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iPad Air
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Not to be confused with iPad (2017).
"iPad (5th generation)" redirects here. For the product Apple Inc. calls "fifth generation", see iPad (2017).
iPad Air
iPad Air in Space Gray
Developer
Apple Inc.
Manufacturer
Foxconn
Product family
iPad
Type
Tablet computer
Generation
5th
Release date
November 1, 2013[1]
Discontinued
March 21, 2016
Operating system
Original: iOS 7.0.3
Current: iOS 11.3, released March 29, 2018 (2018-03-29)
System-on-chip used
Apple A7 with 64-bit architecture and Apple M7 motion co-processor
CPU
1.4 GHz dual-core 64-bit
Memory
1 GB LPDDR3 RAM [2]
Storage
16, 32, 64, 128 GB flash memory
Display
9.7 inches (250 mm) 2,048 × 1,536 px color IPS display,[3] (264 ppi) with a 4:3 aspect ratio, oleophobic coating
Graphics
PowerVR G6430
Sound
Stereo
Input
Multi-touch screen, headset controls, M7 motion co-processor, proximity and ambient light sensors, 3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, digital compass, dual microphone
Camera
Front: 1.2 MP, 720p HD
Rear: OmniVision Technologies OV5650 5.0 MP AF, iSight with Five Element Lens, Hybrid IR filter, video stabilisation, face detection, HDR, ƒ/2.4 aperture
Connectivity
Wi-Fi and Wi-Fi + Cellular:
Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz and MIMO
Bluetooth 4.0
Wi-Fi + Cellular:
GPS & GLONASS
GSM
UMTS / HSDPA
850, 1700, 1900, 2100 MHz
GSM / EDGE
850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz
CDMA
CDMA/EV-DO Rev. A and B.
800, 1900 MHz
LTE
Multiple bands
A1475: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 26; A1476: 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 18, 19, 20 and TD-LTE 38, 39, 40
Power
Built-in rechargeable Li-Po battery
8,827 mAh 3.73 V 32.9 W⋅h (118 kJ)[4]
Online services
App Store, iTunes Store, iBookstore, iCloud, Game Center
Dimensions
240 mm (9.4 in) (h)
169.5 mm (6.67 in) (w)
7.5 mm (0.30 in) (d)
Weight
Wi-Fi: 469 g (1.034 lb)
Wi-Fi + Cellular: 478 g (1.054 lb)
Predecessor
iPad (4th generation)
Successor
iPad Air 2
Website
www.apple.com/ipad-air/
This article is part of a series on the
iPad
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2
3rd
4th
Air
Air 2
2017
2018
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1st
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3
4
Pro
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2nd
List of iPad models
v
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The iPad Air was the first-generation iPad Air tablet computer designed, developed and marketed by Apple Inc. It was announced on October 22, 2013, and was released on November 1, 2013.[1] The iPad Air features a thinner design with similarities to the contemporaneous iPad Mini 2, along with the same 64-bit Apple A7 processor with M7 coprocessor. It was then discontinued with the launch of a 9.7 inch iPad Pro on March 21, 2016.
Its successor, the iPad Air 2, was announced on October 16, 2014.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Features
2.1 Software
2.2 Design
2.3 Hardware
3 Reception
3.1 Critical reception
3.2 Criticism
3.3 Commercial reception
4 Timeline
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The iPad Air was announced during a keynote at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts on October 22, 2013.[5] The theme of the keynote was named 'We still have a lot to cover'.[6]
Features[edit]
Software[edit]
See also: iOS 7, iOS 8, iOS 9, iOS 10, and iOS 11
Further information: iOS, iOS version history, iTunes Radio, and AirDrop
The iPad Air comes with the iOS 7 operating system, released on September 18, 2013.[7] Jonathan Ive, the designer of iOS 7's new elements, described the update as "bringing order to complexity", highlighting features such as refined typography, new icons, translucency, layering, physics, and gyroscope-driven parallaxing as some of the major changes to the design.[8] The design of both iOS 7 and OS X Mavericks (version 10.9) noticeably depart from skeuomorphic elements such as green felt in Game Center, wood in Newsstand, and leather in Calendar, in favor of flat, colourful design.[8]
It can act as a hotspot with some carriers, sharing its Internet connection over Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or USB, and also access the Apple App Store, a digital application distribution platform for iOS. The service allows users to browse and download applications from the iTunes Store that were developed with Xcode and the iOS SDK and were published through Apple. From the App Store, GarageBand, iMovie, iPhoto, and the iWork apps (Pages, Keynote, and Numbers) are available.[9]
The iPad Air comes with several applications, including Siri, Safari, Mail, Photos, Video, Music, iTunes, App Store, Maps, Notes, Calendar, Game Center, Photo Booth, and Contacts.[10] Like all iOS devices, the iPad can sync content and other data with a Mac or PC using iTunes, although iOS 5 and later can be managed and backed up without a computer. Although the tablet is not designed to make phone calls over a cellular network, users can use a headset or the built-in speakers and microphone to place phone calls over Wi-Fi or cellular using a VoIP application, such as Skype.[11] The device has a dictation application, using the same voice recognition technology as the iPhone 4S. This enables users to speak and the iPad types what they say on the screen, though the iPad must have an internet connection (via Wi-Fi or cellular network) because the speech is processed by Apple servers.[12] Apple also began giving away its popular iLife (iPhoto, iMovie, Garageband) and iWork (Pages, Keynote, Numbers) apps with the device.
On June 8, 2015, it was announced at the WWDC that the iPad Air would support most of iOS 9's new features when it is released in Q3 2015.[13] Air users with iOS 9 will be able to take advantage of two features called Slide Over and Picture in Picture. Slide Over allows a user to "slide" a second app in from the side of the screen in a smaller window, and have it display information alongside the initial app. Picture in Picture allows a user to watch video in a small, resizable, moveable window while remaining in another app. Another feature, dubbed Split View (which allows the user to run two apps simultaneously in a 50/50 view), will not be supported by the Air, instead it will only run on iPad Air 2.
It was announced at the WWDC 2016 that the iPad Air (along with various other iOS devices) will support iOS 10.
It was announced at the WWDC 2017 that the iPad Air will support the latest version of iOS, iOS 11, while dropping support to its immediate predecessor, the 4th generation iPad.
Design[edit]
The iPad Air marks the first major design change for the iPad since the iPad 2; it now has a thinner design that is 7.5 millimeters thick and has a smaller screen bezel similar to the iPad Mini. Apple reduced the overall volume for the iPad Air by using thinner components resulting in a 22% reduction in weight over the iPad 2.[14] Though it still uses the same 9.7-inch Retina Display as the previous iPad model,[15] an improved front-facing camera makes using FaceTime much clearer.[16] The new front-facing camera is capable of video in 720p HD, includes face detection, and backside illumination. The rear camera received an upgrade as well; now being called the iSight camera, in addition to the same functions as the front camera it also contains a 5MP CMOS, hybrid IR filter and a fixed ƒ/2.4 aperture.[17] The device is available in space gray and silver colors.
As with previous generations, Apple continued to use recyclable materials. The enclosure of the iPad Air is milled from a solid block of aluminum making it 100% recyclable. The iPad Air is also free of harmful materials such as BFRs and PVC.[14]
Hardware[edit]
Although the Air inherits most of the same hardware components from the iPhone 5S, such as its 64-bit Apple A7 system-on-chip and Apple M7 motion processor, it uses the same home button that was built in previous iPad models and therefore does not support Touch ID and fingerprint sensor. The A7 present in the iPad Air is slightly different however, in that it does not use a PoP design which stacks the RAM on top of the SoC.[18] It also features a metal heat spreader to compensate for the slightly faster clock speed and better thermal management. The Air also includes a 5 megapixel rear-facing camera (iSight), a FaceTime HD front-facing camera, support for 802.11n, and an estimated 10 hours of battery life.[15] It boots faster than any previous iPad model.[19]
As with all previous generations of iPhone and iPad hardware, there are four buttons and one switch on the iPad Air. With the device in its portrait orientation, these are: a "home" button on the face of the device under the display that returns the user to the home screen, a wake/sleep button on the top edge of the device, and two buttons on the upper right side of the device performing volume up/down functions, under which is a switch whose function varies according to device settings, functioning either to switch the device into or out of silent mode or to lock/unlock the orientation of the screen.[20] In addition, the WiFi only version weighs 469 grams while the cellular model weighs 478 grams – over 25% lighter than their respective predecessors.[20][21] The display responds to other sensors: an ambient light sensor to adjust screen brightness and a 3-axis accelerometer to sense orientation and switch between portrait and landscape modes.[22] Unlike the iPhone and iPod Touch's built-in applications, which work in three orientations (portrait, landscape-left and landscape-right), the iPad's built-in applications support screen rotation in all four orientations, including upside-down. Consequently, the device has no intrinsic "native" orientation; only the relative position of the home button changes.[20]
The iPad Air was available with 16, 32, 64 or 128 GB of internal flash memory, with no expansion option. Apple also sells a "camera connection kit" with an SD card reader, but it can only be used to transfer photos and videos.[20] As of the announcement of the iPad Pro 9.7-Inch on March 21, 2016, the iPad Air was discontinued.
All models can connect to a wireless LAN and offer dual band Wi-Fi support. The tablet is also manufactured either with or without the capability to communicate over a cellular network. The iPad Air (and the iPad Mini 2) cellular model comes in two variants, both of which support nano-SIMs, quad-band GSM, penta-band UMTS, and dual-band CDMA EV-DO Rev. A and B. Additionally, one variant also supports LTE bands 1-5, 7, 8, 13, 17-20, 25 and 26 while the other variant supports LTE bands 1-3, 5, 7, 8, 18-20 and TD-LTE bands 38, 39 and 40. Apple's ability to handle many different bands in one device allowed it to offer, for the first time, a single iPad variant which supports all the cellular bands and technologies deployed by all the major North American wireless providers at the time of the device's introduction.
The audio playback of the iPad Air is in stereo with two speakers located on either side of the Lightning connector.
Reception[edit]
Critical reception[edit]
The iPad Air has received mainly positive reviews. Writing for AnandTech, Anand Lal Shimpi writes that the iPad Air "feels like a true successor to the iPad 4," praising it for its reduced weight and size. Shimpi further states that the Air "hits a balance of features, design and ergonomics that I don't think we've ever seen in the iPad."[23] UK Editor-in-Chief of TechRadar, Patrick Goss, gave the iPad Air a positive review, giving praise to the A7 chip and camera upgrades, as well as the crisp and colorful display. He concludes by stating: "It's hard to put into words how much Apple has improved the iPad, offering a stunning level of detail and power with a build quality that's unrivalled."[24] Christina Bonnington of Wired awarded the Air a rating of 8 out of 10, calling the performance "outstanding" and noting that high-definition video streams and gaming animations are "smooth and stutter free." She also praised the loading speeds of Safari, the web browser.
Criticism[edit]
Bonnington criticized the speakers for being slightly muddled.[25] Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Wozniak criticized the focus on decreasing size and weight rather than increasing storage space and stated that he did not want an iPad Air as it did not fit his personal needs.[26][27] Dave Smith of International Business Times wrote two less than positive reviews for the Air, arguing that while the device is nice, it does not bring anything new to the iPad. Smith strongly criticized the lack of Touch ID, and noted that the updates, such as the increased speed and the decreased size and weight, are only slight improvements.[28][29]
Commercial reception[edit]
The launch date for the iPad Air did not see as large of a turnout as usual for Apple products; however, this was expected by analysts due to the delayed release of the iPad Mini 2.[30] The Air sold out in Hong Kong two hours after becoming available online.[31]
Timeline[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to IPad Air.
Source: Apple press release library[32]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Apple – Press Info – Apple Announces iPad Air—Dramatically Thinner, Lighter & More Powerful iPad". Apple (US). Retrieved April 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Apple iPad Air and new iPad mini 2 with Retina still sport 1 GB of RAM, service chat reveals". www.phonearena.com. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Flagship Tablet Display Technology Shoot-Out". displaymate. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "iPad Air Teardown". iFixit. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Apple decks out venue for iPad event next week". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
Jump up ^ {apple.com}
Jump up ^ Souppouris, Aaron (September 10, 2013). "iOS 7 will come to iPhones and iPads on September 18th". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Cue, Eddy; Cook, Tim; Federighi, Craig; Ive, Jony et al. (June 10, 2013). WWDC 2013 Keynote. Moscone West, San Francisco, California: Apple Inc. Event occurs at c.1h 25min, to end. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ankan Deka, Jim (September 14, 2011). "iPad – the Musician's Genie". EF News International. Eastern Fare Music Foundation. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The new iPad – Amazing iPad apps, built right in". Apple. March 7, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Sarno, David (January 29, 2010). "Apple confirms 3G VoIP apps on iPad, iPhone, iPod touch; Skype is waiting". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The new iPad: It's a Breakthrough because it features are". Apple. March 7, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ The Apple shows off iPad split-screen multitasking in iOS 9 preview. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "iPad Air – Design". Apple. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
^ Jump up to: a b Seifert, Dan (October 22, 2013). "Apple announces the iPad Air, its thinnest and lightest full-size iPad yet". The Verge. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Stevens, Tim (2013-10-28). "Apple iPad Air Review – Watch CNET's Video Review". Reviews.cnet.com. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
Jump up ^ "iPad Air – Technical Specifications". Apple. 2013-09-01. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
Jump up ^ "Anandtech Review of the iPad Air". October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ George, POPA (December 3, 2013). "iPads boot time". Mobilesmug. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "iPad Air – Technical Specifications". Apple. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Stevens, Tim (October 30, 2012). "iPad review (late 2012)". Engadget. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Apple's got it wrapped up for Christmas! iPad Air is twice as fast, 20% thinner, weighs just 1lb and comes with a Retina display". The Daily Mail. October 23, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Anand Lal Shimpi (October 29, 2013) "The iPad Air Review" AnandTech Retrieved on November 1, 2013
Jump up ^ Patrick Goss (October 29th, 2013) "Hands on: iPad Air review" TechRadar Retrieved on November 1, 2013
Jump up ^ Christina Bonnington (November 6, 2013). "Apple iPad Air: Air Worthy" Wired. Retrieved on November 9, 2013
Jump up ^ Marc Chacksfield (October 23, 2013) "Steve Wozniak: The new iPads just aren't for me" TechRadar Retrieved on November 1, 2013
Jump up ^ Matyszczyk, Chris (2013-10-28). "Woz: No, no, I wasn't criticizing the new iPads | Technically Incorrect – CNET News". News.cnet.com. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
Jump up ^ Dave Smith (November 02 2013). "Apple iPad ‘5’ Air Review: 3 Major Disappointments In The New Fifth-Generation iPad." International Business Times. Retrieved on November 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Dave Smith (November 09 2013). "Apple iPad Air Review: Don’t Believe The Hype, A.K.A. The Unpopular Opinion." International Business Times. Retrieved on November 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Chris O'Brien (November 1, 2013). "Crowds are light for the new iPad Air". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on November 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Jeremy Blum (01 November, 2013). "iPad Air sells out in two hours on Hong Kong Online Apple Store" South China Morning Post. Retrieved November 3, 3013
Jump up ^ Apple Inc. (2010–2011). Release Library. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
External links[edit]
Official website
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The Caucasian Chalk Circle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Caucasian Chalk Circle
Written by
Bertolt Brecht
Date premiered
1948
Place premiered
Carleton College, Minnesota, US
Original language
German (premiered in English)
Subject
Parenthood, property, war
Genre
Epic theatre
Setting
Georgia
The Caucasian Chalk Circle (German: Der kaukasische Kreidekreis) is a play by the German modernist playwright Bertolt Brecht. An example of Brecht's epic theatre, the play is a parable about a peasant girl who rescues a baby and becomes a better mother than its wealthy natural parents.
The play was written in 1944 while Brecht was living in the United States. It was translated into English by Brecht's friend and admirer Eric Bentley and its world premiere was a student production at Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota, in 1948. Its first professional production was at the Hedgerow Theatre, Philadelphia, directed by Bentley. Its German premiere by the Berliner Ensemble was on October 7, 1954, at the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm in Berlin.[1] The best-known version of The Caucasian Chalk Circle is the Georgian version of the Rustaveli State Drama Theatre by Robert Sturua; this version is also considered by many critics worldwide to be the best.[citation needed]
The Caucasian Chalk Circle is one of Brecht's most celebrated works and one of the most regularly performed 'German' plays.[citation needed] It reworks Brecht's earlier short story "Der Augsburger Kreidekreis." Both derive from the 14th-century Chinese play The Chalk Circle by Li Xingdao.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
1.1 Prologue
1.2 Scene one: The Noble Child
1.3 Scenes two and three: Flight to the Northern Mountains
1.4 Scene four: The Story of the Judge
1.5 Scene five: The Chalk Circle
1.6 Music
2 Comments
3 References
4 External links
Plot summary[edit]
Prologue[edit]
Brecht, in his typical anti-realist style, uses the device of a "play within a play". The "frame" play is set in the Soviet Union around the end of the Second World War. It shows a dispute between two communes, the Collective Fruit Farm Galinsk fruit growing commune and the Collective Goat Farmers, over who is to own and manage an area of farm land after the Nazis have retreated from a village and left it abandoned. A parable has been organised by one group, an old folk tale, to be played out to cast light on the dispute. The Singer, Arkadi Tcheidse, arrives with his band of musicians, then tells the peasants the fable, which forms the main narrative, and intertwines throughout much of the play. The Singer often takes on the thoughts of characters, enhances the more dramatic scenes with stronger narration than simple dialogue, and is responsible for most scene and time changes. Often the role is accompanied by several "musicians" (which incorporate music into the play itself) that help the Singer keep the play running smoothly. At the end he states that the land should go to those who will use it most productively, the fruit growers, and not those who had previous ownership.
Scene one: The Noble Child[edit]
The Singer's story begins with Governor Georgi Abashwili and his wife Natella blatantly ignoring the citizens on the way to Easter Mass. The Singer shows us the show's antagonist, Arsen Kazbeki, the Fat Prince. He sucks up to the pair and remarks how their new child Michael is "a governor from head to toe." They enter the church, leaving the peasants behind. Next to be introduced is the heroine Grusha Vashnadze, a maid to the governor's wife. Grusha, while carrying a goose for the Easter meal, meets a soldier, Simon Shashava, who reveals he has watched her bathe in the rivers. She storms off enraged.
The Singer continues the story as the soldier contacts two architects for the Governor's new mansion, the Ironshirts, gestapo-esque guards, turn on him. The Fat Prince has orchestrated a coup and is now in control. The Governor is quickly beheaded. Simon finds Grusha and proposes, giving her his silver cross. Grusha accepts. Simon runs off to fulfill his duty to the Governor's wife, who has been foolishly packing clothing for the "trip", caring nothing for the loss of her husband. She is carried off, away from the flaming city of Nuhka and inadvertently leaves her son, Michael, behind. Grusha is left with the boy and, after seeing the Governor's head nailed to the church door, takes him with her to the mountains. Music is often incorporated throughout much of this scene with the aid of the Singer, musicians, and possibly Grusha, as Brecht includes actual "songs" within the text.
Scenes two and three: Flight to the Northern Mountains[edit]
The Singer opens the scene with an air of escape. At the beginning of this act Grusha is seen trying to escape but has to stop to get milk for the baby, Michael, and is forced to buy milk expensively from an old man who claims his goats have been taken away by the soldiers. This encounter slows her and she is followed shortly by the Ironshirts. Grusha then finds a home for Michael to stay in. Abandoning him on the doorstep, he is adopted by a peasant woman. Grusha has mixed emotions about this, which change when she meets a perverted Corporal and Ironshirts who are looking for the child. He suspects something about her, and Grusha is forced to knock him out to save Michael. She wearily retreats to her brother's mountain farm. Lavrenti, Grusha's brother, fabricates a story to his jealous wife Aniko, claiming that Michael Abashwili is Grusha's child and she is on her way to find the father's farm.
Grusha catches scarlet fever and lives there for quite some time. Rumours spread in the village, and Lavrenti convinces Grusha to marry a dying peasant, Jussup, in order to quell them. She reluctantly agrees. Guests arrive at the wedding–funeral, including the Singer and musicians, which act as the hired musicians for the event, and gossip endlessly. It is revealed that the Grand Duke is overthrowing the princes and the civil war has finally ended, and no one can be drafted anymore. At this, the supposedly dead villager Jussup returns to "life", and it becomes clear he was only "ill" when the possibility of being drafted was present. Grusha finds herself married. For months, Grusha's new husband tries to make her a 'real wife' by consummating the marriage, but she refuses.
Years pass, and Simon finds Grusha while washing clothes in the river. They have a sweet exchange before Simon jokingly asks if she has found another man. Grusha struggles to tell him she has unwillingly married, then Simon spots Michael. The following scene between the two is told predominantly by the Singer, who speaks for each of the two characters' thoughts, and is easily the most heartbreaking part of the play. However, Ironshirts arrive carrying Michael in, and ask Grusha if she is his mother, she says that she is, and Simon leaves distraught. The Governor's Wife wants the child back and Grusha must go to court back in Nukha. The Singer ends the act with questions about Grusha's future, and reveals that there is another story we must learn: the story of Azdak. If an intermission is used, this is generally where it is placed.
Scene four: The Story of the Judge[edit]
The scene opens as if a different play entirely, yet set within the same war setting, is beginning. The Singer introduces another hero named Azdak. Azdak shelters a "peasant" and protects him from authorities by a demonstration of convoluted logic. He later realizes that he sheltered the Grand Duke himself; since he thinks the rebellion is an uprising against the government itself, he turns himself in for his "class treason". But the rebellion isn't a populist one – in fact, the princes are trying to suppress a populist rebellion occurring as a result of their own – and Azdak renounces his revolutionary ideas to keep the Ironshirts from killing him as a radical.
The Fat Prince enters, looking to secure the Ironshirts' support in making his nephew a new judge. Azdak suggests they hold a mock trial to test him; the Fat Prince agrees. Azdak plays the accused in the trial – the Grand Duke. He makes several very successful jabs against the Princes' corruption, and amuses the Ironshirts enough that they appoint him instead of the Fat Prince's nephew: "The judge was always a chancer; now let a chancer be the judge!"
Azdak remains himself on the bench. He uses a large law book as a pillow to sit on. What follows is a series of short scenes, interspersed by the "song" of the Singer, in which he judges in favor of the poor, the oppressed, and good-hearted bandits; in one set of cases in which all the plaintiffs and the accused are corrupt, he passes a completely nonsensical set of judgments. But it doesn't last forever; the Grand Duke returns to power, the Fat Prince is beheaded, and Azdak is about to be hanged by the Grand Duke's Ironshirts when a pardon arrives appointing "a certain Azdak of Nuka" as a judge in gratitude for "saving a life essential to the realm", i.e. the Grand Duke's own. "His Honour Azdak is now His Honour Azdak;" the wife of the beheaded governor instantly dislikes him, but decides he'll be needed for the trial in which she'll recover her son from Grusha. The act closes with Azdak obsequious and afraid for his life, promising to restore Michael to the Governor's Wife, behead Grusha, and do whatever else the Governor's Wife wants: "It will all be arranged as you order, your Excellency. As you order."
Scene five: The Chalk Circle[edit]
We have returned to Grusha's story. We meet Grusha in court, supported by a former cook of the Governor and Simon Shashava, who will swear he is the father of the boy. Natella Abashvili comes in with two lawyers, who each reassure her things will be taken care of. Azdak is beaten by Ironshirts, who are told he is an enemy of the state. A rider comes in with a proclamation, stating the Grand Duke has reappointed Azdak as judge. Azdak is cleaned up and the trial begins. The trial, however, does not begin with Grusha and the Governor's wife, but with a very elderly married couple who wish to divorce. Azdak is unable to make a decision on this case, so he sets it aside to hear the next case on the docket.
The prosecution comes forth and liberally bribes Azdak in hopes of swinging the verdict. It is revealed that Natella only wants the child because all the estates and finances of the Governor are tied to her heir and cannot be accessed without him. Grusha's defense does not go over well, as it develops into her and Simon insulting Azdak for taking bribes. Azdak fines them for this but, after consideration, claims he can't find the true mother. He decides that he will have to devise a test. A circle of chalk is drawn, and Michael is placed in the center. The true mother, Azdak states, will be able to pull the child from the center. If they both pull, they will tear the child in half and get half each. The test begins but (akin to the Judgment of Solomon) Grusha refuses to pull as she cannot bear to hurt Michael. Azdak gives her one more chance, but again she cannot pull Michael. During this dilemma, a poignant song is sung by the Singer as a reflection of Grusha's thoughts toward Michael. The others onstage cannot hear this, but they feel the overwhelming emotion through Grusha. Azdak declares that Grusha is the true mother, as she loves Michael too much to be able to hurt him. The Governor's wife is told that the estates shall fall to the city and be made into a garden for children called "Azdak's Garden". Simon pays Azdak his fine. Azdak tells the old couple he shall divorce them, but "accidentally" divorces Grusha and the peasant man, leaving her free to marry Simon. Everyone dances off happily as Azdak disappears. The Singer remarks upon Azdak's wisdom and notes that in the ending, everyone got what they deserved.
Music[edit]
Brecht wrote a number of 'songs' as part of the piece, and one of its main characters is called the Singer. In 1944 the production was scored by Paul Dessau. Though there is no officially published score, the show is generally played with original music and songs performed by the cast. Many composers have created unique original scores for The Caucasian Chalk Circle. One score performed regularly is by American composer Mark Nichols, who based his music on traditional Georgian folk harmonies in polyphony.
Comments[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2011)
Brecht made a crucial change from the Chinese play which was his source. In it, it is the child's birth mother who lets go and wins custody of the child. Near the end of the prologue, the Singer says that this is an old story of Chinese origin, but with a modern re-write.
The play is sometimes played without the prologue, and it was always played that way in the US during the McCarthy era.[citation needed] (The first US production to include the prologue was in 1965.) There is some dispute about how integral the prologue is to Brecht's conception of the play. Some claim that he regarded it as an integral part of his play, and it was present in the earliest drafts.[2] Others claim that it was only included in later drafts.[3] However, there is agreement that he originally intended to set in the 1930s, but later updated it.
The setting of the play is clearly Georgia in the Caucasus, although it is described as "Grusinia" (a Russian variant name) in the main play. Most of the characters have Georgian (or Georgian-like) names, and Tiflis and the poet Mayakovsky are mentioned in the prologue.[4] However the city where much of the action takes place, Nuka, is in modern Azerbaijan, although it was under Georgian rule for a time in the Middle Ages. There are also Iranian elements in the play, including the name of the character Azdak, who says he comes from there.[5]
Brecht did not necessarily intend his play to be a realistic portrayal of either contemporary or medieval Georgia. Even in the Soviet Union, some people found it more German than Russian or Georgian, and pointed out that it did not accurately portray the decision-making procedures in Soviet agriculture.[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Squiers, Anthony (2014). An Introduction to the Social and Political Philosophy of Bertolt Brecht: Revolution and Aesthetics. Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. 190. ISBN 9789042038998.
Jump up ^ Introduction to Methuen student edition
^ Jump up to: a b Introduction to Penguin Modern Classics version
Jump up ^ Mayakovsky and Brecht himself were both accused of "formalism" in the Soviet Union at times.
Jump up ^ Brough, Neil; Kavanagh, R. J. (1991). "But who is Azdak? The main source of Brecht's Der kaukasische Kreidekreis". Neophilologus. 75: 573–580. doi:10.1007/BF00209897.
External links[edit]
The Caucasian Chalk Circle at the Internet Broadway Database
Songs from Chalk Circle by Mark Nichols
The Caucasian Chalk Circle, Heinemann edition, 1960, in Google Books. (Some pages are not part of this book preview.)
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