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Buzz Lightyear
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Buzz Lightyear
Toy Story character
First appearance
Toy Story (1995)
Created by
John Lasseter
Pete Docter
Andrew Stanton
Joe Ranft
Voiced by
Tim Allen (films, Toy Story Toons, "Kingdom Hearts III",Toy Story of Terror!, Toy Story That Time Forgot, Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins (DTV dub), Toy Story 2: Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue, Toy Story Racer, Toy Story Mania!, commercials)
Pat Fraley (Toy Story Treats, video games, merchandise, attractions)
Patrick Warburton (Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins (redub), TV series, Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Video Game)
Mike MacRae (video games)
Javier Fernandez-Peña (Spanish Buzz)
Teddy Newton (mini counterpart)
Corey Burton (Toy Story 3: Disney On Ice)
Information
Species
Spaceman action figure
Gender
Male
Occupation
Toy
Title
Space Ranger
Significant other(s)
Jessie
Hair color
unknown
Buzz Lightyear is a fictional character in the Toy Story franchise. He is a toy space ranger hero according to the movies and action figure in the Toy Story franchise. Along with Woody, he is one of the two lead characters in all three Toy Story movies. He also appeared in the movie Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins and the television series spin-off Buzz Lightyear of Star Command, as well as the two film sequels.
Tim Allen voiced the character in the Toy Story film series and the Buzz Lightyear movie, while Patrick Warburton provided Buzz's voice for the TV series, and Pat Fraley voiced him for the video games and the attractions in Disney Parks.
Contents
[hide]
1 Concept and creation
2 Appearances
2.1 Films
2.2 Buzz Lightyear of Star Command
2.3 Other appearances
3 Characteristics
4 Action figure
5 Cultural impact
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Concept and creation[edit]
Buzz Lightyear's name was inspired by Apollo 11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin, the second person to walk on the Moon.[1] Aldrin acknowledged the tribute when he pulled a Buzz Lightyear doll out during a speech at NASA, to rapturous cheers. A clip of this can be found on the Toy Story 10th Anniversary DVD. Aldrin did not, however, receive any endorsement fees for the use of his first name.[2]
Regarding the design of Lightyear, his creator, John Lasseter, is on record as saying he wanted to create an action figure in the line of G.I. Joe for Toy Story and decided upon a spaceman figure.[3] He attributes his design to the influence of Apollo astronauts, in particular their clear helmets, skullcaps, communication devices and white suits.[4]
The purple and lime green color scheme were his and his wife's own favorite colors respectively. The looks of television actor Ed Kemmer are also believed to be a prototype for Lightyear. Kemmer played Commander Buzz Corry in Space Patrol, one of the first science-fiction series on US TV.[5]
Appearances[edit]
Films[edit]
In Toy Story, Buzz Lightyear is first seen when given as a gift to Andy from his mother at his birthday party. He also believes that he is a real space ranger, rather than a toy. Previously, the distinction of being Andy's favorite toy was held by Woody (a cowboy doll), but Buzz quickly becomes the new favorite; as a result, Woody is left to develop animosity toward Buzz. The effects of Woody's jealousy eventually leads them to be captured by Sid, a child who enjoys torturing toys and lives next door to Andy's house. While imprisoned in Sid's house, Buzz sees his own television ad, thus convincing him that he is a toy and not a space ranger. Upon understanding this, Buzz becomes depressed, but Woody eventually convinces him that it is a good thing. Buzz regains hope, and the two work together to escape, return to Andy, and become friends.
In Toy Story 2, After Woody is kidnapped by a greedy toy collector named Al, who is intent on selling him to a toy museum in Japan, Buzz leads Andy's toys on a daring mission to rescue him. On the journey, Buzz accidentally comes across a newer Buzz Lightyear toy with a utility belt. When he tries to take the belt, the newer Buzz (who, like Andy's Buzz in the first film, believes he is a real space ranger) attacks him, believing that he is a disobedient space ranger. The two Buzzes fight and Utility Belt Buzz traps Andy's Buzz in a cardboard rocket ship similar to the one he originally came in. Soon the other toys find Utility Belt Buzz and mistake him for Andy's Buzz, despite Buzz's cries of "You've got the wrong Buzz, YOU'VE GOT THE WRONG BUZZ!". Utility Belt Buzz joins the gang after Rex tells him that he knows how to defeat Emperor Zurg (in a video game.) Andy's Buzz eventually breaks free from his cardboard prison and tracks down Utility Belt Buzz and the rest of the toys. After arguing with Utility Belt Buzz over who the real Buzz is, he eventually convinces them that he is the real Buzz by showing them the bottom of his boot, which has Andy's name written on it. Although he manages to convince Woody to return home, Stinky Pete stops him, as the latter wants to go to Japan. After Buzz and the gang fight Zurg in the elevator shaft, they use a pizza planet truck to chase after Al to the airport (while Utility Belt Buzz stays behind to play with an amnesiac Zurg), with Buzz controlling the steering wheel as well as moving a pizza box on the driver's seat to help him reach it. Eventually, they manage to rescue Woody along with Jessie and Bullseye. At the end of the film, we see that Buzz has developed a crush on Jessie.
In Toy Story 3, Woody, Buzz, and the other toys accidentally end up in a daycare center after a mistake when Andy is packing for college. The daycare center toys are led by the teddy bear Lotso, who is later revealed as manipulative, untruthful, misunderstood, and some might say "evil". Buzz is caught spying on one of his secret meetings. To stop Buzz, Lotso switches Buzz back to "demo mode" causing him to again believe he is a space ranger and turn against his friends. When escaping, Woody and the other toys accidentally switch Buzz to "Spanish mode" causing confusion for many characters and comedic character changes and opportunities for the audience. Buzz turns back to his normal self after he nearly gets crushed by a television set in a garbage truck. After making their way back to Andy's house, Buzz, Woody, Jessie, and the other toys are given by Andy to a little girl named Bonnie. The end shows the toys embracing their new life with Bonnie.
In Toy Story 4, Buzz will return where he and the others will help Woody reunite with Bo Peep.
Buzz Lightyear of Star Command[edit]
In Buzz Lightyear of Star Command, Buzz is a space ranger working for Star Command, protecting the universe from Evil Emperor Zurg. He works in a team alongside Mira Nova, a Tangean princess with phasing powers, Booster, a janitor from the planet Jo-Ad, and XR, a robot created by the Little Green Men (the aliens from the movies, LGM for short). This version of Buzz is completely different from the one in Toy Story, in looks and personality. Buzz also has had many love interests on the show. He once had a friend and partner named Warp Darkmatter, however, he later joined Zurg and became his primary agent. Buzz also seems to never take off the purple headwear that he has with his Space Ranger uniform. Aside from his regular catch phrase, he has a habit of telling villains that "Evil never wins!"
Other appearances[edit]
Buzz also appears in Pixar's 2003 film Finding Nemo.[6] He also appeared as a car in Pixar's 2006 movie, Cars, along with Woody and Hamm. He is also seen in the Toy Story Toons episodes Hawaiian Vacation (released with Cars 2), Small Fry (released with The Muppets) and Partysaurus Rex (released during the 2012 3D re-release of Finding Nemo), and the two specials: Toy Story of Terror! and Toy Story That Time Forgot. Buzz also appeared in two episodes of Family Guy both times in cutaway gags set up by Stewie Griffin. In the 2013 episode Chris Cross, after Stewie has seriated Brian Griffin with You Needed Me, he complains that he invited Buzz to watch and he did not show up. This cuts to Buzz talking with a woman at a bar. In the 2017 episode The Finer Strings, when Brain insists that Carter is his friend, Stewie says "That's what Woody thought about Buzz Lightyear." This leads to a cutaway gag where Woody catches Buzz making out with Bo Peep. Buzz has also been referenced on The Simpsons. In the 2005 episode The Italian Bob, Lisa Simpson mentions both Buzz and his voice actor Tim Allen. In The Simpsons, in the 2010 episode, The Color Yellow, probably as a promotion for the theatrical release of Toy Story 3, Ralph Wiggum holds on a picture where he is with Buzz and Elmo from Sesame Street, "saying Martin Luther King had a dream. Dreams are where Elmo and Toy Story had a party, and I went there". In the 2011 episode Flaming Moe, Bart Simpson is playing with a toy parodying Buzz. Buzz was also in the 2008 Disney film Bedtime Stories and the Disney film The Sorcerer's Apprentice which was released the same year as Toy Story 3. Buzz is slated to appear in the upcoming Kingdom Hearts III, in which Tim Allen will voice him.[citation needed]
Characteristics[edit]
Tim Allen
Buzz Lightyear is known for his bravery and courage. Buzz believes that following rules is the way people should live their life. Though a great leader, at times he exhibits rather unemotional, erratic, and impulsive behaviour, a triumvirate of his biggest character flaws. Buzz is trained in several forms of martial arts and is a highly skilled warrior in hand-to-hand combat. Being in peak physical condition, Buzz makes a perfect space ranger and is an example to many. Perhaps unexpectedly, Buzz Lightyear the space ranger toy enjoys his closest personal relationships with two cowboy dolls: his best friend in the trilogy is Sheriff Woody Pride and by the end of Toy Story 2, he has developed a crush on Jessie the Cowgirl, which is actualized with their mild romance in Toy Story 3.
Buzz wears a high-tech space suit, similar to those of modern-day astronauts though more streamlined and iconic. The suit chest features a control panel. On the left hand side of the suit, a large red button activates the suit's flight system, which are two purple wings with candy cane lining, and green and red wing tips. The buttons on the right of the suit have numerous functions such as contacting Star Command, shooting grappling hooks, and activating full throttle. On the toy Buzz of movies however, all they do is make Buzz say different catch phrases. Buzz's suit also protects against the vacuum and cold of space. It can also translate all he says into any language even an outer space dialect. A retractable helmet, when activated, covers Buzz's head and allows him to breathe in space or on planets lacking a sufficient supply of oxygen. The left arm of the suit has a panel that flips open to reveal a display that contains a mission log in the wrist area to record history and provide records. The right arm contains the weapon system which projects an unusually strong and powerful red-colored laser out of the small cannon on the back of the wrist. Buzz has a utility belt as an upgrade to suit. It has various things such as anti-gravity servos, magnets for climbing purposes, and a grappling hook.
Action figure[edit]
Toy figure, Buzz Lightyear, with packaging, licensed from the film Toy Story, plastic / cardboard, made for Thinkway Toys[7] in China, 1995-1999. The Buzz Lightyear figure was manufactured by Thinkway Toys, New York between 1995-1999. An enhanced, newer model was released in 2009 to coincide with the Toy Story 3-D Double Feature. Originally, Tim Allen's voice was on the action figure. The newer models feature a voice actor who sounds similar to Allen.
The Toy Story Action Figure, Buzz Lightyear was subject to mass sales in the Christmas after the film's release, mainly in the United States and United Kingdom. In 1995, Thinkway didn't think that Toy Story would be that popular hence didn't make enough dolls to meet demand, as referenced in Toy Story 2. When Toy Story 3 came out they made 2 more Buzz Lightyear action figures for the Toy Story Collection, one normal one and an extra one with the utility belt from Toy Story 2. Produced by Thinkway Toys also with the spaceship box from the movies.
John Lasseter, director of Toy Story, Toy Story 2, and the upcoming Toy Story 4, NASA Deputy Administrator Lori Garver, and Gen. J.R. "Jack" Dailey, holding the action figure of Buzz Lightyear, which became the longest serving toy in space[8]
In May 2008, NASA and Disney announced that an original Thinkway Toys' Buzz Lightyear action figure would fly aboard the space shuttle Discovery on mission STS-124. The 12-inch toy was to remain on the International Space Station for six months, where it would take part in an experiment and appear in a video downlink from space. The flight was arranged as part of the Toys In Space program that began in 1985.[9]
The mission launched with Buzz aboard the NASA space shuttle Discovery (STS-124) on May 31, 2008, to celebrate the opening of Toy Story Midway Mania at Disney's Hollywood Studios and Disney California Adventure Park theme parks, with the ultimate destination of the International Space Station (ISS). The action figure "ate" dinner with the 10 astronauts and cosmonauts and was seen peering out a window aboard the ISS. The action figure stayed aboard the space station for a period of six months as part of a NASA toys-in-space educational program.[10]
The Buzz Lightyear action figure returned from the space station on September 11, 2009 aboard mission STS-128.[11]
In October 2009, Thinkway Toys released a replica Buzz Lightyear figure based on the figure in the Toy Story movies as part of their Toy Story Collection series of toys. This Buzz Lightyear was much more accurately detailed than the other Buzz Lightyear figures and it has features similar to the figure seen in the movie with similar pop-out wings complete with blinking lights at the wing tips, laser, wrist communicator and the figure has over 65 phrases with original voice. However, the figure lacks the karate chop action. The figure also comes with a Certificate of Authenticity and comes packaged in the spaceship packaging as seen in the movies.
In 2010, Lego created a Buzz Lightyear action figure. The Lego set is number 7592 and has 205 pieces. When the figure is completely built it has articulating head, arms, hands, torso, legs, feet, wings and visor.[12]
In 2010 Lego created a Buzz Lightyear mini-figure it was released in two variants. Both variants featured the same molded elements with different printing both mini-figures had a total of five new molded elements for the minifigure being the head, the two winged pieces, the head cover and the torso of his spacesuit. One being the standard variant to represent the "clean" Buzz Lightyear. This minifigure was featured in 7 sets : 30073, 7593, 7598, 7597, 7590, 9002700 (watch set) and a magnet set (852949) featuring Buzz, Woody and a pizza planet alien. The other variant was the "dirty" version of Buzz Lightyear as seen in Toy Story 3. This mini-figure was featured in 1 set which was 7599. This variant featured the same Buzz mini-figure with printed on dirt stains. In 2016 a new version of Buzz Lightyear was created for the Lego mini-figures Disney series. This mini-figure featured new prints for legs and arms of the minifigure and removed the Star Command logo from the chest of the torso piece. The most noticeable difference between this mini-figure and the 2010 release was the mini-figure head which is now a classic styled mini-figure head and not a molded piece.
Cultural impact[edit]
On October 2007, readers of Empire voted him No. 1 of the Top 20 Greatest Pixar Characters.[13] They also rated him the 94th greatest movie character of all time.[14]
Buzz's classic line “To infinity… and beyond!” has seen usage not only on T-shirts, but among philosophers and mathematical theorists as well.[15] A book about the history of infinity from 1991 (4 years before Toy Story), by Eli Maor Lucia uses the phrase for its title.[16] Hall of The Humanist linked the film's plot to an interpretation of humanism. She compared the phrase to "All this and heaven, too!", indicating one who is happy with a life on Earth as well as having an afterlife.[17] The 2008 quadruple platinum song "Single Ladies" by Beyoncé includes the lyric "...and delivers me to a destiny, to infinity and beyond." Also in 2008, astronauts took an action figure of Buzz Lightyear into space on the Space Shuttle "Discovery" as part of an educational experience for students while stressing the catchphrase. The action figure was used for experiments in zero-g.[9] Also in 2008, the phrase made international news when it was reported that a father and son had continually repeated the phrase to help them keep track of each other while treading water for 15 hours in the Atlantic Ocean.[18][19]
See also[edit]
Disney portal
Fictional characters portal
Buzz Lightyear (attractions)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Toy Story 3 Featurette - Buzz Lightyear". Trailer Addict. June 18, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Solomon, Deborah; Oth, Christian (June 15, 2009 and June 21, 2009). "Questions for Buzz Aldrin: The Man on the Moon". The New York Times. Retrieved June 24, 2009. Check date values in: |date= (help) Note: nytimes.com print-view software lists the article date as June 21, 2009; main article webpage shows June 15.
Jump up ^ Tyler, Josh (September 30, 2009). "Watch John Lasseter Explain The Origins of Buzz Lightyear". Cinema Blend. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ Disney's Buzz Lightyear and Wall-E explore space for NASA June 24, 2008, collectspace.com
Jump up ^ Brian Pendreigh Ed Kemmer TV star and inspiration for the character of Buzz Lightyear November 19, 2004, The Herald Scotland
Jump up ^ Stopera, Dave (August 30, 2012). "23 Things You Probably Didn’t Know About The Movie "Finding Nemo"". BuzzFeed. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hero Complex". The Los Angeles Times. December 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum Receives Buzz Lightyear Flown in Space" (Press release). Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum. March 29, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Pearlman, Robert Z. (May 29, 2008). "Buzz Lightyear Becomes Real Space Ranger". Space.com. Retrieved March 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ Dunn, Marcia (June 6, 2008). "Japan's space lab just got bigger". MSNBC.com. Associated Press. Retrieved June 7, 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Return of Buzz Lightyear". NASA. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ "7592 Construct-a-Buzz". The LEGO Group. Archived from the original on July 9, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Empire Features". Empire. December 5, 2006. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ "94. Buzz Lightyear". Retrieved December 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Dusek, Val (2006). Philosophy of Technology: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing. p. 59. ISBN 1-4051-1163-1.
Jump up ^ To Infinity and Beyond: A Cultural History of the Infinite. Princeton University Press. 1991. ISBN 978-0-691-02511-7.
Jump up ^ Hall, Lucia K.B. (March 1, 2000). "Toy Stories for Humanists?". The Humanist. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Buzz Lightyear got us through". Star Tribune. Associated Press. September 10, 2008. Retrieved March 13, 2009. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "'Toy Story' Line Helped Father, Son Survive in Water for 15 Hours". Fox News. Associated Press. September 10, 2008. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Buzz Lightyear
Official character page
Buzz Lightyear at Don Markstein's Toonopedia
Disney Infinity Buzz Lightyear
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Periscope
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Periscope (disambiguation).
This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Principle of the periscope. The periscope on the left uses mirrors whereas the right uses prisms.
a Mirrors
b Prisms
c Observer's eye
Principle of the lens periscope. The two periscopes differ in the way they erect the image. The left one uses an erecting prism whereas the right uses an erecting lens and a second image plane.
a Objective lens
b Field lens
c Image erecting lens
d Ocular lens
e Lens of the observer's eye
f Right-angled prism
g Image-erecting prism
A periscope is an instrument for observation over, around or through an object, obstacle or condition that prevents direct line-of-sight observation from an observer's current position.[1][2]
In its simplest form, it consists of an outer case with mirrors at each end set parallel to each other at a 45° angle. This form of periscope, with the addition of two simple lenses, served for observation purposes in the trenches during World War I. Military personnel also use periscopes in some gun turrets and in armoured vehicles.[1]
More complex periscopes using prisms or advanced fiber optics instead of mirrors and providing magnification operate on submarines and in various fields of science. The overall design of the classical submarine periscope is very simple: two telescopes pointed into each other. If the two telescopes have different individual magnification, the difference between them causes an overall magnification or reduction.
Contents
1 Early examples
2 Armored vehicle periscopes
2.1 Gundlach and Vickers 360-degree periscopes
2.2 Periscopic gun-sights
2.3 Modern specialised AFV periscopes
3 Naval use
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Early examples[edit]
Johannes Gutenberg, known for his contribution to printing technology, marketed a kind of periscope in the 1430s to enable pilgrims to see over the heads of the crowd at the vigintennial religious festival[which?] at Aachen. Johannes Hevelius described an early periscope with lenses in 1647 in his work Selenographia, sive Lunae descriptio [Selenography, or an account of the Moon]. Hevelius saw military applications for his invention.
In 1854, Hippolyte Marié-Davy invented the first naval periscope, consisting of a vertical tube with two small mirrors fixed at each end at 45°. Simon Lake used periscopes in his submarines in 1902. Sir Howard Grubb perfected the device in World War I.[3] Morgan Robertson (1861–1915) claimed[4] to have tried to patent the periscope: he described a submarine using a periscope in his fictional works.
Periscopes, in some cases fixed to rifles, served in World War I (1914-1918) to enable soldiers to see over the tops of trenches, thus avoiding exposure to enemy fire (especially from snipers).[5] The periscope rifle also saw use during the war - this was an infantry rifle sighted by means of a periscope, so the shooter could aim fire the weapon from a safe position below the trench parapet.
During World War II (1939-1945), artillery observers and officers used specifically-manufactured periscope binoculars with different mountings. Some of them also allowed estimating the distance to a target, as they were designed as stereoscopic rangefinders.[citation needed]
Early examples
Australian Light Horse troops using a periscope rifle, Gallipoli, 1915. Photograph by Ernest Brooks.
An Auxiliary Periscope for Submarines from The Electrical Experimenter, Vol. IV, No. 38., 1916
A team of German artillery observers using periscope binoculars, 1943
Armored vehicle periscopes[edit]
Tanks and armoured vehicles use periscopes: they enable drivers, tank commanders, and other vehicle occupants to inspect their situation through the vehicle roof. Prior to periscopes, direct vision slits were cut in the armour for occupants to see out. Periscopes permit view outside of the vehicle without needing to cut these weaker vision openings in the front and side armour, better protecting the vehicle and occupants.
A protectoscope is a related periscopic vision device designed to provide a window in armoured plate, similar to a direct vision slit. A compact periscope inside the protectoscope allows the vision slit to be blanked off with spaced armoured plate. This prevents a potential ingress point for small arms fire, with only a small difference in vision height, but still requires the armour to be cut.
In the context of armoured fighting vehicles, such as tanks, a periscopic vision device may also be referred to as an episcope. In this context a periscope refers to a device that can rotate to provide a wider field of view (or is fixed into an assembly that can), while an episcope is fixed into position.
Periscopes may also be referred to by slang, e.g. "shufti-scope".
Gundlach and Vickers 360-degree periscopes[edit]
An important development, the Gundlach rotary periscope, incorporated a rotating top with a selectable additional prism which reversed the view. This allowed a tank commander to obtain a 360-degree field of view without moving his seat, including rear vision by engaging the extra prism. This design, patented by Rudolf Gundlach in 1936, first saw use in the Polish 7-TP light tank (produced from 1935 to 1939).
As a part of Polish–British pre-World War II military cooperation, the patent was sold to Vickers-Armstrong where it saw further development for use in British tanks, including the Crusader, Churchill, Valentine, and Cromwell models as the Vickers Tank Periscope MK.IV.
The Gundlach-Vickers technology was shared with the American Army for use in its tanks including the Sherman, built to meet joint British and US requirements. This saw post-war controversy through legal action: "After the Second World War and a long court battle, in 1947 he, [ Rudolf Gundlach ], received a large payment for his periscope patent from some of its producers."[6]
The USSR also copied the design and used it extensively in its tanks (including the T-34 and T-70. The copies were based on lend-lease British vehicles, and many parts remain interchangeable. Germany also made and used copies.[7]
Periscopic gun-sights[edit]
Periscopic sights were also introduced during the second world war. In British use, the Vickers periscope was provided with sighting lines, enabling front and rear prisms to be directly aligned to gain an accurate direction. On later tanks such as the Churchill and Cromwell, a similarly marked episcope provided a backup sighting mechanism aligned with a vane sight on the turret roof.
Later, US built Sherman tanks and British Centurion and Charioteer tanks replaced the main telescopic sight with a true periscopic sight in the primary role. The periscopic sight was linked to the gun itself, allowing elevation to be captured (rotation being fixed as part of rotating turret). The sights formed part of the overall periscope, providing the gunner with greater overall vision than previously possible with the telescopic sight.
Modern specialised AFV periscopes[edit]
In modern use, specialised periscopes can also provide night vision. The Embedded Image Periscope (EIP) designed and patented by Kent Periscopes provides standard unity vision periscope functionality for normal daytime viewing of the vehicle surroundings plus the ability to display digital images from a range of on-vehicle sensors and cameras (including thermal and low light) such that the resulting image appears "embedded" internally within the unit and projected at a comfortable viewing position.
Naval use[edit]
Periscopes allow a submarine, when submerged at a relatively shallow depth, to search visually for nearby targets and threats on the surface of the water and in the air. When not in use, a submarine's periscope retracts into the hull. A submarine commander in tactical conditions must exercise discretion when using his periscope, since it creates a visible wake (and may also become detectable by radar[8][9]), giving away the sub's position.
Frenchman Marie Davey built a simple, fixed naval periscope using mirrors in 1854. Thomas H. Doughty of the US Navy later invented a prismatic version for use in the American Civil War of 1861–65.
Submarines adopted periscopes early. Captain Arthur Krebs adapted two on the experimental French submarine Gymnote in 1888 and 1889. The Spanish inventor Isaac Peral equipped his submarine Peral (developed in 1886 but launched on September 8, 1888) with a fixed, non-retractable periscope that used a combination of prisms to relay the image to the submariner. (Peral also developed a primitive gyroscope for submarine navigation and pioneered the ability to fire live torpedoes while submerged.[10][unreliable source?])
The invention of the collapsible periscope for use in submarine warfare is usually credited[by whom?] to Simon Lake in 1902. Lake called his device the omniscope or skalomniscope. There is also a report[citation needed] that an Italian, Triulzi, demonstrated such a device in 1901, calling it a cleptoscope.
As of 2009[update] modern submarine periscopes incorporate lenses for magnification and function as telescopes. They typically employ prisms and total internal reflection instead of mirrors, because prisms, which do not require coatings on the reflecting surface, are much more rugged than mirrors. They may have additional optical capabilities such as range-finding and targeting. The mechanical systems of submarine periscopes typically use hydraulics and need to be quite sturdy to withstand the drag through water. The periscope chassis may also support a radio or radar antenna.
Submarines traditionally had two periscopes; a navigation or observation periscope and a targeting, or commander's, periscope. Navies originally mounted these periscopes in the conning tower, one forward of the other in the narrow hulls of diesel-electric submarines. In the much wider hulls of recent[update] US Navy submarines the two operate side-by-side. The observation scope, used to scan the sea surface and sky, typically had a wide field of view and no magnification or low-power magnification. The targeting or "attack" periscope, by comparison, had a narrower field of view and higher magnification. In World War II and earlier submarines it was the only means of gathering target data to accurately fire a torpedo, since sonar was not yet sufficiently advanced for this purpose (ranging with sonar required emission of an electronic "ping" that gave away the location of the submarine) and most torpedoes were unguided.
21st-century submarines do not necessarily have periscopes. The United States Navy's Virginia-class submarines and the Royal Navy's Astute class submarines instead use photonics masts,[11] pioneered by the Royal Navy's HMS Trenchant, which lift an electronic imaging sensor-set above the water. Signals from the sensor-set travel electronically to workstations in the submarine's control center. While the cables carrying the signal must penetrate the submarine's hull, they use a much smaller and more easily sealed—and therefore less expensive and safer—hull opening than those required by periscopes. Eliminating the telescoping tube running through the conning tower also allows greater freedom in designing the pressure hull and in placing internal equipment.
Naval use
Officer at periscope in control room of a U.S. Navy submarine in World War II. The officer pictured is Captain Raymond W. Alexander, Sr. and the photo was taken in 1942.
Submarine monocular attack periscope
Torpedoed Japanese destroyer Yamakaze photographed through periscope of USS Nautilus, 25 June 1942.
See also[edit]
Coincidence rangefinder
Relay lens
Rangefinder
Vickers Tank Periscope MK.IV
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Bruce H. Walker (2000). Optical Design for Visual Systems. SPIE Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-8194-3886-7.
Jump up ^ The Submarine Periscope: An Explanation of the Principles Involved in Its Construction, Together with a Description of the Main Features of the Barr and Stroud Periscopes. Barr and Stroud Limited. 1928.
Jump up ^ The History of the Periscope – Inventors – About.com
Jump up ^ Morgan Robertson, The Schenectady Gazette, Friday morning, March 26, 1913, p.19
Jump up ^ First World War – Willmott, H.P.; Dorling Kindersley, 2003, Page 111
Jump up ^ Rudolf Gundlach
Jump up ^ Not Only Enigma... Major Rudolf Gundlach (1892-1957) and His Invention), Warsaw-London, 1999
Jump up ^ Petty, Dan. "The US Navy -- Fact File: AN/SPS-74(V) Radar Set". www.navy.mil. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
Jump up ^ Ousborne, Jeffrey; Griffith, Dale; Yuan, Rebecca W. (1997). "A Periscope Detection Radar" (PDF). JOHNS HOPKINS APL TECHNICAL DIGEST. 18: 125.
Jump up ^ El Arma Submarina Española
Jump up ^ Britannica Educational Publishing (1 November 2011). War at Sea and in the Air. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-61530-753-1.
External links[edit]
The Wikibook School Science has a page on the topic of: Demo periscope
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Periscope.
The Fleet Type Submarine Online: Submarine Periscope Manual United States Navy Navpers 16165, June 1979
Simulation of a Periscope at NTNUJAVA Virtual Physics Laboratory
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periscope&oldid=866418153"
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