acidic it is, the more BPA leaches into it. In September 2010, Canada became the first country to declare BPA a toxic substance.[20][21] In the European Union and Canada, BPA use is banned in baby bottles. The FDA does not regulate BPA (see Bisphenol A#US public health regulatory history). Several companies, like Campbell's Soup, announced plans to eliminate BPA from the linings of their cans,[19] but have not said which chemical they plan to replace it with. (See Bisphenol A#Chemical manufacturers reactions to bans.)[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Albion metal
Beverage can
Oil can
Recycle
Packaging
Tin box
Tin can wall
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kraus, F J (2009). "Steel Cans". In Yam, K L. Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology. Wiley. pp. 205–216. ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6.
Jump up ^ Geoghegan, Tom (2013-04-21). "BBC News - The story of how the tin can nearly wasn't". Bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-06-06. Retrieved 2013-06-04.
Jump up ^ American Can Company: Revolution in Containers Archived 2009-07-15 at the Wayback Machine., Excerpts of William C. Stolk; Address of The Newcomen Society of North America, April 21, 1960 - Printed July 1960, from oilcans.net, retrieved 16 July 2010
Jump up ^ Soroka (2002) Fundamentals of Packaging Technology, Institute of Packaging Professionals ISBN 1-930268-25-4
^ Jump up to: a b Soroka, W. Illustrated Glossary of Packaging Terminology (Second ed.). Institute of Packaging Professionals. Archived from the original on 2011-01-29.
Jump up ^ Hertzberg, Ruth; Greene, Janet; Vaughan, Beatrice (2010-05-25). Putting Food By: Fifth Edition. Penguin. ISBN 9781101539903. Archived from the original on 2018-02-06.
Jump up ^ Petroleum week Archived 2018-02-06 at the Wayback Machine., Volume 9, 1959, p. 82 (Google Books)
Jump up ^ Hickman, Martin (2010-04-01). "Revealed: the nasty secret in your kitchen cupboard". London: The Independent. Archived from the original on 2010-04-02. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
Jump up ^ "Can standards". cancentral.com. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 24 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Canmaker". canmaker.com. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03.
Jump up ^ Jing Han (1 August 2005). "Ergonomics designs of aluminum beverage cans & bottles". ResearchGate. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "APEAL - Steel for packaging: cans, Home, Food, Beverage, Aerosol, Paint, and Specialty cans". apeal.org. Archived from the original on 2013-08-08.
Jump up ^ "64.9% of steel cans are recycled". worldsteel.org. 10 January 2007. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Recyclings FAQ". cancentral.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 24 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Blunden, Steve; Wallace, Tony (2003). "Tin in canned food: a review and understanding of occurrence and effect". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 41 (12): 1651–1662. doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(03)00217-5. PMID 14563390.
Jump up ^ "Tin in canned fruit and vegetables (Number 29/02)" (PDF). Food Standards Agency. 2002-08-22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-10-19. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
Jump up ^ Chandler, BV; Clegg, K Marry (1970). "Pink discoloration in canned pears I.—Role of tin in pigment formation". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 21 (6): 315. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740210612.
Jump up ^ Vogel, S. (2009). "The Politics of Plastics: The Making and Unmaking of Bisphenol A 'Safety'" Archived 2017-05-30 at the Wayback Machine.. American Journal of Public Health 99 (S3): 559–566.
^ Jump up to: a b "Campbells Eliminating BPA in Soup Cans". www.torontosun.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-23. Retrieved 2013-06-04.
Jump up ^ [1]. Canada Gazette Part II. 13 October 2010 [archived 18 March 2012];144(21):1806–18.
Jump up ^ Martin Mittelstaedt. Canada first to declare bisphenol A toxic. Globe and Mail (Canada). 13 October 2010 [archived 2 January 2012].
General references, further reading[edit]
Nicolas Appert
History of the Tin Can on About.com
Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6
Soroka, W, "Fundamentals of Packaging Technology", Institute of Packaging Professionals (IoPP), 2002, ISBN 1-930268-25-4
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cans.
Steeluniversity Packaging Module
Steel industry fact sheet on food cans
Standard U.S. can sizes at GourmetSleuth
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