text:
Dr. K's Exotic Animal ER
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Dr. K's Exotic Animal ER
Genre
Reality
Documentary
Directed by
Guy Nickerson
Presented by
Art Edmonds
Josh Goodman
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
5 + special episodes
No. of episodes
43
Production
Executive producer(s)
Geoff Daniels
Ashley Lorenzo Feldman
Ryan Glidden
Krystal Stevens
Ashley Hoppin
Guy Nickerson
Elaine Pulgiese
Stephen Pettinger
Jaymee Johnson
Tracy Rudolph
Lisa Tanzer
Producer(s)
Alycia Christodoulou
Jacob Akira Okada
Matthew James Williams
Editor(s)
Bill Brown
Camera setup
Multiple
Production company(s)
Spectrum Productions
Release
Original network
Nat Geo Wild
Original release
October 11, 2014 (2014-10-11) – present
External links
Website
Dr. K's Exotic Animal ER is a television series on the Nat Geo Wild network. It follows the veterinarians and staff of the Broward Avian and Exotic Animal Hospital, located in Deerfield Beach, Florida.[1][2]
Contents
1 Cast
1.1 Veterinarians
1.2 Veterinary Staff
1.3 Narrators
2 Episodes
2.1 Key
2.2 Episode Table
2.2.1 Season 1 (2014)
2.2.2 Season 2 (2015)
2.2.3 Season 3 (2016)
2.2.4 Season 4 (2017)
2.2.5 Special Episodes (2017)
2.2.6 Season 5 (2018)
3 References
Cast[edit]
Source:[3]
Veterinarians[edit]
Dr. Susan Kelleher, D.V.M. ("Dr. K.")
Dr. Lauren Thielen, D.V.M. ("Dr. T.")
Dr. Matt Grootenboer, D.V.M. ("Dr. G.")
Dr. Santiago Díaz, D.V.M. ("Dr. Díaz.")
Dr. Amelia Gessner, D.V.M. ("Dr. G.")
Dr. Veronica Pardini, D.V.M. ("Dr. P.")
Veterinary Staff[edit]
Alex Strelzik, Office Manager
Dyanne Velasquez, Veterinary Technician
Kristin Runkle, Veterinary Technician
Brooke Rowell, Veterinary Technician
Maryanne Farmer, Veterinary Technician
Ashley Saddler, Veterinary Technician
Gabby Millman, Veterinary Receptionist
Tom Cronenwett, Veterinary Technician
Narrators[edit]
Art Edmonds
Josh Goodman
Episodes[edit]
Key[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 6 October 11, 2014 (2014-10-11) October 25, 2014 (2014-10-25)
2 8 October 3, 2015 (2015-10-03) November 21, 2015 (2015-11-21)
3 8 May 21, 2016 (2016-05-21) July 9, 2016 (2016-07-09)
4 6 April 22, 2017 (2017-04-22) June 10, 2017 (2017-06-10)
5 4 May 13, 2017 (2017-05-13) June 24, 2017 (2017-06-24)
6 11 March 25, 2018 (2018-03-25) May 20, 2018 (2018-05-20)
Episode Table[edit]
Season 1 (2014)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
1
1 "A Bad Case of Rotten Eggs" October 11, 2014 (2014-10-11)
2
2 "Bunny Nose Job" October 4, 2014 (2014-10-04)
3
3 "Pot Bellied Pig Out" November 1, 2014 (2014-11-01)
4
4 "Kink-achoo!" November 8, 2014 (2014-11-08)
5
5 "Into the Fox Hole" October 18, 2014 (2014-10-18)
6
6 "Leave It to Lemur" October 25, 2014 (2014-10-25)
Season 2 (2015)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
7
1 "Sir Lynx-a-lot" October 3, 2015 (2015-10-03)
8
2 "Chinchilla' Like a Villain" October 10, 2015 (2015-10-10)
9
3 "Turtle-Necked" October 17, 2015 (2015-10-17)
10
4 "Major Hissing Fit" October 24, 2015 (2015-10-24)
11
5 "Sticky Pixie and Trixie Too!" October 31, 2015 (2015-10-31)
12
6 "One Fat Parakeet" November 7, 2015 (2015-11-07)
13
7 "H2O-No!" November 14, 2015 (2015-11-14)
14
8 "Let Me Clear my Goat" November 21, 2015 (2015-11-21)
Season 3 (2016)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
15
1 "Sumo Dragon" May 21, 2016 (2016-05-21)
16
2 "Wibbly Wobbly Hedgehog" May 28, 2016 (2016-05-28)
17
3 "The Tortoise and the Dog" June 4, 2016 (2016-06-04)
18
4 "Operation Skunk" June 11, 2016 (2016-06-11)
19
5 "Snake, Rattle & Roll" June 18, 2016 (2016-06-18)
20
6 "Serious Monkey Business" June 25, 2016 (2016-06-25)
21
7 "Gator-aid" July 2, 2016 (2016-07-02)
22
8 "Lizard of Oz" July 9, 2016 (2016-07-09)
Season 4 (2017)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
23
1 "Baby Kangaroo Alert!" April 22, 2017 (2017-04-22)
24
2 "One Funky Monkey" April 29, 2017 (2017-04-29)
25
3 "Eye-Eye-Ay!" May 6, 2017 (2017-05-06)
26
4 "Hubble Trouble" May 27, 2017 (2017-05-27)
27
5 "Pain in the Beak" June 3, 2017 (2017-06-03)
28
6 "Prairie Dog Companion" June 10, 2017 (2017-06-10)
Special Episodes (2017)[edit]
Title
Original air date
"Gettin' Squirrely" May 13, 2017 (2017-05-13)
"Return of the Dragon" May 20, 2017 (2017-05-20)
"Jelly Bellies" June 17, 2017 (2017-06-17)
"Frenemy Freak Outs!" June 24, 2017 (2017-06-24)
Season 5 (2018)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
29
1 "Two Heads Are Better Than One" March 18, 2018 (2018-03-18)
30
2 "Sushi Eating Squirrel Monkey" March 25, 2018 (2018-03-25)
31
3 "Cock-a-doodle don't" April 1, 2018 (2018-04-01)
32
4 "A Magic Rabbit Act" April 8, 2018 (2018-04-08)
33
5 "Pig Improvement" April 15, 2018 (2018-04-15)
34
6 "Great Eggspectations" April 22, 2018 (2018-04-22)
35
7 "My Ferret Ate What?" April 29, 2018 (2018-04-29)
36
8 "A Perfect Storm" May 6, 2018 (2018-05-06)
37
9 "Ferret Freak Out!" May 13, 2018 (2018-05-13)
38
10 "Call of Doodie!" May 20, 2018 (2018-05-20)
39
11 "The Biggest Loser" May 20, 2018 (2018-05-20)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "National Geographic Official Site, Dr K.'s Exotic Animal ER Official Page". channel.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "IMDb, Dr. K's Exotic Animal ER's Page". imdb.com. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Kelleher, Susan. "Broward Avian and Exotic Animal Hospital". exoticanimalcare.com. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dr._K%27s_Exotic_Animal_ER&oldid=851303840"
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Christmas lights
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the decoration. For the Coldplay song, see Christmas Lights (song). For the British TV special, see Christmas Lights (film).
Trafalgar Square Christmas Tree with lights in London, England
Christmas lights (also known as fairy lights) are lights used for decoration in celebration of Christmas, often on display throughout the Christmas season including Advent and Christmastide. The custom goes back to when Christmas trees were decorated with candles, which symbolized Christ being the light of the world;[1] these were brought by Christians into their homes in early modern Germany.[2][3]
Christmas trees displayed publicly and illuminated with electric lights became popular in the early 20th century. By the mid-20th century, it became customary to display strings of electric lights as along streets and on buildings; Christmas decorations detached from the Christmas tree itself. In the United States, it became popular to outline private homes with such Christmas lights in tract housing beginning in the 1960s. By the late 20th century, the custom had also been adopted in other nations, including outside the Western world, notably in Japan and Hong Kong. Throughout Christendom, Christmas lights continue to retain their symbolism of Jesus as the light of the world.[4][1]
In many countries, Christmas lights, as well as other Christmas decorations, are traditionally erected on or around the first day of Advent.[5][6] In the Western Christian world, the two traditional days when Christmas lights are removed are Twelfth Night and Candlemas, the latter of which ends the Christmas-Epiphany season in some denominations.[7] Leaving the decorations up beyond Candlemas is historically considered to be inauspicious.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Technology
3 Outdoor displays
3.1 Public venues
3.2 Neighborhoods
4 Other holidays
5 Environment, recycling, and safety
6 Light sculptures
6.1 Examples
7 See also
8 Notes
9 External links
History[edit]
The Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree in New York City
Decorations, wreaths and lights adorn the Perth Post Office in Perth, Australia
The Christmas tree was adopted in upper-class homes in 18th-century Germany, where it was occasionally decorated with candles, which at the time was a comparatively expensive light source. Candles for the tree were glued with melted wax to a tree branch or attached by pins. Around 1890, candleholders were first used for Christmas candles. Between 1902 and 1914, small lanterns and glass balls to hold the candles started to be used. Early electric Christmas lights were introduced with electrification, beginning in the 1880s.
The illuminated Christmas tree became established in the United Kingdom during Queen Victoria's reign, and through emigration spread to North America and Australia. In her journal for Christmas Eve 1832, the delighted 13-year-old princess wrote, "After dinner.. we then went into the drawing-room near the dining-room. There were two large round tables on which were placed two trees hung with lights and sugar ornaments. All the presents being placed round the trees".[9] Until the availability of inexpensive electrical power in the early twentieth century, miniature candles were commonly (and in some cultures still are) used.
In the United Kingdom, electrically powered Christmas lights are generally known as fairy lights. In 1881, the Savoy Theatre, London was the first building in the world to be lit entirely by electricity.[10] Sir Joseph Swan, pioneer of the incandescent light bulb, supplied about 1,200 Swan incandescent lamps, and a year later, the Savoy owner Richard D'Oyly Carte equipped the principal fairies with miniature lighting supplied by the Swan United Electric Lamp Company, for the opening night of the Gilbert and Sullivan opera Iolanthe on 25 November 1882.[11] The term 'fairy lights', describing 'a small coloured light used in illuminations' had already entered English:[12] its usage for a string of electrically powered Christmas lights has been common in the UK ever since.[13]
The first known electrically illuminated Christmas tree was the creation of Edward H. Johnson, an associate of inventor Thomas Edison. While he was vice president of the Edison Electric Light Company, a predecessor of today's Con Edison electric utility, he had Christmas tree light bulbs especially made for him. He proudly displayed his Christmas tree, which was hand-wired with 80 red, white and blue electric incandescent light bulbs the size of walnuts, on December 22, 1882 at his home on Fifth Avenue in New York City. Local newspapers ignored the story, seeing it as a publicity stunt. However, it was published by a Detroit newspaper reporter, and Johnson has become widely regarded as the Father of Electric Christmas Tree Lights. By 1900, businesses started stringing up Christmas lights behind their windows.[14] Christmas lights were too expensive for the average person; as such, electric Christmas lights did not become the majority replacement for candles until 1930.[15]
In 1895, U.S. President Grover Cleveland proudly sponsored the first electrically lit Christmas tree in the White House. It was a huge specimen, featuring more than a hundred multicolored lights. The first commercially produced Christmas tree lamps were manufactured in strings of multiples of eight sockets by the General Electric Co. of Harrison, New Jersey. Each socket took a miniature two-candela carbon-filament lamp.
From that point on, electrically illuminated Christmas trees, but only indoors, grew with mounting enthusiasm in the United States and elsewhere. San Diego in 1904, Appleton, Wisconsin in 1909, and New York City in 1912 were the first recorded instances of the use of Christmas lights outside.[15] McAdenville, North Carolina claims to have been the first in 1956.[16] The Library of Congress credits the town for inventing "the tradition of decorating evergreen trees with Christmas lights dates back to 1956 when the McAdenville Men's Club conceived of the idea of decorating a few trees around the McAdenville Community Center."[17] However, the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree has had "lights" since 1931, but did not have real electric lights until 1956.[18] Furthermore, Philadelphia's Christmas Light Show and Disney's Christmas Tree also began in 1956.[19][20] Though General Electric sponsored community lighting competitions during the 1920s, it would take until the mid-1950s for the use of such lights to be adopted by average households.
Over a period of time,[clarification needed] strings of Christmas lights found their way into use in places other than Christmas trees. Soon, strings of lights adorned mantles and doorways inside homes, and ran along the rafters, roof lines, and porch railings of homes and businesses. In recent times, many city skyscrapers are decorated with long mostly-vertical strings of a common theme, and are activated simultaneously in Grand Illumination ceremonies.
In 1963, a boycott of Christmas lights was done in Greenville, North Carolina to protest the segregation that kept blacks from being employed by downtown businesses in Greenville, during the Christmas sales season. Known as the Black Christmas (boycott) or "Christmas Sacrifice", it was an effective way to protest the cultural and fiscal segregation in the town with 33% black population. Light decorations in the homes, on the Christmas trees, or outside the house were not shown, and only six houses in the black community broke the boycott that Christmas.[21]
In the mid-2000s, the video of the home of Carson Williams was widely distributed on the internet as a viral video. It garnered national attention in 2005 from The Today Show on NBC, Inside Edition and the CBS Evening News and was featured in a Miller television commercial.[22][23] Williams turned his hobby into a commercial venture, and was commissioned to scale up his vision to a scale of 250,000 lights at a Denver shopping center, as well as displays in parks and zoos.
Technology[edit]
Main article: Holiday lighting technology
A set of fluorescent Christmas lights
The Old Harrison County Courthouse in Marshall, Texas outlined in Christmas lights
Schwäbisch Hall
The technology used in Christmas lighting displays is highly diverse, ranging from simple light strands, Christmas lights (a.k.a. Fairy lights), through to full blown animated tableaux, involving complex illuminated animatronics and statues.
Christmas lights (also called twinkle lights, holiday lights, mini lights or fairy lights), that are strands of electric lights used to decorate homes, public/commercial buildings and Christmas trees during the Christmas season are amongst the most recognized form of Christmas lighting. Christmas lights come in a dazzling array of configurations and colors. The small "midget" bulbs commonly known as fairy lights are also called Italian lights in some parts of the U.S., such as Chicago.
The types of lamps used in Christmas lighting also vary considerably, reflecting the diversity of modern lighting technology in general. Common lamp types are incandescent light bulbs and now light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which are being increasingly encouraged as being more energy efficient. Less common are neon lamp sets. Fluorescent lamp sets were produced for a limited time by Sylvania in the mid-1940s.[24]
Christmas lights using incandescent bulbs are somewhat notorious for being difficult to troubleshoot and repair. In the 1950s and 1960s, the series circuit connected light sets would go completely dark when a single bulb failed. So in the fairly recent past, the mini-lights have come with shunts to allow a set to continue to operate with a burned out bulb. However, if there are multiple bulb failures or a shunt is bad, the string can still fail. There are two basic ways to troubleshoot this: a one by one replacement with a known good bulb, or by using a test light to find out where the voltage gets interrupted. One example made specifically for Christmas lights is the LightKeeper Pro. For additional information, see the troubleshooting section of the Holiday lighting technology article.
When Christmas light manufacturers first started using LEDs the colors seemed very dull and uninspiring. Even the white lights, which were typically single-chip LEDs, glowed with a faintly yellowish color that made them look cheap and unattractive.[25]
Outdoor displays[edit]
South Coast Plaza Christmas tree
Public venues[edit]
Displays of Christmas lights in public venues and on public buildings are a popular part of the annual celebration of Christmas, and may be set up by businesses or by local governments. The displays utilize Christmas lights in many ways, including decking towering Christmas trees in public squares, street trees and park trees, adorning lampposts and other such structures, decorating significant buildings such as town halls and department stores, and lighting up popular tourist attractions such as the Eiffel Tower and the Sydney Opera House. It is believed that the first outdoor public electric light Christmas Holiday display was organized by Fredrick Nash and the Pasadena Chamber of Commerce in Altadena, California, on Santa Rosa Avenue, called Christmas Tree Lane. Christmas Tree Lane in Altadena has been continuously lit except during WW2 since 1920. Annual displays in Regent Street and Oxford Street, London, date from 1954 and 1959 respectively.
Neighborhoods[edit]
From the 1960s, beginning with tract housing in the U.S., it became increasingly common to completely outline the house (but particularly the eaves) with weatherproof Christmas lights. The Holiday Trail of Lights is a joint effort by cities in east Texas and northwest Louisiana that had its origins in the Festival of Lights and Christmas Festival in Natchitoches, started in 1927, making it one of the oldest light festivals in the United States. Fulton Street in Palo Alto, California, has the nickname "Christmas Tree Lane" due to the display of lighted Christmas trees on the sides of the street.[26]
Illuminated Celtic cross, Bon Air Presbyterian Church, Virginia, in snow storm at night.
A familiar pastime during the holiday season is to drive or walk around neighborhoods in the evening to see the lights displayed on and around other homes. While some homes have no lights, others may have incredibly ornate displays which require weeks to construct. A rare few have even made it to the Extreme Christmas TV specials shown on HGTV, at least one requiring a generator and another requiring separate electrical service to supply the amount of electrical power required. In Australia and New Zealand, chains of Christmas lights were quickly adopted as an effective way to provide ambient lighting to verandas, where cold beer is often served in the long hot summer evenings. Since the late twentieth century, increasingly elaborate Christmas lights have been displayed, and driving around between 8 and 10 p.m. to look at the lights has become a popular form of family entertainment. In some areas Christmas lighting even becomes a fierce competition, with town councils offering awards for the best decorated house, in other areas it is seen as a co-operative effort, with residents priding themselves on their street or their neighbourhood. The town of Lobethal, South Australia, in the Adelaide Hills, is famed for its extensive Christmas lighting displays and many residents go to great effort to put on the best light display in the town. Residents from the nearby city of Adelaide often drive up to the town to view them.
Other holidays[edit]
In the United States, lights have been produced for many other holidays. These may be simple sets in typical holiday colors, or the type with plastic ornaments which the light socket fits into. Light sculptures are also produced in typical holiday icons.
Halloween is the most popular, with miniature light strings having black-insulated wires and semi-opaque orange bulbs. Later sets had some transparent purple bulbs (a representation of black, similar to blacklight), a few even have transparent green, or a translucent or semi-opaque lime green (possibly representing slime as in Ghostbusters, or creatures like goblins or space aliens). Two types of icicle lights are sold at Halloween: all-orange, and a combination of purple and green known as "slime lights".
Easter lights are often produced in pastels. These typically have white wire and connectors.
Closeup of a mini light
Strings on piping and on a menorah
Red, white, and blue lights are produced for Independence Day, as well as U.S. flag and other patriotic-themed ornaments. Net lights have been produced with the lights in a U.S. flag pattern. In 2006, some stores carried stakes with LEDs that light fiber-optics, looking similar to fireworks.
These above light strings are occasionally used on Christmas trees anyway, usually to add extra variety to the colors of the lights on the tree.
Various types of patio lighting with no holiday theme are also made for summertime. These are often clear white lights, but most are ornament sets, such as lanterns made of metal or bamboo, or plastic ornaments in the shape of barbecue condiments, flamingos and palm trees, or even various beers. Some are made of decorative wire or mesh, in abstract shapes such as dragonflies, often with glass "gems" or marbles. Light sculptures are also made in everything from wire-mesh frogs to artificial palm trees outlined in rope lights.
In Pakistan, fairy lights are often used to decorate in celebration of Eid ul-Fitr at Chaand Raat, which occurs at the end of Ramadan. In India on Diwali too, homes, shops and streets are decorated with strings of fairy lights.
Environment, recycling, and safety[edit]
Christmas lights, Bangkok
Christmas lighting does lead to some extensive recycling issues. Every year, more than 20 million pounds of discarded holiday lights are shipped to Shijiao, China (near Guangzhou), which has been referred to as "the world capital for recycling Christmas lights".[27] The region began importing discarded lights around 1990 in part because of its cheap labor and low environmental standards.[27] As late as 2009, many factories would simply burn the lights to melt the plastic and retrieve the copper wire, releasing toxic fumes into the local environment.[27] A safer technique was then developed that involved chopping the lights into a fine sand-like consistency, mixing it with water and vibrating the slurry on a table causing the different elements to separate out, similar to the process of panning for gold.[27] Everything is recycled: copper, brass, plastic and glass.
More and more cities in the U.S., for example, are setting up sensible alternatives and schemes to recycle Christmas lights, with towns organizing drop-off points for handing in old or discarded lights.[28][29]
Installing holiday lighting may also be a safety hazard when incorrectly connecting several strands of lights, repeatedly using the same extension cords, or using an unsafe ladder during the installation process.
Light sculptures[edit]
Manning Close Christmas Light Show, Wells, Somerset, England
Christmas light sculptures, also called motifs, are used as Christmas decorations and for other holidays. Originally, these were large wireframe metalwork pieces made for public displays, such as for a municipal government to place on utility poles, and shopping centers to place on lampposts. Since the 1990s, these are also made in small plastic home versions that can be hung in a window, or on a door or wall. Framed motifs can be lit using mini lights or ropelight, and larger scale motifs and sculptures may use C7 bulbs.
Light sculptures can be either flat (most common) or three-dimensional. Flat sculptures are the motifs, and are often on metal frames, but garland can also be attached to outdoor motifs. Indoor motifs often have a multicolored plastic backing sheet, sometimes holographic. 3D sculptures include deer or reindeer (even moose) in various positions, and with or without antlers, often with a motor to move the head up and down or side to side as if grazing. These and other 3D displays may be bare-frame, or be covered with garland, looped and woven transparent plastic cord or acrylic, or natural or goldtone-painted vines. Snowflakes are a popular design for municipal displays, so as not to be misconstrued as a government endorsement of religion, or so they can be left up all winter.
Some places make huge displays of these during December, such as Callaway Gardens, Life University, and Lake Lanier Islands in the U.S. state of Georgia. In east Tennessee, the cities of Chattanooga, Sevierville, Pigeon Forge, and Gatlinburg have light sculptures up all winter. Gatlinburg also has custom ones for Valentine's Day and St. Patrick's Day, while Pigeon Forge puts flowers on its tall lampposts for spring, and for winter has a steamboat and the famous picture of U.S. Marines Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima, in addition to the city's historic Old Mill.
Some sculptures have microcontrollers that sequence circuits of lights, so that the object appears to be in motion. This is used for things such as snowflakes falling, Santa Claus waving, a peace dove flapping its wings, or train wheels rolling.
Examples[edit]
Christmas lights on trees
Champs-Élysées
Christmas in Dublin, CA
Peter Larsen illuminated coffee pot
Christmas market illumination
Clifton Mill Christmas in 2005
LED light sculpture in Gänserndorf, Austria
Christmas street illumination in Viborg
Hünfeld Adventskalender
Christmas decoration in front of the church in Weissenbach an der Triesting
Christmas Lights, Aarhus
City lights Christmastime
Christmas Lights
Lighted trees and houses in Schöckingen
The clock tower of Kozani; a landmark of the city.
Merry X-mas
Santas sleigh
Essex Christmas lighting ceremony
German Christmas Market, Cardiff
See also[edit]
Christmas tree
Christmas worldwide
Luminaria
Albert Sadacca
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Felix, Antonia (1999). Christmas in America. Courage Books. ISBN 9780762405947. Retrieved 27 January 2017. German families brought a small tree into the home at Christmas time as a symbol of the Christ child, and decorated the boughs with cutout paper flowers, bright foil, apples, sweets, and other fancy treats. Another feature of Christmas that took a uniquely American turn in the nineteenth century is the tradition of Christmas lights. Candles were traditionally placed on the Christmas tree to symbolize Jesus as the light of the world.
Jump up ^ "History of Christmas Trees". History. 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2015. Germany is credited with starting the Christmas tree tradition as we now know it in the 16th century when devout Christians brought decorated trees into their homes. Some built Christmas pyramids of wood and decorated them with evergreens and candles if wood was scarce. It is a widely held belief that Martin Luther, the 16th-century Protestant reformer, first added lighted candles to a tree.
Jump up ^ North Dakota Outdoors, Volumes 27-28. State Game and Fish Department of North Dakota. 1964. p. lvii. The first person to put candles on a Christmas tree was the 16th century German theologian Martin Luther.
Jump up ^ Dohmen, Christoph (2000). No Trace of Christmas?: Discovering Advent in the Old Testament. Liturgical Press. p. 62. ISBN 9780814627150. Christmas lights remind us Christians of Jesus, the light of the world, who causes God's love to shine forth for all humanity.
Jump up ^ Michelin (10 October 2012). Germany Green Guide Michelin 2012-2013. Michelin. p. 73. ISBN 9782067182110. Advent - The four weeks before Christmas are celebrated by counting down the days with an advent calendar, hanging up Christmas decorations and lightning an additional candle every Sunday on the four-candle advent wreath.
Jump up ^ Normark, Helena (1997). "Modern Christmas". Graphic Garden. Retrieved 9 April 2014. Christmas in Sweden starts with Advent, which is the await for the arrival of Jesus. The symbol for it is the Advent candlestick with four candles in it, and we light one more candle for each of the four Sundays before Christmas. Most people start putting up the Christmas decorations on the first of Advent.
Jump up ^ "Candlemas". British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 9 April 2014. Any Christmas decorations not taken down by Twelfth Night (January 5th) should be left up until Candlemas Day and then taken down.
Jump up ^ Raedisch, Linda (1 October 2013). The Old Magic of Christmas: Yuletide Traditions for the Darkest Days of the Year. Llewellyn Publications. p. 161. ISBN 9780738734507. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
Jump up ^ The girlhood of Queen Victoria: a selection from Her Majesty's diaries. p.61. Longmans, Green & co., 1912. University of Wisconsin
Jump up ^ "The Savoy Theatre", The Times, 3 October 1881
Jump up ^ Graeme Gooday Domesticating electricity: technology, uncertainty and gender, 1880-1914 Pickering & Chatto, 2008
Jump up ^ According to the Oxford English Dictionary, in 1871: OED Online. September 2013. Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company. Retrieved 2010-11-30
Jump up ^ "Christmas Lights and Community Building in America" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 26, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b Christmas Lights and Community Building in America, 20
Jump up ^ History
Jump up ^ North Carolina: Christmas Town U.S.A. (Local Legacies: Celebrating Community Roots - Library of Congress)
Jump up ^ Christmas in Rockefeller Center - A Holiday History - Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree News Story - WNBC | New York
Jump up ^ Friends of the Wanamaker Organ
Jump up ^ National Christmas Tree Association: Famous Trees Archived January 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ North Carolina and the Negro. North Carolina Mayors' Co-operating Committee, 1964. editors, Capus M. Waynick, John C. Brooks [and] Elsie W. Pitts. Page 94.
Jump up ^ "links to house light videos, including Miller Lite commercial". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Wizards in Winter". ConSar Lights Portfolio. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
Jump up ^ Nelson, George. "The War Years: 1941-1945". OldChristmasTreeLights.com. Retrieved 2006-11-12.
Jump up ^ "LED history". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Dungan, Jesse (December 9, 2010). "Palo Alto's 'Christmas Tree Lane' turns 70". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Chinese Town That Turns Your Old Christmas Tree Lights Into Slippers", Adam Minter, The Atlantic, Dec 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ Towns offer Christmas light recycling. Northwest Herald. November 25, 2013. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Briefs: Recycle lights before and after Christmas. November 23, 2013. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
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Effective interest rate
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
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The effective interest rate, effective annual interest rate, annual equivalent rate (AER) or simply effective rate is the interest rate on a loan or financial product restated from the nominal interest rate as an interest rate with annual compound interest payable in arrears.
It is used to compare the annual interest between loans with different compounding periods like week, month, year, etc. The effective interest rate differs in two important respects from the annual percentage rate (APR):[1]
the effective interest rate generally does not incorporate one-time charges such as front-end fees;
the effective interest rate is (generally) not defined by legal or regulatory authorities (as APR is in many jurisdictions).[2]
By contrast, the effective APR is used as a legal term, where front-fees and other costs can be included, as defined by local law.[1][2]
Annual percentage yield or effective annual yield is the analogous concept used for savings or investment products, such as a certificate of deposit. Since any loan is an investment product for the lender, the terms may be used to apply to the same transaction, depending on the point of view.
Effective annual interest or yield may be calculated or applied differently depending on the circumstances, and the definition should be studied carefully. For example, a bank may refer to the yield on a loan portfolio after expected losses as its effective yield and include income from other fees, meaning that the interest paid by each borrower may differ substantially from the bank's effective yield.
Contents
[hide]
1 Calculation
2 Effective interest rate (accountancy)
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Calculation[edit]
The effective interest rate is calculated as if compounded annually. The effective rate is calculated in the following way, where r is the effective annual rate, i the nominal rate, and n the number of compounding periods per year (for example, 12 for monthly compounding):
r = ( 1 + i n ) n − 1 {\displaystyle r\ =\ \left(1+{\frac {i}{n}}\right)^{n}-1}
For example, a nominal interest rate of 6% compounded monthly is equivalent to an effective interest rate of 6.17%. 6% compounded monthly is credited as 6%/12 = 0.005 every month. After one year, the initial capital is increased by the factor (1 + 0.005)12 ≈ 1.0617.
When the frequency of compounding is increased up to infinity the calculation will be:
r = e i − 1 {\displaystyle r\ =\ e^{i}-1}
The yield depends on the frequency of compounding:
Effective Annual Rate Based on Frequency of Compounding
Nominal Rate
Semi-Annual
Quarterly
Monthly
Daily
Continuous
1%
1.003% 1.004% 1.005% 1.005% 1.005%
5%
5.063% 5.095% 5.116% 5.127% 5.127%
10%
10.250% 10.381% 10.471% 10.516% 10.517%
15%
15.563% 15.865% 16.075% 16.180% 16.183%
20%
21.000% 21.551% 21.939% 22.134% 22.140%
30%
32.250% 33.547% 34.489% 34.969% 34.986%
40%
44.000% 46.410% 48.213% 49.150% 49.182%
50%
56.250% 60.181% 63.209% 64.816% 64.872%
The effective interest rate is a special case of the internal rate of return.
If the monthly interest rate j is known and remains constant throughout the year, the effective annual rate can be calculated as follows:
r = ( 1 + j ) 12 − 1 {\displaystyle r\ =\ (1+j)^{12}-1}
Effective interest rate (accountancy)[edit]
In accountancy the term effective interest rate is used to describe the rate used to calculate interest expense or income under the effective interest method. This is not the same as the effective annual rate, and is usually stated as an APR rate.
See also[edit]
Real interest rate
Real versus nominal value (economics)
For a zero-coupon bond such as a US treasury bill, an annual effective discount rate may be specified instead of an effective interest rate, because zero coupon bonds trade at a discount from their face values.
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b The term "nominal APR" is the annual rate without compounding, while the term "effective APR" includes compound interest and, depending on the particular legal definition, can include fees or other charges.
^ Jump up to: a b "FRB Speech: Creating More Effective Consumer Disclosures" Governor Randall S. Kroszner, May 2007, webpage: [www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/Kroszner20070523a.htm FedR-Kroszner-23a].
References[edit]
"Interest Rates: An Introduction", webpage: NYFed.
External links[edit]
http://www.miniwebtool.com/effective-interest-rate-calculator/ Online Effective Interest Rate Calculator
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Elliot Stabler
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Elliot Stabler
Law & Order character
First appearance
"Payback"
Last appearance
"Smoked"
Portrayed by
Christopher Meloni
Time on show
1999–2011
Seasons
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
Credited appearances
272 episodes (SVU)
2 episodes (L&O)
1 episode (TBJ)
275 episodes (total)
Information
Title
NYPD Detective 1st Grade
Family
Wife: Kathy Stabler
Children:
Maureen Stabler (daughter)
Kathleen Stabler (daughter)
Richard "Dickie" Stabler (son)
Elizabeth "Lizzie" Stabler (daughter)
Elliot "Eli" Stabler Jr. (son)
Parents: Joseph Stabler (father, deceased)
Bernadette Stabler (mother)
Siblings: three brothers
two sisters[1]
Partner
Olivia Benson
Donald Cragen
Lucius Blaine[2] (temporary)
Danielle Beck (temporary)
Elliot Stabler is a fictional character portrayed by Christopher Meloni and one of the lead characters on the NBC police procedural series Law & Order: Special Victims Unit during the first twelve seasons. As a result of Meloni's sudden departure from the cast at the end of the twelfth season, Stabler abruptly retires from the police force off-screen during the thirteenth-season premiere.
Contents
[hide]
1 Character overview
2 Family
3 Partners
3.1 Olivia Benson
3.2 Dani Beck
3.3 Jo Marlowe
4 Awards and decorations
5 References
Character overview[edit]
Stabler is an NYPD Detective 1st Grade with Manhattan's 16th Precinct, which investigates sex crimes. His partner during the first twelve years is Detective Olivia Benson (Mariska Hargitay). Stabler is dedicated to his job, but often takes cases personally, thus affecting his judgment. Nonetheless, Stabler has a 97-percent case-closure rate as of 2007.[3] His badge number is 6313.[1][4]
Stabler is an Irish American Catholic[1] and lives at 72-12 Castleside Street, Glen Oaks, Queens with his wife Kathy and five children (Maureen, Kathleen, Richard "Dickie", Elizabeth "Lizzie", and Elliot "Eli", Jr.). Stabler was born October 20, 1966.[1] He is devoted to his family and frequently mentions or thinks about them while working cases. He is also a practicing Catholic whose faith sometimes complicates the cases on which he works.
Stabler was born and raised in Bayside, Queens. His father, Joseph Stabler, was a policeman who lost his pension and eventually died of cancer. Stabler had a difficult relationship with his father, who physically and emotionally abused him.[4] His mother, Bernadette (née McGinley) (Ellen Burstyn), suffers from bipolar disorder and once nearly killed her son during a manic phase. As a result, Stabler has "erased his childhood", and maintains little contact with his mother.[5]
Stabler was a Marine and served in Operation Desert Storm.[6] During his time in the military, he was a hand-to-hand combat specialist.[7] He also has three tattoos, notably the Eagle, Globe, and Anchor tattoo on his forearm (the official emblem of the Marine Corps), and the crucifixion of Christ on his left bicep. One of his best friends died in the September 11 attacks.[1] He has a B.A. from Queens College.[1]
Stabler harbors a great deal of anger that is sometimes fed by his job. He is often openly aggressive and intimidating towards suspects, which can either complicate the case further, or lead to speedy confessions. When his wife Kathy leaves him in season 6, Stabler's anger rises closer to the surface, and in a few episodes, threatens to boil over. During an interrogation, serial killer Gordon Ricketts (Matthew Modine), whom Stabler had investigated 14 years earlier, tells him that they harbor the same kind of rage, and that if it weren't for his family and his job, Stabler would be just like him. When Benson and Stabler catch Ricketts about to kill a young girl, Stabler appears ready to kill him in cold blood; it is only Benson's intervention that prevents him from doing so.[8] In season 7, he goes to see a psychiatrist, Dr. Rebecca Hendrix (Mary Stuart Masterson), after using excessive force on an abusive parent. Stabler eventually opens up to Hendrix about his personal demons,[4] and they become close until Hendrix is transferred.[9] By season 9, he and Kathy reconcile, and Stabler learns to better deal with his problems.
In the season 12 finale, Stabler is forced to shoot and kill a young woman who opens fire in the Special Victims squad room. Before dying in Stabler's arms, she had killed two suspects involved in the rape and murder of her mother and injured a third, as well as killing recurring character Sister Peg (Charlayne Woodard).[10] After the shootout, Stabler is placed on administrative leave by IAB.[11] Although he is eventually cleared, it is nonetheless his sixth career "good shooting" and according to Cragen, IAB "wants to go over his entire jacket...if Elliot wants to keep his job, he's gonna have to submit to a psych eval, anger management, a lot of hoops." Confirming Benson's assurance that he will instead tell them to "go to hell", Stabler subsequently retires from the police force off screen during the thirteenth-season premiere.[12] Benson and Cragen agree that he's earned it "and then some". Nevertheless, Benson is quietly devastated by his resignation as she breaks down sobbing in the interrogation room.
Family[edit]
He married his wife, Kathy, when they were both 17 years old, and at the beginning of the series, they have four school-aged children: Maureen (born September 30, 1984),[13] Kathleen Louise (born July 13, 1989),[14] and twins Richard "Dickie", and Elizabeth "Lizzie" (both born February 21, 1993).[15] Richard (he stopped using his nickname upon entering adolescence) is named after Col. Richard Finley, a friend whom Stabler greatly admired. After years of the stress involved with being married to a police officer, Kathy Stabler leaves her husband, taking their children, and temporarily moves in with her mother.[16] Following a case involving a divorce that turned violent, Stabler signs the divorce papers, saying, "when love warps to hate, there's nothing you won't do."[17] However, after being cleared in the death of a suspect, Stabler realizes that he cannot bear to lose either his job or his family, so he seeks reconciliation with his wife.[18] A short time later, Kathy announces that she is pregnant and asks Stabler to come home.[19] After a serious car accident, Kathy delivers a healthy baby boy, Elliot Stabler, Jr. (Eli) (born November 17, 2007); however, the crash nearly cost Kathy her own life as her heartbeat flatlines while en route to the hospital in the FDNY Ambulance, but miraculously, they are able to save her.[20]
Of his five children, Kathleen and Dickie have most directly affected his job. Kathleen is twice charged with DUI;[19] he uses his clout as a police officer to make the first charge disappear, but he eventually realizes that he has to let her face the consequences of her actions, and she is sentenced to community service.[21] Kathleen then steals her father's credit card and gives it to her boyfriend, who rings up thousands of dollars in charges.[22] She is later arrested for breaking and entering and robbery, at which time doctors and her family realize that she suffers from bipolar disorder, which she inherited from her paternal grandmother, Bernadette Stabler (Ellen Burstyn). After speaking with her grandmother, Kathleen agrees to treatment.[5] She later becomes an advocate for sexual assault victims, and in one episode, helps her father on a case.[23] Dickie also occasionally gives his father problems. In an 11th-season episode, he runs away from school and tries to join the Army, something Stabler disapproves of. It later turns out that Dickie was acting out because his friend, Shane, had been murdered. Stabler refuses to sign a parental consent form for Dickie to join the Army, but resolves to be a more attentive parent.[24]
Stabler is fiercely protective of his children and becomes defensive if a suspect asks about his family; it is suggested that he sees aspects of his children in every victim. As a result, he harbors an intense hatred of pedophiles, admitting to a police psychiatrist that he sometimes fantasizes about killing them.[25] He almost loses his job as a result.[26] Stabler has occasionally seen aspects of himself in a child abuser; during one case, the actions of an abusive parent prompt him to recall an incident in which he lost his temper and raised his hand to slap his daughter Maureen, then a toddler.[27] In another, he beats up a pedophile (Tom Noonan) who posts a picture of Elizabeth on his website.[28]
Child victims tend to respond to him. For example, Stabler successfully reaches out to a 15-year-old girl (Rachael Bella) who regresses to a childlike state after being attacked by her father. SVU's resident psychiatrist, Dr. George Huang (B.D. Wong), theorizes that only Stabler would be able to reach her, as he is a father, and she is looking for another father figure.[29]
Partners[edit]
Olivia Benson[edit]
Stabler is partnered with Olivia Benson for 12 years. They are best friends, and trust each other completely. Stabler is Benson's longest relationship with a man,[30] and they have even each promised to give the other a kidney should they need a transplant.[20]
Their relationship is not without friction, however. The two sometimes argue over the cases they work on; Benson tends to be quicker to side with the victims. For example, during a case in which three women are charged with raping a male stripper, Benson and ADA Alexandra Cabot (Stephanie March) believe the man's story, while Stabler takes a cynical view of his claim from the start.[31]
Benson and Stabler are separated at times during the show. She asks for a new partner after Stabler expects her to jeopardize his life to shoot a convicted sex offender (Lou Diamond Phillips) who had kidnapped two children and killed one of them.[32] Instead, she is briefly reassigned to Computer Crimes and replaced by a Queens SVU detective, Lucius Blaine (Anthony Anderson).[2] Benson and Stabler become partners again after her replacement, Dani Beck, leaves the squad.[33] They remain partners for the rest of Stabler's time in the precinct.
Dani Beck[edit]
Stabler is assigned a temporary partner named Dani Beck (Connie Nielsen) while Benson is undercover in Oregon, embedded in an eco-terrorist group at the request of the FBI in season 8 (Mariska Hargitay was pregnant and on maternity leave). Beck takes well to the job, and she and Stabler become close. There is also some sexual tension between the two, and during one case they share a kiss.[34] The relationship goes no further, however, as Beck leaves when she realizes that she will not be able to save every victim.[35]
Jo Marlowe[edit]
Jo Marlowe (played by Sharon Stone) was Stabler's training officer. She is appointed by Jack McCoy to be the new ADA for the SVU squad during a four-episode run in season 11. Stabler reveals that he has not seen her for 15 years when she first arrives as the new ADA. Marlowe was a lieutenant in 1995 when she left the NYPD after her command decision resulted in the deaths of two of her officers.[36] She was diagnosed with an "aggressive" type of breast cancer and had a bilateral radical mastectomy a year before joining the SVU squad.[37]
Awards and decorations[edit]
The following are the medals and service awards worn by Detective Stabler, as seen in "Dolls".
American Flag Breast Bar
NYPD Medal of Honor
NYPD Unit Citation Bar
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Hate". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 5. Episode 13. January 13, 2004. NBC.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fat". Law & Order: SVU. Season 7. Episode 20. May 2, 2006. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Haystack". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 8. Episode 15. February 20, 2007. NBC.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Ripped". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 7. Episode 4. October 11, 2005. NBC.
^ Jump up to: a b "Swing". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 10. Episode 3. October 14, 2008. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Goliath". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 6. Episode 23. May 24, 2005. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Annihilated". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 8. Episode 20. May 8, 2007. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Rage". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 6. Episode 17. March 1, 2005. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Philadelphia". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 8. Episode 16. February 27, 2007. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Smoked". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 12. Episode 24. May 18, 2011. NBC.
Jump up ^ Bryant, Adam; Abrams, Natalie (August 30, 2011). "Mega Buzz: Tiva Time on NCIS? Plus: Fringe's Future and Stabler's SVU Exit". TV Guide. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Scorched Earth". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 13. Episode 1. September 21, 2011. NBC.
Jump up ^ Maureen is said to be 15 in episode "Wrong Is Right". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 2. Episode 1. October 20, 2000. NBC.
Jump up ^ Kathleen is said to be 19 in episode "Swing". Law & Order: SVU. Season 10. Episode 3. October 14, 2008. NBC.
Jump up ^ Lizzie is said to be 15 in episode "Confession". Law & Order: SVU. Season 10. Episode 2. September 30, 2008. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Doubt". Law & Order: SVU. Season 6. Episode 8. November 23, 2004. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Burned". Law & Order: SVU. Season 8. Episode 11. January 8, 2007. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Dependent". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 8. Episode 14. February 13, 2007. NBC.
^ Jump up to: a b "Screwed". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 8. Episode 22. May 22, 2007. NBC.
^ Jump up to: a b "Paternity". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 9. Episode 9. November 27, 2007. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Alternate". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 9. Episode 1. September 25, 2007. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Trials". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 10. Episode 1. September 23, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Gray". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 12. Episode 9. November 17, 2010. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Turmoil". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 11. Episode 8. November 11, 2009. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Slaves". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 1. Episode 22. May 19, 2000. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Wrong is Right". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 2. Episode 1. October 20, 2000. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Shaken". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 5. Episode 10. March 25, 2003. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Confession". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 10. Episode 2. September 30, 2008. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Resilience". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 4. Episode 10. December 6, 2002. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Futility". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 4. Episode 22. April 25, 2003. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Ridicule". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 3. Episode 10. December 14, 2001. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Fault". Law & Order: SVU. Season 7. Episode 19. April 4, 2006. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Choreographed". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 8. Episode 9. November 28, 2006. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Underbelly". Law & Ordr: Special Victims Unit. Season 8. Episode 7. November 14, 2006. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Cage". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 8. Episode 8. November 21, 2006. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Ace". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 11. Episode 22. May 5, 2010. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Shattered". Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 11. Episode 24. May 19, 2010. NBC.
[hide]
v
t
e
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Characters
Detectives
Elliot Stabler
Olivia Benson
John Munch
Monique Jeffries
Fin Tutuola
Chester Lake
Nick Amaro
Amanda Rollins
Dominick Carisi Jr.
Commanding officers
Donald Cragen
Olivia Benson
Assistant District Attorneys
Alexandra Cabot
Casey Novak
Kim Greylek
Rafael Barba
Doctors
George Huang
Melinda Warner
Other characters
Barry Moredock
Brian Cassidy
Elizabeth Donnelly
Michael Cutter
Sonya Paxton
Jack McCoy
Seasons
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Notable episodes
"Payback"
"911"
"Authority"
"Cold"
"Zebras"
"Behave"
"Smoked"
"Scorched Earth"
"Justice Denied"
"Father Dearest"
"Rhodium Nights"
"Lost Reputation"
"Above Suspicion"
"Acceptable Loss"
"Manhattan Vigil"
"Comic Perversion"
"Glasgowman's Wrath"
"Chicago Crossover"
See also
Cast members
Awards and nominations
Law & Order franchise
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elliot_Stabler&oldid=830820113"
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