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Crab Nebula
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Crab Nebula
Supernova remnant
Hubble Space Telescope mosaic image assembled from 24 individual Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 exposures taken in October 1999, January 2000, and December 2000
Observation data: J2000.0 epoch
Right ascension
05h 34m 31.94s[1]
Declination
+22° 00′ 52.2″[1]
Distance
7003650000000000000♠6500±1600 ly (7003200000000000000♠2000±500[2] pc)
Apparent magnitude (V)
+8.4
Apparent dimensions (V)
420″ × 290″[3][b]
Constellation
Taurus
Physical characteristics
Radius
~5.5 ly (~1.7[4] pc)
Absolute magnitude (V)
7000310000000000000♠−3.1±0.5[c]
Notable features
Optical pulsar
Designations
Messier 1, NGC 1952, Taurus A, Sh2-244[1]
See also: Lists of nebulae
The Crab Nebula (catalogue designations M1, NGC 1952, Taurus A) is a supernova remnant in the constellation of Taurus. The now-current name is due to William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, who observed the object in 1840 using a 36-inch telescope and produced a drawing that looked somewhat like a crab.[5] Corresponding to a bright supernova recorded by Chinese astronomers in 1054, the nebula was observed later by English astronomer John Bevis in 1731. The nebula was the first astronomical object identified with a historical supernova explosion.
At an apparent magnitude of 8.4, comparable to that of Saturn's moon Titan, it is not visible to the naked eye but can be made out using binoculars under favourable conditions. The nebula lies in the Perseus Arm of the Milky Way galaxy, at a distance of about 2.0 kiloparsecs (6,500 ly) from Earth. It has a diameter of 3.4 parsecs (11 ly), corresponding to an apparent diameter of some 7 arcminutes, and is expanding at a rate of about 1,500 kilometres per second (930 mi/s), or 0.5% of the speed of light.
At the center of the nebula lies the Crab Pulsar, a neutron star 28–30 kilometres (17–19 mi) across with a spin rate of 30.2 times per second,[6] which emits pulses of radiation from gamma rays to radio waves. At X-ray and gamma ray energies above 30 keV, the Crab Nebula is generally the strongest persistent source in the sky, with measured flux extending to above 10 TeV. The nebula's radiation allows for the detailed studying of celestial bodies that occult it. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Sun's corona was mapped from observations of the Crab Nebula's radio waves passing through it, and in 2003, the thickness of the atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan was measured as it blocked out X-rays from the nebula.
The inner part of the nebula is a much smaller pulsar wind nebula that appears as a shell surrounding the pulsar. Some sources consider the Crab Nebula to be an example of both a pulsar wind nebula as well as a supernova remnant,[7] while others separate the two phenomena based on the different sources of energy production and behaviour.[4] For the Crab Nebula, the divisions are superficial but remain meaningful to researchers and their lines of study.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Observational history
1.1 First identification
1.2 Connection to SN 1054
1.3 Crab Pulsar
2 Physical conditions
2.1 Distance
2.2 Mass
2.3 Helium-rich torus
3 Central star
4 Progenitor star
5 Transits by Solar System bodies
5.1 Lunar
5.2 Solar
5.3 Other objects
6 Gallery
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Observational history[edit]
Further information: SN 1054
Modern understanding that the Crab Nebula was created by a supernova dates to 1921, when Carl Otto Lampland announced he had seen changes in its structure.[8] This eventually led to the conclusion that the creation of the Crab Nebula corresponds to the bright SN 1054 supernova recorded by Chinese astronomers in AD 1054.[9] There is also a 13th-century Japanese reference to this "guest star" in Meigetsuki.[10][11]
The event was long considered unrecorded in Islamic astronomy,[12] but in 1978 a reference was found in a 13th-century copy made by Ibn Abi Usaibia of a work by Ibn Butlan, a Nestorian Christian physician active in Baghdad at the time of the supernova.[13][14]
First identification[edit]
Reproduction of the first depiction of the nebula by Lord Rosse (1844) (colour-inverted to appear white-on-black)
The Crab Nebula was first identified in 1731 by John Bevis.[15] The nebula was independently rediscovered in 1758 by Charles Messier as he was observing a bright comet.[15] Messier catalogued it as the first entry in his catalogue of comet-like objects;[15] in 1757, Alexis Clairaut reexamined the calculations of Edmund Halley and predicted the return of Halley's Comet in late 1758. The exact time of the comet's return required the consideration of perturbations to its orbit caused by planets in the Solar System such as Jupiter, which Clairaut and his two colleagues Jérôme Lalande and Nicole-Reine Lepaute carried out more precisely than Halley, finding that the comet should appear in the constellation of Taurus. It is in searching in vain for the comet that Charles Messier found the Crab nebula, which he at first thought to be Halley's comet.[16] After some observation, noticing that the object that he was observing was not moving across the sky, Messier concluded that the object was not a comet. Messier then realised the usefulness of compiling a catalogue of celestial objects of a cloudy nature, but fixed in the sky, to avoid incorrectly cataloguing them as comets.[16]
William Herschel observed the Crab Nebula numerous times between 1783 and 1809, but it is not known whether he was aware of its existence in 1783, or if he discovered it independently of Messier and Bevis. After several observations, he concluded that it was composed of a group of stars.[17] The 3rd Earl of Rosse observed the nebula at Birr Castle in 1844 using a 36-inch (0.9 m) telescope, and referred to the object as the "Crab Nebula" because a drawing he made of it looked like a crab. He observed it again later, in 1848, using a 72-inch (1.8 m) telescope and could not confirm the supposed resemblance, but the name stuck nevertheless.[18][19]
Connection to SN 1054[edit]
The nebula is seen in the visible spectrum at 550 nm (green light).
In 1913, when Vesto Slipher registered his spectroscopy study of the sky, the Crab Nebula was again one of the first objects to be studied. In the early twentieth century, the analysis of early photographs of the nebula taken several years apart revealed that it was expanding. Tracing the expansion back revealed that the nebula must have become visible on Earth about 900 years ago. Historical records revealed that a new star bright enough to be seen in the daytime had been recorded in the same part of the sky by Chinese astronomers in 1054.[17][20]
Changes in the cloud, suggesting its small extent, were discovered by Carl Lampland in 1921.[8] That same year, John Charles Duncan demonstrated that the remnant is expanding,[21] while Knut Lundmark noted its proximity to the guest star of 1054.[20][22]
In 1928, Edwin Hubble proposed associating the cloud to the star of 1054, an idea which remained controversial until the nature of supernovae was understood, and it was Nicholas Mayall who indicated that the star of 1054 was undoubtedly the supernova whose explosion produced the Crab Nebula. The search for historical supernovae started at that moment: seven other historical sightings have been found by comparing modern observations of supernova remnants with astronomical documents of past centuries. Given its great distance, the daytime "guest star" observed by the Chinese could only have been a supernova—a massive, exploding star, having exhausted its supply of energy from nuclear fusion and collapsed in on itself.
Recent analysis of historical records have found that the supernova that created the Crab Nebula probably appeared in April or early May, rising to its maximum brightness of between apparent magnitude −7 and −4.5 (brighter than everything in the night sky except the Moon) by July. The supernova was visible to the naked eye for about two years after its first observation.[23] Thanks to the recorded observations of Far Eastern and Middle Eastern astronomers of 1054, Crab Nebula became the first astronomical object recognized as being connected to a supernova explosion.[17]
Crab Pulsar[edit]
Image combining optical data from Hubble (in red) and X-ray images from Chandra X-ray Observatory (in blue).
In the 1960s, because of the prediction and discovery of pulsars, the Crab Nebula again became a major centre of interest. It was then that Franco Pacini predicted the existence of the Crab Pulsar for the first time, which would explain the brightness of the cloud. The star was observed shortly afterwards in 1968.[24] The discovery of the Crab pulsar, and the knowledge of its exact age (almost to the day) allows for the verification of basic physical properties of these objects, such as characteristic age and spin-down luminosity, the orders of magnitude involved (notably the strength of the magnetic field), along with various aspects related to the dynamics of the remnant. The role of this supernova to the scientific understanding of supernova remnants was crucial, as no other historical supernova created a pulsar whose precise age we can know for certain. The only possible exception to this rule would be SN 1181 whose supposed remnant, 3C 58, is home to a pulsar, but its identification using Chinese observations from 1181 is sometimes contested.[25]
Physical conditions[edit]
Hubble image of a small region of the Crab Nebula, showing Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities in its intricate filamentary structure.
In visible light, the Crab Nebula consists of a broadly oval-shaped mass of filaments, about 6 arcminutes long and 4 arcminutes wide (by comparison, the full moon is 30 arcminutes across) surrounding a diffuse blue central region. In three dimensions, the nebula is thought to be shaped like a prolate spheroid.[3] The filaments are the remnants of the progenitor star's atmosphere, and consist largely of ionised helium and hydrogen, along with carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, iron, neon and sulfur. The filaments' temperatures are typically between 11,000 and 18,000 K, and their densities are about 1,300 particles per cm3.[26]
In 1953 Iosif Shklovsky proposed that the diffuse blue region is predominantly produced by synchrotron radiation, which is radiation given off by the curving motion of electrons in a magnetic field. The radiation corresponded to electrons moving at speeds up to half the speed of light.[27] Three years later the theory was confirmed by observations. In the 1960s it was found that the source of the curved paths of the electrons was the strong magnetic field produced by a neutron star at the centre of the nebula.[28]
Distance[edit]
Even though the Crab Nebula is the focus of much attention among astronomers, its distance remains an open question, owing to uncertainties in every method used to estimate its distance. In 2008, the consensus was that its distance from Earth is 2.0 ± 0.5 kpc (6,500 ± 1,600 ly). Along its longest visible dimension, it thus measures about 4.1 ± 1 pc (13 ± 3 ly) across.[d]
The Crab Nebula currently is expanding outward at about 1,500 km/s (930 mi/s).[29] Images taken several years apart reveal the slow expansion of the nebula,[30] and by comparing this angular expansion with its spectroscopically determined expansion velocity, the nebula's distance can be estimated. In 1973, an analysis of many methods used to compute the distance to the nebula had reached a conclusion of about 1.9 kpc (6,300 ly), consistent with the currently cited value.[3]
The Crab Pulsar itself was discovered in 1968. Tracing back its expansion (assuming a constant decrease of expansion speed due to the nebula's mass) yielded a date for the creation of the nebula several decades after 1054, implying that its outward velocity has decelerated less than assumed since the supernova explosion.[31] This reduced deceleration is believed to be caused by energy from the pulsar that feeds into the nebula's magnetic field, which expands and forces the nebula's filaments outward.[32][33]
Mass[edit]
Estimates of the total mass of the nebula are important for estimating the mass of the supernova's progenitor star. The amount of matter contained in the Crab Nebula's filaments (ejecta mass of ionized and neutral gas; mostly helium[34]) is estimated to be 7030914732999999999♠4.6±1.8 M☉.[35]
Helium-rich torus[edit]
One of the many nebular components (or anomalies) of the Crab Nebula is a helium-rich torus which is visible as an east-west band crossing the pulsar region. The torus composes about 25% of the visible ejecta. However, it is suggested by calculation that about 95% of the torus is helium. As yet, there has been no plausible explanation put forth for the structure of the torus.[36]
Central star[edit]
Main article: Crab Pulsar
Slow-motion movie of the Crab Pulsar
Play media
Data from orbiting observatories show unexpected variations in the Crab Nebula's X-ray output, likely tied to the environment around its central neutron star.
Play media
NASA's Fermi spots 'superflares' in the Crab Nebula.
At the center of the Crab Nebula are two faint stars, one of which is the star responsible for the existence of the nebula. It was identified as such in 1942, when Rudolf Minkowski found that its optical spectrum was extremely unusual.[37] The region around the star was found to be a strong source of radio waves in 1949[38] and X-rays in 1963,[39] and was identified as one of the brightest objects in the sky in gamma rays in 1967.[40] Then, in 1968, the star was found to be emitting its radiation in rapid pulses, becoming one of the first pulsars to be discovered.[14]
Pulsars are sources of powerful electromagnetic radiation, emitted in short and extremely regular pulses many times a second. They were a great mystery when discovered in 1967, and the team who identified the first one considered the possibility that it could be a signal from an advanced civilization.[41] However, the discovery of a pulsating radio source in the centre of the Crab Nebula was strong evidence that pulsars were formed by supernova explosions.[42] They now are understood to be rapidly rotating neutron stars, whose powerful magnetic field concentrates their radiation emissions into narrow beams.[43]
The Crab Pulsar is believed to be about 28–30 km (17–19 mi) in diameter;[44] it emits pulses of radiation every 33 milliseconds.[45] Pulses are emitted at wavelengths across the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to X-rays. Like all isolated pulsars, its period is slowing very gradually. Occasionally, its rotational period shows sharp changes, known as 'glitches', which are believed to be caused by a sudden realignment inside the neutron star. The energy released as the pulsar slows down is enormous, and it powers the emission of the synchrotron radiation of the Crab Nebula, which has a total luminosity about 75,000 times greater than that of the Sun.[46]
The pulsar's extreme energy output creates an unusually dynamic region at the centre of the Crab Nebula. While most astronomical objects evolve so slowly that changes are visible only over timescales of many years, the inner parts of the Crab Nebula show changes over timescales of only a few days.[47] The most dynamic feature in the inner part of the nebula is the point where the pulsar's equatorial wind slams into the bulk of the nebula, forming a shock front. The shape and position of this feature shifts rapidly, with the equatorial wind appearing as a series of wisp-like features that steepen, brighten, then fade as they move away from the pulsar to well out into the main body of the nebula.[47]
Progenitor star[edit]
This sequence of Hubble images shows features in the inner Crab Nebula changing over a period of four months.
The star that exploded as a supernova is referred to as the supernova's progenitor star. Two types of stars explode as supernovae: white dwarfs and massive stars. In the so-called Type Ia supernovae, gases falling onto a 'dead' white dwarf raise its mass until it nears a critical level, the Chandrasekhar limit, resulting in a runaway nuclear fusion explosion that obliterates the star; in Type Ib/c and Type II supernovae, the progenitor star is a massive star whose core runs out of fuel to power its nuclear fusion reactions and collapses in on itself, releasing gravitational potential energy in a form that blows away the star's outer layers. The presence of a pulsar in the Crab Nebula means that it must have formed in a core-collapse supernova;[48] Type Ia supernovae do not produce pulsars.[49]
Theoretical models of supernova explosions suggest that the star that exploded to produce the Crab Nebula must have had a mass of between 9 and 11 M☉.[36][50] Stars with masses lower than 8 M☉ are thought to be too small to produce supernova explosions, and end their lives by producing a planetary nebula instead, while a star heavier than 12 M☉ would have produced a nebula with a different chemical composition from that observed in the Crab Nebula.[51] Recent studies, however, suggest the progenitor could have been a super-asymptotic giant branch star in the 8 to 10 M☉ range that would have exploded in an electron-capture supernova.[52]
A significant problem in studies of the Crab Nebula is that the combined mass of the nebula and the pulsar add up to considerably less than the predicted mass of the progenitor star, and the question of where the 'missing mass' is, remains unresolved.[35] Estimates of the mass of the nebula are made by measuring the total amount of light emitted, and calculating the mass required, given the measured temperature and density of the nebula. Estimates range from about 1–5 M☉, with 2–3 M☉ being the generally accepted value.[51] The neutron star mass is estimated to be between 1.4 and 2 M☉.
The predominant theory to account for the missing mass of the Crab Nebula is that a substantial proportion of the mass of the progenitor was carried away before the supernova explosion in a fast stellar wind, a phenomenon commonly seen in Wolf-Rayet stars. However, this would have created a shell around the nebula. Although attempts have been made at several wavelengths to observe a shell, none has yet been found.[53]
Transits by Solar System bodies[edit]
Chandra image showing Saturn's moon Titan transiting the nebula.
The Crab Nebula lies roughly 1.5 degrees away from the ecliptic—the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun. This means that the Moon—and occasionally, planets—can transit or occult the nebula. Although the Sun does not transit the nebula, its corona passes in front of it. These transits and occultations can be used to analyse both the nebula and the object passing in front of it, by observing how radiation from the nebula is altered by the transiting body.
Lunar[edit]
Lunar transits have been used to map X-ray emissions from the nebula. Before the launch of X-ray-observing satellites, such as the Chandra X-ray Observatory, X-ray observations generally had quite low angular resolution, but when the Moon passes in front of the nebula, its position is very accurately known, and so the variations in the nebula's brightness can be used to create maps of X-ray emission.[54] When X-rays were first observed from the Crab Nebula, a lunar occultation was used to determine the exact location of their source.[39]
Solar[edit]
The Sun's corona passes in front of the Crab Nebula every June. Variations in the radio waves received from the Crab Nebula at this time can be used to infer details about the corona's density and structure. Early observations established that the corona extended out to much greater distances than had previously been thought; later observations found that the corona contained substantial density variations.[55]
Other objects[edit]
Very rarely, Saturn transits the Crab Nebula. Its transit in 2003 was the first since 1296; another will not occur until 2267. Observers used the Chandra X-ray Observatory to observe Saturn's moon Titan as it crossed the nebula, and found that Titan's X-ray 'shadow' was larger than its solid surface, due to absorption of X-rays in its atmosphere. These observations showed that the thickness of Titan's atmosphere is 880 km (550 mi).[56] The transit of Saturn itself could not be observed, because Chandra was passing through the Van Allen belts at the time.
Gallery[edit]
The Crab Nebula seen in radio, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma-rays (8 March 2015)
The Crab Nebula – five observatories (10 May 2017)
The Crab Nebula – five observatories (animation; 10 May 2017)
See also[edit]
Crab Nebula in fiction
Lists of nebulae
Notes[edit]
^ Size as measured on a very deep plate taken by Sidney van den Bergh in late 1969.[3][57]
^ Apparent Magnitude of 8.4 – distance modulus of 7001115000000000000♠11.5±0.5 = 7000310000000000000♠−3.1±0.5
^ distance × tan( diameter_angle = 420″ ) = 7000409999999999999♠4.1±1.0 pc diameter = 7001130000000000000♠13±3 light year diameter
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Bejger, M.; Haensel, P. (2002). "Moments of inertia for neutron and strange stars: Limits derived for the Crab pulsar". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 396 (3): 917–921. Bibcode:2002A&A...396..917B. arXiv:astro-ph/0209151  . doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021241.
Jump up ^ Harnden, F. R.; Seward, F. D. (1984). "Einstein observations of the Crab nebula pulsar". The Astrophysical Journal. 283: 279–285. Bibcode:1984ApJ...283..279H. doi:10.1086/162304.
Jump up ^ Kaufmann, W. J. (1996). Universe (4th ed.). W. H. Freeman. p. 428. ISBN 0-7167-2379-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Hester, J. Jeff; Scowen, P. A.; Sankrit, R.; Michel, F. C.; et al. (1996). "The Extremely Dynamic Structure of the Inner Crab Nebula". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 28 (2): 950. Bibcode:1996BAAS...28..950H.
Jump up ^ Maoz, Dan (December 2011). Astrophysics in a Nutshell. Princeton University Press. p. 90. ISBN 1-4008-3934-3.
Jump up ^ Pasachoff, Jay M.; Filippenko, Alex (August 2013). The Cosmos: Astronomy in the New Millennium. Cambridge University Press. p. 357. ISBN 978-1-107-27695-6.
Jump up ^ Nomoto, K. (1985). "Evolutionary models of the Crab Nebula's progenitor". The Crab Nebula and related supernova remnants; Proceedings of the Workshop. Cambridge University Press. pp. 97–113. Bibcode:1985cnrs.work...97N.
^ Jump up to: a b Davidson, K.; Fesen, R. A. (1985). "Recent developments concerning the Crab Nebula". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 23 (507): 119–146. Bibcode:1985ARA&A..23..119D. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.23.090185.001003.
Jump up ^ Tominaga, N.; Blinnikov, S. I.; Nomoto, Ken'Ichi (2013). "Supernova explosions of super-asymptotic giant branch stars: multicolor light curves of electron-capture supernovae". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 771 (1): L12. Bibcode:2013ApJ...771L..12T. arXiv:1305.6813  . doi:10.1088/2041-8205/771/1/L12.
Jump up ^ Frail, D. A.; Kassim, N. E.; Cornwell, T. J.; Goss, W. M. (1995). "Does the Crab Have a Shell?". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 454 (2): L129–L132. Bibcode:1995ApJ...454L.129F. arXiv:astro-ph/9509135  . doi:10.1086/309794.
Jump up ^ Palmieri, T. M.; Seward, F. D.; Toor, A.; van Flandern, T. C. (1975). "Spatial distribution of X-rays in the Crab Nebula". The Astrophysical Journal. 202: 494–497. Bibcode:1975ApJ...202..494P. doi:10.1086/153998.
Jump up ^ Erickson, W. C. (1964). "The Radio-Wave Scattering Properties of the Solar Corona". The Astrophysical Journal. 139: 1290. Bibcode:1964ApJ...139.1290E. doi:10.1086/147865.
Jump up ^ Mori, K.; Tsunemi, H.; Katayama, H.; Burrows, D. N.; Garmire, G. P.; Metzger, A. E. (2004). "An X-Ray Measurement of Titan's Atmospheric Extent from Its Transit of the Crab Nebula". The Astrophysical Journal. 607 (2): 1065–1069. Bibcode:2004ApJ...607.1065M. arXiv:astro-ph/0403283  . doi:10.1086/383521. Chandra images used by Mori et al. can be viewed here.
Jump up ^ van den Bergh, Sidney (1970). "A Jetlike Structure Associated with the Crab Nebula". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 160: L27. Bibcode:1970ApJ...160L..27V. doi:10.1086/180516.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crab Nebula.
Crab Nebula on WikiSky: DSS2, SDSS, GALEX, IRAS, Hydrogen α, X-Ray, Astrophoto, Sky Map, Articles and images
Crab Nebula in the University of Cambridge Catalogue of Galactic Supernova Remnants
Crab Nebula in the SEDS Messier index
Crab Nebula in the Chandra X-ray Observatory Field Guide series
Crab Nebula images by the Hubble Space Telescope
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See also: Gum catalog
Nebula
RCW Catalogue
Stewart Sharpless
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Coordinates: 5h 34m 31.97s, +22° 00′ 52.1″
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LCCN: sh85033695
GND: 4148360-1
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Aditi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the company of the same name, see Aditi Technologies.
Aditi
Mother of the Gods
Brahma with Aditi (right)
Weapons
Sword, Trishula
Mount
Rooster
Texts
Rigveda
Personal Information
Consort
Kashyap
Children
Ādityas
Vamana
In the Vedas, Aditi (Sanskrit: अदिति "limitless")[1] is mother of the gods (devamata) and all twelve zodiacal spirits from whose cosmic matrix, the heavenly bodies were born. As celestial mother of every existing form and being, the synthesis of all things, she is associated with space (akasa) and with mystic speech (Vāc). She may be seen as a feminized form of Brahma and associated with the primal substance (mulaprakriti) in Vedanta. She is mentioned nearly 80 times in the Rigveda: the verse "Daksha sprang from Aditi and Aditi from Daksha" is seen by Theosophists as a reference to "the eternal cyclic re-birth of the same divine Essence"[2] and divine wisdom.[3] In contrast, the Puranas, such as the Shiva Purana and the Bhagavata Purana, suggest that Aditi is wife of sage Kashyap and gave birth to the Adityas such as Indra, Surya, and also Vamana.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 Attributes
2.1 Motherhood
2.2 Creativity
2.3 Freedom
2.4 Might
2.5 Others
2.6 Temple
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Origin[edit]
The name is mentioned in Vedas as mother of Surya (Sun) and other celestial bodies or gods Adityas (meaning sons of Aditi).
The first mention of goddess Aditi is found in Rigveda, which is estimated to have been composed roughly during 1700-1100 BC.[5]
Attributes[edit]
Motherhood[edit]
Aditi with sage Kashyapa had 33 sons or 33boy child, out of which twelve are called Aditya including Surya, eleven are called Rudras and eight are called Vasus.[6] Aditi is said to be the mother of the great god Indra, the mother of kings (Mandala 2.27) and the mother of gods (Mandala 1.113.19). In the Vedas, Aditi is Devamata (mother of the celestial gods) as from and in her cosmic matrix all the heavenly bodies were born. She is preeminently the mother of 12 Adityas whose names include Vivasvān, Aryamā, Pūṣā, Tvaṣṭā, Savitar, Bhaga, Dhātā, Varuṇa, Mitra, Śakra, and Vishnu (Vishnu was born as Urukrama, the son of Nabhi and Meru, as well as Vamana)[7] She is also the mother of the Vamana avatar of Vishnu. Accordingly, Vishnu was born as the son of Aditi in the month of Shravana (fifth month of the Hindu Calendar, also called Avani) under the star Shravana. Many auspicious signs appeared in the heavens, foretelling the good fortune of this child.
In the Rigveda, Aditi is one of the most important figures of all. As a mothering presence, Aditi is often asked to guard the one who petitions her (Mandala 1.106.7; Mandala 8.18.6) or to provide him or her with wealth, safety, and abundance (Mandala 10.100; 1.94.15).
Creativity[edit]
Aditi is usually mentioned in the Rigveda along with other gods and goddesses. There is no one hymn addressed exclusively to her, unlike other Vedic gods. She is perhaps not related to a particular natural phenomenon like other gods. Compared to Usha and Prithvi, Aditi can be defined as the cosmic creatrix, the creativity of the all-creating.
Freedom[edit]
The name Aditi includes the root "da" (to bind or fetter) and suggests another attribute of her character. As A-diti, she is un-bound, free one, and it is evident in the hymns to her that she is often called to free the petitioner from different hindrances, especially sin and sickness. (Mandala 2.27.14). In one hymn, she is asked to free a petitioner who has been tied up like a thief (Mandala 8.67.14). As one who unbinds, her role is similar to her son Varuna's as guardian of Rta, cosmic moral order. She is called the supporter of creatures (Mandala 1.136). It also means 'one of its kind' or 'unique.'
Might[edit]
Aditi challenges the modern idea that the Vedic peoples were patriarchal. Aditi was regarded as both the sky goddess, and earth goddess, which is very rare for a prehistoric civilization. Most prehistoric civilizations venerated a dual principle, Sky Father and Earth Mother, which appears to be borrowed from the concept of Prithivi and Dyaus Pita. Aditi was attributed the status of first deity by the Vedic culture, although she is not the only one attributed this status in the Vedas. She is addressed, in the Rigveda as "Mighty".[citation needed]
Others[edit]
Like many other Hindu gods and goddesses, Aditi has a savari (a mount). Aditi flies across the boundless sky on a rooster . The rooster symbolizes strength and honour. Her weapons include the famous Trishul and a sword.
Temple[edit]
We can find one old temple of Aditi devi near rock cut cave in Vizhinjam, Kerala.
See also[edit]
Payovrata
Kashyapa
References[edit]
Jump up ^ From a- (privative a) and diti "bound," which is from the Proto Indo-European root *da- "to bind."
Jump up ^ The Secret Doctrine 2:247n
Jump up ^ "Adi-Ag: Encyclopedic Theosophical Glossary". Theosociety.org.
Jump up ^ Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam, ed. India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 62.
Jump up ^ Oberlies (1998:155) gives an estimate of 1100 BC for the youngest hymns in book 10. Estimates for a terminus post quem of the earliest hymns are more uncertain. Oberlies (p. 158) based on 'cumulative evidence' sets wide range of 1700–1100
Jump up ^ Sathyamayananda, Swami. Ancient sages. Mylapore, Chennai: Sri Ramakrishna Math. p. 173. ISBN 81-7505-356-9.
Jump up ^ "Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 6 Chapter 6 Verses 38-39". Vedabase.net. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
Further reading[edit]
Kinsley, David. Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions, Motilal Banarsidass Publications, 1998. ISBN 978-81-208-0394-7
External links[edit]
Aditi in Bhagavad-gītā
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Aditi – Catalan
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Aditi – Czech
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Aditi – Welsh
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Aditi – German
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Aditi – French
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Aditi – Indonesian
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Aditi – Dutch
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Aditi – Norwegian
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Aditi – Polish
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Aditi – Portuguese
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Aditi – Finnish
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Aditi – Swedish
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