text:
The Gods Must Be Crazy II
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Jump to: navigation, search
The Gods Must Be Crazy II
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Jamie Uys
Produced by
Jerry Weintraub
Written by
Jamie Uys
Starring
N!xau
Lena Farugia
Hans Strydom
Narrated by
Paddy O'Byrne
Music by
Charles Fox
Cinematography
Buster Reynolds
Edited by
Renée Engelbrecht
Production
company
Weintraub Entertainment Group
Distributed by
Columbia Pictures
(USA & Canada)
20th Century Fox
(International)
Release date
13 October 1989 (1989-10-13) (South Africa)
13 April 1990 (1990-04-13) (US)
Running time
98 minutes
Country
Botswana
South Africa
United States[1]
Language
English
Afrikaans
Juǀʼhoan
The Gods Must Be Crazy II is a 1989 South African comedy film, a sequel to Jamie Uys' 1980 comedy film, The Gods Must Be Crazy, and it is the second film in The Gods Must Be Crazy film series. It was made by the Weintraub Entertainment Group and released by Columbia Pictures in the US and released in the rest of the world by 20th Century Fox. The film was released in the United States on 13 April 1990.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 References
4 External links
Plot[edit]
The film is split into four stories:
Xixo trying to find his lost children
Two elephant poachers travelling in a truck on which Xixo's children are stuck
A zoologist and a lawyer stranded in a desert
Two soldiers fighting each other
The story starts with two elephant poachers crossing the area in which Xixo's tribe lives. Curious about their vehicle, Xixo's son Xiri and daughter Xisa climb into the water tank trailer and are subsequently taken for an involuntary ride as the poachers continue. Xixo follows the truck on foot, determined to retrieve his children.
A young lawyer named Ann Taylor arrives at a bush clinic to participate in a lecture. Since she has some spare time, she accepts the invitation by a young man to take a joyride in his two-seat, twin engined ultralight aircraft. They go to see scientist Dr. Stephen Marshall, who exchanges places with the other pilot so he and Ann can continue on, but the plane crashes, stranding them both in the middle of the Kalahari desert. In addition, war is brewing, personified by a lost Cuban soldier (Mateo) and his Angolan enemy (Timi), who repeatedly attempt to take each other prisoner.
In the course of the movie, all these people cross paths with Xixo and/or his children. Finally, the plot culminates in the poachers capturing Xixo, Taylor, Marshall, and the two soldiers. Xixo manages to save them, and one of the poachers, who is actually a nice guy kept under the heel of his boss, gives Xixo directions to his children. The boss poacher is captured, both soldiers come to somewhat reluctant terms and part without further violence, Taylor and Marshall return to civilisation (though not without a last embarrassing accident), and Xixo and his family are happily reunited.
Cast[edit]
N!xau as Xixo
Eiros as Xiri
Nadies as Xisa
Hans Strydom as Dr. Stephen Marshall
Lena Farugia as Dr. Ann Taylor
Erick Bowen as Mateo
Treasure Tshabalala as Timi
Pierre Van Pletzen as George
Lourens Swanepoel as Big Ben
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0097443/?ref_=rvi_tt
External links[edit]
The Gods Must Be Crazy II at AllMovie
The Gods Must Be Crazy II on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
The Gods Must Be Crazy
Official films
The Gods Must Be Crazy
The Gods Must Be Crazy II
Unofficial films
Jewel of the Gods
Crazy Safari
Crazy Hong Kong
There's a Zulu On My Stoep
The Gods Must Be Funny in China
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Gods_Must_Be_Crazy_II&oldid=807254103"
Categories:
1989 films
1990 films
1988 films
American comedy films
South African comedy films
Botswana films
1980s comedy films
Films set in Botswana
Films set in South Africa
Films shot in Botswana
1980s sequel films
Films about hunter-gatherers
Films directed by Jamie Uys
Columbia Pictures films
20th Century Fox films
Weintraub Entertainment Group films
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Blacklight
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Black Light (disambiguation).
Black light fluorescent tubes. The violet glow of a black light is not the UV light itself, which is not visible to the human eye, but visible light that escapes being filtered out by the filter material in the glass envelope.
A collection of minerals fluorescing under a black light
Fluorescent body paint. Paints and decorations that fluoresce under black light are used in theater and several art forms.
A blacklight (or often black light), also referred to as a UV-A light, Wood's lamp, or simply ultraviolet light, is a lamp that emits long-wave (UV-A) ultraviolet light and not much visible light.[1][2][3][4]
One type of lamp has a violet filter material, either on the bulb or in a separate glass filter in the lamp housing, which blocks most visible light and allows through UV,[3] so the lamp has a dim violet glow when operating.[5][6] Blacklight lamps which have this filter have a lighting industry designation that includes the letters "BLB".[3][5] This stands for "blacklight blue", which is a contradiction in that they are the type that does not look blue.
A second type of lamp produces ultraviolet but does not have the filter material, so it produces more visible light and has a blue color when operating.[3][4][5] These tubes are made for use in "bug zapper" insect traps, and are identified by the industry designation "BL".[5][6]
Blacklight sources may be specially designed fluorescent lamps, mercury-vapor lamps, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers, or incandescent lamps; although incandescents produce almost no blacklight (except slightly more for halogen types), and so are not considered true blacklight sources.[5][6] In medicine, forensics, and some other scientific fields, such a light source is referred to as a Wood's lamp, named after Robert Williams Wood who invented the original Wood's glass UV filters.
Although many other types of lamp emit ultraviolet light with visible light, black lights are essential when UV-A light without visible light is needed, particularly in observing fluorescence,[4][5] the colored glow that many substances emit when exposed to UV. Black lights are employed for decorative and artistic lighting effects, diagnostic and therapeutic uses in medicine,[3] the detection of substances tagged with fluorescent dyes, rock-hunting, the detection of counterfeit money, the curing of plastic resins, attracting insects[4] and the detection of refrigerant leaks affecting refrigerators and air conditioning systems. Strong sources of long-wave ultraviolet light are used in tanning beds.[4] Although the low-power UV-A emitted by black lights is not a hazard to skin or eyes and can be viewed without protection, powerful ultraviolet sources present dangers and require personal protective equipment such as goggles and gloves.
Contents
[hide]
1 Types of black lights
1.1 Fluorescent
1.1.1 "Bug zapper" tubes
1.2 Incandescent
1.3 Mercury vapor
1.4 LED
2 Medical applications
2.1 Fungal and bacterial infections
2.2 Ethylene glycol poisoning
2.3 Other
2.4 See also
3 Safety
4 Uses
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Types of black lights[edit]
Fluorescent[edit]
Two black light fluorescent tubes, showing use. The top is a F15T8/BLB 18 inch, 15 watt tube, used in a standard plug-in fluorescent fixture. The bottom is an F8T5/BLB 12 inch, 8 watt tube, used in a portable battery-powered black light sold as a pet urine detector.
Fluorescent black light tubes are typically made in the same fashion as normal fluorescent tubes except that a phosphor that emits UVA light instead of visible white light is used. The type most commonly used for black lights, designated blacklight blue or "BLB" by the industry, has a dark blue filter coating on the tube, which filters out most visible light, so that fluorescence effects can be observed. These tubes have a dim violet glow when operating. They should not be confused with "blacklight" or "BL" tubes, which have no filter coating, and have a brighter blue color.[7] These are made for use in "bug zapper" insect traps, where visible light emission is not a problem. The phosphor typically used for a near 368 to 371 nanometer emission peak is either europium-doped strontium fluoroborate (SrB
4O
7F:Eu2+
) or europium-doped strontium borate (SrB
4O
7:Eu2+
) while the phosphor used to produce a peak around 350 to 353 nanometres is lead-doped barium silicate (BaSi
2O
5:Pb+
). "Blacklight Blue" lamps peak at 365 nm.[8]
Manufacturers use different numbering systems for black light tubes. Philips uses one system which is becoming outdated (2010), while the (German) Osram system is becoming dominant outside North America. The following table lists the tubes generating blue, UVA and UVB, in order of decreasing wavelength of the most intense peak.[9] Approximate phosphor compositions, major manufacturer's type numbers and some uses are given as an overview of the types available. "Peak" position is approximated to the nearest 10 nm. "Width" is the measure between points on the shoulders of the peak that represent 50% intensity.
Phosphor
Peak, nm
Width, nm
Philips Suffix.
Osram Suffix.
U.S. Type
Uses
Mixture 450 50 - /71 - hyperbilirubinaemia, polymerization
SrP
2O
7, Eu 420 30 /03 /72 - polymerization
SrB
4O
7, Eu 370 20 /08 /73 ("BLB") forensics, night clubs
SrB
4O
7, Eu 370 20 - /78 ("BL") insect attraction, polymerization, psoriasis, suntanning
BaSi
2O
5, Pb 350 40 /09 /79 "BL" insect attraction, suntanning lounges
BaSi
2O
5, Pb 350 40 /08 - "BLB" dermatology, forensics, night clubs
SrAl
11O
18, Ce 340 30 - - - photochemical uses
MgSrAl
10O
17, Ce 310 40 - - - medical applications, polymerization
Wood's glass tubes manufactured by Osram use a fairly narrow-band emitting phosphor, europium activated strontium pyroborate with a peak at about 370 nm, whereas North American and Philips Wood's glass tubes use lead-activated calcium metasilicate that emits a wider band with a shorter wavelength peak at about 350 nm. These two types seem to be the most commonly used. Different manufacturers offer either one or the other and sometimes both.
Spectrum of a black light fluorescent tube. FWHM spectral bandwidth of the 370 nm peak is about 20 nm. The tiny secondary peak (2) is light from the mercury vapor line at 404 nm leaking through the filter, which gives the lamp its purple glow.
BLB fluorescent lamps tend to run with efficiencies in the 25% range, with an example being a Phillips 40W BLB T12 lamp emitting 9.8W of UVA for 39 Watts of power input.[10]
"Bug zapper" tubes[edit]
Another class of UV fluorescent bulb is designed for use in "bug zapper" flying insect traps. Insects are attracted to the UV light, which they are able to see, and are then electrocuted by the device. These bulbs use the same UV-A emitting phosphor blend as the filtered blacklight, but since they do not need to suppress visible light output, they do not use a purple filter material in the bulb. Plain glass blocks out less of the visible mercury emission spectrum, making them appear light blue-violet to the naked eye. These lamps are referred to by the designation "blacklight" or "BL" in some North American lighting catalogs. These types are not suitable for applications which require the low visible light output of "BLB" tubes[11] lamps.
Incandescent[edit]
100 watt incandescent black light bulb
A black light may also be formed by simply using a UV filter coating such as Wood's glass on the envelope of a common incandescent bulb. This was the method that was used to create the very first black light sources. Although incandescent black light bulbs are a cheaper alternative to fluorescent tubes, they are exceptionally inefficient at producing UV light since most of the light emitted by the filament is visible light which must be blocked. Due to its black body spectrum, an incandescent light radiates less than 0.1% of its energy as UV light. Incandescent UV bulbs, due to the necessary absorption of the visible light, become very hot during use. This heat is, in fact, encouraged in such bulbs, since a hotter filament increases the proportion of UVA in the black-body radiation emitted. This high running-temperature drastically reduces the life of the lamp, however, from a typical 1000 hours to around 100 hours.
Mercury vapor[edit]
A 160 watt mercury vapor black light
High power mercury vapor black light lamps are made in power ratings of 100 to 1000 watts. These do not use phosphors, but rely on the intensified and slightly broadened 350–375 nm spectral line of mercury from high pressure discharge at between 5 and 10 standard atmospheres (500 and 1,000 kPa), depending upon the specific type. These lamps use envelopes of Wood's glass or similar optical filter coatings to block out all the visible light and also the short wavelength (UVC) lines of mercury at 184.4 and 253.7 nm, which are harmful to the eyes and skin. A few other spectral lines, falling within the pass band of the Wood's glass between 300 and 400 nm, contribute to the output. These lamps are used mainly for theatrical purposes and concert displays. They are more efficient UVA producers per unit of power consumption than fluorescent tubes.
LED[edit]
UV LED
Ultraviolet light can be generated by some light-emitting diodes, but wavelengths below 380 nm are uncommon and the emission peaks are broad, so only the very lowest energy UV photons are emitted, within predominantly visible light.
Medical applications[edit]
Compact fluorescent (CF) black light bulb
A Wood's lamp is a diagnostic tool used in dermatology by which ultraviolet light is shone (at a wavelength of approximately 365 nanometers) onto the skin of the patient; a technician then observes any subsequent fluorescence. For example, porphyrins—associated with some skin diseases—will fluoresce pink. Though the technique for producing a source of ultraviolet light was devised by Robert Williams Wood in 1903 using "Wood's glass", it was in 1925 that the technique was used in dermatology by Margarot and Deveze for the detection of fungal infection of hair. It has many uses, both in distinguishing fluorescent conditions from other conditions and in locating the precise boundaries of the condition.
Fungal and bacterial infections[edit]
It is also helpful in diagnosing:
Fungal infections. Some forms of tinea, such as Trichophyton tonsurans, do not fluoresce.[12]
Bacterial infections[13]
Corynebacterium minutissimum is coral red
Pseudomonas is yellow-green
Propionibacterium acnes, a bacterium involved in acne causation, exhibits an orange glow under a Wood's lamp.[14]
Ethylene glycol poisoning[edit]
Fluorescein glowing under ultraviolet light
A Wood's lamp may be used to rapidly assess whether an individual is suffering from ethylene glycol poisoning as a consequence of antifreeze ingestion. Manufacturers of ethylene glycol-containing antifreezes commonly add fluorescein, which causes the patient's urine to fluoresce under Wood's lamp.[15]
Other[edit]
Wood's lamp is useful in diagnosing conditions such as tuberous sclerosis[16] and erythrasma (caused by 'Corynebacterium minutissimum', see above).[17] Additionally, detection of porphyria cutanea tarda can sometimes be made when urine turns pink upon illumination with Wood's lamp.[18] Wood's lamps have also been used to differentiate hypopigmentation from depigmentation such as with vitiligo. A vitiligo patient's skin will appear yellow-green or blue under the Wood's lamp.[citation needed] Its use in detecting melanoma has been reported.[19]
See also[edit]
Bili light. A type of phototheraphy that uses blue light with a range of 420-470 nm, used to treat neonatal jaundice.
Safety[edit]
Uranium glass glows under UV light.
See also: Subtypes of the ultraviolet spectrum
Although black lights produce light in the UV range, their spectrum is mostly confined to the longwave UVA region, that is, UV radiation nearest in wavelength to visible light, with low frequency and therefore relatively low energy. While low, there is still some power of a conventional black light in the UVB range.[20] UVA is the safest of the three spectra of UV light, although high exposure to UVA has been linked to the development of skin cancer in humans. The relatively low energy of UVA light does not cause sunburn. UVA is capable of causing damage to collagen fibers, however, so it does have the potential to accelerate skin aging and cause wrinkles. UVA can also destroy vitamin A in the skin.
UVA light has been shown to cause DNA damage, but not directly, like UVB and UVC. Due to its longer wavelength, it is absorbed less and reaches deeper into skin layers, where it produces reactive chemical intermediates such as hydroxyl and oxygen radicals, which in turn can damage DNA and result in a risk of melanoma. The weak output of black lights, however, is not considered sufficient to cause DNA damage or cellular mutations in the way that direct summer sunlight can, although there are reports that overexposure to the type of UV radiation used for creating artificial suntans on sunbeds can cause DNA damage, photoaging (damage to the skin from prolonged exposure to sunlight), toughening of the skin, suppression of the immune system, cataract formation and skin cancer.[21][22]
Uses[edit]
The security thread of a US $20 bill glows green under black light as a safeguard against counterfeiting.
Anti-counterfeiting design of a Chinese passport glows under black light.
Scorpion fluorescing under ultraviolet from a black light
Ultraviolet radiation is invisible to the human eye, but illuminating certain materials with UV radiation causes the emission of visible light, causing these substances to glow with various colors. This is called fluorescence, and has many practical uses. Black lights are required to observe fluorescence, since other types of ultraviolet lamps emit visible light which drowns out the dim fluorescent glow.
Black light is commonly used to authenticate oil paintings, antiques and banknotes. Black lights can be used to differentiate real currency from counterfeit notes because, in many countries, legal banknotes have fluorescent symbols on them that only show under a black light. In addition, the paper used for printing money does not contain any of the brightening agents which cause commercially available papers to fluoresce under black light. Both of these features make illegal notes easier to detect and more difficult to successfully counterfeit. The same security features can be applied to identification cards.
Other security applications include the use of pens containing a fluorescent ink, generally with a soft tip, that can be used to "invisibly" mark items. If the objects that are so marked are subsequently stolen, a black light can be used to search for these security markings. At some theme parks, nightclubs and at other, day-long (or night-long) events, a fluorescent mark is rubber stamped onto the wrist of a guest who can then exercise the option of leaving and being able to return again without paying another admission fee.
In medicine, the Wood's lamp is used to check for the characteristic fluorescence of certain dermatophytic fungi such as species of Microsporum which emit a yellow glow, or corynebacterium which have a red to orange color when viewed under a Wood's lamp. Such light is also used to detect the presence and extent of disorders that cause a loss of pigmentation, such as vitiligo. It can also be used to diagnose other fungal infections such as ringworm, microsporum canis, tinea versicolor; bacterial infections such erythrasma; other skin conditions including acne, scabies, alopecia, porphyria; as well as corneal scratches, foreign bodies in the eye, and blocked tear ducts.[23]
Fluorescent materials are also very widely used in numerous applications in molecular biology, often as "tags" which bind themselves to a substance of interest (for example, DNA), so allowing their visualization. Black light can also be used to see animal excreta such as urine and vomit that is not always visible to the naked eye.
Black light is used extensively in non-destructive testing. Fluorescing fluids are applied to metal structures and illuminated with a black light which allows cracks and other weaknesses in the material to be easily detected. It is also used to illuminate pictures painted with fluorescent colors, particularly on black velvet, which intensifies the illusion of self-illumination. The use of such materials, often in the form of tiles viewed in a sensory room under UV light, is common in the United Kingdom for the education of students with profound and multiple learning difficulties.[24] Such fluorescence from certain textile fibers, especially those bearing optical brightener residues, can also be used for recreational effect, as seen, for example, in the opening credits of the James Bond film A View to a Kill. Black light puppetry is also performed in a black light theater.
One of the innovations for night and all-weather flying used by the US, UK, Japan and Germany during World War II was the use of UV interior lighting to illuminate the instrument panel, giving a safer alternative to the radium-painted instrument faces and pointers, and an intensity that could be varied easily and without visible illumination that would give away an aircraft's position. This went so far as to include the printing of charts that were marked in UV-fluorescent inks, and the provision of UV-visible pencils and slide rules such as the E6B.
Thousands of moth and insect collectors all over the world use various types of black lights to attract moth and insect specimens for photography and collecting. It is one of the preferred light sources for attracting insects and moths at night.
It may also be used to test for LSD, which fluoresces under black light while common substitutes such as 25I-NBOMe do not.[25]
In addition, if a leak is suspected in a refrigerator or an air conditioning system, an UV tracer dye can be injected into the system along with the compressor lubricant oil and refrigerant mixture. The system is then run in order to circulate the dye across the piping and components and then the system is examined with a blacklight lamp. Any evidence of fluorescent dye then pinpoints the leaking part which needs replacement.
See also[edit]
Blacklight poster
List of light sources
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kitsinelis, Spiros (2012). The Right Light: Matching Technologies to Needs and Applications. CRC Press. p. 108. ISBN 1439899312.
Jump up ^ Miller, Larry S.; McEvoy Jr., Richard T. (2010). Police Photography (6th ed.). Elsevier. p. 202. ISBN 143775581X.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Booth, C. (1971). Methods in Microbiology. 4. Academic Press. p. 642. ISBN 0080860303.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Simpson, Robert S. (2003). Lighting Control: Technology and Applications. Taylor & Francis. p. 125. ISBN 0240515668.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Black Lights". Technical information. Glow Inc. 2010. Archived from the original on June 29, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rorie, Benjamin (2011). "How Do Black Lights Work?". Blog. 1000Bulbs.com. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "About Black Light" (PDF). Insect-O-Cutor.
Jump up ^ Osram Archive.org
Jump up ^ Compiled from various Philips, Osram and Sylvania Lighting Catalogues
Jump up ^ "Phillips Lighting E-Catalog". philips.com. 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-28. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Zaithanzauva Pachuau; Ramesh Chandra Tiwari (October–December 2008). "Ultraviolet Light- its Effects and Applications" (PDF). Science Vision. 8 (4): 128.
Jump up ^ Prevost E. (October 1983). "The rise and fall of fluorescent tinea capitis". Pediatr Dermatol. 1 (2): 127–33. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.1983.tb01103.x. PMID 6680181.
Jump up ^ Tony Burns; Stephen Breathnach; Neil Cox; Christopher Griffiths (2010). Rook's Textbook of Dermatology. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 5–. ISBN 978-1-4051-6169-5. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Mike Phillips (2007-09-25). "Eikone.com". Eikone.com. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
Jump up ^ Winter M. L., Ellis M. D., Snodgrass W. R. (June 1990). "Urine fluorescence using a Wood's lamp to detect the antifreeze additive sodium fluorescein: a qualitative adjunctive test in suspected ethylene glycol ingestions". Ann Emerg Med. 19 (6): 663–7. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(05)82472-2. PMID 2344083. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Hemady, N.; Noble, C. (2007). "Photo Quiz — An infant with a hypopigmented macule". Am Fam Physician. 75 (7): 1053–4. PMID 17427621.
Jump up ^ Morales-Trujillo M. L., Arenas R., Arroyo S. (July 2008). "[Interdigital erythrasma: clinical, epidemiologic, and microbiologic findings]". Actas Dermosifiliogr (in Spanish). 99 (6): 469–73. doi:10.1016/s1578-2190(08)70291-9. PMID 18558055. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Le, Tao; Krause, Kendall (2008). First Aid for the Basic Sciences—General Principles. McGraw-Hill Medical.
Jump up ^ Paraskevas L. R., Halpern A. C., Marghoob A. A. (2005). "Utility of the Wood's light: five cases from a pigmented lesion clinic". Br. J. Dermatol. 152 (5): 1039–44. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06346.x. PMID 15888167. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Cole, Curtis; Forbes, P. Donald; Davies, Ronald E. (1986). "An Action Spectrum for UV Photocacinogenesis". Photochem Photobiol. 43 (3): 275–284. doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1986.tb05605.x. PMID 3703962.
Jump up ^ "ESPCR Blog". European Society for Pigment Cell Research.
Jump up ^ Zeman, Gary (2009). "Ultraviolet Radiation". Health Physics Society.
Jump up ^ Gupta, I. K.; Singhi, M. K. (2004). "Wood's Lamp". Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 70 (2): 131–5. PMID 17642589.
Jump up ^ Communication Aids for Language and Learning—UV light Equipment for use in sensory rooms for students with profound and multiple learning difficulties in United Kingdom schools.
Jump up ^ The fluorometric determination of lysergic acid diethylamide and ergonovine A fluorometer was designed to detect very small amounts of LSD and ergonovine. The instrument proved less satisfactory than the Bowman fluorometer. Both LSD and ergonovine lost their fluorescence very rapidly upon strong ultraviolet irradiation. The mechanism involved in this decrease in fluorescence is not known.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black light.
MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Wood's lamp examination
"U.V.C to U.V.A conversion Phosphors for Black Light sources". Sylvania. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24.
"What Materials Glow Under a Black or Ultraviolet Light?". About.com.
"Database of fluorescent minerals with pictures, activators and spectra". fluomin.org.
http://mississippientomologicalmuseum.org.msstate.edu/collecting.preparation.methods/Blacklight.traps.htm#.VjLiNdKrQwA
[show]
v
t
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Jenilee Harrison
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Jenilee Harrison
Born
(1958-06-12) June 12, 1958 (age 59)
Northridge, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actress, TV Infomercial pitchperson
Years active
1978–present
Spouse(s)
Dr. Bruce Oppenheim (1993-present)
Jenilee Harrison (born June 12, 1958)[1] is an American actress possibly best known for her role as the replacement blonde roommate Cindy Snow on the hit sitcom Three's Company, between 1980 and 1982. She went on to play Jamie Ewing Barnes in Dallas from 1984 to 1986.
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
1.1 Early years
1.2 Three's Company
1.3 Later career
2 Family/Personal life
3 Filmography
4 References
5 External links
Career[edit]
Early years[edit]
Before breaking into show business, Harrison was a cheerleader from 1978–1980 for the Los Angeles Rams.
Three's Company[edit]
Harrison joined the cast of ABC's Three's Company in 1980. She entered the show as a replacement for Suzanne Somers who played the sitcom's "ditzy blonde" Chrissy Snow. Somers left the show just after the show's fifth season had begun. Harrison was cast as Somers' replacement. Harrison's character, Cindy Snow, was created to be Chrissy Snow's cousin. Unlike Chrissy, Cindy was not a "dumb blonde"; instead, she was an extremely clumsy farm-girl. The character of Cindy was similar enough to Chrissy, however, that producers could use scripts already written with the Chrissy character in mind. Harrison debuted on Three's Company in the episode entitled "Chrissy's Cousin" (season 5, episode 7). She enters as Jack and Janet's new roommate after Chrissy's departure. Cindy proves she's a klutz right away by knocking Jack down. Her constant "accidents" (mainly with Jack) added to the show's gags of characters being clumsy. Even though she had replaced Somers, Harrison was not given opening credits billing, and instead Somers still obtained opening billing (as a part of finishing off her contract). Harrison was end-credits billed, as a guest star.
For the sixth season of Three's Company, a new blonde roommate named Terri Alden (Priscilla Barnes), a smart nurse, took Cindy's place in the apartment. Harrison was retained on the show and this time was given opening cast billing. However, she now had a lesser role, appearing less frequently in the series, with the character living near the apartment, at UCLA. By the end of the season, however, Cindy Snow disappeared from the series. Her last appearance was in "Janet Wigs Out" (season 6, episode 24).
Later career[edit]
Beginning in 1984, Harrison portrayed the recurring character Jamie Ewing Barnes in the drama Dallas. She played the role until 1986. Her character was actually killed off twice, first when she starts the car belonging to her brother, Jack Ewing, in the episode "Blast from the Past" and it explodes killing her. After the whole season was explained away as a dream, Harrison returned for her character to die again. Early in 1987, Jamie was killed in a mountain climbing accident.
In 1984, Harrison played a reluctant prostitute in the movie Tank alongside James Garner and C. Thomas Howell.
In 1985, she appeared on Super Password with Dick Gautier, appearing again in 1986, this time with Marty Cohen, Michael Young and Bruce Baum, and Dallas star Ken Kercheval back in 1987 with Bert Convy.
Harrison also guest-starred on That '70s Show in 1999. In 1991, she starred in the movie Panga opposite Christopher Lee.
In 2005, Harrison began appearing in infomercials for the Ultimate Chopper with Chef Tony.
Family/Personal life[edit]
In the early 1980s Harrison dated L.A. Rams guard Dennis Harrah and major league baseball player Reggie Jackson.[2][3][4]
In 1993, Harrison married Dr. Bruce Oppenheim, a prominent Los Angeles area chiropractor, who is the ex-husband of actress Cybill Shepherd. She has two stepchildren from her husband's previous marriage to Shepherd: Molly Ariel Shepherd-Oppenheim and Cyrus Zachariah Shepherd-Oppenheim.
Filmography[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1978 CHiPs Cheerleader Episode: "High Flyer"
1979 240-Robert College Girl / Jill Episodes: "Stuntman" and "The Applicant"
1980–82 Three's Company Cindy Snow Main cast (32 episodes)
1981 The Love Boat Connie Wilker Episodes: "The Three R's" (Parts 1 & 2)
1981 Fantasy Island Ginger Donovan Episode: "Slam Dunk"
1981 Battle of the Network Stars X Herself - ABC Team TV special
1982 Fantasy Island Jenny Ryan Episode: "Natchez Bound"
1983 The Love Boat Erica Dupont Episode: "Here Comes the Bride - Maybe"
1983 Malibu Cindy TV movie
1983 Bring 'Em Back Alive Stacey Episode: "The Shadow Women of Chung Tai"
1984 Fantasy Island Barbara Jessup Episode: "Games People Play"
1984 The Love Boat Sheila Episode: "The Babymakers"
1984 The New Mike Hammer Shelley Steele Episode: "Shots in the Dark"
1984 Tank Sarah
1984–86 Dallas Jamie Ewing Main cast (70 episodes)
1985 Battle of the Network Stars XVIII Herself - CBS Team TV special
1986 Simon & Simon Jennifer Tucker Episode: "Just Because I'm Paranoid"
1987 The Love Boat: Who Killed Maxwell Thorn? Sarah York TV movie
1987 Hotel Brenda Thompkins Episode: "Class of '72"
1987 The New Mike Hammer Maggie Episode: "Lady Killer"
1987 Murder, She Wrote Serena Episode: "The Way to Dusty Death"
1988 She's the Sheriff Grace Episode: "Hair"
1991 They Came from Outer Space Dr. H.J. Pretzel Episode: "Play Doctor"
1991 Curse III: Blood Sacrifice Elizabeth Armstrong
1991 Prime Target Kathy Bloodstone
1992 Illicit Behavior Charlene Lernoux
1995 Fists of Iron Julie Weaver
1999 AbSlide TV movie
1999 That '70s Show Carol Episode: "Red's Birthday"
2000 The Redemption Sarah Snyder
2002 The Power Hillary TV movie
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Today in history". ABC News. Associated Press. June 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bricker, Rebecca (July 24, 1985). "Take One". People Magazine (People.com), Vol. 24 No. 2. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Reggie Jackson biography". NNDB.com. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jennilee Harrison biography". NNDB.com. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
External links[edit]
Jenilee Harrison on IMDb
Jenilee Harrison at AllMovie
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 24811584
LCCN: n2012072181
ISNI: 0000 0000 0308 6699
BNF: cb14185609h (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jenilee_Harrison&oldid=793206091"
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Sir Creek
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2015)
Sir Creek listen (help·info) is a 96 km (60 mi) tidal estuary on the border of India and Pakistan. The creek, which opens up into the Arabian Sea, divides the Gujarat state of India from the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is located at approximately 23°58′N 68°48′E / 23.967°N 68.800°E / 23.967; 68.800. Kori Creek, another tidal estuary of the Indus River Delta lies around 34 km to the southeast.
The long-standing dispute hinges in the actual demarcation "from the mouth of Sir Creek to the top of Sir Creek, and from the top of Sir Creek eastward to a point on the line designated on the Western Terminus".[1][2] From this point onwards, the boundary is unambiguously fixed as defined by the Tribunal Award of 1968.[3]
This region belonging to India is a part of the Indus River Delta most of which lies in Sindh, Pakistan. The creek itself is located in uninhabited marshlands of the Indus Delta just to the West of the Great Rann of Kutch. During the Monsoon season between June and September, the creek floods its banks and envelops the low-lying salty mudflats around it. During the winter season, the area is home to flamingoes and other migratory birds.
Contents
[hide]
1 Dispute
2 Atlantic incident
3 Economic reasons
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Dispute[edit]
The dispute lies in the interpretation of the maritime boundary line between Pakistan and India. Before independence, the area was part of British India. After independence in 1947, Sindh became a part of Pakistan while Gujarat remained a part of India.
Pakistan lays claim to the entire creek as per paragraphs 9 and 10 of the Sind Government Resolution of 1914[4] signed between the then Government of Sindh and Rao Maharaj of Kutch.[5]
The Green Line is the boundary as claimed by Pakistan, red line is boundary claimed by India. Map not to scale.
The resolution, which demarcated the boundaries between the one territories, included the creek as part of Sindh, thus setting the boundary as the eastern flank of the creek. India sticks to its position that the boundary lies mid-channel as depicted in another map drawn in 1925, and implemented by the installation of mid-channel pillars back in 1924.[6]
India supports its stance by citing the thalweg doctrine in international law. The law states that river boundaries between two states may be, if the two states agree, divided by the mid-channel. Though Pakistan does not dispute the 1925 map, it maintains that the doctrine is not applicable in this case as it most commonly applies to non-tidal rivers, and Sir Creek is a tidal estuary. India rejects the Pakistani stance by maintaining the fact that the creek is navigable at high tide and that the thalweg principle is used for some international boundaries in tidal waters, and that fishing trawlers use Sir Creek to go out to sea. Another point of concern for Pakistan is that Sir Creek has changed its course considerably over the years. If the boundary line is demarcated according to the thalweg principle applied to the current channel, Pakistan and India would both lose small amounts of wetlands territory that was historically part of their provinces. More significantly, acceding to India's stance would result in the shifting of the land/sea terminus point several kilometres to the detriment of Pakistan, leading in turn to a loss of several thousand square kilometres of its Exclusive Economic Zone under the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea.
Since 1969, there have been twelve rounds of talks between the two nations, without a breakthrough. The twelfth round was completed in June 2012.[7] Steps to resolve the dispute include: allocation, delimitation, demarcation, administration.
Since neither side has conceded ground, India has proposed that the maritime boundary could be demarcated first, as per the provisions of Technical Aspects of Law of Sea (TALOS).[8] However, Pakistan has staunchly refused the proposal on the grounds that the dispute should be resolved first. Pakistan has also proposed that the two sides go in for international arbitration, which India has flatly refused. India maintains that all bilateral disputes should be resolved without the intervention of third parties.
Atlantic incident[edit]
This disputed region is known for the Atlantique Incident which occurred on August 1999. The Indian IAF's MiG-21FL fighters shot down the Pakistan Navy's recconnaisance plane,[9] the Breguet Atlantique which was carrying 16 naval officers on board, for an alleged airspace violation of Indian airspace on August 10, 1999. The episode took place just a month after the Kargil War, creating a tense atmosphere between India and Pakistan.[10]
After the incident, the Pakistan Marines units have been deployed in the region, with a sizable SAMs active in the region.[9][11] In 1999, the Marines reportedly fired an errant missile on Indian IAF's MiG-21FL, which they narrowly missed.[9] Additional marines battalions and sniper reconn units have been deployed in the Sir Creek region.[12]
Economic reasons[edit]
Though the creek has little military value, it holds immense economic gain. Much of the region is rich in oil and gas below the sea bed, and control over the creek would have a huge bearing on the energy potential of each nation. Also once the boundaries are defined, it would help in the determination of the maritime boundaries which are drawn as an extension of onshore reference points. Maritime boundaries also help in determining the limits of Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) and continental shelves. EEZs extend to 200 nautical miles (370 km) and can be subjected to commercial exploitation.[3]
The demarcation would also prevent the inadvertent crossing over of fishermen of both nations into each other's territories.
In contrary to economic reasons described by India and Pakistan, common fishermen of both countries get trapped in conflict and their economic rights of earning get affected. It has seen that government of India and Pakistan regularly arrest fishermen of each other for crossing the boundary, however for a common fisherman, it is always a wonder to know where the boundary starts and ends in sea. This unawareness are added with wind flow, waves and turbulence that push the boat in sea. While UN law advocates for minimum penalty for this offence and release of boats, but government of India and Pakistan catch these prisoners and keep them in prisons for long time. It is more unfortunate that their release happens through land boundary of India and Pakistan (Wagha border) and these poor fishermen come to their home country without their boats.[13]
See also[edit]
Rann of Kutch
UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The troubled waters of Sir Creek: Gujarat CM's demand for a freeze on the disputed creek complicates issue".
Jump up ^ "Pakistan security experts declare Sir Creek dispute 'technically resolved'". dna. 7 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kargilisation of Sir Creek". The Tribune, Chandigarh. Retrieved May 21, 2006.
Jump up ^ "pak-Pakistan talks: Sir Creek". Embassy of India. Retrieved May 21, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Dialogue on Sir Creek begins". The muslim. Retrieved May 21, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Sir Creek". Islamabad Policy Research Institute. Retrieved May 21, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Talks on Sir Creek begin between India-Pak".
Jump up ^ "Dialogue on Sir Creek begins". The Hindu. Retrieved May 21, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bearak, Barry (12 August 1999). "As the Words Keep Flying, Pakistan Fires Errant Missile". New York Times, 1999. New York Times,. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "The disputed Sir Creek". BBC News. August 10, 1999. Retrieved May 21, 2006.
Jump up ^ Marines. "Pakistan Marines deployments". Marines. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Feroze, Sami (12 July 2011). "surface-to-air missiles tested by Pakistan Navy". Dawn News, 2011. Dawn News,. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Plight of Indo-Pak Fishermen and the Need to Appreciate Economic Rights". Oxford Human Rights Hub. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Bharat Bhushan, Tulbul, Sir Creek and Siachen: Competitive Methodologies, South Asian Journal, No.7 Jan-Mar 2005 accessed at [1] July 26, 2006
Indo-Pak composite dialogue: No movement on Sir Creek talks, By Zahid Gishkori, Express Tribune, Published: May 22, 2011
External links[edit]
India, Pakistan in border talks BBC December 22, 2006
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List of Caesars Entertainment properties
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
List of Caesars Entertainment properties contains all properties owned or operated by Caesars Entertainment Corporation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Casino brands
1.1 Bally's
1.2 Caesars
1.3 Harrah's
1.4 Horseshoe
1.5 Las Vegas Strip
1.6 Other casinos
1.6.1 Mississippi
1.6.2 Nevada
1.7 International casinos
1.7.1 Canada
1.7.2 Egypt
1.7.3 South Africa
1.7.4 United Kingdom
2 Golf clubs
3 Horse racetracks
4 Former properties
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Casino brands[edit]
Bally's[edit]
Bally's Atlantic City
Bally's Las Vegas
Caesars[edit]
Caesars Atlantic City
Caesars Palace
Harrah's[edit]
Harrah's Ak-Chin Casino
Harrah's Atlantic City
Harrah's Cherokee
Harrah's Cherokee Valley River
Harrah's Council Bluffs
Harrah's Gulf Coast
Harrah's Joliet
Harrah's Lake Tahoe
Harrah's Las Vegas
Harrah's Laughlin
Harrah's Louisiana Downs
Harrah's Metropolis
Harrah's New Orleans
Harrah's North Kansas City
Harrah's Philadelphia
Harrah's Reno
Harrah's Resort Southern California
Horseshoe[edit]
Horseshoe Casino Baltimore (50% ownership with Jack Entertainment)
Horseshoe Bossier City
Horseshoe Council Bluffs
Horseshoe Hammond
Horseshoe Casino Tunica
Horseshoe Southern Indiana
Las Vegas Strip[edit]
The Cromwell Las Vegas
Flamingo Las Vegas
The Linq
Paris Las Vegas
Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino
Other casinos[edit]
Mississippi[edit]
Tunica Roadhouse Casino & Hotel
Nevada[edit]
Harveys Lake Tahoe
Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino
International casinos[edit]
Canada[edit]
Caesars Windsor
Egypt[edit]
(Formerly owned by London Clubs International)
Caesars Cairo
The London Club Cairo
South Africa[edit]
Emerald South Africa
United Kingdom[edit]
(Formerly owned by London Clubs International)
Alea Glasgow
Alea Leeds
Alea Nottingham
The Casino at The Empire
The Golden Nugget
Manchester235
Playboy Club London
The Rendezvous Casino Southend
The Rendezvous Casino Brighton
The Sportsman
Golf clubs[edit]
Cascata Golf Course – Las Vegas, Nevada
Chariot Run Golf Course – Laconia, Indiana
Cottonwoods Golf Course – Tunica, Mississippi
Grand Bear Golf Course – Gulfport, Mississippi
Rio Secco Golf Club - Henderson, Nevada
Caesars Golf Macau - Macau SAR, China
Horse racetracks[edit]
Turfway Park - Florence, Kentucky (50% stake with partners Jack Entertainment and Keeneland Association)
Former properties[edit]
Atlantic City Country Club – Northfield, NJ --no longer owned
Bill's Casino Lake Tahoe
Bourbon Street Hotel and Casino
Caesars Palace at Sea - no longer on board Crystal Cruises
Conrad Resort, Punta Del Este, Uruguay
Flamingo Laughlin
Grand Casino Gulfport
Harrah's Black Hawk
Harrah's Central City
Harrah's East Chicago
Harrah's Imperial Palace Corporation
Harrah's Prairie Band
Harrah's Shreveport
Harrah's Skagit Valley
Harrah's Sky City
Harrah's Tunica
Harrah's Casino Tunica
Harrah's Tunica Mardi Gras Casino
Harrah's Vicksburg
Horseshoe Casino Cincinnati
Horseshoe Casino Cleveland
Showboat Atlantic City
ThistleDown Racino
See also[edit]
Total Rewards
World Series of Poker
References[edit]
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caesars Entertainment Corporation properties.
[show]
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Maryland
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Golf Courses
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International
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Ontario
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Programs
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Bill's Casino Lake Tahoe
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Brands
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Connection Card
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Caesars_Entertainment_properties&oldid=819220485"
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