text:
Second Green Revolution
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The Second Green Revolution is a change in agricultural production widely thought necessary to feed and sustain the growing population on Earth[1][2] These calls have precipitated in part, as a response to rising food commodity prices, and fears of peak oil among other factors.[2]
It is named after the Green Revolution, a movement to increase crop selection and agrichemical usage to increase yield in the 1930s through to the 1960s.
Contents
1 Methods
2 Proponents
3 Opponents
4 Other usage
5 See also
6 References
Methods[edit]
It is thought that genetic engineering of new crops and foods will take the lead in producing increased crop yield and nutrition.[1]
Proponents[edit]
Bill Gates has been among the proponents of a second green revolution, saying[3]:
Three quarters of the world's poorest people get their food and income by farming small plots of land...if we can make smallholder farming more productive and more profitable, we can have a massive impact on hunger and nutrition and poverty...the charge is clear—we have to develop crops that can grow in a drought; that can survive in a flood; that can resist pests and disease...we need higher yields on the same land in harsher weather."
Gates made these remarks during the World Food Prize. He has made over 1.4 billion in contributions towards agricultural developments.[2]
The then Union Finance Minister of India, Pranab Mukherjee, made a statement to parliament[when?] that he would explore the possibility of setting up a committee of CMs of the eastern states for a second green revolution in the region and praised Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal for substantial increase in rice production during the current fiscal. Replying to the debate on 2012-13 Union Budget in Rajya Sabha, Mukherjee said due to substantial increase in rice output in the eastern states to the tune of 7 million tonnes in 2011-12, production of the staple grain has risen to a record 10.2 million tonnes. He said this was possible because of special thrust given on realizing the agricultural potential of eastern states.
Accepting the suggestion of JD(U) member N K Singh, Mukherjee said he would explore the possibility of setting up a committee of chief ministers of eastern states "to give further impetus to achieving green revolution" in the region. Singh had suggested setting up of such a panel. He said: "Given the importance of incentivizing agriculture in the eastern region, a chief ministers' committee comprising the CMs from the eastern states should be constituted for a coherent action plan and adequate support from the central government". His suggestion came as one of the eight "tangible actions" which, he thought, would lend credibility to the budgetary announcements. The government had earlier allocated an additional Rs 400 crore in 2011-12 under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana for extending green revolution to the eastern region comprising Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Eastern UP, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and West Bengal. Rice was a priority crop under the scheme. Seeing the success of the scheme, the Budget 2012-13 has raised the allocation to Rs 1,000 crore.
Mukherjee lauded CMs of these states, particularly Bihar CM Nitish Kumar, whose state has doubled rice output to 67.5 lakh tonnes in 2011-12. Handsome increase in rice production has also been witnessed in Jharkhand, West Bengal and other eastern states.
Noting that the achievement has attracted accolades from world over, he said the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and Indonesia-based World Rice Institute have commended the eastern states.
Opponents[edit]
Opponents views include social inequity as a major factor in food insecurity not addressed by increasing food production capacity.[4]
Other usage[edit]
Others[5] have used the term to refer to a combination of urban agriculture, smaller farm size and organic agriculture with the aim of increasing resource sustainability of crop production.[6]
See also[edit]
Plant breeding
Transgenic plant
Urban agriculture
Future food technology
Agricultural robot
Cultured meat
Blue revolution, aquaculture
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Steinhart, Peter (October 25, 1981). "THE SECOND GREEN REVOLUTION". NYT. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Plant a second Green Revolution A global food summit is a test of leadership in pushing research on higher crop yields". The Christian Science Monitor. June 3, 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Biello, David (January 4, 2010). "Can the world's richest man feed the planet?". Scientific American.
Jump up ^ "Lessons from the Green Revolution". April 8, 2000. Archived from the original on July 14, 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Ross, Clifton. "The Second Green Revolution". Urban Habitat. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Dobbs, Thomas (21 September 2006). "Challenges Facing a Second Green Revolution: Expanding the Reach of Organic Agriculture". Plant Management Network. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Green_Revolution&oldid=843354424"
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Agriculture
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Olympia London International Horse Show
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Ellen Whitaker with Ladina B at the Accenture puissance at 2008 Olympia London International Horse Show
Olympia London International Horse Show is one of the UK's biggest equestrian competitions. Many of the top Show-Jumping riders in the world compete annually as well as Britain's finest, namely Ellen Whitaker, Tim Stockdale, Ben Maher and many more.
Held in the Olympia exhibition centre, London, Olympia celebrated its 100th Anniversary in 2007 as 'one of Europe’s oldest Equine Competitions’.[1] In 2010 it was held as CSI 5*-W (Show Jumping World Cup event) and CDI-W (Dressage World Cup event).[2]
External links[edit]
Olympia Horse Show Website
Olympia Horse Show results (search "London" in the input field)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Olympia to celebrate 100th anniversary Archived 2012-03-18 at the Wayback Machine., Horse and hound, 26 March, 2007
Jump up ^ Excerpt from the FEI calendar
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olympia_London_International_Horse_Show&oldid=828510909"
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Lips of an Angel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Lips of an Angel"
Single by Hinder
from the album Extreme Behavior
Released
July 24, 2006 (U.S.)[1]
Format
Digital download, CD single
Recorded
2005
Genre
Post-grunge
Length
4:21
Label
Universal
Songwriter(s)
Austin Winkler, Cody Hanson, Brian Howes
Producer(s)
Brian Howes
Hinder singles chronology
"Get Stoned"
(2005) "Lips of an Angel"
(2006) "How Long"
(2006)
"Get Stoned"
(2005) "Lips of an Angel"
(2006) "How Long"
(2006)
"Lips of an Angel" is a ballad by American rock band Hinder. It was released as the second single from their album Extreme Behavior. It was their breakthrough hit, charting in the top ten on several Billboard trade charts in the United States, and reaching number one in several countries. It has sold 3.6 million copies in the US as of January 2015, making it one of the most downloaded rock songs.[2]
Jack Ingram released a cover of the song in 2006, which reached No. 16 on the Billboard country music charts.
Contents
[hide]
1 Song information
2 Formats and track listings
3 Charts
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 Jack Ingram version
4.1 Background
4.2 Music video
4.3 Chart performance
5 See also
6 References
Song information[edit]
The lyrics deal with the singer describing his feelings when his favored girlfriend from his past calls late at night, somewhat pleasantly interrupting his current relationship. More than once, a reference to the call being secret is made, and the singer expresses concern of a fight ensuing as a result. The song concludes just as it began, with the singer questioning to why she is calling so late. However, at the end, it is less literal and more figurative, with the underlying meaning of "so late" not at night, but too late in life, perhaps adding an element of sadness to the song, as it ends with the plot unresolved. According to a radio interview done in Atlanta, Georgia the lyrics are loosely based on an actual phone call incident that did happen.
The song experienced the most success in Oceania. On the chart date of February 4, 2007, the song debuted atop Australia's ARIA Singles Chart, replacing Evermore's "Light Surrounding You", keeping the peak position for seven weeks before being replaced by "Straight Lines" by Silverchair. On February 12, it reached the top spot on New Zealand's RIANZ Singles Chart and stayed there for one more week before being dethroned by "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race" by Fall Out Boy. In the United States, the song reached number one on the Billboard Pop 100 and the Mainstream Top 40 charts in November 2006. Elsewhere, the song had limited chart success, and remains their only hit in most countries it charted in.
The song is featured in the music-related video games Lips (as downloadable content), Karaoke Revolution Presents: American Idol Encore, Dance Dance Revolution Hottest Party, and Band Hero.
Formats and track listings[edit]
Digital download
"Lips of an Angel" – 4:21
CD single
"Lips of an Angel" – 4:21
"By the Way" (acoustic) – 3:34
"Bliss (I Don't Wanna Know)" (acoustic) – 3:45
"Oye there you go"
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2006–07)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[3] 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[4] 62
Canada (Canadian Hot 100) 31
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[5] 98
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[6] 1
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[7] 48
US Billboard Hot 100 3
US Billboard Pop 100 1
US Billboard Mainstream Top 40 1
US Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks[8] 3
US Billboard Adult Contemporary 18
US Billboard Adult Top 40 3
US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks 8
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2006)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100 30
Chart (2007)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100 46
Australian Singles Chart 5[9]
Preceded by
"SexyBack" by Justin Timberlake US Billboard Pop 100
November 4, 2006 (1 week) Succeeded by
"My Love" by Justin Timberlake featuring T.I.
Preceded by
"Far Away" by Nickelback US Billboard Mainstream Top 40
November 11, 2006 − November 25, 2006 (3 weeks) Succeeded by
"My Love" by Justin Timberlake featuring T.I.
Preceded by
"Light Surrounding You" by Evermore Australia ARIA Singles Chart
February 4, 2007 − March 13, 2007 (7 weeks) Succeeded by
"Straight Lines" by Silverchair
Preceded by
"Smack That" by Akon featuring Eminem New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart
February 12, 2007 − February 19, 2007 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race" by Fall Out Boy
Jack Ingram version[edit]
"Lips of an Angel"
Single by Jack Ingram
from the album This Is It
Released
December 11, 2006
Format
Digital download
Genre
Country, adult alternative[10]
Length
3:45
Label
Big Machine
Songwriter(s)
Austin Winkler, Cody Hanson, Brian Howes
Producer(s)
Jeremy Stover
Jack Ingram singles chronology
"Love You"
(String Module Error: Match not found) "Lips of an Angel"
(2006) "Measure of a Man"
(2007)
"Love You"
(2006[11]) "Lips of an Angel"
(2006) "Measure of a Man"
(2007)
Country music artist Jack Ingram released a version of the song in December 2006. Ingram's version, the lead-off single to his 2007 album This Is It, reached a peak of number 16 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in April 2007. Ingram's version does not include the last stanza where the singer once again asks why she is calling so late.
Background[edit]
Regarding his cover of this song, Ingram gave an explanation in the liner notes of This Is It:
"I heard this song on the radio. I think it's a killer song. I thought we could give it another feel and do it justice. A good song is a good song. I'll let other people choose sides between what genre is what genre and who should stay inside which box. I think there are two kinds of music: good and bad. I try to stay on the right side. Besides, who hasn't felt this way at some point in their life? Don't lie."[12]
Music video[edit]
Premiering in early 2007, the music video for "Lips of an Angel" was directed by Shaun Silva and largely follows the narrative of the song's lyrics, focusing on a late night phone call between the raconteur (Austin Winkler) and his former lover (Emmanuelle Chriqui).
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (2006–2007)
Peak
position
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[13] 16
US Billboard Hot 100[14] 77
US Billboard Pop 100 87
See also[edit]
List of number-one singles in Australia in 2007
List of number-one singles in 2007 (New Zealand)
List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number-one songs of 2006
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=69239#2006 Archived 2015-09-13 at WebCite
Jump up ^ Cruz, Carmen (February 5, 2015). "The 15 Most Downloaded Songs in Rock History". CFOX-FM. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Hinder – Lips of an Angel". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Hinder – Lips of an Angel" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Hinder – Lips of an Angel" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Hinder – Lips of an Angel". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 200647 into search.
Jump up ^ "Hinder – Chart History: Mainstream Rock Tracks". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-albums-2007.htm
Jump up ^ "Lips Of An Angel by Jack Ingram". Yahoo!. 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Love You – Jack Ingram". AllMusic. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ This Is It (CD). Jack Ingram. Big Machine Records. 2007. BMR130602.
Jump up ^ "Jack Ingram Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Jack Ingram Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
[show]
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t
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Hinder
Marshal Dutton
Cody Hanson
Joe "Blower" Garvey
Mark King
Mike Rodden
Austin John
Cole Parker
Studio albums
Extreme Behavior
Take It to the Limit
All American Nightmare
Welcome to the Freakshow
When the Smoke Clears
The Reign
EPs
Far From Close
Stripped
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"Get Stoned"
"Lips of an Angel"
"How Long"
"Better than Me"
"Homecoming Queen"
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"By the Way"
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"Up All Night"
"Loaded and Alone"
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"Save Me"
"Ladies Come First"
"Is It Just Me"
"Should Have Known Better"
"Talk to Me"
"Freakshow"
"Hit the Ground"
"Rather Hate Than Hurt"
"Intoxicated"
"Letting Go"
"Remember Me"
"The Reign"
Tours
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Discography
[show]
v
t
e
Jack Ingram
Albums
Jack Ingram
Livin' or Dyin'
Electric
Live: Wherever You Are
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Big Dreams & High Hopes
Notable singles
"Wherever You Are"
"Love You"
"Lips of an Angel"
"Measure of a Man"
"Maybe She'll Get Lonely"
"That's a Man"
"Barefoot and Crazy"
Related articles
Jeremy Stover
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lips_of_an_Angel&oldid=822575679"
Categories:
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Hinder songs
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Music videos directed by Nigel Dick
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2005 songs
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text:
Becki Newton
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Becki Newton
Newton at the 4th Annual Norma Jean Gala in March 2015
Born
Rebecca Sara Newton
(1978-07-04) July 4, 1978 (age 39)
New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.
Alma mater
University of Pennsylvania
Occupation
Actress
Years active
2001–present
Spouse(s)
Chris Diamantopoulos (m. 2005)
Children
2
Relatives
Jennifer Newton (mother)
Matt Newton (brother)
Rebecca Sara Newton (born July 4, 1978) is an American actress, known for her roles as Amanda Tanen on Ugly Betty and Quinn Garvey on How I Met Your Mother.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Web
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Newton was born in New Haven, Connecticut. Her maternal grandfather was composer and arranger Bruce Chase. She began performing musicals and plays at local theaters, and studied at the University of Pennsylvania, where she graduated with a B.A. in European History.
After graduation, Newton then moved to New York City and landed several roles in television commercials for such companies as the Olive Garden.[1] Newton also appeared in a PSA video about the dangers of drinking for Human Relations Media, called "Keg Party."
Career[edit]
Newton portrayed the character Amanda Tanen in the ABC comedy-drama series Ugly Betty from 2006 to 2010. With co-star Michael Urie, Newton co-hosted the official Ugly Betty podcast. She also starred in ABC.com's web series Mode After Hours opposite Urie. Ugly Betty was canceled in 2010 after four seasons.[2]
In late 2009, Newton performed at a New York City Center Encores! presentation of the Gershwin musical Girl Crazy, which was directed by Jerry Zaks. She portrayed Molly Gray and performed opposite real-life husband Chris Diamantopoulos.[3]
Newton starred in the television series Love Bites in 2011. The hour-long romantic comedy was created by executive producer Cindy Chupack, who worked on Sex and the City.[4] NBC announced the pick up of the series in May 2010.[5] However, with Newton announcing her pregnancy, co-star Jordana Spiro contractually obligated to stay with her other show, My Boys (which was later cancelled), and Chupack's desire to leave the show, Love Bites was pushed back to midseason.[6][7] Love Bites aired in July 2011 on NBC and was cancelled after eight episodes.[8] In November 2011, Newton was cast on CBS's How I Met Your Mother as Quinn Garvey, a love interest for Neil Patrick Harris's character Barney Stinson where she played a stripper.[9] In 2013, Newton starred in the midseason Fox comedy series The Goodwin Games.[10]
In 2018 Newton began appearing in a recurring role on the HBO TV series Divorce, playing Jackie Giannopolis, the new girlfriend of Thomas Haden Church's character.
Personal life[edit]
Newton met her husband, actor Chris Diamantopoulos, in a subway station in New York and they married on May 12, 2005.[1] It was announced on July 1, 2010 that Newton and Diamantopolous were expecting their first child.[11][12] She gave birth to a son in early November 2010[13] and a daughter in early 2014.[14]
Her older brother, Matt Newton, is also an actor.[15] He played the recurring role of Marc St. James' boyfriend Troy in the fourth and final season of Ugly Betty. Her mother, Jennifer, is an award-winning artist,[16] and her aunt, Stephanie Chase, is a classical violinist.[17]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
2004 P.S. Rebecca
2007 August Rush Jennifer
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2001 Burly TV Herself Host
2003 Cold Case Melanie Whitley (1976) Episode: "Look Again"
2003–2004 Guiding Light Fantasy daughter Unknown episodes
2004 American Dreams Mindy 3 episodes
2004 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Colleen Heaton Episode: "Weak"
2005 Charmed "Glamoured" Piper Halliwell Episode: "Something Wicca This Way Goes...?"
2006–2010 Ugly Betty Amanda Tanen Main cast; 85 episodes
Nominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series
2007 Ugly Betty Ruthie Episode: "Sofia's Choice"
2007 American Dad! Blonde hoe (voice) Episode: "When a Stan Loves a Woman"
2007 American Dad! Mrs. Hannigan (voice) Episode: "I Can't Stan You"
2007–2008 Ugly Betty Young Fey Sommers 2 episodes
2011 Love Bites Annie Matopoulos Main cast; 6 episodes
2012–2013 How I Met Your Mother Quinn Garvey 10 episodes
2013 Goodwin Games, TheThe Goodwin Games Chloe Goodwin Main cast; 7 episodes
2014 Mickey Mouse Cruise ship waitress (voice) Episode: "Flipperboobootosis"
2014 American Dad! Margie (voice) Episode: "Introducing the Naughty Stewardesses"
2015 Weird Loners Caryn Goldfarb Main cast; 6 episodes
2018 Divorce Jackie Giannopolis Recurring; 5 episodes
Web[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2008–2009 Mode After Hours Amanda Tanen 19 episodes
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Awards
Category
Nominated work
Result
2007 Screen Actors Guild Award Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Ugly Betty Nominated
2008 Nominated
Ewwy Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated
2009 Glamour Awards Glamour Award for Comedy Actress Won[18]
Ewwy Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated
2013 OFTA Awards Best Guest Actress in a Comedy Series How I Met Your Mother Nominated
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Rosenblum, Emma (November 16, 2008). "Pretty Becki". New York Magazine.
Jump up ^ Oldenburg, Ann (January 27, 2010). "'Ugly Betty' canceled by ABC". USA Today. Gannett Co., Inc. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Girl Crazy (in Concert)". Backstage.com. 2009-11-20. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (February 21, 2010). "Pilot Intel: Becki Newton finds 'Love' on NBC". Ausiello Files. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on February 24, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ "NBC Picks Up Three New Series for the 2010-11 Season with 'The Event', 'Outsourced', and 'Love Bites'". The Futon Critic. May 7, 2010. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "BREAKING: 'Love Bites' replaced by 'The Apprentice'" from Variety (July 1, 2010)
Jump up ^ "'Love Bites' Replaced By 'The Apprentice'" from TV By The Numbers (July 1, 2010)
Jump up ^ Lee, Stephan (2011-07-20). "Love Bites cancelled". Insidetv.ew.com. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
Jump up ^ "How I Met Your Mother Exclusive: Ugly Betty's Becki Newton to Romance Barney!". TVLine.com. 2011-11-16. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
Jump up ^ "The Goodwin Games Exclusive: Ugly Betty's Becki Newton to star in Upcoming Fox TV series". TVLine.com. 2012-05-16. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
Jump up ^ Jones, Brent (July 1, 2010). "Becki Newton's pregnancy shuffles NBC fall schedule". USA Today. Gannett Co Inc. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Rep: Becki Newton is Pregnant!". UsMagazine.com.
Jump up ^ "Actress Becki Newton Welcomes Son!". US Magazine. December 9, 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Becki Newton: What's In My Bag?". Us Weekly.
Jump up ^ Biography of Matt Newton
Jump up ^ Salibury, Vanita (December 12, 2008). "Chris Diamantopoulos Self-Medicates With Tostitos". New York Magazine. The New York Times. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Trivia about Stephanie Chase, violinist". stephaniechase.com. Archived from the original on September 2, 2013. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Duck, Charlotte (2 June 2009). "Glamour Award Winners 2009". Glamour. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Becki Newton.
Becki Newton on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
LCCN: no2008071969
VIAF: 39186687
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Becki_Newton&oldid=843539695"
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text:
Name of Turkey
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Look up Turkey in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Look up Türk in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The English name Turkey, now applied to the modern Republic of Turkey, is historically derived (via Old French Turquie) from the Medieval Latin Turchia, Turquia. It is first recorded in Middle English (as Turkye, Torke, later Turkie, Turky), attested in Chaucer, ca. 1369.[1][2] The Ottoman Empire was commonly referred to as Turkey or the Turkish Empire among its contemporaries.
Contents
1 Etymology
1.1 Official name
1.2 Turkic sources
1.3 Chinese sources
1.4 Greek and Latin sources
1.5 Persian sources
1.6 Arabic sources
1.7 In other languages
2 See also
3 References
Etymology[edit]
The English name of Turkey (from Medieval Latin Turchia/Turquia[3]) means "land of the Turks". Middle English usage of Turkye is attested to in an early work by Chaucer called The Book of the Duchess (c. 1369). The phrase land of Torke is used in the 15th-century Digby Mysteries. Later usages can be found in the Dunbar poems, the 16th century Manipulus Vocabulorum ("Turkie, Tartaria") and Francis Bacon's Sylva Sylvarum (Turky). The modern spelling "Turkey" dates back to at least 1719.[4]
The Turkish name Türkiye was adopted in 1923 under the influence of European usage.[3]
Official name[edit]
On 29 October 1923, upon the country declaring a Republic, Turkey adopted its official name, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, known in English as the Republic of Turkey.
Turkic sources[edit]
The first recorded use of the term "Türk" or "Türük" as an autonym is contained in the Old Turkic inscriptions of the Göktürks (Celestial Turks) of Central Asia (c. AD 735).[5] The Turkic self-designation Türk is attested to reference to the Göktürks in the 6th century AD. A letter by Ishbara Qaghan to Emperor Wen of Sui in 585 described him as "the Great Turk Khan."[6][better source needed]
Chinese sources[edit]
An early form of the same name may be reflected in the form of "tie-le" (鐵勒) or "tu-jue" (突厥), name given by the Chinese to the people living south of the Altay Mountains of Central Asia as early as 177 BC.[1]
Greek and Latin sources[edit]
The Greek name, Tourkia (Greek: Τουρκία) was used by the Byzantine emperor and scholar Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in his book De Administrando Imperio,[7][8] though in his use, "Turks" always referred to Magyars.[9] Similarly, the medieval Khazar Empire, a Turkic state on the northern shores of the Black and Caspian seas, was referred to as Tourkia (Land of the Turks) in Byzantine sources.[10] However, the Byzantines later began using this name to define the Seljuk-controlled parts of Anatolia in the centuries that followed the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. The medieval Greek and Latin terms did not designate the same geographic area now known as Turkey. Instead, they were mostly synonymous with Tartary, a term including Khazaria and the other khaganates of the Central Asian steppe, until the appearance of the Seljuks and the rise of the Ottoman Empire in the 14th century, reflecting the progress of the Turkic expansion.
Persian sources[edit]
By contrast, the Persian derivation Turkestan remains mostly applied to Central Asia. The name is derived from the ethnic self-designation Türk, as Turkestan is a Persian or Persianate term meaning "abode of the Turks".
Arabic sources[edit]
The Arabic cognate Turkiyya (Arabic: تركيا) in the form Dawla al-Turkiyya (State of the Turks) was historically used as an official name for the medieval Mamluk Sultanate which covered Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Hejaz and Cyrenaica.
In other languages[edit]
The Icelandic word Tyrkland, and the Hungarian word Törökország, i.e. "Turk-land", use native forms of derivation.
See also[edit]
Turkestan
Turkic expansion
Turan
Turki
Names of Anatolia
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Harper, Douglas. "Turk". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
Jump up ^ American Heritage Dictionary (2000). "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition - "Turk"". bartleby.com. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
^ Jump up to: a b Michael J. Arlen (2006). Passage to Ararat. MacMillan. p. 159.
Jump up ^ "Turkey". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Jump up ^ Scharlipp, Wolfgang (2000). An Introduction to the Old Turkish Runic Inscriptions. Verlag auf dem Ruffel., Engelschoff. ISBN 3-933847-00-1, 9783933847003.
Jump up ^ 卷099 列傳第八十七突厥鐵勒- 新亞研究所- 典籍資料庫 Archived 2014-02-21 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Jenkins, Romilly James Heald (1967). De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae (New, revised ed.). Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. p. 65. ISBN 0-88402-021-5. Retrieved 28 August 2013. According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, writing in his De Administrando Imperio (ca. 950 AD) "Patzinakia, the Pecheneg realm, stretches west as far as the Siret River (or even the Eastern Carpathian Mountains), and is four days distant from Tourkia (i.e. Hungary)."
Jump up ^ Günter Prinzing; Maciej Salamon (1999). Byzanz und Ostmitteleuropa 950-1453: Beiträge zu einer table-ronde des XIX. International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Copenhagen 1996. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 46. ISBN 978-3-447-04146-1. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Henry Hoyle Howorth (2008). History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: The So-called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia. Cosimo, Inc. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-60520-134-4. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Öztürk, Özhan (2011). "Pontus: Antik Çağ'dan Günümüze Karadeniz'in Etnik ve Siyasi Tarihi". Ankara: Genesis Yayınları. p. 364. Archived from the original on 2012-09-15. ... Greek term Tourkoi first used for the Khazars in 568 AD. In addition in "De Administrando Imperio" Hungarians call Tourkoi too once known as Sabiroi ...
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text:
San Andreas Fault
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see San Andreas (disambiguation).
San Andreas Fault
Aerial photo of the San Andreas Fault
Map of the San Andreas Fault
showing relative motion
Etymology
San Andreas Lake
Named by
Andrew Lawson
Year defined
1895
Country
United States
State
California
Cities
San Francisco
Characteristics
Segments
Calaveras, Hayward, Elsinore, Imperial, Laguna Salada, San Jacinto
Length
1,200 km (750 mi)
Displacement
20–35 mm (0.79–1.38 in)/yr
Tectonics
Plate
North American & Pacific
Status
Active
Earthquakes
1857, 1906 (Mw ~7.8), 1957 (Mw 5.7), 1989 (Mw ~6.9), 2004
Type
Transform fault
Movement
Dextral
Age
Neogene-Holocene
Orogeny
Gorda-California-Nevada
The San Andreas Fault is a continental transform fault that extends roughly 1,200 kilometers (750 mi) through California.[1] It forms the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate, and its motion is right-lateral strike-slip (horizontal). The fault divides into three segments, each with different characteristics and a different degree of earthquake risk, the most significant being the southern segment, which passes within about 35 miles (56 km) of Los Angeles. The slip rate along the fault ranges from 20 to 35 mm (0.79 to 1.38 in)/yr.[1]
The fault was first identified in 1895 by Professor Andrew Lawson of UC Berkeley, who discovered the northern zone. It is often described as having been named after San Andreas Lake, a small body of water that was formed in a valley between the two plates. However, according to some of his reports from 1895 and 1908, Lawson actually named it after the surrounding San Andreas Valley.[2] Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Lawson concluded that the fault extended all the way into southern California.
In 1953, geologist Thomas Dibblee astounded the scientific establishment with his conclusion that hundreds of miles of lateral movement could occur along the fault. A project called the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) near Parkfield, Monterey County, is drilling into the fault to improve prediction and recording of future earthquakes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Fault zones
1.1 Northern
1.2 Central
1.3 Southern
2 Plate boundaries
3 Formation
4 Study
4.1 Early years
4.2 Current research
4.3 The next "Big One"
4.4 Cascadia connection
5 Earthquakes
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Fault zones[edit]
Aerial photo of the San Andreas Fault in the Carrizo Plain
The Vasquez Rocks in Agua Dulce, California are evidence of the San Andreas Fault line and part of the 2,650-mile Pacific Crest Trail.
The Mormon Rocks within Cajon Pass show the physical movement of the San Andreas fault in southern California.
3-D perspective view of Earth's San Andreas Fault
Northern[edit]
See also: Calaveras Fault and Hayward Fault Zone
The northern segment of the fault runs from Hollister, through the Santa Cruz Mountains, epicenter of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, then up the San Francisco Peninsula, where it was first identified by Professor Lawson in 1895, then offshore at Daly City near Mussel Rock. This is the approximate location of the epicenter of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The fault returns onshore at Bolinas Lagoon just north of Stinson Beach in Marin County. It returns underwater through the linear trough of Tomales Bay which separates the Point Reyes Peninsula from the mainland, runs just east of the Bodega Heads through Bodega Bay and back underwater, returning onshore at Fort Ross. (In this region around the San Francisco Bay Area several significant "sister faults" run more-or-less parallel, and each of these can create significantly destructive earthquakes.) From Fort Ross, the northern segment continues overland, forming in part a linear valley through which the Gualala River flows. It goes back offshore at Point Arena. After that, it runs underwater along the coast until it nears Cape Mendocino, where it begins to bend to the west, terminating at the Mendocino Triple Junction.
Central[edit]
The central segment of the San Andreas Fault runs in a northwestern direction from Parkfield to Hollister. While the southern section of the fault and the parts through Parkfield experience earthquakes, the rest of the central section of the fault exhibits a phenomenon called aseismic creep, where the fault slips continuously without causing earthquakes.
Southern[edit]
See also: Elsinore Fault Zone, Imperial Fault, Laguna Salada Fault, and San Jacinto Fault Zone
The southern segment (also known as the Mojave segment) begins near Bombay Beach, California. Box Canyon, near the Salton Sea, contains upturned strata associated with that section of the fault.[3] The fault then runs along the southern base of the San Bernardino Mountains, crosses through the Cajon Pass and continues northwest along the northern base of the San Gabriel Mountains. These mountains are a result of movement along the San Andreas Fault and are commonly called the Transverse Range. In Palmdale, a portion of the fault is easily examined at a roadcut for the Antelope Valley Freeway. The fault continues northwest alongside the Elizabeth Lake Road to the town of Elizabeth Lake. As it passes the towns of Gorman, Tejon Pass and Frazier Park, the fault begins to bend northward, forming the "Big Bend". This restraining bend is thought to be where the fault locks up in Southern California, with an earthquake-recurrence interval of roughly 140–160 years. Northwest of Frazier Park, the fault runs through the Carrizo Plain, a long, treeless plain where much of the fault is plainly visible. The Elkhorn Scarp defines the fault trace along much of its length within the plain.
The southern segment, which stretches from Parkfield in Monterey County all the way to the Salton Sea, is capable of an 8.1-magnitude earthquake. At its closest, this fault passes about 35 miles (56 km) to the northeast of Los Angeles. Such a large earthquake on this southern segment would kill thousands of people in Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Riverside, and surrounding areas, and cause hundreds of billions of dollars in damage.[4]
Plate boundaries[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Pacific Plate, to the west of the fault, is moving in a northwest direction while the North American Plate to the east is moving toward the southwest, but relatively southeast under the influence of plate tectonics. The rate of slippage averages about 33 to 37 millimeters (1.3 to 1.5 in) a year across California.[5]
The southwestward motion of the North American Plate towards the Pacific is creating compressional forces along the eastern side of the fault. The effect is expressed as the Coast Ranges. The northwest movement of the Pacific Plate is also creating significant compressional forces which are especially pronounced where the North American Plate has forced the San Andreas to jog westward. This has led to the formation of the Transverse Ranges in Southern California, and to a lesser but still significant extent, the Santa Cruz Mountains (the location of the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989).
Studies of the relative motions of the Pacific and North American plates have shown that only about 75 percent of the motion can be accounted for in the movements of the San Andreas and its various branch faults. The rest of the motion has been found in an area east of the Sierra Nevada mountains called the Walker Lane or Eastern California Shear Zone. The reason for this is not clear. Several hypotheses have been offered and research is ongoing. One hypothesis – which gained interest following the Landers earthquake in 1992 – suggests the plate boundary may be shifting eastward away from the San Andreas towards Walker Lane.
Assuming the plate boundary does not change as hypothesized, projected motion indicates that the landmass west of the San Andreas Fault, including Los Angeles, will eventually slide past San Francisco, then continue northwestward toward the Aleutian Trench, over a period of perhaps twenty million years.
Formation[edit]
Tectonic evolution of the San Andreas Fault.
The San Andreas began to form in the mid Cenozoic about 30 Mya (million years ago).[6] At this time, a spreading center between the Pacific Plate and the Farallon Plate (which is now mostly subducted, with remnants including the Juan de Fuca Plate, Rivera Plate, Cocos Plate, and the Nazca Plate) was beginning to reach the subduction zone off the western coast of North America. As the relative motion between the Pacific and North American Plates was different from the relative motion between the Farallon and North American Plates, the spreading ridge began to be "subducted", creating a new relative motion and a new style of deformation along the plate boundaries. These geological features are what are chiefly seen along San Andreas Fault. It also includes a possible driver for the deformation of the Basin and Range, separation of the Baja California Peninsula, and rotation of the Transverse Range.
The main southern section of the San Andreas Fault proper has only existed for about 5 million years.[7] The first known incarnation of the southern part of the fault was Clemens Well-Fenner-San Francisquito fault zone around 22–13 Ma. This system added the San Gabriel Fault as a primary focus of movement between 10–5 Ma. Currently, it is believed that the modern San Andreas will eventually transfer its motion toward a fault within the Eastern California Shear Zone. This complicated evolution, especially along the southern segment, is mostly caused by either the "Big Bend" and/or a difference in the motion vector between the plates and the trend of the fault and it surrounding branches.
Study[edit]
Early years[edit]
The fault was first identified in Northern California by UC Berkeley geology professor Andrew Lawson in 1895 and named by him after the Laguna de San Andreas, a small lake which lies in a linear valley formed by the fault just south of San Francisco. Eleven years later, Lawson discovered that the San Andreas Fault stretched southward into southern California after reviewing the effects of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Large-scale (hundreds of miles) lateral movement along the fault was first proposed in a 1953 paper by geologists Mason Hill and Thomas Dibblee. This idea, which was considered radical at the time, has since been vindicated by modern plate tectonics.[8]
Current research[edit]
Seismologists discovered that the San Andreas Fault near Parkfield in central California consistently produces a magnitude 6.0 earthquake approximately once every 22 years. Following recorded seismic events in 1857, 1881, 1901, 1922, 1934, and 1966, scientists predicted that another earthquake should occur in Parkfield in 1993. It eventually occurred in 2004. Due to the frequency of predictable activity, Parkfield has become one of the most important areas in the world for large earthquake research.
In 2004, work began just north of Parkfield on the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD). The goal of SAFOD is to drill a hole nearly 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) into the Earth's crust and into the San Andreas Fault. An array of sensors will be installed to record earthquakes that happen near this area.[9]
The San Andreas Fault System has been the subject of a flood of studies. In particular, scientific research performed during the last 23 years has given rise to about 3,400 publications.[10]
The next "Big One"[edit]
Radar generated 3-D view of the San Andreas Fault, at Crystal Springs Reservoir near San Mateo, California.[11]
A study published in 2006 in the journal Nature found that the San Andreas fault has reached a sufficient stress level for an earthquake of magnitude greater than 7.0 on the moment magnitude scale to occur.[12] This study also found that the risk of a large earthquake may be increasing more rapidly than scientists had previously believed. Moreover, the risk is currently concentrated on the southern section of the fault, i.e. the region around Los Angeles, because massive earthquakes have occurred relatively recently on the central (1857) and northern (1906) segments of the fault, while the southern section has not seen any similar rupture for at least 300 years. According to this study, a massive earthquake on that southern section of the San Andreas fault would result in major damage to the Palm Springs-Indio metropolitan area and other cities in San Bernardino, Riverside and Imperial counties in California, and Mexicali Municipality in Baja California. It would be strongly felt (and potentially cause significant damage) throughout much of Southern California, including densely populated areas of Los Angeles County, Ventura County, Orange County, San Diego County, Ensenada Municipality and Tijuana Municipality, Baja California, San Luis Rio Colorado in Sonora and Yuma, Arizona. Older buildings would be especially prone to damage or collapse, as would buildings built on unconsolidated gravel or in coastal areas where water tables are high (and thus subject to soil liquefaction). The paper concluded:
The information available suggests that the fault is ready for the next big earthquake but exactly when the triggering will happen and when the earthquake will occur we cannot tell [...] It could be tomorrow or it could be 10 years or more from now.[12]
Nevertheless, in the ten years since that publication there has not been a substantial quake in the Los Angeles area, and two major reports issued by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) have made variable predictions as to the risk of future seismic events. The ability to predict major earthquakes with sufficient precision to warrant increased precautions has remained elusive.[13]
The U.S. Geological Survey most recent forecast, known as UCERF3 (Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast 3), released in November 2013, estimated that an earthquake of magnitude 6.7 M or greater (i.e. equal to or greater than the 1994 Northridge earthquake) occurs about once every 6.7 years statewide. The same report also estimated there is a 7% probability that an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 or greater will occur in the next 30 years somewhere along the San Andreas Fault.[14] A different USGS study in 2008 tried to assess the physical, social and economic consequences of a major earthquake in southern California. That study predicted that a magnitude 7.8 earthquake along the southern San Andreas Fault could cause about 1,800 deaths and $213 billion in damage.[15]
Cascadia connection[edit]
A 2008 paper, studying past earthquakes along the Pacific coastal zone, found a correlation in time between seismic events on the northern San Andreas Fault and the southern part of the Cascadia subduction zone (which stretches from Vancouver Island to northern California). Scientists believe quakes on the Cascadia subduction zone may have triggered most of the major quakes on the northern San Andreas within the past 3,000 years. The evidence also shows the rupture direction going from north to south in each of these time-correlated events. However the 1906 San Francisco earthquake seems to have been the exception to this correlation because the plate movement was moved mostly from south to north and it was not preceded by a major quake in the Cascadia zone.[16]
Earthquakes[edit]
See also: List of earthquakes in California
The San Andreas Fault has had some notable earthquakes in historic times:
1857 Fort Tejon earthquake: About 350 kilometers (220 mi) were ruptured in central and southern California. Though it is known as the Fort Tejon earthquake, the epicenter is thought to have been located far to the north, just south of Parkfield. Two deaths were reported. The magnitude was about 7.9.
1906 San Francisco earthquake: About 430 kilometers (270 mi) were ruptured in Northern California. The epicenter was near San Francisco. At least 3,000 people died in the earthquake and subsequent fires. The magnitude was estimated to be 7.8.
1957 San Francisco earthquake: A magnitude 5.7 quake with an epicenter on the San Andreas fault in the ocean west of San Francisco and Daly City.
1989 Loma Prieta earthquake: About 40 kilometers (25 mi) were ruptured (although the rupture did not reach the surface) near Santa Cruz, California, causing 63 deaths and moderate damage in certain vulnerable locations in the San Francisco Bay Area. Moment magnitude was about 6.9. This quake occurred on October 17, 1989, at approximately 5:04 PM PDT.
2004 Parkfield earthquake: On September 28, 2004 at 10:15 a.m. PDT, a magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck the Parkfield area. It was felt across the state, including the San Francisco Bay Area.
See also[edit]
San Francisco Bay Area portal
Earthquakes portal
California earthquake forecast
Central Valley (California)
Coast Range Geomorphic Province
Garlock Fault
Geologic timeline of Western North America
North Anatolian Fault
Ramapo Fault
San Andreas (film)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "San Andreas Fault Zone". CalTech. Retrieved 2017-06-20.
Jump up ^ "Earthquake Facts". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2016-05-28.
Jump up ^ Americansouthwest.net "Box Canyon"
Jump up ^ Rong-Gong Lin II (October 8, 2010). "San Andreas fault capable of magnitude 8.1 earthquake over 340-mile swath of California, researchers say". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
Jump up ^ Wallace, Robert E. "Present-Day Crustal Movements and the Mechanics of Cyclic Deformation". The San Andreas Fault System, California. Retrieved 2007-10-26.
Jump up ^ Atwater, T., 1970, Implications of Plate Tectonics for the Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of Western North America
Jump up ^ Powell, R.E.; Weldon, R.J. (1992). "Evolution of the San Andreas fault". Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science. 20: 431–468.
Jump up ^ Mason L. Hill; Thomas Dibblee (April 1953). "San Andreas, Garlock, and Big faults, California". Geological Society of America Bulletin: 443–458. ISBN 9780813723389.
Jump up ^ "San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth". USGS Earthquake Hazards Program. USGS.
Jump up ^ Gizzi F.T. (2015). "Worldwide trends in research on the San Andreas Fault System" (PDF). Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 8 (12): 10893–10909. doi:10.1007/s12517-015-1878-4.
Jump up ^ NASA (June 23, 2009). "NASA Radar Provides 3-D View of San Andreas Fault". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
^ Jump up to: a b Fialko, Yuri (2006). "Interseismic strain accumulation and the earthquake potential on the southern San Andreas fault System" (PDF). Nature. 441 (7096): 968–971. Bibcode:2006Natur.441..968F. PMID 16791192. doi:10.1038/nature04797.
Jump up ^ Geller, Robert J. (Dec 1997). "Earthquake prediction: a critical review". Geophysical Journal International. 131 (3): 425–450. Bibcode:1997GeoJI.131..425G. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb06588.x.
Jump up ^ "New Long-Term Earthquake Forecast for California". USGS.
Jump up ^ "The ShakeOut Scenario". USGS.
Jump up ^ BSSA (April 3, 2008). "Earthquakes Along The Cascadia And San Andreas Faults May Be Linked, Affecting Risk To San Francisco Bay Region". Seismological Society of America. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
Further reading[edit]
Collier, Michael (December 1, 1999). A Land in Motion. UC Press. ISBN 0-520-21897-3.
Stoffer, Philip W. (2006). Where's the San Andreas fault? A guidebook to tracing the fault on public lands in the San Francisco Bay region. USGS. General Interest Publication 16.
The California Earthquake of April 18, 1906: Report of the State Earthquake Investigation Commission, Andrew C. Lawson, chairman, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 87, 2 vols. (1908). Available online at this USGS webpage.
Lynch, David K. (2006). Field Guide to the San Andreas Fault: See and Touch the World's Most Famous Fault on any one of Twelve Easy Day Trips. Thule Scientific. ISBN 0-9779935-0-7. Full color, GPS coordinates,.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Andreas Fault.
The Parkfield, California, Earthquake Experiment at the USGS
San Andreas Fault Zone Observatory at Depth at the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program
The San Andreas Fault by Sandra S. Schulz and Robert E. Wallace
Complete Report for San Andreas fault zone, Peninsula section (Class A) No. 1c from the USGS
New Scripps Study Reveals San Andreas Fault Set for the 'Big One' at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography
San Andreas Fault at Wallace Creek – Kite Aerial Photography from the USGS
"Scientists Search for a Pulse in Skies Above Earthquake Country" at JPL
The Day California Cracks at Bloomberg Businessweek
Google Maps Satellite View on Geology.com
San Andreas Fault in Southern California
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Seismically active fault zones and tectonic blocks of California
Statewide Faults
San Andreas Fault
Faults, zones, and blocks of Southern California
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Puerto Rico Trench
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 233720329
GND: 4105280-8
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Andreas_Fault&oldid=808545169"
Categories:
1906 San Francisco earthquake
Geography of Kern County, California
Geography of Los Angeles County, California
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