text:
Java (programming language)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Java language" redirects here. For the natural language from the Indonesian island of Java, see Javanese language.
This article is about a programming language. For the software package downloaded from java.com, see Java SE.
Not to be confused with JavaScript.
Java
Paradigm
Multi-paradigm: Object-oriented (class-based), structured, imperative, generic, reflective, concurrent
Designed by
James Gosling
Developer
Sun Microsystems (now owned by Oracle Corporation)
First appeared
May 23, 1995; 22 years ago (1995-05-23)[1]
Typing discipline
Static, strong, safe, nominative, manifest
License
GNU General Public License, Java Community Process
Filename extensions
.java, .class, .jar
Website
oracle.com/java/
Major implementations
Compilers: OpenJDK (javac, sjavac), GNU Compiler for Java (GCJ), Eclipse Compiler for Java (ECJ)
Virtual Machines: Oracle HotSpot, Oracle JRockit, Azul Zing, IBM J9, Excelsior JET, Gluon VM, Microsoft JVM, Apache Harmony
JIT-Compilers: Oracle Graal, Azul Falcon (LLVM)
Dialects
Generic Java, Pizza
Influenced by
Ada 83, C++,[2] C#,[3] Eiffel,[4] Generic Java, Mesa,[5] Modula-3,[6] Oberon,[7] Objective-C,[8] UCSD Pascal,[9][10] Object Pascal[11]
Influenced
Ada 2005, BeanShell, C#, Chapel,[12] Clojure, ECMAScript, Fantom, Gambas,[13] Groovy, Hack,[14] Haxe, J#, JavaScript, Kotlin, PHP, Python, Scala, Seed7, Vala
Java Programming at Wikibooks
Java is a general-purpose computer-programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented,[15] and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers "write once, run anywhere" (WORA),[16] meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation.[17] Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of computer architecture. As of 2016, Java is one of the most popular programming languages in use,[18][19][20][21] particularly for client-server web applications, with a reported 9 million developers.[22] Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which has since been acquired by Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++, but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them.
The original and reference implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses. As of May 2007, in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process, Sun relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License. Others have also developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies, such as the GNU Compiler for Java (bytecode compiler), GNU Classpath (standard libraries), and IcedTea-Web (browser plugin for applets).
The latest version is Java 10, released on March 20, 2018, [23] which follows Java 9 after only six months [24] in line with the new release schedule. Java 8 is still supported but there will be no more security updates for Java 9.[25] Versions earlier than Java 8 are supported by companies on a commercial basis; e.g. by Oracle back to Java 6 as of October 2017 (while they still "highly recommend that you uninstall"[26] pre-Java 8 from at least Windows computers).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Principles
1.2 Versions
2 Practices
2.1 Java platform
2.1.1 Implementations
2.1.2 Performance
2.2 Automatic memory management
3 Syntax
4 "Hello world" example
5 Special classes
5.1 Applet
5.2 Servlet
5.3 JavaServer Pages
5.4 Swing application
5.5 Generics
6 Criticism
7 Use outside the Java platform
7.1 Android
7.1.1 Controversy
8 Class libraries
9 Documentation
10 Editions
11 See also
11.1 Comparison of Java with other languages
12 Notes
13 References
14 External links
History
See also: Java (software platform) § History
Duke, the Java mascot
James Gosling, the creator of Java (2008)
The TIOBE programming language popularity index graph from 2002 to 2015. Over the course of a decade Java (blue) and C (black) competed for the top position.
James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project in June 1991.[27] Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced for the digital cable television industry at the time.[28] The language was initially called Oak after an oak tree that stood outside Gosling's office. Later the project went by the name Green and was finally renamed Java, from Java coffee.[29] Gosling designed Java with a C/C++-style syntax that system and application programmers would find familiar.[30]
Sun Microsystems released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1995.[31] It promised "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA), providing no-cost run-times on popular platforms. Fairly secure and featuring configurable security, it allowed network- and file-access restrictions. Major web browsers soon incorporated the ability to run Java applets within web pages, and Java quickly became popular. The Java 1.0 compiler was re-written in Java by Arthur van Hoff to comply strictly with the Java 1.0 language specification.[32] With the advent of Java 2 (released initially as J2SE 1.2 in December 1998 – 1999), new versions had multiple configurations built for different types of platforms. J2EE included technologies and APIs for enterprise applications typically run in server environments, while J2ME featured APIs optimized for mobile applications. The desktop version was renamed J2SE. In 2006, for marketing purposes, Sun renamed new J2 versions as Java EE, Java ME, and Java SE, respectively.
In 1997, Sun Microsystems approached the ISO/IEC JTC 1 standards body and later the Ecma International to formalize Java, but it soon withdrew from the process.[33][34][35] Java remains a de facto standard, controlled through the Java Community Process.[36] At one time, Sun made most of its Java implementations available without charge, despite their proprietary software status. Sun generated revenue from Java through the selling of licenses for specialized products such as the Java Enterprise System.
On November 13, 2006, Sun released much of its Java virtual machine (JVM) as free and open-source software, (FOSS), under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL). On May 8, 2007, Sun finished the process, making all of its JVM's core code available under free software/open-source distribution terms, aside from a small portion of code to which Sun did not hold the copyright.[37]
Sun's vice-president Rich Green said that Sun's ideal role with regard to Java was as an "evangelist".[38] Following Oracle Corporation's acquisition of Sun Microsystems in 2009–10, Oracle has described itself as the "steward of Java technology with a relentless commitment to fostering a community of participation and transparency".[39] This did not prevent Oracle from filing a lawsuit against Google shortly after that for using Java inside the Android SDK (see Google section below). Java software runs on everything from laptops to data centers, game consoles to scientific supercomputers.[40] On April 2, 2010, James Gosling resigned from Oracle.[41]
In January 2016, Oracle announced that Java runtime environments based on JDK 9 will discontinue the browser plugin.[42]
Principles
There were five primary goals in the creation of the Java language:[17]
It must be "simple, object-oriented, and familiar".
It must be "robust and secure".
It must be "architecture-neutral and portable".
It must execute with "high performance".
It must be "interpreted, threaded, and dynamic".
Versions
Main article: Java version history
As of 20 March 2018[update], both Java 8 and 10 are officially supported. Major release versions of Java, along with their release dates:
JDK 1.0 (January 23, 1996)[43]
JDK 1.1 (February 19, 1997)
J2SE 1.2 (December 8, 1998)
J2SE 1.3 (May 8, 2000)
J2SE 1.4 (February 6, 2002)
J2SE 5.0 (September 30, 2004)
Java SE 6 (December 11, 2006)
Java SE 7 (July 28, 2011)
Java SE 8 (March 18, 2014)
Java SE 9 (September 21, 2017)
Java SE 10 (March 20, 2018)
Practices
Java platform
Main articles: Java (software platform) and Java virtual machine
One design goal of Java is portability, which means that programs written for the Java platform must run similarly on any combination of hardware and operating system with adequate runtime support. This is achieved by compiling the Java language code to an intermediate representation called Java bytecode, instead of directly to architecture-specific machine code. Java bytecode instructions are analogous to machine code, but they are intended to be executed by a virtual machine (VM) written specifically for the host hardware. End users commonly use a Java Runtime Environment (JRE) installed on their own machine for standalone Java applications, or in a web browser for Java applets.
Standard libraries provide a generic way to access host-specific features such as graphics, threading, and networking.
The use of universal bytecode makes porting simple. However, the overhead of interpreting bytecode into machine instructions made interpreted programs almost always run more slowly than native executables. Just-in-time (JIT) compilers that compile bytecodes to machine code during runtime were introduced from an early stage. Java itself is platform-independent and is adapted to the particular platform it is to run on by a Java virtual machine for it, which translates the Java bytecode into the platform's machine language.[44]
Implementations
See also: Free Java implementations
Oracle Corporation is the current owner of the official implementation of the Java SE platform, following their acquisition of Sun Microsystems on January 27, 2010. This implementation is based on the original implementation of Java by Sun. The Oracle implementation is available for Microsoft Windows (still works for XP, while only later versions are currently officially supported), macOS, Linux, and Solaris. Because Java lacks any formal standardization recognized by Ecma International, ISO/IEC, ANSI, or other third-party standards organization, the Oracle implementation is the de facto standard.
The Oracle implementation is packaged into two different distributions: The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) which contains the parts of the Java SE platform required to run Java programs and is intended for end users, and the Java Development Kit (JDK), which is intended for software developers and includes development tools such as the Java compiler, Javadoc, Jar, and a debugger.
OpenJDK is another notable Java SE implementation that is licensed under the GNU GPL. The implementation started when Sun began releasing the Java source code under the GPL. As of Java SE 7, OpenJDK is the official Java reference implementation.
The goal of Java is to make all implementations of Java compatible. Historically, Sun's trademark license for usage of the Java brand insists that all implementations be "compatible". This resulted in a legal dispute with Microsoft after Sun claimed that the Microsoft implementation did not support RMI or JNI and had added platform-specific features of their own. Sun sued in 1997, and, in 2001, won a settlement of US$20 million, as well as a court order enforcing the terms of the license from Sun.[45] As a result, Microsoft no longer ships Java with Windows.
Platform-independent Java is essential to Java EE, and an even more rigorous validation is required to certify an implementation. This environment enables portable server-side applications.
Performance
Main article: Java performance
Programs written in Java have a reputation for being slower and requiring more memory than those written in C++.[46][47] However, Java programs' execution speed improved significantly with the introduction of just-in-time compilation in 1997/1998 for Java 1.1,[48] the addition of language features supporting better code analysis (such as inner classes, the StringBuilder class, optional assertions, etc.), and optimizations in the Java virtual machine, such as HotSpot becoming the default for Sun's JVM in 2000. With Java 1.5, the performance was improved with the addition of the java.util.concurrent package, including lock free implementations of the ConcurrentMaps and other multi-core collections, and it was improved further with Java 1.6.
Some platforms offer direct hardware support for Java; there are microcontrollers that can run Java in hardware instead of a software Java virtual machine[49], and some ARM based processors could have hardware support for executing Java bytecode through their Jazelle option, though support has mostly been dropped in current implementations of ARM.
Automatic memory management
Java uses an automatic garbage collector to manage memory in the object lifecycle. The programmer determines when objects are created, and the Java runtime is responsible for recovering the memory once objects are no longer in use. Once no references to an object remain, the unreachable memory becomes eligible to be freed automatically by the garbage collector. Something similar to a memory leak may still occur if a programmer's code holds a reference to an object that is no longer needed, typically when objects that are no longer needed are stored in containers that are still in use. If methods for a nonexistent object are called, a "null pointer exception" is thrown.[50][51]
One of the ideas behind Java's automatic memory management model is that programmers can be spared the burden of having to perform manual memory management. In some languages, memory for the creation of objects is implicitly allocated on the stack or explicitly allocated and deallocated from the heap. In the latter case, the responsibility of managing memory resides with the programmer. If the program does not deallocate an object, a memory leak occurs. If the program attempts to access or deallocate memory that has already been deallocated, the result is undefined and difficult to predict, and the program is likely to become unstable or crash. This can be partially remedied by the use of smart pointers, but these add overhead and complexity. Note that garbage collection does not prevent "logical" memory leaks, i.e., those where the memory is still referenced but never used.
Garbage collection may happen at any time. Ideally, it will occur when a program is idle. It is guaranteed to be triggered if there is insufficient free memory on the heap to allocate a new object; this can cause a program to stall momentarily. Explicit memory management is not possible in Java.
Java does not support C/C++ style pointer arithmetic, where object addresses and unsigned integers (usually long integers) can be used interchangeably. This allows the garbage collector to relocate referenced objects and ensures type safety and security.
As in C++ and some other object-oriented languages, variables of Java's primitive data types are either stored directly in fields (for objects) or on the stack (for methods) rather than on the heap, as is commonly true for non-primitive data types (but see escape analysis). This was a conscious decision by Java's designers for performance reasons.
Java contains multiple types of garbage collectors. By default, HotSpot uses the parallel scavenge garbage collector.[52] However, there are also several other garbage collectors that can be used to manage the heap. For 90% of applications in Java, the Concurrent Mark-Sweep (CMS) garbage collector is sufficient.[53] Oracle aims to replace CMS with the Garbage-First collector (G1).[54]
Syntax
Main article: Java syntax
Dependency graph of the Java Core classes (created with jdeps and Gephi). The most frequently used classes Object and String appear in the centre of the diagram.
The syntax of Java is largely influenced by C++. Unlike C++, which combines the syntax for structured, generic, and object-oriented programming, Java was built almost exclusively as an object-oriented language.[17] All code is written inside classes, and every data item is an object, with the exception of the primitive data types, (i.e. integers, floating-point numbers, boolean values, and characters), which are not objects for performance reasons. Java reuses some popular aspects of C++ (such as the printf method).
Unlike C++, Java does not support operator overloading[55] or multiple inheritance for classes, though multiple inheritance is supported for interfaces.[56]
Java uses comments similar to those of C++. There are three different styles of comments: a single line style marked with two slashes (//), a multiple line style opened with /* and closed with */, and the Javadoc commenting style opened with /** and closed with */. The Javadoc style of commenting allows the user to run the Javadoc executable to create documentation for the program and can be read by some integrated development environments (IDEs) such as Eclipse to allow developers to access documentation within the IDE.
Example:
// This is an example of a single line comment using two slashes /* This is an example of a multiple line comment using the slash and asterisk. This type of comment can be used to hold a lot of information or deactivate code, but it is very important to remember to close the comment. */ package fibsandlies; import java.util.HashMap; /** * This is an example of a Javadoc comment; Javadoc can compile documentation * from this text. Javadoc comments must immediately precede the class, method, or field being documented. */ public class FibCalculator extends Fibonacci implements Calculator { private static Map<Integer, Integer> memoized = new HashMap<Integer, Integer>(); /* * The main method written as follows is used by the JVM as a starting point for the program. */ public static void main(String[] args) { memoized.put(1, 1); memoized.put(2, 1); System.out.println(fibonacci(12)); //Get the 12th Fibonacci number and print to console } /** * An example of a method written in Java, wrapped in a class. * Given a non-negative number FIBINDEX, returns * the Nth Fibonacci number, where N equals FIBINDEX. * @param fibIndex The index of the Fibonacci number * @return The Fibonacci number */ public static int fibonacci(int fibIndex) { if (memoized.containsKey(fibIndex)) { return memoized.get(fibIndex); } else { int answer = fibonacci(fibIndex - 1) + fibonacci(fibIndex - 2); memoized.put(fibIndex, answer); return answer; } } }
"Hello world" example
The traditional "Hello, world!" program can be written in Java as:[57]
class HelloWorldApp { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello World!"); // Prints the string to the console. } }
Source files must be named after the public class they contain, appending the suffix .java, for example, HelloWorldApp.java. It must first be compiled into bytecode, using a Java compiler, producing a file named HelloWorldApp.class. Only then can it be executed, or "launched". The Java source file may only contain one public class, but it can contain multiple classes with other than public access modifier and any number of public inner classes. When the source file contains multiple classes, make one class "public" and name the source file with that public class name.
A class that is not declared public may be stored in any .java file. The compiler will generate a class file for each class defined in the source file. The name of the class file is the name of the class, with .class appended. For class file generation, anonymous classes are treated as if their name were the concatenation of the name of their enclosing class, a $, and an integer.
The keyword public denotes that a method can be called from code in other classes, or that a class may be used by classes outside the class hierarchy. The class hierarchy is related to the name of the directory in which the .java file is located. This is called an access level modifier. Other access level modifiers include the keywords private and protected.
The keyword static in front of a method indicates a static method, which is associated only with the class and not with any specific instance of that class. Only static methods can be invoked without a reference to an object. Static methods cannot access any class members that are not also static. Methods that are not designated static are instance methods and require a specific instance of a class to operate.
The keyword void indicates that the main method does not return any value to the caller. If a Java program is to exit with an error code, it must call System.exit() explicitly.
The method name "main" is not a keyword in the Java language. It is simply the name of the method the Java launcher calls to pass control to the program. Java classes that run in managed environments such as applets and Enterprise JavaBeans do not use or need a main() method. A Java program may contain multiple classes that have main methods, which means that the VM needs to be explicitly told which class to launch from.
The main method must accept an array of String objects. By convention, it is referenced as args although any other legal identifier name can be used. Since Java 5, the main method can also use variable arguments, in the form of public static void main(String... args), allowing the main method to be invoked with an arbitrary number of String arguments. The effect of this alternate declaration is semantically identical (to the args parameter which is still an array of String objects), but it allows an alternative syntax for creating and passing the array.
The Java launcher launches Java by loading a given class (specified on the command line or as an attribute in a JAR) and starting its public static void main(String[]) method. Stand-alone programs must declare this method explicitly. The String[] args parameter is an array of String objects containing any arguments passed to the class. The parameters to main are often passed by means of a command line.
Printing is part of a Java standard library: The System class defines a public static field called out. The out object is an instance of the PrintStream class and provides many methods for printing data to standard out, including println(String) which also appends a new line to the passed string.
The string "Hello World!" is automatically converted to a String object by the compiler.
Special classes
This section contains instructions, advice, or how-to content. The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts, not to train. Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how-to content or by moving it to Wikiversity, Wikibooks or Wikivoyage. (January 2012)
Applet
Main article: Java applet
Java applets are programs that are embedded in other applications, typically in a Web page displayed in a web browser. The below Java program is an example of how this is done; note the absence of a main method.
import javax.swing.JApplet; import java.awt.Graphics; public class Hello extends JApplet { public void paintComponent(final Graphics g) { g.drawString("Hello, world!", 65, 95); } }
The import statements direct the Java compiler to include the javax.swing.JApplet and java.awt.Graphics classes in the compilation. The import statement allows these classes to be referenced in the source code using the simple class name (i.e. JApplet) instead of the fully qualified class name (FQCN, i.e. javax.swing.JApplet).
The Hello class extends (subclasses) the JApplet (Java Applet) class; the JApplet class provides the framework for the host application to display and control the lifecycle of the applet. The JApplet class is a JComponent (Java Graphical Component) which provides the applet with the capability to display a graphical user interface (GUI) and respond to user events.
The Hello class overrides the paintComponent(Graphics) method (additionally indicated with the annotation, supported as of JDK 1.5, Override) inherited from the Container superclass to provide the code to display the applet. The paintComponent() method is passed a Graphics object that contains the graphic context used to display the applet. The paintComponent() method calls the graphic context drawString(String, int, int) method to display the "Hello, world!" string at a pixel offset of (65, 95) from the upper-left corner in the applet's display.
<applet code="Hello.class" width="200" height="200">
An applet is placed in an HTML document using the <applet> HTML element. The applet tag has three attributes set: code="Hello.class" specifies the name of the JApplet class and width="200" height="200" sets the pixel width and height of the applet. Applets may also be embedded in HTML using either the object or embed element,[58] although support for these elements by web browsers is inconsistent.[59] However, the applet tag is deprecated, so the object tag is preferred where supported.
The host application, typically a Web browser, instantiates the Hello applet and creates an AppletContext for the applet. Once the applet has initialized itself, it is added to the AWT display hierarchy. The paintComponent() method is called by the AWT event dispatching thread whenever the display needs the applet to draw itself.
Servlet
Main article: Java Servlet
Java Servlet technology provides Web developers with a simple, consistent mechanism for extending the functionality of a Web server and for accessing existing business systems. Servlets are server-side Java EE components that generate responses (typically HTML pages) to requests (typically HTTP requests) from clients. A servlet can almost be thought of as an applet that runs on the server side—without a face.
// Hello.java import java.io.*; import javax.servlet.*; public class Hello extends GenericServlet { public void service(final ServletRequest request, final ServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { response.setContentType("text/html"); final PrintWriter pw = response.getWriter(); try { pw.println("Hello, world!"); } finally { pw.close(); } } }
The import statements direct the Java compiler to include all the public classes and interfaces from the java.io and javax.servlet packages in the compilation. Packages make Java well suited for large-scale applications.
The Hello class extends the GenericServlet class; the GenericServlet class provides the interface for the server to forward requests to the servlet and control the servlet's lifecycle.
The Hello class overrides the service(ServletRequest, ServletResponse) method defined by the Servlet interface to provide the code for the service request handler. The service() method is passed: a ServletRequest object that contains the request from the client and a ServletResponse object used to create the response returned to the client. The service() method declares that it throws the exceptions ServletException and IOException if a problem prevents it from responding to the request.
The setContentType(String) method in the response object is called to set the MIME content type of the returned data to "text/html". The getWriter() method in the response returns a PrintWriter object that is used to write the data that is sent to the client. The println(String) method is called to write the "Hello, world!" string to the response and then the close() method is called to close the print writer, which causes the data that has been written to the stream to be returned to the client.
JavaServer Pages
Main article: JavaServer Pages
JavaServer Pages (JSP) are server-side Java EE components that generate responses, typically HTML pages, to HTTP requests from clients. JSPs embed Java code in an HTML page by using the special delimiters <% and %>. A JSP is compiled to a Java servlet, a Java application in its own right, the first time it is accessed. After that, the generated servlet creates the response.
Swing application
Main article: Swing (Java)
Swing is a graphical user interface library for the Java SE platform. It is possible to specify a different look and feel through the pluggable look and feel system of Swing. Clones of Windows, GTK+, and Motif are supplied by Sun. Apple also provides an Aqua look and feel for macOS. Where prior implementations of these looks and feels may have been considered lacking, Swing in Java SE 6 addresses this problem by using more native GUI widget drawing routines of the underlying platforms.
This example Swing application creates a single window with "Hello, world!" inside:
// Hello.java (Java SE 5) import javax.swing.*; public class Hello extends JFrame { public Hello() { super("hello"); super.setDefaultCloseOperation(WindowConstants.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); super.add(new JLabel("Hello, world!")); super.pack(); super.setVisible(true); } public static void main(final String[] args) { new Hello(); } }
The first import includes all the public classes and interfaces from the javax.swing package.
The Hello class extends the JFrame class; the JFrame class implements a window with a title bar and a close control.
The Hello() constructor initializes the frame by first calling the superclass constructor, passing the parameter "hello", which is used as the window's title. It then calls the setDefaultCloseOperation(int) method inherited from JFrame to set the default operation when the close control on the title bar is selected to WindowConstants.EXIT_ON_CLOSE – this causes the JFrame to be disposed of when the frame is closed (as opposed to merely hidden), which allows the Java virtual machine to exit and the program to terminate. Next, a JLabel is created for the string "Hello, world!" and the add(Component) method inherited from the Container superclass is called to add the label to the frame. The pack() method inherited from the Window superclass is called to size the window and lay out its contents.
The main() method is called by the Java virtual machine when the program starts. It instantiates a new Hello frame and causes it to be displayed by calling the setVisible(boolean) method inherited from the Component superclass with the boolean parameter true. Once the frame is displayed, exiting the main method does not cause the program to terminate because the AWT event dispatching thread remains active until all of the Swing top-level windows have been disposed.
Generics
Main article: Generics in Java
In 2004, generics were added to the Java language, as part of J2SE 5.0. Prior to the introduction of generics, each variable declaration had to be of a specific type. For container classes, for example, this is a problem because there is no easy way to create a container that accepts only specific types of objects. Either the container operates on all subtypes of a class or interface, usually Object, or a different container class has to be created for each contained class. Generics allow compile-time type checking without having to create many container classes, each containing almost identical code. In addition to enabling more efficient code, certain runtime exceptions are prevented from occurring, by issuing compile-time errors. If Java prevented all runtime type errors (ClassCastException's) from occurring, it would be type safe.
In 2016, the type system was shown not to be safe at all, it was proven unsound.[60]
Criticism
Main article: Criticism of Java
Criticisms directed at Java include the implementation of generics,[61] speed,[62] the handling of unsigned numbers,[63] the implementation of floating-point arithmetic,[64] and a history of security vulnerabilities in the primary Java VM implementation HotSpot.[65]
Use outside the Java platform
The Java programming language requires the presence of a software platform in order for compiled programs to be executed. Oracle supplies the Java platform for use with Java. The Android SDK is an alternative software platform, used primarily for developing Android applications.
Android
The Android operating system makes extensive use of Java-related technology.
The Java language is a key pillar in Android, an open source mobile operating system. Although Android, built on the Linux kernel, is written largely in C, the Android SDK uses the Java language as the basis for Android applications. The bytecode language supported by the Android SDK is incompatible with Java bytecode and runs on its own virtual machine, optimized for low-memory devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. Depending on the Android version, the bytecode is either interpreted by the Dalvik virtual machine or compiled into native code by the Android Runtime.
Android does not provide the full Java SE standard library, although the Android SDK does include an independent implementation of a large subset of it. It supports Java 6 and some Java 7 features, offering an implementation compatible with the standard library (Apache Harmony).
Controversy
See also: Oracle America, Inc. v. Google, Inc.
The use of Java-related technology in Android led to a legal dispute between Oracle and Google. On May 7, 2012, a San Francisco jury found that if APIs could be copyrighted, then Google had infringed Oracle's copyrights by the use of Java in Android devices.[66] District Judge William Haskell Alsup ruled on May 31, 2012, that APIs cannot be copyrighted,[67] but this was reversed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in May 2014.[68] On May 26, 2016, the district court decided in favor of Google, ruling the copyright infringement of the Java API in Android constitutes fair use.[69]
Class libraries
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Main article: Java Class Library
The Java Class Library is the standard library, developed to support application development in Java. It is controlled by Sun Microsystems in cooperation with others through the Java Community Process program. Companies or individuals participating in this process can influence the design and development of the APIs. This process has been a subject of controversy.[when?] The class library contains features such as:
The core libraries, which include:
IO/NIO
Networking
Reflection
Concurrency
Generics
Scripting/Compiler
Functional programming (Lambda, Streaming)
Collection libraries that implement data structures such as lists, dictionaries, trees, sets, queues and double-ended queue, or stacks[70]
XML Processing (Parsing, Transforming, Validating) libraries
Security[71]
Internationalization and localization libraries[72]
The integration libraries, which allow the application writer to communicate with external systems. These libraries include:
The Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) API for database access
Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) for lookup and discovery
RMI and CORBA for distributed application development
JMX for managing and monitoring applications
User interface libraries, which include:
The (heavyweight, or native) Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT), which provides GUI components, the means for laying out those components and the means for handling events from those components
The (lightweight) Swing libraries, which are built on AWT but provide (non-native) implementations of the AWT widgetry
APIs for audio capture, processing, and playback
JavaFX
A platform dependent implementation of the Java virtual machine that is the means by which the bytecodes of the Java libraries and third party applications are executed
Plugins, which enable applets to be run in web browsers
Java Web Start, which allows Java applications to be efficiently distributed to end users across the Internet
Licensing and documentation
Documentation
Main article: Javadoc
Javadoc is a comprehensive documentation system, created by Sun Microsystems, used by many Java developers[by whom?]. It provides developers with an organized system for documenting their code. Javadoc comments have an extra asterisk at the beginning, i.e. the delimiters are /** and */, whereas the normal multi-line comments in Java are set off with the delimiters /* and */.[73]
Editions
See also: Free Java implementations § Class library
Java platform editions
Java Card
Micro Edition (ME)
Standard Edition (SE)
Enterprise Edition (EE)
Java EE version history
JavaFX (Merged to Java SE 8)
PersonalJava (discontinued)
v
t
e
Sun has defined and supports four editions of Java targeting different application environments and segmented many of its APIs so that they belong to one of the platforms. The platforms are:
Java Card for smartcards.[74]
Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME) – targeting environments with limited resources.[75]
Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE) – targeting workstation environments.[76]
Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) – targeting large distributed enterprise or Internet environments.[77]
The classes in the Java APIs are organized into separate groups called packages. Each package contains a set of related interfaces, classes, and exceptions. Refer to the separate platforms for a description of the packages available.[relevant to this section? – discuss]
Sun also provided an edition called PersonalJava that has been superseded by later, standards-based Java ME configuration-profile pairings.
See also
Java portal
Computer programming portal
Book: Programming for Students
Dalvik – used in old Android versions, replaced by non-JIT Android Runtime
JavaOne
Javapedia
List of Java virtual machines
List of Java APIs
List of JVM languages
Graal, a project aiming to implement a high performance Java dynamic compiler and interpreter
Spring Framework
Comparison of Java with other languages
Comparison of programming languages
Comparison of Java and C++
Comparison of C# and Java
Notes
Jump up ^ Binstock, Andrew (May 20, 2015). "Java's 20 Years of Innovation". Forbes. Retrieved March 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Chaudhary, Harry H. (2014-07-28). "Cracking The Java Programming Interview :: 2000+ Java Interview Que/Ans". Retrieved 2016-05-29.
Jump up ^ Java 5.0 added several new language features (the enhanced for loop, autoboxing, varargs and annotations), after they were introduced in the similar (and competing) C# language. [1] [2]
Jump up ^ Gosling, James; McGilton, Henry (May 1996). "The Java Language Environment".
Jump up ^ Gosling, James; Joy, Bill; Steele, Guy; Bracha, Gilad. "The Java Language Specification, 2nd Edition".
Jump up ^ "The A-Z of Programming Languages: Modula-3". Computerworld.com.au. Archived from the original on January 5, 2009. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Niklaus Wirth stated on a number of public occasions, e.g. in a lecture at the Polytechnic Museum, Moscow in September 2005 (several independent first-hand accounts in Russian exist, e.g. one with an audio recording: Filippova, Elena (September 22, 2005). "Niklaus Wirth's lecture at the Polytechnic Museum in Moscow". ), that the Sun Java design team licensed the Oberon compiler sources a number of years prior to the release of Java and examined it: a (relative) compactness, type safety, garbage collection, no multiple inheritance for classes – all these key overall design features are shared by Java and Oberon.
Jump up ^ Patrick Naughton cites Objective-C as a strong influence on the design of the Java programming language, stating that notable direct derivatives include Java interfaces (derived from Objective-C's protocol) and primitive wrapper classes. [3]
Jump up ^ TechMetrix Research (1999). "History of Java" (PDF). Java Application Servers Report. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 29, 2010. The project went ahead under the name "green" and the language was based on an old model of UCSD Pascal, which makes it possible to generate interpretive code
Jump up ^ "A Conversation with James Gosling – ACM Queue". Queue.acm.org. August 31, 2004. Retrieved 2010-06-09.
Jump up ^ In the summer of 1996, Sun was designing the precursor to what is now the event model of the AWT and the JavaBeans TM component architecture. Borland contributed greatly to this process. We looked very carefully at Delphi Object Pascal and built a working prototype of bound method references in order to understand their interaction with the Java programming language and its APIs.White Paper About Microsoft's "Delegates"
Jump up ^ "Chapel spec (Acknowledgements)" (PDF). Cray Inc. 2015-10-01. Retrieved 2016-01-14.
Jump up ^ "Gambas Documentation Introduction". Gambas Website. Retrieved 2017-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Facebook Q&A: Hack brings static typing to PHP world". InfoWorld. March 26, 2014. Retrieved 2015-01-11.
Jump up ^ Gosling et al. 2014, p. 1.
Jump up ^ "Write once, run anywhere?". Computer Weekly. May 2, 2002. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c "1.2 Design Goals of the Java™ Programming Language". Oracle. January 1, 1999. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
Jump up ^ McMillan, Robert (August 1, 2013). "Is Java Losing Its Mojo?". wired.com. Java is on the wane, at least according to one outfit that keeps on eye on the ever-changing world of computer programming languages. For more than a decade, it has dominated the TIOBE Programming Community Index, and is back on top – a snapshot of software developer enthusiasm that looks at things like internet search results to measure how much buzz different languages have. But lately, Java has been slipping.
Jump up ^ RedMonk Index on redmonk.com (Stephen O'Grady, January 2015)
Jump up ^ "Programming Language Popularity". langpop.com. October 25, 2013. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved April 2, 2015. Normalized Comparison: 1st C, 2nd Java, 3rd PHP
Jump up ^ "TIOBE Programming Community Index". 2015. Retrieved 2015-04-03.
Jump up ^ "JavaOne 2013 Review: Java Takes on the Internet of Things". www.oracle.com. Retrieved 2016-06-19.
Jump up ^ https://www.oracle.com/corporate/pressrelease/Java-10-032018.html
Jump up ^ Waters, John K. (September 21, 2017). "Java SE 9 and Java EE 8 Released Today". ADTMag. Archived from the original on September 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/eol-135779.html
Jump up ^ "Why should I uninstall older versions of Java from my system?". www.java.com.
Jump up ^ Byous, Jon (c. 1998). "Java technology: The early years". Sun Developer Network. Sun Microsystems. Archived from the original on April 20, 2005. Retrieved 2005-04-22.
Jump up ^ Object-oriented programming "The History of Java Technology". Sun Developer Network. c. 1995. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
Jump up ^ "So why did they decide to call it Java?", Kieron Murphy, JavaWorld.com, 10/04/96
Jump up ^ Kabutz, Heinz; Once Upon an Oak. Artima. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
Jump up ^ "The History of Java Technology". Retrieved October 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ Object-oriented Programming with Java: Essentials and Applications. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 34.
Jump up ^ "JSG – Java Study Group". open-std.org.
Jump up ^ "Why Java™ Was – Not – Standardized Twice" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "What is ECMA—and why Microsoft cares".
Jump up ^ "Java Community Process website". Jcp.org. May 24, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-09.
Jump up ^ "JAVAONE: Sun – The bulk of Java is open sourced". GrnLight.net. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
Jump up ^ "Sun's Evolving Role as Java Evangelist". O'Reilly Media.
Jump up ^ "Oracle and Java". oracle.com. Oracle Corporation. Archived from the original on January 31, 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-23. Oracle has been a leading and substantive supporter of Java since its emergence in 1995 and takes on the new role as steward of Java technology with a relentless commitment to fostering a community of participation and transparency. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Learn About Java Technology". Oracle. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gosling, James (April 9, 2010). "Time to move on..." On a New Road. Archived from the original on November 5, 2010. Retrieved 2011-11-16. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Topic, Dalibor. "Moving to a Plugin-Free Web".
Jump up ^ "JAVASOFT SHIPS JAVA 1.0". Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
Jump up ^ "Is the JVM (Java Virtual Machine) platform dependent or platform independent? What is the advantage of using the JVM, and having Java be a translated language?". Programmer Interview. Retrieved 2015-01-19.
Jump up ^ Niccolai, James (January 23, 2001). "Sun, Microsoft settle Java lawsuit". JavaWorld. International Data Group. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
Jump up ^ Jelovic, Dejan. "Why Java will always be slower than C++". Archived from the original on February 11, 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ Google. "Loop Recognition in C++/Java/Go/Scala" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-07-12.
Jump up ^ "Symantec's Just-In-Time Java Compiler To Be Integrated into Sun JDK 1.1".
Jump up ^ Salcic, Zoran; Park, Heejong; Teich, Jürgen; Malik, Avinash; Nadeem, Muhammad (2017-07-22). "Noc-HMP: A Heterogeneous Multicore Processor for Embedded Systems Designed in SystemJ". ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES). 22 (4): 73. doi:10.1145/3073416. ISSN 1084-4309.
Jump up ^ "NullPointerException". Oracle. Retrieved 2014-05-06.
Jump up ^ "Exceptions in Java". Artima.com. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
Jump up ^ "Java HotSpot™ Virtual Machine Performance Enhancements". Oracle.com. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
Jump up ^ "Java HotSpot VM Options". Oracle.com. 2010-09-07. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
Jump up ^ "Garbage-First Collector". docs.oracle.com.
Jump up ^ "Operator Overloading (C# vs Java)". C# for Java Developers. Microsoft. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Multiple Inheritance of State, Implementation, and Type". The Java™ Tutorials. Oracle. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lesson: A Closer Look at the "Hello World!" Application". The Java™ Tutorials > Getting Started. Oracle Corporation. Retrieved 2011-04-14.
Jump up ^ "Using applet, object and embed Tags". oracle.com. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
Jump up ^ "Deploying Applets in a Mixed-Browser Environment". oracle.com. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
Jump up ^ "Java and Scala's Type Systems are Unsound" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Arnold, Ken. "Generics Considered Harmful". java.net. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved September 10, 2015. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) . More comments to the original article available at earlier archive snapshots like .
Jump up ^ Jelovic, Dejan. "Why Java Will Always Be Slower than C++". www.jelovic.com. Archived from the original on February 11, 2008. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ Owens, Sean R. "Java and unsigned int, unsigned short, unsigned byte, unsigned long, etc. (Or rather, the lack thereof)". Archived from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved 2011-07-04.
Jump up ^ Kahan, William. "How Java's Floating-Point Hurts Everyone Everywhere" (PDF). Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of California at Berkeley. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Have you checked the Java?".
Jump up ^ Mullin, Joe. "Google guilty of infringement in Oracle trial; future legal headaches loom". Law & Disorder. Ars Technica. Retrieved 2012-05-08.
Jump up ^ Mullin, Joe (May 31, 2012). "Google wins crucial API ruling, Oracle's case decimated". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
Jump up ^ Rosenblatt, Seth (May 9, 2014). "Court sides with Oracle over Android in Java patent appeal". CNET. Retrieved 2014-05-10.
Jump up ^ Mullin, Joe (2016-05-26). "Google beats Oracle—Android makes "fair use" of Java APIs". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
Jump up ^ "Collections Framework Overview". Java Documentation. Oracle. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Java™ Security Overview". Java Documentation. Oracle. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Trail: Internationalization". The Java™ Tutorials. Oracle. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "How to Write Doc Comments for the Javadoc Tool". Oracle Technology Network. Oracle. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Java Card Overview". Oracle Technology Network. Oracle. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME)". Oracle Technology Network. Oracle. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Java SE". Oracle Technology Network. Oracle. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE)". Oracle Technology Network. Oracle. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
References
Gosling, James; Joy, Bill; Steele, Guy; Bracha, Gilad; Buckley, Alex (2014). The Java® Language Specification (PDF) (Java SE 8 ed.).
Gosling, James; Joy, Bill; Steele, Guy L., Jr.; Bracha, Gilad (2005). The Java Language Specification (3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-321-24678-0.
Lindholm, Tim; Yellin, Frank (1999). The Java Virtual Machine Specification (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-43294-3.
External links
Find more aboutJava (programming language)at Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Wikiversity has learning resources about Java Platform, Enterprise Edition/Java EE Tutorial
[show]
v
t
e
Java
Platforms
Java language
JVM
Micro Edition
Standard Edition
Enterprise Edition
Java Card
Android SDK
Oracle technologies
Squawk
Java Development Kit
OpenJDK
Java virtual machine
JavaFX
Maxine VM
Platform technologies
Applets
Servlets
MIDlets
JSP
Web Start (JNLP)
Major third-party technologies
Blackdown
Eclipse
GNU Classpath
GWT
Harmony
Hibernate
IcedTea
Jazelle
Spring
Struts
TopLink
WildFly
History
Java version history
Java Community Process
Sun Microsystems
Free Java implementations
Major JVM languages
BeanShell
Clojure
Groovy
Oxygene
JRuby
Jython
Kotlin
Processing
Rhino
Scala
Tcl/Java
Conferences
JavaOne
Devoxx
[show]
v
t
e
Sun Microsystems (acquired by Oracle Corp, 2010)
People
Bill Joy
Andy Bechtolsheim
Scott McNealy
Vinod Khosla
List of notable employees
Hardware
Sun-1
Sun-2
Sun-3
Sun386i
Sun-4
SPARCstation
Netra
Ultra
Enterprise
Sun Blade
Sun Fire
SPARC Enterprise
SPARC
JavaStation
Sun Ray
Sun Modular Datacenter
more...
Software
SunOS
Solaris
NIS (+)
NFS
ZFS
SunView
NeWS
OpenWindows
Java Desktop System
Sun Studio
Java
StarOffice
iPlanet/Sun ONE/Java Enterprise System
Sun Secure Global Desktop
MySQL
Sun xVM
GlassFish
more...
Storage
StorageTek
Sun Open Storage
QFS
ZFS
High-performance computing
Sun Cloud
Sun Constellation System
Sun Visualization System
Sun Grid Engine
Lustre
Research
Sun Labs
picoJava
Fortress
Project Looking Glass
Education
SCPs
BlueJ
Community
Common Development and Distribution License
Java Community Process
NetBeans
OpenOffice.org
OpenSolaris
OpenSPARC
OpenJDK
OSUM
[show]
v
t
e
Oracle Corporation
Corporate directors
Jeffrey Berg
H. Raymond Bingham
Michael Boskin
Safra Catz
Larry Ellison
Héctor García-Molina
Joseph Grundfest
Jeffrey O. Henley
Mark Hurd
Jack F. Kemp
Donald L. Lucas
Naomi O. Seligman
Acquisitions (list)
Sun
PeopleSoft
Hyperion
Siebel
BEA
JD Edwards
RightNow
Virtual Iron
TimesTen
Sunopsis
NetSuite
DBMS
Oracle Database
MySQL
InnoDB
Berkeley DB
TimesTen
Rdb
Essbase
Programming languages
Java
PL/SQL
IDE
JDeveloper
Forms
NetBeans
Apex
SQL Developer
Developer Studio
Middleware
Fusion Middleware
WebCenter
SOA Suite
WebLogic Server
Coherence
Tuxedo
GlassFish
Operating systems
Oracle Linux
Oracle Solaris
Computer hardware
Sun Fire
SPARC (T-Series, Enterprise)
StorageTek
Computer appliances
Oracle Exadata
Oracle Exalogic
Big Data Appliance
Education and recognition
Oracle Certification Program
Category
Commons
[show]
v
t
e
Programming languages
Comparison
Timeline
History
Assembly
BASIC
C
C++
C#
COBOL
Fortran
Go
Haskell
Java
JavaScript (JS)
Lisp
Lua
Objective-C
Pascal
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Shell
Smalltalk
Swift
Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET)
more...
Category
Lists
Alphabetical
Categorical
Generational
Non-English-based
[show]
v
t
e
Free and open-source software
General
Alternative terms for free software
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
Comparison of source code hosting facilities
Free software
Free software project directories
Gratis versus libre
Long-term support
Open-source software
Open-source software development
Outline
Software
packages
Audio
Bioinformatics
Codecs
Collaboration
Configuration management
Device drivers
Graphics
Wireless
Geophysics
Health
Mathematics
Operating systems
Programming languages
Routing
Statistics
Television
Video games
Web applications
Content management systems
E-commerce
Word processors
Android apps
iOS apps
Commercial
Trademarked
Formerly proprietary
Community
Free software movement
History
Open-source software movement
Organizations
Events
Licenses
AFL
Apache
APSL
Artistic
Beerware
Boost
BSD
CC0
CDDL
EPL
Free Software Foundation
GNU GPL
GNU LGPL
ISC
MIT
MPL
Ms-PL/RL
Python
Python Software Foundation License
Sleepycat
Unlicense
WTFPL
zlib
License types
and standards
Comparison of free and open-source software licenses
Contributor License Agreement
Copyleft
Debian Free Software Guidelines
Definition of Free Cultural Works
Free license
The Free Software Definition
The Open Source Definition
Open-source license
Permissive software licence
Public domain
Viral license
Challenges
Binary blob
Digital rights management
Hardware restrictions
License proliferation
Mozilla software rebranding
Proprietary software
SCO/Linux controversies
Secure boot
Software patents
Software security
Trusted Computing
Related topics
The Cathedral and the Bazaar
Forking
Microsoft Open Specification Promise
Open-source hardware
Revolution OS
Book
Category
Commons
Portal
Authority control
LCCN: sh95008574
GND: 4401313-9
BNF: cb12533207m (data)
BNE: XX540033
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java_(programming_language)&oldid=832483006"
Categories:
Java (programming language)
Java platform
C programming language family
Class-based programming languages
Computer-related introductions in 1995
Concurrent programming languages
Java specification requests
JVM programming languages
Object-oriented programming languages
Programming languages
Programming languages created in 1995
Statically typed programming languages
Sun Microsystems
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
Use mdy dates from August 2017
Wikipedia semi-protected pages
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2018
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles with example Java code
Articles needing cleanup from January 2012
All pages needing cleanup
Articles containing how-to sections
Articles needing additional references from December 2014
All articles needing additional references
All articles with vague or ambiguous time
Vague or ambiguous time from December 2014
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2015
Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic paragraphs
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikibooks
Wikiquote
Wikiversity
Languages
Acèh
Afrikaans
አማርኛ
العربية
অসমীয়া
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Corsu
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
ગુજરાતી
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Қазақша
Kreyòl ayisyen
Кыргызча
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Ligure
Lumbaart
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Baso Minangkabau
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Polski
Português
Qaraqalpaqsha
Română
Русский
Саха тыла
Scots
Shqip
සිංහල
Simple English
سنڌي
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Soomaaliga
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
ไทย
Тоҷикӣ
Türkçe
ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ
Українська
Vèneto
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
吴语
粵語
Žemaitėška
中文
94 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 March 2018, at 08:53.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href title

values: This article is semi-protected until December 13, 2018.

attrs: class id

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values:
/wiki/Java_SE
mw-redirect
Java SE

value: caption

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

values:
nofollow
http://oracle.com/java/
external text

values:
/wiki/Dialect_(computing)
mw-redirect
Dialect (computing)

values:
/wiki/Generic_Java
mw-redirect
Generic Java

values:
/wiki/Haxe_(programming_language)
mw-redirect
Haxe (programming language)

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: text-align:center;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 3px;

values: Measuring programming language popularity

values:
/wiki/Java_coffee
mw-redirect
Java coffee

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values: Parallel scavenge garbage collector (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Garbage-First_collector
mw-redirect
Garbage-First collector

values:
/wiki/%22Hello,_world!%22_program
mw-redirect
"Hello, world!" program

values:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content
presentation

values:
/wiki/Java_Servlet
mw-redirect
Java Servlet

values:
/wiki/Graphical_control_element
mw-redirect
Graphical control element

values:
/wiki/Java_platform
mw-redirect
Java platform

values:
/wiki/Android_SDK
mw-redirect
Android SDK

values:
/wiki/Android_application
mw-redirect
Android application

values:
/wiki/Open_source
mw-redirect
Open source

values:
/wiki/Dalvik_virtual_machine
mw-redirect
Dalvik virtual machine

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2014)

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers

values: Common Object Request Broker Architecture

values: The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2015)

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: The material in the vicinity of this tag may contain the information irrelevant to the section's main topic

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: Object type (object-oriented programming)

values:
nofollow
http://www.levenez.com/lang/
external autonumber

values:
nofollow
http://www.langpop.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.java.com/en/javahistory/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/JSG/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.jcp.org/en/home/index

values: Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown

values:
nofollow
http://www.java.com/en/about/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1145%2F3073416

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1084-4309

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Guy_L._Steele,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Guy L. Steele, Jr.

values: padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;

values: border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;

values: metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small

values: border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;

values: v:Java Platform, Enterprise Edition/Java EE Tutorial

values:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Hibernate_(Java)
mw-redirect
Hibernate (Java)

values:
/wiki/Apache_Struts
mw-redirect
Apache Struts

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Oracle_Solaris_Studio
mw-redirect
Oracle Solaris Studio

values: Common Development and Distribution License

values: H. Raymond Bingham (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Jeffrey_O._Henley
mw-redirect
Jeffrey O. Henley

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Generational list of programming languages

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Comparison of open-source and closed-source software

values: Comparison of source code hosting facilities

values: List of free software project directories

values: List of free and open-source software packages

values: List of open-source bioinformatics software

values: Comparison of open-source configuration management software

values: Free and open-source graphics device driver

values: Comparison of open-source wireless drivers

values: List of open-source software for mathematics

values: Comparison of open-source operating systems

values: Comparison of open-source programming language licensing

values: List of free and open-source Android applications

values: List of free and open-source iOS applications

values: List of commercial open-source applications and services

values: List of trademarked open-source software

values: History of free and open-source software

values: List of free and open-source software organizations

values:
/wiki/Boost_Software_License
mw-redirect
Boost Software License

values: Comparison of free and open-source software licenses

values:
/wiki/UEFI_Secure_Boot#Secure_boot
mw-redirect
UEFI Secure Boot

values:
/wiki/Portal:Free_software
mw-redirect
Portal:Free software

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4401313-9

values: Category:Computer-related introductions in 1995

values: Category:Programming languages created in 1995

values: Category:Statically typed programming languages

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2018

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Articles with example Java code

values: Category:Articles needing cleanup from January 2012

values: Category:Articles containing how-to sections

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2014

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time

values: Category:Vague or ambiguous time from December 2014

values: Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2015

values: Category:Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic paragraphs

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Java_(programming_language)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values:
https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Achinese
ace
ace
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ace
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-am
display: none;

values: جافا (لغة برمجة) – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-as
display: none;

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: জাভা (প্রোগ্রামিং ভাষা) – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values: Java (thêng-sek gí-giân) – Chinese (Min Nan)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Java (мова праграмавання) – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Java – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values:
https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Bulgarian
bg
bg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values: Java (llenguatge de programació) – Catalan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Java (компьютер чĕлхи) – Chuvash

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Corsican
co
co
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-co
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Greek
el
el
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: Java (lenguaje de programación) – Spanish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: جاوا (زبان برنامه‌نویسی) – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Irish
ga
ga
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values: Java (linguaxe de programación) – Galician

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: જાવા (પ્રોગ્રામિંગ ભાષા) – Gujarati

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gu
display: none;

values:
https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Hakka Chinese
hak
hak
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hak
display: none;

values: 자바 (프로그래밍 언어) – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: जावा प्रोग्रामिंग भाषा – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values: Java (linguage de programmation) – Interlingua

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values: Java (linguaggio di programmazione) – Italian

values: ג'אווה (שפת תכנות) – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: ჯავა (პროგრამირების ენა) – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Java (бағдарламалау тілі) – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values:
https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Kyrgyz
ky
ky
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lij
display: none;

values:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

values: Java (програмски јазик) – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: ജാവ (പ്രോഗ്രാമിങ് ഭാഷ) – Malayalam

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: जावा (आज्ञावली भाषा) – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Minangkabau
min
min
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-min
display: none;

values:
https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Min Dong Chinese
cdo
cdo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo
display: none;

values:
https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Mongolian
mn
mn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Japanese
ja
ja
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: Programmeringsspråket Java – Norwegian Nynorsk

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values: ଜାଭା (ପ୍ରୋଗ୍ରାମିଂ ଭାଷା) – Odia

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-or
display: none;

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: ਜਾਵਾ (ਪ੍ਰੋਗਰਾਮਿੰਗ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ) – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Java (linguagem de programação) – Portuguese

values: Java (programmalastırıw tili) – Kara-Kalpak

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa
display: none;

values:
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Russian
ru
ru
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Sakha
sah
sah
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values: ජාවා (ක්‍රමලේඛන භාෂාව) – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values: Java (programming language) – Simple English

values: جاوا (پروگرامنگ جي ٻولي) – Sindhi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-so
display: none;

values: جاڤا (زمانی بەرنامەسازی) – Central Kurdish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Јава (програмски језик) – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values: Java (programski jezik) – Serbo-Croatian

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: ஜாவா (நிரலாக்க மொழி) – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values:
https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Tatar
tt
tt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: ภาษาจาวา – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Tajik
tg
tg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Buginese
bug
bug
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bug
display: none;

values:
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Ukrainian
uk
uk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Venetian
vec
vec
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: Java (linggwahe hin pagprograma) – Waray

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Wu Chinese
wuu
wuu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Samogitian
bat-smg
bat-smg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg
display: none;

values:
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java
Java – Chinese
zh
zh
interlanguage-link-target

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Java_programming_language rootpage-Java_programming_language skin-vector action-view


text:
Network layer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Layer 3" redirects here. For the MPEG-1 Audio format, see MP3. For the layer in the cerebral cortex, see Cerebral cortex § Layered_structure.
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
OSI model
by layer
7. Application layer[show]
NNTP
SIP
SSI
DNS
FTP
Gopher
HTTP
NFS
NTP
SMPP
SMTP
SNMP
Telnet
DHCP
Netconf
more....
6. Presentation layer[show]
MIME
XDR
5. Session layer[show]
Named pipe
NetBIOS
SAP
PPTP
RTP
SOCKS
SPDY
4. Transport layer[show]
TCP
UDP
SCTP
DCCP
SPX
3. Network layer[show]
IP
IPv4
IPv6
ICMP
IPsec
IGMP
IPX
AppleTalk
X.25 PLP
2. Data link layer[show]
ATM
ARP
IS-IS
SDLC
HDLC
CSLIP
SLIP
GFP
PLIP
IEEE 802.2
LLC
MAC
L2TP
IEEE 802.3
Frame Relay
ITU-T G.hn DLL
PPP
X.25 LAPB
Q.921 LAPD
Q.922 LAPF
1. Physical layer[show]
EIA/TIA-232
EIA/TIA-449
ITU-T V-Series
I.430
I.431
PDH
SONET/SDH
PON
OTN
DSL
IEEE 802.3
IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.15
IEEE 802.16
IEEE 1394
ITU-T G.hn PHY
USB
Bluetooth
RS-232
RS-449
v
t
e
In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the network layer is layer 3. The network layer is responsible for packet forwarding including routing through intermediate routers.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Functions
2 Relation to TCP/IP model
3 Protocols
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Functions[edit]
The network layer provides the means of transferring variable-length network packets from a source to a destination host via one or more networks. Within the service layering semantics of the OSI network architecture, the network layer responds to service requests from the transport layer and issues service requests to the data link layer.
Functions of the network layer include:
Connectionless communication
For example, IP is connectionless, in that a data packet can travel from a sender to a recipient without the recipient having to send an acknowledgement. Connection-oriented protocols exist at other, higher layers of the OSI model.
Host addressing
Every host in the network must have a unique address that determines where it is. This address is normally assigned from a hierarchical system. For example, you can be "Fred Murphy" to people in your house, "Fred Murphy, 1 Main Street" to Dubliners, or "Fred Murphy, 1 Main Street, Dublin" to people in Ireland, or "Fred Murphy, 1 Main Street, Dublin, Ireland" to people anywhere in the world. On the Internet, addresses are known as IP addresses.
Message forwarding
Since many networks are partitioned into subnetworks and connect to other networks for wide-area communications, networks use specialized hosts, called gateways or routers, to forward packets between networks.
Relation to TCP/IP model[edit]
The TCP/IP model describes the protocols used by the Internet.[2] The TCP/IP model has a layer called the Internet layer, located above the link layer. In many textbooks and other secondary references, the TCP/IP Internet layer is equated with the OSI network layer. However, this comparison is misleading, as the allowed characteristics of protocols (e.g., whether they are connection-oriented or connection-less) placed into these layers are different in the two models.[citation needed] The TCP/IP Internet layer is in fact only a subset of functionality of the network layer. It describes only one type of network architecture, the Internet.[citation needed]
Protocols[edit]
CLNP, Connectionless Networking Protocol
DDP, Datagram Delivery Protocol
EGP, Exterior Gateway Protocol
EIGRP, Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
DVMRP, Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol
ICMP, Internet Control Message Protocol
IGMP, Internet Group Management Protocol
IPsec, Internet Protocol Security
IPv4/IPv6, Internet Protocol
IPX, Internetwork Packet Exchange
OSPF, Open Shortest Path First
PIM-DM, Protocol Independent Multicast Dense Mode
PIM-SM, Protocol Independent Multicast Sparse Mode
RIP, Routing Information Protocol
RSMLT Routed-SMLT
See also[edit]
Datakit
Router
DECnet
AppleTalk
LAN Switches
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Layer 3". techtarget.com. Retrieved 2017-05-11.
Jump up ^ RFC 1122
Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (2003). Computer networks. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-066102-3.
External links[edit]
OSI Reference Model—The ISO Model of Architecture for Open Systems Interconnection, Hubert Zimmermann, IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 28, no. 4, April 1980, pp. 425 – 432. (PDF-Datei; 776 kB)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_layer&oldid=795485419"
Categories:
OSI protocols
Network layer protocols
Hidden categories:
Pages using RFC magic links
Articles lacking in-text citations from October 2009
All articles lacking in-text citations
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Беларуская
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Latviešu
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Português
Русский
සිංහල
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 August 2017, at 14:58.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: b

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check

value: span

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes

values:
/wiki/Network_File_System_(protocol)
mw-redirect
Network File System (protocol)

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: Compressed Serial Line Internet Protocol

values:
/wiki/Media_access_control
mw-redirect
Media access control

values:
/wiki/ITU-T_V-Series_Recommendations
mw-redirect
ITU-T V-Series Recommendations

values:
/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus
mw-redirect
Universal Serial Bus

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Computer_networking
mw-redirect
Computer networking

values:
/wiki/TCP/IP_model
mw-redirect
TCP/IP model

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Connectionless Networking Protocol (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/LAN_Switches
mw-redirect
LAN Switches

values:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1122

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from October 2009

values: Category:All articles lacking in-text citations

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Network_layer
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: طبقة الشبكة – Arabic

values: Пратаколы сеціўнага ўзроўню – Belarusian

values: Мрежов слой в OSI модела – Bulgarian

values: Επίπεδο δικτύου – Greek

values: لایه شبکه – Persian

values: 네트워크 계층 – Korean

values: שכבת הרשת של מודל ה-OSI – Hebrew

values: ネットワーク層 – Japanese

values: Протоколы сетевого уровня – Russian

values: ජාලකරණයේ ක්‍රම - පුළුල් ප්‍රදේශ ජාලය (WAN) – Sinhala

values: Слој мреже – Serbian

values: Мережевий рівень – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Network_layer rootpage-Network_layer skin-vector action-view