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Top Chef (season 15)
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Top Chef (season 15)
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
14
Release
Original network
Bravo
Original release
December 7, 2017 (2017-12-07) – March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Additional information
Host(s)
Padma Lakshmi
Judges
Tom Colicchio
Gail Simmons
Graham Elliot
No. of contestants
19
Location(s)
Colorado
Winner
Joseph Flamm
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 14
List of Top Chef episodes
Top Chef: Colorado is the fifteenth season of the American reality television series Top Chef. Initial details about the season and its cast were revealed on October 12, 2017.[1] The show was filmed in various cities across Colorado, including Denver, Boulder, Telluride, and Aspen.[2] The season premiered on December 7, 2017, and concluded on March 8, 2018.[2] Last Chance Kitchen premiered on November 30, 2017.[2] In the season finale, Joseph Flamm was declared the Top Chef, defeating Adrienne Cheatham.[3] Fatima Ali was voted Fan Favorite.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Contestants
1.1 New contestants
1.2 Returning contestants
2 Contestant progress
3 Episodes
4 Last Chance Kitchen
4.1 Episodes
5 References
6 External links
Contestants[edit]
Top Chef: Colorado features a cast of 15 new contestants.[1] In addition, four returning competitors from previous seasons competed in the Last Chance Kitchen for the opportunity to enter the main competition: Top Chef: San Francisco contestant Lee Anne Wong, Top Chef: Los Angeles runner-up and All-Stars contestant Marcel Vigneron, Top Chef: California contestant Kwame Onwuachi, and Top Chef: Las Vegas finalist and All-Stars contestant Jennifer Carroll.[5] Following the sixth episode of Last Chance Kitchen, Wong was selected to join the main cast.
New contestants[edit]
Name[1]
Current Residence
Fatima Ali New York, New York
Tyler Anderson Simsbury, Connecticut
Carrie Baird Denver, Colorado
Adrienne Cheatham New York, New York
Laura Cole Denali National Park, Alaska
Joseph Flamm Chicago, Illinois
Rogelio Garcia San Francisco, California
Tanya Holland Oakland, California
Bruce Kalman Los Angeles, California
Brother Luck Colorado Springs, Colorado
Melissa Perfit San Francisco, California
Tu David Phu Oakland, California
Joe Sasto III Los Angeles, California
Christopher "Chris" Scott Brooklyn, New York
Claudette Zepeda-Wilkins San Diego, California
Returning contestants[edit]
Name[5]
Current Residence
Season(s)
Jennifer Carroll Washington, D.C. Season 6, 8
Kwame Onwuachi Washington, D.C. Season 13
Marcel Vigneron Los Angeles, California Season 2, 8
Lee Anne Wong Honolulu, Hawaii Season 1
Contestant progress[edit]
Episode #
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Quickfire Challenge
Winner(s)
Tu Joseph Brother Adrienne N/A Chris Carrie N/A Carrie1 Chris1 Carrie1 Joe1 Joseph1 N/A
Contestant
Elimination Challenge Results
1
Joseph
IN IN IN LOW IN IN HIGH WIN OUT5 HIGH6 IN WIN WINNER
2
Adrienne
LOW LOW LOW IN IN LOW IN HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH WIN LOW RUNNER-UP
3
Joe
IN IN WIN HIGH IN LOW WIN LOW LOW WIN WIN IN OUT
4
Carrie
LOW WIN IN IN HIGH IN IN HIGH WIN HIGH LOW OUT
5
Chris
HIGH HIGH LOW WIN LOW IN LOW LOW WIN LOW OUT
6
Bruce
IN IN LOW LOW WIN HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW OUT
7
Fatima
HIGH HIGH HIGH IN IN IN IN LOW OUT
8
Claudette
IN OUT IN3 HIGH LOW OUT
9
Tanya
IN HIGH IN HIGH LOW WIN OUT
10
Brother
IN IN LOW IN IN OUT
11
Lee Anne
HIGH3 WD4
12
Tu
IN IN LOW IN OUT
13
Tyler
WIN LOW HIGH OUT
14
Rogelio
IN LOW OUT
15
Laura
IN HIGH OUT2
16
Melissa
OUT
^Note 1 : The chef(s) did not receive immunity for winning the Quickfire Challenge.
^Note 2 : Laura lost the Sudden Death Quickfire Challenge and was eliminated.
^Note 3 : Following Episode 6 of Last Chance Kitchen, Claudette rejoined the competition and Lee Anne was introduced as a regular competitor.
^Note 4 : Due to severe altitude sickness, Lee Anne voluntarily withdrew from the competition.
^Note 5 : Joseph lost the Sudden Death Quickfire Challenge and was eliminated.
^Note 6 : Joseph won Last Chance Kitchen and returned to the competition.
(WINNER) The chef won the season and was crowned "Top Chef".
(RUNNER-UP) The chef was the runner-up for the season.
(WIN) The chef won the Elimination Challenge.
(HIGH) The chef was selected as one of the top entries in the Elimination Challenge, but did not win.
(IN) The chef was not selected as one of the top or bottom entries in the Elimination Challenge and was safe.
(LOW) The chef was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Elimination Challenge, but was not eliminated.
(OUT) The chef lost the Elimination Challenge and was out of the competition.
(WD) The chef voluntarily withdrew from the competition.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Top Chef episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
218
1 "It'll Take More than Pot Luck" December 7, 2017 (2017-12-07)
Quickfire Challenge: To introduce themselves to the judges and their fellow competitors, the chefs had to create a dish for a potluck. The contestants then voted for their most and least favorite dishes. The winner received immunity from elimination.
WINNER: Tu (Corn Salpicon)
Elimination Challenge: The chefs were tasked with putting a modern spin on a meat and potatoes dish. The dishes were served to 200 Denver locals at a block party located in Larimer Square.
WINNER: Tyler (Sweet Potato Purée with Crispy Potatoes & Smoked Pork Gravy)
ELIMINATED: Melissa (Yukon Potato Purée with Braised Pork Shoulder & Fennel Salad)
219
2 "Smile and Say Mise" December 14, 2017 (2017-12-14)
Quickfire Challenge: Divided into two teams, the chefs competed in the series' traditional mise en place relay race. The race consisted of three tasks: peel and brunoise shallots; peel, destem, and slice mushrooms; and butcher twenty pieces of beef tenderloin. The members of the winning team then competed against each other, cooking dishes using the three prepped ingredients. The winner received immunity from elimination, US$5,000, and a year's supply of Blue Apron dinners. The guest judge for the challenge was chef Troy Guard.
WINNER: Joseph (Shallot, Mushroom & Ginger-Marinated Tenderloin with Peppers)
Elimination Challenge: The chefs, remaining in the same teams from the Quickfire Challenge, were required to prepare a four-course meal which incorporated four different cheeses. The guest judge for the challenge was chef Alex Seidel.
WINNER: Carrie (Potato & Ricotta Dumpling with Butter Sauce & Hazelnut Relish)
ELIMINATED: Claudette (Smoked Trout with Cacio Pecora, Trout Skin Chips & Zucchini)
220
3 "Keep on Truckin" December 21, 2017 (2017-12-21)
Sudden Death Quickfire Challenge: The chefs deconstructed the Denver omelette. The winner received immunity from elimination. The guest judge for the challenge was chef Lachlan Mackinnon-Patterson.
WINNER: Brother (Smoked Duck Egg with Red Pepper Gastrique, Cheddar & Ham Tempura & Pepper Salad)
Sudden Death Cook-Off: Laura, Rogelio, and Tanya, who made the judges' least favorite dishes, competed against each other in a sudden death cook-off, where they had to make the perfect French omelette. The loser was immediately eliminated from the competition.
ELIMINATED: Laura (Mascarpone & Tarragon Omelette)
Elimination Challenge: The chefs, separated into teams of three, had to create a food truck concept with a cohesive three-item menu, which would be served to 150 college students. Each diner was provided a ticket to exchange at one food truck; the team who received the most tickets was safe from elimination. The guest judge for the challenge was Top Chef: New York winner Hosea Rosenberg.
WINNER: Joe ("Sticky Licky" Chicken Wings with Sake & Kale)
ELIMINATED: Rogelio ("Nibble On Your Ear" Elote Salad with Queso Fresco & Pepitas)
221
4 "Little Tools, Big Challenge" December 28, 2017 (2017-12-28)
Quickfire Challenge: The chefs elevated items from a traditional kids' menu; they were also limited to using kids-sized kitchen equipment. The winner received immunity from elimination. The guest judge for the challenge was chef Curtis Stone.
WINNER: Adrienne (Cauliflower Crust Pizza with Ricotta Spread, Tomato Compote & Fried Quail Egg)
Elimination Challenge: The chefs created dishes inspired by their heritage and backgrounds. The guest judge for the challenge was Food & Wine contributor Nilou Motamed.
WINNER: Chris (Lemonade-Fried Chicken with Collard Greens, Buttermilk Biscuits & Hot Sauce)
ELIMINATED: Tyler (Spiced Tri-Tip with Swedish Potato Pancake, Swedish Meatballs & Pico de Gallo)
222
5 "This Is Not Glamping" January 4, 2018 (2018-01-04)
Elimination Challenge: While camping outside near the mountains of Estes Park, the chefs had to create a meal using only camping equipment and ingredients native to Colorado. The guest judge for the challenge was chef Naomi Pomeroy. Prior to the challenge, Claudette and Lee Anne were selected by head judge Colicchio to join the main competition, following their wins in Episode 6 of Last Chance Kitchen.
WINNER: Bruce (Egg Yolk Cavatelli, Wild Boar Sugo, Roasted Ramps, Carrots & Fresh Ricotta)
ELIMINATED: Tu (Rabbit Three Ways: Soy-Poached Hind Leg with Carrot Duxelles, Loin Medallions, Fried Foreleg with Szechuan Gastrique)
223
6 "Now That's a Lot of Schnitzel" January 11, 2018 (2018-01-11)
Quickfire Challenge: The chefs had to cook one of the most complicated dishes from their restaurants' menus in only 30 minutes. The winner received immunity from elimination and had their recipe featured in a BuzzFeed Tasty video. The guest judge for the challenge was Top Chef: All-Stars winner Richard Blais.
WINNER: Chris (Pepper Pot Shrimp with Jerk Spice, Peppers & Onions)
Elimination Challenge: The chefs were responsible for elevating traditional German cuisine. In addition, each contestant had to create their own original radler to pair with their dish. The guest judge for the challenge was chef Keegan Gerhard.
WINNER: Tanya (Peach & Ginger Radler with Pork Apple Croquettes in Cheddar Mustard Sauce)
ELIMINATED: Brother (Chai Tea Radler with Summer Sausage Egg Roll, Bok Choy, Apple & Potato)
WITHDREW: Lee Anne
224
7 "Olympic Dreams" January 18, 2018 (2018-01-18)
Quickfire Challenge: The chefs made breakfast dishes featuring Nutella. The winner received immunity from elimination and US$5,000. The guest judge for the challenge was Top Chef: Charleston winner Brooke Williamson.
WINNER: Carrie (Eggs Benedict with Nutella, Strawberry Habanero Jam & Hollandaise)
Elimination Challenge: The chefs participated in a team challenge inspired by the 2018 Winter Olympics. In teams of three, the contestants competed head-to-head in three rounds showcasing speed, precision, and creativity. The dishes were served in the Top Chef kitchen, which was converted into an arena setting, to 70 diners, including Olympians Meryl Davis, Gus Kenworthy, and John Daly. In the speed round, the chefs had to feed 30 diners in 45 minutes. In the precision round, the chefs had to cook a protein to the perfect temperature and compose their dish using three knife cut techniques: chiffonade, bâtonnet, and brunoise. In the creativity round, the chefs had to produce the most creative dish possible using a mystery protein. The team with the lowest combined score after all three rounds faced elimination. The guest judge for the challenge was originally chef John Besh. However, following numerous sexual harassment allegations against him in late 2017, Bravo made the decision to edit Besh out of the episode.[6][7]
WINNER: Joe (Beef Short Rib Casoncelli with Carrots & Ramps)
ELIMINATED: Tanya (North African Leg of Lamb with Chiffonade Collard Greens, Couscous, Shallot Brunoise, Glazed Carrot & Zucchini Bâtonnet)
225
8 "Restaurant Wars" January 25, 2018 (2018-01-25)
Elimination Challenge: The chefs competed in Top Chef's traditional Restaurant Wars challenge. The contestants, split into two teams, were responsible for transforming an empty space into a fully functioning pop-up restaurant within 24 hours. As usual, the teams were required to cook three-course meals; however, instead of two options, they had to create three options per course, resulting in nine total dishes. To help with the increased workload, each team was allowed to select one sous chef from the pool of previously eliminated chefs. The winning team received US$40,000. The guest judges for the challenge were chefs Bruce Bromberg and Eric Bromberg.
Conifer: Adrienne, Bruce, Carrie, Joseph
First Course:
Hiramasa Crudo, Diced Cucumber, Pickled Green Almond & Neonata Oil (Joseph)
Local Kale Salad with Beets Three Ways: Raisined, Roasted & Pickled (Carrie)
Braised Pork Meatball with Polenta, Amatriciana Sauce, Parmigiano Reggiano & House Giardiniera (Bruce)
Second Course:
Roasted Duck Breast, Corn Purée, Roasted Apricots & Duck Jus (Joseph)
Red Pepper Orecchiette with Lamb Sausage, Fava Beans, Pea & Fava Shoots (Bruce)
Colorado Sea Bass, Wheat Berries, Port Reduction, Chive Oil & Pickled Cauliflower (Adrienne)
Third Course:
Apple Upside-Down Cake, Apricot, Apple Butter Bourbon Glaze (Bruce)
Lemon Curd, Sugar Cookie, Mint Gelée (Carrie)
Caramelized White Chocolate Buttermilk Cake with Crème Fraîche Ice Cream (Adrienne)
Common Place: Chris, Claudette, Fatima, Joe
First Course:
Top Round Tartare, Three Pepper Aoili & Sweet Potato Chips (Fatima)
Shigoku Oysters with Spring Pea Foam & Kombucha Pickled Rhubarb (Joe)
Chicken Purse with Charred Spring Onion in Chicken Broth (Joe)
Second Course:
Bone Marrow with Blue Prawns, Avocado Purée, Tomatillos, Chili Peppers & Peanuts (Claudette)
Ricotta Dumplings with Mushrooms, Charred Broccoli & Broccoli Flowers (Joe)
Braised Pork Shoulder & Cheek with Amaranth, Quinoa, Millet Grain Cake & Horseradish Cream (Chris)
Third Course:
Beet Donut, Chocolate Cream Ganache, Beet Fennel Chutney (Chris)
Sundae, Financier, Berry Sauce, Smoked & Toasted Almonds (Claudette)
Skyr with Miso Chickpeas, White Chocolate Caramelized Crumble & Pickled Cherries (Claudette)
WINNER: Joseph
ELIMINATED: Claudette
226
9 "Bronco Brouhaha" February 1, 2018 (2018-02-01)
Sudden Death Quickfire Challenge: The chefs incorporated edible flowers into their dishes. Beginning with this challenge, immunity from elimination was no longer awarded to the winner. The guest judge for the challenge was chef David Kinch.
WINNER: Carrie ("Fancy Toast": Lavender, Fig & Goat Cheese Toast with Candied Pecans)
Sudden Death Cook-Off: Chris, Joe, and Joseph, who made the judges' least favorite dishes, competed against each other in a sudden death cook-off. Their dishes were required to substitute one ingredient with cauliflower. The loser was immediately eliminated from the competition.
ELIMINATED: Joseph (Purple Cauliflower Risotto with Caramelized Cauliflower Purée & Pickled Romanesco Broccoli)
Elimination Challenge: Working in teams of two, the chefs had to create one plate of food for a tailgate Super Bowl party at Sports Authority Field at Mile High. The winners each received a trip for two to Super Bowl LII. The guest judge for the challenge was chef Adam Perry Lang.
WINNERS: Carrie and Chris (Pork Green Chili Poutine with Stadium Fries)
ELIMINATED: Fatima ("Blue & Orange" Nachos with Achiote Rubbed Chicken, Black Lentils, Cheese Sauce & Peach Habanero Salsa)
227
10 "Red Rum and Then Some" February 8, 2018 (2018-02-08)
Quickfire Challenge: The chefs traveled to The Stanley Hotel, where they crafted desserts visualizing their worst nightmares.
WINNER: Chris ("Pushed From 12,000 Feet": Chocolate Buttermilk Cake with Sour Cream, Black Salt & Marzipan)
Elimination Challenge: The chefs were tasked with creating dishes that embodied their culinary journeys on Top Chef. The dishes were served at the Colorado Governor's Mansion to a table of guests, including Governor of Colorado John Hickenlooper. The guest judge for the challenge was chef Frank Bonanno.
WINNER: Joe (Lamb Agnolotti with Beets, Hazelnuts & Cacio Pecora Cheese)
ELIMINATED: Bruce (Roasted Duck with Toasted Barley & Corn, Topped with Salsify)
228
11 "Cooking High" February 15, 2018 (2018-02-15)
Quickfire Challenge: The chefs served gastropub-inspired dishes featuring sarsaparilla. The guest judge for the challenge was chef Wylie Dufresne.
WINNER: Carrie ("Top of the French Onion Soup" with Sarsaparilla-Deglazed Onions & Beef Stock)
Elimination Challenge: The chefs had to create high concept dishes under high-altitude cooking conditions. The dishes were served at Alpino Vino, the highest elevation restaurant in North America, which sits at approximately 12,000 feet (3.7 km) above sea level. Each chef was also required to include a baking element to their dish. The guest judges for the challenge were chefs Wylie Dufresne and Paul Liebrandt.
WINNER: Joe (Roasted Duck with Spring Peas, Cherry Jam & Kombucha Cherry Puffs)
ELIMINATED: Chris (Crispy Black Pepper Quail with Corn Pudding, Butternut Squash, Maple & Bacon Cornbread)
229
12 "Nut Allergy" February 22, 2018 (2018-02-22)
Quick Fire Challenge: The chefs had to create a dish with Rocky Mountain oysters prepared two ways. The guest judges for the challenge were Top Chef: Las Vegas winner Michael Voltaggio and his brother Bryan Voltaggio. The winner received an advantage in the following Elimination Challenge.
WINNER: Joe (Cornflake-Breaded Rocky Mountain Oysters, White Bean Purée & Brown Butter Braised Rocky Mountain Oysters)
Elimination Challenge: The chefs were greeted by their family members at a surprise reunion. After enjoying a meal served by the contestants' family, the chefs were instructed to take the dish cooked by their relative and elevate it to the next level. As the winner of the Quickfire Challenge, Joe received an extra 30 minutes of prep time.
WINNER: Adrienne ("Mom's Gumbo" Butter-Poached King Crab Leg & Shrimp with Trinity, Fried Andouille Chips & Rice)
ELIMINATED: Carrie (Beef Stroganoff Raviolo with Buffalo Sausage, Mushroom Duxelle, Herbed Crème Fraîche & Caramelized Onions)
230
13 "A Little Place Called Aspen" March 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)
Quick Fire Challenge: The chefs had to go fly fishing, catch a trout, and cook a dish within the allotted time frame. The guest judge for the challenge was Top Chef Masters Season 4 winner Chris Cosentino. The winner received an advantage in the following Elimination Challenge.
WINNER: Joseph (Pan-Seared Trout, Black Garlic Beurre Blanc with Fennel, Mushrooms, Asparagus & Bread Crumbs)
Elimination Challenge: The chefs served vegetarian dishes to various chefs and food connoisseurs attending the Food & Wine Classic in Aspen, including Brooke Williamson, Danny Meyer, Bryan Voltaggio, Michael Voltaggio, Ludo Lefebvre, Scott Conant, and Tim Love. To help with the challenge, each contestant received the assistance of one of the three most recently eliminated competitors: Carrie, Chris, and Bruce. As the winner of the Quickfire Challenge, Joseph was able to select his own sous chef and assign his opponents'. He selected Carrie for himself, Bruce for Adrienne, and Chris for Joe. The guest judge for the challenge was chef Daniel Boulud.
WINNER: Joseph (Grilled Baby Zucchini Topped with Hazelnut Zucchini Pesto, Mushroom Vinaigrette, Goat Cheese & Raw Asparagus Salad)
ELIMINATED: Joe (Beet Carpaccio with Beet Yogurt, Green Bean Tomato Vinaigrette & Sourdough Bread)
231
14 "Finale" March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Elimination Challenge: The finalists had to create the best four-course progressive meal of their lives. Each finalist received help from two sous chefs, consisting of previously eliminated contestants. Adrienne was assisted by Chris and Carrie, while Joseph was assisted by Joe and Fatima. The guest judges for the challenge were Jonathan Waxman, Nancy Silverton, and Curtis Duffy.
Adrienne:
First Course: Spoon Bread, Sea Urchin, Buttermilk Dashi, Ham, Caviar & Wheat Tuile
Second Course: Blackened Octopus with Squid Ink Grits & Fennel Chow-Chow
Third Course: Cheerwine-Braised Short Rib, Black Eyed Peas with Ham Hock & Cheerwine Bone Marrow Bordelaise
Fourth Course: Banana Pudding with Yuzu, Banana Spears & Vanilla Wafers
Joseph:
First Course: "Tonno Vitellato" - Raw Tuna with Veal Demi Aioli, Smoked Wagyu Powder & Capers
Second Course: "Tortellini En Brodo" - Grano Arso Tortellini, Pig Head, Apple, Black Truffle & Braising Liquid Broth
Third Course: "Manzo Di Colorado" - Roasted Beef Ribeye with Roasted Asparagus & Smoked Bone Marrow Sauce
Fourth Course: "Torta Della Nonna" - Brown Sugar Cake, Whipped Ricotta, Blueberry Thyme Sauce & Chocolate Shards
WINNER: Joseph
RUNNER-UP: Adrienne
Last Chance Kitchen[edit]
Main article: Top Chef § Last Chance Kitchen
Episodes[edit]
No.
Title
Original air date
1
"Catch Me Up...Quick!" November 30, 2017 (2017-11-30)
Challenge: The four returning Top Chef contestants had to create a dish that represented their current ventures as a chef. In addition, the contestants had to agree upon five ingredients which they would all have to incorporate into their dishes; they chose cauliflower, lamb, serrano peppers, fennel, and olives. Only three contestants would move on to compete against the first eliminated chef from the main cast.
Jennifer: Lamb Croquettes, Crème Fraîche with Gochujang & Lemon Zest
Kwame: Moroccan Lamb Stew, Castelvetrano Olives, Cashews, Fennel
Lee Anne: Cauliflower Soup, Ground Lamb & Flatbread
Marcel: Vadouvan Lamb Rack, Olive, Pine Nuts, Fennel Fronds, Fennel Pollen & Roasted Cauliflower
WINNER: Lee Anne
ELIMINATED: Jennifer
2
"All of a Spudden" December 7, 2017 (2017-12-07)
Challenge: The chefs had to create a dish featuring potatoes.
Kwame: Potato Écrasé, Potato Crumble, Lemon, Smoked Paprika, Crispy Pancetta
Lee Anne: Herb, Kale & Potato Purée, Crispy Potato Batonnet, Potato Ring, Seared Scallop & Andouille Sausage
Marcel: French Fry Potato with Aji Amarillo Sauce
Melissa: Pan-Seared Salmon, Confit Fingerling Potatoes, Yukon Gold Potato Chips, Chive Oil with Lemon
WINNER: Marcel
ELIMINATED: Melissa
3
"Miss Muffet's Favorite" December 14, 2017 (2017-12-14)
Challenge: Inspired by the Little Miss Muffet nursery rhyme, the chefs had to create a dish using cheese curds, whey, and dried zebra tarantulas.
Claudette: Ha Sikil Pak, Fried Sweet Potato Skins & Tarantula
Kwame: Grilled Flatbread with Whey Sauce & Cheese Curds, Crispy Tarantula
Lee Anne: Crispy Tarantula over "Grime Time" of Fried Curds & Piquillo Pepper Compote, Whey Honey Vinaigrette
Marcel: Fresh Mozzarella, Heirloom Tomato, Whey Emulsion, Prosciutto, Tarantula Gremolata
WINNER: Claudette
ELIMINATED: Marcel
4
"Two Wrongs" December 21, 2017 (2017-12-21)
Challenge: The chefs were shown seven baskets filled with unusual pairings of ingredients: vanilla beans and pickles, strawberries and garlic, liquorice and peanut butter, sour candy and gochujang, bonito flakes and chocolate, bananas and capers, and coffee and anchovy paste. Each contestant had to select one basket and create a cohesive dish using their ingredients, attempting to turn "two wrongs into a right". Following the judging, two chefs were eliminated.
Claudette (Bonito Flakes & Chocolate): Seared Venison with Raspberry Mole
Kwame (Bananas & Capers): Nigerian Red Pepper Chicken Stew, Plantain Chips, Pickled Pepper & Crispy Capers
Laura (Strawberries & Garlic): Black Garlic Roasted Halibut with Strawberry, Heirloom Tomato & Garlic Salsa
Lee Anne (Vanilla & Pickles): Veracruz Chicken with Dried Chiles, Vanilla, Orange & Grapefruit Juice, Cucumber Salsa
Rogelio (Sour Candy & Gochujang): Sour Candy-Marinated Tuna, Fennel, Apple, Pepper & Red Onion Escabeche
WINNER: Claudette
ELIMINATED: Laura and Rogelio
5
"All in Your Head" December 28, 2017 (2017-12-28)
Challenge (Part 1): In the first round of a two-part challenge, the chefs had to create dishes using animal heads.
Claudette: Taco de Lengua - Pork Tongue Taco with Mushrooms, Cabbage Slaw, Salsa Verde
Kwame: Traditional Thai Curry with Salmon, Garlic Chips & Flat Bread
Lee Anne: Braised & Fried Halibut Cheek, Sautéed Vegetables, Lamb & Black Bean Sauce
Tyler: Pork Cheek Braised in Brown Butter Currant Sauce, Sweet Potato Purée, Spaghetti Squash
WINNER: Kwame
ELIMINATED: Tyler
6
"Cook with Your Guts" December 28, 2017 (2017-12-28)
Challenge (Part 2): In the second round of a two-part challenge, the chefs had to create dishes using the innards of various animals. The winners of the challenge earned spots in the main competition.
Claudette: Picadillo Tetela with Chicken Livers & Cherries, Chintextle (Oaxacan Mother Sauce)
Kwame: Chicken Heart Sofrito with Crispy Shallots, Confit Potatoes, Potato Tostones & Chicken Gremolata
Lee Anne: Beef Liver Dumplings with Garlic, Shallots, Shoyu, Ginger & Chili Oil
WINNERS: Claudette and Lee Anne
ELIMINATED: Kwame
7
"Make Like a Tree and Leaf" January 11, 2018 (2018-01-11)
Challenge: The chefs made dishes highlighting the flavors and textures of the unconventionally eaten parts of the tree, such as spruce tips, pine tips, curry leaves, and kaffir lime leaves.
Brother: Pork Chop with Avocado Leaf Ash & Guajillo Chilis, Lime & Jalapeño Syrup, Charred Pineapple & Mango
Tu: Chicken Curry, Curry Leaves, Bay Leaves & Kaffir Lime Leaves
WINNER: Brother
ELIMINATED: Tu
8
"Speed Round" January 18, 2018 (2018-01-18)
Challenge: The chefs were allowed to cook any dish, but were only given ten minutes to do so.
Brother: Seared Trout, Chorizo Vinaigrette & Cauliflower Purée
Tanya: Blackened Salmon with Romesco Sauce
WINNER: Brother
ELIMINATED: Tanya
9
"Last Last Chance" January 25, 2018 (2018-01-25)
Challenge: The chefs had to create dishes using produce that has gone bad; they were also restricted from using any proteins.
Brother: Grilled Artichoke, Charred Eggplant Purée, Miso, Nutmeg, Morels, Confit of Tomatoes & Chive
Claudette: Plantain Molotes, Heirloom Tomato Caldillo, Cabbage Avocado Slaw with Crema
WINNER: Brother
ELIMINATED: Claudette
10
"Ultimate Top Chef Taco Bar" February 1, 2018 (2018-02-01)
Challenge: The chefs put their own spin on tacos. Instead of creating the entire dish themselves, the chefs had to lay out the components for their tacos and allow Colicchio, as well as the other eliminated contestants, to build their own. In addition, at least one component had to incorporate Hidden Valley ranch seasoning.
Brother: Borracho Beans, Roasted Tomato Salsa, Grilled Carne Asada, Cotija Corn, Pickled Poblanos, Ranch Chipotle Crema
Fatima: Chana Masala, Poached Quail Eggs, Seven Spice New York Strip, Tamarind Chile Sauce, Ranch & Preserved Lemon Crème Fraîche, Avocado Coconut Crema
Joseph: Ranch Tostadas, Ponzu & Cilantro Cod, Mirin Pickled Onions, Corn & Napa Kimchi, Ranch Yuzu Crema, Furikake Radishes, Gochujang Salsa
WINNER: Joseph
ELIMINATED: Fatima
11
"Goldilocks and the Three Bears" February 8, 2018 (2018-02-08)
Challenge: Inspired by the fairy tale "Goldilocks and the Three Bears", the chefs had to create a porridge dish.
Brother: White Quinoa Porridge, Seared Seabass, Cranberry Apple Chutney
Bruce: Farro & Barley Porridge, Seared Sea Scallop, Poached Egg, Pickled Mustard Green & Wild Mushroom
Joseph: Seared Steak, Barley Porridge Milanese, Tomato Conserva, Parmigiano Reggiano
WINNER: Brother
ELIMINATED: Bruce
12
"Finale" February 8, 2018 (2018-02-08)
Challenge: The finalists were allowed to cook any dish. The dishes were served to Colicchio, guest judge Lachlan Mackinnon-Patterson, and the gallery of previously eliminated chefs, who then voted for their favorite dish. The chef who received the most votes was declared the winner of Last Chance Kitchen and rejoined the main competition.
Brother: Stuffed Chicken Breast with Pecorino & Jalapeno, Roasted Chili Apple, Butternut Squash & Brussels Sprouts Hash, Lime Crema with Nitro Raspberries
Joseph: Lamb Shoulder, Fava Bean Pesto, Charred Fava Pecorino, Shallot & Balsamic Glaze
WINNER: Joseph
ELIMINATED: Brother
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Calderone, Ana (October 12, 2017). "Watch the First Trailer for Top Chef Colorado and Meet All the New Cheftestants". People. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rosenfeld, Laura (October 12, 2017). "Top Chef Returns This December: Get Your First Look at the Epic New Season". Bravo. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Swartz, Tracy (March 8, 2018). "Which Chicago native won 'Top Chef'?". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Komonibo, Ineye (March 12, 2018). "The Votes Are In! Find Out Which Cheftestant Is Your Top Chef Fan Favorite". Bravo. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Rosenfeld, Laura (November 29, 2017). "What?! A Top Chef Alum Could Return to the Competition in Season 15". Bravo. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stanhope, Kate (October 24, 2017). "'Top Chef' "Evaluating" John Besh Appearance After Sexual Harassment Allegations". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andrews, Travis (December 13, 2017). "'Top Chef' cuts John Besh from episode after sexual harassment allegations". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
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OSI model
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
OSI model
by layer
7. Application layer[show]
NNTP
SIP
SSI
DNS
FTP
Gopher
HTTP
NFS
NTP
SMPP
SMTP
SNMP
Telnet
DHCP
Netconf
more....
6. Presentation layer[show]
MIME
XDR
ASN.1
5. Session layer[show]
Named pipe
NetBIOS
SAP
PPTP
RTP
SOCKS
SPDY
4. Transport layer[show]
TCP
UDP
SCTP
DCCP
SPX
3. Network layer[show]
IP
IPv4
IPv6
ICMP
IPsec
IGMP
IPX
AppleTalk
X.25 PLP
2. Data link layer[show]
ATM
ARP
IS-IS
SDLC
HDLC
CSLIP
SLIP
GFP
PLIP
IEEE 802.2
LLC
MAC
L2TP
IEEE 802.3
Frame Relay
ITU-T G.hn DLL
PPP
X.25 LAPB
Q.921 LAPD
Q.922 LAPF
1. Physical layer[show]
EIA/TIA-232
EIA/TIA-449
ITU-T V-Series
I.430
I.431
PDH
SONET/SDH
PON
OTN
DSL
IEEE 802.3
IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.15
IEEE 802.16
IEEE 1394
ITU-T G.hn PHY
USB
Bluetooth
RS-232
RS-449
v
t
e
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology. Its goal is the interoperability of diverse communication systems with standard protocols. The model partitions a communication system into abstraction layers. The original version of the model defined seven layers.
A layer serves the layer above it and is served by the layer below it. For example, a layer that provides error-free communications across a network provides the path needed by applications above it, while it calls the next lower layer to send and receive packets that comprise the contents of that path. Two instances at the same layer are visualized as connected by a horizontal connection in that layer.
The model is a product of the Open Systems Interconnection project at the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), maintained by the identification ISO/IEC 7498-1.
Communication in the OSI-Model (example with layers 3 to 5)
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Description of OSI layers
2.1 Layer 1: Physical Layer
2.2 Layer 2: Data Link Layer
2.3 Layer 3: Network Layer
2.4 Layer 4: Transport Layer
2.5 Layer 5: Session Layer
2.6 Layer 6: Presentation Layer
2.7 Layer 7: Application Layer
3 Cross-layer functions
4 Interfaces
5 Examples
6 Comparison with TCP/IP model
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
In the late 1970s, one project was administered by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), while another was undertaken by the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT, from French: Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique). These two international standards bodies each developed a document that defined similar networking models.
In 1983, these two documents were merged to form a standard called The Basic Reference Model for Open Systems Interconnection. The standard is usually referred to as the Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model, the OSI Reference Model, or simply the OSI model. It was published in 1984 by both the ISO, as standard ISO 7498, and the renamed CCITT (now called the Telecommunications Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunication Union or ITU-T) as standard X.200.
OSI had two major components, an abstract model of networking, called the Basic Reference Model or seven-layer model, and a set of specific protocols.
The concept of a seven-layer model was provided by the work of Charles Bachman at Honeywell Information Services. Various aspects of OSI design evolved from experiences with the ARPANET, NPLNET, EIN, CYCLADES network and the work in IFIP WG6.1. The new design was documented in ISO 7498 and its various addenda. In this model, a networking system was divided into layers. Within each layer, one or more entities implement its functionality. Each entity interacted directly only with the layer immediately beneath it, and provided facilities for use by the layer above it.
Protocols enable an entity in one host to interact with a corresponding entity at the same layer in another host. Service definitions abstractly described the functionality provided to an (N)-layer by an (N-1) layer, where N was one of the seven layers of protocols operating in the local host.
The OSI standards documents are available from the ITU-T as the X.200-series of recommendations.[1] Some of the protocol specifications were also available as part of the ITU-T X series. The equivalent ISO and ISO/IEC standards for the OSI model were available from ISO. Not all are free of charge.[2]
Description of OSI layers[edit]
The recommendation X.200 describes seven layers, labeled 1 to 7. Layer 1 is the lowest layer in this model.
OSI Model
Layer
Protocol data unit (PDU)
Function[3]
Host
layers
7. Application Data High-level APIs, including resource sharing, remote file access
6. Presentation Translation of data between a networking service and an application; including character encoding, data compression and encryption/decryption
5. Session Managing communication sessions, i.e. continuous exchange of information in the form of multiple back-and-forth transmissions between two nodes
4. Transport Segment (TCP) / Datagram (UDP) Reliable transmission of data segments between points on a network, including segmentation, acknowledgement and multiplexing
Media
layers
3. Network Packet Structuring and managing a multi-node network, including addressing, routing and traffic control
2. Data link Frame Reliable transmission of data frames between two nodes connected by a physical layer
1. Physical Bit Transmission and reception of raw bit streams over a physical medium
At each level N, two entities at the communicating devices (layer N peers) exchange protocol data units (PDUs) by means of a layer N protocol. Each PDU contains a payload, called the service data unit (SDU), along with protocol-related headers or footers.
Data processing by two communicating OSI-compatible devices is done as such:
The data to be transmitted is composed at the topmost layer of the transmitting device (layer N) into a protocol data unit (PDU).
The PDU is passed to layer N-1, where it is known as the service data unit (SDU).
At layer N-1 the SDU is concatenated with a header, a footer, or both, producing a layer N-1 PDU. It is then passed to layer N-2.
The process continues until reaching the lowermost level, from which the data is transmitted to the receiving device.
At the receiving device the data is passed from the lowest to the highest layer as a series of SDUs while being successively stripped from each layer's header or footer, until reaching the topmost layer, where the last of the data is consumed.
Some orthogonal aspects, such as management and security, involve all of the layers (See ITU-T X.800 Recommendation[4]). These services are aimed at improving the CIA triad - confidentiality, integrity, and availability - of the transmitted data. In practice, the availability of a communication service is determined by the interaction between network design and network management protocols. Appropriate choices for both of these are needed to protect against denial of service.[citation needed]
Layer 1: Physical Layer[edit]
This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (August 2017)
The physical layer defines the electrical and physical specifications of the data connection. It defines the relationship between a device and a physical transmission medium (for example, an electrical cable, an optical fiber cable, or a radio frequency link). This includes the layout of pins, voltages, line impedance, cable specifications, signal timing and similar characteristics for connected devices and frequency (5 GHz or 2.4 GHz etc.) for wireless devices. It is responsible for transmission and reception of unstructured raw data in a physical medium. Bit rate control is done at the physical layer. It may define transmission mode as simplex, half duplex, and full duplex. It defines the network topology as bus, mesh, or ring being some of the most common.
The physical layer is the layer of low-level networking equipment, such as some hubs, cabling, and repeaters. The physical layer is never concerned with protocols or other such higher-layer items. Examples of hardware in this layer are network adapters, repeaters, network hubs, modems, and fiber media converters.
Layer 2: Data Link Layer[edit]
The data link layer provides node-to-node data transfer—a link between two directly connected nodes. It detects and possibly corrects errors that may occur in the physical layer. It defines the protocol to establish and terminate a connection between two physically connected devices. It also defines the protocol for flow control between them.
IEEE 802 divides the data link layer into two sublayers:[5]
Medium access control (MAC) layer – responsible for controlling how devices in a network gain access to a medium and permission to transmit data.
Logical link control (LLC) layer – responsible for identifying and encapsulating network layer protocols, and controls error checking and frame synchronization.
The MAC and LLC layers of IEEE 802 networks such as 802.3 Ethernet, 802.11 Wi-Fi, and 802.15.4 ZigBee operate at the data link layer.
The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a data link layer protocol that can operate over several different physical layers, such as synchronous and asynchronous serial lines.
The ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides high-speed local area networking over existing wires (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables), includes a complete data link layer that provides both error correction and flow control by means of a selective-repeat sliding-window protocol.
Layer 3: Network Layer[edit]
The network layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable length data sequences (called datagrams) from one node to another connected in "different networks". A network is a medium to which many nodes can be connected, on which every node has an address and which permits nodes connected to it to transfer messages to other nodes connected to it by merely providing the content of a message and the address of the destination node and letting the network find the way to deliver the message to the destination node, possibly routing it through intermediate nodes. If the message is too large to be transmitted from one node to another on the data link layer between those nodes, the network may implement message delivery by splitting the message into several fragments at one node, sending the fragments independently, and reassembling the fragments at another node. It may, but does not need to, report delivery errors.
Message delivery at the network layer is not necessarily guaranteed to be reliable; a network layer protocol may provide reliable message delivery, but it need not do so.
A number of layer-management protocols, a function defined in the management annex, ISO 7498/4, belong to the network layer. These include routing protocols, multicast group management, network-layer information and error, and network-layer address assignment. It is the function of the payload that makes these belong to the network layer, not the protocol that carries them.[6]
Layer 4: Transport Layer[edit]
The transport layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable-length data sequences from a source to a destination host, while maintaining the quality of service functions.
The transport layer controls the reliability of a given link through flow control, segmentation/desegmentation, and error control. Some protocols are state- and connection-oriented. This means that the transport layer can keep track of the segments and re-transmit those that fail delivery. The transport layer also provides the acknowledgement of the successful data transmission and sends the next data if no errors occurred. The transport layer creates packets out of the message received from the application layer. Packetizing is the process of dividing a long message into smaller messages.
OSI defines five classes of connection-mode transport protocols ranging from class 0 (which is also known as TP0 and provides the fewest features) to class 4 (TP4, designed for less reliable networks, similar to the Internet). Class 0 contains no error recovery, and was designed for use on network layers that provide error-free connections. Class 4 is closest to TCP, although TCP contains functions, such as the graceful close, which OSI assigns to the session layer. Also, all OSI TP connection-mode protocol classes provide expedited data and preservation of record boundaries. Detailed characteristics of TP0-4 classes are shown in the following table:[7]
Feature name
TP0
TP1
TP2
TP3
TP4
Connection-oriented network Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Connectionless network No No No No Yes
Concatenation and separation No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Segmentation and reassembly Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Error recovery No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Reinitiate connectiona No Yes No Yes No
Multiplexing / demultiplexing over single virtual circuit No No Yes Yes Yes
Explicit flow control No No Yes Yes Yes
Retransmission on timeout No No No No Yes
Reliable transport service No Yes No Yes Yes
a If an excessive number of PDUs are unacknowledged.
An easy way to visualize the transport layer is to compare it with a post office, which deals with the dispatch and classification of mail and parcels sent. A post office inspects only the outer envelope of mail to determine its delivery. Higher layers may have the equivalent of double envelopes, such as cryptographic presentation services that can be read by the addressee only. Roughly speaking, tunneling protocols operate at the transport layer, such as carrying non-IP protocols such as IBM's SNA or Novell's IPX over an IP network, or end-to-end encryption with IPsec. While Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) might seem to be a network-layer protocol, if the encapsulation of the payload takes place only at endpoint, GRE becomes closer to a transport protocol that uses IP headers but contains complete frames or packets to deliver to an endpoint. L2TP carries PPP frames inside transport packet.
Although not developed under the OSI Reference Model and not strictly conforming to the OSI definition of the transport layer, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) of the Internet Protocol Suite are commonly categorized as layer-4 protocols within OSI.
Layer 5: Session Layer[edit]
The session layer controls the dialogues (connections) between computers. It establishes, manages and terminates the connections between the local and remote application. It provides for full-duplex, half-duplex, or simplex operation, and establishes checkpointing, adjournment, termination, and restart procedures. The OSI model made this layer responsible for graceful close of sessions, which is a property of the Transmission Control Protocol, and also for session checkpointing and recovery, which is not usually used in the Internet Protocol Suite. The session layer is commonly implemented explicitly in application environments that use remote procedure calls.
Layer 6: Presentation Layer[edit]
The presentation layer establishes context between application-layer entities, in which the application-layer entities may use different syntax and semantics if the presentation service provides a mapping between them. If a mapping is available, presentation service data units are encapsulated into session protocol data units and passed down the protocol stack.
This layer provides independence from data representation by translating between application and network formats. The presentation layer transforms data into the form that the application accepts. This layer formats data to be sent across a network. It is sometimes called the syntax layer.[8] The presentation layer can include compression functions.[9] The Presentation Layer negotiates the Transfer Syntax.
The original presentation structure used the Basic Encoding Rules of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1), with capabilities such as converting an EBCDIC-coded text file to an ASCII-coded file, or serialization of objects and other data structures from and to XML. ASN.1 effectively makes an application protocol invariant with respect to syntax.
Layer 7: Application Layer[edit]
The application layer is the OSI layer closest to the end user, which means both the OSI application layer and the user interact directly with the software application. This layer interacts with software applications that implement a communicating component. Such application programs fall outside the scope of the OSI model. Application-layer functions typically include identifying communication partners, determining resource availability, and synchronizing communication. When identifying communication partners, the application layer determines the identity and availability of communication partners for an application with data to transmit. The most important distinction in the application layer is the distinction between the application-entity and the application. For example, a reservation website might have two application-entities: one using HTTP to communicate with its users, and one for a remote database protocol to record reservations. Neither of these protocols have anything to do with reservations. That logic is in the application itself. The application layer per se has no means to determine the availability of resources in the network.
Cross-layer functions[edit]
Cross-layer functions are services that are not tied to a given layer, but may affect more than one layer. Examples include the following:
Security service (telecommunication)[4] as defined by ITU-T X.800 recommendation.
Management functions, i.e. functions that permit to configure, instantiate, monitor, terminate the communications of two or more entities: there is a specific application-layer protocol, common management information protocol (CMIP) and its corresponding service, common management information service (CMIS), they need to interact with every layer in order to deal with their instances.
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) MPLS, ATM, and X.25 are 3a protocols. OSI divides the Network Layer into 3 roles: 3a) Subnetwork Access, 3b) Subnetwork Dependent Convergence and 3c) Subnetwork Independent Convergence. It was designed to provide a unified data-carrying service for both circuit-based clients and packet-switching clients which provide a datagram-based service model. It can be used to carry many different kinds of traffic, including IP packets, as well as native ATM, SONET, and Ethernet frames. Sometimes one sees reference to a Layer 2.5. This is a fiction create by those who are unfamiliar with the OSI Model and ISO 8648, Internal Organization of the Network Layer in particular.
ARP determines the mapping of an IPv4 address to the underlying MAC address. This is not a translation function. If it were IPv4 and the MAC address would be at the same layer. The implementation of the MAC protocol decodes the MAC PDU and delivers the User-Data to the IP-layer. Because Ethernet is a multi-access media, a device sending a PDU on an Ethernet segment needs to know what IP address maps to what MAC address.
DHCP, DHCP assigns IPv4 addresses to new systems joining a network. There is no means to derive or obtain an IPv4 address from an Ethernet address.
Domain Name Service is an Application Layer service which is used to look up the IP address of a given domain name. Once a reply is received from the DNS server, it is then possible to form a Layer 4 connection or flow to the desired host. There are no connections at Layer 3.
Cross MAC and PHY Scheduling is essential in wireless networks because of the time varying nature of wireless channels. By scheduling packet transmission only in favorable channel conditions, which requires the MAC layer to obtain channel state information from the PHY layer, network throughput can be significantly improved and energy waste can be avoided.[10]
Interfaces[edit]
Neither the OSI Reference Model nor OSI protocols specify any programming interfaces, other than deliberately abstract service specifications. Protocol specifications precisely define the interfaces between different computers, but the software interfaces inside computers, known as network sockets are implementation-specific.
For example, Microsoft Windows' Winsock, and Unix's Berkeley sockets and System V Transport Layer Interface, are interfaces between applications (layer 5 and above) and the transport (layer 4). NDIS and ODI are interfaces between the media (layer 2) and the network protocol (layer 3).
Interface standards, except for the physical layer to media, are approximate implementations of OSI service specifications.
Examples[edit]
Layer
OSI protocols
TCP/IP protocols
Signaling
System 7[11]
AppleTalk
IPX
SNA
UMTS
Miscellaneous examples
No.
Name
7 Application
FTAM
X.400
X.500
DAP
ROSE
RTSE
ACSE[12]
CMIP[13]
INAP
MAP
TCAP
ISUP
TUP
AFP
ZIP
RTMP
NBP
SAP
APPC
HL7
Modbus
6 Presentation
ISO/IEC 8823
X.226

ISO/IEC 9576-1
X.236
MIME
SSL
TLS
XDR
AFP
TDI
ASCII
EBCDIC
MIDI
MPEG
5 Session
ISO/IEC 8327
X.225

ISO/IEC 9548-1
X.235
Sockets (session establishment in TCP / RTP / PPTP)
ASP
ADSP
PAP
NWLink
DLC?
Named pipes
NetBIOS
SAP
half duplex
full duplex
simplex
RPC
SOCKS
4 Transport
ISO/IEC 8073
TP0
TP1
TP2
TP3
TP4 (X.224)
ISO/IEC 8602
X.234
TCP
UDP
SCTP
DCCP
DDP
SPX
NBF
3 Network
ISO/IEC 8208
X.25 (PLP)

ISO/IEC 8878
X.223
ISO/IEC 8473-1
CLNP X.233
ISO/IEC 10589
IS-IS
IP
IPsec
ICMP
IGMP
OSPF
RIP
SCCP
MTP
ATP (TokenTalk / EtherTalk)
IPX
RRC / BMC
NBF
Q.931
NDP
IS-IS
2 Data link
ISO/IEC 7666
X.25 (LAPB)

Token Bus
X.222
ISO/IEC 8802-2
LLC (type 1 / 2)[14]
PPP
SBTV
SLIP
MTP
Q.710
LocalTalk
ARA
PPP
IEEE 802.3 framing
Ethernet II framing
SDLC
PDCP[15]
LLC
MAC
ARP
ARQ
ATM
Bit stuffing
CDP
CRC
DOCSIS
FDDI
FDP
Fibre Channel
Frame Relay
HDP
HDLC
IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)
IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n (Ethernet MAC and LLC)
IEEE 802.1Q (VLAN)
ISL
ITU-T G.hn DLL
Linux interface bonding
PPP
Q.921
Token Ring
1 Physical
X.25 (X.21bis
EIA/TIA-232
EIA/TIA-449
EIA-530
G.703)[14]
MTP
Q.710
RS-232
RS-422
PhoneNet
Twinax
UMTS air interfaces
RS-232
Full duplex
RJ45 (8P8C)
V.35
V.34
I.430
I.431
T1
E1
10BASE-T
100BASE-TX
1000BASE-T
POTS
SONET
SDH
DSL
802.11a/b/g/n PHY
ITU-T G.hn PHY
CAN bus
DOCSIS
DWDM
OTN
Comparison with TCP/IP model[edit]
The design of protocols in the TCP/IP model of the Internet does not concern itself with strict hierarchical encapsulation and layering.[16] RFC 3439 contains a section entitled "Layering considered harmful".[17] TCP/IP does recognize four broad layers of functionality which are derived from the operating scope of their contained protocols: the scope of the software application; the end-to-end transport connection; the internetworking range; and the scope of the direct links to other nodes on the local network.[18]
Despite using a different concept for layering than the OSI model, these layers are often compared with the OSI layering scheme in the following way:
The Internet application layer includes the OSI application layer, presentation layer, and most of the session layer.
Its end-to-end transport layer includes the graceful close function of the OSI session layer as well as the OSI transport layer.
The internetworking layer (Internet layer) is a subset of the OSI network layer.
The link layer includes the OSI data link layer and sometimes the physical layers, as well as some protocols of the OSI's network layer.
These comparisons are based on the original seven-layer protocol model as defined in ISO 7498, rather than refinements in such things as the internal organization of the network layer document.[citation needed]
The presumably strict layering of the OSI model as it is usually described does not present contradictions in TCP/IP, as it is permissible that protocol usage does not follow the hierarchy implied in a layered model. Such examples exist in some routing protocols (for example OSPF), or in the description of tunneling protocols, which provide a link layer for an application, although the tunnel host protocol might well be a transport or even an application-layer protocol in its own right.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Computing portal
Layer 8
Hierarchical internetworking model
Management plane
Service layer
Protocol stacks
IBM Systems Network Architecture
Internet protocol suite
WAP protocol suite
List of information technology initialisms
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ITU-T X-Series Recommendations
Jump up ^ "Publicly Available Standards". Standards.iso.org. 2010-07-30. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
Jump up ^ "The OSI Model's Seven Layers Defined and Functions Explained". Microsoft Support. Retrieved 2014-12-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "ITU-T Recommendataion X.800 (03/91), Security architecture for Open Systems Interconnection for CCITT applications". ITU. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "5.2 RM description for end stations". IEEE Std 802-2014, IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Overview and Architecture. ieee.
Jump up ^ International Organization for Standardization (1989-11-15). "ISO/IEC 7498-4:1989 -- Information technology -- Open Systems Interconnection -- Basic Reference Model: Naming and addressing". ISO Standards Maintenance Portal. ISO Central Secretariat. Retrieved 2015-08-17.
Jump up ^ "ITU-T Recommendation X.224 (11/1995) ISO/IEC 8073, Open Systems Interconnection - Protocol for providing the connection-mode transport service". ITU.
Jump up ^ Grigonis, Richard (2000). Computer telephony- encyclopaedia. CMP. p. 331. ISBN 9781578200450.
Jump up ^ "ITU-T X.200 - Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Basic Reference Model: The basic model".
Jump up ^ Miao, Guowang; Song, Guocong (2014). Energy and spectrum efficient wireless network design. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1107039886.
Jump up ^ "ITU-T Recommendation Q.1400 (03/1993)], Architecture framework for the development of signaling and OA&M protocols using OSI concepts". ITU. pp. 4, 7.
Jump up ^ ITU Rec. X.227 (ISO 8650), X.217 (ISO 8649).
Jump up ^ X.700 series of recommendations from the ITU-T (in particular X.711) and ISO 9596.
^ Jump up to: a b "Internetworking Technology Handbook - Internetworking Basics [Internetworking]". Cisco. 15 January 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "3GPP specification: 36.300". 3gpp.org. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ RFC 3439
Jump up ^ "RFC 3439 - Some Internet Architectural Guidelines and Philosophy". ietf.org. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Walter Goralski. The Illustrated Network: How TCP/IP Works in a Modern Network (PDF). Morgan Kaufmann. p. 26. ISBN 978-0123745415.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to OSI model.
Microsoft Knowledge Base: The OSI Model's Seven Layers Defined and Functions Explained
ISO/IEC standard 7498-1:1994 (PDF document inside ZIP archive) (requires HTTP cookies in order to accept licence agreement)
ITU-T X.200 (the same contents as from ISO)
"INFormation CHanGe Architectures and Flow Charts powered by Google App Engine". infchg.appspot.com. The ISO OSI Reference Model, Beluga graph of data units and groups of layers. Archived from the original on 2012-05-26.
Zimmermann, Hubert (April 1980). "OSI Reference Model — The ISO Model of Architecture for Open Systems Interconnection". IEEE Transactions on Communications. 28 (4): 425–432. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.136.9497  . doi:10.1109/TCOM.1980.1094702.
Cisco Systems Internetworking Technology Handbook
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Maïwenn
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Maïwenn
Maïwenn at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival
Born
Maïwenn Le Besco
(1976-04-17) 17 April 1976 (age 42)
Les Lilas, France
Other names
Ouin-Ouin (nickname)
Occupation
Actress, film director, screenwriter, producer
Years active
1981–present
Spouse(s)
Luc Besson (1992–1997)
Jean-Yves Le Fur (2002–2004)
Children
2, including Shanna Besson
Parent(s)
Catherine Belkhodja (mother)
Relatives
Isild Le Besco (sister)
Jowan Le Besco (brother)
Maïwenn (sometimes credited as Maïwenn Besco or her birth name Maïwenn Le Besco, French: [maj.wɛn lə bɛs.ko]; born 17 April 1976) is a French actress, film director and screenwriter.
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Actress
4.2 Director / screenwriter / producer
4.3 Theatrical writer
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Maïwenn was born as Maïwenn Le Besco in Les Lilas, Seine-Saint-Denis, France. It is a suburban area East of Paris. Maïwenn is of mixed Breton, Vietnamese, French and Algerian descent. Her Algerian ancestry comes from her maternal grandfather. Maïwenn's mother is Catherine Belkhodja. Maïwenn's mother introduced her to the entertainment industry at a young age, an experience later chronicled by Maïwenn in her one-woman shows Le Pois Chiche (The Chickpea) and I'm an Actress.[1]
Career[edit]
Maïwenn starred in several films as a child, then teen, actress—notably as "Elle, as a child" (the child version of the lead role played by Isabelle Adjani) in the 1983 hit film L'été meurtrier (One Deadly Summer).[2]
Following her marriage to director Luc Besson and the birth of their daughter in 1993, Maïwenn interrupted her career for several years.[3] During this period, she only appeared in a supporting part in Besson's Léon (1994), in which she was credited as Ouin-Ouin. She also directed the film's making-of. Perhaps Maïwenn's most internationally-seen film role was her appearance as the alien Diva Plavalaguna in Besson's The Fifth Element (1997).
After her breakup with Besson, Maïwenn returned to France. She performed as a standup comedian in an autobiographical one-woman-show, and reentered the movie business after several filmmakers saw her comedy routine in Paris. She appeared in several notable movies, including the horror film Haute Tension (English title: High Tension), in which she starred opposite Cécile de France. By the time the film came out in 2003, she had decided she wanted to try directing.[2]
In 2006, she directed her first feature film, the semi-autobiographical Pardonnez-moi. According to Maïwenn, after Besson learned she planned to use her own money to produce the film, he told her "You need to immediately stop what you're doing. You're crazy. Nobody puts their own money into a movie."[1] After seeing the film he apologized, saying she was right on this occasion.[1] Her second film was Le bal des actrices (2009, All About Actresses), in which she appears as herself making a documentary.[4] She achieved international recognition when her third film, the social drama Polisse (2011), won the Jury Prize at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.[2] All three films feature Maïwenn with a camera, stemming from a childhood fascination and her interest in the mise en abyme, the story within a story.[4] Her 2015 film Mon roi was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival.[5]
Personal life[edit]
Maïwenn met film director Luc Besson when she was 12 and they began dating when she was 15. In January 1993, at age 16, she gave birth to their daughter Shanna.[1][6] On the DVD extras for the 1994 film Léon: The Professional, Maïwenn said the film is based on her relationship with Besson.[7] She was 20 at the beginning of filming (early 1996) for The Fifth Element, during which Besson left her for the film's star, Milla Jovovich.[8]
In 2004, Maïwenn had a son, Diego, with Jean-Yves Le Fur, her second ex-husband who is a real estate developer.
Filmography[edit]
Maïwenn in 2009 at the Deauville American Film Festival.
Actress[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Director
Notes
1981 L'année prochaine... si tout va bien Prune Jean-Loup Hubert
1983 One Deadly Summer The Kid Jean Becker
Cinéma 16 Albine Patrick Saglio TV Series (1 Episode)
Les enquêtes du commissaire Maigret Colette Jean-Paul Sassy TV Series (1 Episode)
1986 State of Grace Jacques Rouffio
1987 Double face The Kid Serge Leroy TV Movie
1988 L'autre nuit Joan Jean-Pierre Limosin
1990 Lacenaire Hermine Francis Girod
La famille Ramdam Christiane Lehérissey TV Series (1 Episode)
1992 La gamine Carole Lambert Hervé Palud
1994 Léon: The Professional Blond Babe Luc Besson
1997 The Fifth Element Diva Plavalaguna Luc Besson (2)
1998 Keskidi ? The Waitress Manuel Pouet Short
Coquillettes Joséphine Flasseur Short
2000 La mécanique des femmes Jérôme de Missolz
Le marquis Gilles Paquet-Brenner Short
2001 8 rue Charlot Bruno Garcia Short
L'oiseau rare Diane Didier Albert TV Movie
2002 Nestor Burma Jade Jacob Berger TV Series (1 Episode)
Caméra Café Irina Katostefia Francis Duquet TV Series (1 Episode)
2003 Osmose A Girl Raphaël Fejtö
High Tension Alexia Alexandre Aja
2004 Les parisiens Shaa Claude Lelouch
I'm an actrice Isabelle Maïwenn Short
2005 Le courage d'aimer Shaa Claude Lelouch
Star Stuff Grégory Hervelin Short
2006 Pardonnez-moi Violette Maïwenn (2) Nominated - César Award for Most Promising Actress
2009 All About Actresses Maïwenn Maïwenn (3) Nominated - Globes de Cristal Award for Best Actress
2011 Polisse Melissa Maïwenn (4)
2012 Télé gaucho Yasmina Michel Leclerc
2013 Love Is the Perfect Crime Anna Arnaud Larrieu & Jean-Marie Larrieu
2017 The Price of Success
Director / screenwriter / producer[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Box Office
Notes
2004 I'm an actrice Director & Writer Short
2006 Pardonnez-moi Director, Writer & Producer Nominated - César Award for Best First Feature Film
2009 All About Actresses Director & Writer $4,948,702[9]
2011 Polisse Director & Writer $20,334,081[10] Cannes Film Festival - Jury Prize
Lumières Award for Best Director
Cinemania Film Festival - Audience Award
Sarasota Film Festival - Best in World Cinema
Nominated - Cannes Film Festival - Palme d'Or
Nominated - César Award for Best Director
Nominated - César Award for Best Film
Nominated - César Award for Best Original Screenplay
Nominated - Globes de Cristal Award - Best Film
Nominated - Lumières Award for Best Screenplay
Nominated - Stockholm International Film Festival - Best Film
Nominated - CinEuphoria Award - Best Film - International Competition
Nominated - CinEuphoria Award - Best Director - International Competition
2015 Mon Roi Director & Writer Nominated—César Award for Best Film
Nominated—César Award for Best Director
Nominated - Cannes Film Festival - Palme d'Or
Nominated—Lumières Award for Best Director
Theatrical writer[edit]
2003 : Café de la Gare : Le pois chiche
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Maïwenn: from child star to writer-director". The Boston Globe. 20 May 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "An Exclusive Interview with Film Director Maïwenn". France Today. 1 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Maïwenn Le Besco interview, Tout le monde en parle, France 2, 29 September 2001
^ Jump up to: a b "Into the danger zone". The Sydney Morning Herald. 23 June 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "2015 Official Selection". Cannes. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "A former child actress doesn't flinch from a difficult subject". The Washington Post. 17 May 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Leon: The Professional Review". SBS. 6 September 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
Jump up ^ The Fifth Element, Special Features of both the Ultimate Edition DVD and the remastered Blu-ray Disc.
Jump up ^ JP. "Le Bal des actrices (2009)- JPBox-Office". www.jpbox-office.com.
Jump up ^ JP. "Polisse (2011)- JPBox-Office". www.jpbox-office.com.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maïwenn.
Maïwenn on IMDb
show
v
t
e
Films directed by Maïwenn
Pardonnez-moi (2006)
All About Actresses (2009)
Polisse (2011)
Mon Roi (My King) (2015)
show
v
t
e
Lumières Award for Best Director
Mathieu Kassovitz (1996)
Cédric Klapisch (1997)
Luc Besson (1998)
Erick Zonca (1999)
Luc Besson (2000)
Agnès Jaoui (2001)
Patrice Chéreau (2002)
François Ozon (2003)
Alain Resnais (2004)
Jean-Pierre Jeunet (2005)
Philippe Garrel (2006)
Pascale Ferran (2007)
Abdellatif Kechiche (2008)
François Dupeyron (2009)
Jacques Audiard (2010)
Roman Polanski (2011)
Maïwenn (2012)
Jacques Audiard (2013)
Abdellatif Kechiche (2014)
Abderrahmane Sissako (2015)
Arnaud Desplechin (2016)
Paul Verhoeven (2017)
Robin Campillo (2018)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb14037654m (data)
GND: 1017335249
ISNI: 0000 0001 1466 6581
LCCN: no2006043790
SUDOC: 145546489
VIAF: 5132545
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maïwenn&oldid=837623542"
Categories:
1976 births
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People from Les Lilas
French film actresses
French film directors
French people of Algerian descent
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20th-century French actresses
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French women film directors
French women screenwriters
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Best Director Lumières Award winners
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