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Siege of Vicksburg
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Siege of Vicksburg
Part of the American Civil War

The Siege of Vicksburg by Kurz and Allison
Date
May 18 – July 4, 1863[1]
Location
Warren County, Mississippi
32°20′36.96″N 90°51′3.96″W / 32.3436000°N 90.8511000°W / 32.3436000; -90.8511000Coordinates: 32°20′36.96″N 90°51′3.96″W / 32.3436000°N 90.8511000°W / 32.3436000; -90.8511000
Result
Union victory[2]
Belligerents
United States Confederate States
Commanders and leaders
Ulysses S. Grant John C. Pemberton
Units involved
Army of the Tennessee Army of Mississippi
Strength
∼ 77,000[3] ∼ 33,000
Casualties and losses
4,835 total
(766 killed
3,793 wounded
276 captured/missing)[4]
32,697 total
(3,202 killed/wounded/missing
29,495 surrendered)[4]
Vicksburg
Location within the Confederate State of Mississippi
Vicksburg
Vicksburg (the US)
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Vicksburg Campaign
OPERATIONS AGAINST VICKSBURG
(December 1862 - January 1863):
Sinking of USS Cairo
Chickasaw Bayou
Arkansas Post
Yazoo Pass
Steele's Bayou Expedition
Grierson's Raid
(Battle of Newton's Station)
GRANT'S OPERATIONS AGAINST VICKSBURG
(March 29 - July 4, 1863):
Grand Gulf
Snyder's Bluff
Port Gibson
Raymond
Jackson
Champion Hill
Big Black River Bridge
Milliken's Bend
Young's Point
Lake Providence
Richmond
Goodrich's Landing
Helena
Vicksburg
Jackson Expedition
The Siege of Vicksburg (May 18 – July 4, 1863) was the final major military action in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. In a series of maneuvers, Union Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee crossed the Mississippi River and drove the Confederate Army of Mississippi, led by Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton, into the defensive lines surrounding the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi.
Vicksburg was the last major Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River; therefore, capturing it completed the second part of the Northern strategy, the Anaconda Plan. When two major assaults (May 19 and 22, 1863) against the Confederate fortifications were repulsed with heavy casualties, Grant decided to besiege the city beginning on May 25. After holding out for more than forty days, with their reinforcement and supplies nearly gone, the garrison finally surrendered on July 4.
The successful ending of the Vicksburg Campaign significantly degraded the ability of the Confederacy to maintain its war effort, as described in the Aftermath section of the campaign article. Some historians—e.g., Ballard, p. 308—suggest that the decisive battle in the campaign was actually the Battle of Champion Hill, which, once won by Grant, made victory in the subsequent siege a foregone conclusion. This action (combined with the surrender of Port Hudson to Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks on July 9) yielded command of the Mississippi River to the Union forces, who would hold it for the rest of the conflict.
The Confederate surrender on July 4, 1863, is sometimes considered, when combined with Gen. Robert E. Lee's defeat at Gettysburg by Maj. Gen. George Meade and retreat beginning the same day, the turning point of the war. It cut off the states of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas from the rest of the Confederate States, effectively splitting the Confederacy in two for the duration of the war. The Union victory also permanently severed communication between the balance of the Confederacy and the Trans-Mississippi Department.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Military situation
1.2 Fortifications
2 Opposing forces
2.1 Union
2.2 Confederate
3 Siege
3.1 Assaults
3.2 Siege operations
3.3 Command changes
3.4 Louisiana operations
3.5 Crater at the Third Louisiana Redan
3.6 Capture
4 Aftermath
5 Battlefield preservation
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Background[edit]
Military situation[edit]
Main article: Vicksburg Campaign
Further information: Western Theater of the American Civil War and American Civil War
Grant's operations against Vicksburg
Confederate
Union
After crossing the Mississippi River south of Vicksburg at Bruinsburg and driving northeast, Grant won battles at Port Gibson and Raymond and captured Jackson, the Mississippi state capital, on May 14, 1863, forcing Pemberton to withdraw westward. Attempts to stop the Union advance at Champion Hill and Big Black River Bridge were unsuccessful. Pemberton knew that the corps under Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman was preparing to flank him from the north; he had no choice but to withdraw or be outflanked. Pemberton burned the bridges over the Big Black River and took everything edible in his path, both animal and plant, as he retreated to the well-fortified city of Vicksburg.[5]
The Confederates evacuated Hayne's Bluff, which was occupied by Sherman's cavalry on May 19, and Union steamboats no longer had to run the guns of Vicksburg, now being able to dock by the dozens up the Yazoo River. Grant could now receive supplies more directly than by the previous route, which ran through Louisiana, over the river crossing at Grand Gulf and Bruinsburg, then back up north.[5]
Over half of Pemberton's army had been lost in the two preceding battles[6] and many in Vicksburg expected General Joseph E. Johnston, in command of the Confederate Department of the West, to relieve the city—which he never did. Large masses of Union troops were on the march to invest the city, repairing the burnt bridges over the Big Black River; which Grant's forces crossed on May 18. Johnston sent a note to his general, Pemberton, asking him to sacrifice the city and save his troops, something Pemberton would not do. (Pemberton, a Northerner by birth, was probably influenced by his fear of public condemnation if he abandoned Vicksburg.)[7]
Pemberton, trying to please Jefferson Davis, who insisted that Vicksburg and Port Hudson must be held, and to please Johnston, who thought both places worthless militarily, had been caught in the middle, a victim of a convoluted command system and his own indecisiveness. Too dispirited to think clearly, he chose to back his bedraggled army into Vicksburg rather than evacuate the city and head north where he might have escaped to campaign again. When he chose to take his army into Vicksburg, Pemberton sealed the fate of his troops and the city he had been determined to defend.
—  Vicksburg, Michael B. Ballard.[8]
Fortifications[edit]
As the Confederate forces approached Vicksburg, Pemberton could put only 18,500 troops in his lines. Grant had over 35,000, with more on the way. However, Pemberton had the advantage of terrain and fortifications that made his defense nearly impregnable. The defensive line around Vicksburg ran approximately 6.5 miles, based on terrain of varying elevations that included hills and knobs with steep angles for an attacker to ascend under fire. The perimeter included many gun pits, forts, trenches, redoubts, and lunettes. The major fortifications of the line included Fort Hill, on a high bluff north of the city; the Stockade Redan, dominating the approach to the city on Graveyard Road from the northeast; the 3rd Louisiana Redan; the Great Redoubt; the Railroad Redoubt, protecting the gap for the railroad line entering the city; the Square Fort (Fort Garrott); a salient along the Hall's Ferry Road; and the South Fort.[9]
Opposing forces[edit]
Army Commanders at Vicksburg
Maj. Gen.
Ulysses S. Grant, Army of the Tennessee, USA
Lt. Gen.
John C. Pemberton, Army of Mississippi, CSA
Union[edit]
Further information: Union order of battle
Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's Union Army of the Tennessee brought five corps to the siege:
IX Corps,[10] under Maj. Gen. John Parke;
XIII Corps, under Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand;
XV Corps, under Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman;
XVI Corps (detachment), under Maj. Gen. Cadwallader C. Washburn;
XVII Corps, under Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson.
Confederate[edit]
Further information: Confederate order of battle
Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton's Confederate Army of Mississippi inside the Vicksburg line consisted of four divisions, under Maj. Gens.:
Carter L. Stevenson;
John H. Forney;
Martin L. Smith;
John S. Bowen.
Siege[edit]
Assaults[edit]
May 19 assaults on Vicksburg
May 22 assaults on Vicksburg
Grant wanted to overwhelm the Confederates before they could fully organize their defenses and ordered an immediate assault against Stockade Redan for May 19. Troops from Sherman's corps had a difficult time approaching the position under rifle and artillery fire from the 36th Mississippi Infantry, Brig. Gen. Louis Hébert's brigade—they had to negotiate a steep ravine protected by abatis and cross a 6-foot-deep (1.8 m), 8-foot-wide (2.4 m) ditch before attacking the 17-foot-high (5.2 m) walls of the redan. This first attempt was easily repulsed. Grant ordered an artillery bombardment to soften the defenses and at about 2 p.m., Sherman's division under Maj. Gen. Francis P. Blair tried again, but only a small number of men were able to advance even as far as the ditch below the redan. The assault collapsed in a melee of rifle fire and hand grenades lobbing back and forth.[11]
The failed Federal assaults of May 19 damaged Union morale, deflating the confidence the soldiers felt after their string of victories across Mississippi. They were also costly, with casualties of 157 killed, 777 wounded, and 8 missing, versus Confederate casualties of 8 killed and 62 wounded. The Confederates, assumed to be demoralized, had regained their fighting edge.[12]
Grant planned another assault for May 22, but this time with greater care; they would first reconnoiter thoroughly and soften up the defenses with artillery and naval gunfire. The lead units were supplied with ladders to ascend the fortification walls. Grant did not want a long siege, and this attack was to be by the entire army across a wide front.[13]
Despite their bloody repulse on May 19, Union troops were in high spirits, now well-fed with provisions they had foraged. On seeing Grant pass by, a soldier commented, "Hardtack". Soon all Union troops in the vicinity were yelling, "Hardtack! Hardtack!" The Union served hardtack, beans, and coffee the night of May 21. Everyone expected that Vicksburg would fall the next day.[14]
Union forces bombarded the city all night, from 220 artillery pieces and naval gunfire from Rear Adm. David D. Porter's fleet in the river, and while causing little property damage, they damaged Confederate civilian morale. On the morning of May 22, the defenders were bombarded again for four hours before the Union attacked once more along a three-mile front at 10 a.m.[15]
Sherman attacked once again down the Graveyard Road, with 150 volunteers (nicknamed the Forlorn Hope detachment) leading the way with ladders and planks, followed by the divisions of Blair and Brig. Gen. James M. Tuttle, arranged in a long column of regiments, hoping to achieve a breakthrough by concentrating their mass on a narrow front. They were driven back in the face of heavy rifle fire. Blair's brigades under Cols. Giles A. Smith and T. Kilby Smith made it as far as a ridge 100 yards from Green's Redan, the southern edge of the Stockade Redan, from where they poured heavy fire into the Confederate position, but to no avail. Tuttle's division, waiting its turn to advance, did not have an opportunity to move forward. On Sherman's far right, the division of Brig. Gen. Frederick Steele spent the morning attempting to get into position through a ravine of the Mint Spring Bayou.[16]
McPherson's corps was assigned to attack the center along the Jackson Road. On their right flank, the brigade of Brig. Gen. Thomas E. G. Ransom advanced to within 100 yards of the Confederate line, but halted to avoid dangerous flanking fire from Green's Redan. On McPherson's left flank, the division of Maj. Gen. John A. Logan was assigned to assault the 3rd Louisiana Redan and the Great Redoubt. The brigade of Brig. Gen. John E. Smith made it as far as the slope of the redan, but huddled there, dodging grenades until dark before they were recalled. Brig. Gen. John D. Stevenson's brigade advanced well in two columns against the redoubt, but their attack also failed when they found their ladders were too short to scale the fortification. Brig. Gen. Isaac F. Quinby's division advanced a few hundred yards, but halted for hours while its generals engaged in confused discussions.[17]
On the Union left, McClernand's corps moved along the Baldwin Ferry Road and astride the Southern Railroad of Mississippi. The division of Brig. Gen. Eugene A. Carr was assigned to capture the Railroad Redoubt and the 2nd Texas Lunette; the division of Brig. Gen. Peter J. Osterhaus was assigned the Square Fort. Carr's men achieved a small breakthrough at the 2nd Texas Lunette and requested reinforcements.[18]
By 11 a.m., it was clear that a breakthrough was not forthcoming and the advances by Sherman and McPherson were failures. Just then, Grant received a message from McClernand, which stated that he was heavily engaged, the Confederates were being reinforced, and he requested a diversion on his right from McPherson's corps. Grant initially refused the request, telling McClernand to use his own reserve forces for assistance; Grant was mistakenly under the impression that McClernand had been lightly engaged and McPherson heavily, although the reverse was true. McClernand followed up with a message that was partially misleading, implying that he had captured two forts—"The Stars and Stripes are flying over them."—and that another push along the line would achieve victory for the Union Army. Although Grant once again demurred, he showed the dispatch to Sherman, who ordered his own corps to advance again. Grant, reconsidering, then ordered McPherson to send Quinby's division to aid McClernand.[19]
As our line of battle started and before our yell had died upon the air the confederate fortifications in our front were completely crowded with the enemy, who with an answering cry of defiance, poured into our ranks, one continuous fire of musketry, and the forts and batteries in our front and both sides, were pouring in to our line, an unceasing fire of shot and shell, with fearful results, as this storm of fire sent us, intermixed with the bursting shells and that devilish rebel yell, I could compare to nothing but one of Dante's pictures of Hell, a something too fearful to describe.
Daniel A. Ramsdell, Ransom's Brigade[20]
Sherman ordered two more assaults. At 2:15 p.m., Giles Smith and Ransom moved out and were repulsed immediately. At 3 p.m., Tuttle's division suffered so many casualties in their aborted advance that Sherman told Tuttle, "This is murder; order those troops back." By this time, Steele's division had finally maneuvered into position on Sherman's right, and at 4 p.m., Steele gave the order to charge against the 26th Louisiana Redoubt. They had no more success than any of Sherman's other assaults.[21]
In McPherson's sector, Logan's division made another thrust down the Jackson Road at about 2 p.m., but met with heavy losses and the attack was called off. McClernand attacked again, reinforced by Quinby's division, but with no success. Union casualties were 502 killed, 2,550 wounded, and 147 missing, about evenly divided across the three corps. Confederate casualties were not reported directly, but are estimated to be under 500. Grant blamed McClernand's misleading dispatches for part of the poor results of the day, storing up another grievance against the political general who had caused him so many aggravations during the campaign.[22]
Siege operations[edit]
Siege of Vicksburg. Corps and division commanders are shown for the period June 23 – July 4.
Historian Shelby Foote wrote that Grant "did not regret having made the assaults; he only regretted that they had failed."[23] Grant reluctantly settled into a siege. On May 25, Lt. Col. John A. Rawlins issued Special Orders No. 140 for Grant: "Corps Commanders will immediately commence the work of reducing the enemy by regular approaches. It is desirable that no more loss of life shall be sustained in the reduction of Vicksburg, and the capture of the Garrison. Every advantage will be taken of the natural inequalities of the ground to gain positions from which to start mines, trenches, or advance batteries. ..."[24] Grant wrote in his memoirs, "I now determined upon a regular siege—to 'out-camp the enemy,' as it were, and to incur no more losses."[25]
Federal troops began to dig in, constructing elaborate entrenchments (the soldiers of the time referred to them as "ditches") that surrounded the city and moved closer and closer to the Confederate fortifications. With their backs against the Mississippi and Union gunboats firing from the river, Confederate soldiers and citizens alike were trapped. Pemberton was determined to hold his few miles of the Mississippi as long as possible, hoping for relief from Johnston or elsewhere.[26]
A new problem confronted the Confederates. The dead and wounded of Grant's army lay in the heat of Mississippi summer, the odor of the deceased men and horses fouling the air, the wounded crying for medical help and water. Grant first refused a request of truce, thinking it a show of weakness. Finally he relented, and the Confederates held their fire while the Union recovered the wounded and dead, soldiers from both sides mingling and trading as if no hostilities existed for the moment.[27]
After this truce, Grant's army began to fill the 12-mile ring around Vicksburg. In short time it became clear that even 50,000 Union soldiers would not be able to effect a complete encirclement of the Confederate defenses. Pemberton's outlook on escape was pessimistic, but there were still roads leading south out of Vicksburg unguarded by Federal troops. Grant found help from Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, the Union general-in-chief. Halleck quickly began to shift Union troops in the West to meet Grant's needs. The first of these reinforcements to arrive along the siege lines was a 5,000 man division from the Department of the Missouri under Maj. Gen. Francis J. Herron on June 11. Herron's troops, remnants of the Army of the Frontier, were attached to McPherson's corps and took up position on the far south. Next came a three division detachment from the XVI Corps led by Brig. Gen. Cadwallader C. Washburn on June 12, assembled from troops at nearby posts of Corinth, Memphis, and LaGrange. The final significant group of reinforcements to join was the 8,000 man strong IX Corps from the Department of the Ohio, led by Maj. Gen. John G. Parke, arriving on June 14. With the arrival of Parke, Grant had 77,000 men around Vicksburg.[28]
In an effort to cut Grant's supply line, Confederates in Louisiana under Major General John G. Walker attacked Milliken's Bend up the Mississippi on June 7. This was mainly defended by recently enlisted United States Colored Troops. Despite having inferior weaponry, they fought bravely and finally repulsed the Confederates with help from gunboats, although at horrible cost; the defenders lost 652 to the Confederate 185. The loss at Milliken's Bend left the Confederates with no hope for relief but from the cautious Johnston.[29]
We have our trenches pulled up so close to the enemy that we can throw hand grenades over into their forts. The enemy do not dare show their heads above the parapet at any time, so close and so watchful are our sharpshooters. The town is completely invested. My position is so strong that I feel myself abundantly able to leave it so and go out twenty or thirty miles with force enough to whip two such garrisons.
Ulysses S. Grant, writing to George G. Pride, June 15, 1863[30]
Pemberton was boxed in with lots of munitions and little food. The poor diet was showing on the Confederate soldiers. By the end of June, half were out sick or hospitalized. Scurvy, malaria, dysentery, diarrhea, and other diseases cut their ranks. At least one city resident had to stay up at night to keep starving soldiers out of his vegetable garden. The constant shelling did not bother him as much as the loss of his food. As the siege wore on, fewer and fewer horses, mules, and dogs were seen wandering about Vicksburg. Shoe leather became a last resort of sustenance for many adults.[31]
During the siege, Union gunboats lobbed over 22,000 shells into the town and army artillery fire was even heavier. As the barrages continued, suitable housing in Vicksburg was reduced to a minimum. A ridge, located between the main town and the rebel defense line, provided a diverse citizenry with lodging for the duration. Over 500 caves, known locally as "bombproofs," were dug into the yellow clay hills of Vicksburg. Whether houses were structurally sound or not, it was deemed safer to occupy these dugouts. People did their best to make them comfortable, with rugs, furniture, and pictures. They tried to time their movements and foraging with the rhythm of the cannonade, sometimes unsuccessfully. Because of the citizens' burrowing, the Union soldiers gave the town the nickname of "Prairie Dog Village." Despite the ferocity of the Union fire against the town, fewer than a dozen civilians were known to have been killed during the entire siege.[32]
Command changes[edit]
One of Grant's actions during the siege was to settle a lingering rivalry. On May 30, General McClernand wrote a self-adulatory note to his troops, claiming much of the credit for the soon-to-be victory. Grant had been waiting six months for him to slip, ever since they clashed early in the campaign, around the Battle of Arkansas Post. He had received permission to relieve McClernand in January 1863 but waited for an unequivocal provocation. Grant finally relieved McClernand on June 18. He so diligently prepared his action that McClernand was left without recourse. McClernand's XIII Corps was turned over to Maj. Gen. Edward Ord, recovered from a wound sustained at Hatchie's Bridge. In May 1864, McClernand was restored to a command in remote Texas.[33]
Another command change occurred on June 22. In addition to Pemberton at his front, Grant had to be concerned with Confederate forces in his rear under the command of Joseph E. Johnston. He stationed one division in the vicinity of the Big Black River Bridge and another reconnoitered as far north as Mechanicsburg, both to act as a covering force. By June 10, the IX Corps, under Maj. Gen. John G. Parke, was transferred to Grant's command. This corps became the nucleus of a special task force whose mission was to prevent Johnston, gathering his forces at Canton, from interfering with the siege. Sherman was given command of this task force and Brig. Gen. Frederick Steele replaced him at the XV Corps. Johnston eventually began moving to relieve Pemberton and reached the Big Black River on July 1, but he delayed a potentially difficult encounter with Sherman until it was too late for the Vicksburg garrison, and then fell back to Jackson.[34] Sherman would eventually pursue Johnston and (re)capture Jackson on July 17.
Louisiana operations[edit]
"Whistling Dick" was the name given to this specific Confederate 18 pounder because of the peculiar noise made by its projectiles. It was part of the defensive batteries facing the Mississippi River at Vicksburg. On May 28, 1863, its fire sank the USS Cincinnati.
Throughout the siege Union and Confederate forces kept busy in a supporting role on the Louisiana side of the Mississippi River. Lt. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith, commander of the Trans-Mississippi Department, received a telegraph from Pemberton on May 9 requesting a movement against Grant's communication lines along the Mississippi River. Grant had established important supply depots at Milliken's Bend, Young's Point, and Lake Providence within Smith's jurisdiction, but Smith failed to recognize the importance of Pemberton's situation. It was not until June when Smith finally decided to take action on Pemberton's request, directing Maj. Gen. Richard Taylor to "do something" in favor of the Vicksburg garrison.[35] Taylor commanded the District of Western Louisiana and developed a three-pronged campaign against Grant's three supply depots. All three of Taylor's assaults were defeated (see Battle of Milliken's Bend, Battle of Young's Point and Battle of Lake Providence).
In response to the growing Confederate activity in the area, Grant decided to dispatch troops from the Vicksburg trenches across the river. The presence of Maj. Gen. John G. Walker's Confederate division on the Louisiana side was of particular concern; its presence could possibly aid a Confederate escape from Vicksburg. Therefore, Brig. Gen. Alfred W. Ellet's Mississippi Marine Brigade and Joseph A. Mower's brigade from Sherman's corps were ordered to the vicinity of Milliken's Bend. Mower and Ellet were to cooperate against Walker's division, which was stationed in the vicinity of Richmond, Louisiana. Richmond also happened to be an important supply line providing Vicksburg with food from Louisiana. On June 15, Ellet and Mower defeated Walker and destroyed Richmond, Louisiana.[36]
Ellet's men returned to De Soto Point and constructed an artillery battery targeting an iron foundry recasting spent Union artillery shells. Construction was begun on June 19, which placed a 20-pounder Parrott rifle in a casemate of railroad iron. The targeted foundry was destroyed on June 25 and the next day a second Parrott gun was added to the battery, which continued to harass the defenders until the garrison's surrender.[37]
Additional Confederate activity in Louisiana occurred on June 29 at Goodrich's Landing. Confederates attacked a plantation and army training center run by former slaves. The Confederates destroyed the plantations and captured over a hundred former slaves before disengaging in the face of Ellet's Marines. Confederate raids such as these were disruptive and caused damage, but they were only minor setbacks and showed the Confederates could cause only momentary disturbances in the area.[38]
Crater at the Third Louisiana Redan[edit]
Fighting at the crater at the Third Louisiana Redan
Late in the siege, Union troops tunneled under the 3rd Louisiana Redan and packed the mine with 2,200 pounds of gunpowder. The explosion blew apart the Confederate lines on June 25, while an infantry attack made by troops from Logan's XVII Corps division, followed the blast. The 45th Illinois Regiment (known as the "Lead Mine Regiment"), under Col. Jasper A. Maltby, charged into the 40-foot (12 m) diameter, 12-foot (3.7 m) deep crater with ease, but were stopped by recovering Confederate infantry. The Union soldiers became pinned down while the defenders also rolled artillery shells with short fuses into the pit with deadly results. Union engineers worked to set up a casemate in the crater in order to extricate the infantry, and soon the soldiers fell back to a new defensive line. From the crater left by the explosion on June 25, Union miners worked to dig a new mine to the south. On July 1, this mine was detonated but no infantry attack followed. Pioneers worked throughout July 2 and 3 to widen the initial crater large enough for an infantry column of four to pass through for future anticipated assaults. However, events the following day negated the need for any further assaults.[39]
Capture[edit]
Shirley's House, also known as the White House, during the siege of Vicksburg, 1863. Union troops of Logan's division set about as engineers and sappers to undermine Confederate fortifications but they had to stay under cover for fear of Confederate sharpshooters.
On July 3, Pemberton sent a note to Grant regarding the possibility of negotiations for peace. Grant, as he had done at Fort Donelson, first demanded unconditional surrender. But Grant reconsidered, not wanting to feed 30,000 hungry Confederates in Union prison camps, and offered to parole all prisoners. Considering their destitute state, dejected and starving, he never expected them to fight again; he hoped they would carry home the stigma of defeat to the rest of the Confederacy. In any event, it would have occupied his army and taken months to ship that many prisoners north.[40] Pemberton officially surrendered his army on July 4.[41] Most of the men who were paroled on July 6 were exchanged and received back into the Confederate Army on August 4, 1863, at Mobile Harbor, Alabama. They were back in Chattanooga, Tennessee, by September and some fought in the Battles for Chattanooga in November and against Sherman's invasion of Georgia in May 1864. The Confederate government protested the validity of the paroles on technical grounds and the issue was referred to Grant who, in April 1864, was general in chief of the Army. The dispute effectively ended all further prisoner exchanges during the war except for hardship cases.[42]
Surrender was formalized by an old oak tree, "made historical by the event." In his Personal Memoirs, Grant described the fate of this luckless tree:
It was but a short time before the last vestige of its body, root and limb had disappeared, the fragments taken as trophies. Since then the same tree has furnished as many cords of wood, in the shape of trophies, as the 'True Cross'.[43]
Troops of John A. Logan's division enter Vicksburg on July 4
The surrender was finalized on July 4, Independence Day, a day Pemberton had hoped would bring more sympathetic terms from the United States. Although the Vicksburg Campaign continued with some minor actions, the fortress city had fallen and, with the surrender of Port Hudson on July 9, the Mississippi River was firmly in Union hands and the Confederacy split in two. President Lincoln famously announced, "The Father of Waters again goes unvexed to the sea."[44]
Union casualties for the battle and siege of Vicksburg were 4,835; Confederate were 32,697 (29,495 surrendered).[4] The full campaign, since March 29, claimed 10,142 Union and 9,091 Confederate killed and wounded. In addition to his surrendered men, Pemberton turned over to Grant 172 cannons and 50,000 rifles.[45]
Aftermath[edit]
Further information: Vicksburg Campaign § Aftermath
Folk tradition holds that the Fourth of July (Independence Day) holiday was not celebrated by Vicksburg until World War II.[46] This claim is false, for large Independence Day celebrations were held as early as 1907.[47]
Battlefield preservation[edit]
Vicksburg National Military Park
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Military Park
Statue of General Grant at Vicksburg National Military Park
Location
Vicksburg, Mississippi & Delta, Louisiana, USA
Area
1,852.75 acres (749.78 ha)
Built
February 21, 1899 (February 21, 1899)
Architectural style
Greek Revival
Visitation
703,484 (2005)
NRHP reference #
66000100
Added to NRHP
October 15, 1966
The works around Vicksburg are now maintained by the National Park Service as part of Vicksburg National Military Park. The park, located in Vicksburg, Mississippi, and Delta, Louisiana (flanking the Mississippi River), also commemorates the greater Vicksburg Campaign which led up to the battle. Reconstructed forts and trenches evoke memories of the 47-day siege that ended in the surrender of the city. Victory here and at Port Hudson, farther south in Louisiana, gave the Union control of the Mississippi River. The park includes 1,325 historic monuments and markers, 20 miles (32 km) of historic trenches and earthworks, a 16-mile (26 km) tour road, a 12.5-mile (20.1 km) walking trail, two antebellum homes, 144 emplaced cannons, the restored gunboat USS Cairo (sunk on December 12, 1862, on the Yazoo River), and the Grant's Canal site, where the Union Army attempted to build a canal to let their ships bypass Confederate artillery fire.
Through 2017, the Civil War Trust, its members and partners have saved an additional 12 acres of the battlefield that were previously privately owned.[48]
See also[edit]
American Civil War portal
Mississippi portal
Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1863
List of costliest American Civil War land battles
Commemoration of the American Civil War
Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps
Vicksburg National Military Park
Armies in the American Civil War
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ National Park Service. Grant's army arrived at the outskirts of Vicksburg on May 19, but formal siege operations began with Grant's Special Order No. 140 on May 25 (Simon, p. 267).
Jump up ^ See: Rawley, pp. 145-169.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, p. 172.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kennedy, p. 173.
^ Jump up to: a b Esposito, text for map 105.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, pp. 171.
Jump up ^ Smith, p. 251; Grabau, pp. 343-46; Catton, pp. 198-200; Esposito, text for map 106.
Jump up ^ Ballard, p. 318.
Jump up ^ Eicher, pp. 467-68.
Jump up ^ IX Corps: joined from the Department of the Ohio, June 14 to 17.
Jump up ^ Eicher, p. 468; Ballard, p. 327-32.
Jump up ^ Bearss, vol. III, pp. 778-80; Ballard, p. 332.
Jump up ^ Ballard, p. 339.
Jump up ^ Ballard, p. 333.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, p. 171; Foote, p. 384; Smith, p. 252.
Jump up ^ Ballard, p. 338-39; Bearss, vol. III, pp. 815-19.
Jump up ^ Ballard, p. 339-40; Bearss, vol. III, pp. 819-23.
Jump up ^ Ballard, p. 340-43.
Jump up ^ Ballard, p. 343-44; Bearss, vol. III, pp. 836-38.
Jump up ^ Ballard, pp. 344-45.
Jump up ^ Ballard, pp. 344-46.
Jump up ^ Eicher, p. 469; Bearss, vol. III, p. 869; Kennedy, p. 172.
Jump up ^ Foote, p. 386.
Jump up ^ Simon, pp. 267-68.
Jump up ^ Grant, ch. XXXVII, p. 1.
Jump up ^ Smith, p. 253; Foote, p. 412; Catton, p. 205.
Jump up ^ Bearss, vol. III, pp. 860-61; Foote, p. 387.
Jump up ^ Bearss, vol. III, pp. 963, 1071-79.
Jump up ^ "Milliken's Bend", National Park Service (NPS) https://web.archive.org/web/20140814001420/http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/la011.htm; Bearss, vol. III, pp. 1175-87.
Jump up ^ Bearss, vol. III, p. 875.
Jump up ^ Korn, pp. 149-52; Catton, p. 205; Ballard, pp. 385-86.
Jump up ^ Korn, p. 139; Foote, p. 412.
Jump up ^ Bearss, vol. III, pp. 875-79; Ballard, pp. 358-59; Korn, pp. 147-48.
Jump up ^ Esposito, text for map 107.
Jump up ^ "Vicksburg NMP: Young's Point". Nps.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Vicksburg NMP: Battle of Richmond". Nps.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Vicksburg NMP: US Mississippi Marine Brigade". Nps.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "ABPP: Goodrich's Landing". Nps.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-01-06. Retrieved May 18, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102043148/http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp//battles/la014.htm
Jump up ^ Grabau, pp. 428-38; Bearss, vol. III, pp. 908-30.
Jump up ^ Smith, pp. 254-55.
Jump up ^ "Vicksburg". Civil War Trust. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Henderson, Lillian, The Roster of Confederate Soldiers of Georgia, Longino and Porter, 1994; Bearss, vol III, pp. 1309-11.
Jump up ^ Grant, ch. XXXVIII, p. 16.
Jump up ^ McPherson, p. 638.
Jump up ^ Ballard, pp. 398-99.
Jump up ^ Historian Michael G. Ballard, in his Vicksburg campaign history, pp. 420-21, claims that this story has little foundation in fact. Although it is unknown whether city officials sanctioned the day as a local holiday, Southern observances of July 4 were for many years characterized more by family picnics than by formal city or county activities.
Jump up ^ Waldrep, Christopher (2005). Vicksburg's Long Shadow: The Civil War Legacy Of Race And Remembrance. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 247. ISBN 978-0742548688.
Jump up ^ Civil War Trust "Saved Land" webpage. Accessed Jan. 5, 2018.
References[edit]
Ballard, Michael B. Vicksburg, The Campaign that Opened the Mississippi. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8078-2893-9.
Bearss, Edwin C. The Campaign for Vicksburg. 3 vols. Dayton, OH: Morningside House, 1985. ISBN 978-0-89029-312-6.
Catton, Bruce. The Centennial History of the Civil War. Vol. 3, Never Call Retreat. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1965. ISBN 0-671-46990-8.
Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
Esposito, Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959. OCLC 5890637. The collection of maps (without explanatory text) is available online at the West Point website.
Foote, Shelby. The Civil War: A Narrative. Vol. 2, Fredericksburg to Meridian. New York: Random House, 1958. ISBN 0-394-49517-9.
Gabel, Christopher R., Staff ride handbook for the Vicksburg Campaign, December 1862-July 1863. Fort Leavenworth, Kan.: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2001. OCLC 47296103.
Grabau, Warren E. Ninety-Eighty Days: A Geographer's View of the Vicksburg Campaign. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2000. ISBN 1-57233-068-6.
Grant, Ulysses S. Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant. 2 vols. Charles L. Webster & Company, 1885–86. ISBN 0-914427-67-9.
Kennedy, Frances H., ed. The Civil War Battlefield Guide. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. ISBN 0-395-74012-6.
Korn, Jerry, and the Editors of Time-Life Books. War on the Mississippi: Grant's Vicksburg Campaign. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1985. ISBN 0-8094-4744-4.
McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford History of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-19-503863-0.
Smith, Jean Edward. Grant. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-684-84927-5.
Simon, John Y., ed. The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant. Vol. 8, April 1 – July 6, 1863. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1979. ISBN 0-8093-0884-3.
National Park Service battle description
CWSAC Report Update
Various resources from the University Libraries Division of Special Collections, The University of Alabama.
U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.
Further reading[edit]
Ballard, Michael B. Grant at Vicksburg: The General and the Siege. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0-8093-3240-3.
Bearss, Edwin C. Receding Tide: Vicksburg and Gettysburg: The Campaigns That Changed the Civil War. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2010. ISBN 978-1-4262-0510-1.
Groom, Winston. Vicksburg, 1863. New York: Knopf, 2009. ISBN 978-0-307-26425-1.
Rawley, James A. (1966). Turning Points of the Civil War. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-8935-9. OCLC 44957745.
Shea, William L. and Terrence J. Winschel. Vicksburg is the Key: The Struggle for the Mississippi River. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-8032-9344-1.
Solonick, Justin S. (7 April 2015). Engineering Victory: The Union Siege of Vicksburg. Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-8093-3392-9.
Winschel, Terrence J. Triumph & Defeat: The Vicksburg Campaign. Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing Company, 1999. ISBN 1-882810-31-7.
Winschel, Terrence J. Triumph & Defeat: The Vicksburg Campaign, Vol. 2. New York: Savas Beatie, 2006. ISBN 1-932714-21-9.
Winschel, Terrence J. Vicksburg: Fall of the Confederate Gibraltar. Abilene, TX: McWhiney Foundation Press, 1999. ISBN 978-1-893114-00-5.
Woodworth, Steven E..ed. Grant's Lieutenants: From Cairo to Vicksburg. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001. ISBN 0-7006-1127-4.
Woodworth, Steven E.. Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990. ISBN 0-7006-0461-8.
Woodworth, Steven E.. Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee, 1861–1865. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. ISBN 0-375-41218-2.
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Rainy Night in Georgia
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"Rainy Night in Georgia"
Single by Brook Benton
from the album Brook Benton Today
B-side
"Where Do I Go From Here?"
Released
December 1969
Format
Vinyl record (7" 45 RPM)
Recorded
1969
Genre
R&B, Soul
Length
3:29
Label
Cotillion/Atlantic
Songwriter(s)
Tony Joe White
Producer(s)
Arif Mardin
"Rainy Night in Georgia" is a song written by Tony Joe White in 1967 and popularized by R&B vocalist Brook Benton in 1970. It was originally released by White on his 1969 album, "Continued" on Monument Records, shortly before Benton's hit single was issued.
In a January 17, 2014 interview with music journalist Ray Shasho, Tony Joe White explained the thought process behind the making of "Rainy Night in Georgia" and "Polk Salad Annie".
When I got out of high school I went to Marietta, Georgia, I had a sister living there. I went down there to get a job and I was playing guitar too at the house and stuff. I drove a dump truck for the highway department and when it would rain you didn’t have to go to work. You could stay home and play your guitar and hangout all night. So those thoughts came back to me when I moved on to Texas about three months later. I heard “Ode to Billie Joe” on the radio and I thought, man, how real, because I am Billie Joe, I know that life. I’ve been in the cotton fields. So I thought if I ever tried to write, I’m going to write about something I know about. At that time I was doing a lot of Elvis and John Lee Hooker onstage with my drummer. No original songs and I hadn’t really thought about it. But after I heard Bobbie Gentry I sat down and thought … well I know about Polk because I had ate a bunch of it and I knew about rainy nights because I spent a lot of rainy nights in Marietta, Georgia. So I was real lucky with my first tries to write something that was not only real and hit pretty close to the bone, but lasted that long. So it was kind of a guide for me then on through life to always try to write what I know about.
In 1969, after several years without a major hit, Benton had signed to a new record label, Cotillion Records (a subsidiary of Atlantic Records) by label A&R chief and producer Jerry Wexler. Benton recorded the song in November 1969 with arranger/producer Arif Mardin. Session personnel on the record included Billy Carter on organ, Dave Crawford on piano, Cornell Dupree and Jimmy O'Rourke on guitar, Harold Cowart on bass, Tubby Ziegler on drums, and Toots Thielemans on harmonica.
Included on his "come-back" album Brook Benton Today, the melancholy song became an instant hit. In the spring of 1970, the song had topped the Billboard Best Selling Soul Singles chart. It also reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100,[1] and number two on the Adult Contemporary chart. In Canada, the song made #2 on the RPM Magazine Hot Singles chart.
The RIAA certified the single gold for sales of one million copies. In 2004, it was ranked #498 on the List of Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.
Covers[edit]
The song has been covered by a number of musicians, including Ray Charles, Otis Rush, Gil Parris, Little Milton, Dolla, Hearts Of Stone, Randy Crawford, Tennessee Ernie Ford, Al Hirt, Johnny Rivers, Amos Garrett, Hank Williams, Jr., Nat Stuckey, Boz Scaggs, with a duet between Conway Twitty and Sam Moore, Arthur Prysock, Aaron Neville, Chris Young, and Shelby Lynne.[2] Randy Crawford's version reached No. 18 in the UK Singles Chart in 1981.[3]
David Ruffin recorded a cover version of the song the same year as Benton, but Motown did not release the album until the 2000s. B. J. Thomas also recorded the song the same year as Benton for his album Most of All.[4]
There have been several reggae covers including: Ken Parker, Lord Tanamo, Nicky Thomas, John Holt, and from reggae bands The Gladiators and The Congos. In 1967 Prince Buster rewrote the lyrics and recorded a sexually explicit reggae version of this song called "Big Five", usually found with certain words bleeped out. Gregory Isaacs did a dancehall style version at the start of the 90s.
More recent covers include those by indie folk-rock band Hem from their album No Word from Tom (2006), and by Boz Scaggs from his album Memphis (2013). Australian band Ross Hanniford Trio recorded a cover of the song on their 1994 album. In 2000, guitarist Eric Essix covered the song from his album Southbound.[5] An electronic-influenced downtempo/chillout version was recorded by Boozoo Bajou and Tony Joe White in 2006. Rod Stewart included the song on his 2009 album Soulbook. Singer Frank Shiner released the song as the first single and video from his 2017 album Lonely Town, Lonely Street.
The song is featured in Haruki Murakami's novel Hear the Wind Sing.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 54.
Jump up ^ "Cover versions of Rainy Night in Georgia written by Tony Joe White". SecondHandSongs.com. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 125. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ "Most of All overview". Allmusic.com.
Jump up ^ "Southbound overview". Allmusic.com.
Preceded by
"Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin) / Everybody is a Star" by Sly & the Family Stone Billboard Best Selling Soul Singles number-one single
March 14, 1970 Succeeded by
"Call Me" by Aretha Franklin
[show]
v
t
e
Brook Benton
Singles
"Endlessly"
"It's Just a Matter of Time"
"So Many Ways"
"Thank You Pretty Baby"
"Baby (You've Got What It Takes)"
"Fools Rush In (Where Angels Fear to Tread)"
"Kiddio"
"A Rockin' Good Way (to Mess Around and Fall in Love)"
"Think Twice"
"Frankie and Johnny"
"Boll Weevil"
"Shadrack"
"Walk on the Wild Side"
"Laura (What's He Got That I Ain't Got)"
"My Way"
"Rainy Night in Georgia"
Other songs
"Goodnight My Love"
"It's Been a Long, Long Time"
[show]
v
t
e
Hank Williams Jr.
Studio albums
Your Cheatin' Heart
Connie Francis and Hank Williams Jr. Sing Great Country Favorites
Ballads of the Hills and Plains
Blues My Name
A Time to Sing
Songs My Father Left Me
Luke the Drifter Jr. Vol. 2
Live at Cobo Hall
After You, Pride's Not Hard to Swallow
Hank Williams Jr. and Friends
Family Tradition
Whiskey Bent and Hell Bound
Habits Old and New
Rowdy
The Pressure Is On
High Notes
Strong Stuff
Man of Steel
Major Moves
Five-O
Montana Cafe
Hank Live
Born to Boogie
Wild Streak
Lone Wolf
Pure Hank
Maverick
Out of Left Field
Hog Wild
A.K.A. Wham Bam Sam
Three Hanks: Men with Broken Hearts
Stormy
The Almeria Club Recordings
I'm One of You
127 Rose Avenue
It's About Time
Compilation albums
Greatest Hits
Greatest Hits Vol. 2
Fourteen Greatest Hits
Hank Williams Jr.'s Greatest Hits
Hank Williams Jr.'s Greatest Hits, Vol. 2
Greatest Hits, Vol. 3
America (The Way I See It)
The Best of Hank Williams Jr. Volume One: Roots and Branches
Tribute to My Father
20 Hits Special Collection, Vol. 1
Early Years, Vol. 1
Early Years, Vol. 2
The Bocephus Box
That's How They Do It in Dixie: The Essential Collection
Notable singles
"Long Gone Lonesome Blues"
"Nobody's Child"
"All for the Love of Sunshine"
"So Sad (To Watch Good Love Go Bad)" (with Lois Johnson)
"Eleven Roses"
"Rainy Night in Georgia"
"I'll Think of Something"
"I Fought the Law"
"To Love Somebody"
"Family Tradition"
"Whiskey Bent and Hell Bound"
"Women I've Never Had"
"Kaw-Liga"
"Old Habits"
"Texas Women"
"Dixie on My Mind"
"All My Rowdy Friends (Have Settled Down)"
"A Country Boy Can Survive"
"Honky Tonkin'"
"The American Dream"
"Gonna Go Huntin' Tonight"
"Leave Them Boys Alone" (with Ernest Tubb and Waylon Jennings)
"Queen of My Heart"
"Man of Steel"
"Attitude Adjustment"
"All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight"
"Major Moves"
"I'm for Love"
"This Ain't Dallas"
"Ain't Misbehavin'"
"Country State of Mind"
"Mind Your Own Business" (with Reba McEntire, Tom Petty, Reverend Ike and Willie Nelson)
"Born to Boogie"
"Heaven Can't Be Found"
"Young Country"
"If the South Woulda Won"
"Early in the Morning and Late at Night"
"There's a Tear in My Beer" (with Hank Williams Sr.)
"Finders Are Keepers"
"Ain't Nobody's Business"
"Good Friends, Good Whiskey, Good Lovin'"
"I Mean I Love You"
"If It Will, It Will"
"Devil in the Bottle"
"Are You Ready for the Country?" (with Eric Church)
Guest singles
"The Conversation" (with Waylon Jennings)
"Bartender Song (Sittin' at a Bar)" (with Rehab)
Family
Hank Williams
Audrey Williams
Jett Williams
Hank Williams III
Holly Williams
Related articles
Discography
MGM Records
Elektra Records
Warner Bros. Records
Curb Records
Living Proof: The Hank Williams Jr. Story
[show]
v
t
e
Conway Twitty
Studio albums
Sings
Saturday Night with Conway Twitty
Lonely Blue Boy
House on Old Lonesome Road
Crazy in Love
Even Now
Final Touches
Collaboration albums
We Only Make Believe
Lead Me On
Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man
Country Partners
Dynamic Duo
Compilation albums
25 Number Ones
Notable singles
"It's Only Make Believe"
"Mona Lisa"
"Danny Boy"
"Next in Line"
"I Love You More Today"
"To See My Angel Cry"
"Hello Darlin'"
"Fifteen Years Ago"
"How Much More Can She Stand"
"I Can't See Me Without You"
"(Lost Her Love) On Our Last Date"
"I Can't Stop Loving You"
"She Needs Someone to Hold Her (When She Cries)"
"You've Never Been This Far Before"
"There's a Honky Tonk Angel (Who'll Take Me Back In)"
"I'm Not Through Loving You Yet"
"I See the Want To in Your Eyes"
"Linda on My Mind"
"Touch the Hand"
"This Time I've Hurt Her More Than She Loves Me"
"After All the Good Is Gone"
"The Games That Daddies Play"
"I Can't Believe She Gives It All to Me"
"Play Guitar Play"
"I've Already Loved You in My Mind"
"Georgia Keeps Pulling on My Ring"
"Boogie Grass Band"
"Your Love Had Taken Me That High"
"Don't Take It Away"
"I May Never Get to Heaven"
"Happy Birthday Darlin'"
"I'd Love to Lay You Down"
"Rest Your Love on Me"
"Tight Fittin' Jeans"
"Red Neckin' Love Makin' Night"
"The Clown"
"Slow Hand"
"We Did But Now You Don't"
"The Rose"
"We Had It All"
"Lost in the Feeling"
"Heartache Tonight"
"Three Times a Lady"
"Somebody's Needin' Somebody"
"I Don't Know a Thing About Love (The Moon Song)"
"Ain't She Somethin' Else"
"Don't Call Him a Cowboy"
"Between Blue Eyes and Jeans"
"Desperado Love"
"Fallin' for You for Years"
"Julia"
"I Want to Know You Before We Make Love"
"That's My Job"
"Goodbye Time"
"Saturday Night Special"
"I Wish I Was Still in Your Dreams"
"She's Got a Single Thing in Mind"
"House on Old Lonesome Road"
"Fit to Be Tied Down"
"Crazy in Love"
"I Couldn't See You Leavin'"
"Rainy Night in Georgia"
Collaboration singles
"After the Fire Is Gone"
"Lead Me On"
"Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man"
"Feelins'"
"The Letter"
"I Can't Love You Enough"
"Making Believe"
"Don't Cry Joni"
Related articles
Discography
Discography with Loretta Lynn
MGM Records
Decca Records
MCA Records
Elektra Records
Warner Bros. Records
Joni Lee
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainy_Night_in_Georgia&oldid=795433365"
Categories:
1962 songs
1970 singles
Brook Benton songs
Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles
Songs written by Tony Joe White
Song recordings produced by Arif Mardin
Songs about Georgia (U.S. state)
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