text:
Master of Library and Information Science
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Not to be confused with Master of Liberal Studies.
The Master of Library and Information Science (MLIS) is the master's degree that is required for most professional librarian positions in the United States and Canada. The MLIS is a relatively recent degree; an older and still common degree designation for librarians to acquire is the Master of Library Science (MLS), or Master of Science in Library Science (MSLS) degree. According to the American Library Association (ALA), "The master’s degree in library and information studies is frequently referred to as the MLS; however, ALA-accredited degrees have various names such as Master of Information Studies, Master of Information, Master of Arts, Master of Librarianship, Master of Library and Information Studies, or Master of Science. The degree name is determined by the program. The [ALA] Committee for Accreditation evaluates programs based on their adherence to the Standards for Accreditation of Master's Programs in Library and Information Studies, not based on the name of the degree."[1]
Admission to MLIS programs normally requires holding a bachelor's degree in any academic discipline, and library schools encourage applications from people with diverse academic backgrounds.
In the United Kingdom it is more common for a vocational degree in library and information science to bear the standard designation MA or MSc. In most Commonwealth universities, bachelor's and master's programs have been merged to create the MLIS/MLISc degree. IFLA committees have discussed global standards for librarian credentials.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Schools
2 Curriculum
3 Careers
4 Professional organizations
5 See also
6 External links
7 References
Schools[edit]
The MLIS or MLS degree is usually acquired from an accredited library school. ALA accredits 63 programs at 58 institutions across the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico.[3] ALA also offers an overview of international degrees in library and information science.[4]
The ALA website provides "Guidelines for Choosing a Master's Program in Library and Information Studies" [5] and discusses how to decide whether a master's degree or an associate's degree will best help you meet your career goals. Prospective and current students will find more information on school selection and academic success on websites like LibraryCareers.org[6] and Hack Library School.[7]
Many ALA-accredited programs provide distance-learning opportunities for students through a variety of delivery methods (e.g. online courses). In some cases, students can complete the entire program at a distance; in other cases, some on-campus courses or regional residency may be required [8].
Curriculum[edit]
The MLIS/MLS curriculum can vary widely.[5] Typically both practical and theoretical components are included, often along with a practicum or internship, and students frequently have an opportunity to specialize in one or more aspects of library and information science. Some schools have stringent course requirements, while others are more flexible and offer a wide variety of electives. Coursework may entail traditional library topics, such as reference work, cataloging, collection development, school libraries, or archiving. There may also be a focus on information science and computer science topics, such as database design, as well as information architecture. Other skills taught may include management or pedagogy. Students generally complete a research project or thesis during the last semester of their program.
Careers[edit]
People who earn MLIS degrees take on many different roles[9] in many different kinds of environments—in libraries and "beyond the stacks."[10] According to the ALA, "Librarians work in museums, hospitals, businesses, and public libraries. In their work, librarians research, instruct, and connect people to technology. Librarians build websites, digitize archives, and manage social media. Librarians work with people of all ages, connecting them to information, learning and the community."[11] The association's LibraryCareers.org site[6] collects information about library and information science careers, work environments, and more.
Many with MLIS degrees use their professional skills in positions without "librarian" in the job title. The San Jose State University School of Information publishes an annual research report on emerging career trends for information professionals, providing a snapshot of job titles in the field.[12]
Professional organizations[edit]
American Library Association (ALA)
Australian Library and Information Association (ALIA)
Canadian Library Association (CLA)
Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP)
International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA)
Special Libraries Association (SLA)
Each of these organizations includes various divisions and/or interest groups that focus on particular specialties or interests.
See also[edit]
Library science
Library school
List of library science schools
External links[edit]
List of ALA-accredited library schools
List of ALIA-accredited library schools
List of CILIP-accredited library and information schools
[hide]
v
t
e
Levels of academic degree
Undergraduate
ISCED level 5
Associate degree
Foundation degree
Higher National Diploma/Diploma of Higher Education/Certificate of Higher Education
ISCED level 6
Bachelor's degree
Honours degree
Postgraduate
ISCED level 7
Master's degree
Magister degree
Postgraduate certificate/diploma
Diplom degree
Specialist degree
Engineer's degree
ISCED level 8
Doctorate
Candidate of Sciences
Magister degree
Other
Postdoctoral
Higher doctorate
Doktor nauk
Habilitation
Docent
Tenure
Fellow
No dominant classification
Laurea
Licentiate
Professional degree
Graduate certificate/diploma
Terminal degree
Unearned
Honorary degree
Ad eundem degree

References[edit]
Jump up ^ American Library Association (2006-08-03). "Accreditation Frequently Asked Questions". Retrieved 2016-08-30.
Jump up ^ "Backtalk: Librarians Need Global Credentials". Library Journal. 2016-04-01.
Jump up ^ American Library Association website: "Accreditation Frequently Asked Questions".
Jump up ^ "International Degrees in Library and Information Science". Retrieved 2016-11-14 – via American Library Association.
^ Jump up to: a b American Library Association (2008-06-10). "Guidelines for Choosing a Master's Program in Library and Information Studies". Retrieved 2016-08-29.
^ Jump up to: a b "Library Careers". Retrieved 2016-11-14 – via American Library Association.
Jump up ^ "Hack Library School". Retrieved 2016-11-14.
Jump up ^ http://www.ala.org/educationcareers/accreditedprograms/guidelines-choosing-masters-program-library-and-information-studies
Jump up ^ Peters, Alison (2016-11-01). "So You Want to Be a Librarian". Medium. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
Jump up ^ "Beyond the Stacks: Innovative Careers in Library and Information Science". Beyond the Stacks: Innovative Careers in Library and Information Science. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
Jump up ^ American Library Association (2016-07-15). "Become a Librarian". Retrieved 2016-08-29.
Jump up ^ San Jose State University School of Information. "Emerging Career Trends for Information Professionals: A Snapshot of Job Titles". ischool.sjsu.edu. Retrieved 2016-08-29.
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Cheshire Cat
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about a character mainly associated with Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. For other uses, see Cheshire Cat (disambiguation).
Cheshire Cat
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland character
The Cheshire cat as illustrator John Tenniel envisioned it in the 1865 publication
Created by
Lewis Carroll
Information
Species
Tabby British Shorthair Cat[citation needed]
Gender
Male (the Queen of Hearts cries "off with his head" when the cat upsets the king)
Quote
"Most everyone's mad here"
"You may have noticed that I'm not all there myself"
The Cheshire Cat (/ˈtʃɛʃər/ or /ˈtʃɛʃɪər/) is a fictional cat popularised by Lewis Carroll in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and known for its distinctive mischievous grin. While most often celebrated in Alice-related contexts, the Cheshire Cat predates the 1865 novel and has transcended the context of literature and become enmeshed in popular culture, appearing in various forms of media, from political cartoons to television, as well as cross-disciplinary studies, from business to science. One of its distinguishing features is that from time to time its body disappears, the last thing visible being its iconic grin.
Contents
1 Origins
2 Lewis Carroll's character
2.1 Source of imagery
3 Adaptations
3.1 Cross-film comparison
4 In science
5 Notes
6 Citations
7 References
8 External links
Origins[edit]
There are numerous theories about the origins of the phrase "grinning like a Cheshire Cat" in English history.
A possible origin of the phrase is one favoured by the people of Cheshire, a county in England which boasts numerous dairy farms; hence the cats grin because of the abundance of milk and cream.[1]
According to Brewer's Dictionary, "The phrase has never been satisfactorily accounted for, but it has been said that cheese was formerly sold in Cheshire moulded like a cat that looked as though it was grinning".[a] The cheese was cut from the tail end, so that the last part eaten was the head of the smiling cat.[2]
In 1853, Samuel Maunder offered this explanation:
This phrase owes its origin to the unhappy attempts of a sign painter of that country to represent a lion rampant, which was the crest of an influential family, on the sign-boards of many of the inns. The resemblance of these lions to cats caused them to be generally called by the more ignoble name. A similar case is to be found in the village of Charlton, between Pewsey and Devizes, Wiltshire. A public-house by the roadside is commonly known by the name of “The Cat at Charlton”. The sign of the house was originally a lion or tiger, or some such animal – the crest of the family of Sir Edward Poore.[3]
Its first appearance in literature was in the 18th century, in Grose, Francis (1788). A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue (Second, Corrected and Enlarged ed.). London, England. contains the following entry:
Cheshire cat. He grins like a Cheshire cat; said of any one who shows his teeth and gums in laughing."
The phrase appears again in print in John Wolcot's pseudonymous Peter Pindar's Pair of Lyric Epistles (1792):
"Lo, like a Cheshire cat our court will grin."
The phrase also appears in print in William Makepeace Thackeray's The Newcomes (1855):
“That woman grins like a Cheshire cat.”
A survey published in 2015 showed how highly fanciful were so many purported explanations seen on the internet.[4][verification needed] The expression was finally explained as an amalgam of the widely-used phrase "grinning like a cat that got the [spilt] cream" (which could apply to any part of the country, although Cheshire was the pre-eminent milk, cheese, and cream-producing county for several centuries) with Cheshire's unique privileged political status. On their own, either of these would have been something to grin about.
Importantly, the county was described as a “palatinate” from the 1290s and was promoted to be a “principality” in 1397, following the support its men gave King Richard II. No other English county has been honoured in this way or was accorded such unusually wide privileges. These included its own "borderland" laws and taxes, and a considerable measure of independence from national government, which persisted into the sixteenth century. These privileges attracted many who "arrived as fugitives from justice and this seems to have become the principle motivation [for escaping to Cheshire from the Kings laws] as the Middle Ages wore on".[5] Once safely across the border into palatine Cheshire's jurisdiction, these transgressors could grin cheekily at any pursuing King's Sheriffs, and "disappear" into the countryside. Certainly, dictionaries show the word "caitiff" derived from Old French or Anglo-Norman in terms such as "cowardly or base villain" or "mean despicable fellow", and with its diminutive "cat" meaning "a 'sharp' fellow"[6][7], as in the beat generation idiom.
Lewis Carroll's character[edit]
The Cheshire Cat is now largely identified with the character of the same name in Lewis Carroll's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Alice first encounters the Cheshire Cat at the Duchess's house in her kitchen, and later on the branches of a tree, where it appears and disappears at will, and engages Alice in amusing but sometimes perplexing conversation. The cat sometimes raises philosophical points that annoy or baffle Alice; but appears to cheer her when it appears suddenly at the Queen of Hearts' croquet field; and when sentenced to death, baffles everyone by having made its head appear without its body, sparking a debate between the executioner and the King and Queen of Hearts about whether a disembodied head can indeed be beheaded. At one point, the cat disappears gradually until nothing is left but its grin, prompting Alice to remark that "she has often seen a cat without a grin but never a grin without a cat".[8]
According to recent analysis by scholar David Day, Lewis Carroll's cat was Edward Bouverie Pusey, Oxford professor of Hebrew, and Carroll's mentor.[9]
A hanging chain forms a catenary.
The name Pusey was suggested by Alice's deferential address of the cat as "Cheshire Puss". Pusey was an authority on the fathers of the Christian Church, and in Carroll's time Pusey was known as the Patristic Catenary (or chain), after the chain of authority of Church patriarchs. As a mathematician, Carroll would have been well familiar with the other meaning of catenary: the curve of a horizontally-suspended chain, which suggests the shape of the cat's grin.[10]
RIDDLE: What kind of a cat can grin?
ANSWER: A Catenary.
—  David Day, Queen's Quarterly (2010)
Source of imagery[edit]
Grinning Cheshire Cat, St. Wilfrid’s Church, Grappenhall, Cheshire
The cat carving in St. Nicolas Church, Cranleigh
There are many other suggestions that Carroll found inspiration for the name and expression of the Cheshire Cat in the 16th century sandstone carving of a grinning cat, on the west face of St. Wilfrid's Church tower in Grappenhall, a village adjacent to his birthplace in Daresbury, Cheshire.[citation needed]
Lewis Carroll's father, Reverend Charles Dodgson, was Rector of Croft and Archdeacon of Richmond in North Yorkshire, England, from 1843 to 1868; Carroll lived here from 1843 to 1850.[11] Historians believe Lewis Carroll's Cheshire Cat in the book Alice in Wonderland was inspired by a carving in Croft church.[12]
A fully mature British Shorthair
Another possible inspiration was the British Shorthair: Carroll saw a representative British Shorthair illustrated on a label of Cheshire cheese.[13] The Cat Fanciers' Association profile reads: "When gracelessness is observed, the British Shorthair is duly embarrassed, quickly recovering with a 'Cheshire cat smile'”.[14]
In 1992, members of the Lewis Carroll Society attributed it to a gargoyle found on a pillar in St Nicolas Church, Cranleigh, where Carroll used to travel frequently when he lived in Guildford (though this is doubtful as he moved to Guildford some three years after Alice's Adventures in Wonderland had been published) and a carving in a church in the village of Croft-on-Tees, in the north east of England, where his father had been rector.[15]
Carroll is believed[according to whom?] to have visited St Christopher's church in Pott Shrigley, Cheshire, which has a stone sculpture resembling the pictorial cat in the book.[16]
Adaptations[edit]
The Cheshire Cat character has been re-depicted by other creators and used as the inspiration for new characters, primarily in screen media (film, television, video games) and print media (literature, comics, art). Other non-media contexts that embrace the Cheshire Cat include music, business, and science.
A Cheshire cat stuffed toy from The Children's Museum of Indianapolis
Several LSD blotters, one of which features the Cheshire Cat's face as depicted in the 1951 film
Prior to 1951 when Walt Disney released an animated adaptation of the story (see below), there were few post-Alice allusions to the character. Martin Gardner, author of The Annotated Alice, wondered if T. S. Eliot had the Cheshire Cat in mind when writing Morning at the Window, but notes no other significant allusions in the pre-war period.[17]
Images of and references to the Cheshire Cat cropped up with increasing frequency in the 1960s and 1970s, along with more frequent references to Carroll's works in general. (See generally the lyrics to White Rabbit by the rock group Jefferson Airplane).[18][19] The Cheshire Cat appeared on LSD blotters, as well as in song lyrics and popular fiction.[20][21]
In the 1951 Disney animated film, Alice in Wonderland, the Cheshire Cat is depicted as an intelligent and mischievous character that sometimes helps Alice and sometimes gets her into trouble. He frequently sings the first verse of the Jabberwocky poem. The animated character was voiced by Sterling Holloway (Alice in Wonderland) and Jim Cummings (2004–present).
In the 1985 television adaptation of Carroll's books, the Cheshire Cat is voiced by Telly Savalas. He sings a morose song called "There's No Way Home," which simply drives Alice to try and find a way home even more.
In the 1999 television adaptation of Carroll's books, the Cheshire Cat is voiced by Whoopi Goldberg. She acts as an ally and friend to Alice.
The Cheshire Cat appears in Walt Disney's 2010 Alice in Wonderland, directed by Tim Burton. British actor Stephen Fry voices the character.[22] In the movie, Cheshire (as he is often called; or sometimes "Chess") binds the wound Alice suffered earlier by the Bandersnatch and guides her to Tarrant Hightopp, the Mad Hatter and Thackery Earwicket, the March Hare. He is blamed by the Hatter for desertion when the White Queen is deposed by the Red; but later impersonates the Hatter when the latter is sentenced to decapitation. Throughout his appearances, "Chess" is able to make himself intangible or weightless, as well as invisible (and thus to survive decapitation), and is usually shown in mid-air, at shoulder-height to human-sized characters.[23] In the video game adaptation of the movie, Chess is a playable character who can not only turn himself invisible, but other objects around him as well.
Cross-film comparison[edit]
Each major film adaptation of Lewis Carroll's tale represents the Cheshire Cat character and his traits uniquely.
Screen Media Adaptation
Distribution Medium
Cheshire Cat's Appearance
Cheshire Cat's Behavior
Image
Alice in Wonderland
(1951 film)[24] Film (Alice in Wonderland, traditional animation by Walt Disney Studios)[24] Thick build and a primarily pink coat with purple stripes. Wide smile and close-set, piercing yellow eyes. Character always depicted in good lighting with strong visibility, unlike other adaptations which obscure or shadow him Mischievous, and takes pleasure in misdirecting Alice. He is able to dislocate his head from his body (does so in jest), but is also capable of invisibility, and frequently enters and exits the scene with all parts faded away except for his grin or eyes.
Adventures in Wonderland
(1991 TV show)[25] Televised broadcast (Adventures in Wonderland, TV series through 1995)[25] Closer resemblance to a tiger or lioness than a house cat. Coat has a white base with stripes painted in a violet accent color. Form possesses human-like mouth and facial structure A sarcastic and playful rendition of the character. In this adaptation, the Cheshire Cat has the ability to appear and disappear in any location. He is quick to play practical jokes on other the characters in the show.
Alice in Wonderland
(1999 made-for-TV movie)[26] Television Film[26] A fluffy grey cat with a human face and feline features. A grinning cat who teaches Alice "the rules" of Wonderland. Her favorite pastime is appearing and disappearing.
Alice in Wonderland
(2010 film)[27] Film (Alice in Wonderland, live-action directed by Tim Burton)[27] More slender build, with a round head and grey/green coat with several blue/black stripes. Bright aqua eyes (with slit-shaped pupils) and prominent teeth. Often more backlit than other adaptations, with only a faint, luminescent glow (self-generated) bringing his features into view. Disappearing and reappearing at will, and able even to change his size, levitate himself, assume the appearances of other characters, and become intangible at will. The cat plays a few jokes and toys with the other characters, but is helpful on a few occasions. He speaks in a slow and fluid manner.
The Cheshire Cat as depicted in American McGee's Alice
In addition to the Cheshire Cat's appearances in films central to its Lewis Carroll origins, the Cheshire Cat has been featured in other cinematic works. The late filmmaker Chris Marker gave his monumental documentary on the New Left movement of 1967–1977, Le fond de l'air est rouge (1977), the English title Grin Without a Cat. Like the original, it signifies that revolution was in the air, but failed to take root. In the film, it is also stated: a spearhead without a spear, a grin without a catThe Cheshire Cat has been seen by television audiences in a broadcast spin-off. The Cheshire Cat appears in Once Upon a Time in Wonderland (a spin-off of Once Upon a Time) voiced by Keith David.[28] While looking for the Mad Hatter's house from the trees, Alice encounters the Cheshire Cat in giant form where the Red Queen had promised him that Alice would be good food for him. They end up engaging each other in combat until the Knave of Hearts arrives and throws a piece of one mushroom side into his mouth, which shrinks the Cat back to normal size, and he leaves.
The Cheshire Cat appears as an avatar character in several the video games American McGee's Alice (2000); and the sequel Alice: Madness Returns (2011), the Cheshire Cat is portrayed as an enigmatic, yet wise guide for Alice in the corrupted Wonderland. In keeping with the twisted tone of the game, the Cheshire Cat is mangy and emaciated in appearance. His voice was provided by Roger L. Jackson, who also voiced the Mad Hatter and The Jabberwock in the game.
In science[edit]
Cheshire Cat is used as a metaphor to explain several scientific phenomena:
The Cheshire Cat effect, as described by Sally Duensing and Bob Miller, is a binocular rivalry which causes stationary objects seen in one eye to disappear from view when an object in motion crosses in front of the other eye.[29]
Each eye sees two different views of the world, sends those images to the visual cortex where they are combined, and creates a three-dimensional image. The Cheshire Cat effect occurs when one eye is fixated on a stationary object, while the other notices something moving. Since one eye is seeing a moving object, the brain will focus on it, causing parts of the stationary object to fade away from vision entirely.[30]
In another scientific context, catalytic RNAs have been deemed Cheshire cats. This metaphor is used to describe the fading of the ribonucleotide construct, which leaves behind a smile of only the mineral components of the RNA catalyst.[31]
Similarly, the Cheshire Cat has been used out of its traditional context to help define another scientific phenomenon, the "Cheshire Cat" escape strategy. When Coccolithophore – a species of successful ocean algae – is able to resist the haploid phase of its life cycle it escapes meiosis and its dominant diploid genes are passed on in a virus-free environment, freeing the host from the danger of infection during reproduction.[32] The algae escape death (beheading) by means of disappearance (vanishing his head):
... [T]aken from Lewis Carroll, we liken this theory to the strategy used by the Cheshire Cat in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland of making its body invisible to make the sentence "off with his head" pronounced by the Queen of Hearts impossible to execute ... C.C. dynamics, which rely to some extent on separation of the sexual processes of meiosis and fusion in time and / or space, release the host from short-term pathogen pressure, thus widening the scope for the host to evolve in other directions.[32]
Other gestures to the Cheshire Cat's tropes of disappearance and mystique have been seen in scientific literature coming from the field of Physics. "The Cheshire Cat" is a phenomenon in quantum mechanics in which a particle and its property behave as if they are separated,[33] or when a particle separates from one of its physical properties.[34] To test this idea, researchers used an interferometer where neutron beams passed through silicon crystal. The crystal physically separated the neutrons and allowed them to go to two paths. Researchers reported "the system behaves as if the neutrons go through one beam path, while their magnetic moment travels along the other."[34]
The Cheshire cat's grin has inspired scientists in their naming of visual phenomena. A merger of galaxy groups in the constellation Ursa Major is nicknamed "Cheshire Cat galaxy group" by Astronomers due to its suggestive appearance.[35]
In linguistics, cheshirization, when a sound disappears but leaves a trace, just like the cat disappears but leaves his grin.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ This was the stated explanation in Martin Gardner's Annotated Alice.
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ "Cheshire cat". The Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Definition and More. merriam-webster.com. 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Gardner, Martin (1999). The Annotated Alice: Alice's adventures in Wonderland & Through the looking glass. W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-04847-0.
Jump up ^ Maunder, Samuel (1853). The Treasury of Knowledge and Library Reference (12th ed.). Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans. p. 396.
Jump up ^ Young, Peter. "Origins of the Cheshire Cat". Cheshire History. 55 (2015-2016): 184–193.
Jump up ^ The recent words of an eminent professor of medieval history, White, Graeme J (2015). The Magna Carta of Cheshire. London. p. 39.
Jump up ^ Chambers (1972). Twentieth Century Dictionary. London.
Jump up ^ Collins (2003). English Dictionary. London.
Jump up ^ Annotated Alice; the statement "a grin without a cat" is a reference to mathematics dissociating itself completely from the natural world.
Jump up ^ Day, David (2010). "Oxford in Wonderland". Queen's Quarterly. 117 (3): 402–423.
Jump up ^ Day, David (24 August 2015). "The Cheshire Cat's Grin: Solving the greatest mystery of Wonderland, 150 years later". The Walrus.
Jump up ^ Clark, Ann (1979). Lewis Carroll: A biography. London: J. M. Dent & Sons. ISBN 0-460-04302-1.
Jump up ^ Gardner, Martin (2000). The Annotated Alice (Definitive ed.). New York / London: W.W. Norton and Company. p. 62. ISBN 0-393-04847-0.
Jump up ^ Stewart, Ian (2010). Professor Stewart's Hoard of Mathematical Treasures. Profile Books. p. 67.
Jump up ^ Geyer, Georgie Anne. When Cats Reigned Like Kings: On the trail of the sacred cats. Transaction Publishers. p. 219.
Jump up ^ "Cheshire Cat found by fans of Lewis Carroll". The Toronto Star. Toronto, ON. Reuters. 8 July 1992. p. C24.
Jump up ^ "St. Christopher's Church, Pott Schrigley". History. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
Jump up ^ Gardner, Martin (1999). The Annotated Alice: Alice's adventures in Wonderland & Through the looking glass. W.W. Norton. p. 62. ISBN 0-393-04847-0.
Jump up ^ Brooker, Will (2004). Alice's Adventures: Lewis Carroll and Alice in Popular Culture. London: Continuum. p. 81. ISBN 0-8264-1433-8. Retrieved 7 July 2008.
Jump up ^ Roos, Michael (1984). "The Walrus and the Deacon: John Lennon's debt to Lewis Carroll". Journal of Popular Culture. 18 (1): 19–29. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1984.1801_19.x.
Jump up ^ St Clair, Vanessa (5 June 2001). "A girl like Alice". The Guardian. UK.
Jump up ^ Real, Willi (2003). "The Use of Literary Quotations and Allusions in: Ray Bradbury, Fahrenheit 451". Retrieved 7 July 2008.
Jump up ^ Boshoff, Alison (20 February 2010). "Alice's very weird wonderland: Why a behind-the-scenes row might see Tim Burton's most fantastical film yet disappear from cinemas as fast as the Cheshire Cat". Daily Mail. London: Associated Newspapers. Archived from the original on 15 November 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "Alice in Wonderland" (Script). Glossary of Terms. Walt Disney Pictures (early draft ed.). JoBlo.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2010. (early draft of the film script, first started February 2007)
^ Jump up to: a b "Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)". IMBD. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Adventures in Wonderland (1991 TV show)". IMDB. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Alice in Wonderland (TV Movie 1999)". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)". IMBD. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (5 September 2013). "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Exclusive: Keith David to Voice Cheshire Cat".
Jump up ^ Duensing, Sally; Miller, Bob (1979). "The Cheshire Cat effect". Perception. 8 (3): 269–273. doi:10.1068/p080269.
Jump up ^ "Cheshire Cat: Perception Science Project". Exploratorium Science Snacks. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Yarus, Michael (1993). "How many catalytic RNAs? Ions and the Cheshire cat conjecture". The FASEB Journal. 7 (1): 31–39. PMID 8422972. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Frada, Miguel; et al. (2008). "The 'Cheshire Cat' escape strategy of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi in response to viral infection". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (41): 15944–15949. doi:10.1073/pnas.0807707105. PMC 2572935  . PMID 18824682.
Jump up ^ Denkmayr, T; Geppert, H; Sponar, S; Lemmel, H; Matzkin, A; Tollaksen, J; Hasegawa, Y (29 July 2014). "Observation of a quantum Cheshire Cat in a matter-wave interferometer experiment". Nature Communications. 5: 4492. doi:10.1038/ncomms5492. PMC 4124860  . PMID 25072171. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Morgan, James. "'Quantum Cheshire Cat' becomes reality". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Astronomy Picture of the Day". 27 November 2015.
References[edit]
Brooker, Will (2004). Alice' s Adventures: Lewis Carroll and Alice in Popular Culture. London: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-1433-8.
Gardner, Martin (1999). The Annotated Alice: Alice's adventures in Wonderland & Through the looking glass. W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-04847-0.
Silvey, Anita (2002). The essential guide to children's books and their creators. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-19082-1.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Cheshire Cat
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cheshire Cat.
Cheshire portal
"Cheshire Cat character description".
"An article on the Grappenhall carving".
"article about the Croft carving". BBC.
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