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Jersey Shore: Family Vacation
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This article is about the 2018 sequel series. For the 2009–2012 original series, see Jersey Shore (TV series).
Jersey Shore: Family Vacation
Genre
Reality
Developed by
SallyAnn Salsano
Starring
Paul DelVecchio
Nicole Polizzi
Michael Sorrentino
Ronnie Ortiz-Magro
Jennifer Farley
Vinny Guadagnino
Deena Nicole Cortese
Opening theme
"Get Crazy" by LMFAO
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
2
No. of episodes
16 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
SallyAnn Salsano
Scott Jeffress
Jacquelyn French
Running time
42 minutes
Production company(s)
495 Productions
Release
Original network
MTV
Picture format
1080p (HDTV)
Original release
April 5, 2018 (2018-04-05) – present
Chronology
Preceded by
Jersey Shore
Related shows
Snooki & Jwoww
The Pauly D Project
The Show with Vinny
Floribama Shore
Geordie Shore
Warsaw Shore
Gandía Shore
Acapulco Shore
Super Shore
External links
Website
Jersey Shore: Family Vacation is an American reality television series that premiered on MTV globally on April 5, 2018. The series follows seven housemates from the original Jersey Shore as they spend a month living together in Miami, Florida.[1] On February 28, 2018, a second season was ordered ahead of the series premiere,[2] which filmed in Las Vegas, Seaside Heights, Neptune City and Atlantic City. The season premiered on August 23, 2018.[3]
Contents
1 Cast
1.1 Main
1.2 Recurring
2 Overview
3 Series overview
4 Episodes
4.1 Season 1 (2018)
4.2 Season 2 (2018)
4.3 Specials
5 Production
5.1 Development and filming
6 References
7 External links
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Pauly D
Snooki
Michael Sorrentino
Ronnie Ortiz-Magro
JWoww
Vinny Guadagnino
Deena Nicole Cortese
Recurring[edit]
Angelina Pivarnick
Overview[edit]
In the first season, the cast of Jersey Shore swore they would always do a vacation together. Five years, five kids, three marriages and who knows how many GTL sessions later, Nicole, Jenni, Mike, Pauly D, Vinny, Angelina, Deena and Ronnie are back together and on vacation in a swanky house in Miami Beach. In the second season, The gang kicks it off by heading to Las Vegas; after partying through Sin City, they head back to the East Coast, celebrating milestones in Atlantic City and settling in for an extended summer stay at the Shore.
Series overview[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 14 April 5, 2018 (2018-04-05) June 28, 2018 (2018-06-28)
2 TBD August 23, 2018 (2018-08-23) TBA
Episodes[edit]
Season 1 (2018)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
1 "What's in the Bag?" April 5, 2018 (2018-04-05) 2.41[4]
2
2 "The Ring" April 5, 2018 (2018-04-05) 2.55[4]
3
3 "Sunday Vinday" April 12, 2018 (2018-04-12) 1.68[5]
4
4 "Ron Ron Juice" April 19, 2018 (2018-04-19) 1.73[6]
5
5 "About Last Night" April 26, 2018 (2018-04-26) 1.44[7]
6
6 "Meatball Down" May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03) 1.51[8]
7
7 "Baby Mama Drama" May 10, 2018 (2018-05-10) 1.75[9]
8
8 "The Temptation of the Keto Guido" May 17, 2018 (2018-05-17) 1.70[10]
9
9 "Umm, Hello" May 24, 2018 (2018-05-24) 1.64[11]
10
10 "Meatball Training Day" May 31, 2018 (2018-05-31) 2.02[12]
11
11 "Angelina Leaves Her Mark!" June 7, 2018 (2018-06-07) 1.65[13]
12
12 "JWoww vs. The Proposal" June 14, 2018 (2018-06-14) 1.65[14]
13
13 "Future Mrs. Situation?" June 21, 2018 (2018-06-21) 1.66[15]
14
14 "The Final Supper" June 28, 2018 (2018-06-28) 1.64[16]
Season 2 (2018)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
15
1 "It’s Complicated" August 23, 2018 (2018-08-23) 1.36[17]
After returning home from Miami, Ronnie’s girlfriend Jen gives birth to their child named Ariana. Things take a dramatic turn went they get into a nasty altercation and blast it over social media. Meanwhile, Pauly D decides to invite the roommates to Las Vegas to meet Ronnie’s child and party in Vegas. Meanwhile, Snooki goes to lunch with Angelina and invites her to come to Vegas with the rest of the roommates. Also, Jenni is upset with everyone when they didn’t reach out to her on Mother’s Day. Deena reveals to Snooki and Jenni that she’s not going to Vegas because she is pregnant.
16
2 "Oh Canada" August 23, 2018 (2018-08-23) 1.35[17]
While out eating dinner, the Mother's day video comes up and Jenni reveals she was very hurt that none of her friends besides Mike participated and she thought about not coming to Vegas. Also Jenni tells Ron about the conversations she's had with Jen. The following morning, Ron learns Jen's flight was delayed and she wants to come out with them that night to which he isn't happy. While at a pool party, Ron acts strangely and when he receives a message from Jen he begins taking shots. Ron nearly causes a fight in the bathroom, security gets involved, and they decide to leave. Back at the hotel, Ron while crying explains that he is scared of losing his daughter and Jenni suggests he leave Jen and fight for his daughter.
17
3 "The Truth About Ronnie"[18] August 30, 2018 (2018-08-30) TBD
Specials[edit]
Special
Original air date
Road to Vacation: Jersey Shore’s Hottest Hookups March 15, 2018 (2018-03-15)
The cast looks back at all of the hook ups they have had in past seasons.
Road to Vacation: Jersey Shore’s Biggest Blowups March 22, 2018 (2018-03-22)
The cast looks back at all of the fights and arguments they have had during the past six seasons.
Road to Vacation: Jersey Shore’s Snookiest Moments March 29, 2018 (2018-03-29)
Jenni, Ronnie, Snooki, Deena and Pauly count down Snooki's 15 most hilarious, outrageous, and unforgettable meatball moments.
Road to Vacation: Jersey Shore’s Craziest Couplings March 29, 2018 (2018-03-29)
As it turns out, everyone fell in love at the Jersey Shore. Pauly, Deena, Jenni, Ronnie and Snooki break it all down in Jersey Shore's 8 Craziest Couplings.
Jersey Shore’s Most Jersiest Moments July 5, 2018 (2018-07-05)
Mike, Pauly, Ronnie and Vinny look back at the Jersiest moments of their Miami family vacation; a review of the best spirals and roasts; funniest pranks, grossest toilets and five never-before-released scenes.
Production[edit]
Development and filming[edit]
On November 27, 2017, MTV announced that the cast (with the exception of Sammi) would be reuniting in Miami, Florida for a new reunion season titled Jersey Shore: Family Vacation.[19] The series premiered globally on April 5, 2018. According to MTV, it is considered a new series and not the seventh season of the original show.[19][20]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Itzkoff, Dave (March 29, 2018). "Snooki, JWoww and the Crew Return to MTV in Jersey Shore Family Vacation". Retrieved April 1, 2018 – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ "Jersey Shore Family Vacation Already Renewed for Season 2". E! Online. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Viva Las Vegas! Secrets Of The New Jersey Shore Season Revealed". Radar Online. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Welch, Alex (April 6, 2018). "Thursday cable ratings: 'Jersey Shore Family Vacation' dominates, 'Swamp People' ticks up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (April 13, 2018). "Thursday cable ratings: Jersey Shore Family Vacation' stays on top, 'Atlanta' holds steady". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (April 20, 2018). "Thursday cable ratings: 'Southern Charm' rises, 'RuPaul's Drag Race' holds steady". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (April 27, 2018). "Thursday cable ratings: NFL Draft leads, 'Swamp People' dips". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (May 4, 2018). "Thursday cable ratings: 'Atlanta' ticks back up, 'Swamp People' rises". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (May 11, 2018). "Thursday cable ratings: 'Jersey Shore Family Vacation' ticks up, 'Atlanta' finale dips". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (May 18, 2018). "Thursday cable ratings: 'Ex on the Beach' and 'Siren' hold steady". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (May 25, 2018). "Thursday cable ratings: 'RuPaul's Drag Race' ticks up, 'Southern Charm' holds steady". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (June 1, 2018). "Thursday cable ratings: 'Swamp People' holds steady, 'Jersey Shore: Family Vacation' ticks up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (June 8, 2018). "Thursday cable ratings: 'Marvel's Cloak and Dagger' premieres, 'RuPaul's Drag Race' dips". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (June 15, 2018). "Thursday cable ratings: 'Marvel's Cloak and Dagger' falls, 'RuPaul's Drag Race' rises". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (June 22, 2018). "Thursday cable ratings: 'Shooter' premieres down, NBA Draft leads the night". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (June 29, 2018). "Thursday cable ratings: 'Alone' holds steady, 'Jersey Shore: Family Vacation' dips". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Welch, Alex (August 24, 2018). "Thursday cable ratings: 'Jersey Shore: Family Vacation' premieres down, 'Queen of the South' stays steady". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Jersey Shore: Family Vacation Episode schedule". MTV. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Swift, Andy (28 November 2017). "Original Jersey Shore Cast Reuniting for Family Vacation Series in 2018".
Jump up ^ "Breaking News - Back by Popular Demand, MTV Greenlights "Jersey Shore Family Vacation" - Original Housemates Set to Return for New Series in 2018 - TheFutonCritic.com". thefutoncritic.com.
External links[edit]
Official website
Jersey Shore Family Vacation on IMDb
show
v
t
e
Jersey Shore
Cast
Angelina Pivarnick
Jennifer Farley (JWoww)
Michael Sorrentino (The Situation)
Nicole Polizzi (Snooki)
Paul DelVecchio (Pauly D)
Ronnie Ortiz-Magro
Sammi Giancola
Vinny Guadagnino
Deena Nicole Cortese
Related
Episodes
Controversies and criticism
Jersey Shore
Jersey Shore Shark Attack
The Three Stooges
Spin-offs, Successors, and International versions
Geordie Shore
The Pauly D Project
Snooki & Jwoww
Gandía Shore
The Show with Vinny
Acapulco Shore
Warsaw Shore
Floribama Shore
Jersey Shore: Family Vacation
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Jennifer Jareau
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Jennifer Jareau
Criminal Minds character
A. J. Cook as Jennifer Jareau
First appearance
"Compulsion"
1x02, September 28, 2005
Created by
Jeff Davis
Portrayed by
A. J. Cook
Information
Nickname(s)
JJ, Jen (By Spencer Reid)
Occupation
FBI Special Agent
Conditional Unit Chief (formerly)
Communications Liaison (formerly)
Title
FBI BAU Supervisory Special Agent
Family
Rosaline Jareau (sister, deceased)
Unnamed niece
Sandy Jareau (mother)
Unnamed sibling
Unnamed aunt
Significant other(s)
William LaMontagne (Husband)
Children
Henry Jareau LaMontagne
Michael Jareau LaMontagne
Seasons
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13
Jennifer "JJ" Jareau is a fictional character from the CBS crime drama Criminal Minds, portrayed by A. J. Cook.
Contents
1 Character background
2 Storylines
2.1 Promotion to Pentagon and brief return
2.2 Return to the BAU
2.3 Relationships and family
3 Characterization
3.1 Fears and obsessions
4 References
5 External links
Character background[edit]
During various episodes, Jareau has described growing up in a small town near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. When she was eleven, her seventeen-year-old sister Rosaline committed suicide[1] by cutting.[2] Rosaline's death was a particularly painful topic for her and she initially chose not to tell her young son about Rosaline, until her mother Sandy reminded her that avoidance was not the solution to dealing with the pain. A high school athlete, Jareau graduated valedictorian[3] from East Allegheny High School, where she was the captain of the varsity soccer team her senior year and earned an athletic scholarship to the University of Pittsburgh. She also attended Georgetown, presumably for graduate studies.
JJ decided to join the FBI after attending a book reading by BAU founder and then-Unit Chief Agent David Rossi. She once told Rossi that she had not known what to do with her life until she listened to his reading, which was held in the campus bookstore during her senior year in college. The next fall, she applied to the FBI Academy.
Storylines[edit]
In the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU), JJ acted as the team's liaison with the media and local police agencies.[4] Though talented and helpful, she was not actually a profiler, having once declined Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner's suggestion to take the necessary classes in behavioral analysis.[5] She works mostly out of the confines of the police stations and field offices the team visits. However, she does accompany the team on raids, and is proficient with firearms. This is made particularly clear when JJ resolves a hostage situation inside the BAU by killing the hostage-taker, Jason Clark Battle, with a single shot (Battle is a serial perpetrator of hero homicide, who lured Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia onto a date, and then shot her, in an attempt to keep his crimes from being discovered). During season six, JJ is given a promotion to the Pentagon; however, she returns in season seven as a full-time profiler, having received the necessary training. In season 9 ("200"), she is then kidnapped, and it is revealed that her year as the DOD Liaison at the Pentagon was a cover story. It turns out she was on a task force in Afghanistan, in search for Bin Laden. The team saves her, and in season 10, it is revealed she has PTSD, and hasn't been dealing with her ordeal being tortured when she was kidnapped, as well as 2 main events that happened when she was in Afghanistan, one of which includes her having a miscarriage, after a convoy was attacked. She tries to work through it with the help of Reid, who calls her on it when she disappears into the morgue one day, for almost a half-hour, after seeing herself on the table, in place of the victim.
Promotion to Pentagon and brief return[edit]
It is revealed in "JJ", that JJ had twice rejected a promotion to The Pentagon and hid the offers from her superiors. However, she is finally forced to transfer by "the brass".[6] JJ's departure reflects that Cook was let go at the beginning of season six, for financial reasons relating to the premiere of the spin-off Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior.[7] JJ's time at the Pentagon was revealed in depth in season nine.
Cook later returned for the departure of Paget Brewster (Agent Emily Prentiss).[8] In the episode titled "Lauren", JJ receives a call and returns to help the BAU find Emily and capture Ian Doyle. The episode ends with Emily presumed dead after being stabbed with a broken chair leg in the stomach. It is later revealed that Emily is alive and in Paris with JJ's help, providing her passports from three different countries and a bank account in each "to keep her comfortable". In the season six finale, JJ returns in order to tell David Rossi that she is "coming back".
In "200", it was revealed that JJ's transfer was a backstop and that she was actually put on a task force in the Middle East with Mateo Cruz (who later became the section chief of the BAU following Strauss's death). During this time, she witnessed a mission she had pushed for fail and discovered one of the task force's informants dead. In February 2011, while overseas, she discovered that she was pregnant. However, in April 2011, following the events of "Lauren", during an attack on the task force, she was wounded and miscarried the baby. She didn't initially tell Will of the pregnancy, and it remained a secret between her and Cruz. In "The Forever People", when she starts showing signs of PTSD, Reid calls her on it, and he tries to help her and talk to her. She eventually admits she had a miscarriage due to the attack on her convoy, and asks him to keep it between them.
Return to the BAU[edit]
The season seven premiere reveals that JJ has returned to the Behavioral Analysis Unit, having received the training to become a full-time profiler, instead of the Media Liaison, a position which has been split between Hotch and Garcia.
She is initially against summoning Prentiss "back from the dead," but Hotch insists on telling the team the truth. Also, she learns Reid is emotionally hurt by her deception, as she knew he cried for ten weeks after losing Prentiss and she never said a word, and Reid revealed he considered taking Dilaudid again.
In season nine, the events during her departure in 2010–11 returned when Mateo Cruz was promoted to Section Chief. In "The Road Home", while waiting to meet Cruz, she is suddenly kidnapped. In "200", it is revealed that she was kidnapped by a man named Tivon Askari, who was a traitor in the task force, in order to access files from her mission in the Middle East. She was held hostage alongside Cruz and was tortured into giving up the code. She discovered that Askari was not working alone when he mentioned her miscarriage, revealing the true enemy to be Michael Hastings, a man she worked with on the task force. He threatened to rape JJ in order to get Cruz to give up his access code. She is rescued by Hotch and Prentiss, and she proceeds to chase after Hastings. Prentiss accompanies her and they both take on Hastings, resulting in Hastings falling off a roof to his death. JJ is left traumatized by the situation and promises to stop the lies and give only the truth.
A year after her kidnapping and torture, she starts experiencing PTSD, something that Reid notices. When she is confronted by him, she asks him to provide a term to describe her situation, saying that it's more than PTSD. She breaks down and reveals the source of her PTSD to be Tivon Askari and reveals her miscarriage to Reid. She later takes an extremely large risk against an UnSub in a room with a gas leak, which could have resulted the deaths of herself, the UnSub, and a hostage. Reid approaches her in the BAU to tell her that while he couldn't find a term to describe JJ's condition, he called Emily and managed to obtain Askari's file, revealing his background of his life on the streets of Tikrit, Iraq, and his criminal background. JJ unknowingly hallucinates Askari in the room with her. He taunts her and tells her that he wants to watch her kill herself. He also tells her that he will take her sleep, her smile, and her safety away, as well as change her so that her husband and son won't even recognise her. He explains that the memories will eventually take away everything she holds dear, but JJ snarls a harsh "No" to Askari before realizing it was all a hallucination.
Relationships and family[edit]
Prior to her courtship and marriage to Will, JJ displayed little interest in dating. She once went on a date with Spencer Reid to a Washington Redskins game, but little came of it romantically, although the two became very good friends. In the season 2 episode "Jones", JJ first meets William "Will" LaMontagne, Jr. a NOPD detective whom the team worked with while in New Orleans after a serial killer presumed dead following Hurricane Katrina resurfaces. It is revealed the following season that he and JJ had been seeing each other for the past year but kept it a secret as she wanted to keep her personal life away from the prying eyes of her colleagues, which Will initially misunderstood as her being ashamed of their relationship.[9] When she finally reveals their relationship by kissing him goodbye in her office with the blinds open, it is apparent that her colleagues already knew about them.
In "The Crossing",[10] JJ told Will that she was pregnant with his child. He later asked her to marry him, and indicated that he was willing to give up his detective's shield in order to help take care of the baby and allow JJ to continue to do her job, though he was worried about her safety and the safety of their child.[11] JJ later told Hotch she had found a temporary replacement for the duration of her maternity leave,[12] and soon after gave birth to a baby boy named Henry. Will transfers to the MPDC, and the family live together in Washington.[13] In later seasons, toddler Henry is portrayed by actress A. J. Cook's real-life son Mekhai Andersen. JJ and Will named Reid and Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia as Henry's godparents. When JJ returned from maternity leave, she and Will had exchanged rings with Henry's birthstone, but did not seem to be officially engaged, as she wore her ring on her right hand, not the left. In the season seven finale, JJ tearfully asked Will to propose to her again, and they married the following evening in a small ceremony in David Rossi's backyard.
Characterization[edit]
JJ is very loyal to her family and friends, as well as very protective. She is also known to be a crack shot. This was demonstrated in many episodes such as "Nanny Dearest" by shooting a fleeing suspect in the head at a faraway distance. In "Revelations", she killed numerous flesh eating dogs in a dark barn. In "Penelope", she kills Garcia's attacker by shooting him directly between the eyes precisely as he turns around to find JJ behind him. Despite her petite frame, she is very athletic and has shown herself to be able to hold her own even if disarmed. In the season 7 finale, she manages to physically fight off a stronger and taller suspect who had tried to kill Will and took their son Henry hostage. She is best friends with Spencer (and is the only one who calls him "Spence"), Penelope, and Emily.
Fears and obsessions[edit]
In "The Boogeyman", JJ reveals that she is afraid of the woods. When agents Derek Morgan and Dr. Spencer Reid ask her why, she tells them a chilling story about working as a summer camp counselor and discovering her boss's murdered body in his cabin. After telling the story, she admits she was joking, and says she doesn't know why she is afraid of the woods. In the same episode, JJ also states that she has a niece who, at the time, is about 8 years old.
When she and Reid unexpectedly came across serial killer Tobias Hankel in the episode "The Big Game", and split up to apprehend the suspect, JJ walked into a dark barn and was attacked by several attack dogs. Although JJ shot and killed the dogs, saving her own life, Reid was abducted by Hankel in the meantime, and would later be tortured and almost killed by Hankel before the BAU team was able to rescue him. After this traumatic experience, it appears that JJ developed a fear of dogs.
In the episode "Penelope", it's announced that JJ has never shot someone until she shot the man who had attempted to kill, and who continued to threaten the life of, Penelope Garcia.
She also seems to have a slight obsession with Cheetos. She can be seen eating them often, and it was implied that her online Scrabble handle was "Cheeto-breath" when she was playing Emily (who was hiding in Paris at the time).
In "Mr. Scratch", JJ tells Hotch that her worst fear as a child was being separated from her parents.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "If the Shoe Fits". Criminal Minds. Season 10. Episode 6. November 5, 2014. CBS.
Jump up ^ "Route 66". Criminal Minds. Season 9. Episode 5. October 23, 2013. CBS.
Jump up ^ "Painless". Criminal Minds. Season 7. Episode 4. October 12, 2011. CBS.
Jump up ^ CBS Corporation. "About Criminal Minds - CBS.com". Retrieved March 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "North Mammon". Criminal Minds. Season 2. Episode 7. November 1, 2006. CBS.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ 'Criminal Minds' update: Cook and Brewster returning — but for how long?
Jump up ^ A.J. Cook Returns to 'Criminal Minds' for Paget Brewster's Final Episode
Jump up ^ "In Heat". Criminal Minds. Season 3. Episode 17. April 30, 2008. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Crossing". Criminal Minds. Season 3. Episode 18. May 7, 2008. CBS.
Jump up ^ "Lo-Fi". Criminal Minds. Season 3. Episode 20. May 21, 2008. CBS.
Jump up ^ "Catching Out". Criminal Minds. Season 4. Episode 5. October 29, 2008. CBS.
Jump up ^ "Memoriam". Criminal Minds. Season 4. Episode 7. November 12, 2008. CBS.
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Event horizon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Event horizon (disambiguation) and Horizon (general relativity).
Part of a series of articles about
General relativity
G μ ν + Λ g μ ν = 8 π G c 4 T μ ν {\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={8\pi G \over c^{4}}T_{\mu \nu }}
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In general relativity, an event horizon is a boundary in spacetime beyond which events cannot affect an outside observer. In layman's terms, it is defined as the shell of "points of no return", i.e., the points at which the gravitational pull becomes so great as to make escape impossible, even for light. An event horizon is most commonly associated with black holes. Light emitted from inside the event horizon can never reach the outside observer. Likewise, any object approaching the horizon from the observer's side appears to slow down and never quite pass through the horizon,[1] with its image becoming more and more redshifted as time elapses. This means that the wavelength is getting longer as the object moves away from the observer.[2] The traveling object, however, experiences no strange effects and does, in fact, pass through the horizon in a finite amount of proper time.
More specific types of horizon include the related but distinct absolute and apparent horizons found around a black hole. Still other distinct notions include the Cauchy and Killing horizons; the photon spheres and ergospheres of the Kerr solution; particle and cosmological horizons relevant to cosmology; and isolated and dynamical horizons important in current black hole research.
Contents
[hide]
1 Event horizon of a black hole
2 Cosmic event horizon
3 Apparent horizon of an accelerated particle
4 Interacting with an event horizon
5 Beyond general relativity
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Further reading
Event horizon of a black hole[edit]
Main article: Black hole

Far away from the black hole a particle can move in any direction. It is only restricted by the speed of light.

Closer to the black hole spacetime starts to deform. In some convenient coordinate systems, there are more paths going towards the black hole than paths moving away.[Note 1]

Inside the event horizon all paths bring the particle closer to the center of the black hole. It is no longer possible for the particle to escape.
One of the best-known examples of an event horizon derives from general relativity's description of a black hole, a celestial object so massive that no nearby matter or radiation can escape its gravitational field. Often, this is described as the boundary within which the black hole's escape velocity is greater than the speed of light. However, a more accurate description is that within this horizon, all lightlike paths (paths that light could take) and hence all paths in the forward light cones of particles within the horizon, are warped so as to fall farther into the hole. Once a particle is inside the horizon, moving into the hole is as inevitable as moving forward in time, and can actually be thought of as equivalent to doing so, depending on the spacetime coordinate system used.[4][5][6][7][8]
The surface at the Schwarzschild radius acts as an event horizon in a non-rotating body that fits inside this radius (although a rotating black hole operates slightly differently). The Schwarzschild radius of an object is proportional to its mass. Theoretically, any amount of matter will become a black hole if compressed into a space that fits within its corresponding Schwarzschild radius. For the mass of the Sun this radius is approximately 3 kilometers and for the Earth it is about 9 millimeters. In practice, however, neither the Earth nor the Sun has the necessary mass and therefore the necessary gravitational force, to overcome electron and neutron degeneracy pressure. The minimal mass required for a star to be able to collapse beyond these pressures is the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit, which is approximately three solar masses.
Black hole event horizons are widely misunderstood. Common, although erroneous, is the notion that black holes "vacuum up" material in their neighborhood, where in fact they are no more capable of seeking out material to consume than any other gravitational attractor. As with any mass in the Universe, matter must come within its gravitational scope for the possibility to exist of capture or consolidation with any other mass. Equally common is the idea that matter can be observed falling into a black hole. This is not possible. Astronomers can only detect accretion disks around black holes, where material moves with such speed that friction creates high-energy radiation which can be detected (similarly, some matter from these accretion disks is forced out along the axes of spin of the black hole, creating visible jets when these streams interact with matter such as interstellar gas or when they happen to be aimed directly at Earth). Furthermore, a distant observer will never actually see something cross the horizon. Instead, while approaching the hole, the object will seem to go ever more slowly, while any light it emits will be further and further redshifted.
Cosmic event horizon[edit]
Main article: List of cosmological horizons
In cosmology, the event horizon of the observable universe is the largest comoving distance from which light emitted now can ever reach the observer in the future. This differs from the concept of particle horizon, which represents the largest comoving distance from which light emitted in the past could have reached the observer at a given time. For events beyond that distance, light has not had time to reach our location, even if it were emitted at the time the Universe began. How the particle horizon changes with time depends on the nature of the expansion of the Universe. If the expansion has certain characteristics, there are parts of the Universe that will never be observable, no matter how long the observer waits for light from those regions to arrive. The boundary past which events cannot ever be observed is an event horizon, and it represents the maximum extent of the particle horizon.
The criterion for determining whether a particle horizon for the Universe exists is as follows. Define a comoving distance dp as
d p = ∫ 0 t 0 c a ( t ) d t . {\displaystyle d_{p}=\int _{0}^{t_{0}}{\frac {c}{a(t)}}\,dt\,.}
In this equation, a is the scale factor, c is the speed of light, and t0 is the age of the Universe. If dp → ∞ (i.e., points arbitrarily as far away as can be observed), then no event horizon exists. If dp ≠ ∞, a horizon is present.
Examples of cosmological models without an event horizon are universes dominated by matter or by radiation. An example of a cosmological model with an event horizon is a universe dominated by the cosmological constant (a de Sitter universe).
A calculation of the speeds of the cosmological event and particle horizons was given in a paper on the FLRW cosmological model, approximating the Universe as composed of non-interacting constituents, each one being a perfect fluid.[9][10]
Apparent horizon of an accelerated particle[edit]
See also: Hyperbolic motion (relativity)
Spacetime diagram showing a uniformly accelerated particle, P, and an event E that is outside the particle's apparent horizon. The event's forward light cone never intersects the particle's world line.
If a particle is moving at a constant velocity in a non-expanding universe free of gravitational fields, any event that occurs in that Universe will eventually be observable by the particle, because the forward light cones from these events intersect the particle's world line. On the other hand, if the particle is accelerating, in some situations light cones from some events never intersect the particle's world line. Under these conditions, an apparent horizon is present in the particle's (accelerating) reference frame, representing a boundary beyond which events are unobservable.
For example, this occurs with a uniformly accelerated particle. A spacetime diagram of this situation is shown in the figure to the right. As the particle accelerates, it approaches, but never reaches, the speed of light with respect to its original reference frame. On the spacetime diagram, its path is a hyperbola, which asymptotically approaches a 45-degree line (the path of a light ray). An event whose light cone's edge is this asymptote or is farther away than this asymptote can never be observed by the accelerating particle. In the particle's reference frame, there appears to be a boundary behind it from which no signals can escape (an apparent horizon).
While approximations of this type of situation can occur in the real world[citation needed] (in particle accelerators, for example), a true event horizon is never present, as this requires the particle to be accelerated indefinitely (requiring arbitrarily large amounts of energy and an arbitrarily large apparatus).
Interacting with an event horizon[edit]
A misconception concerning event horizons, especially black hole event horizons, is that they represent an immutable surface that destroys objects that approach them. In practice, all event horizons appear to be some distance away from any observer, and objects sent towards an event horizon never appear to cross it from the sending observer's point of view (as the horizon-crossing event's light cone never intersects the observer's world line). Attempting to make an object near the horizon remain stationary with respect to an observer requires applying a force whose magnitude increases unboundedly (becoming infinite) the closer it gets.
For the case of a horizon perceived by a uniformly accelerating observer in empty space, the horizon seems to remain a fixed distance from the observer no matter how its surroundings move. Varying the observer's acceleration may cause the horizon to appear to move over time, or may prevent an event horizon from existing, depending on the acceleration function chosen. The observer never touches the horizon and never passes a location where it appeared to be.
For the case of a horizon perceived by an occupant of a de Sitter universe, the horizon always appears to be a fixed distance away for a non-accelerating observer. It is never contacted, even by an accelerating observer.
For the case of the horizon around a black hole, observers stationary with respect to a distant object will all agree on where the horizon is. While this seems to allow an observer lowered towards the hole on a rope (or rod) to contact the horizon, in practice this cannot be done. The proper distance to the horizon is finite,[11] so the length of rope needed would be finite as well, but if the rope were lowered slowly (so that each point on the rope was approximately at rest in Schwarzschild coordinates), the proper acceleration (G-force) experienced by points on the rope closer and closer to the horizon would approach infinity, so the rope would be torn apart. If the rope is lowered quickly (perhaps even in freefall), then indeed the observer at the bottom of the rope can touch and even cross the event horizon. But once this happens it is impossible to pull the bottom of rope back out of the event horizon, since if the rope is pulled taut, the forces along the rope increase without bound as they approach the event horizon and at some point the rope must break. Furthermore, the break must occur not at the event horizon, but at a point where the second observer can observe it.
Observers crossing a black hole event horizon can calculate the moment they have crossed it, but will not actually see or feel anything special happen at that moment. In terms of visual appearance, observers who fall into the hole perceive the black region constituting the horizon as lying at some apparent distance below them, and never experience crossing this visual horizon.[12] This apparent paradox can be resolved by using Dynamic Newtonian Advanced gravity (DNAg), which does not result in infinite time dilation at the event horizon.[13] Other objects that had entered the horizon along the same radial path but at an earlier time would appear below the observer but still above the visual position of the horizon, and if they had fallen in recently enough the observer could exchange messages with them before either one was destroyed by the gravitational singularity.[14] Increasing tidal forces (and eventual impact with the hole's singularity) are the only locally noticeable effects. Tidal forces are a function of the mass of the black hole. In realistic stellar black holes, spaghettification occurs early: tidal forces tear materials apart well before the event horizon. However, in supermassive black holes, which are found in centers of galaxies, spaghettification occurs inside the event horizon. A human astronaut would survive the fall through an event horizon only in a black hole with a mass of approximately 10,000 solar masses or greater.[15]
Beyond general relativity[edit]
The description of event horizons given by general relativity is thought to be incomplete. When the conditions under which event horizons occur are modeled using a more comprehensive picture of the way the Universe works, that includes both relativity and quantum mechanics, event horizons are expected to have properties that are different from those predicted using general relativity alone.
At present, it is expected that the primary impact of quantum effects is for event horizons to possess a temperature and so emit radiation. For black holes, this manifests as Hawking radiation, and the larger question of how the black hole possesses a temperature is part of the topic of black hole thermodynamics. For accelerating particles, this manifests as the Unruh effect, which causes space around the particle to appear to be filled with matter and radiation.
According to the controversial black hole firewall hypothesis, matter falling into a black hole would be burned to a crisp by a high energy "firewall" at the event horizon.
An alternative is provided by the complementarity principle, according to which, in the chart of the far observer, infalling matter is thermalized at the horizon and reemitted as Hawking radiation, while in the chart of an infalling observer matter continues undisturbed through the inner region and is destroyed at the singularity. This hypothesis does not violate the no-cloning theorem as there is a single copy of the information according to any given observer. Black hole complementarity is actually suggested by the scaling laws of strings approaching the event horizon, suggesting that in the Schwarzschild chart they stretch to cover the horizon and thermalize into a Planck length-thick membrane.
A complete description of event horizons is expected to, at minimum, require a theory of quantum gravity. One such candidate theory is M-theory. Another such candidate theory is loop quantum gravity.
A more recently published candidate is DNAg which predicts a dynamic increase in the force of gravity near and at the event horizon[16]. DNAg can also be readily translated in to a quantum form of gravity, known as advanced quintessence gravity (AQG)[17][18].
See also[edit]
Physics portal
Acoustic metric
Cosmic censorship hypothesis
Dynamical horizon
Event Horizon Telescope
Hawking radiation
Rindler coordinates
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The set of possible paths, or more accurately the future light cone containing all possible world lines (in this diagram represented by the yellow/blue grid), is tilted in this way in Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates (the diagram is a "cartoon" version of an Eddington–Finkelstein coordinate diagram), but in other coordinates the light cones are not tilted in this way, for example in Schwarzschild coordinates they simply narrow without tilting as one approaches the event horizon, and in Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates the light cones don't change shape or orientation at all.[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Chaisson, Eric (1990). Relatively Speaking: Relativity, Black Holes, and the Fate of the Universe. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 213. ISBN 978-0393306750.
Jump up ^ Bennett, Jeffrey; Donahue, Megan; Schneider, Nicholas; Voit, Mark (2014). The Cosmic Perspective. Pearson Education. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-134-05906-8.
Jump up ^ Misner, Thorne & Wheeler 1973, p. 848
Jump up ^ Hawking, S. W.; Ellis, G. F. R. (1975). The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time. Cambridge University Press. [page needed]
Jump up ^ Misner, Charles; Thorne, Kip S.; Wheeler, John (1973). Gravitation. W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-0344-0. [page needed]
Jump up ^ Wald, Robert M. (1984). General Relativity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-2268-7033-2. [page needed]
Jump up ^ Peacock, J. A. (1999). Cosmological Physics. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511804533. ISBN 978-0-511-80453-3. [page needed]
Jump up ^ Brill, Dieter (2012). "Black Hole Horizons and How They Begin". Astronomical Review. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Margalef Bentabol, Berta; Margalef Bentabol, Juan; Cepa, Jordi (21 December 2012). "Evolution of the cosmological horizons in a concordance universe". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2012 (12): 035. arXiv:1302.1609  . Bibcode:2012JCAP...12..035M. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2012/12/035.
Jump up ^ Margalef Bentabol, Berta; Margalef Bentabol, Juan; Cepa, Jordi (8 February 2013). "Evolution of the cosmological horizons in a universe with countably infinitely many state equations". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 015. 2013 (2): 015. arXiv:1302.2186  . Bibcode:2013JCAP...02..015M. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2013/02/015.
Jump up ^ Misner, Charles; Thorne, Kip S.; Wheeler, John (1973). Gravitation. W. H. Freeman and Company. p. 824. ISBN 0-7167-0344-0.
Jump up ^ "Journey into a Schwarzschild black hole". jila.colorado.edu.
Jump up ^ Worsley, Andrew (December 2015). "Finite gravitational time dilation in black holes using dynamic Newtonian advanced gravity (DNAg)". Canadian Journal of Physics. 94 – via http://www.nrcresearchpress.com.
Jump up ^ "Dive into the Black Hole". casa.colorado.edu.
Jump up ^ Hobson, Michael Paul; Efstathiou, George; Lasenby, Anthony N. (2006). "11. Schwarzschild black holes". General Relativity: An introduction for physicists. Cambridge University Press. p. 265. ISBN 0-521-82951-8.
Jump up ^ Worsely, Andrew (April 2014). "The formulation of Dynamic Newtonian advanced gravity, DNAg". Canadian Journal of Physics. 92: 1485–1488 – via ResearchGate.
Jump up ^ Worsley, Andrew (2009). "String quintessence and the formulation of advanced quantum gravity". Physics Essays. 22: 364–377 – via ResearchGate.
Jump up ^ Woresley, Andrew (September 2008). "An advanced dynamic adaptation of Newtonian equations of gravity". Physics Essays.
Further reading[edit]
The Universe in a Nutshell by Stephen Hawking
Kip Thorne (1994). Black Holes and Time Warps. W. W. Norton.
Abhay Ashtekar and Badri Krishnan, “Isolated and Dynamical Horizons and Their Applications”, Living Rev. Relativity, 7, (2004), 10; Online Article, cited Feb.2009.
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