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Higher-order thinking
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Categories in the cognitive domain of Bloom's taxonomy (Anderson & Krathwohl, 2001)
Higher-order thinking, known as higher order thinking skills (HOTS), is a concept of education reform based on learning taxonomies (such as Bloom's taxonomy). The idea is that some types of learning require more cognitive processing than others, but also have more generalized benefits. In Bloom's taxonomy, for example, skills involving analysis, evaluation and synthesis (creation of new knowledge) are thought to be of a higher order, requiring different learning and teaching methods than the learning of facts and concepts.
Higher-order thinking involves the learning of complex judgmental skills such as critical thinking and problem solving. Higher-order thinking is more difficult to learn or teach but also more valuable because such skills are more likely to be usable in novel situations (i.e., situations other than those in which the skill was learned).
Contents
[hide]
1 Education reform
2 Mathematics
3 See also
4 References
Education reform[edit]
It is a notion that students must master the lower level skills before they can engage in higher-order thinking. However, the United States National Research Council objected to this line of reasoning, saying that cognitive research challenges that assumption, and that higher-order thinking is important even in elementary school.[1]
Including higher-order thinking skills in educational aims and objectives is a very common feature of standards-based education reform.
Advocates of traditional education object to elevating HOTS above direct instruction of basic skills. Many forms of education reform, such as inquiry-based science, reform mathematics and whole language emphasize HOTS to solve problems and learn, sometimes deliberately omitting direct instruction of traditional methods, facts, or knowledge. HOTS assumes standards based assessments that use open-response items instead of multiple choice questions, and hence require higher-order analysis and writing. Critics of standards based assessments point out that this style of testing is even more difficult for students who are behind academically. Indeed, while minorities may lag by 10 to 25 points on standardized percentile rankings, the failure rates of minorities are two to four times the best scoring groups on tests like the WASL. It is debated whether it is correct to raise the importance of teaching process over content.[citation needed]
The Republican Party of Texas expressed their opposition to the teaching of certain HOTS by including the following item in their 2012 Party Platform:[2]
"Knowledge-Based Education – We oppose the teaching of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) (values clarification), critical thinking skills and similar programs that are simply a relabeling of Outcome-Based Education (OBE) (mastery learning) which focus on behavior modification and have the purpose of challenging the student's fixed beliefs and undermining parental authority."
However, the final wording of this item was evidently a "mistake" according to Republican Party of Texas Communications Director Chris Elam who said, in an interview with Talking Points Memo, that the plank should not have included the phrase "critical thinking skills" and it was not the intent of the subcommittee to indicate that the RPT was opposed to critical thinking skills. When asked to clarify the meaning of the item he said, "I think the intent is that the Republican Party is opposed to the values clarification method that serves the purpose of challenging students beliefs and undermine [sic] parental authority".[3]
Mathematics[edit]
Similarly, textbooks such as Dale Seymour's Investigations omit many standard arithmetic methods, instead relying on students to construct their own ways to compute averages, and perform multiplication and division.[citation needed] Teachers are directed to discourage students who may have been taught how to regroup or take a sum and divide by the number of items to compute an average.
See also[edit]
DIKW pyramid
Fluid and crystallized intelligence
Integrative complexity
Metacognition
Model of hierarchical complexity
Structure of observed learning outcome
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Resnick, Lauren B. (1987). Education and learning to think. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. p. 8. ISBN 0309037859.
Jump up ^ "Texas Republican Party Platform of 2012" (PDF). Republican Party of Texas. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Lach, Eric (29 June 2012). "Texas GOP's 2012 platform opposes teaching of 'critical thinking skills'". Talking Points Memo. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
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Greek words for love
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This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Part of a series on
Love
Types of love[show]
Affection
Bonding
Broken heart
Compassionate love
Conjugal love
Courtly love
courtship
troubadours
Falling in love
Free love
Friendship
romantic
Interpersonal relationship
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Cultural views[hide]
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words for love
Agape
Eros
Philia
Storge
Xenia
Indian
Kama
Bhakti
Mettā
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Ishq
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The Greek language distinguishes at least four different ways as to how the word love is used. Ancient Greek has four distinct words for love: agápe, éros, philía, and storgē. However, as with other languages, it has been difficult to separate the meanings of these words when used outside their respective contexts. Nonetheless, the senses in which these words were generally used are as follows:
Agápe (ἀγάπη agápē[1]) means "love: esp. charity; the love of God for man and of man for God."[2] Agape is used in ancient texts to denote feelings for one's children and the feelings for a spouse, and it was also used to refer to a love feast.[3] Agape is used by Christians to express the unconditional love of God for his children.[4] This type of love was further explained by Thomas Aquinas as "to will the good of another."[5]
Éros (ἔρως érōs) means "love, mostly of the sexual passion."[6] The Modern Greek word "erotas" means "intimate love". Plato refined his own definition: Although eros is initially felt for a person, with contemplation it becomes an appreciation of the beauty within that person, or even becomes appreciation of beauty itself. Plato does not talk of physical attraction as a necessary part of love, hence the use of the word platonic to mean, "without physical attraction". In the Symposium, the most famous ancient work on the subject, Plato has Socrates argue that eros helps the soul recall knowledge of beauty, and contributes to an understanding of spiritual truth, the ideal "Form" of youthful beauty that leads us humans to feel erotic desire – thus suggesting that even that sensually based love aspires to the non-corporeal, spiritual plane of existence; that is, finding its truth, just like finding any truth, leads to transcendence.[7] Lovers and philosophers are all inspired to seek truth through the means of eros.
Philia (φιλία philía) means "affectionate regard, friendship", usually "between equals".[8] It is a dispassionate virtuous love, a concept developed by Aristotle.[9] In his best-known work on ethics, Nicomachean Ethics, philia is expressed variously as loyalty to friends (specifically, "brotherly love"), family, and community, and requires virtue, equality, and familiarity. Furthermore, in the same text philos denotes a general type of love, used for love between family, between friends, a desire or enjoyment of an activity, as well as between lovers.
Storge (στοργή storgē) means "love, affection" and "especially of parents and children".[10] It is the common or natural empathy, like that felt by parents for offspring.[11] Rarely used in ancient works, and then almost exclusively as a descriptor of relationships within the family. It is also known to express mere acceptance or putting up with situations, as in "loving" the tyrant. This is also used when referencing the love for one's country or a favorite sports team.
See also[edit]
Diotima of Mantinea
Greek love
Intellectual virtue – Greek words for knowledge
Love styles
Restoration of Peter
The Four Loves by C. S. Lewis
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ἀγάπη, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
Jump up ^ H. G. Liddell; Robert Scott (October 2010). An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon: Founded Upon the Seventh Edition of Liddell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicon. Benediction Classics. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-84902-626-0.
Jump up ^ "Greek Lexicon". GreekBible.com. The Online Greek Bible. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Romans 5:5, 5:8
Jump up ^ "St. Thomas Aquinas, STh I-II, 26, 4, corp. art". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 2010-10-30.
Jump up ^ ἔρως, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
Jump up ^ translated from the Greek by Walter Hamilton, Plato (1973). The Symposium (Repr. ed.). Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin. ISBN 9780140440249.
Jump up ^ φιλία, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
Jump up ^ "Philosophy of Love (Philia)". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
Jump up ^ στοργή, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
Jump up ^ Strong B, Yarber WL, Sayad BW, Devault C (2008). Human sexuality: diversity in contemporary America (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-07-312911-2.
English-to-Greek word search results for love, on Perseus
Greek phrases for love
The Ancient Greeks' 6 Words for Love
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The Four Loves by C. S. Lewis
Greek words for love: Agape
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Central Electricity Authority Regulations
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CEAR namely Central Electricity Authority (Measures relating to Safety and Electric Supply) Regulations, 2010[1] are regulations framed by Central Electricity Authority of India under Indian Electricity Act, 2003, to regulate measures relating to safety and electric supply in India.
Contents
1 History
2 Earthing provisions and safety
2.1 Earthing in mines
3 Salient features
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
CEAR came into effect 20 September 2010, in place of The Indian Electricity Rules, 1956.
The Electricity Act, 2003, was formulated combining the Indian Electricity Act 1910 and Indian Electricity (supply) Act 1948.[2]
Earthing provisions and safety[edit]
Under CEAR, rule 41, there is specific provision of earthing neutral wire of a 3-phase, 4-wire system and the additional third wire of a 2- phase, 3-wire system. Earthing is to be done with two separate connections. Grounding system also to have minimum two or more earth pits (electrode) such that proper grounding takes place. As per the rule 42, installation with load above 5 KW exceeding 250Volt shall have suitable Earth leakage protective device to isolate the load in case of earth fault or leakage.[3]
Neutral and earth run separately on overhead line/cables. Separate conductor for overhead lines and armoring of cables are used for earth connection. Additional earth electrodes/pits are installed at user ends for proper earth.
Earthing in mines[edit]
Earthing in an underground mine shall be carried out by connection to an earthing system at the surface of the mine as per rule 99.
As per rule 100, protective equipment is to be placed in the mines for automatic disconnection of supply when there is earth fault exceeding 750 milliampere in 250 V to 1000 Volt installations. For open cast mine the limit is 50 ampere in installations of voltage exceeding 1100 V and up to 11 kV. The earth leakage current is to be restricted by placing suitable neutral grounding resistance (NGR) in all the distribution transformers.
Salient features[edit]
Chapters and regulations there in:[4]-
Chapter - I Definitions
1 Short title and Commencement
2 Definitions
Chapter - II
3 Designating person(s) to operate and carry out the work on electrical lines and apparatus
4 Inspection of designated officers and other safety measures
5 Electrical Safety Officer
6 Safety measures for operation and maintenance of electric plants
7 Safety measures for operation and maintenance of transmission, distribution systems
8 Keeping of records and inspection there of
9 Deposit of maps
10 Deposit of printed copies
11 Plan for area of supply to be made and kept open for inspection
Chapter - III General safety requirements
12 General safety requirements, pertaining to construction, installation, protection, operation and maintenance of electric supply lines apparatus
13 Service lines and apparatus on consumer’s premises
14 Switchgear on consumer’s premises
15 Identification of earthed and earthed neutral conductors and position of switches and switchgear therein
16 Earthed terminal on consumer’s premises
17 Accessibility of bare conductors
18 Danger Notices
19 Handling of electric supply lines and apparatus
20 Supply to vehicles and cranes
21 Cables for portable or transportable apparatus
22 Cables protected by bituminous materials
23 Street boxes
24 Distinction of different circuits
25 Distinction of the installations having more than one feed
26 Accidental charging
27 Provisions applicable to protective equipment
28 Display of instructions for resuscitation of persons suffering from electric shock
29 Precautions to be adopted by consumers, owners, occupiers, electrical contractors, electrical workmen and suppliers
30 Periodical inspection and-testing of Installations
31 Testing of consumer's installation
32 Installation and testing of generating units
Chapter - IV General conditions relating to supply and use of electricity
33 Precautions against leakage before connection
34 Leakage on consumer's premises
35 Supply and use of electricity
36 Provisions for supply and use of electricity in multi-storied building more than 15 meters in height
37 Conditions applicable to installations of voltage exceeding 250 Volts
38 Appeal to Electrical Inspector in regard to defects
39 Precautions against failure of supply and notice of failures
Chapter - V Safety Provisions for Electrical Installations and apparatus of voltage not exceeding 650 volts
40 Test for resistance of insulation
41 Connection with earth
42 Earth leakage protective device
Chapter - VI Safety Provisions for Electrical Installations and apparatus of voltage exceeding 650 volts
43 Approval by Electrical Inspector
44 Use of electricity at voltage exceeding 650 Volts
45 Inter-locks and protection for use of electricity at voltage exceeding 650 Volts
46 Testing, Operation and Maintenance
47 Precautions to be taken against excess leakage in case of metal sheathed electric supply lines
48 Connection with earth for apparatus exceeding 650V
49 General conditions as to transformation and control of electricity
50 Pole type sub-stations
51 Condensers
52 Supply to luminous tube sign installations of voltage exceeding 650 Volts but not exceeding 33 kV
53 Supply to electrode boilers of voltage exceeding 650 Volt but not exceeding 33 kV
54 Supply to X-ray and high frequency installations
Chapter - VII Safety requirements for overhead lines, underground cables and generating stations
55 Material and strength
56 Joints
57 Maximum stresses and factors of safety
58 Clearance above ground of the lowest conductor of overhead lines
59 Clearance between conductors and trolley wires
60 Clearance from buildings of lines of voltage and service lines not exceeding 650 Volts
61 Clearances from buildings of lines of voltage exceeding 650 V
62 Conductors at different voltages on same supports
63 Erection or alteration of buildings, structures, flood banks and elevation of roads
64 Transporting and storing of material near overhead lines
65 General clearances
66 Routes proximity to aerodromes
67 Maximum interval between supports
68 Conditions to apply where telecommunication lines and power lines are carried on same supports
69 Lines crossing or approaching each other and lines crossing street and road
70 Guarding
71 Service lines from overhead lines
72 Earthing
73 Safety and protective devices
74 Protection against lightning
75 Unused overhead lines
76 Laying of cables
77 Protection against electromagnetic interference
Chapter - VIII Safety requirements for Electric Traction
78 Application of chapter
79 Voltage of supply to vehicle
80 Insulation of lines
81 Insulation of returns
82 Proximity to metallic pipes
83 Difference of potential on return
84 Leakage on conduit system
85 Leakage on system other than conduit system
86 Passengers not to have access to electric circuit
87 Isolation of sections
88 Minimum size and strength of trolley wire
89 Height of trolley wire and length of span
90 Earthing of guard wires
91 Proximity to magnetic observatories and laboratories
92 Records
Chapter - IX Safety requirements for mines and oil fields
93 Application of chapter
94 Responsibility for observance
95 Notices
See also[edit]
National Electrical Safety Code
Canadian Electrical Code
IEEE C2
PSE law, Japan Electrical Safety Law.
Slash rating
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1]; Central Electricity Authority
Jump up ^ [2]; [3]
Jump up ^ [4]; Central Electricity Authority-(Measures relating to Safety and Electric Supply). Regulations, 2010; rule 41 and 42
Jump up ^ [5]; Central Electricity Authority
External links[edit]
[6]; Central Electricity Authority
[7]; Electricity Act, 2003 (36 of 2003); the Central Electricity Authority hereby makes the following regulations for Measures relating to Safety and Electric Supply
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Electricity_Authority_Regulations&oldid=819972829"
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Interac
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the Japanese company, see Interac (Japan).
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Not encyclopedic at the moment. Needs more work in tone and style Please help improve this article if you can. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Interac Corporation
Operating area
Canada
Members
83
ATMs
59,000
Founded
1984; 34 years ago (1984) (as Interac Association)
1 February 2018 (as Interac Corporation)
Website
interac.ca
Interac is a Canadian interbank network that links financial institutions and other enterprises for the purpose of exchanging electronic financial transactions. Interac serves as the Canadian debit card system, as the traditional credit card providers (Visa and MasterCard) rarely provide debit cards in Canada. There are over 59,000 automated teller machines that can be accessed through the Interac network in Canada, and over 450,000 merchant locations accepting Interac debit payments.[citation needed]
The network was launched in 1984 through the nonprofit Interac Association, a cooperative venture between five financial institutions: RBC, CIBC, Scotiabank, TD, and Desjardins; by 2010, there were over 80 member organizations. The group founded a for-profit counterpart organization, Acxsys, in 1996, which launched additional Interac-branded services including e-transfers. Following several aborted merger attempts which were either blocked by the Competition Bureau or by some of the co-owners between 2008 and 2013, Interac and Acxsys were combined into a single for-profit organization, Interac Corporation, on 1 February 2018.[1][2] Interac's head office is located at Royal Bank Plaza in Toronto.
Contents
1 Services
1.1 Interac Direct Payment (IDP)
1.1.1 IDP flaws and features
1.1.2 Interac Chip Cards
1.2 Shared Cash Dispensing (SCD)
1.3 Interac email money transfer
1.4 Interac Online
2 See also
3 References
4 Bibliography
5 External links
Services[edit]
Interac is the organization responsible for the development of a national network of two shared electronic financial services:
Interac Direct Payment (IDP)[edit]
Interac Direct Payment (IDP) is Canada's national debit card service for purchasing of goods and services. Customers enter their personal identification number (PIN) and the amount paid is deducted from either their chequing or savings accounts.
As of 2001 the number of transactions completed via Interac Direct Payment has surpassed those completed using physical money.[3]
Beginning in 2004, IDP purchases could also be made in the United States at merchants on the NYCE network.
IDP is similar in nature to the EFTPOS systems in use in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.
IDP flaws and features[edit]
Interac Direct Payment is a PIN-based system where the information entered on the PIN pad is encrypted and verified at a central server, rather than being stored on the card itself. Because of this, it is significantly more secure than traditional signature or card-based transactions. Despite these security features, there are ongoing fraud concerns, particularly when debit cards are duped or skimmed — a compromised automated teller machine or point-of-sale terminal will record the account information contained in the magnetic strip of the card, allowing for duplicate cards to be created at a later time. The owner of the card is then secretly video taped or observed entering their PIN, allowing a criminal to use duplicate cards to make fraudulent purchases.
Interac Chip Cards[edit]
In 2007, Interac announced it will be moving to EMV Chip Card technology.[4][5] The main benefit to this technology over the existing magnetic stripes is that the chips are almost impossible to copy due to high levels of encryption.
Shared Cash Dispensing (SCD)[edit]
Shared Cash Dispensing (SCD): cash withdrawals from any ABM not belonging to a cardholder's financial institution.
This Canada-specific service is similar to international systems like PLUS or Cirrus.
Virtually every ABM in Canada is on the Interac system.
Interac email money transfer[edit]
Main article: Interac e-Transfer
The Interac email money transfer service is offered by CertaPay. It allows online banking customers to send money to anyone with an e-mail address and a bank account in Canada. Prior to February 2018, this was an Interac branded service operated by Acxsys Corporation.
Interac Online[edit]
The Interac Online service allows customers to pay for goods and services over the Internet using funds directly from their bank accounts. Because no financial information is shared with the online merchant, the Interac Online service is more secure than online credit card payments. This service, an Interac branded service operated by Acxsys Corporation prior to February 2018, began in 2005 and is expanding as more merchants choose to participate.[citation needed] Since November 2007, the service has been available to customers of four of the five largest Canadian banks: RBC, BMO, Scotiabank, and TD Canada Trust (CIBC uses Visa Debit for online payments from bank accounts). As of February 2009, the service is offered by roughly 300 merchants including two large universities (for tuition payments), two major wireless carriers, provincial lottery corporations, and a wide variety of retailers. Interac Online is an Online Banking ePayments service very similar to iDEAL in the Netherlands, Giropay[6] in Germany, and Secure Vault Payments[7] in the United States.
See also[edit]
ATM usage fees
White-label ABMs
Debit card
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Canadian Press (12 February 2010). "Bureau axes Interac request to become for-profit". CTV News.ca. Bell Media. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Bradshaw, James (5 February 2018). "Major revamp gives Interac a chance to compete against rivals". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Buchholz, Garth A. (22 July 2005). "INTERAC Milestones in Canada | Electronic Cash Payments: Canada Loves its Debit Cards, but Will the Cashless Revolution Happen in the U.S.?". InformIT. Pearson Education. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "What is Chip Technology | Interac". Interac.ca. 31 December 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Interac Association Chip Guide". EPOSS. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Home: giropay" (in German). Giropay.de. 18 September 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Fast. Easy. Secure". Secure Vault Payments. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
Bibliography[edit]
Interac Association (2006). At the Merchant 2006. Retrieved 19 June 2006, from http://www.interac.ca/en_n2_11_howitworks.html
Interac Association (2006). At the Merchant 2006. Retrieved 19 June 2006, from http://www.interac.ca/en_n2_12_benefits.html
Interac Association (2006). At the Merchant 2006. Retrieved 19 June 2006, from http://www.interac.ca/en_n2_13_fees.html
External links[edit]
Interac website
Interac Online website
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This page was last edited on 28 July 2018, at 12:04 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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