text:
First indoor ice hockey game
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1893 hockey game at the same rink
On March 3, 1875, the first recorded indoor ice hockey game took place at the Victoria Skating Rink in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[1] Organized by James Creighton, who captained one of the teams, the game was between two nine-member teams, using a wooden 'puck'. Members used skates and sticks used for outdoor hockey and shinny games in Nova Scotia, where Creighton was born and raised. It is recognized as the first organized ice hockey game.[2]
Contents
1 Victoria Rink
2 The game
2.1 The first game
2.2 After-game fight
3 IIHF recognition
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Victoria Rink[edit]
Main article: Victoria Skating Rink
The Victoria Skating Rink was a long (252 by 113 feet (77 m × 34 m)), two-story brick edifice with a 52-foot (16 m)-high pitched roof supported from within by curving wooden trusses, which arched over the entire width of the structure. Tall, round-arched windows punctuated its length and illuminated its interior, while evening skating was made possible by 500 gas-jet lighting fixtures set in coloured glass globes.[3] At a later date, the lighting was converted to electric, making the building the first in Canada to be electrified.[4]
The ice surface measured 204 by 80 feet (62 by 24 m), dimensions very similar to today's National Hockey League (NHL) ice rinks. It was surrounded by a 10-foot (3.0 m)-wide platform, or promenade, which was elevated approximately 1 foot (30 cm) above the ice surface and upon which spectators could stand or skaters could rest.[1] Later, a gallery was added with a royal box for visiting dignitaries.[5]
At the time of its construction, the rink's location at 49 Drummond Street (now renumbered to 1187) placed it in the centre of the English community in Montreal, in the vicinity of McGill University. The area is known today as the "Square Mile", the area of central Montreal populated then by rich English industrialists and the budding centre of commerce in Canada.[6] One block east was Dominion Square, where annual outdoor winter sporting events and later the Montreal Winter Carnival were held. Across the street to the east, the Windsor Hotel, a long-time centre of social life and meeting place of several sports organizations, was built in 1875. Nearby is old Windsor Station, which was the eastern terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, built in 1889.
The game[edit]
In 1873, James Creighton, a member of the Victoria Skating Club and a figure skating judge, started organizing sessions of shinny at the rink, played informally between members of the Club and friends. The rules followed were developed from the informal rules of the outdoor game played in Nova Scotia where Creighton was born and raised, and adapted to the indoors setting and the rink's size.[7]
The first game[edit]
On March 3, 1875, the Rink hosted what has been recognized as the first organized ice hockey game,[2] between members of the Victoria Skating Club, organized by Creighton.[8] The match lays claim to this distinction because of factors which establish its link to modern ice hockey: it featured two teams (nine players per side) with a recorded score. Games prior to this had mostly been outdoors. In order to limit injuries to spectators and damage to glass windows, the game was played with a "flat block of wood" instead of a lacrosse ball. The two teams, members of the club, included a number of McGill University students. Sticks for this game were imported from Nova Scotia.[9] This first game was pre-announced to the general public in the pages of The Montreal Gazette:
Announcement
Victoria Rink – A game of Hockey will be played at the Victoria Skating Rink this evening, between two nines chose from among the members. Good fun may be expected, as some of the players are reputed to be exceedingly expert at the game. Some fears have been expressed on the part of intending spectators that accidents were likely to occur through the ball flying about in too lively a manner, to the imminent danger of lookers on, but we understand that the game will be played with a flat circular piece of wood, thus preventing all danger of its leaving the surface of the ice. Subscribers will be admitted on presentation of their tickets.[10]
Game report
HOCKEY – At the Rink last night a very large audience gathered to witness a novel contest on the ice. The game of hockey, though much in vogue on the ice in New England and other parts of the United States, is not much known here, and in consequence the game of last evening was looked forward to with great interest. Hockey is played usually with a ball, but last night, in order that no accident should happen, a flat block of wood was used, so that it should slide along the ice without rising, and thus going among the spectators to their discomfort. The game is like Lacrosse in one sense – the block having to go through flags placed about 8 feet apart in the same manner as the rubber ball – but in the main the old country game of shinty gives the best idea of hockey. The players last night were eighteen in number – nine on each side – and were as follows: – Messrs. Torrance (captain), Meagher, Potter, Goff, Barnston, Gardner, Griffin, Jarvis and Whiting. Creighton (captain), Campbell, Campbell, Esdaile, Joseph, Henshaw, Chapman, Powell and Clouston. The match was an interesting and well-contested affair, the efforts of the players exciting much merriment as they wheeled and dodged each other, and notwithstanding the brilliant play of Captain Torrance's team Captain Creighton's men carried the day, winning two games to the single of the Torrance nine. The game was concluded about half-past nine, and the spectators then adjourned well satisfied with the evening's entertainment.[11]
The nine-man per side practice would last until 1880, when it was reduced during the Montreal Winter Carnival ice hockey tournaments.
After-game fight[edit]
Not reported in the Gazette, but reported elsewhere was that there was fighting after the game. This fighting was not between the on-ice combatants, rather, it was between the hockey players and spectators and members of the Skating Club. Members of the Skating Club were opposed to the use of the skating rink for hockey as it took away hours from other skating activities and it damaged the ice quality. According to the Kingston, Ontario, Daily British Whig "Shins and heads were battered, benches smashed and the lady spectators fled in confusion."[12][13]
IIHF recognition[edit]
In 2002, the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) announced that it would acknowledge the site of Victoria Rink with "a commemorative plaque or other historical site marker to remind the passers-by of the existence of the Victoria Skating Rink, the birthplace of organized hockey."[14] The commemoration has been marked in two ways. On May 22, 2008, a commemorative plaque was dedicated at the nearby Centre Bell, along with a plaque honouring James Creighton.[8] Further, the IIHF created the Victoria Cup, a trophy named for the arena, for which—along with 1 million Swiss francs—one National Hockey League team and the champion of the European Champions Hockey League play off annually.[15] The first Cup match was held in Berne, Switzerland on October 1, 2008 between the New York Rangers and the Metallurg Magnitogorsk.[16] The next, and last, edition of the Victoria Cup was held in Zurich on September 29, 2009, between the ZSC Lions and the Chicago Blackhawks.
See also[edit]
ice hockey portal
Montreal portal
Amateur Hockey Association of Canada
Matthews Arena, the world's oldest existing indoor ice hockey facility still in use for ice hockey
References[edit]
Bibliography
Collard, Edgar Andrew (1962). Montreal Yesterdays. Toronto, Ontario: Longmans Canada.
Mackay, Donald (1987). The square mile. Vancouver, British Columbia: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd. ISBN 0-88894-562-0.
McKinley, Michael (2006). Hockey: A People's History. Toronto, Ontario: McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-5769-5.
Vigneault, Michel (1998). "Out of the Mists of Memory, Montreal, 1875–1910". Total hockey : the official encyclopedia of the National Hockey League. Toronto, Ontario: Total Sports. ISBN 0-8362-7114-9.
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b McKinley, p. 7
^ Jump up to: a b "IIHF recognizes Victoria Skating Rink as birthplace of hockey". Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Sports Facilities". Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Montreal Hockey History". Hockey Heritage. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ Collard, p.168
Jump up ^ Mackay, p. 7
Jump up ^ Zukerman, Earl (March 17, 2006). "McGill's contribution to the origins of ice hockey". Archived from the original on March 16, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Father' of ice hockey honoured". Toronto Star. May 23, 2008. p. S3.
Jump up ^ McKinley, p. 9
Jump up ^ "Victoria Rink". Montreal Gazette. March 3, 1875. p. 3.
Jump up ^ "Hockey". Montreal Gazette. March 4, 1875. p. 3.
Jump up ^ "Hockey Game". Daily British Whig. March 5, 1875.
Jump up ^ Burnside, Scott (March 3, 2017). "First indoor game ended in melee". ESPN. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "World federation weighs in on hockey's origins". CBC. July 5, 2002. Retrieved September 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Rangers challenge Metallurg". International Ice Hockey Federation. January 26, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Rangers come back for win overseas, opener next". Associated Press. October 2, 2008. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
External links[edit]
Articles
IIHF recognizes Victoria Skating Rink as birthplace of hockey
Virtual Museum exhibit on venue
1870 Skating carnival
Podnieks article on game
Hockey Games
Photographs
Image "Hockey Match, Victoria Rink, Montreal, QC, composite, 1893," at Musee McCord Museum website
Coordinates: 45°29′53″N 73°34′21″W / 45.4980°N 73.572400°W / 45.4980; -73.572400
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Vehicle registration plates of Mexico
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Passenger car plate issued in Oaxaca.
Passenger car plate issued in Veracruz.
Passenger car plate issued in Chiapas.
Vehicle registration plates of Mexico are issued with unique visual designs by each state, but with a single national numbering system, such that serials are not duplicated in multiple states. Most states change designs approximately every three years, with each state having its own plate replacement cycle. Every year, owners of Mexican-registered vehicles pay the tenencia or revalidación de placas (car plates renewal tax). A set of Mexican plates includes one pair of plates, a windshield sticker, and in some states a plate sticker. The international code for Mexico is "MEX".
In 2001 the size of the plate number was reduced in order to accommodate the addition of the state number, legend indicating the position of the plate on the vehicle (delantera (front) or trasera (rear)), and additional graphics.
Mexican plates are issued in several different classifications: Private, Private Fronteriza, Public, Public Frontera, Servicio Público Federal, Inspección Fiscal y Aduanera, Armada de México, and Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores. The Fronteriza plates were introduced in 1972 and are available in the Mexico-United States border zone. This zone is formed by the states of Baja California and Baja California Sur, as well as parts of Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila and Tamaulipas. While the state of Nuevo León shares a 15-kilometre (9.3 mi) border with the U.S., it does not have any cities within the border zone.
European-style license plates have become popular, as with this example of an unofficial remake of a Baja California plate. Unofficial plates are legaloid: they remain technically illegal, but in practice they are tolerated. However, it should be noted that for most states the motorist can choose between Euro-style plates and the more common US-style plates.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plate types
1.1 Private, non-border zone
1.2 Public, non-border zone
1.3 Private, border zone
1.4 Public, border zone
1.5 Public Federal Service (SPF)
1.6 Seguridad Pública (Local, State or Federal Police and related)
2 Current series for Mexico City
3 External links
Plate types[edit]
Passenger car plate issued in Guerrero.
Passenger car plate issued in Morelos.
Private, non-border zone[edit]
Type
Serial format
Antique automobile AB-12
AB-123 in Mexico City
Bus 1-ABC-23
Dealership demo car 1-AB-234
Handicapped driver 123-AB
Motorcycle A123B in Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Estado de México, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, Tlaxcala and Zacatecas; A 123 B in Guanajuato
ABC12 (following exhaustion of A123B allocation?) in Durango, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, Quintana Roo and Yucatán; ABC 12 in Querétaro
1234 A in Mexico City
Passenger ABC-12-34
ABC-123-D in Baja California, Colima, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Michoacán, Nuevo León, Querétaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, Yucatán and Zacatecas
A12-BCD in Mexico City
RV and Trailer 1-AB-2345
Truck AB-12-345
12-34-AB in Mexico City
Public, non-border zone[edit]
Type
Serial format
Bus 123-456-A
123-45-67 in Mexico City, where the first three numbers denote the bus route number
123-AB-456 in Estado de México–Ciudad de México joint Transporte Metropolitano issues, where the letters denote the municipality
RV A-123-456
Taxi 12-34-ABC (A/B-12345 for free taxis and M-12345 for site taxis in Mexico City)
Truck 1-ABC-234
Private, border zone[edit]
Type
Serial format
Antique Automobile AB-12
Bus ZAB-12-34
Handicapped 123-AB
Passenger 123-ABC-4
BAC-12-34 in Baja California
Truck ZAB-12-34
BA-12-345 in Baja California
Public, border zone[edit]
Type
Serial format
Bus 12-34-Z AB
Taxi 12-34-ZAB
Truck 12-34-ZAB
Public Federal Service (SPF)[edit]
Type
Serial format
Freight[clarification needed] (purple plate) 123-AB-4
Passengers (orange plate) 123-AB-4
Tourism (green plate) 123-AB-4
Border freight (tan plate) 123-AB-4
Hauling (yellow/orange plate) 1234-AB
Rental (blue plate)
Handicapped (burgundy plate)
Diplomatic (blue plate with Aztec symbol)
I.F.A. (white with dark blue letters)
Seguridad Pública (Local, State or Federal Police and related)[edit]
Type
Serial format
All vehicles 01-234 (all patrol vehicles, and official-use vehicles from the federal judiciary)
Current series for Mexico City[edit]
Passenger car plate issued in Mexico City (Distrito Federal until 2016).
The current 000-AAA plate series for Mexico City (until 2016 the Distrito Federal) was introduced in 1972, allowing registration for 10,950,300 private automobiles. This series was not affected by plate designs, and continued to be used until its ending in early 2015 (999-ZZZ). However, in 2001 all vehicles using combinations around 000-LWU and older received all-new combinations beginning in 000-MAA. Following the established series, vehicles after 999-ZZZ are registered as A01-AAA, in order to not use a combination used in the past.
000-LAA for late 2000 and 2001 (plate redesign and full registration renewal around 000-LWU)
000-MAA, 000-NAA and 000-PAA were issued as replacement for older combinations and a few new registrations in 2003.
000-RAA for late 2001 and 2002 new registrations
000-SAA for late 2002 and 2003
000-TAA for late 2003 and 2004
000-UAA for 2005 and 2006
000-VAA for 2007 and early 2008 (plate redesign around 155-VSV and 865-VSV)
000-WAA for 2008 and 2009
000-XAA for 2010 and 2011
000-YAA for 2012 and 2013 (plate redesign after 999-YVT)
000-ZAA for 2014 and 2015
A00-AAA for 2015 onwards
Another Type of License plate is for the operation of public transport in Metropolitan Routes Crossing to the State Of Mexico Metropolitan Area.
External links[edit]
[hide]
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Vehicle registration plates of North America
Sovereign states
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Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
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Costa Rica
Cuba
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Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
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Nicaragua
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Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
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other territories
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Bonaire
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Mexico&oldid=800076298"
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All Things Bright and Beautiful
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the Anglican hymn. For the Owl City album, see All Things Bright and Beautiful (album).
All Things Bright and Beautiful
Genre
Hymn
Written
1848
Text
Cecil Frances Alexander
Based on
1 Chronicles 16:23-29
Meter
7.6.7.6 with refrain
Melody
"Royal Oak", adapted by Martin Shaw, "All Things Bright and Beautiful" by William Henry Monk
HWW All Things Bright and Beautiful
"All Things Bright and Beautiful" is an Anglican hymn, also popular with other Christian denominations. The words are by Cecil Frances Alexander and were first published in her Hymns for Little Children.
The piece can be sung to several melodies, in particular the 17th-century English melody "Royal Oak", adapted by Martin Shaw, and "All Things Bright and Beautiful" by William Henry Monk. There have also been other adaptations, such as a full choral piece by John Rutter. In earlier editions of the Church of Scotland's Church Hymnary, the tunes "God in Nature" by John Stainer and "All Things Bright" by Frederick Arthur Gore Ouseley had been used.
Contents
1 History
2 Words
3 Cultural references
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The hymn was first published in 1848 in Mrs Cecil Alexander's Hymns for Little Children. It consists of a series of stanzas that elaborate upon verses of the Apostles' Creed. It may have been inspired by Psalm 104, verses 24 and 25: "Oh Lord, how manifold are thy works! in wisdom hast thou made them all: the earth is full of thy riches. So is this great and wide sea, wherein are things creeping innumerable, both small and great beasts". The hymn may have been inspired as well by a verse from Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner: "He prayeth best, who loveth best; All things great and small; For the dear God who loveth us; He made and loveth all." Alternatively, inspiration may have come from William Paley's Natural Theology, published in 1802, that argues for God as the designer of the natural world. For example, the hymn's second verse alludes to "wings" and verse 7 refers to "eyes". Paley cited wings and eyes as examples of complexity of design, analogous to that of a watch, with God as the Divine Watchmaker.
Alexander's composition of the hymn's text has been attributed to three locations: Llanwenarth House in Govilon, Monmouthshire – the refrain "The purple headed mountains, The river running by" possibly referring to the Sugar Loaf and Blorenge mountains and to the River Usk; Markree Castle near Sligo, and Minehead and the nearby village of Dunster in 1848, in which case the "purple headed mountain" might refer to Grabbist Hill and the river to the River Avill.[1]
Words[edit]
Alexander's text reads:[2]
1.
All things bright and beautiful,
All creatures great and small,
All things wise and wonderful,
The Lord God made them all.

2.
Each little flower that opens,
Each little bird that sings,
He made their glowing colours,
He made their tiny wings.

All things bright ...

3.
The rich man in his castle,
The poor man at his gate,
God made them high and lowly,
And ordered their estate.

All things bright ...

4.
The purple headed mountain,
The river running by,
The sunset and the morning,
That brightens up the sky;−

All things bright ...

5.
The cold wind in the winter,
The pleasant summer sun,
The ripe fruits in the garden,−
He made them every one:

All things bright ...

6.
The tall trees in the greenwood,
The meadows where we play,
The rushes by the water,
We gather every day;−

All things bright ...

7.
He gave us eyes to see them,
And lips that we might tell,
How great is God Almighty,
Who has made all things well.

All things bright ...

(Amen)
Due to the third verse's endorsement of the class system, many later versions and performances of the hymn omit it.[3][4][5] The United Church of Canada includes a fourth verse: "The rocky mountain splendour, / the lone wolf's haunting call, / the great lakes and the prairies, / the forest in the fall."[6]
Cultural references[edit]
The second line was used as the title to James Herriot's book All Creatures Great and Small, which was centred around a veterinarian practice in 1930s Yorkshire in Northern England. Subsequently it became the title of the film and television series. Later Herriot used the rest of the lines of the refrain for the books that followed: All Things Bright and Beautiful, All Things Wise and Wonderful, and The Lord God Made Them All.
In the 1970 film Beneath the Planet of the Apes, a congregation of mutated humans, who worship an atomic bomb, sing a hymn adapted from All Things Bright and Beautiful. Script-writer Paul Dehn specifically wanted his new lyrics to be used not as a parody, but to emphasise that the mutants genuinely regarded themselves as beautiful.
The hymn was parodied by The Goodies on their 1978 The Goodies Beastly Record as "I'm a Carnivore". They had previously recorded a cover of it on their 1973 The Goodies Sing Songs from The Goodies and an earlier version was heard on the BBC Radio show I'm Sorry I'll Read That Again, of whose cast all three Goodies were part, in 1966. It was also parodied by the Monty Python song "All Things Dull and Ugly", included on their 1980 album Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album and on the 1989 collection Monty Python Sings.
The music of the William Henry Monk arrangement is used in a famous (within Australia) 1988 television advertisement for the Australian RSPCA, still shown on Australian television. The advertisement shows numerous animals (including, among many others, deer, an elephant, mice, a raccoon, kangaroos, an ostrich, cows and a wombat) passing by the viewer in front of a plain background while the music plays. At the end of the parade of animals, a voice states: "RSPCA. For all creatures great and small".
Comedian Stewart Lee parodied the hymn with a routine that deconstructed its lyrics, criticising the redundancy in them through the use of a Venn diagram.[7]
The title of the poem is also the title for the third studio album by the synthpop act Owl City, released in June 2011.
The Hong Kong animated McDull films contain a childish version of the song sung in a Cantonese accent by The Pancakes.
A cinema advert for the environmental group's Friends of the Earth's Scottish branch depicted the world disappearing while a single child sings the first verse of the song, amending the last line ("The Lord God made them all") to "All gone; we killed them all".[8]
Michael Markowski quotes the melody in his 2009 concert band composition, Instinctive Travels.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Avill Valley". Everything Exmoor. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Hymns Ancient and Modern (Second Edition - 1875)
Jump up ^ http://www.hymntime.com/tch/htm/a/l/l/allthing.htm Archived July 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Oremus Hymnal: All things bright and beautiful". Oremus.org. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived April 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Voices United: The Hymn and Worship Book of the United Church of Canada, (Toronto: The United Church Publishing House, c. 1996), #291
Jump up ^ Fist Of Fun Dot Net (1 June 2009). "Stewart Lee - All Things Bright & Beautiful" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ easportsbig899 (7 September 2009). "We Killed the World" – via YouTube.
External links[edit]
All Things Bright and Beautiful at Hymnary.org
Words & music at the Cyber Hymnal
https://archive.org/details/hymnsforlittlech00alex
https://archive.org/stream/hymnsforlittlech00alex#page/26/mode/2up
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Things_Bright_and_Beautiful&oldid=865863985"
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Groundhog Day
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Groundhog Day (disambiguation).
Groundhog Day
Groundhog Day 2005 in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Observed by
United States
Canada
Type
Cultural
Significance
Supposedly predicts the arrival of spring
Celebrations
Announcing whether a groundhog sees its shadow after it emerges from its burrow
Date
February 2
Frequency
Annual
Related to
Candlemas
Groundhog Day, (Pennsylvania German: Grund'sau dåk, Grundsaudaag, Grundsow Dawg, Murmeltiertag; Nova Scotia: Daks Day[1]) is a popular tradition celebrated in the United States and Canada on February 2. It derives from the Pennsylvania Dutch superstition that if a groundhog (Deitsch: Grundsau, Grunddax, Dax) emerging from its burrow on this day sees a shadow due to clear weather, it will retreat to its den and winter will persist for six more weeks, and if it does not see its shadow because of cloudiness, spring will arrive early. While the tradition remains popular in modern times, studies have found no consistent correlation between a groundhog seeing its shadow or not and the subsequent arrival time of spring-like weather.[2]
The weather lore was brought from German-speaking areas where the badger (German: dachs) is the forecasting animal. This appears to be an enhanced version of the lore that clear weather on Candlemas forebodes a prolonged winter.
The Groundhog Day ceremony held at Punxsutawney in western Pennsylvania, centering around a semi-mythical groundhog named Punxsutawney Phil, has become the most attended. Grundsow Lodges in Pennsylvania Dutch Country in the southeast part of the state celebrate them as well. Other cities in the United States and Canada have also adopted the event.
The 1993 film Groundhog Day helped boost recognition of the custom, and the celebration has spread even further afield. In 2009, Quebec began to mark the day (Canadian French: Jour de la Marmotte) with its own groundhog.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Punxsutawney beginnings
1.2 Punxsutawney today
2 Other locations
3 Origins
3.1 Protestant Germany
3.1.1 Groundhog as badger
3.2 Bear-rat
3.3 Simpler Candlemas lore
3.4 British Isles
4 Accuracy
4.1 Statistics
4.2 Pseudoscientific evaluation
5 Characteristics of groundhogs
6 Similar customs
7 Explanatory notes
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
History[edit]
The groundhog (Marmota monax) is a rodent of the family Sciuridae, belonging to the group of large ground squirrels.
The observance of Groundhog Day in the United States first occurred in German communities in Pennsylvania, according to known records.
The earliest mention of Groundhog Day is a February 2, 1840 entry in the diary of James L. Morris of Morgantown, Pennsylvania, in Pennsylvania Dutch Country, according to the book on the subject by Don Yoder. This was a Welsh enclave but the diarist was commenting on his neighbors who were of German stock.[a][b][4][5]
Punxsutawney beginnings[edit]
The first reported news of a Groundhog Day observance was arguably made by the Punxsutawney Spirit newspaper of Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania in 1886:[c] "up to the time of going to press, the beast has not seen its shadow". However, it was not until the following year in 1887 that the first Groundhog Day considered "official" was commemorated here,[6] with a group making a trip to the Gobbler's Knob part of town to consult the groundhog. People have gathered annually at the spot for the event ever since.[7][8]
Clymer Freas (1867–1942)[d] who was city editor at the Punxsutawney Spirit is credited as the "father" who conceived the idea of "Groundhog Day".[9][e] It has also been suggested that Punxsutawney was where all the Groundhog Day events originated, from where it spread to other parts of the United States and Canada.[11]
The Groundhog Day celebrations of the 1880s were carried out by the Punxsutawney Elks Lodge. The lodge members were the "genesis" of the Groundhog Club formed later, which continued the Groundhog Day tradition. But the lodge started out being interested in the groundhog as a game animal for food. It had started to serve groundhog at the lodge, and had been organizing a hunting party on a day each year in late summer.[12]
The chronologies given are somewhat inconsistent in the literature. The first "Groundhog Picnic" was held in 1887 according to a book for popular reading by an academic,[9] but given as post-circa-1889 by a local historian in a journal. The historian states that around 1889 the meat was served in the lodge's banquet, and the organized hunt started after that.[12]
Either way, the Punxsutawney Groundhog Club was formed in 1899, and continued the hunt and "Groundhog Feast", which took place annually in September.[13][14] The "hunt" portion of it became increasingly a ritualized formality, because the practical procurement of meat had to occur well ahead of time for marinating. A drink called the “groundhog punch” was also served.[f][15][16] The flavor has been described as a "cross between pork and chicken".[17] The hunt and feast did not attract enough outside interest, and the practice discontinued.[13]
Punxsutawney today[edit]
The largest Groundhog Day celebration is held in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, where crowds as large as 40,000 gather each year[18] (nearly eight times the year-round population of the town).[19] The average draw had been about 2,000 until the year after the movie screened in 1993, after which attendance rose to about 10,000.[13] The official Phil is pretended to be a supercentenarian, having been the same forecasting beast since 1887.[13]
Other locations[edit]
Banner of Grundsow Lodsh Nummer Sivva (Groundhog Lodge Number Seven), of Pennsburg, Pennsylvania
The Slumbering Groundhog Lodge, which was formed in 1907, has carried out the ceremonies that take place in Quarryville, Pennsylvania.[20] It used to be a contending rival to Punxsutawney over the Groundhog Day fame. It employs a taxidermic specimen (stuffed woodchuck).[13]
In southeastern Pennsylvania, Groundhog Lodges (Grundsow Lodges) celebrate the holiday with fersommlinge,[21] social events in which food is served, speeches are made, and one or more g'spiel (plays or skits) are performed for entertainment. The Pennsylvania German dialect is the only language spoken at the event, and those who speak English pay a penalty, usually in the form of a nickel, dime, or quarter per word spoken, with the money put into a bowl in the center of the table.[22]
Staten Island Chuck is the official weather-forecasting woodchuck for New York City.[23] Dunkirk Dave (a stage name for numerous groundhogs that have filled the role since 1960) is the local groundhog for Western New York, handled by Bob Will, a typewriter repairman who runs a rescue shelter for groundhogs.[24][25]
In Washington, DC, the Dupont Circle Groundhog Day event features Potomac Phil, another taxidermic specimen. In addition to the spring prediction, if Potomac Phil sees its shadow, it portents six more months of political gridlock.[citation needed]
In the American South, the General Beauregard Lee of Lilburn, Georgia is known to have the most accurate prediction, standing at 94%.[citation needed] The University of Dallas in Irving, Texas has boasted of hosting the second largest Groundhog celebration in the world.[26]
The day is observed with various ceremonies at other locations in North America beyond the United States,[27] including Wiarton Willie of Wiarton, Ontario,[28] and Shubenacadie Sam in Nova Scotia which, due to Nova Scotia's Atlantic Time Zone, makes the first Groundhog Day prediction in North America.[29] "Daks Day" (from the German dachs) is Groundhog Day in the dialect of Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.[30]
In French Canada, Fred la marmotte of Val-d'Espoir[31][32] has been the representative forecaster for the province of Quebec since 2009.[33][32] A study also shows that in Quebec, the marmot or groundhog (siffleux) are regarded as Candlemas weather-predicting beasts in some scattered spots, but the bear is the more usual animal.[34][g]
In 2017 Groundhog Day was scheduled to be observed at zoos in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Samara, Russia.[37]
Origins[edit]
The Pennsylvania Dutch were immigrants from German-speaking areas of Europe. The Germans already had a tradition of marking Candlemas (February 2) as "Badger Day" (Dachstag), where if a badger emerging found it to be a sunny day thereby casting a shadow, it foreboded the prolonging of winter by four more weeks.
Protestant Germany[edit]
The Candlemas was a Catholic festival officially eliminated by the Protestant Reformers, but it had been retained and continued to be celebrated by the folk.[38]
The weather-predicting animal on Candlemas was usually the badger, although regionally the animal was the bear or the fox.[39] The original weather-predicting animal in Germany had been the bear, another hibernating mammal, but when they grew scarce the lore became altered.[40]
Similarity to the groundhog lore has been noted for the German formula "Sonnt sich der Dachs in der Lichtmeßwoche, so geht er auf vier Wochen wieder zu Loche" (If the badger sunbathes during Candlemas-week, for four more weeks he will be back in his hole).[h][41] A slight variant is found in a collection of weather lore (bauernregeln, lit. "farmers' rules") printed in Austria in 1823.[42]
Groundhog as badger[edit]
So the same tradition as the Germans, except that winter's spell would be prolonged for six weeks instead of four, was maintained by the Pennsylvanians on Groundhog Day.[43] In Germany, the animal was dachs or badger. For the Pennsylvania Dutch, it became the dox which in Deitsch referred to "groundhog".[i][3][44]
The standard term for "groundhog" was grun′daks (from German dachs), with the regional variant in York County being grundsau, a direct translation of the English name, according to a 19th-century book on the dialect.[45] The form was a regional variant according to one 19th century source.[45] However, the weather superstition that begins "Der zwet Hær′ning is Grund′sau dåk. Wânn di grundau îr schâtte sent... ("February second is Groundhog day. If the groundhog sees its shadow...)" is given as common to all 14 counties in Dutch Pennsylvania Country, in a 1915 monograph.[j][46] The form grundsow has been used by the lodge in Allentown and elsewhere.[47]
Bear-rat[edit]
The groundhog was once also known by the obsolete Latin alias Arctomys monax. The genus name signified "bear-rat".[36][48] The European marmot is of the same genus and was formerly called Arctomys alpinus. It was speculated that the European counterpart might have lore similar to the groundhog attached to it.[36][k]
Simpler Candlemas lore[edit]
See also: weather lore
The German version, with the introduction of the badger (or other beasts) was an expansion on a more simple tradition that if the weather was sunny and clear on Candlemas Day people expected winter to continue.[43] The simpler version is summarized in the English (Scots dialect) couplet that runs "If Candlemas is fair and clear / There'll be twa winters in the year",[l][m] with equivalent phrases in French and German.[35] And the existence of a corresponding Latin couplet has been suggested as evidence of the great antiquity of this tradition.[n][35]
In fact, the Christian Candlemas itself was an assimilation of the Roman rite for the goddess Februa with a procession on February 2, to honor her, according to Yoder. The Roman calendar, in turn, had Celtic origins. Candlemas concurs with Imbolc, one of the Celtic ‘cross-quarter days’, the four days which marked the midpoints between solstice and equinox.[49][4]
British Isles[edit]
Scholar Rhys Carpenter in 1946 emphasized that the Badger Day tradition was strong in Germany, but absent in the British Isles (England, Scotland, or Ireland), and he referred to this as a reason that the U.S. Groundhog Day was not brought by immigrants from these places.[50]
There did exist a belief among Roman Catholics in Britain that the hedgehog predicted the length of winter, or so it has been claimed, but without demonstration of its age, in a publication by the Scotland-born American journalist Thomas C. MacMillan in 1886,[35] and American writer/journalist Samuel Adams Drake's book published in 1900.[51][o]
There are also claims of Irish lore that the hedgehog emerging out of hibernation on Brigid's Day (February 1) is a predictor of weather, and a few Celtic scholars advocate this modern Christian Irish lore to be the source of the Groundhog Day tradition in the United States.[52][53]
Accuracy[edit]
In Pennsylvania, Punxsutawney Phil has become a popular tradition. On February 2nd, people within the city will gather to find out whether or not Phil’s shadow is revealed. With that, he will allegedly determine whether spring will soon begin by not seeing his shadow, or if winter will ensue for six more weeks.
Statistics[edit]
Punxsutawney Phil's statistics are kept by the Pennsylvania’s Groundhog Club which cares for the animal. Phil has predicted 103 forecasts for winter and just 17 for an early spring.[54] Most assessments of Phil's accuracy have given accuracy lower than would be expected with random chance, with Stormfax Almanac giving an estimate of 39%,[55] and meteorologist Tim Roche of Weather Underground giving a 36% accuracy rate between 1969 and 2016 (a range chosen because local weather data was most reliable from 1969 onward) and a 47% record in that time span when predicting early spring.[54] Other poor results from analysis are reported by the Farmer's Almanac (which itself has been known for forecasts of questionable accuracy) as "exactly 50 percent" accuracy,[56] and The National Geographic Society reporting only 28% success.[57] But a Middlebury College team found that a long-term analysis of temperature high/low predictions were 70% accurate, although when the groundhog predicted early spring it was usually wrong.[58] Canadian meteorologist Cindy Day has estimated that Nova Scotia's "Shubenacadie Sam" has an accuracy rate of about 45% compared to 25% for Wiarton Willy in Ontario.[59]
Part of the problem with pinning down an accuracy rate for the groundhog is that what constitutes an early spring is not clearly defined. Other groundhogs such as Staten Island Chuck do use an objective formula (in Chuck's case, a majority of days that reach 40 °F (4 °C) in New York City between Groundhog Day and the March equinox) to assess accuracy.[60]
Pseudoscientific evaluation[edit]
Prediction based on an animal’s behavior, which may seem ridiculous nowadays, used to be given more credence in the past when stores of food became scarce as winter progressed.[61]
One theory states that the groundhog naturally comes out of hibernation in central Pennsylvania in early February because of the increasing average temperature. Under this theory, if German settlement had been centered further north, Groundhog Day would take place at a later date.[62] However, the observed behavior of groundhogs in central New Jersey was that they mostly come out of their burrows in mid-March, regardless of Groundhog Day weather.[63]
Characteristics of groundhogs[edit]
Further information: Groundhog
Groundhogs are creatures within the rodent family that weigh between 12 and 15 pounds and can live up to 8 years.[64] These animals are omnivores, but commonly feast on grass, vegetables, and fruit. Groundhogs have the ability to climb trees and, much like beavers, swim. Each fall, groundhogs go into hibernation until March. When the animals emerge from hibernation, their initial purpose is to find a mate.
Similar customs[edit]
See also: Weather lore § animal signs, and Weather lore § February
In Croatia and Serbia, Orthodox Christians have a tradition that on February 2 (Candlemas) or February 15 (Sretenje, The Meeting of the Lord), the bear will awaken from winter dormancy, and if it sees (meets) its own shadow in this sleepy and confused state, it will get scared and go back to sleep for an additional 40 days, thus prolonging the winter. Thus, if it is sunny on Sretenje, it is a sign that the winter is not over yet. If it is cloudy, it is a good sign that the winter is about to end.[65]
Similarly in Germany, on the 27th of June, they recognize the Seven Sleepers' Day (Siebenschläfertag). If it rains that day, the rest of summer is supposedly going to be rainy. As well, in the United Kingdom, the 15th of July is known as St. Swithin's day.[66] It was traditionally believed that, if it rained on that day, it would rain for the next 40 days and nights.[66]
Explanatory notes[edit]
Jump up ^ February 2, 1840 read: "Today the Germans say the groundhog comes out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he returns in and remains there 40 days."
Jump up ^ Some sources stated that Morris's February 4, 1841 entry was the oldest. It read: "Last Tuesday, the 2nd, was Candlemas day, the day on which, according to the Germans, the Groundhog peeps out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he pops back for another six weeks nap, but if the day be cloudy he remains out, as the weather is to be moderate."[3]
Jump up ^ Some books attribute this positively to Clymer Freas.
Jump up ^ Also styled H. C. Freas, H. Clymer Freas, or Clymer H. Freas
Jump up ^ Other contemporaries of Freas (his colleagues at the paper and fellow-members of the club, etc.) have been given credit for the promotion of Groundhog Day: W. O. Smith, another editor of the paper and later elected to U. S. Congress, cartoonist C. M. Payne, and John P. Cowan of the Pittsburgh Gazette.[10]
Jump up ^ a combination of vodka, milk, eggs and orange juice, among many other ingredients.
Jump up ^ There were beliefs in Switzerland and France that the marmot predicted the weather, according to MacMillan.[35] "S. S. R." also speculated there might be similar lore for the European marmot, Arctomys alpinus.[36]
Jump up ^ Noted by Uwe Johnson; the formula was printed in the Voß un Haas (nds) "Fox and Hare" calendars of Mecklenburg.
Jump up ^ "Of course everybody knows that February 2 is groundhog day. If the dox (the dialect word for groundhog) sees its shadow on this day, the belief is that six weeks of bad weather will follow".
Jump up ^ The letter "â" is actually "a with circumflex below".
Jump up ^ Signed "S. S. R." of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Note that S. S. Rathvon wrote the editorial "The Ground-Hog" and "More of the Ground-hogs" where he refers to the creature as "Old Arctomyx" in the editorial in the March 1884 issue of the Lancaster Farmer XV:3.
Jump up ^ A couplet the same as this except "two winters" in standard English is given in Davis (1985), p. 103, alongside two other variants.
Jump up ^ "Second Winter"[8] appears to be a neologism that paraphrases "two winters".
Jump up ^ "Si Sol splenescat Maria purificante / Major erit glacies post festum quam fuit ante". Note that Maria purificante or The Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary is the reference to Candlemas day, since this is the biblical event that Candlemas is supposed to commemorate.[4]
Jump up ^ Drake also states that the German lore about the badger predicting the winter's duration was firmly accepted in New England. The groundhog, badger/bear, and hedgehog are all noted as paralleling each other.
References[edit]
Citations
Jump up ^ Poteet, Lewis J. (2004) [1988], The South Shore Phrase Book (New, revised, and expanded ed.), Hantsport: Lancelot Press
Jump up ^ https://www.livescience.com/49665-groundhog-day-predictions.html
^ Jump up to: a b Shoemaker, Alfred L. (February 1, 1954), February Lore, 5 (11) (download)
^ Jump up to: a b c Kruesi, Margaret (Summer 2007). "Reviewed Work: Groundhog Day by Don Yoder". Journal of American Folklore. 120 (477): 367–368. JSTOR 20487565
Jump up ^ Yoder (2003), pp. 49, 54, 143, diary printed in "Folklore from the Diary of James L. Morris, 1845–1646", Pennsylvania Dutchman 3:17 (February 1, 1952)"
Jump up ^ Davis (1985), p. 110.
Jump up ^ Davis (1985), p. 109.
^ Jump up to: a b "This Is the Story Behind Groundhog Day". Time. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Yoder (2003), p. 10.
Jump up ^ Davis (1985).
Jump up ^ Yoder (2003), Chapter II, "Punxsutawney to the World"
^ Jump up to: a b Davis (1985), p. 106.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Carlson, Peter (February 3, 2004). "His Moment In the Sun". The Washington Post. 23.
Jump up ^ Yoder (2003), p. 11.
Jump up ^ Davis (1985), p. 107.
Jump up ^ "The Original Groundhog Day Involved Eating the Groundhog". Time. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pittsburgh Gazette, September 27, 1903, cited by Davis (1985), p. 106, note 12.
Jump up ^ Park, PhD, David (February 2, 2006). "Happy Groundhog Day to You!". Archived from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved February 5, 2009. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Yoder (2003), p. 9.
Jump up ^ Davis (1985), p. 105.
Jump up ^ Yoder (2003), p. xii.
Jump up ^ Rosenberger, Homer Tope (1966). The Pennsylvania Germans: 1891–1965. Lancaster, PA: Pennsylvania German Society. pp. 194–199. OCLC 1745108.
Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Eli (February 2, 2016). "Staten Island Groundhog Makes Star Turn, This Year Without de Blasio". N.Y./Region. New York, New York: The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 14, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Punxsutawney Phil and seven other famous groundhogs you should know". Fox News. February 2, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kirst, Sean (February 2, 2018). "Sean Kirst: For Dunkirk Dave's caretaker, every day is Groundhog Day". The Buffalo News. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Colleges in the Midwest: Compare Colleges in Your Region (24 ed.). Peterson's. 2009. p. 298. ISBN 9780768926903. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Yoder (2003), p. 33.
Jump up ^ "Hopeful Canadians look to Groundhog Day for predictions of an early spring". Canadian Press. February 2, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Shubenacadie Sam prepping for Groundhog Day". King's County Register. January 30, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Poteet, Lewis J. (2004) [1988], The South Shore Phrase Book (New, revised, and expanded ed.), Hantsport: Lancelot Press
Jump up ^ "Groundhog Day: Quebec groundhog disagrees with Shubenacadie Sam, Wiarton Willie". The Gazette. Montreal, CA. February 2, 2012. Archived from the original on February 2, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Le jour de la marmotte, science ou folklore?". Radio-Canada. February 2, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fred la marmotte : encore six semaines d'hiver!". Radio-Canada. February 2, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015. la marmotte officielle du Québec
Jump up ^ Rodrigue, Denise (1983). Le cycle de Pâques au Québec et dans l'Ouest de la France. Presses Université Laval. pp. 34, 36. ISBN 9782763769035.
^ Jump up to: a b c d MacMillan, Thomas C., ed. (1886). Ground-Hog Day ― Candlemas. The Inter Ocean Curiosity Shop for the year 1885 (3 ed.). Chicago: The Inter Ocean Publishing Company. pp. 68–69.
^ Jump up to: a b c S.S.R. (February 15, 1890), "Arctomyx monax", American Notes and Queries, 4: 188
Jump up ^ "Groundhog Day 2017: Furry Forecasters Around the World". sputniknews.com. February 2, 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Yoder (2003), p. 42.
Jump up ^ Yoder (2003), pp. 52–53.
Jump up ^ Yoder (2003), p. 54.
Jump up ^ Uwe Johnson, cited by Grambow, Jürgen (1994), "Möglichkeiten einer intellektuellen Kritik an diesem Mecklenburg", Johnson-Jahrbuch, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1, p. 77
Jump up ^ Lewenau, Joseph Arnold Ritter von (1823), Der angewandte Fresenius; oder, Sammlung geordneter allgemeiner Witterungs- und sogenannter Bauernregeln, Vienna, J.G. Mösle, p. 20: "Wenn sich der Dachs zu Lichtmeß sonnt, so gehet er wieder auf vier Wochen in sein Loch. (If the badger is in the sun at Candlemas, he will have to go back into his hole for another four weeks)"
^ Jump up to: a b Yoder (2003), p. 52.
Jump up ^ dachs is glossed as meaning "raccoon, groundhog, or short-legged dog" in : Lambert, Marcus Bachman (1924), "Pennsylvania-German Dictionary", Pennsylvania-German Society: 35
^ Jump up to: a b Haldeman, Samuel Stehman (1872), Pennsylvania Dutch: A Dialect of South German with an Infusion of English, Reformed Church Publication Board, pp. 5–6
Jump up ^ Fogel, Edwin Miller (1915). Beliefs and Superstitions of the Pennsylvania Germans. 18. Philadelphia: American Germanica Press. p. 236.
Jump up ^ Yoder (2003), pp. 67, 76.
Jump up ^ Yoder (2003), pp. 54–57.
Jump up ^ Yoder (2003), pp. 52, 42–43.
Jump up ^ Yoder (2003), p. 53.
Jump up ^ Drake, Samuel Adams (1900). The Myths and Fables of To-day. Frank T. Merill (illustr.). Boston: Lee and Shepard. pp. 43–44.
Jump up ^ Minard, Antone (2012), "Imbolc", The Celts, ABC-CLIO, 1, p. 444, ISBN 978-1-5988-4964-6
Jump up ^ Danaher, Kevin (1972) The Year in Ireland, Cork/Dublin, Mercier Press, pp. 13–14, cited by MacLeod, Sharon Paice (2003). "Oenach Aimsire na mBan: Early Irish Seasonal Celebrations, Gender Roles and Mythological Cycles". Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium. 23: 274. and note 81.JSTOR 25660739: "To see a hedgehog come out of its hole was a good sign. If the animal stayed out, this indicated the return of good weather". "This custom was transformed into Groundhog Day in the United States".
^ Jump up to: a b "How Accurate Are Punxsutawney Phil's Groundhog Day Forecasts?". Live Science. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stormfax. "Groundhog Day History from Stormfax® 2016". www.stormfax.com. Retrieved 2016-02-18.
Jump up ^ Thomas, R. B. (1998), The Farmer's Almanac, p. 67, cited in Aaron et al. (2001), p. 28
Jump up ^ Allison, Christine (1995), 365 days of gardening, p. 353, cited in Aaron et al. (2001), p. 28
Jump up ^ Aaron, Michael A.; Boyd, Brewster B., Jr.; Curtis, Melanie J.; Sommers, Paul M. (January 2001), "Punxsutawney's Phenomenal Phorecaster", The College Mathematics Journal, 32 (1): 26–29 . doi:10.2307/2687216.
Jump up ^ Tom Ayers, "Shubenacadie Sam unlikely to see his shadow", Chronicle Herald, January 31, 2018a
Jump up ^ Groundhog Day 2017: Staten Island Chuck calls for an early spring
Jump up ^ Lewis, Danny. "A Short History of Groundhog Day". Smithsonian. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Coin, Glenn (February 1, 2015). Groundhog Day 2016: Do you trust a rodent to predict the weather? Syracuse Post-Standard. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Happy Groundhog Day...again?". caucus99percent.com. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "First Groundhog Day — Feb 02, 1887 - HISTORY.com". HISTORY.com. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lodge, Olive (1942), Peasant Life in Yugoslavia, Ams Press Inc, p. 142
^ Jump up to: a b Keever, Homer M. (1976), Iredell, Piedmont County, Iredell County Bicentennial Commission, p. 26
Bibliography
Davis, Christopher R. (April 1985), "Totemism and Civic Boosterism in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, 1899-1909", The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine, 68 (2)
Yoder, Don (2003). Groundhog Day. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0811700291. OCLC 52542605.
Further reading[edit]
Old, W. C., and P. Billin-Frye (2004). The Groundhog Day Book of Facts and Fun. Morton Grove, IL: Albert Whitman.
Pulling, A. F. (2001). Around Punxsutawney. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia.
External links[edit]
Gobblers Knobb Punxsatawney's Mascot
Groundhog Day – The Official Website of the Punxsatawney Groundhog Club
Groundhogstuff.com. The Official Punxsutawney Phil Souvenir Shop located in Punxsutawney, PA.
Short Punxsutawney Groundhog Day Documentary: A Holiday for Everyone
Groundhog Days in Woodstock, IL
Wiarton Willie Festival – Wiarton, Ontario
Groundhog Day (1993) movie on IMDb
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values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Groundhog_Day rootpage-Groundhog_Day skin-vector action-view