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The Hunchback of Notre-Dame
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This article is about the Victor Hugo novel. For other uses, see The Hunchback of Notre Dame (disambiguation).
The Hunchback of Notre-Dame
1st edition cover
Author
Victor Hugo
Original title
Notre-Dame de Paris
Translator
Frederic Shoberl (English)
Illustrator
Luc-Olivier Merson (original)
Country
France
Language
French
Genre
Romanticism, Gothic fiction
Set in
Paris, 1482
Publisher
Gosselin
Publication date
16 March 1831
Published in English
1833
Media type
Hardback
Pages
940, in 3 volumes
Dewey Decimal
843.7
The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (French: Notre-Dame de Paris, "Our Lady of Paris") is a French Romantic/Gothic novel by Victor Hugo, published in 1831.
Contents
1 Title
2 Background
3 Plot
4 Characters
4.1 Major
4.2 Minor
5 Major themes
5.1 Architecture
6 Literary significance and reception
7 Allusions and references
7.1 Allusions to actual history, geography and current science
7.2 Allusions in other works
8 Drama adaptations
8.1 Comics
8.2 Films
8.3 Television
8.4 Theatre
8.5 Music
8.6 Musical theatre
8.7 Ballet
8.8 Radio
9 Video games
10 Translation history
11 References
11.1 Notes
11.2 Bibliography
12 External links
Title[edit]
The novel's original French title, Notre-Dame de Paris, is a metaphor: it refers to Notre Dame Cathedral, on which the story is centered, and Esmeralda, the novel's main character who is "our lady of Paris" and the center of the human drama within the story. Frederic Shoberl's 1833 English translation was published as The Hunchback of Notre Dame (which became the generally used title in English), which refers to Quasimodo, the novel's other main character.
Background[edit]
Illustration from
Victor Hugo et son temps (1881)
Victor Hugo began writing Notre-Dame de Paris in 1829, largely to make his contemporaries more aware of the value of the Gothic architecture, which was neglected and often destroyed to be replaced by new buildings or defaced by replacement of parts of buildings in a newer style. For instance, the medieval stained glass panels of Notre-Dame de Paris had been replaced by white glass to let more light into the church.[1] This explains the large descriptive sections of the book, which far exceed the requirements of the story. A few years earlier, Hugo had already published a paper entitled Guerre aux Démolisseurs (War to the Demolishers) specifically aimed at saving Paris' medieval architecture.[2] The agreement with his original publisher, Gosselin, was that the book would be finished that same year, but Hugo was constantly delayed due to the demands of other projects. In the summer of 1830, Gosselin demanded that Hugo complete the book by February 1831. Beginning in September 1830, Hugo worked nonstop on the project thereafter. The book was finished six months later.
Plot[edit]
The story is set in Paris in 1482 during the reign of Louis XI. The gypsy Esmeralda (born as Agnes) captures the hearts of many men, including those of Captain Phoebus and Pierre Gringoire, but especially Quasimodo and his guardian Archdeacon Claude Frollo. Frollo is torn between his obsessive lust for Esmeralda and the rules of the Notre Dame Cathedral. He orders Quasimodo to kidnap her, but the hunchback is captured by Phoebus and his guards, who save Esmeralda. Gringoire, who attempted to help Esmeralda but was knocked out by Quasimodo, is about to be hanged by beggars when Esmeralda saves him by agreeing to marry him for four years.
The following day, Quasimodo is sentenced to be flogged and turned on the pillory for one hour, followed by another hour's public exposure. He calls for water. Esmeralda, seeing his thirst, approaches the public stocks and offers him a drink of water. It saves him, and she captures his heart.
Later, Esmeralda is arrested and charged with the attempted murder of Phoebus, whom Frollo actually attempted to kill in jealousy after seeing him trying to seduce Esmeralda. She is sentenced to death by hanging. As she is being led to the gallows, Quasimodo swings down by the bell rope of Notre-Dame and carries her off to the cathedral under the law of sanctuary, temporarily protecting her from arrest.
Frollo later informs Gringoire that the Court of Parlement has voted to remove Esmeralda's right to the sanctuary so she can no longer seek shelter in the Cathedral and will be taken away to be killed. Clopin, the leader of the Gypsies, hears the news from Gringoire and rallies the citizens of Paris to charge the cathedral and rescue Esmeralda.
When Quasimodo sees the Gypsies, he assumes they are there to hurt Esmeralda, so he drives them off. Likewise, he thinks the King's men want to rescue her, and tries to help them find her. She is rescued by Frollo and Gringoire. But after yet another failed attempt to win her love, Frollo betrays Esmeralda by handing her to the troops and watches while she is being hanged. When Frollo laughs during Esmeralda's hanging, Quasimodo pushes him from the height of Notre Dame to his death. Quasimodo goes to the cemetery, hugs Esmeralda's body, and dies of starvation with her. Years later they are discovered and, while trying to separate them, Quasimodo's bones turn to dust.
Characters[edit]
Major[edit]
Quasimodo is the male protagonist of the novel. He is the bell-ringer of Notre Dame and a barely verbal and half-blind hunchback. Ringing the church bells has also made him deaf. Abandoned by his mother as a baby, he was adopted by Claude Frollo. Quasimodo's life within the confines of the cathedral and his only two outlets —ringing the bells and his love and devotion for Frollo—are described. He rarely ventures outside the Cathedral because the citizens of Paris despise and shun him for his appearance. The notable occasions when he does leave include taking part in the Festival of Fools—during which he is elected the Pope of Fools due to his perfect hideousness—and his subsequent attempt to kidnap Esmeralda, his rescue of Esmeralda from the gallows, his attempt to bring Phoebus to Esmeralda, and his final abandonment of the cathedral at the end of the novel. It is revealed in the story that the baby Quasimodo was left by the Gypsies in place of Esmeralda, whom they abducted.
Esmeralda (born Agnes) is a beautiful 16-year-old Gypsy street dancer who is naturally compassionate and kind. She is the novel's female protagonist. A popular focus of the citizens' attentions, she experiences their changeable attitudes, being first adored as an entertainer, then hated as a witch, before being lauded again by Quasimodo. She is loved by both Quasimodo and Claude Frollo, but, unfortunately she falls hopelessly in love with Captain Phoebus, a handsome soldier whom she believes will rightly protect her but who simply wants to seduce her. She is one of the few characters to show Quasimodo a moment of human kindness, as when she gives him water after the hunchback's flogging. She is eventually revealed to not actually be a gypsy, but to have been kidnapped by them and replaced by the deformed Quasimodo.
Claude Frollo, the novel's main antagonist, is the Archdeacon of Notre Dame. His dour attitude and his alchemical experiments have alienated him from the Parisians, who believe him a sorcerer. His parents having died of plague when he was a young man, he is without family save for Quasimodo, for whom he cares, and his dissolute younger brother Jehan, whom he unsuccessfully attempts to reform towards a better life. Frollo's numerous sins include lechery, failed alchemy and other listed vices. His mad attraction to Esmeralda sets off a chain of events, including her attempted abduction, leading to Quasimodo's sentence to be lashed in the square, and Frollo almost murdering Phoebus in a jealous rage, leading to Esmeralda's execution.
Pierre Gringoire is a struggling poet. He mistakenly finds his way into the "Court of Miracles", the domain of the Truands. In order to preserve the secrecy, Gringoire must either be killed by hanging, or marry a Gypsy. Although Esmeralda does not love him, and in fact believes him to be a coward rather than a true man, she takes pity on his plight and marries him. But, because she is already in love with Phoebus, much to his disappointment, she will not let him touch her.
Phoebus de Chateaupers is the Captain of the King's Archers, and a minor antagonist in the novel. After he saves Esmeralda from abduction, she becomes infatuated with him, and he is intrigued by her. Already betrothed to the beautiful but spiteful Fleur-de-Lys, he wants to lie with Esmeralda nonetheless but is prevented when Frollo stabs him. Phoebus survives, but Esmeralda is taken to be the attempted assassin by all, including Phoebus himself, who no longer wants her. He is condemned to a miserable married life with Fleur-de-Lys.
Clopin Trouillefou is the King of Truands. He sentences Gringoire to be hanged, and presides over his "wedding" to Esmeralda. He rallies the Court of Miracles to rescue Esmeralda from Notre Dame after the idea is suggested by Gringoire. He is eventually killed during the attack by the King's soldiers.
Minor[edit]
Jehan Frollo "du Moulin" (alternately named Joannes Frollo "de Molendino") is Claude Frollo's 16-year-old dissolute younger brother. He is a troublemaker and a student at the university. He is dependent on his brother for money, which he then proceeds to squander on alcohol. After his brother stops giving him money, he becomes rogue. He briefly enters the cathedral by ascending one of the towers with a borrowed ladder, but Quasimodo sees him and throws him down to his death.
Fleur-de-Lys de Gondelaurier is a beautiful and wealthy noblewoman engaged to Phoebus. Phoebus's attentions to Esmeralda make her insecure and jealous, and she and her friends respond by treating Esmeralda with contempt and spite. Fleur-de-Lys later neglects to inform Phoebus that Esmeralda has not been executed, which serves to deprive the pair of any further contact—though as Phoebus no longer loves Esmeralda by this time, this does not matter. The novel ends with their wedding.
Sister Gudule, also known as Sachette and formerly named Paquette Guybertaut "la Chantefleurie", is an anchoress, who lives in seclusion in an exposed cell in central Paris. She is tormented by the loss of her daughter Agnes, whom she believes to have been cannibalised by Gypsies as a baby, and devotes her life to mourning her. Her long-lost daughter turns out to be Esmeralda, a fact she discovers only moments before Esmeralda is hanged. Gudule is accidentally killed by one of the King's soldiers while attempting to prevent them from taking her daughter.
Djali is Esmeralda's pet goat. In addition to dancing with Esmeralda, Djali can do tricks for money, such as tell time, spell Phoebus' name, and do impressions of public figures. Later during Esmeralda's trial when Esmeralda is falsely accused of the stabbing of Phoebus, Djali is falsely accused of being the devil in disguise. In the end of the novel, Djali is saved by Gringoire (who has become fond of the goat during his marriage to Esmeralda) after Esmeralda is captured and hanged.
Louis XI is the King of France. He appears as an old and sick man, but his personality is very sly and Machiavellian, as well as self-centred. He appears briefly when he is brought the news of the rioting at Notre Dame. He orders his guard to kill the rioters, and also the "witch" Esmeralda, because of being misinformed about the reason of rioting.
Tristan l'Hermite is a friend of King Louis XI. He leads the band that goes to capture Esmeralda.
Henriet Cousin is the city executioner, who hangs Esmeralda.
Florian Barbedienne is the judge who sentences Quasimodo to be tortured. He is also deaf.
Jacques Charmolue is Claude Frollo's friend in charge of torturing prisoners. He gets Esmeralda to falsely confess to killing Phoebus. He then has her imprisoned.
Jacques Coppenole is a man who appears in the beginning of the novel as one of the Flemish guests at the Feast of Fools. He convinces the Parisians to select the Pope of Fools.
Pierrat Torterue is the torturer who tortures Esmeralda after her interrogation. He hurts Esmeralda so badly she falsely confesses, sealing her own fate. He was also the official who administered the savage flogging administered to Quasimodo by Barbedienne.
Robin Poussepain is Jehan Frollo's companion who appears with him during the Feast of Fools and Quasimodo's flogging in the public square.
Olivier le Mauvais (literally "Olivier the Evil") is King Louis XI's close advisor.
Major themes[edit]
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The novel's original French title, Notre-Dame de Paris, indicates that the cathedral itself is the most significant aspect of the novel, both the main setting and the focus of the story's themes.[3] The building had fallen into disrepair at the time of writing, which was something Hugo felt strongly about. The book portrays the Romantic era as one of the extremes in architecture, passion, and religion.[citation needed] The theme of determinism (fate and destiny, as set up in the preface of the novel through the introduction of the word "ANANKE") is explored, as well as revolution and social strife.[4]
Architecture[edit]
Architecture is a major concern of Hugo's in Notre-Dame de Paris, not just as embodied in the cathedral itself, but as representing throughout Paris and the rest of Europe an artistic genre which, Hugo argued, was about to disappear with the arrival of the printing press. Claude Frollo's portentous phrase, ‘Ceci tuera cela’ ("This will kill that", as he looks from a printed book to the cathedral building), sums up this thesis, which is expounded on in Book V, chapter 2. Hugo writes that ‘quiconque naissait poète se faisait architecte’ ("whoever was born a poet became an architect"), arguing that while the written word was heavily censored and difficult to reproduce, architecture was extremely prominent and enjoyed considerable freedom.
Il existe à cette époque, pour la pensée écrite en pierre, un privilège tout-à-fait comparable à notre liberté actuelle de la presse. C'est la liberté de l'architecture.

There exists in this era, for thoughts written in stone, a privilege absolutely comparable to our current freedom of the press. It is the freedom of architecture.
—  Book V, Chapter 2
With the recent introduction of the printing press, it became possible to reproduce one's ideas much more easily on paper, and Hugo considered this period to represent the last flowering of architecture as a great artistic form. As with many of his books, Hugo was interested in a time which seemed to him to be on the cusp between two types of society.[5]
The major theme of the third book is that over time the cathedral has been repaired, but the repairs and additions have made the cathedral worse: "And who put the cold, white panes in the place of those windows" and "...who substituted for the ancient Gothic altar, splendidly encumbered with shrines and reliquaries, that heavy marble sarcophagus, with angels' heads and clouds" are a few examples of this. This chapter also discusses how, after repairs to the cathedral after the French Revolution, there was not a significant style in what was added. It seems as if the new architecture is actually now uglier and worse than it was before the repairing.
Literary significance and reception[edit]
Hugo introduced with this work the concept of the novel as Epic Theatre. A giant epic about the history of a whole people, incarnated in the figure of the great cathedral as witness and silent protagonist of that history. The whole idea of time and life as an ongoing, organic panorama centered on dozens of characters caught in the middle of that history. It is the first novel to have beggars as protagonists.
Notre Dame de Paris was the first work of fiction to encompass the whole of life, from the King of France to Paris sewer rats, in a manner later co-opted by Honoré de Balzac, Gustave Flaubert and many others, including Charles Dickens. The enormous popularity of the book in France spurred the nascent historical preservation movement in that country and strongly encouraged Gothic revival architecture. Ultimately it led to major renovations at Notre-Dame in the 19th century led by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. Much of the cathedral's present appearance is a result of this renovation.
Allusions and references[edit]
Allusions to actual history, geography and current science[edit]
In The Hunchback of Notre-Dame, Victor Hugo makes frequent reference to the architecture of the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris. He also mentions the invention of the printing press, when the bookmaker near the beginning of the work speaks of "the German pest."
In 2010, British archivist Adrian Glew discovered references to a real-life hunchback who was a foreman of a government sculpting studio in Paris in the 1820s who worked on post-Revolution restorations to the Cathedral.[6]
Allusions in other works[edit]
The name Quasimodo has become synonymous with "a courageous heart beneath a grotesque exterior."[7]
Drama adaptations[edit]
To date, all of the film and TV adaptations have strayed somewhat from the original plot, some going as far as to give it a happy ending, as in the classic 1939 film starring Charles Laughton as Quasimodo and Maureen O'Hara as Esmeralda (although Quasimodo loses her to Gringoire in this version). The 1956 French film, starring Anthony Quinn and Gina Lollobrigida, is one of the few versions to end almost exactly like the novel, although it changes other sections of the story. Unlike most adaptations, the 1996 Disney version has an ending that is inspired by an opera created by Hugo himself.
Comics[edit]
Artists like Noel Gloesner [8], Andrew Dickson [9], Robin Recht [10], Tim Conrad [11], Gilbert Bloch [12], George Evans [13] Dick Briefer [14] have all created comic strip and book adaptations of The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Paulo Borges [15], Gustavo Machado [16] and Dan Spiegle [17] have drawn comic strip versions based on the 1996 Disney movie adaptation.
Films[edit]
Esmeralda, a 1905 French short silent film
The Hunchback of Notre Dame, a 1911 silent film
The Darling of Paris, a 1917 silent film
Esmeralda, a 1922 British silent film
The Hunchback of Notre Dame, a 1923 silent film
The Hunchback of Notre Dame, a 1939 sound film
The Hunchback of Notre Dame, a 1956 film
The Hunchback of Notre Dame, a 1986 Australian-American fantasy animated film
The Hunchback of Notre Dame, a 1996 animated film by Walt Disney Pictures
The Secret of the Hunchback
The Hunchback of Notre Dame, a Golden Films film
The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Jetlag Productions animated film
Quasimodo d'El Paris, a 1999 parody film
Television[edit]
The Hunchback of Notre Dame, a 1966 miniseries
The Hunchback of Notre Dame, a 1977 miniseries
The Hunchback of Notre Dame, a 1982 British-American film
The Magical Adventures of Quasimodo, a 1996 series
The Hunchback, a 1997 television film
Theatre[edit]
In 1977, an adaptation by Ken Hill was commissioned and staged by the National Theatre in London.
In 2010, an adaptation by Pip Utton was staged at The Pleasance as part of the Edinburgh Fringe Festival.
In 2010, an original adaptation by Myriad Theatre & Film was staged in London and then toured South England.
In 2012, an adaptation by Belt Up Theatre was staged in Selby Abbey.
In 2013, an adaptation by James Villafuerte was staged in Tanghalang Pasigueño Villa Teatro.
Music[edit]
In 1977, a lush orchestral disco 28 minute epic re-telling the tale of Quasimodo and Esmeralda, by Alec R. Costandinos and the Syncophonic Orchestra.
In 1996, a recording of music written by Styx singer Dennis DeYoung for his musical adaptation of the novel.
In 1996, the soundtrack to the Disney film, released by Walt Disney Records.
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (Studio Cast Recording), a 2016 musical album based on Victor Hugo's novel and songs from the Disney film version.[18]
Musical theatre[edit]
La Esmeralda, opera by Louise Bertin (1836), libretto by Victor Hugo.
Esmeralda, opera by Alexander Dargomyzhsky (1847) based on the Victor Hugo novel.
Notre-Dame of Paris, opera by William Henry Fry (1864) with libretto by his brother Joseph Reese Fry based on the Victor Hugo novel. First performance: Academy of Music, Philadelphia, 4 May 1864, conducted by Theodore Thomas.
Esmeralda, opera by Arthur Goring Thomas (1883), also based on the same Victor Hugo novel.
Notre Dame, romantic Opera in two acts by Franz Schmidt, text after Victor Hugo by Schmidt and Leopold Wilk; composed: 1902–4, 1st perf.: Vienna 1914.
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1993), an Off Broadway musical with music by Byron Janis, lyrics by Hal Hackady and book by Anthony Scully.[19]
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1993), a dramatic sung-through musical with book and lyrics by Gary Sullivan and music by John Trent Wallace.[20] After a production at the Mermaid Theatre in London it was published by Samuel French Ltd in 1997 and has received several UK productions as well as productions in New Zealand and Australia. In 2010 it was re-written as a conventional musical, with the new title Notre Dame.[21]
El Jorobado de París (1993), an Argentinian sung-through musical with book and lyrics by Pepe Cibrián Campoy and music by Ángel Mahler. Revised versions opened in 1995, 2006 and 2013.
Notre-Dame de Paris is an operatic melodrama by Zigmars Liepiņš based on the novel.
In 1998, Notre-Dame de Paris opened in Paris and became an instant success. It is considered the most successful adaptation of any novel except for "The Phantom of the Opera" and "Les Misérables." It was also adapted for the stage by Nicholas DeBaubien.[22]
From 1999 to 2002, the Disney film was adapted into a darker, more Gothic musical production called Der Glöckner von Notre Dame (translated in English as The Bellringer of Notre Dame) in Berlin. A cast recording was also recorded in German.[23] The musical received an American remake in 2014.
A rock musical version was released in Seattle, Washington in 1998 titled "Hunchback" with music and script by C. Rainey Lewis.[24]
A musical version, scored by Dennis DeYoung, opened in Chicago at the Bailiwick Repertory in the summer of 2008.[25]
A re-adaptation of the piece entitled Our Lady of Paris, with music and lyrics by David Levinson and book by Stacey Weingarten, was produced in a reading format in Manhattan. It re-sets the action to 1954 at the beginning of the French Algerian conflict. After the first reading, the piece underwent revisions; a second reading was produced in January 2011 under the musical's new title, Les Enfants de Paris.
Ballet[edit]
La Esmeralda (1844) - choreography by Jules Perrot, music by Cesare Pugni. First performed at Her Majesty's Theatre in London. The ballet has a long performance history in Russia via the revivals of the choreographer Marius Petipa in St. Petersburg throughout the late 19th century.
Gudule’s Daughter, or Esmiralda (1902) – choreography by Alexander Alexeyevich Gorsky, music by Antoine Simon
Notre-Dame de Paris (1965) – choreography by Roland Petit, first performed by the Paris Opera Ballet.
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1998) – choreography and direction by Michael Pink and original music score by Philip Feeney; currently in the repertoire of Milwaukee Ballet, Boston Ballet, Royal New Zealand Ballet, Atlanta Ballet and Colorado Ballet.
Ringaren i Notre Dame (The Bellringer of Notre Dame; 2009) – choreography by Pär Isberg and original music score by Stefan Nilsson, first performed on Friday, April 3, by the Royal Swedish Ballet.
Radio[edit]
The book was twice adapted and broadcast by BBC Radio 4 as its Classic Serial:
in 5 parts from 6 January to 3 February 1989, with Jack Klaff as Quasimodo
in 2 parts on 30 November and 7 December 2008, with deaf actor David Bower playing Quasimodo.
Video games[edit]
Hunchback, a 1983 arcade video game developed by Century Electronics, starring Quasimodo and Esmeralda.
Translation history[edit]
The Hunchback of Notre-Dame has been translated into English many times. Translations are often reprinted in various imprints. Some translations have been revised over time.
1833. Translated by Frederic Shoberl as The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Later revisions.
1833. Translated by William Hazlitt as Notre Dame: A Tale of the Ancien Régime. Later revisions.
1888. Translated by Isabel F. Hapgood as Notre-Dame de Paris.
1895. Translated by M.W. Artois et al., part of the 28-vol The Novels of Victor Hugo, re-printed in the 20th century under other titles.
1956. Translated by Lowell Bair, for Bantam Books and included in Bantam Classics
1964. Translated by Walter J. Cobb. In multiple editions, see for example Signet Classics ISBN 0-451-52788-7
1978. Translated by John Sturrock. In multiple editions, see for example Penguin Classics ISBN 0-14-044353-3
1993. Translated by Alban J. Krailsheimer as Notre-Dame de Paris. See Oxford World's Classics ISBN 978-0-19-955580-2
2002. Revised translation by Catherine Liu of an anonymous 19th century translation. See Modern Library Classics ISBN 0-679-64257-9
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ fr:Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris
Jump up ^ fr:Notre-Dame de Paris (roman)#cite note-21
Jump up ^ Zaretsky, Rob. "Victor Hugo and Architecture", Engines of our Ingenuity. Accessed 2 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sparknotes.com". Sparknotes.com. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Online-literature.com". Online-literature.com. 26 January 2007. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Real-life Quasimodo uncovered in Tate archives", Roya Nikkhah, The Daily Telegraph, 15 August 2010
Jump up ^ Webber, Elizabeth; Mike Feinsilber (1999). Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Allusions. Merriam-Webster. p. 592. ISBN 0-87779-628-9.
Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/g/gloesner_noel.htm
Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/d/dickson_andrew.htm
Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/recht_robin.htm
Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/c/conrad_tim.htm
Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/bloch_gilbert.htm
Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/e/evans.htm
Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/briefer_dick.htm
Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/borges_paulo.htm
Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/m/machado_gustavo.htm
Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/spiegle_d.htm
Jump up ^ BWW News Desk (22 January 2016). "Sanctuary! THE HUNCHBACK OF NOTRE DAME Cast Album Released Today". BroadwayWorld.com.
Jump up ^ "The Hunchback of Notre Dame". Lortel.org. Archived from the original on 18 December 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Johntrentwallace.com". Johntrentwallace.com. 5 December 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Notre-dame.co.uk". Notre-dame.co.uk. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Mainstage 1997 – Nicholas De Beabien's The Hunchback of Notre Dame, sacred.fools.org
Jump up ^ Collins, Suzanne. "Amazon.com". Amazon.com. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Hunchback". Hunchback. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Hunchback of Notre Dame Musical By Styx Front-Man to Play Chicago's Bailiwick". Playbill. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
Bibliography[edit]
Rebello, Stephen. The Art of The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 ed.). Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-6208-4.
Pascal Tonazzi, Florilège de Notre-Dame de Paris (anthologie), Editions Arléa, Paris, 2007, ISBN 2-86959-795-9.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Notre-Dame de Paris (Victor Hugo).
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Hunchback of Notre-Dame
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Hunchback of Notre Dame
The Hunchback of Notre Dame at Internet Archive and Google Books, multiple English translations (scanned books original editions color illustrated)
Notre-Dame De Paris at Project Gutenberg, 1888 English translation by Isabel Florence Hapgood (plain text and HTML)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame public domain audiobook at LibriVox, 1888 English translation by Isabel Florence Hapgood and French available
Notre Dame de Paris Harvard Classics
Notre-Dame de Paris at Wikisource (HTML) (in French)
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The Hunchback of Notre-Dame by Victor Hugo
Characters
Quasimodo
Esmeralda
Claude Frollo
Captain Phoebus
Clopin Trouillefou
Pierre Gringoire
Films
Esmeralda (1905)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1911)
The Darling of Paris (1917)
Esmeralda (1922)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1956)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1977)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1982)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1986)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
The Hunchback (1997)
Quasimodo d'El Paris (1999)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame II (2002)
Television series
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1966)
The Magical Adventures of Quasimodo (1996)
Opera
La Esmeralda (1836)
Esmeralda (1883)
Notre Dame (1914)
Ballet
La Esmeralda (1844)
Notre Dame de Paris (1967)
Musicals
Notre-Dame de Paris (1998)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1999)
Klokkeren fra Notre Dame (2002)
Music
"The Bells of Notre Dame"
"Out There"
"Topsy Turvy"
"God Help the Outcasts"
"Heaven's Light"
"Hellfire"
"A Guy Like You"
"Someday"
"Made of Stone"
Video games
Hunchback (1983)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame: Topsy Turvy Games (1996)
Disney's Animated Storybook: The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
Related
Disney franchise
show
v
t
e
Victor Hugo
Novels
Han d'Islande (1823)
Bug-Jargal (1826)
The Last Day of a Condemned Man (1829)
The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (1831)
Les Misérables (1862)
Toilers of the Sea (1866)
The Man Who Laughs (1869)
Ninety-Three (1874)
Plays
Inez de Castro (1820; published in 1863)
Cromwell (1827)
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George O'Malley
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George O'Malley
Grey's Anatomy character
The Season 4 promotional photo of T. R. Knight as Dr. George O'Malley
First appearance
"A Hard Day's Night" (1.01)
March 27, 2005
Last appearance
"Now or Never" (5.24)
May 14, 2009
(as a series regular)
"Good Mourning" (6.01)
September 24, 2009
(stand-in)
Created by
Shonda Rhimes
Portrayed by
T. R. Knight
Information
Full name
George O'Malley
Occupation
Surgical resident at Seattle Grace Hospital
Title
M.D
Family
Louise O'Malley (mother)
Harold O'Malley (father, deceased)
Jerry and Ronnie O'Malley (brothers)
Spouse(s)
Callie Torres (divorced)
Significant other(s)
Olivia Harper

Izzie Stevens

Meredith Grey
Religion
Catholicism
George O'Malley, M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey's Anatomy, which airs on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes, and was portrayed by actor T. R. Knight from 2005 to 2009. Introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital, O'Malley worked his way up to resident level, while his relationships with his colleagues Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) and Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) formed a focal point of the series. O'Malley married Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) whom he later separated with to pursue a relationship with Izzie Stevens. O'Malley also had entertained a romantic interest with Meredith Grey and Olivia Harper (Sarah Utterback).
Knight auditioned for the show, expecting a one-season run. In 2007, Knight's co-star Isaiah Washington (Preston Burke) insulted him with a homophobic slur, which resulted in the termination of Washington's Grey's Anatomy contract. In 2009, after the conclusion of the fifth season, it was confirmed that Knight would not be returning for the show's sixth season. The actor stated the reason for his departure was due to a "breakdown in communication" with Rhimes, his character's lack of screen time, as well as his decision to come out as openly gay. Knight received generally positive reviews for his performance as O'Malley, and garnered a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards. Despite this, his death received mixed feedback.
Contents
1 Storylines
2 Development
2.1 Casting and creation
2.2 Characterization
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Storylines[edit]
George O'Malley is introduced as a fellow surgical intern to Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) and Alex Karev (Justin Chambers); the five of them working under Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson). O'Malley and Stevens move in with Meredith, for whom he has romantic feelings but did not express them due to his fear of rejection and the fact that she and one of the attendings Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) had a mutual interest in one another. On the first day of internship, O'Malley is selected by chief of cardiothoracic surgery Preston Burke (Isaiah Washington) as the first intern to perform surgery. He freezes in the operating room, and is mocked by his peers, and earns the nickname "007" because of almost killing a patient in such a simple operation (referring to James Bond's "licence to kill"). O'Malley dates nurse Olivia Harper (Sarah Utterback), breaking up with her when he contracts syphilis from her, which she in turn contracted from Karev. His friendship with Karev is further strained when the two become trapped in an elevator with a patient who begins to bleed out. Karev freezes, and O'Malley is able to save the patient single-handedly. He goes on to admit his feelings to Meredith, and the two have a one-night stand. When Meredith tells him that sleeping together was a mistake, O'Malley begins avoiding her and starts dating orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez).
During a camping trip, O'Malley learns that Torres has slept with chief of plastic surgery Mark Sloan (Eric Dane), and also discovers that Burke is experiencing tremors in his hand. When O'Malley's father is diagnosed with esophageal cancer and a leaking aortic valve, he refuses to allow Burke to operate on him, instead contacting Erica Hahn (Brooke Smith), Burke's medical school rival. His relationship with Torres is strained when he confronts her about sleeping with Sloan, but he allows her to support him through his father's deteriorating health. Complications from his father's surgery leave him in multi-system organ failure, and his life support is turned off. In an attempt to overcome his grief, O'Malley elopes with Callie to Las Vegas. He later begins to feel that he was mistaken to marry her, and sleeps with Stevens while intoxicated. Stevens confesses that she is in love with him, so O'Malley considers transferring to a different hospital so he can be faithful to his wife. However, he is ineligible to transfer after failing the intern exams. O'Malley decides to repeat his intern year, and confesses to Torres that he slept with Stevens, leading the two to separate. O'Malley and Stevens embark on a short-lived relationship, only to discover there is no real chemistry between them.
O'Malley moves in with new intern Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh), Meredith's half-sister. Lexie and O'Malley discover that he only failed his exam by a single point, leading him to confront Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.), the chief of surgery, to ask for a chance to retake the exam. He passes the second attempt, and begins to distance himself from Lexie, who has fallen in love with him. O'Malley supports Stevens when she discovers she has melanoma, and walks her down the aisle as she marries Karev. O'Malley begins to display a talent for trauma surgery, and is told by the chief of trauma surgery Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) that it is definitely his specialty. He then abruptly and inexplicably decides to join the U.S. Army. While his friends at the hospital prepare an intervention to convince O'Malley to stay, they all work on a severely disfigured John Doe, brought in after a horrible bus accident, in which he pushed a woman out of the way and saved her life. O’Malley writes on Meredith’s hand “007” and she realizes it is her friend George. She runs to tell the other surgeons and they rush him to surgery. However, he flatlines and is ultimately declared braindead. There is confusion on if John Doe is really George and Callie confirms by a freckle on his hand. His organs are donated after Stevens confirms that is what O'Malley would have wanted, and he is buried a week later.
Development[edit]
Casting and creation[edit]
T. R. Knight expected a short career with Grey's Anatomy.
T. R. Knight signed on for the pilot as O'Malley, expecting that the role might be short-lived, because he liked that the character was multi-faceted.[1] In October 2006, news reports surfaced that Washington had insulted Knight with a homophobic slur,[2] during an argument with Patrick Dempsey (Derek Shepherd). Shortly after, the details of the argument became public, and Knight later disclosed that the slur made him come out as gay.[3] "I was under no delusions," Knight said at the time. "My friends on the set knew. We talked about it. Publicly it's not my thing to call up People magazine and be like, 'Hey, you want to know something about me?'...I could've just let it slide and not said anything, but it became important. It became important to make the statement."[3] The situation seemed somewhat resolved when Washington issued a statement, apologizing for his "unfortunate use of words during the recent incident on-set".[4]
Isaiah Washington insulted T. R. Knight with a homophobic slur.
At the 64th Golden Globe Awards, while being interviewed on the red carpet, Washington joked, "I love gay. I wanted to be gay. Please let me be gay."[5] Later, Washington claimed he never used the slur, labeling it "vile".[6][7] In June 2007, it was reported that the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) and Shonda Rhimes had chosen not to renew Washington's contract with the show,[8] not immediately specifying a reason.[9] In a subsequent interview, Washington claimed that "they fired the wrong guy" (referring to Knight), and said he was considering filing a lawsuit as a result. He accused Knight of using the controversy to bolster his own career and increase his salary on Grey's Anatomy.[10]
On July 2, 2007, Washington appeared on Larry King Live, to present his side of the controversy. According to Washington, he never used the "F Word" in reference to Knight, but rather blurted it out in an unrelated context in the course of an argument "provoked" by Dempsey, who he felt was treating him like a "B-word", a "P-word", and the "F-word", which Washington said conveyed "somebody who is being weak and afraid to fight back".[11] In 2009, Rhimes told Entertainment Weekly that she may not have handled the incident correctly, stating: "I wasn't interested in what anybody thought publicly. I was interested in what was going on right here on the ground...with the people I work with every day. Did I do it perfectly? Of course not. This is my first television show. It was a learning experience."[12] Knight said that Rhimes was among those for discouraging him to come out, however Rhimes said: "I remember saying [to fellow executive producer], 'This is our proudest day here. T.R. got to come out and I got to say to him that it wouldn't affect his character' because he was concerned he was going to come out and George would suddenly be gay. [...] The idea that a gay actor can't play a straight man is insulting."[12]
In December 2008, reports speculated that Knight requested to be released from his contract and that "they were working out the details" at that time. In June 2009, after the conclusion of the fifth season of Grey's Anatomy, it was confirmed that Knight would not be returning for the show's sixth season.[13] The actor stated the reason for his departure was due to a "breakdown in communication" with Rhimes,[14] O'Malley's lack of screen time, as well as his decision to be openly gay.[15] Prior to the official announcement of his departure, there was speculation that the role of O'Malley would be recast,[16] but Rhimes labeled it as a "hilarious, ridiculous rumor".[16] After the confirmation of his exit, Knight told TV Guide: "Leaving Grey's Anatomy was not an easy decision for me to make. I am extremely grateful to have had the opportunity to play this character and will miss my fellow cast and crew very much. I continue to wish them the very best, and wholeheartedly thank all of the fans who have supported me and the show with such passion and enthusiasm."[17] In a statement confirming Knight's departure, Rhimes said: "I think I speak for the entire Grey's Anatomy family when I say we wish T.R. Knight the best in his future endeavors. He is an incredibly talented actor and a person whose strength of character is admired by all of us."[17]
"There are ebbs and flows. And every season is shaped differently. With George, I really wanted you to not notice that he wasn't there for most of this episode. I don't think anybody noticed because of the way we laid it out this season. And, actually, he was really lovely and elegant about lying there in all that very painful makeup and prosthetics for much of the episode with no words. That moment where he grabs Meredith's hand is one of the most affecting moments of the episode, and it was without words."
— Rhimes on Knight's lack of screen time in season five[18]
In an interview with Entertainment Weekly, Rhimes said she tried to talk him out of quitting, explaining: "I looked in his face and he was really sure. It felt like the right thing for him."[12] However, in another interview, Knight said of his exit: "My five-year experience proved to me that I could not trust any answer that was given [about O'Malley]."[19] Knight was "at peace" with his departure, saying: "There just comes a time when it's so clear that moving on is the best decision." However, Heigl tried to talk Knight out of leaving, saying: "I didn't think it was the right decision. I felt like some of the problems could be worked through. But by the time it came to fruition, I was [glad] for him because he was ready to go."[19] On the topic of losing a US$14 million contract, Knight commented: "From an outsider's perspective, I get the [impression that] 'He's just a spoiled actor, he doesn’t know how good he has it.' There are a lot of people who would like to be in my position. But in the end, I need to be fulfilled in my work."[19]
Characterization[edit]
O'Malley was characterized a "hapless naif".[20] On the topic of O'Malley's longtime crush on Meredith in the second season, Knight said: "What's going to be very interesting to see is what he's going to do with Meredith. It's getting close to time. Whatever he chooses to do will inform who he is the rest of his life."[21] After their sexual encounter occurred onscreen, Knight said in an interview with Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune: "George wasn't really paying full attention. He was letting his own feelings override his respect for Meredith. A person really clued in would get that there wasn't anything coming back, but he was so in his head about it and caught up in his own feelings that he wasn't listening. It's not just that he loves her...it's a kind of selfish love he had for her." He also added that, "I think George has a lot of growing up to do. Part of that is making horrible, stupid mistakes. He's been pretty sheltered."[22]
Katherine Heigl's (left) and Ellen Pompeo's (right) characters both have short-lived relationships with O'Malley.
Series writer Stacy McKee said of the sexual encounter: "There's no turning back. There's nothing George and Meredith can do. The damage is done – things will never be the same. They've just changed something important in their lives forever."[23] When asked if O'Malley was becoming more assertive, Knight said:
“ I think that's very true, especially since the elevator scene. The first time we saw George, he failed at an appendectomy, he failed very publicly. In the elevator scene, if he hadn't been in that elevator, if they had been in any other place, he would have let someone else step in and deal with it. The fact that it was only George and Alex forced him to act, it was either that or let this man die. He stepped up because he had to.[22] ”
Knight also commented that the character does not appreciate himself and his positive traits.[22] On the topic of O'Malley performing open heart surgery in an elevator, Knight said: "It's a slow change but he's starting to realize, 'The way I have been doing things is not working.' The big thing about the open-heart surgery in the elevator was he was forced into it. He needs to be kind of kicked in the (butt) to do these things."[21]
Knight felt a parallel to George in that his "confidence isn't always at its absolute highest", but overall he sees more differences than similarities. However, when the actor starts to think he is so different from O'Malley, an awkward move can suggest otherwise. "I was walking, doing a scene with Katherine Heigl. I finished my line with her, and then I walked straight into the light stand."[21] Critical of her affair with O'Malley, Knight's co-star Heigl explained: "They really hurt somebody, and they didn't seem to be taking a lot of responsibility for it. I have a really hard time with that kind of thing. I'm maybe a little too black and white about it."[24] Speaking of O'Malley's relationship with Lexie, Rhimes offered her insight: "I love them as friends. They make good friends. We all have that friend we met in school or the gym or somewhere – we just hit it off right away. And right away there was no pretense or airs. Just pure honesty. That's Lexie and George. They're really good friends and I can see the friendship evolving into something even greater."[25] When asked what his "favorite George moment" was, Knight said his relationships with Stevens and Bailey.[26]
Reception[edit]
Callie Torres' relationship with O'Malley was initially criticized.
Fans were "widely against" O'Malley's affair with Meredith in the second season,[22] however certain fans who supported their relationship were critical when Torres was introduced as a love interest for him.[27][28] Fans and critics were also against O'Malley's relationship with Stevens in the fourth season;[29] Maclean's said: "George must die. He's slept with virtually everyone except the male cast and has been in love with virtually everyone except the male cast. And he's not that great of a doctor. Evolve or die."[30] Christopher Monfette of IGN said O'Malley and Stevens were a "mismatch", adding: "Unfortunately, while it's refreshing to see a plotline driven by activity versus apathy, the idea of these two ever-affable, best-friend characters suddenly discovering their potential, out-of-nowhere love for each other quickly feels both force-fed and emotionally-incorrect."[31] Similarly, DVD Verdict stated that George and Izzie were "one of the strongest 'best friend' vibes on television" for the first three seasons, explaining "they were perfect as friends [while] George and Callie made a good couple."[32] UGO.com put the two on their list of "Character Couples Who Should Have Never Happened".[33]
Jennifer Armstrong of Entertainment Weekly said that when O'Malley told Torres about his affair with Stevens, the scene was too "melodramatic".[34] Laura Burrows, also of IGN, said that the fourth-season premiere "introduced a new side of George".[35] Armstrong said of O'Malley and Stevens' reconciliation: "George and Izzie are finally on the old Grey's Anatomy road to ruin. And I admit this is a good lesson in Grey's viewing as well as life: Sit tight if you hate something, as nothing is permanent."[36] Armstrong also commented that the "sparkling" friendship development between Lexie and O'Malley "won her over".[37] The following year, Monfette observed of O'Malley's lack of screen time: "His growing interest in trauma surgery at the side of Owen leads to an interesting development in the finale, but the character is virtually side-lined this season."[38] Carina MacKenzie of the Los Angeles Times said of the character's death: "The time-lapse episode was an interesting choice, and though we sped through six weeks of mourning in two hours, it didn't feel rushed to me. I'm not sure the show could have held my attention for another season of crippling sadness."[39]
The Huffington Post's Michael Pascua commented that O'Malley's funeral did not live up to his expectations, writing that it "wasn't as sad as [he] thought it would be".[40] In 2006, Knight and the other cast of Grey's Anatomy were nominated for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series, at the 12th Screen Actors Guild Awards.[41] Also in 2006, the cast won the award for Best Cast – Television Series at the 11th Satellite Awards.[42] The cast won the award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series at the 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards,[43] and were nominated again the following year.[44] Knight's performance in season three earned him a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards.[45]
References[edit]
Specific
Jump up ^ T.R. Knight (2007). Grey's Anatomy – T.R. Knight On Auditioning. Paley Center. Event occurs at 0:30–1:20. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Edward, Wyatt (January 22, 2007). "Anatomy of an Insult: ABC Is Stung by an Actor's Anti-Gay Slurs". The New York Times. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Nudd, Tim (January 17, 2007). "T.R. Knight: Isaiah Washington's Slur Made Me Come Out". People. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive: Isaiah Washington Apologizes". People. October 25, 2006. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ The Associated Press (January 17, 2007). "Isaiah Washington: "I Love Gay"". Access Hollywood. Archived from the original on January 20, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
Jump up ^ "T.R. Knight: 'Isaiah Washington Did Use the 'F Word'". Hollywood.com. January 17, 2007. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Grey's Anatomy Show Creator Speaks Out About Anti-Gay Controversy". Yahoo! Voices. January 24, 2007. Archived from the original on July 28, 2014. Retrieved August 26, 2012. [unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Jensen, Michael (June 8, 2007). "Isaiah Washington Fired from Grey's Anatomy". AfterElton.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ "ABC drops Washington from Grey's Anatomy". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. June 8, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Grey's star says they fired the wrong guy", Houston Chronicle. June 21, 2007. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Interview transcript" July 2, 2007. Cable News Network.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hernandez, Greg (July 27, 2009). "T.R. Knight: More of Entertainment Weekly interview". Retrieved August 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (June 17, 2009). "It's official: T.R. Knight exits 'Grey's Anatomy' – Inside TV". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (July 23, 2009). "T.R. Knight reveals why he left 'Grey's Anatomy'". Cable News Network. Archived from the original on November 15, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ "T.R. Knight: Leaving Grey's Anatomy Was the "Best Decision"". Us Weekly. July 23, 2009. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitovich, Matt (May 28, 2009). "Grey's Anatomy T.R. Knight Rumors Ripped as "Ridiculous" "False"". TV Guide. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitovich, Matt (19 June 2009). "T.R. Knight Speaks Out: "Leaving Grey's Anatomy Was Not Easy"". TV Guide. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (May 15, 2009). "Exclusive='Grey's' boss on finale's Izzie-George shocker, Mer-Der 'wedding,' and more!". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ausiello, Michael (July 23, 2009). "This week's cover: 'Grey's Anatomy' star T.R. Knight reveals why he left the hit show". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Fonseca, Nicholas (September 16, 2005). "Playing Doctors". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Keveney, Bill (February 16, 2006). "TV's top everymen". USA Today. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ryan, Maureen (March 10, 2006). "George speaks: A chat with T.R. Knight of 'Grey's Anatomy'". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ McKee, Stacy (February 26, 2006). "From Stacy McKee, writer of "What Have I Done To Deserve This?"". American Broadcasting Company. Grey Matter. Archived from the original on December 19, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bennetts, Leslie (January 2008). "Heigl's Anatomy". Vanity Fair. Condé Nast Publications. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ Rhimes, Shonda (June 2, 2008). "The End of the Beginning... Part II..." Grey Matter. American Broadcasting Company. Archived from the original on March 31, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "T.R. Knight talks 'Grey's Anatomy'". The Associated Press. February 15, 2006. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Yuan, Jada (September 18, 2006). "Belle Curves: Sara Ramirez". New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew (November 16, 2005). "Spamalot's Ramirez Lands Role on TV's "Grey's Anatomy"". Playbill. Philip S Birsh. Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ "T.R. Knight pictures, Blog, Interviews, News, Trivia, Biography". BuddyTV. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Treble, Patricia (April 25, 2008). "Grey's Anatomy is on life support". Maclean's. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ Monfette, Christopher (June 18, 2007). "Grey's Anatomy: Season 3 Review". IGN. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Jim (September 18, 2008). "Grey's Anatomy: Season Four". DVD Verdict. Archived from the original on December 16, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick, Kevin (August 11, 2011). "Character Couples Who Should Have Never Happened – George O'Malley and Izzie Stevens -". UGO Networks. Archived from the original on August 6, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Jennifer (October 7, 2007). "Grey's Anatomy recap: Keeping Up With the Jonesing". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Burrows, Laura (May 27, 2008). "Grey's Anatomy: Season 4 Review". IGN. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Jennifer (November 9, 2007). "Grey's Anatomy recap: Bed Her Late, Then Never". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Jennifer (September 30, 2007). "When Girls Collide". Entertainment Weekly. p. 2. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Monfette, Chris (May 29, 2009). "Grey's Anatomy: Season 5 Review". IGN. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ MacKenzie, Carina (September 25, 2009). "'Grey's Anatomy' premiere: Saying goodbye to George O'Malley". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Pascua, Michael (September 25, 2009). "Grey's Anatomy: Good Mourning / Goodbye (season premiere)". The Huffington Post. Retrieved July 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "12th Screen Actors Guild Awards". Screen Actors Guild. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "2006 Satellite Awards". Alt Film Guide. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "13th Screen Actors Guild Awards". Screen Actors Guild. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "14th Screen Actors Guild Awards". Screen Actors Guild. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "T.R. Knight". Primetime Emmy Awards. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
General
"Grey's Anatomy: Episode Recap Guide". ABC. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
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