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Who Wants to Live Forever
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"Who Wants to Live Forever"
Single by Queen
from the album A Kind of Magic
Released
15 September 1986
Format
Vinyl record (7"/12")
Recorded
1986
Genre
Rock
Length
5:15 (album version)
4:55 (Greatest Hits II CD edit)
4:01 (single version)
Label
EMI
Songwriter(s)
Brian May
Producer(s)
Queen
David Richards
Queen singles chronology
"Pain Is So Close to Pleasure"
(1986) "Who Wants to Live Forever"
(1986) "I Want It All"
(1989)
"Pain Is So Close to Pleasure"
(1986) "Who Wants to Live Forever"
(1986) "I Want It All"
(1989)
"Who Wants to Live Forever" is a song by the British rock band Queen. It is the sixth track on the album A Kind of Magic, released in June 1986, and was written by lead guitarist Brian May for the soundtrack to the film Highlander.[1] The song peaked at No. 24 in the UK charts.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Recording
2 Music video
3 Personnel
4 Cover versions
5 Tributes
6 Funeral music
7 Dune version
7.1 Track listing
7.1.1 Remixes
7.2 Music video
8 Sarah Brightman version
8.1 Track listing
8.1.1 CD single
8.1.2 Maxi CD single
8.1.3 12" vinyl
9 Edyta Górniak version
9.1 Track listing
10 References
11 External links
Recording[edit]
The song is used to frame the scenes in the film where Connor MacLeod must endure his beloved wife Heather MacLeod growing old and dying while he, as an Immortal, remains forever young. (It was later used in the episodes "The Gathering", "Revenge is Sweet", "The Hunters", "Line of Fire", and "Leader of the Pack" of the Highlander television series).
Brian May wrote the song in the backseat of his car after seeing a 20-minute first cut of the scene of Heather's death.[3]
In the film, Freddie Mercury provides all the main vocals, while May sings lead vocals on the first verse on the album version, before Mercury finally takes over for most of the rest of the song, with May singing "But touch my tears with your lips" during Mercury's verse and then the final line of the song, "Who waits forever anyway?". An instrumental version of the song, titled "Forever", was included as a bonus track on the CD version of the album. This instrumental featured only a piano, with keyboard accompaniment during the chorus sections. The piano track was recorded solely by May. Queen was backed up by an orchestra, with orchestrations by the co-composer of the film's score, Michael Kamen.[1] Since its release, the song has been covered by a number of artists.
Music video[edit]
The video was directed by David Mallet and filmed in a (now demolished) warehouse at Tobacco Wharf at London's East End in September 1986.[4] It featured the National Philharmonic Orchestra with forty choirboys and hundreds and hundreds of candles which remain lit throughout filming as well as Mercury wearing a tuxedo suit.[4] It is the only Queen video to feature bass guitarist John Deacon playing a white Double bass. According to Roger Taylor in an interview for Queen's Greatest Video Hits II, he was drunk during the filming.
An alternate version with clips from the film Highlander (which the song appears in) appears on the video single with "A Kind of Magic" in October 1986 and later as a hidden music video on the Queen Greatest Video Hits II DVD in November 2003.[4]
Personnel[edit]
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Freddie Mercury – lead and backing vocals
Brian May – lead and backing vocals, synthesiser, electric guitar, orchestral arrangements
Roger Taylor – drum machine, backing vocals
Michael Kamen – orchestral arrangements, conductor
National Philharmonic Orchestra – strings, brass and percussion
Cover versions[edit]
Luciano Pavarotti called Giorgia for his charity concert Pavarotti & Friends where she performed the song. The recorded Live-CD was released in 1995.[5]
Sarah Brightman covered this track on her 1997 album, Timeless.[6]
Polish singer Edyta Górniak recorded a cover called "Nieśmiertelni" in 2003, released on Moja i Twoja muzyka, RMF FM compilation album.
The Ten Tenors recorded a version on their album Here's to the Heroes, released in 2006.
Rock Star: INXS finalist, MiG Ayesa covered the song on his debut album MiG in 2007.
Katharine McPhee covered this song on the "Queen" themed week on American Idol's fifth season.
Eva Avila covered this song on the "1980's" themed week on Canadian Idol's fourth season.
In 2007, the song was covered by the band Gregorian on their album Masters of Chant Chapter VI.
Kady Malloy covered this song during "80's" week on American Idol's seventh season.
Jonathan Ansell covered this song for his 2nd album Forever, released in 2008
Rhydian Roberts covered this song on his debut album Rhydian, released on 24 November 2008.
Katherine Jenkins covered this song on her seventh album Believe, released on 26 October 2009.
Stacey Solomon performed the song on the sixth series of The X Factor.
David Garrett covered this song for his eighth album David Garrett, released in 2009.
During the 2009-2010 figure skating season, Chinese figure skating pair Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo performed their technical program to an instrumental version of the song. They included it at the 2010 Winter Olympics where they won gold
Kitty Brucknell performed the song on series eight of The X-Factor.
Jonathan and Charlotte performed a cover of this song in Italian on their 2012 album Together following their second-place finish on the 2012 season of Britain's Got Talent.
In 2013, Il Divo, recorded from "A Musical Affair" album, and included a strong 'power ballad' version of the song in Italian and English. For the French version of the album, they recorded the song with Anggun.
Lillie McCloud performed the song on the second part of the second live show of The X Factor U.S. season 3 (2013).
The Tenors featuring violinist Lindsey Stirling on their 2015 album "Under One Sky". The song was shot as a music video with the Tenors as vampires in the Anne Rice tradition.
On July 1, 2016, Anathema performed a cover of the song at the STARMUS Festival in Tenerife, which Brian May was also present at.
Tributes[edit]
Seal performed a live version of this song at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in 1992, noting that the song made him cry when he first heard it.[7]
In 2005, the song was covered by Breaking Benjamin on the album Killer Queen: A Tribute to Queen. It is also included on their greatest hits album Shallow Bay.[8]
Closing the Isle of Wight Festival in England on 12 June 2016, Queen + Adam Lambert performed the song as a tribute to the victims of the mass shooting at a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida earlier that day.[9]
Funeral music[edit]
In a 2005 poll conducted by digital television station Music Choice on what song Britons would most like played at their funeral, the song was voted the fifth most popular.[10]
Dune version[edit]
"Who Wants to Live Forever"
Single by Dune
from the album Forever
Released
23 October 1996
Format
CD single
Genre
Classical music
Songwriter(s)
Brian May
Dune singles chronology
"Million Miles From Home"
(1996) "Who Wants to Live Forever"
(1996) "Nothing Compares 2 U"
(1997)
"Million Miles From Home"
(1996) "Who Wants to Live Forever"
(1996) "Nothing Compares 2 U"
(1997)
German band Dune released their cover of "Who Wants to Live Forever", from their album Forever, as a single in October 1996.
Dune's version of "Who Wants to Live Forever" sold more than 500,000 copies in Germany. The single peaked at No. 3 in the Austrian singles charts, No. 9 in the Swiss Charts, No. 12 in the Dutch Charts and No. 59 in the Swedish charts.
Track listing[edit]
Who Wants to Live Forever (Sixtysix Radio Mix) (3:54)
Who Wants to Live Forever (South Bound Mix) (3:58)
Highland Trilogy: One Day in Glencoe (4:49)
Highland Trilogy: Valley of Tears (4:58)
Highland Trilogy: In the Air, Part 2 (10:29)
Remixes[edit]
Released: 4 December 1996
Who Wants to Live Forever (Komakino Remix) (5:32)
Who Wants to Live Forever (Future Breeze Remix) (7:03)
In the Air, Part 1 (5:13)
Music video[edit]
The music video of "Who Wants to Live Forever" was directed by Matt Broadley.[11] It was shot in the Scottish Highlands.
Sarah Brightman version[edit]
"Who Wants to Live Forever"
Single by Sarah Brightman
from the album Timeless
Released
1997
Format
CD single
Genre
Operatic pop
Songwriter(s)
Brian May
Producer(s)
Frank Peterson
Sarah Brightman singles chronology
"Just Show Me How to Love You"
(1997) "Who Wants to Live Forever"
(1997) "Tu Quieres Volver"
(1997)
"Just Show Me How to Love You"
(1997) "Who Wants to Live Forever"
(1997) "Tu Quieres Volver"
(1997)
Soprano Sarah Brightman released her cover of "Who Wants to Live Forever", from her album Timeless/Time to Say Goodbye, as a single in 1997 (See 1997 in music). The single peaked at No. 45 in the UK singles chart.
Track listing[edit]
CD single[edit]
"Who Wants to Live Forever" (Album version)
"Who Wants to Live Forever" (Xenomania club mix)
Maxi CD single[edit]
"Who Wants to Live Forever"
"A Question of Honour"
"Heaven Is Here"
"I Loved You"
12" vinyl[edit]
"Who Wants to Live Forever (Trouser Enthusiasts 'Cybernetic Odalisque' Mix)"
"Who Wants to Live Forever (Xenomania Club Mix)"
"Who Wants to Live Forever (Xenomania Dub Mix)"
"Who Wants to Live Forever (X-Citing Mix)
Edyta Górniak version[edit]
"Nieśmiertelni"
Single by Edyta Górniak
Released
2003
Format
CD single
Genre
R&B
Label
Pomaton EMI
Songwriter(s)
Brian May
Producer(s)
Edyta Górniak
Edyta Górniak singles chronology
"Impossible"
(2003) "Nieśmiertelni"
(2003) "The Story So Far"
(2003)
"Impossible"
(2003) "Nieśmiertelni"
(2003) "The Story So Far"
(2003)
Polish singer Edyta Górniak released a cover of the song in 2003 called "Nieśmiertelni" (Immortals). She recorded the cover with Polish lyrics for the cover compilation album RMF FM – Moja i Twoja muzyka by Polish radio station RMF FM. It was released as a promo radio single by Pomaton EMI. The image on the cover was shot by photographer Robert Wolański.
Track listing[edit]
Nieśmiertelni (3:26)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Who Wants To Live Forever UltimateQueen.co.uk
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums. London: Guinness World Records Limited
Jump up ^ Georg Purvis (28 August 2012). Queen: The Complete Works. Titan. p. 935. ISBN 978-1-78116-287-3. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Queen Promo Videos: Who Wants To Live Forever Ultimate Queen. Retrieved 11 November 2011
Jump up ^ "Giorgia in concerto ad Ancona con Dietro le Apparenze Tour 2012". La Prima Web - Eventi Marche. 11 March 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Sarah Brightman: Time to Say Goodbye Allmusic. Retrieved 30 August 2011
Jump up ^ The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert: Who Wants To Live Forever Ultimate Queen. Retrieved 20 August 2011
Jump up ^ Killer Queen: A Tribute to Queen Allmusic. Retrieved 30 August 2011
Jump up ^ "Isle of Wight Festival: Queen pay tribute to Orlando shooting victims". BBC. 14 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Angels 'favourite funeral song'". BBC News. 10 March 2005. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Credits - Matt Broadley". mattbroadley.com. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official YouTube videos: original music video, at Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert with Seal
Lyrics at Queen official website
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Proprioception
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The cerebellum is largely responsible for coordinating the unconscious aspects of proprioception.
Proprioception (/ˌproʊprioʊˈsɛpʃən, -priə-/[1][2] PRO-pree-o-SEP-shən), from Latin proprius, meaning "one's own", "individual", and capio, capere, to take or grasp, is the sense of the relative position of one's own parts of the body and strength of effort being employed in movement.[3]
In humans, it is provided by proprioceptors (muscle spindles) in skeletal striated muscles and tendons (Golgi tendon organ) and the fibrous capsules in joints. It is distinguished from exteroception, by which one perceives the outside world, and interoception, by which one perceives pain, hunger, etc., and the movement of internal organs.
The brain integrates information from proprioception and from the vestibular system into its overall sense of body position, movement, and acceleration. The word kinesthesia or kinæsthesia (kinesthetic sense) strictly means movement sense, but has been used inconsistently to refer either to proprioception alone or to the brain's integration of proprioceptive and vestibular inputs.
Proprioception has also been described in other animals such as vertebrates, and in some invertebrates such as arthropods.[4] More recently proprioception has also been described in flowering land plants (angiosperms).[5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History of study
2 Components
3 Basis of proprioceptive sense
3.1 Conscious and non-conscious proprioception
4 Applications
4.1 Field sobriety test
4.2 Diagnosis
4.3 Learning new skills
4.4 Training
4.5 Joint position matching
5 Impairment
6 Proprioception in plants
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History of study[edit]
The position-movement sensation was originally described in 1557 by Julius Caesar Scaliger as a "sense of locomotion".[7] Much later, in 1826, Charles Bell expounded the idea of a "muscle sense",[8] which is credited as one of the first descriptions of physiologic feedback mechanisms.[9] Bell's idea was that commands are carried from the brain to the muscles, and that reports on the muscle's condition would be sent in the reverse direction. In 1847 the London neurologist Robert Todd highlighted important differences in the anterolateral and posterior columns of the spinal cord, and suggested that the latter were involved in the coordination of movement and balance.[10]
At around the same time, Moritz Heinrich Romberg, a Berlin neurologist, was describing unsteadiness made worse by eye closure or darkness, now known as the eponymous Romberg's sign, once synonymous with tabes dorsalis, that became recognised as common to all proprioceptive disorders of the legs. Later, in 1880, Henry Charlton Bastian suggested "kinaesthesia" instead of "muscle sense" on the basis that some of the afferent information (back to the brain) comes from other structures, including tendons, joints, and skin.[11] In 1889, Alfred Goldscheider suggested a classification of kinaesthesia into three types: muscle, tendon, and articular sensitivity.[12]
In 1906, Charles Scott Sherrington published a landmark work that introduced the terms "proprioception", "interoception", and "exteroception". The "exteroceptors" are the organs that provide information originating outside the body, such as the eyes, ears, mouth, and skin. The interoceptors provide information about the internal organs, and the "proprioceptors" provide information about movement derived from muscular, tendon, and articular sources. Using Sherrington's system, physiologists and anatomists search for specialised nerve endings that transmit mechanical data on joint capsule, tendon and muscle tension (such as Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles), which play a large role in proprioception.
Primary endings of muscle spindles "respond to the size of a muscle length change and its speed" and "contribute both to the sense of limb position and movement".[13] Secondary endings of muscle spindles detect changes in muscle length, and thus supply information regarding only the sense of position.[13] Essentially, muscle spindles are stretch receptors.[14] It has been accepted that cutaneous receptors also contribute directly to proprioception by providing "accurate perceptual information about joint position and movement", and this knowledge is combined with information from the muscle spindles.[15]
Components[edit]
A major component of proprioception is joint position sense, which is determined by measuring the accuracy of joint–angle replication.[16] Clinical aspects of joint position sense are measured in joint position matching tests that measure a subject's ability to detect an externally imposed passive movement, or the ability to reposition a joint to a predetermined position. These involve an individual's ability to perceive the position of a joint without the aid of vision. Often it is assumed that the ability of one of these aspects will be related to another; however, experimental evidence suggests there is no strong relation between these two aspects.[citation needed] This suggests that while these components may well be related in a cognitive manner, they may in fact be physiologically separate.[17]
More recent work into the mechanism of ankle sprains suggests that the role of reflexes may be more limited due to their long latencies (even at the spinal cord level), as ankle sprain events occur in perhaps 100 ms or less. In accordance, a model has been proposed to include a 'feedforward' component of proprioception, whereby the subject will also have central information about the body's position before attaining it.[17]
Kinesthesia is a key component in muscle memory and hand-eye coordination, and training can improve this sense (see blind contour drawing). The ability to swing a golf club or to catch a ball requires a finely tuned sense of the position of the joints. This sense needs to become automatic through training to enable a person to concentrate on other aspects of performance, such as maintaining motivation or seeing where other people are.
Basis of proprioceptive sense[edit]
The initiation of proprioception is the activation of a proprioreceptor in the periphery.[18] The proprioceptive sense is believed to be composed of information from sensory neurons located in the inner ear (motion and orientation) and in the stretch receptors located in the muscles and the joint-supporting ligaments (stance). There are specific nerve receptors for this form of perception termed "proprioreceptors", just as there are specific receptors for pressure, light, temperature, sound, and other sensory experiences. Proprioreceptors are sometimes known as adequate stimuli receptors. TRPN, a member of the transient receptor potential family of ion channels, has been found to be responsible for proprioception in fruit flies,[19] nematode worms,[20] African clawed frogs,[21] and zebrafish.[22] Piezo2, a nonselective cation channel, has been shown to underlie the mechanosensitivity of proprioceptors in mice.[23] The channel mediating human proprioceptive mechanosensation has yet to be discovered.
Proprioception of the head stems from the muscles innervated by the trigeminal nerve, where the GSA fibers pass without synapsing in the Gasserian ganglion (first-order sensory neuron), reaching the mesencephalic tract and the mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve.
Although it was known that finger kinesthesia relies on skin sensation, recent research has found that kinesthesia-based haptic perception relies strongly on the forces experienced during touch.[24] This research allows the creation of "virtual", illusory haptic shapes with different perceived qualities.[25]
Conscious and non-conscious proprioception[edit]
In humans, a distinction is made between conscious proprioception and non-conscious proprioception:
Conscious proprioception is communicated by the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway to the cerebrum.[26]
Non-conscious proprioception is communicated primarily via the dorsal spinocerebellar tract[27] and ventral spinocerebellar tract,[28] to the cerebellum.
A non-conscious reaction is seen in the human proprioceptive reflex, or righting reflex—in the event that the body tilts in any direction, the person will cock their head back to level the eyes against the horizon.[29] This is seen even in infants as soon as they gain control of their neck muscles. This control comes from the cerebellum, the part of the brain affecting balance.
Applications[edit]
Field sobriety test[edit]
Proprioception is tested by American police officers using the field sobriety test to check for alcohol intoxication. The subject is required to touch his or her nose with eyes closed; people with normal proprioception may make an error of no more than 20 millimeters, while people suffering from impaired proprioception (a symptom of moderate to severe alcohol intoxication) fail this test due to difficulty locating their limbs in space relative to their noses.
Diagnosis[edit]
There are several relatively specific tests of the subject's ability to proprioceive. These tests are used in the diagnosis of neurological disorders. They include the visual and tactile placing reflexes.[30]
Learning new skills[edit]
Proprioception is what allows someone to learn to walk in complete darkness without losing balance. During the learning of any new skill, sport, or art, it is usually necessary to become familiar with some proprioceptive tasks specific to that activity. Without the appropriate integration of proprioceptive input, an artist would not be able to brush paint onto a canvas without looking at the hand as it moved the brush over the canvas; it would be impossible to drive an automobile because a motorist would not be able to steer or use the pedals while looking at the road ahead; a person could not touch type or perform ballet; and people would not even be able to walk without watching where they put their feet.
Oliver Sacks has reported the case of a young woman who lost her proprioception due to a viral infection of her spinal cord.[31] At first she could not move properly at all or even control her tone of voice (as voice modulation is primarily proprioceptive). Later she relearned by using her sight (watching her feet) and inner ear only for movement while using hearing to judge voice modulation. She eventually acquired a stiff and slow movement and nearly normal speech, which is believed to be the best possible in the absence of this sense. She could not judge effort involved in picking up objects and would grip them painfully to be sure she did not drop them.
Training[edit]
Play media
Lower limb proprioceptive work
The proprioceptive sense can be sharpened through study of many disciplines. Examples are the Feldenkrais method[32] and the Alexander Technique. Juggling trains reaction time, spatial location, and efficient movement[citation needed]. Standing on a wobble board or balance board is often used to retrain or increase proprioception abilities, particularly as physical therapy for ankle or knee injuries. Slacklining is another method to increase proprioception.
Standing on one leg (stork standing) and various other body-position challenges are also used in such disciplines as Yoga, Wing Chun and T'ai Chi Ch'uan.[33] Also, the vestibular system of the inner ear, vision and proprioception are the main three requirements for balance.[34] Moreover, there are specific devices designed for proprioception training, such as the exercise ball, which works on balancing the abdominal and back muscles.
Joint position matching[edit]
"Joint position matching" is an established protocol for measuring proprioception, and joint position sense specifically, without the aid of visual or vestibular information.[35] During such tasks, individuals are blindfolded while a joint is moved to a specific angle for a given period of time, returned to neutral, and the subjects are asked to replicate the specified angle. Measured by constant and absolute errors, ability to accurately identify joint angles over a series of conditions is the most accurate means of determining proprioceptive acuity in isolation to date.
Recent investigations have shown that hand dominance, participant age, active versus passive matching, and presentation time of the angle can all affect performance on joint position matching tasks.[36] Joint position matching has been used in clinical settings in both the upper and lower extremities.
Impairment[edit]
Temporary loss or impairment of proprioception may happen periodically during growth, mostly during adolescence. Growth that might also influence this would be large increases or drops in bodyweight/size due to fluctuations of fat (liposuction, rapid fat loss or gain) and/or muscle content (bodybuilding, anabolic steroids, catabolisis/starvation). It can also occur in those that gain new levels of flexibility, stretching, and contortion. A limb's being in a new range of motion never experienced (or at least, not for a long time since youth perhaps) can disrupt one's sense of location of that limb. Possible experiences include suddenly feeling that feet or legs are missing from one's mental self-image; needing to look down at one's limbs to be sure they are still there; and falling down while walking, especially when attention is focused upon something other than the act of walking.
Proprioception is occasionally impaired spontaneously, especially when one is tired. Similar effects can be felt during the hypnagogic state of consciousness, during the onset of sleep. One's body may feel too large or too small, or parts of the body may feel distorted in size. Similar effects can sometimes occur during epilepsy or migraine auras. These effects are presumed to arise from abnormal stimulation of the part of the parietal cortex of the brain involved with integrating information from different parts of the body.[37]
Proprioceptive illusions can also be induced, such as the Pinocchio illusion.
The proprioceptive sense is often unnoticed because humans will adapt to a continuously present stimulus; this is called habituation, desensitization, or adaptation. The effect is that proprioceptive sensory impressions disappear, just as a scent can disappear over time. One practical advantage of this is that unnoticed actions or sensation continue in the background while an individual's attention can move to another concern. The Alexander Technique addresses these unconscious elements by bringing attention to them and practicing a new movement with focus on how it feels to move in the new way.
People who have a limb amputated may still have a confused sense of that limb's existence on their body, known as phantom limb syndrome. Phantom sensations can occur as passive proprioceptive sensations of the limb's presence, or more active sensations such as perceived movement, pressure, pain, itching, or temperature. There are a variety of theories concerning the etiology of phantom limb sensations and experience. One is the concept of "proprioceptive memory", which argues that the brain retains a memory of specific limb positions and that after amputation there is a conflict between the visual system, which actually sees that the limb is missing, and the memory system which remembers the limb as a functioning part of the body.[38] Phantom sensations and phantom pain may also occur after the removal of body parts other than the limbs, such as after amputation of the breast, extraction of a tooth (phantom tooth pain), or removal of an eye (phantom eye syndrome).
Temporary impairment of proprioception has also been known to occur from an overdose of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine and pyridoxamine). Most of the impaired function returns to normal shortly after the amount of the vitamin in the body returns to a level that is closer to that of the physiological norm. Impairment can also be caused by cytotoxic factors such as chemotherapy.
It has been proposed that even common tinnitus and the attendant hearing frequency-gaps masked by the perceived sounds may cause erroneous proprioceptive information to the balance and comprehension centers of the brain, precipitating mild confusion.
Proprioception is permanently impaired in patients that suffer from joint hypermobility or Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (a genetic condition that results in weak connective tissue throughout the body).[39] It can also be permanently impaired from viral infections as reported by Sacks. The catastrophic effect of major proprioceptive loss is reviewed by Robles-De-La-Torre (2006).[40] There is also some evidence that proprioception is impaired in autism spectrum disorders such as Asperger Syndrome.[41]
Proprioception is also permanently impaired in physiological aging (presbypropria).[42]
Proprioception in plants[edit]
Terrestrial plants control the orientation of their primary growth through the sensing of several vectorial stimuli such as the light gradient or the gravitational acceleration. This control has been called tropism. However, a quantitative study of shoot gravitropism demonstrated that, when a plant is tilted, it cannot recover a steady erected posture under the sole driving of the sensing of its angular deflection versus gravity. An additional control through the continuous sensing of its curvature by the organ and the subsequent driving an active straightening process are required.[5][6][43] Being a sensing by the plant of the relative configuration of its parts, it has been called proprioception. This dual sensing and control by gravisensing and proprioception has been formalized into a unifying mathematical model simulating the complete driving of the gravitropic movement. This model has been validated on 11 species sampling the phylogeny of land angiosperms, and on organs of very contrasted sizes, ranging from the small germination of wheat (coleoptile) to the trunk of poplar trees.[5][6] This model also shows that the entire gravitropic dynamics is controlled by a single dimensionless number called the "Balance Number", and defined as the ratio between the sensitivity to the inclination angle versus gravity and the proprioceptive sensitivity. This model has been extended to account for the effects of the passive bending of the organ under its self-weight, suggesting that proprioception is active even in very compliant stems, although they may not be able to efficiently straighten depending on their elastic deformation under the gravitational pull.[44] Further studies have shown that the cellular mechanism of proprioception in plants involves myosin and actin, and seems to occur in specialized cells.[45] Proprioception was then found to be involved in other tropisms and to be central also to the control of nutation [46]
These results change the view we have on plant sensitivity. They are also providing concepts and tools for the breeding of crops that are resilient to lodging, and of trees with straight trunks and homogeneous wood quality.[47]
The discovery of proprioception in plants has generated an interest in the popular science and generalist media.[48][49] This is because this discovery questions a long-lasting a priori that we have on plants. In some cases this has led to a shift between proprioception and self-awareness or self-consciousness. There is no scientific ground for such a semantic shift. Indeed even in animals, proprioception can be unconscious; so it is thought to be in plants.[6][49]
See also[edit]
Balance disorder
Body image
Body schema
Broken escalator phenomenon
Dizziness
Equilibrioception
Ideomotor phenomenon
Illusions of self-motion
Instinctive aiming
Kinaesthetics
Kinesthetic learning
Motion sickness
Motor control
Multisensory integration
Seasickness
Spatial disorientation
Theory of multiple intelligences
Vertigo
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Jump up ^ Weimer, AK; Schatz, AM; Lincoln, A; Ballantyne, AO; Trauner, DA (2001). ""Motor" impairment in Asperger syndrome: Evidence for a deficit in proprioception". Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP. 22 (2): 92–101. doi:10.1097/00004703-200104000-00002. PMID 11332785.
Jump up ^ Boisgontier, MP; Olivier, I; Chenu, O; Nougier, V (2012). "Presbypropria: The effects of physiological ageing on proprioceptive control". Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 34 (5): 1179–94. doi:10.1007/s11357-011-9300-y. PMC 3448996  . PMID 21850402.
Jump up ^ "From gravitropism to dynamical posture control: proprioception in plants". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Chelakkot, Raghunath; Mahadevan, L. (March 2017). "On the growth and form of shoots". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 14 (128): 20170001. doi:10.1098/rsif.2017.0001. ISSN 1742-5689. PMC 5378141  . PMID 28330990.
Jump up ^ Okamoto, Keishi; Ueda, Haruko; Shimada, Tomoo; Tamura, Kentaro; Kato, Takehide; Tasaka, Masao; Morita, Miyo Terao; Hara-Nishimura, Ikuko (2015-03-23). "Regulation of organ straightening and plant posture by an actin–myosin XI cytoskeleton". Nature Plants. 1 (4): 15031. doi:10.1038/nplants.2015.31. ISSN 2055-0278. PMID 27247032.
Jump up ^ Bastien, Renaud; Meroz, Yasmine (2016-12-06). "The Kinematics of Plant Nutation Reveals a Simple Relation between Curvature and the Orientation of Differential Growth". PLOS Computational Biology. 12 (12): e1005238. Bibcode:2016PLSCB..12E5238B. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005238. ISSN 1553-7358. PMID 27923062.
Jump up ^ Gardiner, Barry; Berry, Peter; Moulia, Bruno (2016). "Review: Wind impacts on plant growth, mechanics and damage". Plant Science. 245: 94–118. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.01.006. PMID 26940495.
Jump up ^ Gabbatiss, Josh (10 January 2017). "Plants can see, hear and smell – and respond". Retrieved 5 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b plantguy (28 May 2017). "The Selfish Plant 4 – Plant Proprioception?". How Plants Work. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
External links[edit]
Neuroscience Tutorial See "Basic somatosensory pathway", Eastern International College.
Joint & Bone – Ehlers-Danlos/Joint Hypermobility Syndrome – Proprioception
Humans have six senses, why does everyone think we only have five? at Everything2
Proprioception this essay by Charles Wolfe takes its cue from such thinkers & artists as Charles Olson, Merleau-Ponty, James J. Gibson, and Andy Clark to illustrate the view of the "priority of dynamic embodied activity over isolated 'mental' and 'physical' regions" to define this concept
WNYC – Radio Lab: Where Am I? (May 05, 2006) radio program looks at the relationship between the brain and the body
The Dancers Mind ABC (Aust) podcast on the nature of proprioception.
Proprioception at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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Nandalal Bose
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Nandalal Bose
নন্দলাল বসু
Born
(1882-12-03)3 December 1882
vill=Banipur,p.s= SANKRAIL,dist=HOWRAH ]], Bengal Presidency, British India(now Bihar, India)[1]
Died
16 April 1966(1966-04-16) (aged 83)
Calcutta, West Bengal, India
Nationality
Indian
Known for
Painting
Movement
Contextual Modernism
Yama and Savitri, from a painting by Nandalal Bose.
Nandalal Bose (Nondo-lal Boshū) (3 December 1882 – 16 April 1966) was one of the pioneers of modern Indian art and a key figure of Contextual Modernism.
A pupil of Abanindranath Tagore, Bose was known for his "Indian style" of painting. He became the principal of Kala Bhavan, Santiniketan in 1922. He was influenced by the Tagore family and the murals of Ajanta; his classic works include paintings of scenes from Indian mythologies, women, and village life.
Today, many critics consider his paintings among India's most important modern paintings.[2][3][4] In 1976, the Archaeological Survey of India, Department of Culture, Govt. of India declared his works among the "nine artists" whose work, "not being antiquities", were to be henceforth considered "to be art treasures, having regard to their artistic and aesthetic value".[5]
He was given the work of illustrating the constitution of India
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 His place in Indian Art
4 Students
5 Honours and awards
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Nandalal was born on 3 December 1882 in a middle-class Bengali family of Kharagpur, in, Munger district of Bihar state. His father, Purnachandra Bose, was at that time working in the Darbhanga Estate.[6] His mother Kshetramonidevi was a housewife with a skill in improvising toys and dolls for young Nandalal. From his early days Nandalal began taking an interest in modelling images and later, decorating Puja pandals.
In 1898, at the age of fifteen, Nandalal moved to Calcutta for his high school studies in the Central Collegiate School. After clearing his examinations in 1902, he continued his college studies at the same institution. In June 1903 he married Sudhiradevi, the daughter of a family friend. Nanadalal wanted to study art, but he was not given permission by his family. Unable to qualify for promotion in his classes, Nandalal moved to other colleges, joining the Presidency College in 1905 to study commerce. After repeated failures, he persuaded his family to let him study art at Calcutta's School of Art.[7]
Career[edit]
As a young artist, Nandalal Bose was deeply influenced by the murals of the Ajanta Caves. He had become part of an international circle of artists and writers seeking to revive classical Indian culture; a circle that already included Okakura Kakuzō, William Rothenstein, Yokoyama Taikan, Christiana Herringham, Laurence Binyon, Abanindranath Tagore, and the seminal London Modernist sculptors Eric Gill and Jacob Epstein.[8][9]
To mark the 1930 occasion of Mahatma Gandhi's arrest for protesting the British tax on salt, Bose created a black on white linocut print of Gandhi walking with a staff. It became the iconic image for the non-violence movement.
His genius and original style were recognised by famous artists and art critics like Gaganendranath Tagore, Ananda Coomaraswamy and O. C. Ganguli. These lovers of art felt that objective criticism was necessary for the development of painting and founded the Indian Society of Oriental Art.
He became principal of the Kala Bhavana (College of Arts) at Tagore's International University Santiniketan in 1922.
He was also famously asked by Jawaharlal Nehru to sketch the emblems for the Government of India's awards, including the Bharat Ratna and the Padma Shri.[10] Along with his students, Nandalal Bose took up the historic task of beautifying/decorating the original manuscript of the Constitution of India.[11]
He died on 16 April 1966 in Calcutta.
Today, the National Gallery of Modern Art in Delhi holds 7000 of his works in its collection, including a 1930 black and white linocut of the Dandi March depicting Mahatma Gandhi, and a set of seven posters he later made at the request of Mahatma Gandhi for the 1938 Haripura Session of the Indian National Congress.[12]
His place in Indian Art[edit]
In his introduction for the Christie's catalogue, R. Siva Kumar wrote-[13]
Nandalal Bose (1882–1966) occupies a place in the history of Modern Indian art that combines those of Raphael and Durer in the history of the Renaissance. Like Raphael Nandalal was a great synthesizer, his originality lay in his ability to marshal discrete ideas drawn from Abanindranath Tagore, Rabindranath Tagore, E. B. Havell, Ananda Coomaraswamy, Okakura Kakuzo and Mahatma Gandhi into a unique and unified programme for the creation of a new art movement in India. And like Durer he combined a passion bordering on devotion with an irrepressible analytical mind that compelled him to prise open different art traditions and unravel their syntactic logic, and make them accessible to a new generation of Indian artists. But he did this so quietly and without self-assertive fanfare that the significance of his work is yet to be fully grasped even in India.
Students[edit]
Some of his students were Benode Behari Mukherjee, Ramkinkar Baij, Beohar Rammanohar Sinha, K. G. Subramanyan, A. Ramachandran, Henry Dharmasena, Pratima Thakur, Ramananda Bandopadhyay, Sovon Som, Jahar Dasgupta, Sabita Thakur, Menaja Swagnesh, Yash Bombbut, Satyajit Ray, Dinkar K Kowshik and Kondapalli Seshagiri Rao.
Also A.D.Jayathilake was one of his student from Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and had the opportunity to study under Dr.Nandalal Bose in the final batch (1948-1952).[14] Dr. Nandalal Bose's uniquely drawn two paintings; "Arjuna Tree"[15] and "Mango trees"[16] are currently with his Sri Lankan Student (A.D.Jaythilake).
Honours and awards[edit]
In 1956, he became the second artist to be elected Fellow of the Lalit Kala Akademi, India's National Academy of Art. In 1954, Nandalal Bose was awarded the Padma Vibhushan.
In 1957, the University of Calcutta conferred honorary D.Litt on him.[17] Vishvabharati University honoured him by conferring on him the title of 'Deshikottama'.
The Academy of Fine Arts in Calcutta honoured Nandalal with the Silver Jubilee Medal. The Tagore Birth Centenary Medal was awarded to Nandalal Bose in 1965 by the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Nanadlal Bose A notable Indian painter of Bengal school of art.." 4to40.com. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "San Diego museum showcases Nandalal Bose". Rediff.com News. 25 June 2008.
Jump up ^ Robert L. Pincus (15 March 2008). "The Art of Nandalal Bose' is first U.S. showcase for an Indian icon". Paramus Post.
Jump up ^ Kamala Ganesh; Usha Thakkar (13 July 2005). Culture and the Making of Identity in Contemporary India. SAGE Publications. pp. 49–. ISBN 978-0-7619-3381-6.
Jump up ^ Nine Masters Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh. "Nine Masters: Rabindranath Tagore, Amrita Sher-Gil, Jamini Roy and Nandalal Bose, Ravi Varma, Gaganendranath Tagore, Abanindranath Tagore, Sailoz Mookherjea and Nicholas Roerich."
Jump up ^ C.H.Prahalada Rao; Litent (1 January 2014). Nandalal Bose. Litent. pp. 3–. GGKEY:D9L3P5T7YE4.
Jump up ^ Dinkar k Kowshik (1985). Nandalal Bose, the doyen of Indian art. National Book Trust, India. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Rupert Richard Arrowsmith, "The Transcultural Roots of Modernism: Imagist Poetry, Japanese Visual Culture, and the Western Museum System", Modernism/modernity Volume 18, Number 1, January 2011, 27–42. ISSN 1071-6068.
Jump up ^ Video of a Lecture mentioning Bose in the context of Indian influences n global modernism, London University School of Advanced Study, March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Nandalal Bose paintings on display in U.S". The Hindu. 15 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Constitution of India". World Digital Library. 7 May 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Bengal School of Art exhibition to open in US". The Economic Times. 24 June 2008.
Jump up ^ http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/drawings-watercolors/nandalal-bose-bull-fighter-5716124-details.aspx
Jump up ^ "About Art Benwinton". Art Benwinton. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Art-1 Arjun Tree - Art Benwinton". Art Benwinton. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Art-2 Mango Trees - Art Benwinton". Art Benwinton. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Annual Convocation". University of Calcutta.
Further reading[edit]
Nandalal Bose and Indian painting, by Ramyansu Sekhar Das. Tower Publishers, 1958.
Nandalal Bose: a collection of essays : centenary volume. Lalit Kala Akademi, 1983.
Nandalal Bose, the doyen of Indian art. (National biography), by Dinkar Kowshik. National Book Trust, India, 1985.
Rhythms of India: The Art of Nandalal Bose, exhibition catalogue. Sonya Rhie Quintanilla. San Diego Museum of Art. 2008.
External links[edit]
Media related to Nandalal Bose at Wikimedia Commons
New York Times slideshow
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VIAF: 13226970
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