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Gold reserve
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For the gold mining company, see Gold Reserve (company).
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v
t
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World Gold Reserves from 1845 to 2013, in tonnes (also known as metric tons in the United States)
Official U.S. gold reserve since 1900
Changes in Central Bank Gold Reserves by Country 1993-2014
Changes in Central Bank Gold Reserves by Country versus time for the last 10 years
Gold reserves per capita
A gold reserve is the gold held by a national central bank, intended as a store of value and as a guarantee to redeem promises to pay depositors, note holders (e.g. paper money), or trading peers, or to secure a currency.
As the value of gold fluctuates on a daily basis, the value of all gold similarly does. The World Gold Council estimates that all the gold ever mined since 2017 totaled 187,200 tonnes.[1] but other independent estimates vary by as much as 20%.[2] At a price of US$1,250 per troy ounce, reached on 16 August 2017, one tonne of gold has a value of approximately US$40.2 million. The total value of all gold ever mined would exceed US$7.5 trillion at that valuation and using WGC 2017 estimates.[note 1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Wartime relevance
2 IMF holdings
3 Officially reported holdings
4 Private holdings
5 World holdings
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
Wartime relevance[edit]
During most of history, a nation's gold reserves were considered its key financial asset and a major prize of war. A typical view was expressed in a secret memorandum by the British Chief of the Imperial General Staff from October 1939, at the beginning of World War II. The British Military and the British Secret Service laid out "measures to be taken in the event of an invasion of Holland and Belgium by Germany" and presented them to the War Cabinet:
It will be for the Treasury in collaboration with the Bank of England, and the Foreign Office, to examine the possible means of getting the bullion and negotiable securities into the same place of safety. The transport of many hundreds of tons of bullion presents a difficult problem and the loading would take a long time. The ideal would of course be to have the gold transferred to this country or to the United States of America. [...] The gold reserves of Belgium and Holland amount to about £70 million and £110 million respectively. [Foot]Note: H. M. Treasury has particularly requested that this information, which is highly confidential should in no circumstances be divulged. The total weight of this bullion amounts to about 1800 tons and its evacuation would be a matter of the utmost importance would present a considerable problem if it had to be undertaken in a hurry when transport facilities were disorganized. At present this gold is believed to be stored at Brussels and The Hague respectively, neither of which is very well placed for its rapid evacuation in an emergency.[3]
The Belgian government rushed to ship the gold to a safe place: Dakar, the capital of Senegal, then part of the French colonial empire. After the Germans occupied Belgium and France in 1940, they demanded the Belgian gold reserve back. In 1941, Vichy French officials arranged the transport of 4,944 boxes with 198 tons of gold to officials of the German Reichsbank.[4]
IMF holdings[edit]
Since early 2011, the gold holdings of the IMF have been constant at 90.5 million troy ounces (2,814.1 metric tons).[5]
Officially reported holdings[edit]
The IMF regularly maintains statistics of national assets as reported by various countries.[6] This data is used by the World Gold Council to periodically rank and report the gold holdings of countries and official organizations.
On 17 July 2015, China announced that it increased its gold reserves by about 57 percent from 1,054 to 1,658 metric tons, while disclosing its official gold reserves for the first time in six years.[7][8]
The gold listed for each of the countries in the table may not be physically stored in the country listed, as central banks generally have not allowed independent audits of their reserves. Gold leasing by central banks could place into doubt the reported gold holdings in the table below.[9]
Top 40 according to World Gold Council's latest rankings (as at April 2017)[10][11][12][13]
Rank
Country/Organization
Gold holdings
(in tonnes)
Gold's share of
forex reserves
1 United States 8,133.5 75.0%
2 Germany 3,375.6 69.6%
3 International Monetary Fund 2,814.0 N/A
4 Italy 2,451.8 68.5%
5 France 2,435.9 64.9%
6 China 1,842.6 2.4%
7 Russia 1,706.8 17.1%
8 Switzerland 1,040.0 6.0%
9 Japan 765.2 2.5%
10 Netherlands 612.5 66.5%
11 India 557.8 6.0%
12 European Central Bank 504.8 27.7%
13 Turkey[14] 456.1 17.0%
14 Taiwan 423.6 3.8%
15 Portugal 382.5 55.9%
16 Saudi Arabia 322.9 2.6%
17 United Kingdom 310.3 8.4%
18 Lebanon 286.8 22.3%
19 Spain 281.6 17.6%
20 Austria 280.0 49.7%
21 Kazakhstan 275.4 36.8%
22 Belgium 227.4 36.6%
23 Philippines 196.3 9.7%
24 Venezuela 187.5 65.8%
25 Algeria 173.6 6.2%
26 Thailand 152.4 3.4%
27 Singapore 127.4 2.0%
28 South Africa 125.7 8.5%
29 Sweden 125.3 10.9%
30 Mexico 120.2 2.8%
31 Libya 116.6 6.6%
32 Greece 112.9 65.4%
33 South Korea 104.4 1.1%
34 Romania 103.7 9.6%
35 Bank for International Settlements 103.0 N/A
36 Poland 103.0 3.7%
37 Iraq 89.8 8.0%
38 Australia 79.9 4.9%
39 Kuwait 79.0 8.8%
40 Indonesia 78.1 2.5%
- Total for the Top 40 31,563.1
Private holdings[edit]
Privately Held Gold[15]
Rank
Name
Type
Gold holdings
(in tonnes)
1 SPDR Gold Shares ETF 672.7[16]
2 ETF Securities Gold Funds ETF 215.2[15]
3 COMEX Gold Trust ETF 164.7[15]
4 ZKB Physical Gold ETF 138.7[15]
5 Central Fund of Canada CEF 52.7[17]
6 Julius Baer Physical Gold Fund ETF 49.1[15]
7 Sprott Physical Gold Trust CEF 38.6[18]
8 BullionVault Bailment 34.2[19]
9 GoldMoney Bailment 34.1[20]
10 ABSA NewGold Exchange Traded Fund ETF 26.6[21]
11 ETFS Physical Swiss Gold Shares ETF 23.4[22]
12 Central GoldTrust CEF 21.9[23]
13 Bullion Management Group OEF 4.629
- Total for the above 13 1,461.829
World holdings[edit]
World Gold Holdings (2011)
(Source: United States Geological Survey)[24][25]
Location
Gold holdings
(in tonnes)
Share of total
world gold holdings
Total 171,300 100%
Jewellery 84,300 49.2%
Investment (bars, coins) 33,000 19.26%
Central banks 29,500 17.2%
Industrial 20,800 12.14%
Unaccounted 3,700 2.2%
See also[edit]
Black Friday (1869) -- Also referred to as the Gold Panic of 1869
Federal Reserve Bank of New York
Gold as an investment
Gold repatriation
Gold reserves of Norway
Gold reserves of the United Kingdom
Gold standard
List of countries by gold production
Moscow gold, the reserves of the Bank of Spain sent to the Soviet Union during the Spanish Civil War
Peak gold
Romanian Treasure, the Romanian gold reserves sent (alongside other valuable objects) to Russia for safekeeping during World War I, but never returned
Silver as an investment
Strategic Petroleum Reserve (United States)
United States Bullion Depository, often known as Fort Knox
Vaulted gold
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ One tonne is equal to approximately 32,150.75 troy ounces.
{ gold, silver, & other precious metals & gems are weighed by the troy ounce, 12 troy ounces = 1 pound not 16 to 1 in most other normal weights, so there would be 24,000 troy ounces to a ton of weight }
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21969100
Jump up ^ Memorandum by War Cabinet Secretary E. E. Bridges from October 6, 1939, Secret: Holland and Belgium: Measures to be taken in the event of an invasion by Germany. P. 1 and 4. The National Archives (United Kingdom)
Jump up ^ "Belgian gold in foreign hands". Museum of the National Bank of Belgium. 4 March 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gold in the IMF". International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on April 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Data Template on International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity -- Reporting Countries".
Jump up ^ "Gold & Foreign Exchange Reserves".
Jump up ^ "Major Factors Affecting Gold Prices Fluctuation". FXdailyReport.Com. 2016-07-22. Retrieved 2016-10-28.
Jump up ^ "- Sprott Global Resource Investments Ltd.".
Jump up ^ "Research - World Gold Council".
Jump up ^ "Latest World Official Gold Reserves - World Gold Council".
Jump up ^ "Gold Demand Trends - World Gold Council".
Jump up ^ "Top 40 reported official gold holdings (as at July 2017)"
Jump up ^ Gold has been added to Turkey's balance sheet as a result of a policy accepting gold in its reserve requirements from commercial banks.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "CORRECTED-TABLE-Holdings of SPDR Gold, iShares Silver unchanged (March 30)". Reuters. 2 July 2015. Archived from the original on August 1, 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Total Gold in Trust". SPDR Gold Shares. 31 July 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Central Fund's Net Asset Value". Central Fund of Canada. 31 July 2015. Archived from the original on August 1, 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Net Asset Value - Sprott Physical Gold Trust - Sprott Physical Bullion Trusts". Sprott Asset Management. 31 July 2015. Archived from the original on August 1, 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Daily audit - Allocated gold bar lists and bank statements". BullionVault. 31 July 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Real-Time Audit". GoldMoney. 31 July 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "NewGold Exchange Traded Fund". Absa Group. 31 July 2015. Archived from the original on August 1, 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "ETFS Physical Swiss Gold Shares". ETF Securities. 31 July 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "GoldTrust's Net Asset Value". Central GoldTrust. 31 July 2015. Archived from the original on August 1, 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
Jump up ^ on page 2 of the pdf file; last paragraph just before the "Production" section on that page
Jump up ^ "Two Methods for Estimating the Price of Gold by Mike Hewitt". DollarDaze Economic Commentary Blog - Gold, Oil, Stocks, Investments, Currencies, and the Federal Reserve. Archived from the original on 2012-01-09. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
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Long Time Running
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Long Time Running
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Jennifer Baichwal
Nicholas de Pencier
Produced by
Rachel McLean, Scot McFadyen
Starring
The Tragically Hip
Music by
The Tragically Hip
Cinematography
Roland Schlimme
Edited by
Nicholas de Pencier
Production
company
Banger Films
Distributed by
Bell Media
Elevation Pictures
Release date
September 13, 2017 (2017-09-13) (TIFF)
Country
Canada
Language
English
Long Time Running is a Canadian documentary film, which premiered at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival.[1] Directed by Jennifer Baichwal and Nicholas de Pencier, the film profiles the Canadian rock band The Tragically Hip during their Man Machine Poem Tour of 2016,[2] which followed the band's announcement that lead singer Gord Downie had been diagnosed with terminal brain cancer.
The film takes its name from "Long Time Running", a song from the band's 1991 album Road Apples.
Baichwall and de Pencier, who have known the band for over 20 years, were asked to create the documentary just five days before the beginning of the tour. In an interview on the red carpet prior to its TIFF debut, the filmmakers noted that had little opportunity to prepare, and likened the circumstances to "running away and...joining the circus."[3]
Following its premiere at TIFF, the film began a brief theatrical run. It was originally scheduled to air on CTV on November 12, 2017, but following Downie's death on October 17 and its announcement the following day, CTV advanced its television premiere to October 20.[4]
On September 13, 2017, ahead of its TIFF premiere, Netflix announced that the film would debut internationally on its streaming service beginning November 29.[5] This deal was not inclusive of Canada, where streaming rights will be held by CraveTV.[5]
On September 17, the film was named as First Runner Up for TIFF's People's Choice Award for Documentaries.[6]
The film was released on DVD in November 2017.[7] It is available both as a standalone DVD and as part of a box set with the DVD release of the Man Machine Poem tour's final concert in Kingston.[7]
Roland Schlimme received a Canadian Screen Award nomination for Best Editing in a Documentary at the 6th Canadian Screen Awards.
See also[edit]
Spirit Unforgettable
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Tragically Hip to debut tour doc, Long Time Running, at the Toronto International Film Festival". Q, July 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "New trailer for Tragically Hip documentary 'Long Time Running'". CTV News, June 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Friend, David (14 September 2017). "Tragically Hip documentary makers say tour film "started on a dime"". National Observer. Canadian Press.
Jump up ^ "The Tragically Hip's 'Long Time Running' Doc Will Air This Week". Exclaim!, October 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Toronto: Netflix Nabs Tragically Hip Concert Doc 'Long Time Running' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Toronto: 'Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri' Captures Audience Award". The Hollywood Reporter, September 17, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Tragically Hip's Final Concert and Tour Doc Set for Home Release". Exclaim!, November 10, 2017.
External links[edit]
Long Time Running on IMDb
Long Time Running at Rotten Tomatoes
[hide]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_Time_Running&oldid=828992297"
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Just to Be Close to You
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Just to Be Close to You"
Single by Commodores
from the album Hot on the Tracks
B-side
"Thumpin' Music"
Released
August 1976
Format
7" single
Genre
R&B
Length
3:14 (single edit)
6:21 (album version)
Label
Motown
Songwriter(s)
Lionel Richie
Producer(s)
Commodores
Commodores singles chronology
"Slippery When Wet"
(1975) "Just to Be Close to You"
(1976) "Easy"
(1977)
"Slippery When Wet"
(1975) "Just to Be Close to You"
(1976) "Easy"
(1977)
"Just to Be Close to You" is a song by American R&B/funk band, Commodores, in 1976. Released from their album, Hot on the Tracks, it would become one of their biggest hits, spending two weeks at the top of the Hot Soul Singles chart and becoming their second Billboard Hot 100 top ten, peaking at number seven.[1] The song was written and sung by Lionel Richie.
Contents
[hide]
1 Charts
1.1 Weekly charts
2 See also
3 References
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1976)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100 7
US Billboard Hot Soul Singles 1
See also[edit]
List of number-one R&B singles of 1976 (U.S.)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 130.
Preceded by
"(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty" by KC & the Sunshine Band Billboard's Hot Soul Singles number one single
October 9–16, 1976 Succeeded by
"The Rubberband Man" by The Spinners
[hide]
v
t
e
Commodores
William King
Walter Orange
J.D. Nicholas
Milan Williams
Thomas McClary
Lionel Richie
Andre Callahan
Michael Gilbert
Ronald LaPread
James Ingram
Skyler Jett
Sheldon Reynolds
Albums
Machine Gun (1974)
Caught in the Act (1975)
Movin' On (1975)
Hot on the Tracks (1976)
Commodores (1977)
Commodores Live! (1977)
Natural High (1978)
Midnight Magic (1979)
Heroes (1980)
In the Pocket (1981)
Commodores 13 (1983)
Nightshift (1985)
United (1986)
Rock Solid (1988)
Commodores Christmas (1992)
No Tricks (1993)
The Very Best of The Commodores (1995 album) (1995)
Singles
"Slippery When Wet" (1975)
"Just to Be Close to You" (1976)
"Easy" (1977)
"Brick House" (1977)
"Too Hot ta Trot" (1978)
"Three Times a Lady" (1978)
"Sail On" (1979)
"Still" (1979)
"Lady (You Bring Me Up)" (1981)
"Oh No" (1981)
"Nightshift" (1985)
"Take It From Me" (1986)
Related
Discography
Book:Commodores
This 1970s R&B/soul music song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Economy of the Iroquois
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Iroquois women grinding corn or dried berries; note infant on cradleboard in background (1664 engraving)
The economy of the Iroquois (also known as Haudenosaunee) historically was based on communal production and combined elements of both horticulture and hunter-gatherer systems. The tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy and other Northern Iroquoian-speaking peoples, including the Huron, had their traditional territory in what is now New York State and the southern areas bordering the Great Lakes.
The Iroquois Confederacy was composed of Five Nations: Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, and Seneca, who had created an alliance long before European contact. The Tuscarora were added as a sixth nation in the early eighteenth century after they migrated from North Carolina. The Huron peoples, located mostly in what is now Canada, were also Iroquioan-speaking and shared some culture, but were never part of the Iroquois.
The Iroquoian people were predominantly agricultural, harvesting the "Three Sisters" commonly grown by Native American groups: corn, beans, and squash. They developed certain cultural customs. Among these developments were ideas concerning the nature and management of property. The Iroquois developed a system very different from the now-dominant Western variety. This system was characterized by such components as common ownership of land, division of labor by gender, and trade mostly based on gift economy.
Contact with Europeans in the early 17th century had a profound impact on the economy of the Iroquoians. At first, they became important trading partners, but the expansion of European settlement upset the balance of the Iroquois economy. By 1800, following the American Revolutionary War, in which most of the nations supported the British and had to share their defeat, the Iroquois were reduced to reservations, primarily in New York in the United States, and Quebec and Ontario in Canada. They had to adapt their traditional economic system to dramatic changes. In the 20th century, some of the Iroquois nations in the United States have benefited from their sovereign status by founding gambling and recreation facilities, which have yielded greater revenues than some other enterprises. Individually, Iroquois have also become part of the larger economies in cities off the reservation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Land ownership
2 Division of labor: agriculture and forestry
3 Trade
4 Effect on Iroquois culture and society
5 Land management after the Europeans arrived
6 Modern economy
7 See also
8 Notes
8.1 References
9 External links
9.1 Iroquois-owned enterprises
Land ownership[edit]
Latter-day Iroquois longhouse housing several hundred people.
The Iroquois had an essentially communal system of land ownership. The French Catholic missionary Gabriel Sagard described the fundamentals. The Huron had "as much land as they need[ed]."[1] As a result, the Huron could give families their own land and still have a large amount of excess land owned communally. Any Huron was free to clear the land and farm on the basis of usufruct. He maintained possession of the land as long as he continued to actively cultivate and tend the fields. Once he abandoned the land, it reverted to communal ownership, and anyone could take it up for themselves.[2] While the Huron did seem to have lands designated for the individual, the significance of this possession may be of little relevance; the placement of corn storage vessels in the longhouses, which contained multiple families in one kinship group, suggests the occupants of a given longhouse held all production in common.[3]
The Iroquois had a similar communal system of land distribution. The tribe owned all lands but gave out tracts to the different clans for further distribution among households for cultivation. The land would be redistributed among the households every few years, and a clan could request a redistribution of tracts when the Clan Mothers' Council gathered.[4] Those clans that abused their allocated land or otherwise did not take care of it would be warned and eventually punished by the Clan Mothers' Council by having the land redistributed to another clan.[5] Land property was really only the concern of the women, since it was the women's job to cultivate food and not the men's.[4]
The Clan Mothers' Council also reserved certain areas of land to be worked by the women of all the different clans. Food from such lands, called kěndiǔ"gwǎ'ge' hodi'yěn'tho, would be used at festivals and large council gatherings.[5]
Division of labor: agriculture and forestry[edit]
The division of labor reflected the complementary aspects common in Iroquois culture: The twin gods Sapling (East) and Flint (West) embodied the two complementary halves. Each gender had defined roles in labor to support the people, which complemented each other. Women did all work involving the field, including planting, cultivating and harvesting the crops; while men did all work involving the forest, including the manufacture of anything involving wood.[6] The Iroquois men carried out hunting and fishing, trading, and fighting, while the women took care of farming, food gathering and processing, rearing of children, and housekeeping. This gendered division of labor was the predominant means of dividing work in Iroquois society.[7] At the time of contact with Europeans, Iroquois women produced about 65% of the goods and the men 35%.[8] The combined production of food made famine and hunger extremely rare; early Europeans settlers often envied the success of Iroquois food production.[8]
The Iroquois system of work reflected their communal land system. Since the Iroquois owned property together, they worked together as well. The women performed difficult work in large groups, going from field to field helping one another work each other's land. Together they would sow the fields as a "mistress of the field" distributed a set amount of seeds to each of the women.[9] The Iroquois women of each agricultural group would select an old but active member of their group to act as their leader for that year and agree to follow her directions. The women performed other work cooperatively as well. The women individually cut wood for family use, but their leader would oversee the collective carrying of the wood back to the village.[10] The women's clans performed other work. According to Mary Jemison, a white woman assimilated with the Seneca while a young woman, the collective effort averted "every jealousy of one having done more or less work than another."[10]
Samuel de Champlain's sketch of a Huron deer hunt; Huron men make noise and drive animals along a V-shaped fence towards an apex where they are captured and killed.
The Iroquois men also organized in a cooperative fashion. The men acted collectively during military actions.[11] The other jobs of men, such as hunting and fishing, also involved cooperative elements. The men more often organized as a whole village rather than as a clan.[12] The men organized hunting parties where they used extensive cooperation to kill a large amount of game. One firsthand account told of a hunting party that built a large brush fence in a forest to form a V. The hunters set a fire across from the open side of the V, forcing the animals to run towards the point where the hunters awaited them. They could kill one hundred deer at a time by such a plan.[13]
Native Americans of unknown tribe fishing in fashion similar to Iroquois.
The men also fished in large groups. Fishing expeditions included men in canoes using weirs and nets to cover entire streams and harvest large amounts of fish, sometimes a thousand in half of a day.[14] A hunting or fishing party's takings were considered common property; they were divided among the party by the leader or taken to the village for a feast.[15] Hunting and fishing were not always cooperative efforts, but the Iroquois generally did better in parties than as individuals.[16]
Trade[edit]
The Iroquois traded excess corn and tobacco for the pelts from the tribes to the north and the wampum from the tribes to the east.[17] The Iroquois used present-giving more often than any other mode of exchange. Present-giving reflected the reciprocity in Iroquois society. The exchange would begin with one clan giving another tribe or clan a present with the expectation of some sort of needed commodity being given in return. This form of trade ties to the Iroquois culture's tendency to share property and cooperate in labor. In all cases no explicit agreement is made, but one service is performed for the community or another member of the community's good with the expectation that the community or another individual would give back.[18] External trade offered one of the few opportunities for individual enterprise in Iroquois society. A person who discovered a new trading route had the exclusive right to trade along the same route in the future. Often clans collectivized trading routes to gain a monopoly on a certain type of trade.[19]
Iroquois with Western goods, presumably acquired through trade (French engraving, 1722)
The arrival of Europeans created the opportunity for greatly expanded trade. Furs were in demand in Europe, and they could be acquired cheaply from Indians in exchange for manufactured goods the Indians could not make themselves.[20] Trade did not always benefit the Natives. The British took advantage of the gift-giving culture. They showered the Iroquois with European goods, making them dependent on such items as rifles and metal axes. For a time, the access to guns gave the Mohawk and other Iroquois advantages over other tribes, and they entered trading seriously. The British primarily used these gifts to gain support among the Iroquois for fighting against the French.[21]
The Iroquois also traded for alcohol, which the Europeans introduced. Eventually, this would have a very negative influence on their society, as they suffered a high rate of alcoholism. By 1753 Scarrooyady, a chief, petitioned the Governor of Pennsylvania to intervene in trade:
"Your Traders now bring scarce anything but Rum and Flour; they bring little powder and lead, or other valuable goods . . . and get all the skins that should go to pay the debts we have contracted for goods bought of the Fair Traders; by this means we not only ruin ourselves but them too. These wicked Whiskey Sellers, when they have once got the Indians in liquor, make them sell their very clothes from their backs. In short, if this practice be continued, we must be inevitably ruined."[20]
Effect on Iroquois culture and society[edit]
The structure of the Iroquois economy created a unique property and work ethic. The threat of theft was almost nonexistent, since little was held by the individual except basic tools and implements that were so prevalent they had little value. The only goods worth stealing would have been wampum.[22] While a theft-free society can be respected by all, communal systems such as that of the Iroquois are often criticized for providing less of an incentive to work. In order for the Iroquois to succeed without an individual incentive, they had to develop a communal work ethic. Virtue became synonymous with productivity. The idealized Iroquois man was a good warrior and productive hunter while the perfect woman excelled in agriculture and housekeeping.[23] By emphasizing an individual's usefulness to society, the Iroquois created a mindset that encouraged their members to contribute even though they received similar benefits no matter how hard they worked.
As a result of their communal system, some would expect the Iroquois to have a culture of dependence without individuality. The Iroquois, however, had a strong tradition of autonomous responsibility. Iroquois men were taught to be self-disciplined, self-reliant, and responsible as well as stoic.[24] The Iroquois attempted to eliminate any feelings of dependency during childhood and foster a desire for responsibility. At the same time, the child would have to participate in a communal culture, children were taught to think as individuals but work for the community.[25]
Land management after the Europeans arrived[edit]
The Iroquois system of land management changed somewhat after encounter with the Europeans. The Mohawk were the first to deal with them and "sold" some land to settlers, although it is unlikely either side understood the other's conception of property.
After the American Revolutionary War, the victorious Americans forced the nations into reservations much reduced in size from their former territories, even those two, the Oneida and Onondaga, that had supported them. Most of the other Iroquois nations were forced to give up their territory and retreated to Canada, where they received some land in compensation from the Crown, in addition to existing settlements along the St. Lawrence River.
The Iroquois had a system of collectively owned land free to be used as needed by their members. While this system was not wholly collective, as land was distributed for use to individual family groups, the Iroquois lacked the Western conception of property as a commodity.[26] Despite the influence of Western culture, the Iroquois have maintained a unique view of property over the years.
The contemporary Mohawk Doug George-Kanentiio sums up his perception of the Iroquois property view: The Iroquois have
"no absolute right to claim territory for purely monetary purposes. Our Creator gave us our aboriginal lands in trust with very specific rules regarding its uses. We are caretakers of our Mother Earth, not lords of the land. Our claims are valid only so far as we dwell in peace and harmony upon her."[27]
In 1981 the Iroquois Council of Chiefs (or Haudenosaunee) expressed similar ideas. The Council distinguished the
"Western European concepts of land ownership" from the Iroquois view that "the earth is sacred" and "was created for all to use forever—not to be exploited merely for this present generation." Land is not just a commodity and "In no event is land for sale." The statement continues, "Under Haudenosaunee law, 'Gayanerkowa,' the land is held by the women of each clan. It is principally the women who are responsible for the land, who farm it, and who care for it for the future generations. When the Confederacy was formed, the separate nations formed one union. The territory of each nation became Confederacy land even though each nation continued to have a special interest in its historic territory."[28]
The Council's statement reflects its unique view of property among the Iroquois.
The system of the Grand River Iroquois (two Iroquois reservations in Canada) integrated the traditional Iroquois property structure with the new way of life after being confined to a reservation. The reservation was established under two deeds by the Crown in the 18th century following the American Revolutionary War. These deeds gave corporate ownership of the lands to the Six Nations of the Iroquois.[29] Individuals were granted leases for a specific plot by the Confederacy.[30] The Iroquois idea that land came into one's possession if cared for and reverted to public control if left alone was used in reservation property law. In one property dispute case, the Iroquois Council sided with a claimant who had made improvements and cultivated the land over one who had left it alone.[30]
The natural resources of the land are considered to belong to the tribe as a whole and not to those who possessed the particular parcel.[31] The Iroquois leased the right to extract stone from the lands in one instance and fixed royalties on all the production.[32] After natural gas had been discovered on the reservation, the Six Nations took direct ownership of the natural gas wells. They paid persons who had wells on their land compensation only for damages done by gas extraction.[32] This setup closely resembled the precontact land distribution system where the tribes owned the land and distributed it for use, but not unconditional ownership.
Modern economy[edit]
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2015)
Many Iroquois have been fully integrated into the surrounding Western economy of the United States and Canada. For others their economic involvement is more isolated in the reservation. Whether directly involved in the outside economy or not, most of the Iroquois economy is now greatly influenced by national and world economies. The Iroquois have been involved in the steel construction industry for over a hundred years, with many men from the Mohawk nations working on such high-steel projects as the Empire State Building and the World Trade Center.[33]
Inside the reservations, which are sometimes isolated from larger cities, the economic situation has often been bleak. For instance, the U.S. side of the Mohawk St. Regis reservation in northern New York has recently had unemployment as high as 46 percent.[34]
But many reservations have successful businesses. The Seneca reservation contains the City of Salamanca, New York, a center of the hardwoods industry.[35] The Seneca make use of their sovereignty to sell gasoline and cigarettes tax-free and run high-stakes bingo operations.[36] The Senecas have also opened several Indian casinos, the Seneca Niagara Casino in Niagara Falls, New York and one in Salamanca. In 2007 the Seneca opened a third in Buffalo, the Seneca Buffalo Creek Casino.[37]
The Oneida also operate casinos on their reservations in New York and Wisconsin. The Oneida are one of the largest employers in northeastern Wisconsin with over 3,000 employees, including 975 people in tribal government. The Tribe manages more than $16 million in federal and private grant monies, and a wide range of programs, including those authorized by the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act.[38] The Oneida business ventures have brought millions of dollars into the community and improved the standard of living.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Erie (tribe)
Neutral Nation
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Axtell 1981, pp. 110–111.
Jump up ^ Axtell 1981, p. 111.
Jump up ^ Trigger 1969, p. 28.
^ Jump up to: a b Stites 1905, pp. 71–72.
^ Jump up to: a b Johansen 1999, p. 123.
Jump up ^ Johansen 1999, pp. 120–121.
Jump up ^ Axtell 1981, p. 103.
^ Jump up to: a b Johansen 1999, p. 122.
Jump up ^ Axtell 1981, pp. 124–125.
^ Jump up to: a b Stites 1905, p. 32.
Jump up ^ Stites 1905, pp. 32–33.
Jump up ^ Stites 1905, p. 33.
Jump up ^ Stites 1905, p. 36–37.
Jump up ^ Stites 1905, pp. 37–38.
Jump up ^ Stites 1905, pp. 70.
Jump up ^ Stites 1905, p. 30.
Jump up ^ Stites 1905, pp. 79–80.
Jump up ^ Stites 1905, p. 81.
Jump up ^ Stites 1905, p. 80.
^ Jump up to: a b Caskey et al. 2001.
Jump up ^ Johansen 1982, chapter 3.
Jump up ^ Speck 1945, pp. 31–32.
Jump up ^ Stites 1905, pp. 144–145.
Jump up ^ Wallace 1969, p. 30.
Jump up ^ Wallace 1969, p. 34.
Jump up ^ Noon 1949, p. [page needed].
Jump up ^ George-Kanentiio 2000, pp. 169–170.
Jump up ^ Council of Chiefs.
Jump up ^ Noon 1949, pp. 86–88.
^ Jump up to: a b Noon 1949, p. 88.
Jump up ^ Noon 1949, p. 92.
^ Jump up to: a b Noon 1949, p. 94.
Jump up ^ National Public Radio 2002.
Jump up ^ Herald American 1990.
Jump up ^ City of Salamanca.
Jump up ^ Adams 2002.
Jump up ^ Seneca Gaming Corporation 2007.
Jump up ^ Environmental Protection Agency.
References[edit]
Adams, Jim (24 November 2002). "Oklahoma Native Tribe Buys Land in New York State". Indian Country Today.
Axtell, James, ed. (1981). The Indian Peoples of Eastern America: A Documentary History of the Sexes. New York: Oxford University Press.
Caskey, Micki M.; Rapida, Theresa J.; Wubbold, Mark (2001). "Fur Trader". Iroquois Confederacy and the US Constitution. Graduate School of Education, Portland State University. Archived from the original on 5 January 2006.
City of Salamanca. "About Salamanca". Archived from the original on 1 October 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
Environmental Protection Agency. "Oneida Nation of Wisconsin". Archived from the original on 2007-07-07.
George-Kanentiio, Doug (2000). Iroquois Culture and Commentary. Santa Fe: Clear Light.
"The Six Nations of the Iroquois". Herald American. The Singing Tuscaroras. 22 July 1990. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
Johansen, Bruce E. (1982). Forgotten Founders. Ipswich, Mass.: Gambit.
Johansen, Bruce E., ed. (1999). The Encyclopedia of Native American Economic History. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Lindsay, Jeff (29 September 2012). "The Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin". [unreliable source?]
National Public Radio (1 July 2002). "Walking High Steel". Retrieved 7 September 2013.
Noon, John A. (1949). Law and Government of the Grand River Iroquois. New York: The Viking Fund.
Seneca Gaming Corporation (3 July 2007). "Seneca Buffalo Creek Casino Opens for Business" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
Speck, Frank G. (1945). Iroquois. Bloomfield Hills, Michigan: Cranbrook Press.
Stites, Sara Henry (1905). Economics of the Iroquois. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: The New Era Printing Company.
Trigger, Bruce G. (1969). The Huron Farmers of the North. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Wallace, Anthony F.C. (1969). The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca. New York: Vintage Books.
"On Land Rights of the Haudenosaunee". Statements for the Council of Chiefs Haudenosaunee, Six Nations Iroquois Confederacy. August 1981. Archived from the original on 12 October 2004.
External links[edit]
Encyclopedic entry on the Iroquois – contains decent economic information and links to the Iroquois nations
Carnegie Museum of Natural History – The Iroquois of the Northeast[dead link] – Information on Iroquois including agriculture and steel construction.
A Mohawk Iroquois Village: An Exhibit at the New York State Museum – Dioramas of Iroquois Villages online with text
Iroquois-owned enterprises[edit]
Oneida Enterprises – businesses owned by the Oneida nation
Turning Stone Casino – run by the Oneida in Verona, NY.
Seneca Niagara Casino & Hotel – run by the Seneca in Niagara Falls, NY
Seneca Allegany Casino – run by the Seneca in Salamanca, NY.
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Top of the Lake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Top of the Lake
Genre
Drama
Created by
Jane Campion
Gerard Lee
Written by
Jane Campion
Gerard Lee
Directed by
Jane Campion
Garth Davis
Ariel Kleiman
Starring
Elisabeth Moss
David Wenham
Peter Mullan
Thomas M. Wright
Holly Hunter
Gwendoline Christie
David Dencik
Ewen Leslie
Alice Englert
Nicole Kidman
Composer(s)
Mark Bradshaw
Country of origin
Australia
United Kingdom
New Zealand[1]
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
2
No. of episodes
13 (Sundance)
12 (BBC)
(list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Emile Sherman
Iain Canning
Jane Campion
Jamie Laurenson
Producer(s)
Philippa Campbell
Libby Sharpe
Location(s)
Queenstown, New Zealand
Sydney, Australia
Cinematography
Adam Arkapaw
Germain McMicking
Editor(s)
Alexandre de Franceschi
Scott Gray
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
45 minutes (Sundance)
60 minutes (BBC)
Production company(s)
See-Saw Films
Distributor
BBC Two
BBC UKTV
SundanceTV
Release
Original network
Sundance Channel
Picture format
HDTV
Audio format
Surround
First shown in
United States
Original release
18 March 2013 (2013-03-18) – present (present)
External links
Website
www.sundancechannel.com/series/top-of-the-lake
Production
website
www.see-saw-films.com/television/top-of-the-lake-china-girl/
Top of the Lake is a mystery drama television series created and written by Jane Campion and Gerard Lee, and directed by Campion and Garth Davis. It aired in 2013, and the sequel, entitled Top of the Lake: China Girl, in 2017.[2] It marks Campion's first work for television since An Angel at My Table in 1990.
Season 1 follows Detective Robin Griffin (Elisabeth Moss) and deals with her investigation of the disappearance of a pregnant 12-year-old girl in New Zealand. Season 2, China Girl, is set in Sydney four years later, as Detective Griffin investigates the death of an unidentified Asian girl found at Bondi Beach.[3]
Top of the Lake was co-produced for BBC Two in the UK, BBC UKTV in Australia and New Zealand, and Sundance Channel in the United States.[4] It has been generally very well received.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Main
1.2 Supporting
1.3 Top of the Lake: China Girl
2 Production
2.1 Top of the Lake
2.2 Top of the Lake: China Girl
3 Release
4 Episodes
4.1 Top of the Lake: China Girl
5 Reception
5.1 Awards and nominations
5.1.1 AACTA Awards
5.1.2 Critics' Choice Television Awards
5.1.3 Emmy Awards
5.1.4 Golden Globe Awards
5.1.5 Golden Nymph Awards
5.1.6 Screen Actors Guild Awards
5.1.7 New Zealand Film Awards
5.1.8 Screen Producers Australia Awards
5.1.9 Equity Ensemble Awards
6 References
7 External links
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Elisabeth Moss as Robin Griffin, a Sydney detective specialising in sexual assault who is visiting her remote New Zealand hometown of Laketop, agrees to investigate the pregnancy and disappearance of a local 12-year-old girl, Tui Mitcham. Her ability to empathise with Tui's circumstances is based on a horrific event during her own teenage years.
David Wenham as Al Parker, an old-school and well-liked detective sergeant, based in Queenstown, who also manages a café where young offenders are given a second chance.
Peter Mullan as Matt Mitcham, a Scotsman and head of the Mitcham family. The informal leader of the town, feared by the townspeople, but with a complex inner life.
Tom Wright as Johnno Mitcham, Matt's estranged youngest son, and Robin's teenage sweetheart. He recently returned to Laketop after serving eight years in Bangkwang, a Thai prison, for drug possession.
Holly Hunter as GJ, an androgynous Swiss spiritual leader, arriving at Paradise with a group of troubled women, who hope GJ and Laketop will help them rediscover themselves.
Supporting[edit]
Kip Chapman and Jay Ryan as Luke and Mark Mitcham, Matt's brute sons.
Jacqueline Joe as Tui Angel Mitcham, Matt's 12-year-old daughter who disappears after it is discovered that she is five months pregnant.
Robyn Nevin as Jude Griffin, Robin's mother, who is suffering from cancer.
Calvin Tuteao as Turangi, Jude's caring Māori boyfriend, who has a violent temper.
GJ's Community
Alison Bruce as Anne-Marie
Georgi Kay as Melissa
Lucy Lawless as Caroline Platt
Genevieve Lemon as Bunny
Robyn Malcolm as Anita
Griz Pomirska as "the Naked Lady"
Sarah Valentine as Prue
Skye Wansey as Grishina
Matt's men
Ben Barrington as Terry
James Blake as Shotover
Byron Coll as Penguin
Cohen Holloway as Mike
Oscar Redding as Sarge
Edwin Wright as Scuzz

Tui's friends
Luke Buchanan as Jamie
Sam Dickson as Jase
Connor Olivia Moore as Kayla
Layne Opetaia as Daniel
Alice Ward as Gemma
The Southern Lakes Police Department
Stephen Lovatt as Officer Pete
Gavin Rutherford as Officer Joy
Madeleine Sami as Zena the secretary
Residents of Laketop
Edward Campbell as Putty, the "village idiot".
Lauren Dawes as Mandy, Johnno's girlfriend.
Erica Englert as Narelle, Matt's housekeeper.
Mirrah Foulkes as Simone, Jamie's mother.
Dra McKay as Delia, Tui's teacher.
Top of the Lake: China Girl[edit]
Gwendoline Christie as Miranda Hilmarson, a 35-year-old Constable in the Sydney Police Force, who becomes Robin's partner.[5]
David Dencik as Alexander "Puss" Braun, a 42-year-old charismatic East German, who is associated with a brothel, known as Silk 41. He is also Mary's boyfriend. Puss's grooming of Mary frightens Robin, Pyke and Julia.[6]
Ewen Leslie as Pyke Edwards, a successful lawyer and Mary's adoptive father.[7]
Alice Englert as Mary Edwards, Robin's 17-year-old daughter, whom she gave up for adoption. She has begun to act out, due to the separation of her parents.[5]
Nicole Kidman as Julia Edwards, Mary's adoptive mother. She has recently become estranged from her husband and daughter, due to having an affair with a female teacher from Mary's school.[2]
Production[edit]
Top of the Lake[edit]
Actress Jennifer Ehle auditioned for the role of GJ, which went to Holly Hunter. Jane Campion originally offered the role of Robin to Anna Paquin, who had worked with her on The Piano (1993). Paquin declined due to her pregnancy, and the role went to Elisabeth Moss.[8]
The series was originally intended as a co-production with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. But after American-born Elisabeth Moss was cast, the network pulled their funding before production began, citing a prior agreement to put an Australian actress in the lead.[9] Australian-based channel UKTV, owned by BBC Worldwide, filled the funding gap left by the ABC.[10] Philippa Campbell was the New Zealand-based producer.
Filming took 18 weeks and was shot entirely on location in Queenstown and Glenorchy, in Otago, on the South Island of New Zealand. While Queenstown is referred to during the series, Glenorchy doubles as the fictitious town of Laketop. The scenes in the women's commune were filmed at Moke Lake.[8]
Top of the Lake: China Girl[edit]
In early 2013, co-creator Jane Campion said that Top of the Lake comes to a distinct ending, and there would be no additional series.[11] Despite this, it was announced in October 2014 that the series had been renewed for a second season.[12] China Girl began shooting on location in Sydney, Australia in December 2015.[13][14]
Campion returned as co-writer and co-director. Gerard Lee returned as co-writer. The original co-director, Garth Davis, was replaced by Ariel Kleiman due to scheduling conflicts.[15] Philippa Campbell returned as producer. Actress Nicole Kidman joined the cast for China Girl, which is the second time she has worked with Campion. Kidman "plays an Australian mother, Julia, whose story dovetails with that of Detective Robin Griffin", played by Elisabeth Moss.[16] Christie, a fan of Campion's The Piano, joined the cast after sending a letter through a mutual friend.[17]
Release[edit]
Top of the Lake screened in its entirety at the January 2013 Sundance Film Festival, in a single seven-hour session with one intermission and a break for lunch. This was the first such screening in the history of the festival.[18] Top of the Lake was additionally shown at the 63rd Berlin International Film Festival.
The US premiere was on the Sundance Channel on 18 March 2013,[19] in Australia on BBC UKTV on 24 March 2013,[20] and in New Zealand on 25 March, also on BBC UKTV.[21]
China Girl was screened in its entirety at the May 2017 Cannes Film Festival.[22] In the UK, it premiered on BBC Two on 27 July 2017, and the entire series was released on the BBC iPlayer immediately afterwards. [23] In the US, it premiered in September 2017, on Sundance TV,[24] and each episode will be available on Hulu the day after its screening on SundanceTV.[25] In Canada, China Girl will premiere on Wednesday, October 25, 2017, on CBC Television.[26]
Episodes[edit]
Sundance episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
1
1 "Episode 1" Jane Campion Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 18 March 2013 (2013-03-18)
In the small town of Laketop, New Zealand, a young girl named Tui Mitcham is discovered standing chest-deep in the icy, glacial waters of the titular lake. Afterwards, a school nurse notices that the girl is pregnant. Robin Griffin, who grew up in the area, is now a police inspector in Sydney who specializes in cases involving children. While home visiting her sick mother, she agrees to interview Tui at the local police station.
2
2 "Episode 2" Garth Davis with Jane Campion Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 18 March 2013 (2013-03-18)
Robin encounters two women from Paradise. They tell her Tui was with them the day before she disappeared but was gone in the morning. Robin organizes the local authorities to search for Tui. During the search, Robin walks into the lake and has a vision of Tui doing the same, the latter clenching her fists in the water.
3
3 "Episode 3" Garth Davis Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 25 March 2013 (2013-03-25)
Matt Mitcham goes to Paradise and sits in on a session with GJ, the enigmatic leader of the camp. In a mocking tone, Matt asks the group about the human mind. GJ tells Matt that the human mind schemes. Later, Al meets Matt in the middle of the lake for a secret meeting.
4
4 "Episode 4" Garth Davis with Jane Campion Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 1 April 2013 (2013-04-01)
Robin has dinner at Al's ultramodern, immaculate, lakeside house. Robin tells Al she thinks Tui's note, that said "No One", meant there were multiple rapists. Al counsels Robin she is getting too involved in Tui's case, likely because of Robin's own history of having been gang raped, at age 15.
5
5 "Episode 5" Jane Campion with Garth Davis Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 8 April 2013 (2013-04-08)
Robin asks Johnno what he wanted to tell her about the night she was raped. Johnno describes how he heard Robin screaming and he peed himself. He says he found a latch to get out of the dog cage in the back of the truck but was too afraid to persist in trying to stop the men from raping her.
6
6 "Episode 6" Garth Davis with Jane Campion Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 15 April 2013 (2013-04-15)
Robin reveals to Johnno that she plans to make a case against Matt Mitcham, in hopes of encouraging Tui to come home. Robin shares that she caught Jamie attempting to take Tui with rohypnol, a "date rape" drug that Robin suspects Matt manufactures. Johnno warns Robin against bringing a case against Matt, as Matt's drug business provides much of the town with a livelihood.
7
7 "Episode 7" Jane Campion Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 15 April 2013 (2013-04-15)
Robin goes to work at the police station the next day and tells Al that Matt said he was her father. Matt, certain that Tui could not be pregnant, searches for and finds her with her newborn baby. As he is about to kill the baby, Tui appears and kills Matt. Robin discovers that Al has been pimping young boys and girls from the barista training, including Tui, to other men for sex.
BBC episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
UK air date
UK[27] viewers
(millions)
1
1 "Paradise Sold" Jane Campion Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 13 July 2013 (2013-07-13) 2.70
Tui's pregnancy is discovered, and the Paradise community moves in.
2
2 "Searchers Search" Garth Davis Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 20 July 2013 (2013-07-20) 1.92
Robin's search for Tui begins.
3
3 "The Edge of the Universe" Garth Davis Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 27 July 2013 (2013-07-27) 1.57
Robin makes a breakthrough. Over dinner at Al's place he warns her about her past being known.
4
4 "A Rainbow Above Us" Jane Campion Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 3 August 2013 (2013-08-03) 1.32
Al dismisses Robin from the case. Her passionate affair with Johnno intensifies.
5
5 "The Dark Creator" Garth Davis Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 10 August 2013 (2013-08-10) 1.50
Robin is back on the case. Matt gathers troops to hunt Tui down. Tui's friends celebrate her birthday in the mountains.
6
6 "No Goodbyes Thanks" Jane Campion Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 17 August 2013 (2013-08-17) 1.72
Matt reveals his secret about Robin, and the investigation concludes.
Top of the Lake: China Girl[edit]
BBC episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
UK air date
UK[28] viewers
(millions)
7
1 "China Girl" Jane Campion Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 27 July 2017 (2017-07-27) 3.39
Robin tries to adjust back to life in Sydney while dealing with residual PTSD from shooting Al Parker, who has now filed a civil suit against her. She has also received a letter from her daughter, Mary, who is now 17 and, unbeknownst to Robin, is engaged to a 41 year old man, Alexander "Puss", who works and lives in a brothel. Meanwhile, a prostitute is thrown into a suitcase which is tossed into the ocean, and she washes up on Bondi Beach. Robin and her new co-worker, Miranda, are assigned to the case.
8
2 "The Loved One" Ariel Kleiman Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 3 August 2017 (2017-08-03) 2.38
A flashback reveals that Robin left Johnno on their wedding day because he was cheating on her. In the present, Robin is forced to team up with Miranda on the “China Girl” case. They learn that China Girl was pregnant at the time of her death. Robin finally works up the courage to contact Mary and is able to meet her for the first time. At the meeting Mary reveals she assumed that she was the product of rape, which Robin confirms.
9
3 "Surrogate" Ariel Kleiman Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 10 August 2017 (2017-08-10) 1.97
Robin gets a lead on the China girl case after potentially finding the biological parents she was a surrogate for. Pyke and Julia confront Mary’s boyfriend Puss with the fact that he is already married, causing a further rift between them and Mary. Robin’s mediation with Al does not go as planned when he assaults her before it begins.
10
4 "Birthday" Ariel Kleiman Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 17 August 2017 (2017-08-17) 1.92
Robin gets a lead on who China girl is via a John who was in love with her. Puss becomes more erratic and convinces Mary that she should begin work as a prostitute when she turns 18. She eventually agrees. Mary takes a group of the prostitutes to the beach with her, Pyke and Robin. Puss comes along and, after bringing up Robin's rape, attacks her by biting her in the face. Mary convinces her not to press charges.
11
5 "Who's Your Daddy" Jane Campion Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 24 August 2017 (2017-08-24)[29] 1.69
Mary leaves the safety of Robin's home to reconnect with Puss, who learns from her that Robin is looking into the murder of Cinnamon. Brett is able to officially connect China Girl to Puss's brothel but becomes unhinged after seeing her corpse. After Miranda discloses a secret about her pregnancy, Robin is able to come closer to tying Cinnamon's disappearance to a surrogacy ring. Connected by concern over Mary and Puss, Robin and Pyke grow closer, much to Julia's annoyance.
12
6 "The Battle of the Mothers" Ariel Kleiman Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 31 August 2017 (2017-08-31)[29] 1.84
Robin searches for Mary after Brett takes her hostage. Puss reveals to Robin the truth of what happened to Cinnamon and discloses the location of the missing surrogates.
Reception[edit]
Reviews of Top of the Lake have been positive, referring to the series as "masterfully made", "beautiful", "mysterious", "riveting", and "a masterpiece".[30][31][32][33][34] It received a score of 86 out of 100 from Metacritic[35] and a score of 93 per cent from Rotten Tomatoes.[36]
There were also some less positive reviews. Mike Hale of The New York Times criticized the "elaborately introduced plotlines" and described Tui's disappearance as "less a story element than a metaphor for the kind of armed resistance to male hegemony that constitutes the central idea of Ms Campion’s body of work."[37]
Top of the Lake was lauded by feminist critics[38] for its explicit effort to analyse rape culture[39] as well as its radical construction of narratives entirely foregrounding the experiences of single women.[citation needed]
Awards and nominations[edit]
AACTA Awards[edit]
Year
Category
Nominated artist/work
Result
2014 Best Telefeature, Mini Series or Short Run Series Emile Sherman, Iain Canning, Jane Campion and Philippa Campbell Won
Best Direction in a Drama or Comedy Garth Davis for "The Dark Creator" Nominated
Best Guest or Supporting Actor in a Television Drama Peter Mullan Nominated
Best Guest or Supporting Actress in a Television Drama Robyn Nevin Nominated
Best Cinematography in Television Adam Arkapaw for Episode 5: "The Dark Creator" Won
Best Sound in Television Richard Flynn, Tony Vaccher, John Dennison, Craig Butters, Danny Longhurst and Blair Slater, for Episode 5: "The Dark Creator" Won
Best Original Music Score in Television Mark Bradshaw, for Episode 5: "The Dark Creator" Nominated
Best Production Design in Television Fiona Crombie for Episode 5: "The Dark Creator" Nominated
Best Costume Design in Television Emily Seresin for Episode 5: "The Dark Creator" Nominated
Best Editing in Television Scott Gray for Episode 5: "The Dark Creator" Nominated
Critics' Choice Television Awards[edit]
Year
Category
Nominated artist/work
Result
2013 Best Movie/Miniseries — Nominated
Best Actress in a Movie/Miniseries Elisabeth Moss Won
Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Miniseries Peter Mullan Nominated
Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Miniseries David Wenham Nominated
Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Miniseries Thomas M. Wright Nominated
Emmy Awards[edit]
Year
Category
Nominated artist/work
Result
2013
Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Miniseries or Movie Nominated
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Elisabeth Moss Nominated
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Peter Mullan Nominated
Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special Jane Campion, Garth Davis Nominated
Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special Jane Campion, Gerard Lee Nominated
Creative Arts Emmy Awards
Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries, Movie, or Special Nominated
Outstanding Cinematography for a Miniseries or Movie Episode: "Part 1" Won
Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries or Movie Episode: "Part 5" Nominated
Golden Globe Awards[edit]
Year
Category
Nominated artist/work
Result
2014 Best Miniseries or Television Film — Nominated
Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film Elisabeth Moss Won
Golden Nymph Awards[edit]
Year
Category
Nominated artist/work
Result
2014 Best Miniseries — Won
Best Actor — Miniseries Peter Mullan Won
Best Actress — Miniseries Elisabeth Moss Won
Screen Actors Guild Awards[edit]
Year
Category
Nominated artist/work
Result
2014 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Elisabeth Moss Nominated
2014 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Holly Hunter Nominated
New Zealand Film Awards[edit]
Year
Category
Result
Ref
2013 Best Television Feature or Drama Series Won [40]
Screen Producers Australia Awards[edit]
Year
Category
Result
Ref
2013 Drama Television Production of the Year Won [41]
Equity Ensemble Awards[edit]
Year
Category
Result
Ref
2013 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Miniseries or Telemovie Won [42]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Top of the Lake (TV series) (2013)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nicole Kidman to star in Top of the Lake season 2: China Girl". The Sydney Morning Herald. 12 June 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Szalai, Georg (4 April 2017). "MIPTV: 'Top of the Lake' Producer on Why Season 2 "Will Be More Accessible"". The Hollywood Reporter. Eldridge Industries. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top of the Lake and Two Mothers selected for the Sundance Film Festival" (Press release). Screen Australia. 4 December 2012. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Top Of The Lake Season 2 Cast & Characters: The Ultimate Guide - moviepilot.com". moviepilot.com. Retrieved 2017-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Top of the Lake: China Girl First Look Photos". www.sundance.tv. Retrieved 2017-07-29.
Jump up ^ "BBC - Top Of The Lake: China Girl - Media Centre". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-07-29.
^ Jump up to: a b "Elisabeth Moss, Top of the Lake interview". Vulture. 25 January 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "No funding from ABC for Top of the Lake after it learned Mad Men actress Elisabeth Moss was in cast". The Daily Telegraph. 7 November 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "David Wenham: "Top of the Lake is ABC's loss"". TV Tonight. 5 March 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Gone Girl: Inside Top of the Lake, Jane Campion’s gritty new thriller". The Daily Beast. 13 March 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Joanna (16 November 2014). "Top of the Lake Season 2". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Han, Angie (24 July 2015). "Elisabeth Moss Returning for ‘Top of the Lake’ Season 2". SlashFilm.
Jump up ^ Shechet, Ellie (23 June 2015). "Season 2 of Top of the Lake Will Take Place in Sydney and Hong Kong". Jezebel.
Jump up ^ Berger, Laura. "Gwendoline Christie Joins Elisabeth Moss for Series 2 of Jane Campion’s ‘Top of the Lake’". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Bradshaw, Peter (15 May 2017). "Nicole Kidman in Cannes: her tortuous journey to Queen of the Croisette". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Ahmed, Tufayel (2017-07-10). "'Game of Thrones' star Gwendoline Christie on Brienne of Tarth's fate and her many suitors". Newsweek.
Jump up ^ "Sundance: Campion’s Seven-Hour Top of the Lake". Vulture. 12 February 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top of the Lake: Sundance Review". The Hollywood Reporter. 21 January 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "UKTV announces air date for Top of the Lake". Foxtel. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jane Campion: Lady of the lake". The New Zealand Herald. 16 March 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Knapp, JD (11 May 2017). "'Top of the Lake: China Girl' Trailer Showcases Elisabeth Moss, Nicole Kidman". Variety. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Strang, Fay (27 July 2017). "When is Top Of The Lake start on BBC Two tonight, who does Nicole Kidman play, who else is in the China Girl cast and what’s it about?". The Sun. News UK. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Rubin, Rebecca (May 23, 2017). "SundanceTV Releases New Photos of 'Top of the Lake: China Girl'". Variety. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Travers, Ben (11 May 2017). "'Top of the Lake: China Girl' Trailer: Elisabeth Moss and Nicole Kidman Protect Their Own in Jane Campion’s Sequel — Watch". Indiewire.com. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "CBC announces fall 2017 broadcast premiere dates for new and returning television series". CBC Radio-Canada. 16 August 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Top 30's". BARB. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Top 30's". BARB. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Next on (2)". BBC. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Seitz on Jane Campion’s Top of the Lake: A Police Procedural, Masterfully Made". Vulture. 2013-03-21. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Review: Jane Campion's Top of the Lake mysterious, beautiful". Los Angeles Times. 18 March 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "David Bianculli's take on Jane Campion's new TV drama: Top of the Lake". NPR Fresh Air. 2013-03-18. Retrieved 2013-04-18.
Jump up ^ "Top of the Lake – first look review". The Guardian. 9 February 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Review: Jane Campion's Top of the Lake a riveting long-form mystery". Hitfix. 18 March 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Top of the Lake at Metacritic
Jump up ^ Top of the Lake at Rotten Tomatoes
Jump up ^ "Pregnant Girl Vanishes, and Story Lines Fork". The New York Times. 17 March 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Can We Talk About How Damn Good Top of the Lake Is?". Jezebel. 2013-08-05. Retrieved 2014-02-01.
Jump up ^ "Top of the Lake: A Non-Watered Down Depiction of Rape Culture". Ms. Magazine blog. 18 April 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "The 2013 winners of the Rialto Channel New Zealand Film Awards". Retrieved 13 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Goalpost Pictures Awarded Media Super Production Business of the Year". Screen Producers Australia. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (27 May 2014). "Equity Ensemble Awards 2014: winners". TV Tonight. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
External links[edit]
Top of the Lake at the SundanceTV
Top of the Lake at the BBC
Top of the Lake: China Girl at the BBC
Top of the Lake on IMDb
Top of the Lake at Rotten Tomatoes
Top of the Lake: China Girl at Rotten Tomatoes
Top of the Lake at Metacritic
[show]
v
t
e
Jane Campion
Films directed
Feature films
Sweetie (1989)
An Angel at My Table (1990)
The Piano (1993)
The Portrait of a Lady (1996)
Holy Smoke! (1999)
In the Cut (2003)
Bright Star (2009)
Short films
Mishaps of Seduction and Conquest (1981)
Peel (1982)
Passionless Moments (1983)
A Girl's Own Story (1984)
The Lady Bug (2007)
The Water Diary (2008)
Television
Dancing Daze (1985)
Two Friends (1986)
Top of the Lake (2013, 2017)
[show]
v
t
e
AACTA Award for Best Telefeature, Mini Series or Short Run Series (2010–2029)
Hawke (2010)
The Slap (2011)
Howzat! Kerry Packer's War (2012)
Top of the Lake (2013)
Devil's Playground (2014)
Peter Allen: Not the Boy Next Door (2015)
Complete list
(1986–1989)
(1990–2009)
(2010–2029)
[show]
v
t
e
Equity Award for Most Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Television Movie or Miniseries
The Slap (2011): Costabile; B. Davis; E. Davis; Dimitriades; George; Glenn; Hayes; LaPaglia; Lowe; Marinos; McInnes; Okonedo; Townsend; Yianni
Devil's Dust (2012): Foulkes; Hany; Hayes; Hegney; Leslie; Schepisi
Top of the Lake (2013): Buchanan; Hunter; Joe; Lemon; Malcolm; Moss; Mullan; Nevin; Ryan; Wenham; Wright
ANZAC Girls (2014): Brent; Clare; Craig; Debelle; Flood; Lasance; Mayer; McClelland; McGahan; Prebble
Peter Allen: Not the Boy Next Door (2015): Baldwin; Farnell; Gibney; Jackson; Mills, Szeps; Thornton; West
Barracuda (2016): Anton; Cobham-Hervey; Creer; Griffiths; Haralabidou; Kindon; Nable; Taylor
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Top_of_the_Lake&oldid=806568045"
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