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British colonization of the Americas
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The British colonization of the Americas (including colonization by both the English and the Scots) began in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia, and reached its peak when colonies had been established throughout the Americas. The English, and later the British, were among the most important colonizers of the Americas, and their American empire came to rival the Spanish American colonies in military and economic might.
Three types of colonies were established in the English overseas possessions in America of the 17th century and continued into the British Empire at the height of its power in the 17th century. These were charter colonies, proprietary colonies, and royal colonies. A group of 13 British American colonies collectively broke from the British Empire in the 1770s through a successful revolution, establishing the modern United States. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–15), the remaining British territories in North America were slowly granted more responsible government. In 1838 the Durham Report recommended full responsible government for Canada, but this was not fully implemented for another decade. Eventually, with the Confederation of Canada, the Canadian colonies were granted significant autonomy and became a self-governing Dominion in 1867. Other colonies in the Americas followed at a much slower pace. In this way, two countries in North America, ten in the Caribbean, and one in South America have received their independence from Great Britain or the later United Kingdom. All of these, except the United States, are members of the Commonwealth of Nations and nine are Commonwealth realms. The eight current British overseas territories in the Americas have varying degrees of self-government.
Great Britain in the Americas
Contents
1 North America
1.1 Pre-British colonization of North America
1.1.1 English colonies in North America
1.1.2 Scottish colonies in North America
1.2 British colonies in North America
1.2.1 List of English and British colonies in North America (in rough chronological order)
1.2.2 Non-colonial British territories in North America
2 Central and South America, Caribbean
2.1 English and later British Caribbean colonies
2.2 English and later British Central and South American colonies
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
5.1 Historiography
6 External links
North America[edit]
Main articles: Colonial history of the United States and History of Canada
Pre-British colonization of North America[edit]
English colonies in North America[edit]
Main articles: English overseas possessions and English colonial grants in North America (1621–1639)
Plaque in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, commemorating Gilbert's founding of the British overseas Empire
A number of English colonies were established under a system of Proprietary Governors, who were appointed under mercantile charters to English joint stock companies to found and run settlements.
Between 1584 and 1589, the English attempt to establish Roanoke Colony failed, and in 1590 the colony was found abandoned.
In 1607, Jamestown, Virginia was founded by the London Company (also known as the Virginia Company).
In Newfoundland, a chartered company known as the Society of Merchant Venturers established a permanent settlement at Cuper's Cove, from 1610.
St. George's, Bermuda was founded by the Virginia Company, in 1612.
In 1664, England took over the Dutch colony of New Netherland (including its capital of New Amsterdam) which England renamed the Province of New York. With New Netherland, the English also came to control the former New Sweden (in what is now Delaware), which the Dutch had conquered earlier. This later became part of Pennsylvania after that was established in 1680.
Scottish colonies in North America[edit]
Main article: Scottish colonization of the Americas
The Kingdom of Scotland tried unsuccessfully to establish a colony at Darién, and the Scottish colonization of Nova Scotia (New Scotland) lasted from 1629 to 1632. Thousands of Scotsmen also participated in English colonization before the two countries were united in 1707.
British colonies in North America[edit]
See also: British America, British North America, and Thirteen Colonies
The Kingdom of Great Britain acquired the French colony of Acadia in 1713 and then Canada and the Spanish colony of Florida in 1763. After being renamed the Province of Quebec, the former French Canada was divided into two Provinces, the Canadas, consisting of the old settled country of Lower Canada (today Quebec) and the newly settled Upper Canada (today Ontario).
In the north, the Hudson's Bay Company actively traded for fur with the indigenous peoples, and had competed with French, Aboriginal, and Métis fur traders. The company came to control the entire drainage basin of Hudson Bay, called Rupert's Land. The small part of the Hudson Bay drainage south of the 49th parallel went to the United States in the Anglo-American Convention of 1818.
Thirteen of Great Britain's colonies rebelled in the American Revolutionary War, beginning in 1775, primarily over representation, local laws and tax issues, and established the United States of America, which was recognised internationally with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 3 September 1783.
Great Britain also colonised the west coast of North America, indirectly via the Hudson's Bay Company licenses west of the Rocky Mountains: the Columbia District and New Caledonia fur district. Most of these were jointly claimed as the Oregon Country by the United States from 1818 until the 49th parallel was established as the international boundary west of the Rockies by the Oregon Treaty of 1846. The Colony of Vancouver Island, founded in 1849, and the Colony of British Columbia, founded in 1858, were combined in 1866 under the name Colony of British Columbia, and joined the Confederation in 1871. British Columbia was expanded with the inclusion of the Stikine Territory in 1863; and upon joining Confederation the Peace River Block, formerly part of Rupert's Land, was added.
In 1867, the colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Province of Canada (the southern portion of modern-day Ontario and Quebec) combined to form a self-governing dominion, named Canada, within the British Empire (the term "kingdom" was avoided so as to not provoke the United States). Quebec (including what is now the southern portion of Ontario) and Nova Scotia (including what is now New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island) had been ceded to Britain by the French. The colonies of Prince Edward Island and British Columbia joined over the next six years, and Newfoundland joined in 1949. Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory were ceded to Canada in 1870. This area now consists of the provinces of Manitoba (admitted after negotiation between Canada and a Métis provisional government in 1870), Saskatchewan, and Alberta (both created in 1905), as well as the Northwest Territories, the Yukon Territory (created 1898, following the start of the Klondike Gold Rush), and Nunavut (created in 1999).
List of English and British colonies in North America (in rough chronological order)[edit]
The British Colonies in North America, 1763–1775
Roanoke Colony, founded 1586, abandoned the next year. Second attempt in 1587 disappeared (also called the Lost Colony).
Cuttyhunk Island, established as a small fort and trading post by Bartholomew Gosnold in 1602, abandoned after one month.
Virginia Company, chartered 1606 and became the Virginia Colony in 1624
London Company
Jamestown, Virginia, founded 1607 (briefly abandoned in 1610)
Bermuda, islands located in the North Atlantic, first settled in 1609 by the London Virginia Company; administration passed in 1615 to the Somers Isles Company, formed by the same shareholders. Known officially as the Somers Isles, they remain today a British overseas territory.
Citie of Henricopolis, founded in 1611 as an alternative to the swampy Jamestown site and destroyed in the Indian massacre of 1622.
Plymouth Company
Popham Colony, founded 1607, abandoned 1608
Society of Merchant Venturers (Newfoundland)
Cuper's Cove, founded 1610, abandoned in the 1620s
Bristol's Hope, founded 1618, abandoned in the 1630s
London and Bristol Company (Newfoundland)
The massacre of Jamestown settlers in 1622. Soon the colonists in the South feared all natives as enemies.
New Cambriol, founded 1617, abandoned before 1637
Renews, founded 1615, abandoned in 1619[1]
St. John's, Newfoundland, chartered by Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1583; seasonal settlements ca. 1520;[2] informal year-round settlers before 1620.[3][4]
Plymouth Council for New England
Plymouth Colony, founded 1620, merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691
Ferryland, Newfoundland, granted to George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore in 1620, first settlers in August 1621[5]
Province of Maine, granted 1622, sold to Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1677
South Falkland, Newfoundland, founded 1623 by Henry Cary, 1st Viscount Falkland
Province of New Hampshire, later New Hampshire settled in 1623, see also New Hampshire Grants
Dorchester Company Colony, (Dorchester Company planted an unsuccessful fishing colony on Cape Ann at modern Gloucester, Massachusetts in 1624)
Salem Colony, later Salem, Massachusetts, settled in 1628, merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony the next year
Massachusetts Bay Colony, later part of Massachusetts, founded 1629
New Scotland, in present Nova Scotia, 1629–1632
Connecticut Colony, later part of Connecticut founded 1633
Province of Maryland, later Maryland, founded in 1634
The Treaty of William Penn with the Indians. Penn's Treaty was never violated.
New Albion, chartered in 1634, failed by 1649–50, not to be confused with Nova Albion on the Pacific coast (see next section)
Saybrook Colony, founded 1635, merged with Connecticut in 1644
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, first settled in 1636
New Haven Colony, founded 1638, merged with Connecticut in 1665
Gardiners Island, founded 1639, now part of East Hampton, New York
Province of New York, captured 1664
Province of New Jersey, captured in 1664
divided into West Jersey and East Jersey after 1674, each held by its own company of Proprietors.
Province of Pennsylvania, later Pennsylvania, founded 1681 as an English colony, although first settled by Dutch and Swedes
Delaware Colony, later Delaware, separated from Pennsylvania in 1704
Province of Carolina
Province of North Carolina, first permanent English settlements in the late 1600s (nearly a century after the failed Roanoke Colony; see Albemarle Settlements), became a separate colony in 1710–12.
Province of South Carolina, first permanent English settlement in 1670, became a separate colony in 1710–12.
Province of Georgia, later Georgia; first settled in about 1670, formal colony in 1732
Nova Scotia, site of abortive Scottish colony in 1629; British colony 1713, but this did not permanently include Cape Breton Island until 1758.
Province of Quebec, which had been called Canada under French rule. Canada was by far the most settled portion of New France. Britain gained complete control of French Canada in 1759–1761, from the events within the North American theater of the Seven Years' War; France ceded title with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. Became Canada East in the Province of Canada, which also included Ontario (Upper Canada) as Canada West, from 1841 to 1867.
East Florida and West Florida, acquired from Spain in 1763 in exchange for returning Cuba, taken from Spain in 1761; the Floridas were recovered by Spain in 1783. Backwoods areas almost unaffected by the Stamp Act Crisis of 1765, which unified the thirteen colonies that formed the United States, not much for abstract principles, and grateful to the crown, they declined to send representatives to the Continental Congress or to participate in any way in the independence movement. After the Second Spanish period, they were acquired by the United States in 1821.
Island of St. John, separated from Nova Scotia 1769, renamed Prince Edward Island in 1798
New Brunswick, separated from Nova Scotia in 1784
Fur traders in Canada, trading with Indians, 1777
Ontario, separated from Quebec in 1791 as the Province of Upper Canada until 1841, when it became Canada West in the Province of Canada.
Province of Canada combined the colonies of Quebec (Lower Canada) and Ontario (Upper Canada) from 1841 to 1867.
Colony of Vancouver Island, founded by the Hudson's Bay Company at Fort Victoria in 1843. Received royal charter for the Island as a colony in 1849, and merged with the colony of British Columbia in 1866.
Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands, founded in 1852, merged with the Colony of Vancouver Island in 1863.
Colony of British Columbia, also called the Mainland Colony or the Gold Colony, founded in 1858 from the New Caledonia fur district and the remnant of the Columbia fur district north of the 49th parallel (see below). The colony was expanded with the addition of most of the Stikine Territory (also called Stickeen Territory) and the Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands in 1863.
Colony of British Columbia, formed in 1866 from a merger of the Vancouver Island and Mainland Colonies. The name British Columbia was chosen for the newly merged colony despite the opposition from Vancouver Island colonists.
Non-colonial British territories in North America[edit]
Rupert's Land, territory of the Hudson's Bay Company, founded in 1670 and transferred to the new Dominion of Canada in 1867 as the Northwest Territories
Columbia District, the trading district of the Columbia Department of the Hudson's Bay Company from 1821 to the Oregon Treaty of 1846, by which most of the Columbia District was formally annexed to the United States. HBC lands south of the 49th parallel were guaranteed by the Oregon Treaty but ownership and compensation issues were not fully resolved until 1861.
New Caledonia, fur district. First created in 1805 as part of North West Company for operations, administered by Hudson's Bay Company following the two companies' forced merger in 1821, until incorporated as the part of the Colony of British Columbia in 1858, by which time the term "New Caledonia" had come to refer to the whole of the British Columbia mainland, not just the original fur district in what is now its Central Interior.
Stikine Territory, also called Stickeen Territories, founded in 1862 in response to the Stikine Gold Rush to prevent an American takeover.
North-Western Territory, a Hudson's Bay Company trading area covering lands north and northwest of Rupert's Land and, after 1863, north of the Stikine Territory's original boundary at the 62nd parallel. Its remnant was incorporated at the Yukon Territory after the part of it south of the 60th parallel was amalgamated to British Columbia.
Nova Albion, never incorporated or settled, exact location unknown, claimed by Sir Francis Drake and one of the precedents for the British claims to the Pacific Northwest during the Oregon boundary dispute.
the southeastern Alaska Panhandle was leased from the Russian Empire, from 1839 to 1867, until the lease was ignored by both the Russians and Americans and, subsequently, by the Canadian and the British imperial governments, despite British Columbia's protests.
Central and South America, Caribbean[edit]
English and later British Caribbean colonies[edit]
Main articles: History of the British West Indies and History of the Caribbean
Planter and his wife, with a servant, circa 1780
In order of settlement or founding:
Saint Kitts – The island was settled by Sir Thomas Warner in 1623. The following year the French also settled part of St Kitts. After they massacred the Caribs, the British and French turned on each other and St Kitts changed hands between the two several times before the Treaty of Paris (1783) gave the island to Britain. It became independent as part of Saint Kitts and Nevis in 1983.
Barbados – The island was claimed for the British Empire in 1625, and later settled in 1627 as a proprietary colony of Anglo-Dutchman William Courten. It became an independent nation in 1966.
Nevis – The island was permanently settled in 1628. It became independent as part of Saint Kitts and Nevis in 1983.
Providencia Island – part of an archipelago off the coast of Nicaragua, this island was settled in 1630 by English Puritans. The colony was conquered by the Spanish and became extinct in 1641. The island is today administered by Colombia. Providence Island colony was a sister colony to the more well known Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Antigua – The island was settled in 1632. It became independent as part of Antigua and Barbuda in 1981.
Barbuda – The island was settled about 1632. It became independent as part of Antigua and Barbuda in 1981.
Montserrat – The island was settled in 1632. It was occupied by the French in 1664–68 and 1782–84. It remains a British territory.
Bahamas – The islands were settled from 1647. They became independent in 1973.
Anguilla – The island was settled in 1650. Its government was united with St Christopher (St Kitts) from 1882 until 1967, when it declared its separation. It was brought back under British administration in 1969. It remains a British territory.
Jamaica – The island was conquered from Spain in 1655. It became independent in 1962.
British Virgin Islands – The islands were settled from 1666. They remain a British territory.
Cayman Islands – The islands were acquired from Spain in 1670. They remain a British territory.
Turks and Caicos Islands – The islands were first permanently settled in the 1750s. They remain a British territory.
A linen market in the West Indies, circa 1780
Dominica – The island was captured from the French in 1761. The French occupied it again from 1778 to 1783. Dominica became independent in 1978.
Trinidad and Tobago – The island of Tobago was captured in 1762. The island of Trinidad was captured from the Spanish in 1797. The two governments were joined in 1888. They became independent in 1962.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines – Saint Vincent was colonised in 1762. France captured it in 1779 but returned it to Britain in 1783. The islands were part of the British colony of the British Windward Islands from 1871 to 1958. The nation gained full independence in 1979.
Grenada – The island was conquered from France in 1762. The French reoccupied it from 1779 to 1783. It became independent in 1974.
Saint Lucia – The island was captured from the French in 1778, but returned in 1783. In 1796 and in 1803 it was captured again, but permanently annexed by Britain in 1814. Saint Lucia became independent in 1979.
English and later British Central and South American colonies[edit]
Belize – from 1638 English adventurers used Belize as a source of logwood, a tree used to make a wool dye. The area was claimed by Spain but they had not settled it or been able to control the natives. The Spanish destroyed the British colony in 1717, 1730, 1754 and 1779. The Spanish attacked a final time in 1798, but were defeated. The colony was known as British Honduras from the 19th century until 1973, when its name changed to Belize. Guatemalan claims to Belize delayed independence, but full independence was granted in 1981.[6]
Mosquito Coast (Nicaragua's Caribbean coast) – This area was first settled by the English in 1630. It was briefly assigned to Honduras in 1859, along with the Bay Islands north of the country, then ceded to Nicaragua in 1860; the area was disputed until a treaty of 1965 divided the Mosquito Coast for each country.[clarification needed][citation needed]
British Guiana – The English began colonies in the Guiana area in the early 17th century. In the Treaty of Breda, the Dutch gained control of these colonies. Britain later controlled various colonies in the area. Britain ceded Suriname in exchange for New Amsterdam. The Congress of Vienna (1815) awarded the settlements of Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo in the Guiana region to Great Britain; they were united as British Guiana in 1831. It became independent as Guyana in 1966. Currently, Venezuela claims sovereignty over half of Guyana's territory.
Falkland Islands – The British first established a presence on the Falkland Islands in 1765 but were compelled to withdraw for economic reasons related to the American War of Independence in 1774.[7] The islands continued to be used by British sealers and whalers, although the settlement of Port Egmont was destroyed by the Spanish in 1780. Argentina attempted to establish a colony in the ruins of the former Spanish settlement of Puerto Soledad, which ended with the British return in 1833. The islands have been under British control ever since, save for a brief Argentine occupation during the Falklands War of 1982.
See also[edit]
Book: British colonization in north America (from the reign of King James)
Atlantic World
British West Indies
Colonial South and the Chesapeake
First Nations
Historiography of the British Empire
Imperialism
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "William Vaughan and New Cambriol". Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site Project. Memorial University of Newfoundland. Retrieved 9 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Nicholas Canny, The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire: British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth Century , 2001, ISBN 0-19-924676-9.
Jump up ^ "Early Settlement Schemes". Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site Project. Memorial University of Newfoundland. 1998. Retrieved 9 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Paul O'Neill, The Oldest City: The Story of St. John's, Newfoundland, 2003, ISBN 0-9730271-2-6.
Jump up ^ Colony of Avalon, [1], Colony of Avalon Foundation, Revised March 2002, accessed 27 August 2006
Jump up ^ "The Belize Position". Government of Belize. Archived from the original on 15 May 2006. Retrieved 12 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Gibran, Daniel (1998). The Falklands War: Britain Versus the Past in the South Atlantic. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-0-7864-0406-3.
Further reading[edit]
Elliott, John H. Empires of the Atlantic world: Great Britain and Spain in America, 1492-1830 (Yale UP, 2007).
Louis, William Roger (general editor), The Oxford History of the British Empire
vol 1 The Origins of Empire ed. by Nicholas Canny
vol 2 The Eighteenth Century ed. by P. J. Marshall excerpt and text search
Lloyd; T. O. The British Empire, 1558-1995 Oxford University Press, 1996 online edition
Marshall, P.J. (ed.) The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire (1996). excerpt and text search
Robinson, Howard . The Development of the British Empire (1922), 465pp edition
Rose, J. Holland, A. P. Newton and E. A. Benians (gen. eds.), The Cambridge History of the British Empire, 9 vols. (1929–61); vol 1: "The Old Empire from the Beginnings to 1783" 934pp online edition Volume I
Sobecki, Sebastian. "New World Discovery". Oxford Handbooks Online (2015). DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935338.013.141
Taylor, Alan. American Colonies: The Settling of North America (Penguin, 2002).
Historiography[edit]
Canny, Nicholas. "Writing Atlantic History; or, Reconfiguring the History of Colonial British America." Journal of American History 86.3 (1999): 1093-1114. in JSTOR
Hinderaker, Eric; Horn, Rebecca. "Territorial Crossings: Histories and Historiographies of the Early Americas," William and Mary Quarterly, (2010) 67#3 pp 395–432 in JSTOR
External links[edit]
The Modern History Sourcebook has the account of the Gilbert's trip to North America
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text:
2018 Winter Olympics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"PyeongChang 2018" redirects here. For the Winter Paralympics, see 2018 Winter Paralympics.
XXIII Olympic Winter Games
Host city
Pyeongchang, South Korea
Motto
Passion. Connected.
Korean: 하나된 열정. (Hanadoen Yeoljeong)
Nations participating
90 (estimated)
Events
102 in 7 sports (15 disciplines)
Opening ceremony
9 February (3 months from now)
Closing ceremony
25 February
Stadium
Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium
Winter
< Sochi 2014
Beijing 2022 >
Summer
< Rio de Janeiro 2016
Tokyo 2020 >
Pyeongchang Winter Olympics
Hangul
평창 동계 올림픽
Hanja
平昌 冬季 올림픽
Revised Romanization
Pyeongchang Donggye Ollimpik
McCune–Reischauer
P'yŏngch'ang Tonggye Ollimp'ik
This article contains Korean text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Hangul and Hanja.
Part of a series on
2018 Winter Olympics[show]
Bid process (bid details)
Venues
Torch relay
Mascots
Broadcasters
Opening ceremony (flag bearers)
Chronological summary
Medal table (medalists)
World and Olympic records
Concerns and controversies
Closing ceremony (flag bearers)
Paralympics
IOC
KOC
POCOG
v
t
e
The 2018 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games (French: Les XXIIIeme Jeux olympiques d'hiver; Hangul: 평창 동계 올림픽; RR: Pyeongchang Donggye Ollimpik), and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018,[1] [pʰjʌŋ.tɕʰaŋ] is a major international multi-sport event scheduled to take place from 9 to 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County, South Korea.
The elected host city was announced on 6 July 2011 by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) after the 123rd IOC Session in Durban, South Africa. Pyeongchang won its bid on the first round of voting, receiving more votes than both Munich, Germany and Annecy, France.
The 2018 Olympics will be the second Olympic Games held in South Korea, after the 1988 Summer Olympics held in Seoul, and will be South Korea's first Winter Games. Pyeongchang will be the third Asian city to host the Winter Games after Sapporo, Japan (1972), and Nagano, Japan (1998).[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Bidding
1.1 Host city election
2 Tickets
3 Preparations
3.1 Torch relay
4 Venues
4.1 Pyeongchang (Mountain cluster)
4.1.1 Alpensia Sports Park
4.1.2 Stand-alone venues
4.2 Gangneung (Coastal cluster)
5 Sports
6 Participating National Olympic Committees
7 Calendar
8 Marketing
8.1 Branding
8.2 Mascots
9 Broadcasting rights
10 Concerns and controversies
10.1 Russian doping
10.2 Security
11 See also
12 Notes and references
13 External links
Bidding[edit]
Main article: Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics
Pyeongchang bid to host both the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympic Games but lost in the final rounds of voting by three and four votes respectively. Pyeongchang won its bid for the 2018 Winter Olympic Games in the first round of voting, receiving 63 of the 95 votes cast, giving it the majority required to be elected host city.
Munich also launched a bid to host these Games. Prior to Beijing's successful 2022 Winter Olympics bid, Munich would have become the first city to host both the Winter and the Summer Games, having previously hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics, but received 25 votes. Annecy launched a bid, but failed to secure public support from local citizens. Their bid received seven votes.
Host city election[edit]
PyeongChang was elected as the host city at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban. Forty-eight votes were needed for selection and PyeongChang was elected after just one round of voting.
2018 Winter Olympics bidding results
City
Nation
Votes
Pyeongchang South Korea 63
Munich Germany 25
Annecy France 7
Tickets[edit]
The ticket prices for the 2018 Winter Olympics were announced in April 2016 and went on sale in October 2016, ranging from ₩20,000 (approximately $17) to ₩900,000 ($776). Tickets for the opening and closing ceremonies will range from ₩220,000 ($190) to ₩1.5 million ($1293). The exact prices were determined through market research; around 50% of the tickets are due to cost about ₩80,000 ($69) or less, and tickets in sports that are relatively unknown in the region, such as biathlon and luge, will be made cheaper in order to encourage attendance. By contrast, figure skating and the Men's hockey gold medal game carry the most expensive tickets of the Games.[3]
As of October 11, domestic ticket sales for the games have been incredibly slow. Of the 750,000 seats allocated to South Koreans, only 20.7% have been sold. International sales have been a bit better, with 59.7% of the 320,000 allocated tickets sold. Sales of tickets to the Paralympic Games are even more dismal, with only 4.2 percent sold.[4]
Preparations[edit]
On 5 August 2011, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) announced the formation of the Pyeongchang 2018 Coordination Commission.[5][6] On 4 October 2011, it was announced that the Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics will be headed by Kim Jin-sun. The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games (POCOG) was launched at its inaugural assembly on 19 October 2011. The first tasks of the organizing committee was to put together a master plan for the games as well as forming a design for the venues.[7] The IOC Coordination Commission for the 2018 Winter Olympics made their first visit to Pyeongchang in March 2012. By then, construction was already underway on the Olympic Village.[8][9] In June 2012, construction began on a high-speed rail line that will connect Pyeongchang to Seoul.[10]
Olympic venues 2018
The International Paralympic Committee met with the Pyeongchang 2018 organizing committee for an orientation in July 2012.[11] Then-IOC President Jacques Rogge visited Pyeongchang for the first time in February 2013.[12]
On 27 June 2014 the PyeongChang Olympic Committee announced their mascot selection contest.[13] The contest ran from 15 September 2014 to 30 September 2014. The 2013 Special Olympics World Winter Games were held in Pyeongchang.
The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games created Pyeongchang WINNERS in 2014 by recruiting university students living in South Korea to spread awareness of the Olympic Games through social networking services and news articles.[14]
Torch relay[edit]
Main article: 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay
Venues[edit]
Main article: Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics
Dragon Valley Ski Resort
Pyeongchang (Mountain cluster)[edit]
Alpensia Sports Park[edit]
The Alpensia Resort in Daegwallyeong-myeon will be the focus of the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics.[15][16]
Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium – opening and closing ceremonies[17]
Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre – ski jumping, Nordic combined, snowboarding (big air)
Alpensia Biathlon Centre – biathlon
Alpensia Cross-Country Centre – cross-country skiing, Nordic combined
Alpensia Sliding Centre – luge, bobsleigh, and skeleton
Olympic Village
Yongpyong Alpine Centre – alpine skiing (slalom, giant slalom)
Stand-alone venues[edit]
Bokwang Snow Park – freestyle skiing and snowboard
Jeongseon Alpine Centre – alpine skiing (downhill, super-G, and combined)
Gangneung (Coastal cluster)[edit]
The coastal cluster is located in the city of Gangneung. The Gangneung Olympic Park will include the following four venues:
Gangneung Hockey Centre – ice hockey (men competition)
Gangneung Curling Centre – curling
Gangneung Oval[17] – speed skating
Gangneung Ice Arena – short track speed skating and figure skating
In addition, a stand-alone venue is located on the grounds of Catholic Kwandong University:
Kwandong Hockey Centre – ice hockey (women competition)
Sports[edit]
The 2018 Winter Olympics will feature 102 events in 15 sports. Four new disciplines in existing sports will be introduced in Pyeongchang, including big air snowboarding (which will replace the parallel slalom), mixed doubles curling, mass start speed skating, and mixed team alpine skiing.[18]
For the first time since 1998, the National Hockey League will not provide accommodations (including a break in the season for all teams during the Olympics) to allow its players to participate in the Men's ice hockey tournament. The NHL's decision stemmed from demands for the IOC to cover the cost of insuring the NHL players that participate in the Games. Although it did pay to insure NHL players in Sochi, the IOC was unwilling to do so for Pyeongchang, and was concerned that the NHL's demand could set a precedent for other professional sports bodies to follow in the future. NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman added that the IOC didn't allow the NHL to promote the involvement of its players in the Olympics.[19][20][21] The NHL has yet to announce if it will implement any specific measures to penalize players who participate in the Olympics.[22]
Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sports discipline.
Alpine skiing (11) (details)
Biathlon (11) (details)
Bobsleigh (3) (details)
Cross-country skiing (12) (details)
Curling (3) (details)
Figure skating (5) (details)
Freestyle skiing (10) (details)
Ice hockey (2) (details)
Luge (4) (details)
Nordic combined (3) (details)
Short track speed skating (8) (details)
Skeleton (2) (details)
Ski jumping (4) (details)
Snowboarding (10) (details)
Speed skating (14) (details)
Participating National Olympic Committees[edit]
A total of 84 nations have qualified at least one athlete so far.
Eritrea, Kosovo and Malaysia are scheduled to make their Winter Olympics debut if they decide to participate.
North Korean athletes will be allowed to cross the DMZ into South Korea since two North Korean figure skaters qualified.[23][24]
Russia's status remains unclear due to the state-sponsored doping program scandal.[25]
[hide]Participating National Olympic Committees[26][27][28][29]
Albania
Andorra
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bermuda
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bolivia
Brazil
Bulgaria
Canada
Cayman Islands
Chile
China
Colombia
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominica
Eritrea
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Great Britain
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Iran
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kosovo
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lebanon
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malaysia
Malta
Mexico
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Netherlands
New Zealand
North Korea
Norway
Pakistan
Peru
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
South Korea (host)
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Togo
Turkey
Ukraine
United States
Uzbekistan
Calendar[edit]
All dates are KST (UTC+9)

OC Opening ceremony ● Event competitions 1 Event finals EG Exhibition gala CC Closing ceremony
February
8th
Thu
9th
Fri
10th
Sat
11th
Sun
12th
Mon
13th
Tue
14th
Wed
15th
Thu
16th
Fri
17th
Sat
18th
Sun
19th
Mon
20th
Tue
21st
Wed
22nd
Thu
23rd
Fri
24th
Sat
25th
Sun
Events
Ceremonies OC CC N/A
Alpine skiing 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11
Biathlon 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11
Bobsleigh ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 3
Cross country skiing 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 12
Curling ● ● ● ● ● 1 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 3
Figure skating ● ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 EG 5
Freestyle skiing ● 1 1 ● 1 1 2 ● 1 1 1 1 10
Ice hockey ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 ● ● 1 2
Luge ● 1 ● 1 1 1 4
Nordic combined 1 1 1 3
Short track speed skating 1 1 2 1 3 8
Skeleton ● 1 1 2
Ski jumping ● 1 1 ● 1 1 4
Snowboarding ● 1 1 1 1 1 1 ● ● ● 1 3 10
Speed skating 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 14
Total events
5
7
8
8
6
7
5
9
6
3
5
7
8
6
8
4
102
Cumulative total
5
12
20
28
34
41
46
55
61
64
69
76
84
90
98
102
February
8th
Thu
9th
Fri
10th
Sat
11th
Sun
12th
Mon
13th
Tue
14th
Wed
15th
Thu
16th
Fri
17th
Sat
18th
Sun
19th
Mon
20th
Tue
21st
Wed
22nd
Thu
23rd
Fri
24th
Sat
25th
Sun
102 events

Marketing[edit]
Gold medal of the 2018 Olympics
Branding[edit]
The emblem for the Games was unveiled on 3 May 2013. It is a stylized representation of the hangul letters ㅍ p and ㅊ ch, being the initial sounds of 평창 Pyeongchang. Additionally the left symbol is said to represent the Korean philosophical triad of heaven, earth and humanity (Korean: 천지인 cheon-ji-in), and the right symbol to represent a crystal of ice.[30]
The name of the host city, Pyeongchang, has been intentionally styled in CamelCase as "PyeongChang" on the emblem and in official materials, rather than "Pyeongchang". This has been done to alleviate potential confusion with Pyongyang, the similarly-named capital of neighbouring North Korea. Gangwon Governor Choi Moon-soon cited a 2014 incident where a representative from Kenya, en route to a United Nations biodiversity conference in Pyeongchang, was detained by local immigration officers after accidentally flying to Pyongyang instead.[1]
The official pictograms for 24 sports across 15 disciplines were revealed in January 2017 and are designed using the Korean alphabet as an inspiration.[31]
Mascots[edit]
Main article: Soohorang and Bandabi
Soohorang (수호랑), a white tiger, and Bandabi (반다비), an Asiatic black bear, were announced as the official mascots of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics.
Broadcasting rights[edit]
Main article: List of 2018 Winter Olympics broadcasters
Broadcast rights to the 2018 Winter Olympics in some countries were already sold as part of long-term broadcast rights deals, including the Games' local rightsholder SBS—who extended its rights to the Olympics through 2024 in July 2011.[32]
On 29 June 2015, the IOC announced that Discovery Communications—owner of Eurosport, had acquired exclusive rights to the Olympics from 2018 through 2024 across Europe, excluding Russia, on all platforms. Discovery will sub-license its broadcast rights to local free-to-air networks on a territorial basis. Discovery's rights deal will, initially, not cover France due to pre-existing rights deals with France Télévisions that run through the 2020 Games. Unlike previous pan-European deals, such as with the European Broadcasting Union and Sportfive, Discovery will not solely serve as a reseller, and intends to carry coverage on its regional properties, but has committed to sub-licensing at least 100 hours of coverage to free-to-air networks..[33][34][35] In the United Kingdom, Discovery will hold exclusive pay television rights under license from the BBC, in return for the BBC sub-licensing the free-to-air rights to the 2022 and 2024 Olympics from Discovery.[36]
In the United States, the Games will once again be broadcast by NBC under a long-term contract; it will also be NBC's first Olympics without long-time host Bob Costas, who announced his retirement from the role in favour of Mike Tirico on 7 February 2017.[37][38] On 28 March 2017, NBC also announced that it would air most primetime coverage simultaneously in all time zones, rather than tape-delayed for the west coast.[39]
Concerns and controversies[edit]
Russian doping[edit]
Russia could possibly face being banned because of their state-sponsored doping program. A decision on the matter will be made in the months prior to the games.[40] Russian Olympic Committee president Alexander Zhukov stated that he expects Russian participation and that a state ban was not the position of WADA, who expect a resolution in November 2017.[41] Russia managed to avoid being completely banned from the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.
Security[edit]
See also: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
On 20 September 2017, South Korea’s President Moon Jae-in said the country is pushing to ensure security at Pyeongchang Winter Olympic Games amid rising tensions over the North Korea’s nuclear test and a series of missile launches.[42] However, on the next day, French Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports Laura Flessel-Colovic said France’s Winter Olympics team will boycott the games unless South Korea's security is guaranteed.[43]
On 22 September 2017, Austria and Germany joined France in considering not attending the Games. Karl Stoss, head of Austria’s national Olympic committee, said that, "if the situation worsens and the security of our athletes is no longer guaranteed, we will not go to South Korea." The German interior ministry said the security question and the possibility of keeping the German team at home would be addressed “in good time” by the government. Several days later, Laura Flessel-Colovic reaffirmed France's participation in the games. Austria and Germany are yet to decide on reaffirming.[44]
See also[edit]
Olympics portal
2018 Winter Paralympics
2018 Summer Youth Olympics
Notes and references[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Olympics: 2018 Winter Olympics … not in Pyongyang". Manila Bulletin. Agence France-Presse. 26 January 2016. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Longman, Jeré; Sang-hun, Choe (2011-07-06). "2018 Winter Games to Be Held in Pyeongchang, South Korea". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-06-07.
Jump up ^ "Pyeongchang 2018 reveal ticket prices for Winter Olympic Games".
Jump up ^ "PyeongChang Olympics ticket sales get icy reception". The Korea Herald. October 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Gunilla Lindberg to Chair PyeongChang 2018 Coordination Commission". Archived from the original on 18 September 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Coordination Commissions". Olympic.org. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "PyeongChang 2018 Organizing Committee Launched". GamesBids.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "PyeongChang 2018 Praised". Gamesbids.com. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Pyeongchang 2018 have "good grasp of what is expected" says Lindberg after first IOC Coordination Commission visit". Insidethegames.biz. 22 March 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Construction Begins on High-Speed Railway, Critical for PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Games". Gamesbids.com. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "IPC Orientates PyeongChang 2018". Gamesbids.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Pyeongchang 2018 on "right track" declares Rogge after first visit". Insidethegames.biz. 1 February 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "2018평창동계올림픽대회 및 장애인동계올림픽대회 마스코트 아이디어 공모".
Jump up ^ "Pyeongchang 2018 recruits college student reporters: WINNERS". 18 June 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "PyeongChang 2018 Alpensia Resort and water park complete and full for summer season". Sportsfeatures.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Pyeongchang2018 Volume 2 (Sport and Venues)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pyeongchang 2018 move venue for Opening and Closing Ceremonies | Winter Olympics 2018". insidethegames.biz. 6 July 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Winter Olympics: Big air, mixed curling among new 2018 events". BBC Sport. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "NHL will not participate in 2018 Pyeongchang Olympic Games". Sportsnet.ca. Rogers Media. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Olympics and N.H.L. Face Off Over Who Pays to Insure Players". The New York Times. 19 May 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "IOC decides not to cover costs for NHL players at Olympics". Sportsnet.ca. Rogers Media. 23 April 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Seravalli, Frank. "How the NHL can prevent players from going to Olympics". TSN.ca. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pyeongchang 2018: Athletes to travel through demilitarised zone". BBC News. May 18, 2017. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "North Korean skaters qualify for Pyeongchang 2018".
Jump up ^ "With one year until 2018 Winter Games, Russia's status murky". 2017-02-09.
Jump up ^ "Quota allocation for Alpine skiing". www.data.fis-ski.com/. International Ski Federation (FIS). 8 August 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "2018 Winter Olympics". IIHF. iihf.com. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Quota allocation for Cross-country skiing". www.data.fis-ski.com/. International Ski Federation (FIS). 8 August 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics". worldcurling.org. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "PyeongChang 2018 Launches Official Emblem". olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "PyeongChang 2018 Pictograms". pyeongchang2018.com. January 25, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "IOC awards SBS broadcast rights for 2018, 2020, 2022 and 2024 Olympic Games - Olympic News". International Olympic Committee. 2016-12-09. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
Jump up ^ "IOC awards European broadcast rights to SPORTFIVE". ESPN. 18 February 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Discovery Lands European Olympic Rights Through '24". Sports Business Journal. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "BBC dealt another blow after losing control of TV rights for Olympics". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Olympics coverage to remain on BBC after Discovery deal". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bob Costas steps down as NBC host of Olympics; Mike Tirico to replace him". USA Today. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Brennan: Bob Costas has been the face of the Olympics for Americans". USA Today. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "NBC to Broadcast Winter Olympics Live Across All Time Zones". Variety. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "With one year until 2018 Winter Games, Russia's status murky". 2017-02-09.
Jump up ^ "Winter Olympics 2018: 'Russia expects team at Pyeongchang'". 2017-09-15. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "South Korea's Moon says pushing to guarantee safety at Pyeongchang Olympics". Reuters. 20 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Olympics - France to skip 2018 Winter Games if security not assured". Reuters. 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Olympics: North Korea triggers 2018 Winter Olympics security scare". The Straits Times. 23 September 2017.
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