text:
Jimmy Haslam
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Not to be confused with subject's father, Jim Haslam, founder and former CEO of Pilot Corporation.
Jimmy Haslam
Haslam in 2013
Born
James Arthur Haslam III
(1954-03-09) March 9, 1954 (age 63)[1]
Knoxville, Tennessee
U.S.
Residence
Knoxville, Tennessee
Bratenahl, Ohio
Alma mater
University of Tennessee
Occupation
Businessman, NFL team owner, philanthropist
Years active
1974–present
Net worth
US$3.7 billion (March 2017)[2]
Spouse(s)
Dee Bagwell (1976–present)
Children
Jim, Whitney, and Cynthia
Parent(s)
Jim Haslam
Cynthia Haslam (deceased)
James "Jimmy" Arthur Haslam III (born March 9, 1954) is the CEO of the Pilot Flying J truck stop chain and along with wife, Dee, is owner of the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League.[3] His father, fellow businessman Jim Haslam, founded the Pilot Corporation in 1958 as the Pilot Oil Corporation.
Haslam, who lives in his native Knoxville, Tennessee, is brother to Bill Haslam, the Governor of Tennessee.[4]
While attending the University of Tennessee, Haslam was a roommate of Bob Corker, the United States Senator from Tennessee. He is a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity.[4]
Haslam bought a minority interest in the Pittsburgh Steelers in 2008. In 2012, he reached an agreement with Browns owner Randy Lerner to purchase the franchise for $1 billion. The Browns were valued at $977 million in 2011 by Forbes magazine, 20th in the NFL. NFL rules prohibit ownership in multiple teams and so Haslam sold his interest in the Steelers.[4][5] The Haslams' purchase of the Browns was unanimously approved by the 32 teams in the NFL on October 12; the sale itself closed thirteen days later.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Pilot Flying J
2 Community involvement
3 Awards and honors
4 Family
5 References
6 External links
Pilot Flying J[edit]
Haslam began his career at Pilot Corporation in 1976. In 1980, Haslam was named vice president of sales, development and operations. At that time, Pilot operated 100 convenience stores with annual fuel sales of about 125 million gallons. Pilot opened its first travel center in 1981, and by 1996 – the same year Haslam was named president and chief executive officer – the company operated 96 travel centers and 50 convenience stores and its total gallon sales had reached 1.2 billion. Pilot Corporation attained yet another milestone in 2001 when it joined with Marathon Ashland Petroleum LLC to form Pilot Travel Centers LLC.
In 2008, Pilot Corporation announced that CVC Capital Partners had acquired 49.8% interest in Pilot Travel Centers LLC, facilitating the sale by Marathon Petroleum Company (formerly Marathon Ashland Petroleum) of its interest in Pilot Travel Centers. Pilot Corporation retained 50% ownership of Pilot Travel Centers LLC. In 2015, the Haslam family acquired all of CVC Capital Partners’ shares in the company. Pilot’s convenience store operations continue to be fully owned by Pilot Corporation. In 2010, Pilot Travel Centers LLC joined with Flying J Inc. In 2012, Pilot Flying J acquired Western Petroleum and the majority ownership of Maxum Petroleum and in 2012 formed Maxum Enterprises LLC, d/b/a Pilot Logistics Services. In 2014, Pilot Logistics Services merged with Thomas Petroleum to form Pilot Thomas Logistics. Pilot Flying J subsidiary Pilot Thomas Logistics is one of the fastest growing energy logistics companies in North America.
Pilot Flying J is one of the largest top 10 privately held companies in the United States and employs more than 24,000 employees. The Pilot Flying J network provides customers with access to more than 70,000 parking spaces for trucks, 4,800 showers and 4,300 diesel lanes featuring DEF at the pump.
Community involvement[edit]
Jimmy Haslam's civic involvement includes service on the board of directors of Anderson Media Corporation. He also has served on the boards of the United Way of Greater Knoxville, Lakeshore Park in Knoxville and the National Association of Truck Stop Operators (NATSO). In addition, Haslam served as honorary chair of the Boys & Girls Clubs of Cleveland campaign committee and as campaign chair for Knox Area Rescue Ministries and United Way of Greater Knoxville.
In 2006, he served as Tennessee statewide campaign chair for the United States Senator Bob Corker and in 2012, he served as Statewide Finance Chairman for Tennessee Governor Bill Haslam, his brother.[7]
Haslam was inducted into the Junior Achievement of East Tennessee Business Hall of Fame in 2007, and in 2010, he was named a recipient of the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur Of The Year award for the Southeast region. In 2013, the University of Tennessee recognized Haslam with the Distinguished Alumnus Award. He is the co-founder of the Haslam Scholars Program for premier honor students at the University of Tennessee.[7]
Previous director for:
University of Tennessee Athletics
Innovation Valley, Inc.
First Horizon Corporation
Clayton Family Foundation
Federal Reserve Board Energy Advisory Council
National Association of Convenience Stores Leadership Council
Cleveland Clinic[7]

In April 2013, the FBI executed a search warrant and affidavit detailing a five-year fraud scheme by the Pilot Flying J chain. The company paid restitution to customers and agreed to pay a $92 million penalty pursuant to a Criminal Enforcement Agreement.[8]
Awards and honors[edit]
Jr. Achievement of East Tennessee Business Hall of Fame (class of 2007)
Significant Sig Award from the Sigma Chi Foundation
2010 Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award
2011 University of Tennessee College of Business Administration's Distinguished Alumni Award[7]
Family[edit]
Haslam is married to Susan "Dee" Bagwell Haslam, CEO of RIVR Media, part of the family ownership group of Pilot and co-owner of The Cleveland Browns. They have three adult children, Jim, Whitney and Cynthia, and five grandchildren.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Flory, Josh (January 20, 2011). "Big deals, big wheels: Family, political fortunes reach new heights for Haslams". KnoxNews.com. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ Real Time Ranking (2017-02-15). "Jimmy Haslam". Forbes.com. Retrieved 2017-02-15.
Jump up ^ Josh Flory, "Jimmy Haslam Reassumes Role as CEO of Pilot Flying J," Knoxville News Sentinel, 11 February 2013. Retrieved: 11 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bill Lubinger, The Plain Dealer. "Potential Cleveland Browns owner Jimmy Haslam uses hands-on business approach". cleveland.com. Retrieved 2012-08-02.
Jump up ^ "Jimmy Haslam (III) agrees to $1 billion price tag for Browns". Mansfield News-Journal. August 3, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2012. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Cabot, Mary Kay (October 16, 2012). "Jimmy Haslam is new Cleveland Browns owner after unanimous approval by NFL". Cleveland.com. Cleveland Live LLC. Retrieved October 17, 2012. The sale will close Oct. 25, and Lerner will retain a 30 percent stake for four years.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Anne Lezotte, "Jimmy Haslam Biography," Pilot Flying J, 11 September 2014. Retrieved: 12 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Ellen Myers, "Browns owner Jimmy Haslam's truck stop chain will pay $92 million fraud fine", The Christian Science Monitor, July 15, 2014.
External links[edit]
Forbes profile
[show]
v
t
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Cleveland Browns principal owners
Mickey McBride (1946–1953)
Dave Jones (1953–1961)
Art Modell (1961–1995)
Al Lerner (1998–2002)
Randy Lerner (2002–2012)
Jimmy & Dee Haslam (2012– )
[show]
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Owners: Jimmy Haslam
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League: All-America Football Conference (1946–1949)
Seasons (69)
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
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1962
1963
1964
1965
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Championship seasons in bold
[show]
v
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Current owners of the National Football League
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Stephen M. Ross (Miami Dolphins)
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Woody Johnson (New York Jets)
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Jimmy and Dee Haslam (Cleveland Browns)
Rooney family (Pittsburgh Steelers)
Bob McNair (Houston Texans)
Jim Irsay (Indianapolis Colts)
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KSA Industries (Tennessee Titans)
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Miniature golf
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Miniature golf, also known as minigolf, or putt-putt, is an offshoot of the sport of golf focusing solely on the putting aspect of its parent game. It is played on courses consisting of a series of holes (usually a multiple of 9) similar to its parent, but characterized by their short length (usually within 10 yards from tee to cup), the use of artificial putting surfaces such as carpet, astroturf and/or concrete, a geometric layout often requiring non-traditional putting lines such as bank shots, and artificial obstacles such as tunnels/tubes, ramps, concrete/metal/fiberglass forms, and moving obstacles such as windmills. When miniature golf retains many of these characteristics but without the use of any props or obstacles, it is purely a mini version of its parent game.
Boys playing miniature golf in Alameda County, California, 1963
A miniature golf course in Cape May, New Jersey.
Contents
[hide]
1 Nomenclature
2 History
2.1 European origins
2.2 Competitive games
2.3 Post-depression USA
3 Other countries
4 Governing body
4.1 WMF Members
5 Course types
6 Competitions and tournaments
6.1 International tournaments
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Nomenclature[edit]
While the international sports organization World Minigolf Sport Federation (WMF)[1] prefers to use the name "minigolf", the general public in different countries has also many other names for the game: miniature golf, mini-golf, midget golf, goofy golf, shorties, extreme golf, crazy golf, adventure golf, mini-putt, putter golf and so on. The name Putt-Putt is the trademark of an American company[2] that builds and franchises miniature golf courses in addition to other family-oriented entertainment, and the term "putt-putt" is sometimes used colloquially to refer to the game itself. The term "Minigolf" was formerly a registered trademark of a Swedish company that built its own patented type of minigolf courses. Resort towns such as Myrtle Beach, South Carolina; Branson, Missouri; Pigeon Forge, Tennessee; and Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin are known for their numerous minigolf courses.[3]
History[edit]
Geometrically-shaped minigolf courses made of artificial materials (carpet) began to emerge during the early 20th century. The earliest documented mention of such a course is in the 8 June 1912 edition of The Illustrated London News, which introduces a minigolf course called Gofstacle.[4]
The first standardized minigolf courses to enter commercial mass-production were the Thistle Dhu ("This'll Do") course 1916 in Pinehurst, North Carolina, and the 1927 Tom Thumb patent of Garnet Carter from Lookout Mountain, Tennessee. Thomas McCulloch Fairbairn (inventor), a golf fanatic, revolutionized the game in 1922 with his formulation of a suitable artificial green—a mixture of cottonseed hulls, sand, oil, and dye. With this discovery, miniature golf became accessible everywhere; by the late 1920s there were over 150 rooftop courses in New York City alone, and tens of thousands across the United States.[5] This American minigolf boom of early 20th century came to an end during the economic depression in the late 1930s. Nearly all minigolf courses in the United States were closed and demolished before the end of the 1930s.[6] A rare surviving example from this period is the Parkside Whispering Pines Miniature Golf Course located near Rochester, New York, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.[7]
The first miniature golf course in Canada was at the Maples Inn in Pointe-Claire, Quebec. The "Mapes" was constructed as a summer home in the 1890s but was renovated into a club in 1902, opened to the public in 1914, and had a miniature golf course in 1930. The popular nightspot burned in 1985. (See: West Island Chronicle, June 29, 2008.)
European origins[edit]
Minigolf Ascona, opened in 1954
One of the first documented minigolf courses in mainland Europe was built in 1926 by Fr. Schröder in Hamburg, Germany. Mr. Schröder had been inspired by his visit to the United States, where he had seen minigolf courses spreading across the country.[8]
In 1930 Edwin O. Norrman and Eskil Norman returned to Sweden from the United States, where they had stayed for several years and witnessed the golden days of the American minigolf boom. In 1931 they founded a company "Norman och Norrmans Miniatyrgolf", and began manufacturing standardized minigolf courses for the Swedish market. During the following years they spread this new leisure activity across Sweden, by installing minigolf courses in public parks and other suitable locations.[8]
Swedish minigolf courses typically had a rectangular wooden frame surrounding the playing area made of tennis field sand[9] (while the American manufacturers used newly developed and patented felt as the surface of their minigolf courses). Felt did not become popular as a surface material in Sweden until in the mid-1960s—but since then it has become practically the only surface material used in Scandinavia and Britain, due to its favorable playing qualities in wet weather. (Minigolf courses with a felt surface can be played in rainy weather, because water soaks through the felt into the ground. The other commonly used surface materials, beton and eternite, cannot be used in rainy weather, because the rainwater pools on them, stopping the ball from rolling.)
The Swedish Minigolf Federation (Svenska Bangolfförbundet)[10] was founded in 1937, being the oldest minigolf sport organization in the world. National Swedish championships in minigolf have been played yearly since 1939.[11] In other countries minigolf sport federations were not founded until the late 1950s, due to the post-war economical depression.
In 1954, the minigolf course in Ascona (Switzerland) opened, the oldest course worldwide following the norms of Paul Bongni.
Competitive games[edit]
The earliest documented minigolf competitions were played in the United States. The first National Tom Thumb Open minigolf tournament was arranged in 1930, with a total cash purse $10,000 (the top prize being $2,000). Qualification play-offs were played in all of the 48 states, and the final competition on Lookout Mountain, Chattanooga, Tennessee attracted over 200 players representing thirty states.[12] After the Depression ten years later, minigolf died out as a competition sport in America, and has begun to recover only during the most recent decades. The American minigolf sport boom of the 1930s inspired many European countries, and the sport of minigolf lived on in Europe even after the American game fell into Depression.
Post-depression USA[edit]
Golfer golfing at Monster Mini Golf, an indoor glow in the dark mini golf course.
In 1938 Joseph and Robert Taylor from Binghamton, New York started building and operating their own miniature golf courses. These courses differed from the ones in the late 20s and early 30s; they were no longer just rolls, banks, and curves, with an occasional pipe thrown in. Their courses not only had landscaping, but also obstacles, including windmills, castles, and wishing wells.
Impressed by the quality of the courses, many customers asked if the Taylors would build a course for them. By the early 1940s, Joe and Bob formed Taylor Brothers, and were in the business of building miniature golf courses and supplying obstacles to the industry. During both the Korean and Vietnam Wars, many a G.I. played on a Taylor Brothers prefabricated course that the U.S. Military had contracted to be built and shipped overseas.
By the late 50s almost all supply catalogs carried Taylor Brothers' obstacles. In 1961 Bob Taylor, Don Clayton of Putt-Putt, and Frank Abramoff of Arnold Palmer Miniature Golf organized the first miniature golf association known as NAPCOMS (or the "National Association of Putting Course Operators, Manufacturers, and Suppliers"). Their first meeting was held in New York City. Though this organization only lasted a few years it was the first attempt to bring miniature golf operators together to promote miniature golf.
In 1955, Lomma Golf, Inc., founded by Al Lomma and his brother Ralph Lomma, led the revival of wacky, animated trick hazards. These hazards required both accurately aimed shots and split-second timing to avoid spinning windmill blades, revolving statuary, and other careening obstacles.
The book Tilting At Windmills (How I Learned To Stop Worrying And Love Sport) by Andy Miller tells the story of the formerly sports-hating author attempting to change by competing in miniature golf, including events in Denmark and Latvia.
In the United States, National Miniature Golf Day is held yearly on the second Saturday of May. The event had its inaugural celebration on May 12, 2007, and was officially recognized and published in 2008's edition of Chase's Calendar of Events.
Other countries[edit]
Minigolf has so far not reached wide popularity outside Europe and North America.[citation needed] The reason is probably economic, at least to some extent: the less wealthy countries invest their limited sports funds into such sports that enjoy widest public attention and media coverage, leaving the less popular sports with little or no funding at all. (Minigolf is one of the most popular outdoor games in Europe and America, though, but only as an occasional leisure activity, not as a competitive sport.)
By the 1950s the American Putt-Putt company was exporting their minigolf courses to South Africa, Australia, Japan, Korea, India, Iran, Italy, Pakistan, Argentina, Brazil, and the Eastern Bloc.[13] Minigolf courses are found in all parts of the world, but their popularity is by far highest in the USA, the UK, New Zealand, Scandinavia, and central Europe.[citation needed]
Governing body[edit]
The sport of miniature golf is governed internationally by the World Minigolf Sport Federation (WMF), headquartered in Göteborg, Sweden. The WMF is a member of SportAccord. It organises World Championships for youth and elite players, and Continental Championships in Europe, Asia and the USA, held in alternate years.
WMF Members[edit]
Nation
Governing body
Australia Australian Mini Golf Association
Austria Österreichischer Bahnengolf-Verband
Belgium Union Belge de MiniGolf — Belgische Verbond voor MidgetGolf
Canada Trenton Putters Minigolf
China China Minigolf Sport Federation
Croatia Croatian Minigolf Federation
Cyprus City Mini Golf
Czech Republic Ceský minigolfový svaz
Denmark Dansk Minigolf Union
Estonia Estonian Minigolf Association
Finland Suomen Ratagolfliitto
France Fédération Française de Minigolf
Germany Deutscher Minigolfsport Verband
Great Britain British Mini Golf Association
Hungary Magyar Minigolf Országos Szakszövetség
India Minigolf Federation of India
Indonesia Persatuan Mini Golf Indonesia
Iran Iran Minigolf Societ
Israel Israeli Minigolf Association (R.A.)
Italy Federazione Italiana Golf su Pista
Japan Japan Mini Golf Association
Kosovo Federata e Minigolfit e Kosovës
Latvia Latvian Minigolf Clubs Association
Liechtenstein Liechtensteiner Minigolf-Sport-Verband
Luxembourg Fédération Luxembourgeoise de Golf sur Pistes
Malaysia Malaysian Minigolf Sport Association (MMGSA)
Mexico Federacion Mexicana de Minigolf
Moldova National Golf Federation of Moldova
Mongolia Mongolian Amateur Minigolf Federation
Netherlands Nederlandse Minigolf Bond (NMB)
New Zealand MiniatureGolf Association
Norway Norges Minigolf Forbund
Philippines Affiliation Minigolf of the Philippines
Poland Minigolf Club Sopot
Portugal Federacão Portuguesa de Minigolfe
Romania Club Sportiv Minigolf Riviera
Russia Russian Golf Association
Serbia Serbian Minigolf Association
Singapore Miniature Golf Association (Singapore)
Slovakia Slovenský zväz dráhového golfu
Slovenia Mini Golf Zveza Slovenije
South Korea Korea Newsports Association
Sweden Svenska Bangolfförbundet
Switzerland Swiss Minigolf
Taipei Minigolf Sport Association
Thailand Minigolf Association Thailand
Turkey Uluslararasi Minigolf & Tuna Minigolf
Ukraine Ukrainian Golf Federation
UAE Emirati Mini Golf
USA United States ProMiniGolf Association (USPMGA)
Vietnam Vietnam Minigolf Foundation
Course types[edit]
Eternite miniature golf course
Felt course (front) and eternite course (rear), in Malmö
All competitions approved by World Minigolfsport Federation are played on standardized courses, whose design has been checked to be suitable for competitive play. The WMF currently approves four different course types:
Beton[14] (abbreviated B, sometimes called "Bongni" and named after Paul Bongni of Geneva, Switzerland, "Minigolf" or "Abteilung 1")
Eternite[15] (abbreviated E (in Sweden EB), sometimes called "Europabana", "Miniaturgolf" or "Abteilung 2")
Felt[16] (abbreviated F or SFR, sometimes called "Swedish felt runs"), and
Minigolf Open System[17] (abbreviated "O", "OS" or "MOS"). The latter non-standardized playing system, MOS, covers all minigolf courses that the three standardized systems (B, E, F) do not cover.
The world record on one round of minigolf is 18 strokes on 18 holes. More than a thousand players have officially achieved this score on eternite. On other playing systems a perfect round of 18 holes-in-one is extremely rare, and has never been scored in an official national or international tournament. Unofficial 18-rounds on concrete and felt courses have been reported in Sweden.[18]
In addition to classical outdoor miniature golf, indoor "glow in the dark" miniature golf has achieved some popularity, especially in colder climates like Canada[19] and Finland.[20] It can be played throughout the year, and climate control allows building elaborate obstacles that would not withstand inclement weather. There are also a variety of portable miniature golf fairways or 'tracks'[21] that can be set up as temporary courses indoors or outdoors. The fairways are usually constructed of wooden or glass fibre frames. Portable fairways are often used for summer festivals and fairs, corporate events, team-building events, and product launches.
The 18th and final holes of many miniature golf courses are designed to literally capture the ball, effectively preventing the player from playing additional rounds without purchasing another game. This may be accomplished with a "drain" or trap-door hole setup that channels the ball to a lockbox. One popular method of theming the 18th hole in the United States is to use a gated, ramped target area depicting the face of a clown; if the ball lands "in" the clown's nose, a bell might sound and the player would win a discount ticket for another game.
Competitions and tournaments[edit]
Nearly all European countries have an official national federation for promoting minigolf as a competition sport. The bi-annual European Championships attract competitors from more than twenty European countries. As of 2012, Chris Beattie has been the holder of the European Championship title.[22] Outside Europe only a small number of countries have participated in international minigolf competitions. These countries include USA, Japan, China, India and Taiwan. A national minigolf federation exists also in Moldova, Mexico, Australia and New Zealand, but none of these countries has ever participated in international competitions, and probably are not arranging many domestic competitions either.[23]
World Minigolfsport Federation represents some 40,000 registered competition players from 37 countries.[24] The national minigolf federation of Germany has 11,000 members with a competing license,[25] and the Swedish federation has 8,000 registered competition players.[18] Other strong minigolf countries include Austria and Switzerland, each having a few thousand licensed competition players. Also Italy, Czech Republic and Netherlands have traditionally been able to send a strong team to international championships, even if they cannot count their licensed players in thousands.
The sceptre of competitive minigolf rests quite firmly in mainland Europe: no player from other countries (such as UK, USA, Japan et cetera) has ever reached even the top 50 in World Championships (in men's category).[22] Nearly all national federations outside Europe were founded only quite recently (within the last 10 years), and it will take time before the players of these countries learn all secrets of the game. USA has a longer history of minigolf competitions, but the standardized European competition courses are practically unknown in USA, and therefore the American players have been unable to learn the secrets of European minigolf. On the traditional American courses the best American players are able to challenge the European top players into a tough and exciting competition.[26]
The British Minigolf Association (BMGA) has an additional – and quite surprising – problem on their way to greater success in competitive minigolf. While the minigolf federations in mainland Europe receive annual funding from the government, in England the national sports organisation Sport England has refused to accept BMGA as its member – which means that BMGA is left without the public funding that other forms of sports enjoy. The rules of Sport England declare that only one variant of each sport can be accepted as member – and minigolf is interpreted as a variant of golf.[24]
No person is known to be earning his living by competing in minigolf. Many course owners and employees naturally earn their living by working at minigolf courses, and some of the best minigolf players earn their living from minigolf-related work, such as giving putting lessons to golf players.[27] Many miniature golf courses also offer other forms of entertainment such as carousels, go-cart tracks, batting cages, and redemption arcades.
The highest money prizes are paid in the United States, where the winner of a major competition may earn up to 5,000 US dollars. In mainland Europe the money prizes are generally quite low, and in many cases honor is the only thing at stake in the competition. International championships usually award no money prizes at all.
In the US there are two organizations offering national tournaments: the Professional Putters Association and the US Pro Mini-Golf Association (USPMGA). The USPMGA represents the United States in the World Minigolfsport Federation, having been an active member since 1995. USPMGA President Robert Detwiler is also the WMF representative for North and South America.
New Israeli Minigolf Association was established in February 2010 in Israel. Setting up, for the first time, league playing according to the rules of WMF and USPMGA. Now, a series of lush and inviting minigolf parks in prime locations are building around Israel and will be offering this need of adventure to the public at very attractive surrounding.
International tournaments[edit]
World Minigolfsport Federation (WMF), a member of AGFIS, organises World Championships biennially (on odd-numbered years), while the continental championships in Europe and Asia are organized on even-numbered years. Many of these competitions are arranged for three age groups: juniors (under 20 years), adults (no age limit), and seniors (over 45 years).[28] Men and women compete separately in their own categories, except in some team competitions and pair competitions. The difference in the playing skills of men and women is very small on top level, however: it is not unheard-of that the best player in a major international tournament is female. Typically the winner in women's category would be very close to medals also in men's category.[29]
World and European Championships have so far never been arranged on MOS courses (which are popular in USA and UK, and were approved by WMF for competition use only a few years ago). International competitions are typically arranged on two courses of 18 holes, of which one course is eternite, and the other course is usually concrete, less commonly felt. In the future, the WMF is expected to use also MOS courses in international championships – which will give American and British players a chance to show their skills on their own traditional course types.
The most prestigious MOS minigolf competitions in the world are the US Masters, US Open, British Open, Kent Open, World Crazy Golf Championships and the World Adventuregolf Masters.
See also[edit]
Professional Putters Association
M.C. Mini Masters, a unique annual amateur miniature golf tournament
Défi mini-putt, a 1990s RDS televised mini-golf series from Quebec
Sholf
Pitch and putt
Mini-Putt
Clock golf
Variations of golf
References[edit]
Jump up ^ : MINIGOLFSPORT.COM :. - World minigolf sport federation
Jump up ^ Welcome to Putt Putt Fun Centers!
Jump up ^ BANGOLF - Bangolf - bangolf - UPPKOMST OCH UTVECKLING
Jump up ^ The Illustrated London News June 8 1912
Jump up ^ "Why Midget Golf Swept The Country", November 1930, Popular Science
Jump up ^ History of Miniature Golf
Jump up ^ National Park Service (2009-03-13). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
^ Jump up to: a b BANGOLF - Bangolf - bangolf - UPPKOMST OCH UTVECKLING
Jump up ^ The history of minigolf Archived 2008-04-16 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Svenska Bangolfförbundet
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ Welcome to US ProMiniGolf Association - The Official Internet Site For Prominigolf Archived 2012-07-23 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ BANGOLF - Bangolf - bangolf - UPPKOMST OCH UTVECKLING
Jump up ^ "Minigolfpics". Web.archive.org. 2007-12-21. Archived from the original on January 14, 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
Jump up ^ "Minigolfpics". Web.archive.org. 2007-12-21. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
Jump up ^ "Minigolfpics". Web.archive.org. 2007-12-21. Archived from the original on December 21, 2007. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
Jump up ^ Belfast, Adventure Golf - The Captain's Challenge
^ Jump up to: a b Svenska Bangolfförbundet
Jump up ^ [2] Archived November 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Hohtogolf West Coast". Hohtogolf.fi. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
Jump up ^ '+relative_time(twitters[i].created_at)+'. "UrbanCrazy". UrbanCrazy. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
^ Jump up to: a b World minigolf sport federation
Jump up ^ World minigolf sport federation
^ Jump up to: a b Minigolf: From Summer Holidays to the Summer Olympics
Jump up ^ 1.4. Mainz-Hartenbergpark 29.4. Kiel-Gaarden 13.5. Bamberg 3.6. Nümbrecht 1.7. Brechten 28.7. Bad Sobernheim Archived 2015-11-05 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ [3] Archived June 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Putträning med världens bästa bangolfare - Puttabra
Jump up ^ http://www.minigolfsport.com/rules/3_1_060730.pdf
Jump up ^ Österreichischer Bahnengolfverband - Internationale Minigolfergebnisse Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Miniature golf.
A Couple of Putts - Miniature Golf Course review site, including a number of temporary and artist-designed courses
World records in minigolf
WMF - World Minigolfsport Federation (WMF)
EMF - European Minigolfsport Federation (EMF)
Minigolfnews - The world's leading Minigolf Related News site
Champions and Hall of Fame Members of the Pro Putters Association and Amateur Putters Association
The Artistic History of Miniature Golf
History of miniature golf
The Putting Penguin - Miniature Golf Course review site, with courses from around the world
British Minigolf Association - British Minigolf Association
World adventure golf masters 2012 result
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The Italian Job (2003 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Italian Job
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
F. Gary Gray
Produced by
Donald De Line
Screenplay by
Donna Powers
Wayne Powers
Based on
The Italian Job
by Troy Kennedy Martin
Starring
Mark Wahlberg
Charlize Theron
Edward Norton
Jason Statham
Seth Green
Mos Def
Donald Sutherland
Music by
John Powell
Cinematography
Wally Pfister
Edited by
Richard Francis-Bruce
Christopher Rouse
Production
company
De Line Pictures
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release date
May 11, 2003 (2003-05-11) (Tribeca Film Festival)
May 30, 2003 (2003-05-30) (United States)
Running time
110 minutes
Country
United States[1][2]
Language
English
Budget
$60 million[3]
Box office
$176.1 million[3]
The Italian Job is a 2003 American heist film directed by F. Gary Gray, written by Wayne and Donna Powers and produced by Donald DeLine. The film stars Mark Wahlberg, Charlize Theron, Jason Statham, Edward Norton, Seth Green, Mos Def and Donald Sutherland. It is an American remake of the 1969 British film of the same name, and is about a team of thieves who plan to steal gold from a former associate who double-crossed them. Despite the shared title, the plot and characters of this film differ from those of its source material; Gray described the film as "an homage to the original."[4]
Most of the film was shot on location in Venice and Los Angeles, where canals and streets, respectively, were temporarily shut down during principal photography. Distributed by Paramount Pictures, The Italian Job was theatrically released in the United States on May 30, 2003, and grossed over $176 million worldwide. Critical response was generally positive, with publications highlighting the action sequences. A sequel, The Brazilian Job, has reportedly been in development since 2004, but has yet to be produced as of 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
4 Release
4.1 Box-office performance
4.2 Critical response
4.3 Home media
4.4 Accolades
4.5 Analysis
5 Possible sequel
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
John Bridger, a professional safecracker, has assembled a team to steal 35 million dollars worth of gold bullion from a safe in Venice, held by Italian gangsters who had stolen it weeks earlier. The team includes Charlie Croker, a professional thief; Lyle or "Napster", a computer expert; Handsome Rob, their wheelman; Steve, their inside man; and Left Ear, their explosives expert. The heist is successful, but as they drive towards Austria with the bullion, they are stopped by men loyal to Steve, who had turned on them and takes the bullion for himself. Steve kills John when he admonishes him, and Rob drives the van over a bridge into the waters below to protect the others, using air tanks from the heist to stay alive. Steve leaves them for dead.
A year later in the United States, Charlie learns that Steve has resurfaced under a new identity and is laundering the gold through a Ukrainian jeweler named Yevhen to finance his lavish lifestyle in Los Angeles. Charlie gathers the team, and also recruits John's daughter Stella, a skilled private safe cracker, offering her the chance to get revenge on Steve for her father's death. They stake out Steve's mansion, and Stella, disguising herself as a cable technician, is able to map out its interior, allowing them to determine the location of Steve's safe containing the bullion. Coincidentally, Steve, unaware of Stella's identity, offers to go out on a date with her. Charlie devises a plan using explosives to blow the safe while Steve is away on his supposed date, using three heavily modified Mini Coopers to transport the gold out of the mansion. Charlie enlists the help of Skinny Pete for the explosives and Wrench to make the modifications on the cars. However, on the night of the planned heist, they find Steve's neighbors are having a party, and as the explosives would draw their attention, and they abandon the plan. Stella ends up having to meet Steve after all and inadvertently gives away her identity to Steve by using similar phrases her father used, but the team arrives to help protect her. Steve is shocked they survived but taunts them that he has the upper hand.
Steve becomes paranoid that Charlie will steal the gold, and starts to launder it faster, but he is forced to kill Yevhen when he reveals his knowledge of the Venice heist. Yevhen's death infuriates Mashkov, his cousin and a leading member of a Ukrainian crime family. Mashkov connects the murder to Charlie through Skinny Pete. Further uneased, Steve makes plans to transport the gold to Mexico City by a private plane from Los Angeles International Airport after transporting it there in an armored car. Napster overhears of this, and Charlie and his gang make a new plan to steal the gold en route to the airport by hijacking the city's traffic control system to force the armored car to a planned spot where they will execute the heist.
On the day of transport, they are surprised when three armored trucks leave Steve's mansion, but Napster is able to determine which one carries the bullion, and manipulates the traffic accordingly. Knowing that Steve is monitoring the transport by helicopter, they get the car to the target spot and then create a diversion as they detonate explosives to drop the part of the road with the car into the old subway tunnels below. After opening the truck, they find a different safe to the one that held the gold before. Although she struggles initially, Stella cracks the safe, and they load up the Coopers with the gold. They race from the subway to the Los Angeles River and through the city, pursued by Steve's henchmen on motorcycles, with Napster helping to create a green wave to evade traffic. Steve himself eventually leaves his helicopter and steals a truck to follow them to Union Station.
At Union Station, the cars are loaded onto a train car with the help of Wrench. Steve arrives shortly thereafter and after bribing Wrench, is surprised to find Charlie and the others waiting for him. Steve brandishes a gun and demands his gold back, but Mashkov arrives; Charlie explains that he has offered Mashkov part of the gold and Steve in exchange for helping with security protection. Steve is punched in the face by Stella before being taken away by Mashkov, who reveals he will be tortured and killed. The group boards the train as it departs to New Orleans, and celebrate in John's honor. The epilogue shows them all having used their share of the gold for their own desired purposes; Handsome Rob purchases an Aston Martin Vanquish, Left Ear buys a mansion in southern Spain, while Napster buys a powerful stereo capable of blowing a woman's clothes off. Meanwhile, Charlie takes John's advice about finding someone he wants to spend the rest of his life with, and he and Stella travel to Venice together.
Cast[edit]
Mark Wahlberg as Charlie Croker, the team's mastermind and thief, who seeks revenge for the murder of his mentor, John Bridger.
Charlize Theron as Stella Bridger, John's daughter and a safe and vault "technician". She prefers the use of technology to crack safes for the police, unlike her father, who did the whole thing by touch.
Edward Norton as Steve Frazelli, the "inside man" during the Venice heist who later betrays Charlie, John, Rob, Lyle and "Left Ear", and leaves them for dead.
Donald Sutherland as John Bridger, Stella's father and safecracker whose methods are "old-fashioned", handled entirely by touch. He is Charlie's longtime partner.
Jason Statham as "Handsome Rob", the team's wheelman and a ladies' man. According to Charlie, he set the record for the world's longest freeway chase and received 110 love letters sent to his jail cell from women who saw him on the news.
Seth Green as Lyle (a.k.a. "Napster"), the team's computer expert. He claims he is the real inventor of Napster, saying that Shawn Fanning, who was his roommate at Northeastern University back in 1999, stole the idea from him.
Mos Def as Gilligan "Left Ear", the team's demolition and explosives expert. His name comes from an incident during his childhood when he put too many M-80s in a toilet bowl and lost the hearing in his right ear.
Franky G as Wrench, a mechanic who Rob contacts to engineer the Minis to carry the gold. He also assists in planting explosives to drop the armored car into the subway, where he serves as the lookout.
Boris Lee Krutonog as Yevhen, a jewelry store owner with ties to the Ukrainian mob. Hired by Steve to help sell the gold, Steve shoots him after realizing that he knows too much about where the gold came from.
Aleksander Krupa as Mashkov, a high-ranking member of an L.A. Ukrainian mob family and the cousin of Yevhen. He uses Yevhen's store as a laundering front and also has a front on a local junkyard, and he is also against Steve for murdering Yevhen.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Neal Purvis and Robert Wade wrote a draft of a remake of the 1969 British crime comedy The Italian Job which was rejected by Paramount.[5] Screenwriting team Donna and Wayne Powers were subsequently commissioned to write a remake. The duo viewed the original film, which neither had seen before, only once "because [they] wanted to get a sense of what it was about" in regards to its tone.[6] Over the course of two years and through 18 drafts,[5] they developed a screenplay which was described by director F. Gary Gray as "inspired by the original."[6] Gray, Powers and Powers, and executive producer James Dyer identified the most prominent similarities as the trio of Mini Coopers used by the thieves, as well as the titular heist involving the theft of gold bullion.[7][8] Some sequences of the film were storyboarded and previsualized by Gray before production began.[9]
Casting[edit]
Gray had been interested in working with Wahlberg since seeing his performance in Boogie Nights (1997). After reading the script for The Italian Job, Gray contacted Wahlberg, who "fell in love with it" after reading it himself.[7] Green was also attracted to the project because of the script.[10] Theron was Gray's first choice for the character of Stella Bridger, and Wahlberg also recommended her for the role. She spent time with a safecracker in preparing for the role.[7][11] Gray's casting director Sheila Jaffe suggested Statham for the role of getaway driver Handsome Rob, and Gray agreed with her choice.[7] Norton took the role of Steve Frazelli, due to a contractual obligation he had to fulfill.[12] Wahlberg, Theron, and Statham attended special driver's training sessions at Willow Springs International Motorsports Park[13] for nearly a month during pre-production.[14]
Filming[edit]
Gray and cinematographer Wally Pfister worked together to develop a visual style for the film before production began. They viewed car commercials and magazine photographs, as well as chase sequences from The French Connection (1971), Ronin (1998), and The Bourne Identity (2002) as visual references.[9] Pfister wanted "dark textures and undertones and strong contrast"; he collaborated with production designer Charlie Wood on the color palette, and the two would confer with Gray on their ideas.[9] Paramount preferred that The Italian Job not be shot in the anamorphic format, despite Pfister's wishes to do so. Gray wanted a widescreen aspect ratio, so they chose to shoot the film in Super 35 for a 2.4:1 aspect ratio.[9] Once principal photography began, Gray frequently utilized dollies, as well as Steadicams and a Technocrane, to keep the cameras almost constantly moving.[9]
Most of The Italian Job was shot on location, at sites Pfister scouted over 12 weeks during pre-production, but some scenes were filmed on sets. The Venice building where the film's opening heist sequence takes place, the van from which the thieves survey Steve Frazelli's mansion, a hotel room, and the LACMTA Red Line subway tunnel were sets constructed at Downey Studios in California. For the scene in which an armored truck falls through Hollywood Boulevard and into the subway tunnel below, Pfister set up seven cameras to capture the vehicle's ~30 foot (9.1 m) descent.[9] Three hundred cars were used to simulate the traffic jam at the intersection of Hollywood and Highland, which was controlled by the production crew for a week.[7][9] Three of the 32 custom-built[15] Mini Coopers used during principal photography were fitted with electric motors since combustion engines were not allowed in the subway tunnels, where some scenes were shot. Other Mini Coopers were modified to allow for camera placement on and inside the vehicles.[14][16] The director remarked that "[the Mini Coopers are] part of the cast."[17]
Gray wanted the film to be as realistic as possible; accordingly, the actors did most of their own stunts, and computer-generated imagery was used very sparingly.[7][14][18] The second unit, under director Alexander Witt and cinematographer Josh Bleibtreu, filmed establishing shots, the Venice canal chase sequence, and the Los Angeles chase sequence over a period of 40 days.[9][13] Filming on location posed some challenges. The opening heist sequence in Venice, Italy, was strictly monitored by the local authorities, due to the high speeds the boats were driven at.[9] The frigid temperatures at Passo Fedaia in the Italian Alps created problems during production: "The guns would jam, and if you could imagine not being able to walk 40 feet with a bottle of water without it freezing, those are the conditions we had to work in," Gray remarked.[7] Pedestrians had to be allowed to use the sidewalks of Hollywood Boulevard between takes.[18] Also, scenes which took place on freeways and city streets were only filmed on weekends.[13]
Release[edit]
Box-office performance[edit]
The Italian Job premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on May 11, 2003, and was theatrically released in the United States on May 30, 2003. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $19,457,944, ranking at #3. Paramount re-released the film on August 29,[19] and by the time its theatrical release closed in November 2003, the film had grossed $106,128,601 in the United States and Canada and $69,941,570 overseas—$176,070,171 worldwide.[3] It was the highest-grossing film produced by Paramount in 2003.[20]
Critical response[edit]
Based on 177 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, The Italian Job has an overall approval rating of 73%, with a weighted average score of 6.4/10.[21] By comparison, Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews from mainstream critics, calculated an average score of 68 out of 100 from the 37 reviews it collected, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[22]
Stephanie Zacharek, writing for Salon.com, liked the reinvention of the plot and the style and execution of the action sequences, specifically those involving the trio of Mini Coopers, which she wrote were the stars of the film.[23] BBC reviewer Stella Papamichael gave The Italian Job 4 stars out of 5, and wrote that the "revenge plot adds wallop lacking in the original".[24] Los Angeles Times reviewer Kevin Thomas praised the opening Venice heist sequence and the characterization of each of the thieves, but felt that the Los Angeles heist sequence was "arguably stretched out a little too long".[25] Roger Ebert gave the film 3 stars out of 4, writing that the film was "two hours of mindless escapism on a relatively skilled professional level."[26] Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle concurred, describing The Italian Job as pure but smart entertainment "plotted and executed with invention and humor".[27] Reviewer James Berardinelli also gave the film 3 stars out of 4, and said that Gray had discovered the right recipe to do a heist movie: "keep things moving, develop a nice rapport between the leads, toss in the occasional surprise, and top with a sprinkling of panache."[28] Variety's Robert Koehler compared The Italian Job to The Score (2001), another "finely tuned heist pic" which also featured Edward Norton in a similar role.[29]
David Denby, writing for The New Yorker, praised Norton's performance, as well as those of Seth Green and Mos Def, and the lack of digital effects in the action sequences.[30] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B− grade, comparing it positively to the 2000 remake of Gone in 60 Seconds, as well as the 2001 remake of Ocean's Eleven.[31] New York Daily News reviewer Jack Mathews gave The Italian Job 2.5 stars out of 4, writing that the action sequences and plot twists were a "vast improvement" from the original, and that the Los Angeles heist sequence was "clever and preposterous".[32] Mike Clark of USA Today also questioned the probability of the Los Angeles heist sequence and wrote that the film was "a lazy and in-name-only remake", giving it 2 stars out of 4.[33] Peter Travers, writing for Rolling Stone, gave The Italian Job 1 star out of 4, describing the film as "a tricked-out remake of a heist flick that was already flat and formulaic in 1969." Travers enjoyed the comic relief in Green's and Def's characters, and added that Norton's was "[t]he most perversely magnetic performance" outside of the Mini Coopers, but felt that there was a lack of logic in the film.[12]
Home media[edit]
The Italian Job was released on DVD by Paramount Home Entertainment October 7, 2003, and includes five bonus features on different aspects of the film's production, in addition to six deleted scenes.[34] It was released on HD DVD August 8, 2006[35] and on Blu-ray Disc October 24, 2006.[36]
Accolades[edit]
F. Gary Gray won a Film Life Movie Award for Best Director at the 2004 American Black Film Festival.[37] Clay Cullen, Michael Caines, Jean Paul Ruggiero and Mike Massa won an award for Best Specialty Stunt at the 2004 Taurus World Stunt Awards for the boat chase through the canals of Venice.[38] The Italian Job was nominated for the 2003 Saturn Award for Best Action/Adventure/Thriller Film,[39] but lost to Kill Bill.[40] In April 2009, IGN named the film's Los Angeles chase sequence one of the top 10 car chases of the 21st Century.[41]
Analysis[edit]
Criminologist Nicole Rafter saw The Italian Job as part of a revival of the heist film around the start of the 21st century, along with The Thomas Crown Affair (1999) and Ocean's Eleven (2001), both of which were also remakes of 1960s heist films.[42] In describing his theory of a "team film" genre, film scholar Dr. Jeremy Strong writes that The Italian Job could be categorized as such, along with The Magnificent Seven (1960), The Great Escape (1963), The Dirty Dozen (1967), and more recently The Usual Suspects (1995) and Mission: Impossible (1996).[43] He states that
a team film involves a group working towards a particular objective. However, goal-orientation is a widely shared plot attribute of many texts and genres and it is also the case that the overwhelming majority of films involve a plurality of interacting characters. An element that distinguishes the team film then is that a heightened significance is afforded to the group as the means by which a given objective is attempted. [...] From film to film there is variation in the extent to which particular central characters may determine events and take up screen time but team films are recognizable by their insistence upon the relationship between group and goal.[43]
Strong additionally makes a direct comparison between The Italian Job and Mission: Impossible, citing the plot device of "a first task that elucidates the roles and skills of team members but which is sabotaged by betrayal, necessitating a re-constitution of the team."[43]
The use of BMW's then-new line of retro-styled Minis in the film was mentioned by critics and business analysts alike as a prime example of modern product placement, or more specifically "brand integration".[44] Film critic Joe Morgenstern called The Italian Job "the best car commercial ever".[15] Zacharek and Mathews both noted the cars' prominence in their reviews of the film, also writing that their presence served as a connection to the 1969 film upon which it was based.[23][32] BusinessWeek reported in April 2004 that sales of the Mini in 2003—the year in which The Italian Job was theatrically released—had increased 22 percent over the previous year.[45]
Possible sequel[edit]
There are a couple of scripts that have been written, but in the last six years since we made [The Italian Job], Paramount's hierarchy has changed hands four times and it's never seemed to be a priority for the studio to make the movie.... There's enough of a fan outcry for it, but we just haven't been able to get the studio to greenlight it.
—Seth Green on the proposed sequel, September 7, 2008[46]
A sequel to The Italian Job, tentatively titled The Brazilian Job, was in development by the summer of 2004, but has since faced multiple delays. Principal photography was initially slated to begin in March 2005, with a projected release date in November or December 2005.[47] However, the script was never finalized, and the release date was pushed back to sometime in 2006,[48] and later summer 2007.[49]
Writer David Twohy approached Paramount Pictures with an original screenplay entitled The Wrecking Crew, and though the studio reportedly liked the idea, they thought it would work better as a sequel to The Italian Job.[50] Gray was slated to return as director, as well as most, if not all, of the original cast.[49][50] At least two drafts of the script had been written by August 2007, but the project had not been greenlit.[51]
In March 2008, in an interview, Jason Statham said that "somebody should just erase it from IMDb.... and put it back on there when it's fully due and ready. [...] It's one of those things that's just sitting around."[52] Producer Donald De Line revealed in June that a script for The Brazilian Job had been developed and budgeted, but "a lot of things were happening with various management changes and it got tabled." Describing its story, he said it "starts in Brazil, the set up is in Rio and the picture moves to Belgium where there’s something involving diamonds."[53] However, Green stated that September that the sequel was unlikely in the near future.[46]
On March 9, 2009, De Line said that "[we] have a version at Paramount that we're talking very serious about", additionally mentioning that the cast was interested in the project.[54] Neal Purvis and Robert Wade had been working on a draft of the sequel that year.[55] The Daily Record reported in September that Theron was signed up for the film.[56] That October, Gray said that he enjoyed making The Italian Job and hoped that he would still be interested in directing the sequel if the script became finalized and mentioned that it would be dependent upon scheduling.[57]
In January 2010, Twohy was quoted in an interview as saying "The Brazilian Job probably isn't happening. I wrote it years ago, and they just keep rolling it over on IMDb. Paramount—what can I say?"[58] When asked about the sequel that June, Green said "The Brazilian Job doesn't exist actually" and called it a "wonderful myth of IMDb."[59] However, the next month, Mark Wahlberg said that sequel production was "active" again.[60]
See also[edit]
2003 in film
Players—a 2012 Indian action thriller heist film, a remake of this film
Fast Five
Backlot Stunt Coaster, the name of three roller coasters at three former Paramount theme parks which were originally themed to and named after this film
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Travers, Peter (2003-05-30). "The Italian Job". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
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^ Jump up to: a b Soll, Lindsay (2008-09-09). "Seth Green talks 'Heroes' and 'Italian Job' sequel". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2008-09-10. Retrieved 2008-09-10.
Jump up ^ Davidson, Paul (2003-07-23). "Sequel to The Italian Job Proposed". IGN. Retrieved 2008-10-08. Fleming, Michael & McNary, Dave (2004-07-19). "New man for the 'Job'". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 2008-09-17. McNary, Dave (2004-09-26). "Par reunites 'Job' crew". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 2008-09-17. Keck, William (2004-09-23). "'Huckabees' stars are all 'Heart'". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-10-10. See also: Davidson, Paul (2004-09-27). "New Italian Job Looks Likely". IGN. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (2004-11-07). "Par: Déjà vu all over again". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 2008-10-05. See also: Tecson, Brandee (2005-12-27). "Mark Wahlberg Hits The Gridiron For Role In True–Life Tale 'Invincible'". MTV. Retrieved 2009-03-18.
^ Jump up to: a b Davidson, Paul (2005-12-16). "'The Brazilian Job' Targets Summer 2007". IGN. Retrieved 2008-06-17. Davidson, Paul (2007-05-02). "Brazilian Job Still On". IGN. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
^ Jump up to: a b Fleming, Michael (2005-05-31). "Par puts vet on the 'Job'". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
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Jump up ^ Douglas, Edward (2009-10-05). "Will The Brazilian Job Ever Happen?". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved 2009-10-12.
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Jump up ^ Miller, Ross (2010-07-19). "What's Happening With 'The Brazilian Job?'". Screenrant.com. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Italian Job (2003 film)
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values: المهمة الإيطالية (فيلم) – Arabic

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values: The Italian Job – Jagd auf Millionen – German

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values: The Italian Job (película de 2003) – Spanish

values: کسب‌وکار ایتالیایی (فیلم ۲۰۰۳) – Persian

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values: The Italian Job (filme de 2003) – Galician

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values: Գողություն իտալական ձևով – Armenian

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values: द इटालियन जॉब – Hindi

values: Dobar posao u Italiji (2003.) – Croatian

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values: The Italian Job (film 2003) – Indonesian

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values: Ограбление по-итальянски (фильм, 2003) – Russian

values: Посао у Италији (филм из 2003) – Serbian

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values: The Italian Job (2003 film) – Serbo-Croatian

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values: Пограбування по-італійськи (фільм) – Ukrainian

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