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Jonathan Jackson (actor)
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Jonathan Jackson
Jackson at the PaleyFest 2013 panel on the TV show Nashville
Born
Jonathan Stevens Jackson[1]
(1982-05-11) May 11, 1982 (age 35)
Orlando, Florida, U.S.
Residence
Battle Ground, Washington, US
Occupation
Actor, musician, author
Years active
1993–present
Spouse(s)
Lisa Vultaggio (m. 2002)
Children
3
Relatives
Richard Lee Jackson (brother)
Website
www.jonathanjackson.com
Jonathan Stevens Jackson (born May 11, 1982) is an American actor, musician and author. His first well known character was Lucky Spencer on the ABC Daytime soap opera General Hospital, a role which has won him five Emmy Awards. In 2002, he played Jesse Tuck in the film Tuck Everlasting. In 2004 he started the band Enation (currently: Jonathan Jackson + Enation) with his brother, actor Richard Lee Jackson and friend Daniel Sweatt. He currently portrays Avery Barkley in the CMT drama Nashville.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Acting
2.2 Music
2.3 Books
3 Personal life
3.1 Family
3.2 Religion
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
5 Soundtrack appearances
6 Awards and nominations
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Jackson was born in Orlando, Florida, the son of Jeanine (née Sharp), an amateur ventriloquist and businesswoman,[2][3] and Dr. Rick "Ricky Lee" Jackson, a family physician,[4] country musician and Congressional candidate in the state of Washington.[5][6] Jackson was raised in Battle Ground, Washington with his brother Richard Lee Jackson, now an actor and musician, and his sister Candice Jackson, now a lawyer, author, and official in the Trump administration.[5] Jonathan attended Meadow Glade Elementary school.[2]
In 1991, Jackson's family took a trip to Universal Studios Hollywood, where both Richard and Jonathan decided to pursue acting.[2] The brothers took acting lessons in nearby Portland, Oregon,[4] before moving part-time to Burbank, California with their mother in 1993.[2] After doing various commercials, within six months[4] Jackson won a role on the ABC Daytime soap opera, General Hospital. Jackson continued his studies while working, graduating high school at age sixteen.[7]
Career[edit]
Acting[edit]
Jackson's first notable role was Lucky Spencer on General Hospital, a role he first played from 1993 to 1999. Jackson won numerous awards for his work as Lucky. He was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series six times, winning first in 1995,[8] and again in 1998 and 1999,[9] making him the record holder for both nominations and wins for the Younger Actor category. He also won Soap Opera Digest Awards in 1995[10] and 1999.[11] He was nominated for Young Artist Awards in 1996,[12] 1997[13] and 1999.[14] He won The Hollywood Reporter's YoungStar Award in 1995,[15] 1997,[16] 1998 and 1999[17] and was nominated in 2000. Jackson also became a popular "teen heartthrob" among fans,[18][19] featured on fan magazines[20] such as Tiger Beat and garnering many fan clubs[21] and internet fansites.[7] In 1999, he was named one of People magazine's 50 most beautiful people.[18]
While working at General Hospital, Jackson starred in his first feature film Camp Nowhere, as Morris "Mud" Himmel in 1994.[22] Also during this time he starred in made-for-television films Prisoner of Zenda, Inc.[23] and The Legend of the Ruby Silver,[24] and made a guest appearance during Season 5 of the ABC sitcom Boy Meets World. In 1999, Jackson filmed The Deep End of the Ocean shortly before leaving General Hospital, starring opposite Michelle Pfeiffer.[7] Deep End director Ulu Grosbard spoke of Jackson as "an enormously gifted actor. He brought a weight and a presence and chemistry with Michelle from the beginning. He's only 15 years old and he is a very serious actor who has both concentration and humor."[25] Pfeiffer added, "When Jonathan and I read together, it was like he was my own son. And we just went at each other in only this way that a mother and son could do. His reading was exhilarating."[25] Jackson was nominated for YoungStar Awards in 1997 for Prisoner of Zenda, Inc. and 1999 for The Deep End of the Ocean.[26]
In December 1999, Newsweek magazine reported Jackson was likely to be taking on the role of Anakin Skywalker in Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones. However, he was soon dropped from the running, and publications speculated the prior publicity had hurt his chances due to creator George Lucas' preference for privacy.[27] Jackson continued his film career in 2000 with the independent film True Rights[28] and the ABC television movie Trapped in a Purple Haze.[23] Jackson also wrote and directed a short film with his brother Richard entitled Crystal Clear, which won Best Dramatic Short Film and the Coen Brothers Award for Duo-Filmmaking at the Brooklyn Film Festival.[29] In 2002, Jackson played one of his most well-known film roles as Jesse Tuck in Tuck Everlasting, which he filmed simultaneously to Insomnia. In 2004, Jackson filmed Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights, and Riding the Bullet. From 2008 through 2009, he had a recurring role as Kyle Reese in the hit Fox TV show Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, playing the father of John Connor before the show was cancelled.
On September 29, 2009, it was announced that Jackson would return to General Hospital on October 27 to reprise the role of Lucky Spencer.[30] In 2011, Jackson won his fourth Daytime Emmy and first Outstanding Supporting Actor Award.[31] On November 7, 2011, it was announced that Jackson had decided to leave General Hospital[32] and his final airdate was on December 23, 2011. His character is not planned to be recast or killed off, leaving the door open for Jackson to return with the show in the future.[33] In 2012, Jackson won his fifth Daytime Emmy and second consecutive win for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series.[31][34]
In 2012, he got the role of singer-songwriter Avery Barkley in the ABC drama Nashville.[35] Along with the rest of the cast, Jonathan sings and performs guitar himself on the series.[5]
Music[edit]
Jackson performing with Enation in 2013
As a child, Jackson took guitar lessons and taught himself to play the piano.[4] Growing up he had an evolving band with various family members. In 2000, the band included his brother, uncle and father and was named "Scarlet Road".[23] By 2002, Jonathan and his brother Richard had named their group "Jono and the Rock".[36]
The ensemble morphed into Enation, where Jackson is the frontman, playing guitar, vocals and writing most the songs.[4] Other band members include Jonathan's brother Richard (drums), and their friends Daniel Sweatt (bass), Luke Galeotti (guitar) and Michael Galeotti (keyboard).[2] The band has released several albums and their song "Feel This" became a Top 10 hit on the iTunes national Rock Charts after it was featured on the CW television drama series One Tree Hill.[2] Enation's songs have also been featured on Riding the Bullet,[4] and General Hospital.[37]
As well as performing as singer, guitarist & piano man Jackson also wrote the song "The Morning of the Rain" featured on episode 7 and 19 of the first season of Nashville.
Books[edit]
In the spring of 2012, Jackson released a book of poetry under the pen name J. S. Jackson,[38] titled Book of Solace and Madness.[5] In June 2012, he discussed his yet-to-be-released book entitled Acting in the Spirit, which would discuss the connection between his Orthodox faith and his acting career.[39] In November 2014, Jackson released The Mystery of Art: Becoming an Artist in the Image of God.[40]
Personal life[edit]
Family[edit]
At age 20, Jackson married former General Hospital actress Lisa Vultaggio on June 21, 2002. Jackson told the Chicago Sun-Times, "Some people thought we were a little young to get married. But we didn’t see the need to wait. When it’s right, it’s right."[36] The couple moved to Jackson's hometown of Battle Ground, Washington to raise their family.[2] They have three children.[41]
Religion[edit]
“I've never presented Jesus in a car salesman sort of way. I don't believe in that for me. I don't want to turn anyone away because they're feeling pressured. The most positive influence I've had is people seeing the kind of life I'm living and the way I treat people. If people ask where that comes from, I'll say it comes from Jesus. And I'm definitely not ashamed of that."
—Jackson on his faith, in 1998.[42]
The son of Seventh-day Adventist parents,[39] Jackson was raised as a non-denominational Christian,[43] and has always been vocal about his faith.[44] As part of his belief system, as a teen Jackson chose not to drink or do drugs.[23] Jackson was also a proponent of abstinence from premarital sex.[36][42] Jackson also often thanked God during his award acceptance speeches.[42] While Jackson was working on General Hospital, he and his family held a home church in Burbank which various cast members attended, including Jackson's future wife Lisa Vultaggio.[39] Jackson explained how his beliefs affected his choice of acting roles in an interview with Entertainment Weekly in 1999, "I won't get involved with a movie that's a direct slap in the face of God. [...] I'm an actor, so I have to play people who believe differently than me. I would be willing to play a character that was completely unbelieving and anti-God, just as long as that wasn't the message of the whole movie."[18] In 2002, Jackson participated in the DKNY-sponsored "What's Your Anti-Drug?" campaign, posing for the 2003 calendar featured in Cosmogirl magazine,[45] stating his anti-drug was faith.[46]
In 2012, Jackson and his family were baptized into the Orthodox Church.[47] Jackson cited a trip to Romania and Rome that first brought his attention to learning about the history of Christianity.[39][43][48] In his acceptance speech for his 2012 Daytime Emmy Award, he thanked the Holy Trinity as well as the monks on Orthodox monastic enclave Mount Athos. Jackson later explained in an interview, "These people (are) dedicating their lives to prayer, and not just praying for themselves, but truly praying for all of us. And then the thought kind of crossed my mind: with all the destruction, chaos and insanity that goes on in this world, if their prayers weren’t happening, what would this world be like? I felt personally like I just wanted to thank them because I really believe that their prayers mean a lot."[43]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1994 Camp Nowhere Morris "Mud" Himmel Feature film debut
1996 Prisoner of Zenda, Inc. Rudy Gatewick/Oliver Gillis Showtime television movie
The Legend of the Ruby Silver Matt Rainie ABC television movie
1999 The Deep End of the Ocean Vincent Cappadora
2000 True Rights Charlie Vick Independent film
Crystal Clear Eddie Short film also written and directed by Jackson
Trapped in a Purple Haze Max Hanson ABC television movie
2001 Skeletons in the Closet Seth Reed
On the Edge Toby
2002 Insomnia Randy Stetz
Tuck Everlasting Jesse Tuck
2004 Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights James Phelps
Riding the Bullet Alan Parker
2005 Venom Eric
2006 A Little Thing Called Murder Kenny Kimes TV movie
2010 Kalamity Stanley Keller
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1993 General Hospital Lucky Spencer 1993–99, 2009–11, 2015
1998 Boy Meets World Ricky Ferris Episode: Starry Night
Episode: Honesty Night
2001 Night Visions Devin Episode: If a Tree Falls
2003 The Twilight Zone Martin Sunrise
2008 One Tree Hill Himself Cameo with Enation
2008–09 Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles Kyle Reese Episode: Dungeons & Dragons
Episode: Goodbye To All That
Episode: The Good Wound
Episode: Born to Run
2012–present[49] Nashville Avery Barkley Main cast; 106 episodes
2017 NashChat Himself Guest host; week 4
Soundtrack appearances[edit]
The Music of Nashville: Season 1, Volume 1 (2012)
Contributed 1 track: "Twist Of Barbwire"
The Music of Nashville: Season 1, Volume 2 (2013)
Contributed 2 tracks: "Let There Be Lonely" and "Keep Asking Why"
The Music of Nashville: Season 2, Volume 1 (2013)
Contributed 2 tracks: "You Learn How To Live Alone" and "Be My Girl" with Sam Palladio
The Music of Nashville: Season 2, Volume 2 (2014)
Contributed 3 tracks: "Hennessee" with Sam Palladio and Chaley Rose, "Everything I'll Ever Need" with Hayden Panettiere and "I Ain't Leavin' Without Your Love" with Sam Palladio and Chaley Rose
Christmas with Nashville (2014)
Contributed 2 tracks: "Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)" and Celebrate Me Home with the Nashville cast
The Music of Nashville: Season 3, Volume 1 (2014)
Contributed 1 track: "The Most Beautiful Girl In The World" with Sam Palladio and Chaley Rose
The Music of Nashville: Season 3, Volume 2 (2015)
Contributed 6 tracks: "Borrow My Heart" with Sam Palladio and Clare Bowen, "This Is What I Need To Say", "Hold You In My Arms" with Hayden Panettiere, "My Song" with Sam Palladio and Clare Bowen, "Novocaine" with Laura Benanti and "One By One" with Hayden Panettiere
The Music of Nashville: Season 4, Volume 1 (2015)
Contributed 2 tracks: "History of My Heart" and "Sleep Tonight (A Lullaby)" with Chris Carmack
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
1995 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series General Hospital Won
Soap Opera Digest Award Outstanding Child Actor Won
YoungStar Award Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Daytime TV Program Won
1996 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series General Hospital Nominated
Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Daytime Drama – Young Actor Nominated
1997 YoungStar Award Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Made For TV Movie Prisoner of Zenda, Inc. Nominated
Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Daytime TV Program General Hospital Won
Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series Nominated
Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Daytime Drama – Young Actor Nominated
1998 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series General Hospital Won
YoungStar Award Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Daytime TV Program Won
1999 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series General Hospital Won
Soap Opera Digest Award Outstanding Younger Lead Actor Won
Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Daytime Serial Nominated
YoungStar Awards Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Daytime TV Program Won
Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Drama Film The Deep End of the Ocean Nominated
2000 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series General Hospital Nominated
YoungStar Award Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Daytime TV Program Nominated
Young Hollywood Award Breakthrough Performance – Male The Deep End of the Ocean Won
Brooklyn Film Festival Festival Award: Best Narrative Short – Drama (with Richard Lee Jackson) Crystal Clear Won
Festival Award: Coen Brothers Award For Duo Filmmakers (with Richard Lee Jackson) Won
2005 Saturn Award Best Performance by a Younger Actor Riding the Bullet Nominated
2010 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series General Hospital Nominated
2011 Won
2012 Won
2016 Critics' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Nashville Nominated
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/jonathan-jackson/158613/
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Albright, Mary Ann (April 19, 2010). "A hometown for 'General Hospital,' 'One Tree Hill' stars, musicians". The Columbian. columbian.com. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Fundraiser includes actor's memorabilia – News. Norfolk Daily News (November 1, 2012). Retrieved on 2016-04-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Christopher, Donna (February 21, 2012). "'General Hospital' star Jonathan Jackson's band to rock Marisa's". Hearst Communications. ctpost.com. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Albright, Mary Ann (October 6, 2012). "B.G. actor-musician goes country". The Columbian. columbian.com. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Jewett, Dave (October 6, 1997). "Article: Jackson Scores A Role In Major Film". The Columbian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c King, Susan; The Los Angeles Times (April 8, 1999). "'General Hospital' star jumps into 'Deep End'". Lawrence Journal-World. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Winners of Daytime Emmy Awards at a glance". Daily Union. Associated Press. May 21, 1995. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Cormier, Matthew (February 20, 2011). "Daytime Emmys Spotlight: Jonathan Jackson likely to be 'Lucky' again". Gold Derby. goldderby.com. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "'Days' big hit of soap awards night". The Milwaukee Sentinel. February 18, 1995. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "ABC daytime dramas sweep Soap Opera Digest Awards". Pittsburg Post-Gazette. Associated Press. March 1, 1999. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "17th Youth In Film Awards". youngartistawards.org. Archived from the original on March 4, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "18th Youth In Film Awards". youngartistawards.org. Archived from the original on March 4, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "20th Youth In Film Awards". youngartistawards.org. Archived from the original on September 7, 2013. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Awards". Lawrence Journal-World. October 28, 1995. Retrieved February 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ellis, Rick (May 4, 1997). "1997's 2nd Annual Young Star Awards". AllYourEntertainment, Inc. www.allyourtv.com. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Rachel Leigh Cook, Britney Spears, Jonathan Jackson, Haley Joel Osment, Leelee Sobieski Among Winners at The Hollywood Reporter's 4th Annual YoungStar Awards". Gale Group. Business Wire. November 8, 1999. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bonin, Liane (May 6, 1999). "Lucky's Break". Entertainment Weekly. ew.com. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ LiCausi, Debra (July 1999). "The Lucky Star". Daytime Digest.
Jump up ^ Cutler, Jacqueline (April 15, 2000). "Jackson rising into a 'Purple Haze'". Calhoun Times. Retrieved February 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Vice, Jeff (March 12, 1999). "Teenager immerses himself in 'Deep End of the Ocean' role". Deseret News. deseretnews.com. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ Sumner, Jane (August 27, 1994). "Disney film 'Camp Nowhere'... a fun type of summer movie". Sun Journal. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cutler, Jacqueline (April 14, 2000). "Jackson rising into a 'Purple Haze'". Rome News-Tribune. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Soap star making movie". Star-News. January 3, 1996. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Teen actors play Michelle Pfeiffer's sons". Manila Standard. June 25, 1999. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ellis, Rick (September 3, 1999). "4th Annual YoungStar Award Nominations". AllYourEntertainment, Inc. www.allyourtv.com. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Tricia (February 25, 2000). "Star Search". Entertainment Weekly. ew.com. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bates, James (December 24, 1999). "'Mockumentary' Takes Shot at Greedy Sellers of Tales". The Los Angeles Times. latimes.com. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jackson Brothers Wow Film Festival". Soaps in Depth. October 17, 2000. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jonathan Jackson to Return to Port Charles". SOAPnet. soapnet.com. Archived from the original on February 3, 2013. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Daytime Emmys 2012". TV Line. tvline.com. June 23, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "GH's Jonathan Jackson Out!". Soap Opera Digest. November 7, 2011. Retrieved March 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Logan, Michael (November 16, 2011). "Exclusive: Jonathan Jackson Discusses His Shocking Exit From General Hospital". TV Guide. tvguide.com. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ Stanhope, Kate (June 24, 2012). "General Hospital, Today Top Daytime Emmys". TV Guide. tvguide.com. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ Masters, Megan (February 23, 2012). "Pilot Scoop: GH's Jonathan Jackson Heads to Nashville, Mena Suvari Joins NBC Comedy". TV Line. tvline.com. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kim, Jae-Ha (October 6, 2002). "Jonathan Jackson: From ‘General Hospital’ to ‘Everlasting’ success". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jackson's Song To Play On GH Today!". ABC Soaps in Depth. abc.soapsindepth.com. November 16, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jackson Is A Published Poet!". ABC Soaps in Depth. abc.soapsindepth.com. April 9, 2012. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Actor Jonathan Jackson Talks About His Journey to Orthodox Christianity". Pravmir.com. June 27, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ The Mystery of Art – Ancient Faith Store. Store.ancientfaith.com. Retrieved on April 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jackson's New Addition!". ABC Soaps in Depth. abc.soapsindepth.com. October 11, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The God Squad". Soap Opera Digest. August 25, 1998.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rossi, Tony (October 2, 2012). "Hollywood, Jesus and the Monks of Mount Athos: A Conversation with Actor Jonathan Jackson". Patheos. patheos.com. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lucky's Charms". Soap Opera Digest. September 1997.
Jump up ^ "DKNY Jeans and Youth Anti-Drug Campaign partner for celebrity calendar". Boxcar Media. iberkshires.com. November 11, 2002. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Adweek (2002). "Brandweek". Brandweek. 43 (36–46).
Jump up ^ "From General Hospital to the Hospital of Souls: Interview with Jonathan Jackson". Retrieved June 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Jonatan Jackson – How I became Orthodox Christian". Retrieved January 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/music/cma-music-festival/2016/06/09/cmt-picks-up-nashville-fifth-season/85643912/
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jonathan Jackson.
Official website
Jonathan Jackson on IMDb
[show]
Awards for Jonathan Jackson
[show]
v
t
e
Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
Peter Hansen (1979)
Warren Burton (1980)
Larry Haines (1981)
David Lewis (1982)
Darnell Williams (1983)
Justin Deas (1984)
Larry Gates (1985)
John Wesley Shipp (1986)
Gregg Marx (1987)
Justin Deas (1988)
Justin Deas (1989)
Henry Darrow (1990)
Bernard Barrow (1991)
Thom Christopher (1992)
Gerald Anthony (1993)
Justin Deas (1994)
Jerry verDorn (1995)
Jerry verDorn (1996)
Ian Buchanan (1997)
Steve Burton (1998)
Stuart Damon (1999)
Shemar Moore (2000)
Michael E. Knight (2001)
Josh Duhamel (2002)
Benjamin Hendrickson (2003)
Rick Hearst (2004)
Greg Rikaart (2005)
Jordan Clarke (2006)
Rick Hearst (2007)
Kristoff St. John (2008)
Jeff Branson/Vincent Irizarry (2009)
Billy Miller (2010)
Jonathan Jackson (2011)
Jonathan Jackson (2012)
Scott Clifton/Billy Miller (2013)
Eric Martsolf (2014)
Chad Duell (2015)
Sean Blakemore (2016)
Steve Burton (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series
Brian Bloom (1985)
Michael E. Knight (1986)
Michael E. Knight (1987)
Billy Warlock (1988)
Justin Gocke (1989)
Andrew Kavovit (1990)
Rick Hearst (1991)
Kristoff St. John (1992)
Monti Sharp (1993)
Roger Howarth (1994)
Jonathan Jackson (1995)
Kevin Mambo (1996)
Kevin Mambo (1997)
Jonathan Jackson (1998)
Jonathan Jackson (1999)
David Tom (2000)
Justin Torkildsen (2001)
Jacob Young (2002)
Jordi Vilasuso (2003)
Chad Brannon (2004)
David Lago (2005)
Tom Pelphrey (2006)
Bryton McClure (2007)
Tom Pelphrey (2008)
Darin Brooks (2009)
Drew Tyler Bell (2010)
Scott Clifton (2011)
Chandler Massey (2012)
Chandler Massey (2013)
Chandler Massey (2014)
Freddie Smith (2015)
Bryan Craig (2016)
Bryan Craig (2017)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 162868374
LCCN: no2005084695
GND: 1081772204
BNF: cb15113370z (data)
MusicBrainz: 0215c0ee-4184-4b33-9321-b2a5bc82488a
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Jackson_(actor)&oldid=800189485"
Categories:
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American male child actors
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Living people
Male actors from Orlando, Florida
Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series winners
Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series winners
Daytime Emmy Award winners
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
People from Battle Ground, Washington
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Freddy vs. Jason
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article may be written from a fan's point of view, rather than a neutral point of view. Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality, and to make it neutral in tone. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Freddy vs. Jason
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Ronny Yu
Produced by
Sean S. Cunningham
Robert Shaye
Written by
Damian Shannon
Mark Swift
Based on
Characters
by Wes Craven
and Victor Miller
Starring
Monica Keena
Jason Ritter
Chris Marquette
Kelly Rowland
Lochlyn Munro
Robert Englund
Music by
Graeme Revell
Cinematography
Fred Murphy
Edited by
Mark Stevens
Production
company
New Line Cinema
Crystal Lake Entertainment
Distributed by
New Line Cinema
Release date
August 15, 2003 (2003-08-15)
Running time
97 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$30 million[1]
Box office
$114.9 million[1]
Freddy vs. Jason is a 2003 American action slasher film directed by Ronny Yu and written by Damian Shannon and Mark Swift. The film is a crossover between the Friday the 13th and A Nightmare on Elm Street series, and pits Jason Voorhees and Freddy Krueger against each other in the eleventh and eighth installments in their respective series. The film is also the last in both the Friday the 13th and Nightmare on Elm Street series before they were both rebooted.
In the film, set years after the events of Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare and Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday, Freddy (Robert Englund) has grown incapable of haunting people's dreams as the citizens of Springwood, Ohio, have mostly forgotten about him following his death and subsequent imprisonment in Hell for his sins. To regain his power and freedom, Freddy resurrects Jason (Ken Kirzinger) and manipulates him into traveling to Springwood to cause panic and fear, leading to rumors that Freddy has returned. However, while Jason succeeds in causing enough fear for Freddy to haunt the town again, Jason angers Krueger by depriving him of potential victims. This ultimately sends the two undead monsters into a violent conflict.
Freddy vs. Jason was released in the United States on August 15, 2003. It grossed $114 million, making it the highest-grossing film in the Friday the 13th series and the second-highest-grossing film in the Nightmare on Elm Street series. This film marked Englund's final appearance to date as Freddy Krueger.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting controversy
4 Music
5 Distribution
5.1 Novelization
5.2 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Critical response
6.2 Accolades
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot
Freddy Krueger is rendered powerless in Hell with Springwood forgetting him. Disguised as Pamela Voorhees, Freddy manipulates Jason Voorhees into killing Springwood teenagers to regain strength.
Lori Campbell lives with her widowed father, with friends Kia, Gibb, Trey, and Blake staying over. That night, Jason stabs Trey and folds him in half, with police suspecting Freddy. Following a nightmare, Blake awakens to his beheaded father before Jason kills him. The next day, police state it to be a murder-suicide, hoping to contain Freddy.
Lori's ex-boyfriend Will Rollins and friend Mark Davis are Westin Hills Psychiatric Hospital patients. They take Hypnocil to suppress dreams, due to them having the last contact with Freddy. A news report leads Mark to devise an escape plan. He and Will return to Springwood to tell Lori about Freddy. Mark later learns of the city's plan to eradicate Freddy and realizes they've nullified it. That night, Lori and the others attend a rave at a cornfield. A drunken Gibb believes she sees Trey and follows him to a silo - a dream trap set by Freddy. However, Jason kills her. Dismayed, Freddy realizes Jason's rampage will continue and deny Freddy victims.
Linderman and stoner Freeburg escape the rave along with Will, Lori and Kia. Lori confronts her father about her mother's death, lying to him. She and Will go to Mark's house, only to discover Freddy killing Mark. Deputy Stubbs suspects a copycat Jason murderer, but his suspicions fall short. He approaches Lori and her friends, who piece together Freddy's plan. Learning of Hypnocil, they attempt to steal stock from Westin Hills, but Freddy possesses Freeburg and disposes of them. After electrocuting Stubbs, Jason is tranquilized by possessed-Freeburg, who Jason bisects before falling unconscious.
The teens devise a plan to pull Freddy from the dream world into reality and force him to fight Jason. They take the unconscious Jason to Crystal Lake. Meanwhile, Freddy battles Jason in the dream world. Freddy is in his environment and has the advantage with his dream powers but despite impaling Jason with his own machete, beating him, brutally slamming him around the plant and using equipment to crush him, Jason keeps coming. However after Freddy is thrown onto a pipe which begins to release water, he learns Jason is afraid of it on account of drowning, which allows Freddy to try that exact same means of death to kill him. Lori goes to sleep and saves Jason but Freddy attacks her, revealing himself as her mother's killer.
Jason awakens due to Lori and chases the others into a cabin. Linderman is mortally wounded and dies, the cabin ignites, and Lori is awakened, pulling Freddy into real life which shocks Freddy and reveals his own fear of fire as it was the method in which he was originally killed. Jason fights Freddy while they escape, throwing Freddy through another cabin's roof.
Lori, Will and Kia encounter Freddy. Kia distracts Freddy by taunting him until Jason suddenly kills her. As Lori and Will escape, the two begin to fight. Freddy uses his speed and intellect to his advantage, while Jason uses his strength and tolerance to extreme forms of attack. The fight starts first in a construction area, then on the dock in Crystal Lake. There, Jason tears Freddy's arm off after Freddy stabs Jason's eyes with his glove. Lori and Will pour gasoline on the docks and set it on fire, which ignites propane tanks that blows Freddy and Jason into the lake. Freddy climbs out and attempts to kill Lori and Will, but is impaled by Jason with his own clawed arm as Lori decapitates Freddy, causing his body to fall back into the lake. Lori and Will leave Crystal Lake together. Afterward, Jason emerges from the water, holding his machete and Freddy's severed head as Freddy winks to the audience before laughing off-screen.
Cast
Robert Englund as Freddy Krueger
Ken Kirzinger as Jason Voorhees
Monica Keena as Lori Campbell
Kelly Rowland as Kia Waterson
Jason Ritter as Will Rollins
Brendan Fletcher as Mark Davis
Chris Marquette as Charlie Linderman
Lochlyn Munro as Deputy Scott Stubbs
Katharine Isabelle as Gibb Smith
Kyle Labine as Bill Freeburg
Tom Butler as Dr. Campbell
Garry Chalk as Sheriff Williams
Jesse Hutch as Trey
Odessa Munroe as Heather
Chris Gauthier as Shack
Paula Shaw as Pamela Voorhees
Sharon Peters as Mrs. Campbell
Zack Ward makes an appearance as Bobby Davis, Mark's older brother.[2][3] A then-unknown Evangeline Lilly has a brief walk-on role as a high school student,[4][5] and professional wrestler Óscar Gutiérrez, better known by his ring name Rey Mysterio, briefly serves as Englund's stunt double for a sequence set in Freddy Krueger's iconic boiler room lair.[6] New Line Cinema studio chief Robert Shaye,[7] who served a producer on the every preceding Nightmare on Elm Street film, appears as the school principal, credited as L.E. Moko.
Production
This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Development
Influenced by fans' desire for a crossover film depicting a fight between the two icons, New Line and Paramount tried to make a Freddy vs. Jason movie in 1987. But the two studios failed to agree on a story. When Jason Takes Manhattan failed to perform successfully at the box office, Sean Cunningham decided that he wanted to reacquire the rights to Friday the 13th and start working with New Line Cinema on Freddy vs. Jason, as New Line owned Nightmare on Elm Street. The concept of a fight between Freddy and Jason was not new; Paramount had approached New Line about filming a crossover years before the latter had gained the licensing rights to Friday the 13th. At that time, both companies wanted the license to the other's character so that they could control the making of the film. Negotiations on the project were never finalized, which led Paramount to make The New Blood. After Jason Takes Manhattan was released in 1989 the rights reverted to Scuderi, Minasian, and Barsamianto, who sold them to New Line. Before Cunningham could start working on Freddy vs. Jason, Wes Craven returned to New Line to make New Nightmare. This effectively put Freddy vs. Jason on hold, but allowed Cunningham the chance to bring Jason back into the spotlight with Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday.[8] The ninth installment "turned a healthy profit", though it was only intended to open the door for a crossover with Freddy Krueger, rather than start a new series for New Line.[9] Ultimately, the film series would go through another sequel before that would happen. Cunningham's "frustration" with the delayed development of the Freddy vs. Jason project forced him to create another sequel in an effort to keep the series in the minds of audiences. Based on Jason Takes Manhattan's concept of taking Jason away from Crystal Lake, the tenth film would put the titular character in space.[10] The film suffered from the loss of its biggest supporter, President of Production Michael De Luca, when he resigned from his position. Lack of support forced the finished film to sit for two years before finally being released on April 26, 2002; it would go on to become the lowest grossing film in the series at the domestic box office; it also held the distinction of having the largest budget of any of the previous films at that time.[11]
According to writers Mark Swift and Damian Shannon, several endings were considered for the film. One of the unused endings involved Pinhead of the Hellraiser franchise; however, New Line was discontent with securing the rights to the character.[12]
Casting controversy
New Line believed Freddy vs. Jason needed a fresh start, and chose a new actor for Jason. Cunningham disagreed with their decision, believing Hodder was the best choice for the role.[13] Hodder did receive the script for Freddy vs. Jason, and had a meeting with director Ronny Yu and New Line executives, but Matthew Barry and Yu felt the role should be recast to fit Yu's image of Jason.[13] According to Hodder, New Line failed to provide him with a reason for the recasting, but Yu has explained he wanted a slower, more deliberate Jason, and less of the aggressive movements that Hodder had used in the previous films.[14] Yu and development executive Jeff Katz recognized the outcry among fans over the replacement of Hodder as Jason, but stood by their choice in recasting.[13] The role eventually went to Ken Kirzinger, a Canadian stuntman who worked on Jason Takes Manhattan. There are conflicting reports over the reason Kirzinger was cast. According to Yu, Kirzinger was hired because he was taller than Robert Englund, the actor who portrays Freddy Krueger. Kirzinger stands 6' 5" (196 cm), compared to the 6' 3" (191 cm) of Kane Hodder. Yu wanted a much larger actor to tower over the 5' 9" (175 cm) Englund. Kirzinger believes his experience on Part VIII helped him land the part, as Kirzinger doubled for Hodder on two scenes for the film,[13] but also believes he was simply sized up and handed the job.[14] Although he was hired by the crew, New Line did not officially cast Kirzinger until first seeing him on film. Kirzinger's first scene was Jason walking down Elm Street. New Line wanted a specific movement in Jason's walk; Kirzinger met their expectations and signed a contract with the studio.[13] Even though Hodder expresses some resentment at not being chosen, he and Kirzinger are still good friends.[15] However, even Kirzinger did not perform the role throughout the entire film. In the final scene where Jason emerges from the water holding Freddy's head in his hand, the role was played by another actor, 6'5" (196 cm) Douglas Tait. Almost a year after originally auditioning for Yu, Tait was called in for the reshoot of the climactic closing sequence.[16][17][18]
Regarding Hodder, Yu says it was ultimately New Line's decision to exclude Hodder, not his. Many of the New Line executives working on the film persist on stating that excluding Hodder was Yu's idea.[19]
In an interview, Tait explained the reason for the reshoot. He said, "Unfortunately for me, it was the only scene I was hired to do. The test audiences were confused about the original ending, they thought Jason Ritter’s character was becoming Freddy[sic]. You can see it in the deleted scenes, that is why they decided to reshoot the ending. Originally I was being considered for playing the role of Jason in the entire film. It was actually between me and Ken. When they took the film to Canada, I was out of luck. There was no way they were going to pay for my flight and hotel stay when Ken was a local. Also, Ken is older than me and he was a lot more established in the business than I was at the time."[20] Describing the scene, Tait said "I was on the film for a couple days. The water sequence took a lot of preparation. They realized that when I got wet, I looked too skinny in the clothes, so they had to bulk me up with pads and extra clothing so it would look like I was still big. Being with all this extra weight, one eye covered, a machete in one hand, Freddy’s head in another hand, and being totally submerged in water, made that scene very difficult. Also, Ronny Yu wanted me to walk like I was walking on land. He wanted it to look like I could walk through the water without it making me rise to the surface. To do this effect, they had a rope tied under water that I held onto with my left hand (with Freddy’s severed head in it also), and I held myself down on the ground so I could pull myself and walk forward."[20]
Music
See also: Freddy vs. Jason (soundtrack) and Freddy vs. Jason (score)
Distribution
Novelization
Publishing company Black Flame released a novelization of the film on July 29, 2003.[21]
Home media
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The film was released on VHS and DVD as part of New Line's Platinum Series on January 13, 2004. The DVD release featured a second disc of bonus content that included: audio commentary by Ronny Yu, Ken Kirzinger, and Robert Englund, deleted and alternate scenes with commentary, Ill Niño's music video to "How Can I Live", trailers and TV spots, soundtrack promo and behind the scenes featurettes.
The film was released on UMD on October 4, 2005 and on Blu-ray September 8, 2009. The Blu-ray contained the same features as the original Platinum Edition DVD.[22] The film was also released as part of a 9-disc pack of all twelve Friday the 13th films on Blu-ray and a Triple Feature Blu-ray pack with the Friday and Nightmare remakes.[citation needed]
Reception
Critical response
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2014)
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 41% based on 153 reviews and an average rating of 4.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Fans of the two horror franchises will enjoy this showdown. But for everyone else, it's the same old slice and dice".[23] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews from mainstream critics, the film has an average score of 37 out of 100 based on 29 reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[24]
Accolades
Doug Chapman and Melvin Martinez were nominated for the Best Fire Stunt in the Taurus World Stunt Awards 2004 for the double full body burn and wire stunt. Doug Chapman doubled for Robert Englund as Freddy and Glenn Ennis doubled for Ken Kirzinger as Jason in the stunt.[25]
See also
Film portal
A Nightmare on Elm Street portal
2000s portal
Mortal Kombat X, videogame featuring both Freddy Krueger and Jason Voorhees
Slasher film
List of monster movies
References
^ Jump up to: a b "Freddy Vs. Jason"
Jump up ^ "Exclusive Interview: Zack Ward | Friday the 13th: The Website". fridaythe13thfilms.com. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ "Zack Ward biography and filmography | Zack Ward movies". Tribute.ca. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ "Before They Were Stars: Evangeline Lilly". About.com Entertainment. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ "Before They Were Stars: Evangeline Lilly as an Extra in “Freddy vs. Jason”". The Back Row. 2012-04-11. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ "30 Surprising WWE Facts You Probably Didn't Know". WhatCulture.com. 2016-05-05. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ Konda, Kelly (2014-05-30). "13 Things You May Not Know About Freddy Vs. Jason". We Minored in Film. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ Bracke, Peter, pp.218–219
Jump up ^ Bracke, Peter, pg. 238
Jump up ^ Bracke, Peter, pp.242–243
Jump up ^ Bracke, Peter, pp.263–264
Jump up ^ Thurman, Trace (13 May 2016). "Hockey Masks, Machetes and Razor Fingers: The Writers Behind ‘Freddy Vs. Jason’ Tell All!". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Bracke, Peter, pp. 280–286
^ Jump up to: a b Grove, David, p. 217
Jump up ^ His Name Was Jason: 30 Years of Friday the 13th
Jump up ^ Best Creature Performers. The Top Tens. 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ No Long Faces Allowed!!: The Exclusive BGHF Interview with Freddy Vs. Jason's Awesome Douglas Tait! Big Gay Horror Fan. December 18, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2011.[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Full Cast and Crew for Freddy vs. Jason (2003) Internet Movie Database. 1990-2011. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Crystal Lake Memories: pg. 281
^ Jump up to: a b Interview: Douglas Tait (Jason Voorhees, ‘Freddy vs Jason’) fridaythe13thfilms.com October 14, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Freddy vs. Jason novelization". amazon.com. Retrieved November 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Calonge, Juan (13 May 2009). "Warner Announces Ten Catalog Titles for September". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Freddy vs. Jason Movie Reviews". Rotten Tomatoes. IGN Entertainment. Retrieved July 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Freddy vs. Jason: Reviews". Metacritic. CNET Networks. Retrieved July 4, 2009. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Taurus Award Archive Archived 2008-04-11 at the Wayback Machine.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Freddy vs. Jason
Freddy vs. Jason on IMDb
Freddy vs. Jason at Box Office Mojo
Freddy vs. Jason at Rotten Tomatoes
Freddy vs. Jason at AllMovie
Freddy vs. Jason at Metacritic
Film page at the Camp Crystal Lake web site
Film page at Fridaythe13thfilms.com
Freddy vs. Jason at Nightmare on Elm Street Companion
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Palestinian Arabic
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Palestinian Arabic
اللهجة الفلسطينية
Native to
Palestine, Israel
Native speakers
5.1 million (2014-2016)[1]
Language family
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
Central Semitic
Arabic
Levantine Arabic
South Levantine Arabic
Palestinian Arabic
Dialects
Fellahi
Madani
Writing system
Arabic alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-2
ajp
ISO 639-3
ajp
Glottolog
sout3123[2]
South Levantine
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Palestinian Arabic is the language spoken by most Palestinians in Palestine and in the Palestinian diaspora populations. Together with Jordanian Arabic, it has the ISO 639-3 language code "ajp", known as South Levantine Arabic. Further dialects can be distinguished within Palestine, such as spoken in the northern West Bank, that spoken in the Gaza Strip (and by Negev Bedouins in Israel), and that spoken by Palestinians in the Hebron area, which is similar to Jordan and south-western Syria.
Contents
1 Differences compared to other Levantine Arabic dialects
2 Social and geographic dialect structuration
2.1 Palestinian urban dialects
2.2 Rural varieties
2.3 Bedouin variety
2.4 Current evolutions
3 Specific aspects of the vocabulary
3.1 Vowel harmony
4 History of Palestinian Arabic
5 Publications
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Differences compared to other Levantine Arabic dialects[edit]
Manual of Palestinean Arabic, for self-instruction (1909)
The dialects spoken by the Arabs of the Levant – the Eastern shore of the Mediterranean – or Levantine Arabic, form a group of dialects of Arabic. Arabic manuals for the "Syrian dialect" were produced in the early 20th century,[3] and in 1909 a specific "Palestinean Arabic" manual was published.
The Palestinian Arabic dialects are varieties of Levantine Arabic because they display the following characteristic Levantine features.
A conservative stress pattern, closer to Classical Arabic than anywhere else in the Arab world.
The indicative imperfect with a b- prefix
A very frequent Imāla of the feminine ending in front consonant context (names in -eh).
A [ʔ] realisation of /q/ in the cities, and a [q] realisation of /q/ by the Druzes, and more variants (including [k]) in the countryside.
A shared lexicon
The noticeable differences between southern and northern forms of Levantine Arabic, such as Syrian Arabic and Lebanese Arabic, are stronger in non-urban dialects. The main differences between Palestinian and northern Levantine Arabic are as follows:
Phonetically, Palestinian dialects differ from Lebanese regarding the classical diphthongs /aj/ and /aw/, which have simplified to [eː] and [o:] in Palestinian dialects as in Western Syrian, while in Lebanese they have retained a diphthongal pronunciation: [eɪ] and [oʊ].
Palestinian dialects differ from Western Syrian as far as short stressed /i/ and /u/ are concerned: in Palestinian they keep a more or less open [ɪ] and [ʊ] pronunciation, and are not neutralised to [ə] as in Syrian.
The Lebanese and Syrian dialects are more prone to imāla of /a:/ than the Palestinian dialects are. For instance شتا 'winter' is ['ʃɪta] in Palestinian but ['ʃəte] in Lebanese and Western Syrian. Some Palestinian dialects ignore imala totally (e.g. Gaza).
In morphology, the plural personal pronouns are إحنا['ɪħna] 'we', همه['hʊmme] 'they', كم-[-kʊm] 'you', هم- [-hʊm] 'them' in Palestinian, while they are in Syria/Lebanon نحنا['nɪħna] 'we', هنه['hʊnne] 'they', كن-[-kʊn] 'you', هن- [-hʊn] 'them'. The variants كو [-kʊ] 'you', ـهن [-hen] 'they', and هنه [hinne] are used in Northern Palestinian.
The conjugation of the imperfect 1st and 3rd person masculine has different prefix vowels. Palestinians say باكتب['baktʊb] 'I write' باشوف[baʃuːf] 'I see' where Lebanese and Syrians say بكتب['bəktʊb] and بشوف[bʃuːf]. In the 3rd person masculine, Palestinians say بكتب['bɪktʊb] 'He writes' where Lebanese and Western Syrians say بيكتب['bjəktʊb].
Hamza-initial verbs commonly have an [o:] prefix sound in the imperfect in Palestinian. For example, Classical Arabic has اكل /akala/ 'to eat' in the perfect tense, and آكل /aːkulu/ with [a:] sound in the first person singular imperfect. The common equivalent in Palestinian Arabic is اكل /akal/ in the perfect, with imperfect 1st person singular بوكل /boːkel/ (with the indicative b- prefix.) Thus, in the Galilee and Northern West Bank, the colloquial for the verbal expression, "I am eating" or "I eat" is commonly ['bo:kel] / ['bo:tʃel], rather than ['ba:kʊl] used in the Western Syrian dialect. Note however that ['ba:kel] or even ['ba:kʊl] are used in the South of Palestine.
The conjugation of the imperative is different too. 'Write!' is اكتب ['ʊktʊb] in Palestinian, but كتوب [ktoːb], with different stress and vowel and length, in Lebanese and Western Syrian.
For the negation of verbs and prepositional pseudo-verbs, Palestinian, like Egyptian, typically suffixes ش [ʃ] on top of using the preverb negation /ma/, e.g. 'I don't write' is ماباكتبش [ma bak'tʊbʃ] in Palestinian, but مابكتب [ma 'bəktʊb] in Northern Levantine. However, unlike Egyptian, Palestinian allows for ش [ʃ] without the preverb negation /ma/ in the present tense, e.g. بكتبش [bak'tebʃ].
In vocabulary, Palestinian is closer to Lebanese than to Western Syrian, e.g. 'is not' is مش [məʃ] in both Lebanese and Palestinian while it is مو [mu] in Syrian; 'How?' is كيف [kiːf] in Lebanese and Palestinian while it is شلون [ʃloːn] in Syrian as in Iraqi. However, Palestinian also shares items with Egyptian Arabic, e.g. 'like' (prep.) is زي [zejj] in Palestinian in addition to مثل [mɪtl], as found in Syrian and Lebanese Arabic.
There are also typical Palestinian words that are shibboleths in the Levant.
A frequent Palestinian إشي ['ɪʃi] 'thing, something', as opposed to شي [ʃi] in Lebanon and Syria.
Besides common Levantine هلق ['hallaʔ] 'now', Jerusalemites use هالقيت [halke:t] (both from هالوقت /halwaqt/ ) and northern Palestinians use إسا['ɪssɑ] (from الساعة/ɪs:ɑ:ʕɑ/).
Social and geographic dialect structuration[edit]
As is very common in Arabic-speaking countries, the dialect spoken by a person depends on both the region he/she comes from, and the social group he/she belongs to.
Palestinian urban dialects[edit]
The Urban ('madani') dialects resemble closely northern Levantine Arabic dialects, that is, the colloquial variants of western Syria and Lebanon.[4] This fact, that makes the urban dialects of the Levant remarkably homogeneous, is probably due to the trading network among cities in the Ottoman Levant, or to an older Arabic dialect layer closer to the qeltu dialects still spoken in northern Iraq/Syria and Southern Turkey. Nablus takes a special place. The Nablus dialect distributed accents on the various syllables of the word. Almost each syllable has a stressed accent, which gives the dialect a slow and sluggish tone. The ancient dialect of Nablus even articulates every single syllable in the same word separately. Moreover, word endings blatantly slant according to a regulated system. For example, you may say sharqa with an [a:] sound at the end of the word to refer to the eastern part of the city and gharbeh with the [e] sound at the end of the word to refer to the western side of the city. You may also want to describe the colour of your bag and say safra (yellow) with an [a:] sound at the end of the word or sode (black) with an [e] sound at the end of the word. The nun and ha (n and h) are always slanted and end with the [e] sound; and they are the bases for the distinctive Nablusi accent. The two letters appear frequently at the end of words in the form of inescapable objective pronouns. In the ancient dialect of Nablus, the letters tha’, thal, thaa’, and qaf do not exist. The dialect of old Nablus is now to be found among the Samaritans, who have managed to preserve the old dialect in its purest form.
Urban dialects are characterised by the [ʔ] (hamza) pronunciation of ق qaf, the simplification of interdentals as dentals plosives, i.e. ث as [t], ذ as [d] and both ض and ظ as [dˤ]. Note however that in borrowings from Modern Standard Arabic, these interdental consonants are realised as dental sibilants, i.e. ث as [s], ذ as [d] and both ض and ظ as [zˤ]. The Druzes have a dialect that may be classified with the Urban ones, with the difference that they keep the uvular pronunciation of ق qaf as [q]. The urban dialects also ignore the difference between masculine and feminine in the plural pronouns انتو ['ɪntu] is both 'you' (masc. plur.) and 'you' (fem. plur.), and ['hʊmme] is both 'they' (masc.) and 'they' (fem.)
Rural varieties[edit]
Rural or farmer ('fallahi') variety is retaining the interdental consonants, and is closely related with rural dialects in the outer southern Levant and in Lebanon. They keep the distinction between masculine and feminine plural pronouns, e.g. انتو ['ɪntu] is 'you' (masc.) while انتن ['ɪntɪn] is 'you' (fem.), and همه ['hʊmme] is 'they' (masc.) while هنه ['hɪnne] is 'they' (fem.). The three rural groups in the region are the following:
Central rural Palestinian (From Nazareth to Bethlehem, including Jaffa countryside) exhibits a very distinctive feature with pronunciation of ك 'kaf' as [tʃ] 'tshaf' (e.g. كفية 'keffieh' as [tʃʊ'fijje]) and ق 'qaf' as pharyngealised /k/ i.e. [kˤ] 'kaf' (e.g. قمح 'wheat' as [kˤɑmᵊħ]). This k > tʃ sound change is not conditioned by the surrounding sounds in Central Palestinian. This combination is unique in the whole Arab world, but could be related to the 'qof' transition to 'kof' in the Aramaic dialect spoken in Ma'loula, north of Damascus.
Southern outer rural Levantine Arabic (to the south of an Isdud/Ashdod-Bethlehem line) has k > tʃ only in presence of front vowels (ديك 'rooster' is [di:tʃ] in the singular but the plural ديوك 'roosters' is [dju:k] because u prevents /k/ from changing to [tʃ]). In this dialect ق is not pronounced as [k] but instead as [g]. This dialect is actually very similar to northern Jordanian (Ajloun, Irbid) and the dialects of Syrian Hauran. In Southern rural Palestinian, the feminine ending often remains [a].
North Galilean rural dialect - does not feature the k > tʃ palatalisation, and many of them have kept the [q] realisation of ق (e.g. Maghār, Tirat Carmel). In the very north, they announce the Northern Levantine Lebanese dialects with n-ending pronouns such as كن-[-kʊn] 'you', هن- [-hʊn] 'them' (Tarshiha, etc.).
Bedouin variety[edit]
The Bedouins of Southern Levant use two different ('badawi') dialects in Galilee and the Negev. The Negev desert Bedouins, who are also present in Palestine and Gaza Strip use a dialect closely related to those spoken in the Hijaz, and in the Sinai. Unlike them, the Bedouins of Galilee speak a dialect related to those of the Syrian Desert and Najd, which indicates their arrival to the region is relatively recent. The Palestinian resident Negev Bedouins, who are present around Hebron and Jerusalem have a specific vocabulary, they maintain the interdental consonants, they do not use the ش-[-ʃ] negative suffix, they always realise ك /k/ as [k] and ق /q/ as [g], and distinguish plural masculine from plural feminine pronouns, but with different forms as the rural speakers.
Current evolutions[edit]
On the urban dialects side, the current trend is to have urban dialects getting closer to their rural neighbours, thus introducing some variability among cities in the Levant. For instance, Jerusalem used to say as Damascus ['nɪħna] ("we") and ['hʊnne] ("they") at the beginning of the 20th century, and this has moved to the more rural ['ɪħna] and ['hʊmme] nowadays.[5] This trend was probably initiated by the partition of the Levant of several states in the course of the 20th century.
The Rural description given above is moving nowadays with two opposite trends. On the one hand, urbanisation gives a strong influence power to urban dialects. As a result, villagers may adopt them at least in part, and Beduin maintain a two-dialect practice. On the other hand, the individualisation that comes with urbanisation make people feel more free to choose the way they speak than before, and in the same way as some will use typical Egyptian features as [le:] for [le:ʃ], others may use typical rural features such as the rural realisation [kˤ] of ق as a pride reaction against the stigmatisation of this pronunciation.
Specific aspects of the vocabulary[edit]
As Palestinian Arabic is spoken in the heartland of the Semitic languages, it has kept many typical semitic words. For this reason, it is relatively easy to guess how Modern Standard Arabic words map onto Palestinian Arabic Words. The list (Swadesh list) of basic word of Palestinian Arabic available on the Wiktionary (see external links below) may be used for this. However, some words are not transparent mappings from MSA, and deserve a description. This is due either to meaning changes in Arabic along the centuries - while MSA keeps the Classical Arabic meanings - or to the adoption of non-Arabic words (see below). Note that this section focuses on Urban Palestinian unless otherwise specified.
Prepositional pseudo verbs
The words used in Palestinian to express the basic verbs 'to want', 'to have', 'there is/are' are called prepositional pseudo verbs because they share all the features of verbs but are constructed with a preposition and a suffix pronoun.
there is, there are is فيه [fi] in the imperfect, and كان فيه [ka:n fi] in the perfect.
To want is formed with bɪdd + suffix pronouns and to have is formed with ʕɪnd + suffix pronouns. In the imperfect they are
Person
To want
To have
I بدي['bɪdd-i] عندي ['ʕɪnd-i]
You (sing. masc.) بدك['bɪdd-ak] عندك ['ʕɪnd-ak]
You (sing. fem.) بدك['bɪdd-ɪk] عندك ['ʕɪnd-ɪk]
He بده['bɪdd-o] عنده ['ʕɪnd-o]
She بدها['bɪdd-ha] عندها ['ʕɪnd-ha]
We بدنا['bɪdd-na] عندنا ['ʕɪnd-na]
You (plur.) بدكم['bɪdd-kʊm] عندكم ['ʕɪnd-kʊm]
They بدهم['bɪdd-hʊm] عندهم ['ʕɪnd-hʊm]
In the perfect, they are preceded by كان [ka:n], e.g. we wanted is كان بدنا [ka:n 'bɪddna].
Relative clause
As in most forms of colloquial Arabic, the relative clause markers of Classical Arabic (الذي، التي، اللذان، اللتان، الذين and اللاتي) have been simplified to a single form إللي ['ʔɪlli].
Interrogatives pronouns
The main Palestinian interrogative pronouns (with their Modern Standard Arabic counterparts) are the following ones.
Meaning
Palestinian Arabic
MSA
Why? ليش [le:ʃ] لماذا [lima:ða:]
What? ايش [ʔe:ʃ] or شو [ʃu] ماذا [ma:ða:]
How? كيف [ki:f] كيف [kaɪfa]
When? إيمتى [ʔe:mta] or وينتى [we:nta] متى [mata:]
Where? وين [we:n] اين [ʔaɪna]
Who? مين [mi:n] من [man]
Note that it is tempting to consider the long [i:] in مين [mi:n] 'who?' as an influence of ancient Hebrew מי [mi:] on Classical Arabic من [man], but it could be as well an analogy with the long vowels of the other interrogatives.
Marking Indirect Object
In Classical Arabic, the indirect object was marked with the particle /li-/ ('for', 'to'). For instance 'I said to him' was قلت له ['qultu 'lahu] and 'I wrote to her' was كتبت لها [ka'tabtu la'ha:]. In Palestinian Arabic, the Indirect Object marker is still based on the consonant /l/, but with more complex rules, and two different vocal patterns. The basic form before pronouns is a clitic [ɪll-], that always bears the stress, and to which person pronouns are suffixed. The basic form before nouns is [la]. For instance
... قلت لإمك ['ʔʊlət la-'ɪmmak ...] 'I told your mother ...'
...اعطينا المكتوب لمدير البنك [ʔɑʕtˤeːna l maktuːb la mʊ'diːɾ ɪl baŋk] 'We gave the letter to the bank manager'
... قلت إله [ʔʊlt- 'ɪll-o ...] 'I told him ...'
... قلت إلها [ʔʊlt- 'ɪl(l)-ha ...] 'I told her ...'
... كتبت إلّي [katabt- 'ɪll-i ...] 'You wrote me ...'
Borrowings
Palestinians have borrowed words from the many languages they have been in contact with throughout history. For example,
from Aramaic - especially in the place names, for instance there are several mountains called جبل الطور ['ʒabal ɪtˤ tˤuːɾ] where طور [tˤuːɾ] is just the Aramaic טור for 'mountain'.
Latin left words in Levantine Arabic, not only those as قصر [ʔasˤɾ] < castrum 'castle' or قلم [ʔalam] < calamus which are also known in MSA, but also words such as طاولة [tˤa:wle] < tabula 'table', which are known in the Arab world.
from Italian بندورة [ban'do:ra] < pomodoro 'tomato'
from French كتو ['ketto] < gâteau 'cake'
from English بنشر ['banʃar] < puncture, [trɪkk] < truck
From Hebrew, especially the Arab citizens of Israel have adopted many Hebraisms, like yesh יֵשׁ ("we did it!" - used as sports cheer) which has no real equivalent in Arabic. According to social linguist Dr. David Mendelson from Givat Haviva's Jewish-Arab Center for Peace, there is an adoption of words from Hebrew in Arabic spoken in Israel where alternative native terms exist. According to linguist Mohammed Omara, of Bar-Ilan University some researchers call the Arabic spoken by Israeli Arabs Arabrew. The list of words adopted contain:
رمزور [ram'zo:r] from רַמְזוֹר 'traffic light'
شمنيت ['ʃamenet] from שַׁמֶּנֶת 'sour cream'
بسدر [be'seder] from בְּסֵדֶר 'O.K, alright'
كوخفيت [koxa'vi:t] from כּוֹכָבִית 'asterisk'
بلفون [pele'fo:n] from פֶּלֶאפוֹן 'cellular phone'.
Palestinians in the Palestinian territories sometimes refer to their brethren in Israel as "the b'seder Arabs" because of their adoption of the Hebrew word בְּסֵדֶר [beseder] for 'O.K.', (while Arabic is ماشي[ma:ʃi]). However words like ramzor רַמְזוֹר 'traffic light' and maḥsom מַחְסוֹם 'roadblock' have become a part of the general Palestinian vernacular.
The 2009 film Ajami is mostly spoken in Palestinian-Hebrew Arabic.
Vowel harmony[edit]
The most often cited example of vowel harmony in Palestinian Arabic is in the present tense conjugations of verbs. If the root vowel is rounded, then the roundness spreads to other high vowels in the prefix. Vowel harmony in PA is also found in the nominal verbal domain. Suffixes are immune to rounding harmony, and vowels left of the stressed syllable do not have vowel harmony.[6]
Palestinian Arabic has a regressive vowel harmony for these present tense conjugations: if the verb stem’s main vowel is /u/, then the vowel in the prefix is also /u/, else the vowel is /i/. This is compared with standard Arabic (which can be seen as representative of other Arabic dialects), where the vowel in the prefix is constantly /a/.[7]
Examples:
‘he understands’: PA ‘yifham’ (MSA, or standard Arabic, ‘yafhamu’)
‘he studies’: PA ‘yudrus’ (MSA, ‘yadrusu’)
‘she wears’: PA ‘tilbis’ (MSA, ‘talbisu’)
‘she writes’: PA ‘tuktub’ (MSA, ‘taktubu’)
‘oven’: PA ‘furun’ (MSA, ‘furn’)
‘wedding’: PA ‘Urus’ (MSA,‘'urs'’)
History of Palestinian Arabic[edit]
The variations between dialects probably reflect the different historical steps of Arabization of Palestine.
Prior to their adoption of the Arabic language in the seventh century, the inhabitants of Palestine predominantly spoke Palestinian Aramaic (as witnessed, for example, in Palestinian Jewish and Palestinian Christian literature), as well as Greek (probably in the upper or trader social classes), and some remaining traces of Hebrew. At that time in history, Arabic-speaking people living in the Negev desert or in the Jordan desert beyond Zarqa, Amman or Karak had no significant influence. On the contrary, they tended to adopt Aramaic as a written language as shown in the Nabataean language texts of Petra or the Palmyrene dialect documents of Tadmur.
The adoption of Arabic among the local population occurred most probably in several waves. After the Arabs took control of the area, so as to maintain their regular activity, the upper classes had quickly to get fluency in the language of the new masters who most probably were only few. The prevalence of Northern Levantine features in the urban dialects until the early 20th century, as well as in the dialect of Samaritans in Nablus (with systematic imala of /a:/) tends to show that a first layer of Arabization of urban upper classes could have led to what is now urban Levantine. Then, the main phenomenon could have been the slow countryside shift of Aramaic-speaking villages to Arabic under the influence of Arabized elites, leading to the emergence of the rural Palestinian dialects[citation needed]. This scenario is consistent with several facts.
The rural forms can be correlated with features also observed in the few Syrian villages where use of Aramaic has been retained up to this day. Palatalisation of /k/ (but of /t/ too), pronunciation [kˤ] of /q/ for instance. Note that the first also exists in Najdi Arabic and Gulf Arabic, but limited to palatal contexts (/k/ followed by i or a). Moreover, those Eastern dialects have [g] or [dʒ] for /q/[citation needed].
The less-evolutive urban forms can be explained by a limitation owed to the contacts urban trader classes had to maintain with Arabic speakers of other towns in Syria or Egypt.
The Negev Bedouins dialect shares a number of features with bedouin Hejazi dialects (unlike Urban Hejazi).
Publications[edit]
In 1940 the Gospel of Mark was published in Palestinian Arabic in Arabic script.[8] In 1946 the Gospel of Matthew and the Letter of James were also published in Palestinian Arabic.[9]
See also[edit]
Palestine
Varieties of Arabic
Jordanian Arabic
Syrian Arabic
Egyptian Arabic
Music of Palestine
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Arabic, South Levantine Spoken". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
Jump up ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Palestinian Arabic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Jump up ^ Crow, F.E., Arabic manual: a colloquia handbook in the Syrian dialect, for the use of visitors to Syria and Palestine, containing a simplified grammar, a comprehensive English and Arabic vocabulary and dialogues, Luzac & co, London, 1901
Jump up ^ Ammon, Ulrich (2006). Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik 3: An International Handbook of the Science. p. 1922.
Jump up ^ U. Seeger, Mediterranean Language Review 10 (1998), pp. 89-145.
Jump up ^ Kenstowicz, Michael. 1981. Vowel Harmony in Palestinian Arabic: A Suprasegmental Analysis. Linguistics 19:449-465.
Jump up ^ Abu-Salim, Issam. 1987. Vowel Harmony in Palestinian Arabic: A Metrical Perspective. Journal of Linguistics 23:1-24.
Jump up ^ Bishop, E. F. F; George, Surayya (1940). Gospel of St. Mark in South Levantine Spoken Arabic (in Arabic). Cairo.
Jump up ^ "Arabic--Other Bible History". gochristianhelps.com. Retrieved 2018-10-15.
Further reading[edit]
P. Behnstedt, Wolfdietrich Fischer and Otto Jastrow, Handbuch der Arabischen Dialekte. 2nd ed. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 1980 (ISBN 3-447-02039-3)
Haim Blanc, Studies in North Palestinian Arabic: linguistic inquiries among the Druzes of Western Galilee and Mt. Carmel. Oriental notes and studies, no. 4. Jerusalem: Typ. Central Press 1953.
J. Blau, "Syntax des palästinensischen Bauerndialektes von Bir-Zet: auf Grund der Volkserzahlungen aus Palastina von Hans Schmidt und Paul kahle". Walldorf-Hessen: Verlag fur Orientkunde H. Vorndran 1960.
J. Cantineau, "Remarques sur les parlés de sédentaires syro-libano-palestiniens", in: Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 40 (1938), pp. 80–89.
R. L. Cleveland, "Notes on an Arabic Dialect of Southern Palestine", in: Bulletin of the American Society of Oriental Research 185 (1967), pp. 43–57.
Olivier Durand, Grammatica di arabo palestinese: il dialetto di Gerusalemme, Rome: Università di Roma La Sapienza 1996.
Yohanan Elihai, Dictionnaire de l’arabe parle palestinien: francais-arabe. Jerusalem: Typ. Yanetz 1973.
Yohanan Elihai, The olive tree dictionary: a transliterated dictionary of conversational Eastern Arabic (Palestinian). Washington, DC: Kidron Pub. 2004 (ISBN 0-9759726-0-X)
Elias N. Haddad, "Manual of Palestinian Arabic". Jerusalem: Syrisches Weisenhaus 1909.
Moin Halloun, A Practical Dictionary of the Standard Dialect Spoken in Palestine. Bethlehem University 2000.
Moin Halloun, Lehrbuch ds Palästinensisch-Arabischen. Heidelberg 2001.
Moin Halloun, Spoken Arabic for Foreigners. An Introduction to the Palestinian Dialect. Vol. 1 & 2. Jerusalem 2003.
Arye Levin, A Grammar of the Arabic Dialect of Jerusalem [in Hebrew]. Jerusalem: Magnes Press 1994 (ISBN 965-223-878-3)
M. Piamenta, Studies in the Syntax of Palestinian Arabic. Jerusalem 1966.
Frank A. Rice and Majed F. Sa'ed, Eastern Arabic: an introduction to the spoken Arabic of Palestine, Syria and Lebanon. Beirut: Khayat's 1960.
Frank A. Rice, Eastern Arabic-English, English-Eastern Arabic: dictionary and phrasebook for the spoken Arabic of Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine/Israel and Syria. New York: Hippocrene Books 1998 (ISBN 0-7818-0685-2)
H. Schmidt & P. E. Kahle, "Volkserzählungen aus Palaestina, gesammelt bei den Bauern von Bir-Zet". Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1918.
Kimary N. Shahin, Palestinian Rural Arabic (Abu Shusha dialect). 2nd ed. University of British Columbia. LINCOM Europa, 2000 (ISBN 3-89586-960-0)
External links[edit]
The Arabic dialect of central Palestine
Arabic in Jordan (Palestinian dialect)
"Phonological change and variation in Palestinian Arabic as spoken inside Israel", Dissertation Proposal by Uri Horesh, Philadelphia, December 12, 2003 (PDF)
The Corpus of Spoken Palestinian Arabic (CoSPA), project description by Otto Jastrow.
Palestinian Arabic Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh list appendix)
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