text:
Clean Air Act (United States)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Clean Air Act
Long title
An Act to improve, strengthen, and accelerate programs for the prevention and abatement of air pollution.
Acronyms (colloquial)
CAA
Nicknames
Clean Air Act of 1963
Enacted by
the 88th United States Congress
Effective
December 17, 1963
Citations
Public law
88-206
Statutes at Large
77 Stat. 392
Codification
Titles amended
42 U.S.C.: Public Health and Social Welfare
U.S.C. sections amended
42 U.S.C. ch. 85, subch. I § 7401 et seq.
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 6518 by Kenneth A. Roberts (D–AL) on July 9, 1963
Committee consideration by House Energy and Commerce
Passed the House on July 24, 1963 (275-104)
Passed the Senate on November 19, 1963 (passed voice vote, in lieu of S. 432)
Reported by the joint conference committee on December 5, 1963; agreed to by the House on December 10, 1963 (276-112) and by the Senate on December 10, 1963 (passed voice vote)
Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on December 17, 1963
Major amendments
Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act of 1965 (79 Stat. 992, Pub.L. 89–272)
Air Quality Act of 1967 (81 Stat. 485, Pub.L. 90–148)
Clean Air Act Extension of 1970 (84 Stat. 1676, Pub.L. 91–604)
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 (91 Stat. 685, Pub.L. 95–95)
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (104 Stat. 2468, Pub.L. 101–549)
United States Supreme Court cases
Union Elec. Co. v. EPA, 427 U.S. 246 (1976)
Chevron USA v. Natural Resources Defense Council, 467 U.S. 837 (1984)
Whitman v. American Trucking Ass'ns, Inc., 531 U.S. 457 (2001)
The Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. § 7401) is a United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level.[1] It is one of the United States' first and most influential modern environmental laws, and one of the most comprehensive air quality laws in the world.[2][3] As with many other major U.S. federal environmental statutes, it is administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in coordination with state, local, and tribal governments.[4] Its implementing regulations are codified at 40 C.F.R. Subchapter C, Parts 50-97.
The 1955 Air Pollution Control Act was the first U.S. federal legislation that pertained to air pollution; it also provided funds for federal government research of air pollution.[4] The first federal legislation to actually pertain to "controlling" air pollution was the Clean Air Act of 1963.[5] The 1963 act accomplished this by establishing a federal program within the U.S. Public Health Service and authorizing research into techniques for monitoring and controlling air pollution.[6]
It was first amended in 1965, by the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act, which authorized the federal government to set required standards for controlling the emission of pollutants from certain automobiles, beginning with the 1968 models. A second amendment, the Air Quality Act of 1967, enabled the federal government to increase its activities to investigate enforcing interstate air pollution transport, and, for the first time, to perform far-reaching ambient monitoring studies and stationary source inspections. The 1967 act also authorized expanded studies of air pollutant emission inventories, ambient monitoring techniques, and control techniques.[7] Amendments approved in 1970 greatly expanded the federal mandate, requiring comprehensive federal and state regulations for both stationary (industrial) pollution sources and mobile sources. It also significantly expanded federal enforcement. Also, EPA was established on December 2, 1970 for the purpose of consolidating pertinent federal research, monitoring, standard-setting and enforcement activities into one agency that ensures environmental protection.[8][9]
Further amendments were made in 1990 to address the problems of acid rain, ozone depletion, and toxic air pollution, and to establish a national permit program for stationary sources, and increased enforcement authority. The amendments also established new auto gasoline reformulation requirements, set Reid vapor pressure (RVP) standards to control evaporative emissions from gasoline, and mandated new gasoline formulations sold from May to September in many states. Reviewing his tenure as EPA Administrator under President George H. W. Bush, William K. Reilly characterized passage of the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act as his most notable accomplishment.[10]
The Clean Air Act was the first major environmental law in the United States to include a provision for citizen suits. Numerous state and local governments have enacted similar legislation, either implementing federal programs or filling in locally important gaps in federal programs.
Contents
1 Summary
1.1 Title I: Programs and Activities
1.1.1 Part A: Air Quality and Emissions Limitations
1.1.2 Part B: Ozone Protection
1.1.3 Part C - Prevention of Significant Deterioration of Air Quality
1.1.4 Part D: Plan Requirements for Non-attainment Areas
1.2 Title II: Emission Standards for Moving Sources
1.2.1 Part A: Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards
1.2.2 Part B: Aircraft Emission Standards
1.2.3 Part C: Clean Fuel Vehicles
1.3 Title III: General Provisions
1.4 Title IV: Noise Pollution
1.5 Title IV-A: Acid Deposition Control
1.6 Title V: Permits
1.7 Title VI: Stratospheric Ozone Protection
2 History
2.1 Legislation
2.2 History of the Clean Air Act
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Clean Air Act of 1970
2.2.3 Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977
2.2.4 Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
2.2.5 Milestones
2.3 Regulations
3 Roles of the federal government and states
3.1 State Programs
4 Interstate air pollution
5 Leak detection and repair
6 Application to greenhouse gas emissions
7 Clean Air Act and environmental justice
8 Clean Air Act violations
9 Effects
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Summary[edit]
Counties in the United States with one or more National Ambient Air Quality Standards not met as of June 2017
Title I: Programs and Activities[edit]
Graph showing decreases in US air pollution concentrations during 1990 to 2015
Part A: Air Quality and Emissions Limitations[edit]
This section of the act declares that protecting and enhancing the nation's air quality promotes public health. The law encourages to prevent regional air pollution and control programs. It also provides technical and financial assistance for preventing air pollution at both state and local governments. Additional subchapters cover cooperation, research, investigation, training, and other activities. Grants for air pollution planning and control programs, and interstate air quality agencies and program cost limitations are also included in this section.[11]
The act even mandates air quality control regions, designated as attainment vs non-attainment. Non-attainment areas do not meet national standards for primary or secondary ambient air quality. Attainment areas meet these standards, while unclassifiable areas cannot be classified based on the available information.[11]
Air quality criteria, national primary and secondary ambient air quality standards, state implementation plans and performance standards for new stationary sources are covered in Part A as well. The list of hazardous air pollutants that the act establishes includes compounds of acetaldehyde, benzene, chloroform, phenols, and selenium. The list also includes mineral fiber emissions from manufacturing or processing glass, rock or slag fibers as well as radioactive atoms. The list can periodically be modified. The act lists unregulated radioactive pollutants such as cadmium, arsenic, and polycyclic organic matter and it mandates listing them if they will cause or contribute to air pollution that endangers public health, under section 7408 or 7412.[11]
The remaining subchapters cover smokestack heights, state plan adequacy, and estimating emissions of carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, and oxides of nitrogen from area and mobile sources. Measures to prevent unemployment or other economic disruption include using local coal or coal derivatives to comply with implementation requirements. The final subchapter in this act focuses on land use authority.[11]
Part B: Ozone Protection[edit]
Because of advances in the atmospheric chemistry, this section was replaced by Title VI when the law was amended in 1990.[12]
This change in the law reflected significant changes in scientific understanding of ozone formation and depletion. Ozone absorbs UVC light and shorter wave UVB, and lets through UVA, which is largely harmless to people. Ozone exists naturally in the stratosphere, not the troposphere. It is laterally distributed because it is destroyed by strong sunlight, so there is more ozone at the poles. Ozone is created when O2 comes in contact with photons from solar radiation. Therefore, a decrease in the intensity of solar radiation also results in a decrease in the formation of ozone in the stratosphere. This exchange is known as the Chapman mechanism:
O2 + UV photon → 2 O (note that atmospheric oxygen as O is highly unstable)
O + O2 + M → O3 (O3 is Ozone) + M
M represents a third molecule, needed to carry off the excess energy of the collision of O + O2.
Atmospheric freon and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) contribute to ozone depletion (Chlorine is a catalytic agent in ozone destruction). Following discovery of the ozone hole in 1985, the 1987 Montreal Protocol successfully implemented a plan to replace CFCs and was viewed by some environmentalists as an example of what is possible for the future of environmental issues, if the political will is present.
Part C - Prevention of Significant Deterioration of Air Quality[edit]
The Clean Air Act requires permits to build or add to major stationary sources of air pollution. This permitting process, known as New Source Review (NSR), applies to sources in areas that meet air quality standards as well as areas that are unclassifiable.[13] Permits in attainment or unclassifiable areas are referred to as Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) permits, while permits for sources located in nonattainment areas are referred to as nonattainment area (NAA) permits.[14]
The fundamental goals of the PSD program are to:
prevent new non-attainment areas by ensuring economic growth in harmony with existing clean air;
protect public health and welfare from any adverse effects;
preserve and enhance the air quality in national parks and other areas of special natural recreational, scenic, or historic value.[14]:3
Part D: Plan Requirements for Non-attainment Areas[edit]
Under the Clean Air Act states are required to submit a plan for non-attainment areas to reach attainment status as soon as possible but in no more than five years, based on the severity of the air pollution and the difficulty posed by obtaining cleaner air.
The plan must include:
an inventory of all pollutants
permits
control measures, means and techniques to reach standard qualifications
contingency measures
The plan must be approved or revised if required for approval, and specify whether local governments or the state will implement and enforce the various changes. Achieving attainment status makes a request for reevaluation possible. It must include a plan for maintenance of air quality.
Title II: Emission Standards for Moving Sources[edit]
Graph showing decreases in US air pollution emissions from transportation sources during 1980-2015, while US population and economic activity increased.
Part A: Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards[edit]
Subchapters of Title II cover state standards and grants, prohibited acts and actions to restrain violations, as well as a study of emissions from nonroad vehicles (other than locomotives) to determine whether they cause or contribute to air pollution. Motorcycles are treated in the same way as automobiles under the emission standards for new motor vehicles or motor vehicle engines. The last few subchapters deal with high altitude performance adjustments, motor vehicle compliance program fees, prohibition on production of engines requiring leaded gasoline and urban bus standards.[15]
This part of the bill was extremely controversial the time it was passed. The automobile industry argued that it could not meet the new standards. Senators expressed concern about impact on the economy. Specific new emissions standards for moving sources passed years later.
Part B: Aircraft Emission Standards[edit]
Many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted over airports and affect the air quality in the region. VOCs include benzene, formaldehyde and butadienes which are known to cause health problems such as birth defects, cancer and skin irritation. Hundreds of tons of emissions from aircraft, ground support equipment, heating systems, and shuttles and passenger vehicles are released into the air, causing smog. Therefore, major cities such as Seattle, Denver, and San Francisco require a Climate Action Plan as well as a greenhouse gas inventory. Additionally, federal programs such as the Voluntary Airport Low Emissions Program (VALE) are working to offset costs for programs that reduce emissions.[16]
Title II sets emission standards for airlines and aircraft engines and adopts standards set by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). However aircraft carbon dioxide emission standards have not been established by either ICAO nor the EPA.[17] It is the responsibility of the Secretary of Transportation, after consultation with the Administrator, to prescribe regulations that comply with 42 U.S. Code § 7571 (Establishment of standards) and ensure the necessary inspections take place.[18]
Part C: Clean Fuel Vehicles[edit]
Trucks and automobiles play a large role in deleterious air quality. Harmful chemicals such as nitrogen oxide, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide are released from motor vehicles. Some of these also react with sunlight to produce photochemicals.[19] These harmful substances change the climate, alter ocean pH and include toxins that may cause cancer, birth defects or respiratory illness. Motor vehicles increased in the 1990s since approximately 58 percent of households owned two or more vehicles.[19] The Clean Fuel Vehicle programs focused on alternative fuel use and petroleum fuels that met low emission vehicle (LEV) levels. Compressed natural gas, ethanol,[20] methanol,[21] liquefied petroleum gas and electricity are examples of cleaner alternative fuel. Programs such as the California Clean Fuels Program and pilot program are increasing demand that for new fuels to be developed to reduce harmful emissions.[19]
The California pilot program incorporated under this section focuses on pollution control in ozone non-attainment areas. The provisions apply to light-duty trucks and light-duty vehicles in California. The state also requires that clean alternative fuels for sale at numerous locations with sufficient geographic distribution for convenience. Production of clean-fuel vehicles isn't mandated except as part of the California pilot program.[11]
Title III: General Provisions[edit]
Under the law prior to 1990, EPA was required to construct a list of Hazardous Air Pollutants as well as health-based standards for each one. There were 187 air pollutants listed and the source from which they came. The EPA was given ten years to generate technology-based emission standards. Title III is considered a second phase, allowing the EPA to assess lingering risks after the enactment of the first phase of emission standards. Title III also enacts new standards with regard to the protection of public health.[22]
A citizen may file a lawsuit to obtain compliance with an emission standard issued by the EPA or by a state, unless there is an ongoing enforcement action being pursued by EPA or the appropriate state agency.[23]
Title IV: Noise Pollution[edit]
This title pre-dates the Clean Air Act. With the passage of the Clean Air Act, it became codified as Title IV. However, another Title IV was enacted in the 1990 amendments. The second Title IV was then appended to this Title IV as Title IV-A (see below).
This title established the EPA Office of Noise Abatement and Control to reduce noise pollution in urban areas, to minimize noise-related impacts on psychological and physiological effects on humans, effects on wildlife and property (including values), and other noise-related issues. The agency was also assigned to run experiments to study the effects of noise.
See also: Noise Control Act
Title IV-A: Acid Deposition Control[edit]
This title was added as part of the 1990 amendments. It addresses the issue of acid rain, which is caused by nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from electric power plants powered by fossil fuels, and other industrial sources. The 1990 amendments gave industries more pollution control options including switching to low-sulfur coal and/or adding devices that controlled the harmful emissions. In some cases plants had to be closed down to prevent the dangerous chemicals from entering the atmosphere.[24]
Title IV-A mandated a two-step process to reduce SO2 emissions. The first stage required more than 100 electric generating facilities larger than 100 megawatts to meet a 3.5 million ton SO2 emission reduction by January 1995. The second stage gave facilities larger than 75 megawatts a January 2000 deadline.[24]
Title V: Permits[edit]
The 1990 amendments authorized a national operating permit program, covering thousands of large industrial and commercial sources.[25] It required large businesses to address pollutants released into the air, measure their quantity, and have a plan to control and minimize them as well as to periodically report. This consolidated requirements for a facility into a single document.[25]
In non-attainment areas, permits were required for sources that emit as little as 50, 25, or 10 tons per year of VOCs depending on the severity of the region’s non-attainment status.[26]
Most permits are issued by state and local agencies.[27] If the state does not adequately monitor requirements, the EPA may take control. The public may request to view the permits by contacting the EPA. The permit is limited to no more than five years and requires a renewal.[26]
Title VI: Stratospheric Ozone Protection[edit]
Starting in 1990, Title VI mandated regulations regarding the use and production of chemicals that harm the Earth’s stratospheric ozone layer. This ozone layer protects against harmful ultraviolet B sunlight linked to several medical conditions including cataracts and skin cancer.[28]
The ozone-destroying chemicals were classified into two groups, Class I and Class II. Class I consists of substances, including chlorofluorocarbons, that have an ozone depletion potential (ODP) (HL) of 0.2 or higher. Class II lists substances, including hydrochlorofluorocarbons, that are known to or may be detrimental to the stratosphere. Both groups have a timeline for phase-out:
For Class I substances, no more than seven years after being added to the list and
For Class II substances no more than ten years.[29]
Title VI establishes methods for preventing harmful chemicals from entering the stratosphere in the first place, including recycling or proper disposal of chemicals and finding substitutes that cause less or no damage.[29] The Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program is EPA's program to evaluate and regulate substitutes for the ozone-depleting chemicals that are being phased out under the stratospheric ozone protection provisions of the Clean Air Act.[30]
Over 190 countries signed the Montreal Protocol in 1987, agreeing to work to eliminate or limit the use of chemicals with ozone-destroying properties.[28]
History[edit]
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: There is a "History" subsection within this section; redundant & confusing. Overlapping material should be consolidated or deleted as appropriate. Please help improve this section if you can. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Legislation[edit]
Congress passed the first legislation to address air pollution with the 1955 Air Pollution Control Act that provided funds to the U.S. Public Health service, but did not formulate pollution regulation.[31] However, the Clean Air Act in 1963 created a research and regulatory program in the U.S. Public Health Service.[32] The Act authorized development of emission standards for stationary sources, but not mobile sources of air pollution.[33]:211 The 1967 Air Quality Act mandated enforcement of interstate air pollution standards and authorized ambient monitoring studies and stationary source inspections.[34]
In the Clean Air Act Extension of 1970, Congress greatly expanded the federal mandate by requiring comprehensive federal and state regulations for both industrial and mobile sources.[35] The law established four new regulatory programs:
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). EPA was required to promulgate national standards for six criteria pollutants: carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, hydrocarbons and photochemical oxidants. (Some of the criteria pollutants were revised in subsequent legislation.)[33]:213[36]
State Implementation Plans (SIPs)
New Source Performance Standards (NSPS); and
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs).
The 1970 law is sometimes called the "Muskie Act" because of the central role Maine Senator Edmund Muskie played in drafting the bill.[37]
To implement the strict new Clean Air Act of 1970, during his first term as EPA Administrator William Ruckelshaus spent 60% of his time on the automobile industry, whose emissions were to be reduced 90% under the new law. Senators had been frustrated at the industry’s failure to cut emissions under previous, weaker air laws.[38]
The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 required Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) of air quality for areas attaining the NAAQS and added requirements for non-attainment areas.[39]
The 1990 Clean Air Act added regulatory programs for control of acid deposition (acid rain) and stationary source operating permits. The amendments moved considerably beyond the original criteria pollutants, expanding the NESHAP program with a list of 189 hazardous air pollutants to be controlled within hundreds of source categories, according to a specific schedule.[40] The NAAQS program was also expanded. Other new provisions covered stratospheric ozone protection, increased enforcement authority and expanded research programs.[41]
History of the Clean Air Act[edit]
Introduction[edit]
President Lyndon B. Johnson signing the 1967 Air Quality Act in the East Room of the White House, November 21, 1967.
The legal authority for federal programs regarding air pollution control is based on the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (1990 CAAA). These are the latest in a series of amendments made to the Clean Air Act (CAA), often referred to as "the Act." This legislation modified and extended federal legal authority provided by the earlier Clean Air Acts of 1963 and 1970.[7]
The 1955 Air Pollution Control Act was the first federal legislation involving air pollution; it authorized $3 million per year to the U.S. Public Health Service for five years to fund federal level air pollution research, air pollution control research, and technical and training assistance to the states. Subsequently, the act was extended for four years in 1959 with funding levels at $5 million per year. The act was then amended in 1960 and 1962. Although the 1955 act brought the air pollution issue to the federal level, no federal regulations were formulated. Control and prevention of air pollution was instead delegated to state and local agencies.[31]
The Clean Air Act of 1963 was the first federal legislation regarding air pollution control. It established a federal program within the U.S. Public Health Service and authorized research into techniques for monitoring and controlling air pollution. In 1967, the Air Quality Act was enacted in order to expand federal government activities. In accordance with this law, enforcement proceedings were initiated in areas subject to interstate air pollution transport. As part of these proceedings, the federal government for the first time conducted extensive ambient monitoring studies and stationary source inspections.
The Air Quality Act of 1967 also authorized expanded studies of air pollutant emission inventories, ambient monitoring techniques, and control techniques.[7]
Clean Air Act of 1970[edit]
The Clean Air Act of 1970 (1970 CAA) authorized the development of comprehensive federal and state regulations to limit emissions from both stationary (industrial) sources and mobile sources. Four major regulatory programs affecting stationary sources were initiated:
the National Ambient Air Quality Standards [NAAQS (pronounced "knacks")],
State Implementation Plans (SIPs),
New Source Performance Standards (NSPS),
and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs).
Enforcement authority was substantially expanded. This very important legislation was adopted at approximately the same time as the National Environmental Policy Act.[7][9]
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977[edit]
Major amendments were added to the Clean Air Act in 1977 (1977 CAAA). The 1977 Amendments primarily concerned provisions for the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) of air quality in areas attaining the NAAQS. The 1977 CAAA also contained requirements pertaining to sources in non-attainment areas for NAAQS. A non-attainment area is a geographic area that does not meet one or more of the federal air quality standards. Both of these 1977 CAAA established major permit review requirements to ensure attainment and maintenance of the NAAQS.[7]
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990[edit]
Another set of major amendments to the Clean Air Act occurred in 1990 (1990 CAAA). The 1990 CAAA substantially increased the authority and responsibility of the federal government. New regulatory programs were authorized for control of acid deposition (acid rain) and for the issuance of stationary source operating permits. The NESHAPs were incorporated into a greatly expanded program for controlling toxic air pollutants. The provisions for attainment and maintenance of NAAQS were substantially modified and expanded. Other revisions included provisions regarding stratospheric ozone protection, increased enforcement authority, and expanded research programs.[7]
Milestones[edit]
Some of the principal milestones in the evolution of the Clean Air Act are as follows:[7]
The Air Pollution Control Act of 1955
First federal air pollution legislation
Funded research on scope and sources of air pollution
Clean Air Act of 1963
Authorized a national program to address air pollution
Authorized research into techniques to minimize air pollution
Air Quality Act of 1967
Authorized enforcement procedures involving interstate transport of pollutants
Expanded research activities
Clean Air Act of 1970
Established National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Established requirements for State Implementation Plans to achieve them
Establishment of New Source Performance Standards for new and modified stationary sources
Establishment of National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Increased enforcement authority
Authorized control of motor vehicle emissions
1977 Amendments to the Clean Air Act of 1970
Authorized provisions related to prevention of significant deterioration
Authorized provisions relating to non-attainment areas
1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act of 1970
Authorized programs for acid deposition control
Authorized controls for 189 toxic pollutants, including those previously regulated by the national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants
Established permit program requirements
Expanded and modified provisions concerning National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Expanded and modified enforcement authority
Regulations[edit]
This section needs expansion with: additional regulations. You can help by adding to it. (June 2011)
Since the initial establishment of six mandated criteria pollutants (ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and lead), advancements in testing and monitoring have led to the discovery of many other significant air pollutants.[42]
However, with the act in place and its many improvements, the U.S. has seen many pollutant levels and associated cases of health complications drop. According to the EPA, the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments has prevented or will prevent:
Year 2010
(cases prevented)
Year 2020
(cases prevented)
Adult Mortality - particles 160,000 230,000
Infant Mortality - particles 230 280
Mortality - ozone 4,300 71,000
Chronic Bronchitis 54,000 75,000
Heart Disease - Acute Myocardial Infarction 130,000 200,000
Asthma Exacerbation 1,700,000 2,400,000
Emergency Room Visits 86,000 120,000
School Loss Days 3,200,000 5,400,000
Lost Work Days 13,000,000 17,000,000
This chart shows the health benefits of the Clean Air Act programs that reduce levels of fine particles and ozone.[43]
In 1997 EPA tightened the NAAQS regarding permissible levels of the ground-level ozone that make up smog and the fine airborne particulate matter that makes up soot.[44][45] The decision came after months of public review of the proposed new standards, as well as long and fierce internal discussion within the Clinton administration, leading to the most divisive environmental debate of that decade.[46] The new regulations were challenged in the courts by industry groups as a violation of the U.S. Constitution's nondelegation principle and eventually landed in the Supreme Court of the United States,[45] whose 2001 unanimous ruling in Whitman v. American Trucking Ass'ns, Inc. largely upheld EPA's actions.[47]
The Clean Air Act (CAA or Act) directs EPA to establish national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for pollutants at levels that will protect public health. EPA and American Lung Association promoted the 2011 Cross State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR) to control ozone and fine particles. Aim was to cut emissions half from 2005 to 2014. It was claimed to prevent each year 400,000 asthma cases and save ca 2m work and schooldays lost by respiratory illness. Some states (e.g. Texas), cities and power companies sued the case (EPA v EME Homer City Generation).[48] The appeals-court judges decided by two to one that the rule is too strict. Based on appeals the power companies were allowed to continue thousands of persons respiratory illnesses prolonged time in the USA. According to the Economist (2013) the Supreme Court decision may affect how the EPA regulates other pollutants, including the greenhouse gases.[49]
Roles of the federal government and states[edit]
Although the 1990 Clean Air Act is a federal law covering the entire country, the states do much of the work to carry out the Act. The EPA has allowed the individual states to elect responsibility for compliance with and regulation of the CAA within their own borders in exchange for funding. For example, a state air pollution agency holds a hearing on a permit application by a power or chemical plant or fines a company for violating air pollution limits. However, election is not mandatory and in some cases states have chosen to not accept responsibility for enforcement of the act and force the EPA to assume those duties.
In order to take over compliance with the CAA the states must write and submit a state implementation plan (SIP) to the EPA for approval. A state implementation plan is a collection of the regulations a state will use to clean up polluted areas. The states are obligated to notify the public of these plans, through hearings that offer opportunities to comment, in the development of each state implementation plan. The SIP becomes the state's legal guide for local enforcement of the CAA. For example, Rhode Island law requires compliance with the Federal CAA through the SIP.[50] The SIP delegates permitting and enforcement responsibility to the state Department of Environmental Management (RI-DEM).
The federal law recognizes that states should lead in carrying out the Clean Air Act, because pollution control problems often require special understanding of local industries, geography, housing patterns, etc. However, states are not allowed to have weaker pollution controls than the national minimum criteria set by EPA. EPA must approve each SIP, and if a SIP isn't acceptable, EPA can take over CAA enforcement in that state.
The United States government, through the EPA, assists the states by providing scientific research, expert studies, engineering designs, and money to support clean air programs.
Metropolitan planning organizations must approve all federally funded transportation projects in a given urban area. If the MPO's plans do not, Federal Highway Administration and the Federal Transit Administration have the authority to withhold funds if the plans do not conform with federal requirements, including air quality standards.[51] In 2010, the EPA directly fined the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District $29 million for failure to meet ozone standards, resulting in fees for county drivers and businesses. This was the results of a federal appeals court case that required the EPA to continue enforce older, stronger standards,[52] and spurred debate in Congress over amending the Act.[53]
State Programs[edit]
Many states, or concerned citizens of the state, have established their own programs to help promote pollution clean-up strategies.
For example,(in alphabetical order by state)
California - California's Clean Air Project - designed to create a smoke-free gaming atmosphere in tribal casinos
Georgia - The Clean Air Campaign
Illinois - Illinois Citizens for Clean Air and Water - coalition of farmers and other citizens to reduce harmful effects of large-scale livestock production methods
New York - Clean Air NY
Oklahoma - "Breathe Easy" - Oklahoma Statutes on Smoking in Public Places and Indoor Workplaces (Effective November 1, 2010)[54]
Oregon - Indoor Clean Air Act - Statutes on Smoking in Indoor Workplaces and Within 10ft of an Entrance[55]
Texas - Drive Clean Across Texas
Virginia - Virginia Clean Cities, Inc.
Interstate air pollution[edit]
Air pollution often travels from its source in one state to another state. In many metropolitan areas, people live in one state and work or shop in another; air pollution from cars and trucks may spread throughout the interstate area. The 1990 Clean Air Act provides for interstate commissions on air pollution control, which are to develop regional strategies for cleaning up air pollution. The 1990 amendments include other provisions to reduce interstate air pollution.
The Acid Rain Program, created under Title IV of the Act, authorizes emissions trading to reduce the overall cost of controlling emissions of sulfur dioxide.
Leak detection and repair[edit]
The Act requires industrial facilities to implement a Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) program to monitor and audit a facility's fugitive emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC). The program is intended to identify and repair components such as valves, pumps, compressors, flanges, connectors and other components that may be leaking. These components are the main source of the fugitive VOC emissions.
Testing is done manually using a portable vapor analyzer that read in parts per million (ppm). Monitoring frequency, and the leak threshold, is determined by various factors such as the type of component being tested and the chemical running through the line. Moving components such as pumps and agitators are monitored more frequently than non-moving components such as flanges and screwed connectors. The regulations require that when a leak is detected the component be repaired within a set amount of days. Most facilities get 5 days for an initial repair attempt with no more than 15 days for a complete repair. Allowances for delaying the repairs beyond the allowed time are made for some components where repairing the component requires shutting process equipment down.
Application to greenhouse gas emissions[edit]
Main article: Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act
EPA began regulating greenhouse gases (GHGs) from mobile and stationary sources of air pollution under the Clean Air Act for the first time on January 2, 2011. Standards for mobile sources have been established pursuant to Section 202 of the CAA, and GHGs from stationary sources are controlled under the authority of Part C of Title I of the Act.
Below is a table for the sources of greenhouse gases, taken from data in 2008.[56] Of all greenhouse gases, about 76 percent of the sources are manageable under the CAA, marked with an asterisk (*). All others are regulated independently, if at all.
Source
Percentage
Electric Generation* 34%
Industry* 15%
Large Non-Agricultural Methane Sources* 5%
Light-, Medium-, and Heavy-Duty Vehicles* 22%
Other Transport 7%
Commercial and Residential Heating 7%
Agriculture 7%
HFCs 2%
Other 1%
Clean Air Act and environmental justice[edit]
By promoting pollution reduction, the Clean Air Act can help reduce heightened exposure to air pollution among communities of color and low-income communities.[57] Environmental researcher Dr. Marie Lynn Miranda notes that African American populations are “consistently overrepresented” in areas with the poorest air quality.[58] Dense populations of low-income and minority communities inhabit the most polluted areas across the United States, which is considered to exacerbate health problems among these populations.[59] High levels of exposure to air pollution is linked to several health conditions, including asthma, cancer, premature death, and infant mortality, each of which disproportionately impact communities of color and low-income communities.[60] The pollution reduction achieved by the Clean Air Act is associated with a decline in each of these conditions and can promote environmental justice for communities that are disproportionately impacted by air pollution and diminished health status.[60]
Clean Air Act violations[edit]
Major cases of Clean Air Act violations include:
The Volkswagen emissions scandal (2015);
Caterpillar and five other manufacturers violated diesel engine emission standards (consent decree, July 1999)[61][better source needed]
Alleged violations by Hyundai and Kia which resulted in a total $100 million in civil penalties paid to the United States and to the California Air Resources Board.[62]
Effects[edit]
A 2017 study found that the Clean Air Act of 1970 led to an over 10 percent reduction in pollution ("ambient TSP levels") in counties that exceeded the pollution thresholds set by the Act in the three years after the regulation went into effect. The study found that this regulation-induced reduction in air pollution is caused affected workers to work more and earned one percent more in annual earnings. The authors estimate that cumulative lifetime income gain for each affected individual is approximately $4,300 in present value terms.[63]
A 2018 study found that the Clean Air Act contributed to the 60% decline in pollution emissions by the manufacturing industry between 1990 and 2008.[64][65]
See also[edit]
Clean Air Act (disambiguation)
Air quality law
United States environmental law
Alan Carlin, controversy over the EPA carbon dioxide endangerment finding
Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management
Emission standard
Emissions trading
Environmental policy of the United States
Startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions
The Center for Clean Air Policy (in the US)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act". Clean Air Act Overview. Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). April 2007.
Jump up ^ "Environmental Laws and Treaties". Natural Resources Defense Council. Retrieved 2015-12-22.
Jump up ^ Gordon, Erin L. "History of the Modern Environmental Movement in America" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b "Summary of the Clean Air Act". EPA. Retrieved 2015-12-22.
Jump up ^ Shekhtman, Lonnie. "Beijing smog: What makes some cities cleaner than others?". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 2015-12-22.
Jump up ^ Yang,, Ming. Energy Efficiency: Benefits for Environment and Society.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document "History of the Clean Air Act, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency". "History of the Clean Air Act". Environmental Protection Agency. August 8, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document "EPA History, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency". "EPA History". Environmental Protection Agency. March 12, 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Rinde, Meir (2017). "Richard Nixon and the Rise of American Environmentalism". Distillations. 3 (1): 16–29. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Jump up ^ EPA Alumni Association: EPA Administrator William K. Reilly describes why passage of the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments was vitally important. Reflections on US Environmental Policy: An Interview with William K. Reilly Video, Transcript (see p10).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Clean Air Act: Title I - Air Pollution Prevention and Control". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Archived from the original on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
Jump up ^ EPA. "Clean Air Act: Title VI - Stratospheric Ozone Protection." Archived 2010-11-26 at the Wayback Machine. Updated 2008-12-19.
Jump up ^ "The Clean Air Act in a Nutshell: How It Works" (pdf). Retrieved 2014-04-24. Collectively, the PSD permitting program and nonattainment area permitting program for major sources are known as "New Source Review." Before starting the construction of a new major source located in an attainment, or unclassifiable area, or the modification of an existing major source that results in a significant emissions increase in such areas, the source must obtain a PSD permit under the Act.
^ Jump up to: a b EPA (1990). New Source Review Workshop Manual: Prevention of Significant Deterioration and Nonattainment Area Permitting.
Jump up ^ "Clean Air Act: Title II - Emission Standards for Moving Sources". EPA. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Trendowski, John. "Sustainability Trends — Reducing Emissions at Airports" (PDF). Airport Magazine. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 December 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Aircraft Emissions Expected to Grow, but Technological and Operational Improvements and Government Policies Can Help Control Emissions" (PDF). U.S. Government Accountability Office. Retrieved 22 April 2012. Report no. GAO-09-554.
Jump up ^ "Clean Air Act". Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "www.biodiesel.org" (PDF). The Clean Air Act's Clean-Fuel Vehicle Program. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Shackleton, Abe (2011-06-06). "What is Ethanol?". Open Fuel Standard. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
Jump up ^ Shackleton, Abe (2011-05-31). "What is Methanol?". Open Fuel Standard. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
Jump up ^ "Title III: General" Clean Air Act, United States. The Earth Encyclopedia. Updated: Apr 12, 2011. http://www.eoearth.org/article/Clean_Air_Act,_United_States
Jump up ^ CAA section 304, 42 U.S.C. § 7604.
^ Jump up to: a b "Title IV: Acid Deposition Control. Clean Air Act, United States. The Earth Encyclopedia. Updated: April 12, 2011".
^ Jump up to: a b EPA. "Permits and Enforcement." The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act. Revised 2011-11-08.
^ Jump up to: a b McCarthy, James. "Clean Air Act: A Summary of the Act and its Major Requirements" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
Jump up ^ EPA (February 1998). "Air Pollution Operating Permit Program Update: Key Features and Benefits." Document no. EPA/451/K-98/002. p. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b EPA. "Protecting the Stratospheric Ozone Layer." The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act. Revised 2011-11-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Title VI: Stratospheric Ozone Protection. Clean Air Act, United States. The Earth Encyclopedia. Updated: April 12, 2011".
Jump up ^ "Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program". US EPA. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Jacobson, Mark Z. (April 2012). Air Pollution and Global Warming History, Science, and Solutions (Google Books) (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 175, 176. ISBN 9781107691155.
Jump up ^ Clean Air Act of 1963, P.L. 88-206, 77 Stat. 392, 1963-12-17.
^ Jump up to: a b Jacobson, Mark Z. (2002). Atmospheric Pollution: History, Science, and Regulation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-01044-3.
Jump up ^ EPA. "History of the Clean Air Act." Updated 2010-11-16.
Jump up ^ Clean Air Act Extension of 1970, 84 Stat. 1676, P.L. 91-604, 1970-12-31.
Jump up ^ EPA. "National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)." Updated 2011-04-18.
Jump up ^ "Muskie Act". Toyota Motor Corp.
Jump up ^ EPA Alumni Association: William Ruckelshaus in a 2013 interview discusses his first-term efforts at implementing the Clean Air Act of 1970, Video, Transcript (see p14).
Jump up ^ Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, P.L. 95-95, 91 Stat. 685, 1977-08-07.
Jump up ^ EPA. "Reducing Toxic Air Pollutants." The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act. Revised 2011-11-08.
Jump up ^ Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, P.L. 101-549, 104 Stat. 2399, 1990-11-15.
Jump up ^ EPA. "What Are the Six Common Air Pollutants?" Revised 2010-07-01.
Jump up ^ EPA (2011). "The Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air Act from 1990 to 2020. Final Report." (also known as the "Second Prospective Study.")
Jump up ^ Cushman Jr.; John H. (June 26, 1997). "Clinton Sharply Tightens Air Pollution Regulations Despite Concern Over Costs". New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b Chebium, Raju (November 7, 2000). "U.S. Supreme Court hears clean air cases regarding smog and soot standards". CNN. Archived from the original on 2007-09-19.
Jump up ^ Cushman Jr.; John H. (June 25, 1997). "D'Amato Vows to Fight for E.P.A.'s Tightened Air Standards". New York Times.
Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Linda (2001-02-28). "E.P.A.'s Right to Set Air Rules Wins Supreme Court Backing". New York Times.
Jump up ^ Supreme Court Of The United States Decided April 29, 2014
Jump up ^ Interstate pollution Smother my neighbour The Economist September 7th 2013 page 37
Jump up ^ Rhode Island General Law, Title 23, Chapter 23, Section 2 (RIGL 23-23-2).
Jump up ^ Texas Department of Transportation (2010). "Metropolitan Planning Funds Administration. Section 5: Planning Process Self-Certification." TxDOT Manual System.
Jump up ^ Nelson, Gabriel (2011-07-01). "D.C. Circuit Rejects EPA's Latest Guidance on Smog Standards". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Nelson, Gabriel (2011-05-03). "Republicans seek to spare smoggy Calif. areas from punishment". Environment & Energy News. E&E Publishing.
Jump up ^ "Breathe Easy OK - Secondhand Smoke Laws". Ok.gov. 2002-07-01. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
Jump up ^ "Oregon ICAA". Oregon Health Authority. Oregon Public Health Division. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
Jump up ^ EPA (2010). "Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2008." Document no. 430-R-10-006. Office of Atmospheric Programs.
Jump up ^ EPA, OAR, US. "Air Pollution: Current and Future Challenges". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
Jump up ^ Miranda, Marie Lynn; Edwards, Sharon E.; Keating, Martha H.; Paul, Christopher J. (2017-04-18). "Making the Environmental Justice Grade: The Relative Burden of Air Pollution Exposure in the United States". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 8 (6): 1755–1771. doi:10.3390/ijerph8061755. ISSN 1661-7827. PMC 3137995  . PMID 21776200.
Jump up ^ Massey, Rachel (2004). "Environmental Justice: Income, Race, and Health" (PDF). Tufts University Global Development And Environment Institute, Tufts University.
^ Jump up to: a b "ADVANCING ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE THROUGH POLLUTION PREVENTION A Report developed from the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council Meeting of December 9-13, 2002" (PDF). Environmental Protection Agency. 2002. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
Jump up ^ Caterpillar Inc.#Clean Air Act violation
Jump up ^ https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-11/documents/hyundai-kia-cd.pdf
Jump up ^ Isen, Adam; Rossin-Slater, Maya; Walker, W. Reed (2017-05-01). "Every Breath You Take—Every Dollar You'll Make: The Long-Term Consequences of the Clean Air Act of 1970". Journal of Political Economy. doi:10.1086/691465. ISSN 0022-3808.
Jump up ^ "Environmental regulations drove steep declines in U.S. factory pollution". Berkeley News. 2018-08-09. Retrieved 2018-08-11.
Jump up ^ Shapiro, Joseph S.; Walker, Reed. "Why is Pollution from U.S. Manufacturing Declining? The Roles of Environmental Regulation, Productivity, and Trade". American Economic Review. doi:10.1257/aer.20151272&&from=f. ISSN 0002-8282.
Further reading[edit]
EPA Alumni Association. "Cleaning the Air We Breathe: A Half Century of Progress.". September 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Clean Air Act
EPA Enforcement and Compliance History Online
show
v
t
e
United States environmental law
Supreme Court
decisions
Missouri v. Holland (1920)
Sierra Club v. Morton (1972)
United States v. SCRAP (1973)
Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill (1978)
Vermont Yankee v. NRDC (1978)
Hughes v. Oklahoma (1979)
Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife (1992)
United States v. Bestfoods (1998)
Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services (2000)
SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers (2001)
Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen (2004)
Rapanos v. United States (2006)
Massachusetts v. EPA (2007)
National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife (2007)
Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council (2009)
Major
federal legislation
and treaties
Rivers and Harbors Act (1899)
Lacey Act (1900)
Weeks Act (1911)
North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 (1911)
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1918)
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (1934)
Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act (1954)
Clean Air Act (1963, 1970)
National Environmental Policy Act (1970)
Clean Water Act (1972)
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (1972)
Noise Control Act (1972)
Endangered Species Act (1973)
Safe Drinking Water Act (1974)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976)
Toxic Substances Control Act (1976)
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (1977)
CERCLA (Superfund) (1980)
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (1986)
Emergency Wetlands Resources Act (1986)
Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act (2016)
Federal agencies
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Council on Environmental Quality
Office of Surface Mining
United States Environmental Protection Agency
United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Regulations
and concepts
Best available technology
Citizen suit
Discharge Monitoring Report
Effluent guidelines
Environmental crime
Environmental impact statement
Environmental justice
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
National Priorities List
New Source Performance Standard
Not-To-Exceed (NTE)
Right to know
Total maximum daily load
Toxicity category rating
show
v
t
e
Natural resources
Air
Pollution / quality
Ambient standards (USA)
Index
Indoor
developing nations
Law
Clean Air Act (USA)
Ozone depletion
Emissions
Airshed
Trading
Deforestation (REDD)
Energy
Law
Resources
Fossil fuels (peak oil)
Geothermal
Hydro
tidal
wave
Nuclear
Solar
sunlight
shade
Wind
Land
Arable
peak farmland
Degradation
Law
property
Management
habitat conservation
Minerals
mining
law
sand
peak
rights
Soil
conservation
fertility
health
resilience
Use
planning
reserve
Life
Biodiversity
Bioprospecting
Biosphere
Bushfood
Bushmeat
Fisheries
law
management
Food
Forests
genetic resources
law
management
Game
law
Gene bank
Herbalist plants
Marine conservation
Non-timber forest products
Rangeland
Seed bank
Wildlife
conservation
management
Wood
Water
Types / location
Aquifer
storage and recovery
Drinking
Fresh
Groundwater
pollution
recharge
remediation
Hydrosphere
Ice
bergs
glacial
polar
Irrigation
Rain
harvesting
Stormwater
Surface water
Wastewater
reclaimed
Aspects
Desalination
Floods
Law
Leaching
Sanitation
Conflict
Conservation
Peak water
Pollution
Privatization
Quality
Right
Resources
management
policy
Related
Commons
enclosure
global
land
tragedy of
Economics
ecological
land
Ecosystem services
Exploitation
overexploitation
Earth Overshoot Day
Management
adaptive
Natural capital
accounting
Nature reserve
Systems ecology
Urban ecology
Wilderness
Resource
Common-pool
Conflict (perpetuation)
Curse
Depletion
Extraction
Nationalism
Renewable / Non-renewable
Portals
Agriculture and agronomy
Energy
Environment
Fishing
Forestry
Mining
Water
Wetlands
Category
agencies
law
management
ministries
organizations
Colleges
Natural resources
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
LCCN: n81077007
NARA: 10639941
VIAF: 88145857847123021522
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)&oldid=854505251"
Categories:
Air pollution in the United States
Climate change in the United States
United States federal environmental legislation
1970 in law
1990 in law
88th United States Congress
1963 in the environment
1970 in the environment
1970 in the United States
1990 in the United States
Environmental law in the United States
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 errors: missing author or editor
Articles needing cleanup from March 2017
All pages needing cleanup
Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from March 2017
Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from March 2017
Articles to be expanded from June 2011
All articles to be expanded
Articles using small message boxes
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles lacking reliable references from May 2017
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Català
Deutsch
فارسی
Français
日本語
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 August 2018, at 21:07 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: caption

value: img

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: th

attrs: scope style

value: span

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-77-392

values: United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-89-272

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-90-148

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-91-604

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-95-95

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-101-549

values:
/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court
mw-redirect
United States Supreme Court

values: Union Elec. Co. v. EPA (page does not exist)

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 427

values: Chevron USA v. Natural Resources Defense Council

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 467

values: Whitman v. American Trucking Ass'ns, Inc.

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 531

values:
/wiki/United_States_federal_law
mw-redirect
United States federal law

values: United States Environmental Protection Agency

values: Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations

values:
/wiki/Automobile_emissions_control
mw-redirect
Automobile emissions control

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Edit section: Title I: Programs and Activities

values: Edit section: Part A: Air Quality and Emissions Limitations

values:
/wiki/Volatile_organic_compounds
mw-redirect
Volatile organic compounds

values: Edit section: Part C - Prevention of Significant Deterioration of Air Quality

values: Edit section: Part D: Plan Requirements for Non-attainment Areas

values: Edit section: Title II: Emission Standards for Moving Sources

values: Edit section: Part A: Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards

values:
/wiki/Leaded_gasoline
mw-redirect
Leaded gasoline

values: Edit section: Part B: Aircraft Emission Standards

values:
/wiki/Climate_Action_Plan
mw-redirect
Climate Action Plan

values: International Civil Aviation Organization

values:
/wiki/Secretary_of_Transportation
mw-redirect
Secretary of Transportation

values: Edit section: Part C: Clean Fuel Vehicles

values:
/wiki/Photochemical_smog
mw-redirect
Photochemical smog

values: Edit section: Title III: General Provisions

values: Edit section: Title IV-A: Acid Deposition Control

values:
/wiki/Nitrogen_oxides
mw-redirect
Nitrogen oxides

values: Edit section: Title VI: Stratospheric Ozone Protection

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup

values:
/wiki/Public_Health_Service
mw-redirect
Public Health Service

values:
/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matter
mw-redirect
Atmospheric particulate matter

values: Edit section: History of the Clean Air Act

values:
/wiki/The_White_House
mw-redirect
The White House

values: Edit section: Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977

values: Edit section: Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990

values: plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content

values:
/wiki/Clinton_administration
mw-redirect
Clinton administration

values: EPA v EME Homer City Generation (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Greenhouse_gases
mw-redirect
Greenhouse gases

values: Edit section: Roles of the federal government and states

values:
/wiki/Power_plant
mw-redirect
Power plant

values:
/wiki/Pollution_control
mw-redirect
Pollution control

values:
/wiki/Metropolitan_areas
mw-redirect
Metropolitan areas

values: Edit section: Application to greenhouse gas emissions

values: Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act

values: Edit section: Clean Air Act and environmental justice

values: noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact

values:
/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Clean Air Act (disambiguation)

values: Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management

values: Environmental policy of the United States

values:
/wiki/The_Center_for_Clean_Air_Policy
mw-redirect
The Center for Clean Air Policy

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nrdc.org/reference/laws.asp

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0882-7729

values: Copyright status of work by the U.S. government

values:
/wiki/United_States_Government
mw-redirect
United States Government

values:
/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency
mw-redirect
Environmental Protection Agency

values:
nofollow
external text
http://epa.gov/oar/caa/title1.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://epa.gov/oar/caa/title6.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://epa.gov/oar/caa/title2.html#iia

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09554.pdf

values:
nofollow
http://www.epa.gov/ozone/snap/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://epa.gov/oar/caa/caa_history.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-84-1676

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html

values:
/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Corp
mw-redirect
Toyota Motor Corp

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-91-685

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-104-2399

values:
nofollow
http://epa.gov/airquality/urbanair/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8061755

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1661-7827

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21776200

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086/691465

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3808

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8282

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/air.pdf

values: wikisource:United States Code/Title 42/Chapter 85

values:
nofollow
http://www.epa.gov/echo/
external text

values: Template:United States environmental law

values: Template talk:United States environmental law

values: United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures

values: Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.

values: Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.

values: Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. Army Corps of Engineers

values: Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen

values: Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency

values: National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife

values: North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911

values: Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954

values: Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

values:
/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act
mw-redirect
Endangered Species Act

values: Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977

values: Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act

values: List of federal agencies in the United States

values: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Indoor air pollution in developing nations

values: Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation

values:
/wiki/File:Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg
image
Carson Falls on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo

values:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Energy_resources
mw-redirect
Energy resources

values:
/wiki/Game_(food)
mw-redirect
Game (food)

values:
/wiki/Resource_extraction
mw-redirect
Resource extraction

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: National Archives and Records Administration

values: Category:Air pollution in the United States

values: Category:Climate change in the United States

values: Category:United States federal environmental legislation

values: Category:Environmental law in the United States

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:CS1 errors: missing author or editor

values: Category:Articles needing cleanup from March 2017

values: Category:Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from March 2017

values: Category:Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from March 2017

values: Category:Articles to be expanded from June 2011

values: Category:Articles using small message boxes

values: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

values: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from May 2017

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: لایحه هوای پاک – Persian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Clean_Air_Act_United_States rootpage-Clean_Air_Act_United_States skin-vector action-view


text:
Space Bound
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Space Bound"
Single by Eminem
from the album Recovery
Released
June 18, 2011
Format
Digital download
Recorded
Parkland Playhouse (by Robert Marks)
(Parkland, Florida)
54 Sound, Effigy Studios (by Mike Strange and Joe Strange)
(Ferndale, Michigan)
Genre
Hip hop
Length
4:38
Label
Shady
Aftermath
Interscope
Songwriter(s)
Eminem
Jim Jonsin
Steve McEwan
Producer(s)
Jim Jonsin
Eminem singles chronology
"Writer's Block"
(2011) "Space Bound"
(2011) "Throw That"
(2012)
"Writer's Block"
(2011) "Space Bound"
(2011) "Throw That"
(2012)
Music video
"Spacebound" on YouTube
"Space Bound" is a song by American rapper Eminem. It was released on June 18, 2011 as the fourth and final single from his seventh album Recovery.[1] The song is produced by American hip-hop producer Jim Jonsin. "Space Bound" features samples of "Drive" by R.E.M. and "Song for Bob" by Nick Cave and Warren Ellis.
The music video was shot in February 2011 by director Joseph Kahn. It features model and former pornographic actress Sasha Grey. The video was released to the iTunes Store on June 24, 2011. It is about a girl, played by Grey, who secretly cheats on her boyfriend, Eminem; this turns into a violent conflict. The video shows two sides of Eminem, one who is calm and loves his girlfriend and one who is aggressive and does not. The music video received attention and controversy for a scene in which Eminem shoots himself in the head in frustration, with blood spurting from the wound.
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
2 Composition and reception
3 Music video
3.1 Development and release
3.2 Synopsis
3.3 Concept
3.4 Reception and controversy
4 Credits and personnel
5 Charts
6 Certifications
7 Release history
8 References
9 External links
Development[edit]
"Space Bound" was written by Eminem, British songwriter Steve McEwan, and Jim Jonsin, the latter having produced the track with keyboards from Danny Morris. The chorus is sung by McEwan, who also provided guitars.[2] The song was recorded by Robert Marks in Parkland Playhouse and Mike Strange and Joe Strange in Effigy Studios. It was mixed by Eminem, Mike Strange and Marks. In July 2011, producer Jim Jonsin spoke about the making of the song and how its production came to be. He submitted a beat to Eminem for release on Recovery, not knowing if it was planned for official release as a single.
The song was complete with verses, B section, and a chorus by McEwan. Most of the original version was recorded in New York on guitar, with a guitar vocal on an iPhone. The concept was taken to Miami about three months later and was produced.[3] The song was composed by McEwan and Jonsin. The chorus was used as a guide for writing the rapped verses.[3] Eminem liked the song and its concept and wanted the sung verses removed and replaced with his own lyrics, as Jonsin revealed: "He had me strip down the verses [...] and make the track a little more hip hop, and he sent it out. I didn't really believe that it would end up on Eminem's album, let alone be a single."[3] Jonsin spoke about the theme of the chorus in "Space Bound":
The chorus was based on a chase, a guy who's chasing after a woman that he's crazy about, he loves her; she's everything to him. I'm a rocket ship aiming at her heart, her heart's the moon—I'm going full-on.[3]
According to Jonsin, the hardest part of the making of the song was getting it to Eminem. Jonsin's manager suggested it get sent to Eminem, but was concerned that Eminem would not do anything with it. Jonsin also confirmed in the interview that he would be working on Eminem's next solo album.[3]
Composition and reception[edit]
"Space Bound" features a sample of "Drive" by R.E.M.[4] and "Song for Bob" by Nick Cave and Warren Ellis.[5] The guitars were provided by Steve McEwan and additional keyboards were by Danny Morris.[2]
In a largely negative review of Recovery for Slant Magazine, M.T. Richards described "Space Bound" as "ugly" and "wafer-thin", going on to criticise the song's macabre content: "Eminem can't talk to women and he never could, so when he threatens to strangle anyone who leaves him, the peril feels forced and wholly off-putting."[6] AbsolutePunk writer Thomas Nassiff, in his review for Recovery, stated that "Space Bound", along with five other songs, were "pure filler" and "don't require more than one listen."[7]
Music video[edit]
Development and release[edit]
The music video for "Space Bound" was filmed over three days in February 2011, in Los Angeles, California,[8] and was produced over approximately five months. It was directed by Joseph Kahn,[8] who previously directed Eminem's videos for "Without Me", "We Made You" and "Love the Way You Lie". Photos of the video shooting were released and two low quality snippets of the then-unfinished video leaked. A large portion of the music video was shot at a roadside diner.[9] On June 18, 2011, Kahn tweeted that the "Space Bound" video was finally complete and was to be released soon.[10] The same day, Kahn tweeted,"When you see Space Bound, look for the uncensored version. You'll ruin it for yourself if you don't," confirming an uncensored version.[11] Grey spoke about her acting and role in the video. "Before each take, Joseph and I would talk a lot about [my character's] motives and attitude. Her ultimate moment doesn't come until the end, so I had plenty of time to build the fear!"[12] The full video was released on June 24, 2011 at 5 pm EST for purchase on the iTunes Store, uncut.[13][14]
Synopsis[edit]
Eminem shooting himself in a motel. This is a climactic scene in the music video which would spark controversy.
The video starts as Eminem walks down a road at night. He is picked up by his lover (Grey). Two versions of him are shown: one alone in the back seat, who is frustrated, paranoid and "hurling insults at Grey",[15] and one sitting next to Grey who is calm. Grey lights a cigarette to smoke. The alternate Eminem disappears and the couple stop at a motel/diner.
Eminem has two personages again as he enters the diner. The original Eminem sits with Grey at a table, while the other is on a bar stool. Grey takes out her cell phone and sends a text message to someone, and leaves to go to the restroom. Meanwhile, Eminem curiously takes out Grey's phone to see what she did, and is confused.[15][16] He quickly puts the phone back as Grey comes back. Meanwhile, the alternate Eminem raps.
The couple go to a motel room and receive a knock on the door, which Eminem opens but does not see anyone. He has a flashback of the cell phone, which shows 'Unknown caller', and a gun in Grey's car along with the lighter and cigarette. He then tries to strangle his girlfriend, who suddenly disappears, leaving Eminem alone. He picks up Grey's pistol and shoots himself in the jaw, as blood spurts from the back of his head. This also affects the alternate Eminem, who is still in the roadside diner. The video then rewinds, from when Eminem shoots himself, to when the couple go to the diner. The beginning scene repeats itself and Eminem is picked up (probably implying that Eminem is in an endless loop)[15] They drive off to end the video.
Concept[edit]
I don't know if it necessarily has a thorough message, but I think it shows that even the strongest of love meets destruction at some point. Whether or not you come out of it together and whole is an entirely different question.
“
”
Sasha Grey, MTV Interview[17]
There is confusion surrounding the exact meaning and concept of the music video for "Space Bound". Grey explained her interpretation of the video to MTV, saying that Eminem was trying to depict the reality of relationships, that even the strongest of relationships can fall apart. "Eminem simply becomes company for [his girlfriend], and she mistakenly takes advantage of that."[12] She said that the video could be interpreted "in many ways". Grey believed that the alternate Eminem who appears in the car is his subconscious.[17]
Jonsin has explained what goes on in the "Space Bound" video. He suggested that viewers watch it multiple times to figure out the concept and draw their own conclusion.[18] He called the video 'tricky', saying that the meaning is not obvious or completely clear in the video and one must watch it a few times to find it. Jonsin spoke about Eminem's two egos seen in the video as well:
It reminded me of Alanis Morissette's 'Ironic' video, where she's got her and her two other egos in the car...I think it was him living in the now as a person going through it and him living as a person who is witnessing it and can make other choices to not be in that scenario. Maybe he would've chose differently, so now he's watching himself.[18]
Reception and controversy[edit]
The video received attention from reporters for its shock value owing to Eminem's suicidal scene and the use of a gun for it.[19] Jonsin dismissed the controversy surrounding the graphic suicidal scene, "Things happen in movies all the time...When my kids watch it, I like to explain to them in that manner: 'It's like a movie, ya know? He isn't really killing himself.'"[18] The video was harshly criticized by anti-violence campaigners in the United Kingdom.[20] Anti-violence group, Mothers Against Violence, told the British Daily Mirror, "It's all about the money with these videos. Eminem isn't thinking about the families affected."[21] The music video was both praised by fans and noted for its graphic nature.[22] Before the music video's television premiere in July, editor Kathleen Perricone from the New York Daily News expressed her opinion on the censorship of the video, saying, "Despite the gruesome and violent nature, music networks like MTV and BET have yet to ban the video—or even air it."[23] Josh Grossberg from E! News reacted to the graphic suicide, saying it "sounds like an Eminem video, all right."[24] According to British tabloid The Sun, the song and its music video are similar to the controversial Eminem song, "Kim" from The Marshall Mathers LP (2000). The video was noted as "another dark fantasy and uncomfortable offering from the rapper."[25]
Critics made note of the "Space Bound" music video's similarities with the Kahn-directed "Love the Way You Lie", in which the couple was portrayed by actors.[15] April Chieffo from The Celebrity Cafe said, "The video touches on the subject of domestic violence like 'Love the Way You Lie,' but this time there were deadly consequences."[12] Rob Markman quoted about the death scene, "Throughout the video, Eminem follows Grey like a lost puppy. It's when they check into a motel room that the drama unfolds."[15]
As of November 2016, the music video on YouTube has been watched more than 200 million times.
Credits and personnel[edit]
Recording
Recorded at: Effigy Studios in Ferndale, Michigan, and Parkland Playhouse in Parkland, Florida.
Personnel
Eminem – songwriter, audio mixer
Steve McEwan – songwriter, guitars, additional chorus vocals
Jim Jonsin – songwriter, producer, programming, keyboards
Mike Strange – recording, audio mixer
Joe Strange – recording
Rob Marks – recording, audio mixer
Jason Wilkie – assistant engineering
Matt Huber – assistant engineering
Danny Morris – additional keyboards
Credits adapted from the digital booklet of Recovery.[2]
Charts[edit]
Chart (2011)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[26]
51
Belgium Bubbling Under (Ultratop Flanders)[27]
17
Ireland (IRMA)[28]
31
Poland (Polish Airplay New)[29]
5
Romania (Romanian Top 100)[30]
65
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[31]
34
UK R&B (Official Charts Company)[32]
10
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[33]
34
US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[34]
19
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United Kingdom (BPI)[35]
Silver 200,000
United States (RIAA)[36]
Gold 500,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Format
Label
United States[37]
March 8, 2011 Rhythmic radio
Shady
Aftermath
Interscope
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Osei, Anthony (February 7, 2011). "Eminem's Next Single is "Space Bound"". Complex. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mathers, Marshall (2010). Recovery (Digital booklet). Eminem. 2220 Colorado Avenue, Santa Monica, California: Aftermath Entertainment, Interscope Records. pp. 8–13.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Markman, Rob (July 11, 2011). "Eminem Surprised Jim Jonsin By Making 'Space Bound' A Single". MTV News. Viacom. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Eminem's Space Bound sample of R.E.M.'s Drive". WhoSampled. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nick Cave & Warren Ellis – Song for Bob (6:01)". Last.fm. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ M. T. Richards (June 13, 2010). "Eminem: Recovery – Music Review". Slant Magazine. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Nassiff, Thomas (July 6, 2010). "Eminem – Recovery". AbsolutePunk. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Rodriguez, Jayson (February 18, 2011). "Eminem Shoots 'Space Bound' Video With Porn Star Sasha Grey". MTV. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem's 'Space Bound' Video Shoot". MTV. February 18, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ [https://twitter.com/
!/JosephKahn/statuses/82301654224998401 Joseph Kahn's Tweet about Space Bound] on Twitter
Jump up ^ [https://twitter.com/
!/JosephKahn/statuses/82305238899499009 Joseph Kahn's tweet about Space Bound censorship] on Twitter
^ Jump up to: a b c Chieffo, April (June 27, 2011). "What is the true meaning behind Eminem's 'Space Bound' video?". The Celebrity Cafe. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Space Bound (Music video) by Eminem. iTunes Store (June 24, 2011). Retrieved on 2011-07-15.
Jump up ^ Danny (June 24, 2011). "New Video: Eminem – Space Bound". Music News Time. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Markman, Rob (June 24, 2011). "Eminem Takes His Own Life In 'Space Bound' Video". MTV News. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Corner, Lewis (June 27, 2011). "Eminem commits suicide in 'Space Bound' video". Digital Spy. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Lynch, Sean (June 27, 2011). "Sasha Grey Speaks On 'Space Bound' Video". The Source. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Markman, Rob (June 29, 2011). "Eminem's 'Space Bound' Video Is 'Tricky,' Jim Jonsin Says". MTV News. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gregory, Jason (June 27, 2011). "Eminem's 'Space Bound' Video Is Released". Gigwise. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem's 'Space Bound' video angers anti-violence groups". NME. June 29, 2011. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Anti-Violence Group Blasts Eminem". InMusic. June 29, 2011. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ D. L. Chandler (June 27, 2011). "Eminem Releases New 'Space Bound' Clip, Fans React". MTV. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem shoots himself in head in graphic Space Bound' music video starring Sasha Grey". Daily News. June 27, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Grossberg, Josh (June 27, 2011). "Eminem Takes a Bullet in Latest Shock Video". E!. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem 'blows brains out' in clip". The Sun. June 27, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Chartifacts – Week Commencing: 17th January 2011". Australian Recording Industry Association. January 17, 2011. Archived from the original on January 21, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Eminem – Space Bound". Ultratop Bubbling Under.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 27, 2011". Irish Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Airplay New. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Romanian Top 100". RT100.RO. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles – Issue Date: 2010-07-10" (requires registration). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Eminem – Space Bound". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Space Bound in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Eminem – Space Bound". Recording Industry Association of America. February 9, 2012. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Top 40 Rhythmic Future Releases (March 8, 2011)". All Access Music Group. Archived from the original on March 7, 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
External links[edit]
"Space Bound" Official music video on YouTube
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
t
e
Eminem songs
Discography
Production discography
Awards and nominations
D12 discography
Bad Meets Evil
Slim Shady EP
"Just Don't Give a Fuck"
The Slim Shady LP
"My Name Is"
"Role Model"
"Guilty Conscience"
The Marshall Mathers LP
"The Real Slim Shady"
"The Way I Am"
"Stan"
The Eminem Show
"Without Me"
"Cleanin' Out My Closet"
"Superman"
"Sing for the Moment"
"Business"
8 Mile soundtrack
"Lose Yourself"
Encore
"Just Lose It"
"Mosh"
"Encore"
"Like Toy Soldiers"
"Mockingbird"
"Ass Like That"
Curtain Call: The Hits
"When I'm Gone"
"Shake That"
Eminem Presents: The Re-Up
"You Don't Know"
"Jimmy Crack Corn"
Relapse
"Crack a Bottle"
"We Made You"
"3 a.m."
"Old Time's Sake"
"Beautiful"
Refill
"Forever"
"Hell Breaks Loose"
"Elevator"
"Music Box"
Recovery
"Not Afraid"
"Love the Way You Lie"
"No Love"
"Space Bound"
The Marshall Mathers LP 2
"Berzerk"
"Survival"
"Rap God"
"The Monster"
"Headlights"
SHADYXV
"Guts Over Fear"
"Detroit vs. Everybody"
Southpaw soundtrack
"Phenomenal"
"Kings Never Die"
Revival
"Walk on Water"
Collaborations
"Dead Wrong"
"Forgot About Dre"
"The Watcher"
"Renegade"
"Rock City"
"Hellbound"
"Rap Name"
"Shit Hits the Fan"
"One Day at a Time"
"Welcome 2 Detroit"
"Smack That"
"Touchdown
"Drop the World"
"Roman's Revenge"
"Love the Way You Lie (Part II)"
"That's All She Wrote"
"I Need a Doctor"
"Writer's Block"
"Throw That"
"My Life"
"C'mon Let Me Ride"
"Numb"
"Calm Down"
"Best Friend"
"No Favors"
"Revenge"
Other songs
"'97 Bonnie & Clyde"
"Kim"
"Bitch Please II"
"White America"
"'Till I Collapse"
"The Warning"
"Won't Back Down"
"Bad Guy"
"Rhyme or Reason"
"Legacy"
"So Far..."
"Campaign Speech"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_Bound&oldid=811007652"
Categories:
2011 singles
Eminem songs
Song recordings produced by Jim Jonsin
Songs written by Eminem
Songs written by Jim Jonsin
Music videos directed by Joseph Kahn
Shady Records singles
Aftermath Entertainment singles
Interscope Records singles
Songs about domestic violence
Hidden categories:
Twitter username not in Wikidata
Use mdy dates from May 2012
Articles with hAudio microformats
Singlechart usages for Ireland
Singlechart called without artist
Singlechart called without song
Singlechart usages for Scotland
Singlechart usages for UKrandb
Singlechart usages for UK
Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom
Certification Table Entry usages for United States
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Italiano
Polski
Português
Русский
Slovenčina
Türkçe
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 November 2017, at 23:05.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: colspan class style

attrs: href title

value: i

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; text-align: left; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; font-size: large; color: gray;

values: position: absolute; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; text-align: left; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; font-size: large; color: gray;

values: float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; width:33%; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;

values:
/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)
mw-redirect
Daily News (New York)

values:
/wiki/Black_Entertainment_Television
mw-redirect
Black Entertainment Television

values:
/wiki/Music_engineering
mw-redirect
Music engineering

values:
/wiki/UK_R%26B_Chart
mw-redirect
UK R&B Chart

values: wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

attrs: scope data-sort-type class tabindex role title

values:
col
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
https://twitter.com/
external free

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nme.com/news/eminem/57645

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.webcitation.org/5vt5jAQHA

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.rt100.ro

values:
nofollow
https://www.bpi.co.uk/bpi-awards/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Eminem
mw-redirect
List of songs recorded by Eminem

values: List of awards and nominations received by Eminem

values: Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture 8 Mile

values:
/wiki/The_Watcher_(Dr._Dre_song)
mw-redirect
The Watcher (Dr. Dre song)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Song recordings produced by Jim Jonsin

values: Category:Music videos directed by Joseph Kahn

values: Category:Twitter username not in Wikidata

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Singlechart called without artist

values: Category:Singlechart called without song

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Scotland

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for United States

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Space_Bound
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: رو به فضا – Persian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Space_Bound rootpage-Space_Bound skin-vector action-view