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French Guiana
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Not to be confused with Guyana or French Guinea.
Guiana
Guyane (French)
Overseas region and department of France

Flag
Coat of arms
Country
France
Prefecture
Cayenne
Departments
1 (all overseas regions and collectivities consist of a department in themselves.)
Government
• President of the Assembly
Rodolphe Alexandre (PSG)
Area
• Total
83,534 km2 (32,253 sq mi)
Population (January 2013)[1]
• Total
250,109
• Density
3.0/km2 (7.8/sq mi)
Demonym(s)
French Guianan, Guianan
Time zone
GFT (UTC-03)
ISO 3166 code
GF
GDP (2012)[2]
Ranked 27th
Total
€3.8 billion (US$4.9 bn)
Per capita
€15,400 (US$20,000)
NUTS Region
FRA
Website
Prefecture
Territorial collectivity
French Guiana (pronounced /ɡiːˈɑːnə/ or /ɡiːˈænə/, French: Guyane française; French pronunciation: [ɡɥijan fʁɑ̃sɛz]), officially called Guiana (French: Guyane), is an overseas department and region of France, located on the north Atlantic coast of South America in the Guyanas. It borders Brazil to the east and south, and Suriname to the west. Its 83,534 km2 (32,253 sq mi) area has a very low population density of only 3 inhabitants per km², with half of its 244,118 inhabitants in 2013 living in the metropolitan area of Cayenne, its capital. By land area, it is the second largest region of France and the largest outermost region within the European Union. Since 1981, when Belize became independent, French Guiana has been the only territory of the mainland Americas that is still part of a European country.
Both the region and the department have been ruled since December 2015 by a single assembly within the framework of a new territorial collectivity, the French Guiana Territorial Collectivity (French: collectivité territoriale de Guyane). This assembly, the French Guiana Assembly (French: assemblée de Guyane), has replaced the former regional council and departmental council, which were both disbanded. The French Guiana Assembly is in charge of regional and departmental government. Its president is Rodolphe Alexandre.
The area was originally inhabited by Native Americans. The first French establishment is recorded in 1503, but the French presence did not become durable until the foundation of Cayenne in 1643. Guiana then became a slave colony and saw its population increase until the official abolition of slavery at the time of the French Revolution. Guiana temporarily became a French department in 1797 but was gradually transformed into a penal colony with the establishment of a network of camps and penitentiaries spread over the coast where prisoners were sentenced to forced labor. During World War II, Guianan Félix Éboué was one of the first to stand behind General de Gaulle as early as June 18, 1940. Guiana officially rallied Free France in 1943. It abandoned its status as a colony and once again became a French department in 1946. De Gaulle, who became president, decided to establish the Guiana Space Centre in 1965. It is now operated by the CNES, Arianespace and the European Space Agency (ESA). Several thousand Hmong refugees from Laos[3] migrated to French Guiana in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
Nowadays fully integrated in the French central state, Guiana is a part of the European Union, and its official currency is the euro. The region is the most prosperous territory in South America with the highest GDP per capita.[2]. A large part of Guiana's economy derives from the presence of the Guiana Space Centre, now the European Space Agency's primary launch site near the equator. As elsewhere in France, the official language is French, but each ethnic community has its own language, of which Guianan Creole is the most widely spoken.
Contents
[hide]
1 Name
2 History
3 Geography
3.1 Administrative divisions
3.2 Climate
3.3 Environment
3.4 Agriculture
4 Economy
5 Demographics
5.1 Immigration
5.2 Religion
5.3 Fertility
6 Languages
7 Politics
8 Transport
9 Main settlements
10 Military, police and security forces
11 Culture and sports
12 In popular culture
13 Guianan personalities
14 See also
15 References
16 Further reading
17 External links
Name[edit]
Guiana is derived from an Amerindian language and means "land of many waters".[4] The addition of the adjective "French" in most languages other than French is rooted in colonial times when five such colonies existed (The Guianas), namely from west to east: Spanish Guiana (now Guayana Region and Guayana Esequiba in Venezuela), British Guiana (now Guyana), Dutch Guiana (now Suriname), French Guiana, and Portuguese Guiana (now Amapá in Brazil). French Guiana and the two larger countries to the north and west, Guyana and Suriname, are still often collectively referred to as the Guianas and constitute one large landmass known as the Guiana Shield.
History[edit]
Main article: History of French Guiana
See also: French colonization of the Americas and Portuguese conquest of French Guiana
Coat of Arms of French Guiana
French Guiana was originally inhabited by indigenous people: Kalina, Arawak, Emerillon, Galibi, Palikur, Wayampi and Wayana. The French attempted to create a colony there in the 18th century in conjunction with its settlement of some other Caribbean islands. In this penal colony, the convicts were sometimes used as butterfly catchers. As the sentences of the convicts were often long, and the prospect of employment very weak, the convicts caught butterflies to sell in the international market, for scientific purposes as well as general collecting.[5] Bill Marshall, Professor of Comparative Cultural Studies at the University of Stirling[6] wrote of French Guiana's origins:
The first French effort to colonize Guiana, in 1763, failed utterly when tropical diseases and climate killed all but 2,000 of the initial 12,000 settlers. During its existence, France transported approximately 56,000 prisoners to Devil's Island. Fewer than 10% survived their sentence.[7]
Its infamous Île du Diable (Devil's Island) was the site of a small prison facility, part of a larger penal system by the same name, which consisted of prisons on three islands and three larger prisons on the mainland, and which was operated from 1852 to 1953. In addition, in the late nineteenth century, France began requiring forced residencies by prisoners who survived their hard labor.[8] A Portuguese-British naval squadron took French Guiana for the Portuguese Empire in 1809. It was returned to France with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1814. Though the region was handed back to France, a Portuguese presence remained until 1817. A border dispute with Brazil arose in the late 19th century over a vast area of jungle leading to the short-lived pro-French independent state of Counani in the disputed territory. There was some fighting between settlers. The dispute was resolved largely in favor of Brazil by the arbitration of the Swiss government.[9]
The territory of Inini consisted of most of the interior of French Guiana when it was created in 1930. It was abolished in 1946, when French Guiana as a whole became an overseas department of France. During the 1970s, following the French withdrawal from Vietnam in the 1950s, France helped resettle Hmong refugees from Laos to French Guiana.
In 1964, French president Charles de Gaulle decided to construct a space-travel base in French Guiana. It was intended to replace the Sahara base in Algeria and stimulate economic growth in French Guiana. The department was considered particularly suitable for the purpose because it is near the equator and has extensive access to the ocean as a buffer zone. The Guiana Space Centre, located a short distance along the coast from Kourou, has grown considerably since the initial launches of the Véronique rockets. It is now part of the European space industry and has had commercial success with such launches as the Ariane 4 and Ariane 5.
In a 2010 referendum, French Guianans voted against autonomy.[10]
Further information: 2017 social unrest in French Guiana
On March 20, 2017, French Guianans began going on strike and demonstrating for more resources and infrastructure.[11] March 28, 2017 saw the largest demonstration ever held in French Guiana.[12]
Geography[edit]
Main article: Geography of French Guiana
Forested landscape of Remire-Montjoly.
Geographic map of French Guiana
French Guiana lies between latitudes 2° and 6° N, and longitudes 51° and 55° W. It consists of two main geographical regions: a coastal strip where the majority of the people live, and dense, near-inaccessible rainforest which gradually rises to the modest peaks of the Tumuc-Humac mountains along the Brazilian frontier. French Guiana's highest peak is Bellevue de l'Inini in Maripasoula (851 m (2,792 ft)). Other mountains include Mont Machalou (782 m (2,566 ft)), Pic Coudreau (711 m (2,333 ft)) and Mont St Marcel (635 m (2,083 ft)), Mont Favard (200 m (660 ft)) and Montagne du Mahury (156 m (512 ft)).
Several small islands are found off the coast, the three Salvation's Islands which include Devil's Island, and the isolated Îles du Connétable bird sanctuary further along the coast towards Brazil.
The Petit-Saut Dam, a hydroelectric dam in the north of French Guiana forms an artificial lake and provides hydroelectricity. There are many rivers in French Guiana, including the Waki River.
As of 2007[update], the Amazonian forest, located in the most remote part of the department, is protected as the Guiana Amazonian Park, one of the ten national parks of France. The territory of the park covers some 33,900 square kilometres (13,090 sq mi) upon the communes of Camopi, Maripasoula, Papaïchton, Saint-Élie and Saül.
View from Île Royale
Administrative divisions[edit]
French Guiana is divided into 2 arrondissements, 19 cantons (not shown here), and 22 communes:
Arrondissement of
Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni
Awala-Yalimapo
Mana
Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni
Apatou
Grand-Santi
Papaïchton
Saül
Maripasoula
Arrondissement of
Cayenne
Camopi
Saint-Georges
Ouanary
Régina
Roura
Saint-Élie
Iracoubo
Sinnamary
Kourou
Macouria
Montsinéry-Tonnegrande
Matoury
Cayenne
Remire-Montjoly
Climate[edit]
Located within six degrees of the Equator and rising only to modest elevations, French Guiana is hot and oppressively humid all year round. During most of the year, rainfall across the country is very heavy due to the presence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and its powerful thunderstorm cells. In most parts of French Guiana, rainfall is always very heavy from December to June or July – typically over 330 millimetres or 13 inches can be expected each month during this period throughout the department. Between August and November in the eastern half is a “dry” season with as little as 30 millimetres or 1.18 inches in September and October typical in many areas, causing eastern French Guiana to be classed as a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am); the west Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni has a tropical rainforest climate (Af).
[hide]Climate data for French Guiana (Cayenne)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
32
(90) 34
(93) 33
(91) 33
(91) 33
(91) 34
(93) 34
(93) 36
(97) 36
(97) 36
(97) 35
(95) 34
(93) 36
(97)
Average high °C (°F)
27
(81) 28
(82) 28
(82) 28
(82) 28
(82) 28
(82) 29
(84) 30
(86) 31
(88) 30
(86) 30
(86) 28
(82) 29
(84)
Average low °C (°F)
23
(73) 23
(73) 23
(73) 23
(73) 23
(73) 23
(73) 23
(73) 22
(72) 22
(72) 22
(72) 22
(72) 23
(73) 23
(73)
Record low °C (°F)
19
(66) 20
(68) 19
(66) 18
(64) 20
(68) 21
(70) 20
(68) 20
(68) 21
(70) 20
(68) 20
(68) 20
(68) 18
(64)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
380
(14.96) 320
(12.6) 380
(14.96) 380
(14.96) 510
(20.08) 390
(15.35) 200
(7.87) 100
(3.94) 40
(1.57) 50
(1.97) 120
(4.72) 290
(11.42) 3,160
(124.4)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm)
20 16 22 21 26 23 18 9 4 4 11 18 192
Average relative humidity (%)
82 80 82 84 85 82 78 74 71 71 76 81 78.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours
155 113 124 120 124 180 217 248 270 279 240 186 2,256
Source: BBC Weather[13]
Environment[edit]
Liana on a palm branch near a lake in Kourou
The grey-winged trumpeter, a species of bird commonly found in the region.
French Guiana is home to many different ecosystems: tropical rainforests, coastal mangroves, savannahs, inselbergs and many types of wetlands. French Guiana has a high level of biodiversity in terms of both flora and fauna. This is due to the presence of old-growth forests (i.e., ancient/primary forests), which are biodiversity hotspots. The rainforests of French Guiana provide shelter for many species during dry periods and terrestrial glaciation. These forests are protected by a national park (the Guiana Amazonian Park) and six additional nature reserves. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the European Union (EU) have recommended special efforts to protect these areas.[14]
Following the Grenelle Environment Round Table of 2007, the Grenelle Law II was proposed in 2009, under law number 2010-788. Article 49 of the law proposed the creation of a single organization responsible for environmental conservation in French Guiana. Article 64 proposes a "departmental plan of mining orientation" for French Guiana, which would promote mining (specifically of gold) that is compatible with requirements for environmental protection.[15] The coastal environment along the N1 has historically experienced the most changes, but development is occurring locally along the N2, and also in western French Guiana due to gold mining.
5,500 plant species have been recorded, including more than a thousand trees, along with 700 species of birds, 177 species of mammals, over 500 species of fish including 45% of which are endemic and 109 species of amphibians. The micro-organisms would be much more numerous, especially in the north, which competes with the Brazilian Amazon, Borneo and Sumatra. This single French department has at least 98% of vertebrate fauna and 96% of vascular plants as found in all of France and its overseas territories.
Threats to the ecosystem are: habitat fragmentation from roads, which remains very limited compared to other forests of South America; immediate and deferred impacts of EDF's Petit-Saut Dam; gold mining; poor control of hunting and poaching, facilitated by the creation of many tracks; and the introduction of all-terrain vehicles. Logging remains moderate due to the lack of roads, difficult climate, and difficult terrain. The Forest Code of French Guiana was modified by ordinance on 28 July 2005. Logging concessions or free transfers are sometimes granted by local authorities to persons traditionally deriving their livelihood from the forest.
The beaches of the natural reserve of the Amana, the joint Awala-Yalimapo in the west, is an exceptional marine turtle nesting site. This is one of the largest worldwide for the leatherback turtle.
Agriculture[edit]
French Guiana has some of the poorest soils in the world. The soil is low in nutrients (e.g., nitrogen, potassium) and organic matter. Soil acidity is another cause of the poor soils, and it requires farmers to add lime to their fields. All of these soil characteristics have led to the use of slash and burn agriculture. The resulting ashes elevate soil pH (i.e., lower soil acidity), and contribute minerals and other nutrients to the soil. Sites of Terra preta (anthropogenic soils) have been discovered in French Guiana, particularly near the border with Brazil. Research is being actively pursued in multiple fields to determine how these enriched soils were historically created, and how this can be done in modern times.
Economy[edit]
Ariane launched from the Guiana Space Centre near Kourou, on 10 August 1992.
Main article: Economy of French Guiana
As a part of France, French Guiana is part of the European Union and the Eurozone; its currency is the euro. The country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for French Guiana is .gf, but .fr is generally used instead.[16]
In 2012, the GDP of French Guiana at market exchange rates was US$4.90 billion (€3.81 billion),[2] ranking as the largest economy in the Guianas, and the 11th largest in South America.[17]
French Guiana is heavily dependent on mainland France for subsidies, trade, and goods.[citation needed] The main traditional industries are fishing (accounting for 5% of exports in 2012), gold mining (accounting for 32% of exports in 2012) and timber (accounting for 1% of exports in 2012).[18] In addition, the Guiana Space Centre has played a significant role in the local economy since it was established in Kourou in 1964: it accounted directly and indirectly for 16% of French Guiana's GDP in 2002 (down from 26% in 1994, as the French Guianan economy is becoming increasingly diversified).[19] The Guiana Space Centre employed 1,659 people in 2012.[20]
There is very little manufacturing. Agriculture is largely undeveloped and is mainly confined to the area near the coast and along the Maroni River. Sugar and bananas were traditionally two of the main cash crops grown for export but have almost completely disappeared. Today they have been replaced by livestock raising (essentially beef cattle and pigs) in the coastal savannas between Cayenne and the second-largest town, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, and market gardening (fruits and vegetables) developed by the Hmong communities settled in French Guiana in the 1970s, both destined to the local market. A thriving rice production, developed on polders near Mana from the early 1980s to the late 2000s, has almost completely disappeared since 2011 due to marine erosion and new EU plant health rules which forbid the use of many pesticides and fertilizers. Tourism, especially eco-tourism, is growing. Unemployment has been persistently high in the last few decades: 20% to 25% (22.3% in 2012).[21]
In 2012, the GDP per capita of French Guiana at market exchange rates, not at PPP, was US$19,828 (€15,416),[2] the highest in South America,[17] but only 49% of metropolitan France's average GDP per capita that year, and 57.5% of the metropolitan French regions outside the Paris Region.[2]
Regional GDP of French Guiana
(at market exchange rates; values fluctuate YoY due to exchange rates)
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Nominal GDP (US$ bn) 4.63 4.59 4.53 5.06 4.90
GDP per capita (US dollars) 20,890 20,237 19,426 21,028 19,828
GDP per capita as a %
of Metropolitan France's 46.6 49.1 48.4 48.6 49.1
Sources: INSEE;[2] IMF for the exchange rates.[17]
Demographics[edit]
Main article: Demographics of French Guiana
French Guiana's population of 244,118 (2013 census[1]), most of whom live along the coast, is very ethnically diverse. At the 2011 census, 56.5% of the inhabitants of French Guiana were born in the region, 9.3% were born in Metropolitan France, 3.4% were born in the French Caribbean départements (Guadeloupe and Martinique), and 30.5% were born in foreign countries (primarily Brazil, Suriname and Haiti).[22]
Estimates of the percentages of French Guiana ethnic composition vary, a situation compounded by the large proportion of immigrants. Mulattoes (people of mixed African and French ancestry), are the largest ethnic group, though estimates vary as to the exact percentage, depending upon whether the large Haitian community is included as well. Generally the Creole population is judged to be about 60 to 70% of the total population if Haitians (comprising roughly one-third of Creoles) are included, and 30 to 50% without. There are also smaller groups from various Caribbean islands, mainly Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint Lucia as well as Dominica.
Roughly 14% of the population is of European ancestry. The vast majority of these are of French heritage, though there are also people of Dutch, British, Spanish and Portuguese ancestry.
The main Asian communities are the Chinese (about 3–4%, primarily from Zhejiang Province and Guangdong Province in mainland China) and Hmong from Laos (1–2%). Other Asian groups include East Indians, Lebanese and Vietnamese.
The main groups living in the interior are the Maroons (formerly called "Bush Negroes") who are of African descent, and Amerindians. The Maroons, descendants of escaped African slaves, live primarily along the Maroni River. The main Maroon groups are the Saramaca, Aucan (both of whom also live in Suriname), and Boni (Aluku).
The main Amerindian groups (forming about 3%–4% of the population) are the Arawak, Carib, Emerillon (now called the Teko), Galibi (now called the Kaliña), Palikur, Wayampi and Wayana. As of the late 1990s, there was evidence of an uncontacted group of Wayampi.
Immigration[edit]
Place of birth of residents of French Guiana
(at the 1990, 1999, 2006, and 2011 censuses)
Census Born in
French Guiana Born in
Metropolitan France Born in the
French West Indies Born in the
rest of Overseas France Born in foreign
countries with French
citizenship at birth¹ Immigrants²
2011 56.5% 9.3% 3.4% 0.2% 1.3% 29.3%
2006 55.3% 9.6% 3.1% 0.2% 1.4% 30.4%
1999 54.4% 11.8% 4.9% 0.3% 2.0% 26.6%
1990 50.5% 11.7% 5.2% 0.3% 1.9% 30.4%
¹Persons born abroad of French parents, such as Pieds-Noirs and children of French expatriates.
²An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who didn't have French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.
Source: INSEE[22]
Historical population
1790
estimate
1839
estimate
1857
estimate
1891
estimate
1936
census
1946
census
1952
estimate
1954
census
1961
census
1967
census
1974
census
1982
census
1990
census
1999
census
2006
census
2011
census
2013
census
14,520 20,940 25,561 33,500 37,005 28,506 25,459 27,863 33,505 44,392 55,125 73,022 114,678 156,790 205,954 237,549 244,118
Official figures from past censuses and INSEE estimates.
Religion[edit]
Cayenne Cathedral. Most inhabitants of French Guiana are Catholic.
The dominant religion of French Guiana is Roman Catholicism; the Maroons and some Amerindian peoples maintain their own religions. The Hmong people are also largely Catholic owing to the influence of missionaries who helped bring them to French Guiana.[23]
Fertility[edit]
The total fertility rate in French Guiana has remained high and is today considerably higher than in metropolitan France, and also higher than the average of the French overseas departments. It is largely responsible for the high population growth of French Guiana.
Total fertility rate
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
French Guiana 3.87 3.93 3.79 3.73 3.77 3.47 3.79 3.80 3.73 3.57 3.49 3.37 3.38 3.50
Four overseas departments 2.32 2.45 2.42 2.35 2.38 2.40 2.46 2.48 2.48 2.46 2.42 2.39 2.39 2.44
Metropolitan France 1.79 1.87 1.88 1.86 1.87 1.90 1.92 1.98 1.96 1.99 1.99 2.02 2.00 2.00
Source: INSEE[24]
Languages[edit]
The official language of French Guiana is French, and it is the predominant language of the department, spoken by most residents as a first or second language. In addition, a number of other local languages exist. Regional languages include Guianan Creole, six Amerindian languages (Arawak, Palijur, Kali'na, Wayana, Wayampi, Emerillon), four Maroon creole languages (Saramaka, Paramaccan, Aluku, Ndyuka), as well as Hmong Njua.[25] Other languages spoken include Portuguese, Hakka, Haitian Creole, Spanish, Dutch, and English.
Politics[edit]
Main article: Politics of French Guiana
Map of the European Union in the world with overseas countries and territories and outermost regions
French Guiana, as part of France, forms part of the European Union - the largest landmass for an area outside of Europe (since Greenland left the European Community in 1985), with one of the longest EU external boundaries. It is one of only three European Union territories outside Europe that is not an island (the others being the Spanish Autonomous Cities in Africa, Ceuta and Melilla). As an integral part of France, its head of state is the President of the French Republic, and its head of government is the Prime Minister of France. The French Government and its agencies have responsibility for a wide range of issues that are reserved to the national executive power, such as defense and external relations.
Cayenne City Hall
The President of France appoints a prefect (resident at the prefecture building in Cayenne) as his representative to head the local government of French Guiana. There is one elected, local executive body, the Assemblée de Guyane.[26]
French Guiana sends two deputies to the French National Assembly, one representing the commune (municipality) of Cayenne and the commune of Macouria, and the other representing the rest of French Guiana. This latter constituency is the largest in the French Republic by land area. French Guiana also sends two senators to the French Senate.
The Guianese Socialist Party dominated politics in French Guiana until 2010.
A chronic issue affecting French Guiana is the influx of illegal immigrants and clandestine gold prospectors from Brazil and Suriname. The border between the department and Suriname, the Maroni River, flows through rain forest and is difficult for the Gendarmerie and the French Foreign Legion to patrol. There have been several phases launched by the French government to combat illegal gold mining in French Guiana, beginning with Operation Anaconda beginning in 2003, followed by Operation Harpie in 2008, 2009 and Operation Harpie Reinforce in 2010. Colonel François Müller, the commander of French Guiana's gendarmes, believes these operations have been successful. However, after each operation ends, Brazilian miners, garimpeiros[fr], return.[27] Soon after Operation Harpie Reinforce began, an altercation took place between French authorities and Brazilian miners. On 12 March 2010 a team of French soldiers and border police were attacked while returning from a successful operation, during which "the soldiers had arrested 15 miners, confiscated three boats, and seized 617 grams of gold... currently worth about $22,317". Garimpeiros returned to retrieve their lost loot and colleagues. The soldiers fired warning shots and rubber "flash balls", but the miners managed to retake one of their boats and about 500 grammes of gold. "The violent reaction by the garimpeiros can be explained by the exceptional take of 617 grammes of gold, about 20 percent of the quantity seized in 2009 during the battle against illegal mining", said Phillipe Duporge, the director of French Guiana's border police, at a press conference the next day.[28]
Transport[edit]
Main article: Transport in French Guiana
Cayenne, monument to French abolitionist Victor Schoelcher.
French Guiana's main international airport is Cayenne – Félix Eboué Airport, located in the commune of Matoury, a southern suburb of Cayenne. There are two flights a day to Paris (Orly Airport), served by Air France and Air Caraïbes. The flight time from Cayenne to Paris is 8 hours and 25 minutes, and from Paris to Cayenne it is 9 hours and 10 minutes. There are also flights to Fort-de-France, Pointe-à-Pitre, Port-au-Prince, and Belém.
French Guiana's main seaport is the port of Dégrad des Cannes, located on the estuary of the Mahury River, in the commune of Remire-Montjoly, a south-eastern suburb of Cayenne. Almost all of French Guiana's imports and exports pass through the port of Dégrad des Cannes. Built in 1969, it replaced the old harbour of Cayenne which was congested and could not cope with modern traffic.
An asphalted road from Régina to Saint-Georges de l'Oyapock (a town by the Brazilian border) was opened in 2004, completing the road from Cayenne to the Brazilian border. It is now possible to drive on a fully paved road from Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni on the Surinamese border to Saint-Georges de l'Oyapock on the Brazilian border.
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2017)
Following a treaty between France and Brazil signed in July 2005, the Oyapock River Bridge over the Oyapock River was built and completed in 2011, becoming the first land crossing ever between French Guiana and the rest of the world (there exists no other bridge crossing the Oyapock River, and no bridge crossing the Maroni River marking the border with Suriname, although there is a ferry crossing to Albina, Suriname). The bridge was officially opened on March 18, 2017. However, since the Brazilian government is yet to complete its border posts, only passenger vehicles will be allowed through the bridge for the time being.[29] The inauguration makes it possible to drive uninterrupted from Cayenne to Macapá, the capital of the state of Amapá in Brazil.
Main settlements[edit]
Population figures are those recorded in the 2013 census.[1]
Cayenne: 54,709 inhabitants in the commune; 106,591 inhabitants in the urban area (which includes the communes of Cayenne, Matoury, and Remire-Montjoly); 123,085 in the metropolitan area (which additionally includes the communes of Macouria, Montsinéry-Tonnegrande, and Roura)
Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni: 41,515
Kourou: 25,793
Maripasoula: 10,477
Mana: 9,593
Apatou: 7,649
Papaïchton: 6,335
Grand-Santi: 6,343
Saint-Georges: 3,907
Sinnamary: 3,011
Military, police and security forces[edit]
The commander of the French armed forces in French Guiana since July 2009 has been General Jean-Pierre Hestin. The military there is currently 1,900 strong, expected to increase enrollment in 2014–2015.[30]
Among the military, police and security forces in French Guiana, are the following:
The 3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment (3e REI) of Kourou (Legion).
The 9th Marine Infantry Regiment (9e RIMa) of Cayenne, the Madeleine.
The gendarmerie and the police, divided into 16 brigades. These serve Cayenne, Remire-Montjoly, Cacao, Régina, Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock, Camopi, Macouria, Kourou, Sinnamary, Iracoubo, Mana, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, Apatou, Grand-Santi, Papaïchton, Maripasoula and Matoury.
The RSMAG Regiment (Adapted Military Service) of Guyana, located in Saint-Jean-du-Maroni, with a detachment in Cayenne.
Various detachments corps:
A French Air Force platoon based at the Felix Eboué airport.[31]
The platoon of the French Navy, based at the naval base of Dégrad des Cannes.
A detachment of the Paris Fire Brigade in Kourou, ensuring the protection of the Guiana Space Centre.
Culture and sports[edit]
See also: Music of French Guiana, Guianan Cuisine, and Carnival in French Guiana
Carnival in Cayenne
Dizé milé with a coconut ice cream and an imperial cream
Countess (cake)
At Easter, Guianans eat a traditional dish called Awara broth.
As French Overseas department, French Guiana is not a member of the Pan American Sports Organization, rather athletes compete within the French National Olympic and Sports Committee and governed by the Ligue d'Athlétisme de la Guyane, a sub-unit of the Fédération française d'athlétisme.
In popular culture[edit]
The novel Papillon, by the French convict Henri Charrière, is set in French Guiana. It was first published in France in 1969, describing his escape from a penal colony there. Becoming an instant bestseller, it was translated into English from the original French by June P. Wilson and Walter B. Michaels for a 1970 edition, and by author Patrick O'Brian. Soon afterward the book was adapted for a Hollywood film of the same name.
Charrière stated that all events in the book are truthful and accurate, allowing for minor lapses in memory. Since its publication there has been controversy over its accuracy.[32][33]
Guianan personalities[edit]
Léon Damas
Gaston Monnerville
Justin Catayée
Félix Éboué
Élie Castor
Léopold Héder
Lucie Décosse
Malia Metella
Christiane Taubira
Gadwin Springer
Alicia Aylies
Florent Malouda
See also[edit]
Index of French Guiana-related articles
List of colonial and departmental heads of French Guiana
Republic of Independent Guyana.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c INSEE. "Recensement de la population en Guyane - 244 118 habitants au 1er janvier 2013" (in French). Retrieved 21 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f INSEE. "Produits intérieurs bruts régionaux et valeurs ajoutées régionales de 1990 à 2012". Retrieved 4 March 2014.
Jump up ^ (in French) Atlas des populations immigrées en Guyane, 2006
Jump up ^ "Guyana". Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
Jump up ^ [1], Convicts, Collecting and Knowledge Production in the Nineteenth Century, Clare Anderson
Jump up ^ University of Stirling. "Stirling Research Database, Prof Bill Marshall".
Jump up ^ Marshall, Bill (2005). France and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc. pp. 372–373. ISBN 1-85109-411-3.
Jump up ^ "French Guiana", Encyclopædia Britannica
Jump up ^ Carlos A. Parodi (2002). The Politics of South American Boundaries. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-97194-5.
Jump up ^ Faget, Dominique (April 3, 2017). "Cazeneuve calls for continuation of dialogue in French Guiana". Radio France International. Retrieved April 4, 2017. In a referendum in January 2010, French Guiana voted firmly against autonomy.
Jump up ^ Marot, Laurent (March 27, 2017). "La Guyane paralysée par les mouvements sociaux". Le Monde. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Guyane : manifestations historiques pour la "journée morte"". Le Point. March 28, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Average Conditions Cayenne, French Guiana". BBC Weather. Retrieved 15 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Comité français de l’Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature (French Committee of the International Union for Conservation of Nature) (2003). "Guyane (Guyana)" (PDF). Biodiversité et conservation en outre-mer (Biodiversity and conservation overseas). Comité français de l’UICN (French Committee of the IUCN). Retrieved 3 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Borloo, Jean-Louis (12 January 2009). "Portant engagement national pour l'environnement (on national commitment to the environment)". Loi n° 2010-788 (law number 2010-788). Sénat français (French Senate). Retrieved 3 January 2010.
Jump up ^ French Guiana. CIA Wolrd Factbook (2004)
^ Jump up to: a b c International Monetary Fund. "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2013". Retrieved 4 March 2014.
Jump up ^ IEDOM. "Guyane – Rapport annuel 2012" (PDF). p. 46. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
Jump up ^ INSEE. "Le poids du spatial diminue, l'économie de la Guyane se diversifie" (PDF). Retrieved 4 March 2014.
Jump up ^ IEDOM. "Guyane – Rapport annuel 2012" (PDF). p. 136. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
Jump up ^ INSEE. "T401 : Taux de chômage localisé au deuxième trimestre par département d'outre-mer". Retrieved 4 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b INSEE. "Fichier Données harmonisées des recensements de la population de 1968 à 2011" (in French). Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Palmerlee, Danny (2007). South America. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-74104-443-X.
Jump up ^ INSEE. "TABLEAU P3D – INDICATEURS GÉNÉRAUX DE LA POPULATION PAR DÉPARTEMENT ET RÉGION" (in French). Retrieved 22 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ethnologue report for French Guiana". Ethnologue (16th ed.). 2009. Retrieved 22 September 2009.
Jump up ^ "Evolution institutionnelle La Collectivité Territoriale de Guyane". Archived from the original on 7 October 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Tabor, Damon (1 April 2010) French Guiana: Interview with Colonel Francois Müller, Commander of the Gendarmes. untoldstories.pulitzercenter.org
Jump up ^ Tabor, Damon (17 March 2010) French Guiana: Welcome to the Jungle. untoldstories.pulitzercenter.org
Jump up ^ "Ponte entre Brasil e União Europeia é aberta no Amapá após 6 anos pronta". Amapá (in Portuguese). 2017-03-18. Retrieved 2017-03-18.
Jump up ^ Journal of Guyana RFO TV 18 August 2009
Jump up ^ Aéroport. guyane.cci.fr
Jump up ^ If this is correct; the 'real' Papillon. Rue Rude. December 2005
Jump up ^ Randall, Colin (27 June 2005) Ex-convict aged 104 claims to be Papillon. Telegraph.co.uk
Further reading[edit]
Robert Aldrich and John Connell. France's Overseas Frontier : Départements et territoires d'outre-mer Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-521-03036-6.
René Belbenoit. Dry guillotine: Fifteen years among the living dead 1938, Reprint: Berkley (1975). ISBN 0-425-02950-6.
René Belbenoit. Hell on Trial 1940, translated from the original French manuscript by Preston Rambo. E. P Dutton & Co. Reprint by Blue Ribbon Books, New York, 194 p. Reprint: Bantam Books, 1971.
Henri Charrière. Papillon Reprints: Hart-Davis, MacGibbon Ltd. 1970. ISBN 0-246-63987-3 (hbk); Perennial, 2001. ISBN 0-06-093479-4 (sbk).
John Gimlette, Wild Coast: Travels on South America's Untamed Edge 2011
Joshua R. Hyles (2013). Guiana and the Shadows of Empire: Colonial and Cultural Negotiations at the Edge of the World. Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739187807.
Peter Redfield. Space in the Tropics: From Convicts to Rockets in French Guiana ISBN 0-520-21985-6.
Miranda Frances Spieler. Empire and Underworld: Captivity in French Guiana (Harvard University Press; 2012) studies slaves, criminals, indentured workers, and other marginalized people from 1789 to 1870.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutFrench Guianaat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Learning resources from Wikiversity
French Guiana : Sacred land of biodiversity – Official French website (in English)
Conseil régional de Guyane Official website (in French)
Préfecture de Guyane Official website (in French)
French Guiana at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Wikimedia Atlas of French Guiana
Geographic data related to French Guiana at OpenStreetMap
Consular Information Sheet from the United States Department of State
Ethnologue French Guiana page
Silvolab Guyanae – scientific interest group in French Guiana
Article on separatism in French Guiana
About.com French Guiana travel site
Status of Forests in French Guiana
Officials reports, thesis, scientific papers about French Guiana (en|fr)
Training legionnaires to fight in French Guiana
The IRD's database AUBLET2 stores information about botanical specimens collected in the Guianas, mainly in French Guiana
James Rogers and Luis Simón. The Status and Location of the Military Installations of the Member States of the European Union and Their Potential Role for the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). Brussels: European Parliament, 2009. 25 pp.
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Eagle Creek Fire
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article documents the Eagle Creek Fire, a current wildfire. Information regarding it may change rapidly as more information becomes available; news reports and other primary sources may be unreliable. The last updates to this article may not reflect the most current information about this wildfire for all areas. This wildfire is still actively burning and has not been 100 percent contained. (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Eagle Creek Fire
The fire on September 2, 2017
Location
Cascade Locks, Oregon, United States
Coordinates
45°37′48″N 121°54′14″W / 45.63°N 121.904°W / 45.63; -121.904Coordinates: 45°37′48″N 121°54′14″W / 45.63°N 121.904°W / 45.63; -121.904
Statistics[1][2][3]
Date(s)
September 2, 2017 (2017-09-02) –
Burned area
48,831 acres (198 km2)
Cause
Illegal use of fireworks
Perpetrator(s)
teenage minor(s)
Map
Location of the fire in Oregon
The Eagle Creek Fire is an ongoing wildfire in the Columbia River Gorge in the U.S. states of Oregon and Washington. The fire was started on September 2, 2017, reportedly caused by teenagers igniting fireworks during a burn ban.[2] As of October 7, 2017, the fire had consumed 48,831 acres (19,761 ha) and is 50% contained with an estimated containment date of November 30, 2017.[4] Fire growth was slowed by rain. Highway closures and local evacuations are gradually being lifted.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cause
2 Events
2.1 Merge of Eagle Creek and Indian Creek Fires
2.2 Air quality downgrades
3 Evacuations and closures
4 References
5 External links
Cause[edit]
On September 5, Oregon State Police announced that it had identified the person suspected of starting the wildfire, through the use of fireworks that were illegally set off, as a 15-year-old boy from Vancouver, Washington.[6] A witness reported seeing a group of teenagers recording the fireworks being lighted and thrown into Eagle Creek Canyon.[7]
It was announced on September 8 that Oregon State Police had obtained cellphone video footage from one of the teenagers who had watched while a 15-year-old Vancouver boy threw a smoking firecracker, allegedly igniting the Eagle Creek Fire. Public Information Officer "Capt. Bill Fugate says the video will be released through the public records request process once the investigation is closed and the case is adjudicated, if charges are filed", reported Willamette Week.[8]
Events[edit]
The Eagle Creek Fire was reported on September 2 at 4:00 PM in the Columbia River Gorge. By the morning of September 3, the fire had grown to 3,000 acres (1,200 ha). On September 5, the fire hopped over the Columbia River into Washington state, near Archer Mountain.[9] The fire trapped 153 hikers and forced them to stay overnight six miles up the trail, trapped on the other side by the Indian Creek Fire. Mountain Wave Search and rescue dropped supplies from a helicopter to the trapped hikers to sustain them overnight. The next morning, Pacific Northwest Search and Rescue, along with Mountain Wave Search and Rescue, escorted the hikers out to Wahtum Lake and bussed them back to the Eagle Creek Trailhead.[3]
The community of Cascade Locks, Oregon was the first to experience mandatory evacuations, with 283 structures, including 15 businesses, being threatened by the fire. Salmon hatcheries at Cascade Locks were forced to release 600,000 fish six months earlier than expected.[10] The fire also threatens historic structures in the Eagle Creek Day Use Area, specifically those built by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s.[11] The fire also threatened the Multnomah Falls Lodge, which was saved by water tenders.[12]
As of September 27, Eagle Creek Fire had burned 48,665 acres (197 km2) and was 46% contained. Rainfall during previous days had significantly contained and newly downgraded the fire. The Incident Command Post was relocated from Hood River County Fairgrounds to the Best Western Columbia River Inn in Cascade Locks.[13]
Merge of Eagle Creek and Indian Creek Fires[edit]
In the early hours of September 6, the Eagle Creek Fire merged with the Indian Creek Fire. Fire officials estimated that, together, over 31,000 acres were actively burning.
The Office of the Oregon State Fire Marshal issued the following statement:
The gorge still looks like the gorge... It's not a wasteland. It's not a blackened, destroyed no-man's land. There are trees everywhere and they look good... That's not to say there isn't damage to some of those trees... But, it's still a beautiful drive through there and it still looks good.
—  Lt. Damon Simmons, Spokesperson, Oregon State Fire Marshall, OregonLive.com[14]
The following day, September 7, circumstances led Simmons to update his statement to "There is significant damage to the trails... it's going to take a while for them to recover."
Air quality downgrades[edit]
With winds blowing westward through September 5, up to one inch of ash fell on the Portland metro area during September 4 and 5.[15] [16] Air quality was officially reduced to an "unhealthy" ratings due to smoke and falling ash,[17][18] forcing many schools to close or cancel outdoor activities.[19]
On Friday, September 15, smoky conditions resumed throughout the Portland Metro area. Accompanied by far less falling ash than previously, downgrading air quality to "unhealthy" conditions again on Saturday, September 16.[1] Shifting wind conditions and subsequent rain on Sunday, September 17 cleared skies and aided in fire containment.
Evacuations and closures[edit]
Onlookers watching the fire from the Columbia River Gorge, September 4
Multnomah Falls Lodge surrounded by smoke, September 5
Cascade Locks, Oregon was the first area of mandatory evacuation. As of September 5, a number of communities in the area were added to mandatory evacuation. In Multnomah County, mandatory evacuation orders are in place for Larch Mountain, and the communities of Latourell, Bridal Veil, Dodson, Warrendale, and East Corbett. "Get Set" evacuations are in place for Corbett and Springdale. An evacuation shelter was established at Mt. Hood Community College.[1]
The Columbia River itself was also closed to all marine traffic for 20 miles,[20] from mile marker 126 to 146.[21] The I-84 corridor from Troutdale, Oregon to Hood River, Oregon, continues to be an active evacuation zone as of September 12th.[22]
“Eastbound I-84 will remain closed at least another week for rock and tree removal. However, ODOT plans to open the Westbound lanes of I-84 first. Meanwhile, the Historic Columbia River Highway remains closed with no schedule to reopen. Rocks and trees continue to fall and ODOT is working to keep the highway available for firefighters. ODOT has removed about 2,000 trees that were in danger of falling onto I-84, but there are about 1,500 trees that crews still need to remove. ODOT hopes to complete that tree removal by early next week. The biggest danger to drivers is the threat of falling rocks, most of them around the Toothrock Tunnel. The work to make this area safe is slow. ODOT has inspected 70 bridges and culverts along I-84 and found minimal damage."[23]
A total of 400 residences were under mandatory evacuation notices.[16] In Hood River County, mandatory evacuations are in place for all areas south of Interstate 84 in Cascade Locks. The rest of Cascade Locks was at "Get Set" evacuation level.[1] Meanwhile, in Skamania County, Washington, there were mandatory evacuations for Archer Mountain Road, Smith Crops and Deville Road. Mabee Mines Road is also at a "Get Set" evacuation level.[1]
As of September 9, 2017, the Oregon State Fire Marshal (OSFM) task force was on alert for potential evacuation of Lost Lake and Mitchell Point.[24]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Eagle Creek Fire". Eagle Creek Fire. US Forest Service. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Woolington, Rebecca. "Eagle Creek fire was likely caused by fireworks; hikers evacuated". OregonLive.com. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fire Burning in the Columbia". Eagle Creek Fire. The Oregonian. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ IncWeb "Daily Update Eagle Creek Fire October 7, 2017."
Jump up ^ "Level 3 Eagle Creek fire evacuation order lowered to Level 2". OregonLive.com. Retrieved 2017-09-18.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Anna Griffin | Conrad. "Eagle Creek Fire Witness: Young Hikers Giggled As Firecracker Descended Into Gorge Canyon". www.opb.org. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
Jump up ^ Green, Aimee (September 5, 2017). "Witness: Teens giggled as they threw fireworks off cliff, igniting Eagle Creek fire". The Oregonian. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.wweek.com/news/2017/09/08/oregon-state-police-say-they-have-obtained-cellphone-video-from-firecracker-throwing-teens-suspected-of-starting-the-columbia-river-gorge-fire/ "WW"/ Shepherd, Katie] Willamette Week: "Oregon State Police Obtained Cellphone Video From Firecracker-Throwing Teens Suspected of Starting the Columbia River Gorge Fire; 8 September 2017."
Jump up ^ "Eagle Creek Fire". InciWeb. US Forest Service. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Eagle Creek fire: Ash-filled hatcheries force early release of 600,000 salmon". OregonLive.com. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
Jump up ^ "Eagle Creek Fire - Morning Update, September 4, 2017". InciWeb. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Townsley, Nancy. "Third Washington County crew heads to gorge to aid wildfire suppression". NewsTimes. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Eagle Creek Fire". InciWeb. US Forest Service. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Oregon Live, "Eagle Creek and Indian Creek fires merge; estimated 31,000 acres burning", Noelle Crombie; September 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Multnomah Falls Engulfed in Flames as Out-of-Control Wildfire Races West Through Gorge". Willamette Week. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b Oregon Live "Eagle Creek fire grows, spreads to Washington; officials say fire a 'high priority' in the nation", by Noelle Crombie, 5 & 6 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Portland Tuesday Weather: Dense wildfire smoke causes 'unhealthy' air quality". OregonLive.com. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
Jump up ^ TEGNA. "Portland air quality unhealthy as smoke, ash blow over area". KGW. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
Jump up ^ News, KATU. "Eagle Creek Fire, air quality and hot weather cause local school closures". KATU. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
Jump up ^ "Live updates: Eagle Creek fire rages in Columbia gorge, threatens Multnomah Falls Lodge". OregonLive.com. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
Jump up ^ Staff, KATU. "Eagle Creek fire explodes to 10,000 acres, still 0% contained". KATU. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
Jump up ^ "Eagle Creek and Indian Creek Fire- Morning Update, September 5, 2017". InciWeb. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
Jump up ^ KOIN6 News: "I-84 will stay closed until it is safe to travel", by Carly Kennelly; September 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ InciWeb: News Release "Eagle Creek Fire - Evening Update 9/9/17"
External links[edit]
Media related to Eagle Creek Fire at Wikimedia Commons
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